The Saltuarius swaini lineage comprises four species: S. swaini (Wells & Wellington, 1985), S. wyberba (Couper et al., 1997), S. moritzi n.sp. and S. kateae n.sp. These are diagnosed by scalation and colour pattern differences; high levels of discrimination between these species were obtained in genetic and multivariate morphological analyses. Two species, Saltuarius swaini and S. wyberba, occur in both southeastern Queensland and northeastern N.S.W. The former is a rainforest obligate, the latter saxicolous. Saltuarius moritzi and S. kateae n.spp. are restricted to northeastern N.S.W. The former is widespread and the least specific in geological and substrate associations. The latter is restricted to the Mt Marsh area. The genus has a rainforest ancestry. Divergence within the "S. swaini " lineage may date to the latest Eocene-Early Miocene. We hypothesize that populations of ancestral leaf-tailed geckos would have been severely fragmented since the Mid Tertiary forcing retreat to rainforest refugia and driving allopatric speciation. Some populations shifted from trees to rocks. All four taxa are well-represented in existing reserves. Saltuarius swaini, a species with a continuous rainforest history and low levels of genetic variation, may be disadvantaged by ecological stasis in the face of global warming.


Public order policing is about power and control. The preservation and maintenance of order is a defining characteristic of the sovereign power. It is a highly political activity which is also emotive, controversial and reflects national culture and identity. Public order policing asks serious questions of the police and represents the most contentious policing activity in modern democratic states.

The purpose of this study is to increase and improve current knowledge of public order policing by comparing the policing of disorder in Britain and Spain. It reviews two high profile incidents, the 2011 London Riots and the 2014 "22M" Protests in Madrid, using a fusion of Waddington's "Flashpoints Model" and Herbert's "Normative Orders" to comparatively analyse the incidents. The study is supported by a comprehensive literature review and interviews with experienced police public order commanders.

This thesis concludes that British public order policing is in need of considerable reform to improve operational effectiveness, efficiency and professionalism. It identifies several key themes which contributed to the inability of the Metropolitan Police to respond effectively to the serious disorder and criminality which proliferated across 22 of London's 32 boroughs in August 2011. These include the need to review British public order tactics, invest in the training of specialist public order units and improve the understanding of crowd psychology. Practical recommendations are suggested which would refine, enhance and improve the ability of the British public order policing model to respond to the challenges of serious disorder in the twenty first century.


The geographical area occupied by a species is a valuable measure for assessing its conservation status. Coarse-grained occupancy maps are available for many taxa, e.g., as atlases, but often at spatial resolutions too coarse for conservation use. However, mapping occupancy at fine spatial resolution across the entire extent of the species' distribution is often prohibitively expensive for the majority of species. Occupancy downscaling is a technique to estimate finer scale occupancy from coarse scale maps, by using the occupancyarea relationship (OAR) which reflects how the proportion of area occupied increases with spatial grain size. Models that describe the OAR are fitted to observed occupancies at the available coarse-grain sizes and then extrapolated to predict occupancy at the finer grain sizes required. The downscale package in the R programming environment provides users with easy-to-use functions for downscaling occupancy with ten published models. First, upgrain calculates occupancy for multiple grain sizes larger than the input data. Normal methods for aggregating raster data increase the extent of the focal area as grain size increases which is undesirable, so the function fixes the extent for all grain sizes, assigning unsampled cells as absences. Four suggested methods are provided to enable this and upgrain.threshold provides diagnostic plots that allow the user to explore the inherent trade-off between making assumptions about unsampled locations and discarding information from sampled locations. downscale fits nine possible models to the data generated from upgrain. hui.downscale fits the special case of the Hui model. predict and plot extrapolate the fitted models to predict and plot occupancy at finer grain sizes. Finally, ensemble.downscale simultaneously fits two or more of the downscaling models and calculates mean predicted occupancy across all selected models. Here we describe the package and apply the functions to atlas data of a hypothetical UK species.


We present the case of a patient with acute myelomonocytic leukemia with trisomy 8 and novel translocation t(5;13). In addition to acute leukemia she had debilitating left shoulder arthritis due to granulocytic sarcoma formation in the joint space. Her shoulder pain did not improve during induction chemotherapy but she experienced rapid relief of symptoms with use of local radiation. Her leukemia was found to be primary refractory to chemotherapy and despite an attempt at salvage therapy she died 2 months after diagnosis.


Fibred semantics is the foundation of the model-instance pattern of software engineering. Software models can often be formalized as objects of presheaf topoi, i.e, categories of objects that can be represented as algebras as well as coalgebras, e.g., the category of directed graphs. Multimodeling requires to construct colimits of models, decomposition is given by pullback. Compositionality requires an exact interplay of these operations, i.e., diagrams must enjoy the Van Kampen property. However, checking the validity of the Van Kampen property algorithmically based on its definition is often impossible.
In this paper we state a necessary and sufficient yet efficiently checkable condition for the Van Kampen property to hold in presheaf topoi. It is based on a uniqueness property of path-like structures within the defining congruence classes that make up the colimiting cocone of the models. We thus add to the statement "Being Van Kampen is a Universal Property" by Heindel and Sobocinski the fact that the Van Kampen property reveals a set-based structural uniqueness feature.


Abstract Objective: To estimate the costs and consequences of diagnosing symptomatic heart failure with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and initiating angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in primary care. Design: Analysis of individual patient data from studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD) to identify complications during test dose and titration phases. Setting: Two randomised controlled trials in secondary care. Participants: 7487 patients taking a test dose of enalapril at enrolment to the treatment and prevention trials; 2569 patients with clinical signs of heart failure and established left ventricular dysfunction entered the treatment trial. Main outcome measures: Discontinuation during the test dose period. Discontinuation or reduction of dose during the first year of treatment for heart failure. Costs of diagnosis and titration of treatment. Results: During the test dose phase, 585 patients (7.8%) reported side effects; 136 (1.8%) of these discontinued because of severe side effects. During the titration phase, compared with placebo, enalapril was associated with an increased risk of dose reduction due to hypotension (odds ratio 2.09, 95% confidence interval 1.15 to 3.82). However, overall, there was no difference in the rates of side effects leading to dose reduction or withdrawal between the enalapril and placebo groups. The costs of diagnosing heart failure with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and initiating and titrating an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor in primary care are £300 to £400. Conclusions: Treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors can be safely started for patients with heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction in primary care.


Since the reception of the common law remedy of public nuisance into South African law during the late 19th century, it has been applied in what can be categorised as three series of cases: the first series dating from the late 19th century to 1943 (Queenstown Municipality v Wiehan 1943 (EDL) 134); the second series consisting of only one case in 1975 (Von Moltke v Costa Aroesa (Pty) Ltd 1975 (1) SA 255 (C) (the Von Moltke case)); and a third series between 1989 and 2001 (in East London Western Districts Farmers' Association v Minister of Education and Development Aid 1989 (2) SA 63 (A) (East London case) the application for an interdict to abate a public nuisance as a result of an informal settlement was granted; Diepsloot Residents and Landowners Association and Another v Administrator Transvaal 1993 (1) SA 577 (T); Diepsloot Residents and Landowners Association and Another v Administrator Transvaal 1993 (3) SA 49 (T); Diepsloot Residents and Landowners Association and Another v Administrator Transvaal 1994 (3) SA 336 (A)). In the Diepsloot trilogy, an application for an interdict preventing the establishment of the formal settlement was denied after the court considered policy considerations; in Rademeyer and Others v Western Districts Councils and Others 1998 (3) SA 1011 (SE), the application for an interdict to prevent the establishment of an informal settlement was denied because the occupiers of the informal settlement were protected as "occupiers" under the Extension of Security of Tenure Act 62 of 1997. In Three Rivers Ratepayers Association and Others v Northern Metropolitan 2000 (4) SA 377 (W) (Three Rivers case), an application for an interdict was granted after the local authority could not prove that it had taken reasonable steps to prevent a possible public nuisance caused by an informal settlement being established in the vicinity of the properties owned by the members of the Three Rivers Ratepayers Association. In Minister of Public Works and Others v Kyalami Ridge Environmental Association and Another (Mukhwevho intervening) 2001 (3) SA 1151 (CC), the court denied an application for an interdict to prevent a temporary transit camp from being established in the vicinity of farms and residential areas. Amongst the arguments presented by the applicants, was that of a public nuisance being constituted, but no evidence could be given to support that argument and it failed in the Constitutional Court.


Objectives: It is well established that long-term alcohol consumption leads to liver cirrhosis and other related disorders. Sufficient work has been done on biochemical markers of liver damage and antioxidant status of chronic alcoholics in general population. In the current study chronic alcoholics from a community called Koraga are analysed for the same parameters in a view to assess the extent of liver damage as compared to healthy controls and other alcoholics. Methods: Serum and urine samples from Koraga alcoholics (n=28), general alcoholics (n=30) and healthy controls (n=31) were analysed for liver function parameters and antioxidant markers. Liver function parameters were determined by automated analyzer. Markers of antioxidant status were estimated spectrophotometrically. The data was analysed using SPSS version 16.0. Results: There was significant increase in serum AST, serum ALT, serum GST and urine GST in both general and Koraga alcoholics when compared to healthy controls (p<0.0001). Serum ALT, serum GST and urine GST activity was significantly higher in general alcoholics when compared to Koraga alcoholics (p<0.001). Serum and urine total thiol levels were significantly lower in general alcoholics when compared to healthy controls and Koraga alcoholics (p<0.0001). We have observed no difference in total thiols level between healthy controls and Koraga alcoholics, in fact, there was significant increase in urine total thiols level in Koraga alcoholics compared to healthy controls (p<0.001). On Pearson's correlation serum AST, serum ALT correlated positively with serum and urine GST (p<0.0001) and negatively with serum total thiols (p<0.0001). Serum GST correlated negatively with serum total thiols (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Results of our study possibly indicate that the extent of alcohol induced liver damage in Koraga subjects is comparatively lower than general alcoholics, even though the alcohol consumption is found to be higher in them. There may be some mechanism that is rendering them resistant to alcoholic liver damage which needs to be explored through further studies at molecular level.


This thesis is basically a study of the Igbo cultural changes which happened as a result of the British arrival in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart. This novel tells the complexity of the Igbo's culture and because of the changes brought by the British finally the Igbo people reacted. Through this thesis, I try to find out how the culture of Igbo people which is very complex and beautiful finally has to "disappear". In this case, this thesis finds out the ways used by the British to influence the Igbo people to accept English practices and belief. This thesis examines how the reactions of the Igbo people toward the British influences and the outcomes of the Igbo people's different reactions. Therefore, in the analysis I mostly apply the literary theories of characterization and survival techniques as expressed in literature written by authors of African heritage. Besides, I also use the sociological theory along with the biography of Chinua Achebe and the history of the events in Things Fall Apart because what I analyse is about a culture of a society. Through the analysis, I find out that the ways used by the British are through the religious beliefs and practices, the social system and values, and also the government system. Then, I show the Igbo people's reactions as a result of the British influences; on one hand some of them accept the British practices and belief by using Christianity survival technique; while on the opposite hand, the rest of them reject the British practices and belief by using insurrection survival technique. Certainly, by having different survival techniques, finally they have different outcomes too; those who accept the British get a lot of advantages, while those who reject the British get nothing.


Issue management in market-driven software projects is constantly under time pressure. A limited set of developers must share their time between developing features for the next release and resolving reported issues. Project managers need to find the appropriate balance between a high quality product and fast time to market. We study a telecom company in Sweden developing embedded systems for a consumer market. The project managers report that developers resolve approximately 10% of the issues reported during a project. Consequently, it is critical to properly prioritize the issues to receive the best possible return on investment, and above all to remove all bugs that might impact the market's reception of the product. We use machine learning to investigate what features of an issue report are the best predictors of changes to production code during its corresponding resolution. After removing all features jeopardizing the confidentiality of individual engineers, the issue reports are characterized by 19 features (apart from text). We extract 80,000 issue reports, an equal mix of positive and negative examples, and train a Bayesian Network classifier [2], obtaining 73% classification accuracy. Moreover, it reveals that the feature with the highest predictive value is from which physical site the issue was submitted. The general priority feature however, is only ranked 17 out of 19, whereas the submitting team is ranked 12. Our findings confirm a suspicion in the company: the priority set by the issue submitter is indeed a poor predictor of a future code change.


Artists and illustrators have developed a large repertoire of techniques to communicate information effectively using traditional media. Recent work in computer graphics has begun to leverage these techniques in the form of non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) algorithms for 3D, but, to date, little research has addressed flexible, interactive tools to make such algorithms accessible to content creators. In this dissertation we demonstrate the importance of developing these tools for NPR. In particular, we show that "hands-on" NPR systems can provide the designer with new levels of aesthetic flexibility, and the means to achieve effects tedious or even impossible to attain by traditional methods.
We approach this open problem for stroke-based NPR of animated 3D geometry. Our system employs a tablet interface to provide the designer with an interactive paradigm in which stroke effects are sketched directly into the scene. The artist imparts his unique aesthetic by sketching strokes over the outlines of objects, and drawing details and hatching effects onto their surfaces.
These tools raise new questions regarding how annotations drawn by the designer in one view should appear when the scene is rendered from novel viewpoints. It is unreasonable to expect the user to annotate geometry from all conceivable poses. Rather, we develop rendering algorithms that can exhibit a range of behaviors which the designer can tune to specific goals, either by adjusting parameters or directly sketching the desired effects. But it is not sufficient for the stylization rendered in each frame to maintain consistency only with the designer's annotations. To be suitable for animation, they must also exhibit coherence between consecutive frames. We consider this for all effects in our system, but this is particularly challenging for those stylizing view-dependent silhouettes. For these, we develop a flexible and robust new framework that can provide coherence tailored to a particular aesthetic. These tools make possible a new class of effects that would be daunting to animate by hand.
This research shares applications with those of traditional hand-generated techniques, including architectural and product design, technical and medical illustration, storytelling (e.g. children's books), games, fine arts, and animation.


Since the advent of Quantum Field Theory (QFT) in the late 1940's, perturbation theory has become one of the most developed and successful means of extracting phenomenologically useful information from a QFT. In the ever- increasing enthusiasm for new phenomenological predictions, the mechanics of perturbation theory itself have often taken a back seat. It is in this light that this thesis aims to investigate some of the more fundamental properties of perturbation theory. The benefits of resumming perturbative series are highlighted by the explicit calculation of the three-jet rate in e+e- annihilation, resummed to all orders in leading and next-to-leading large logarithms. It is found that the result can be expressed simply in terms of exponentials and error functions. In general it is found that perturbative expansions in QED and QCD diverge at large orders. The nature of these divergences has been explored and found to come from two sources. The first are instanton singularities, which correspond to the combinatoric factors involved in counting Feynman diagrams at large orders. The second are renormalon singularities, which are closely linked to non-perturbative effects through the operator product expansion (OPE).By using Borel transform techniques, the singularity structure in the Borel plane for the QCD vacuum polarization is studied in detail. The renormalon singularity structure is as expected from OPE considerations. These results and existing exact large-A^/ results for the QCD Adler D-function and Deep Inelastic Scattering sum rules are used to resum to all orders the portion of the QCD perturbative coefficients which is leading in b, the first coefficient of the QCD beta-function. This part is expected asymptotically to dominate the coefficients in a large-Nj expansion. Resummed results are also obtained for the e+e- R-ratio and the r-lepton decay ratio. The renormalization scheme dependence of these resummed results is discussed in some detail.


A dysfunction of retinoid hippocampal signaling pathway has been involved in the appearance of affective and cognitive disorders. However, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain unknown. Hippocampal granule neurons are generated throughout life and are involved in emotion and memory. Here, we investigated the effects of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) on neurogenesis and memory and the ability of retinoic acid (RA) treatment to prevent VAD-induced impairments. Adult retinoid-deficient rats were generated by a vitamin A-free diet from weaning in order to allow a normal development. The effects of VAD and/or RA administration were examined on hippocampal neurogenesis, retinoid target genes such as neurotrophin receptors and spatial reference memory measured in the water maze. Long-term VAD decreased neurogenesis and led to memory deficits. More importantly, these effects were reversed by 4 weeks of RA treatment. These beneficial effects may be in part related to an up-regulation of retinoid-mediated molecular events, such as the expression of the neurotrophin receptor TrkA. We have demonstrated for the first time that the effect of vitamin A deficient diet on the level of hippoccampal neurogenesis is reversible and that RA treatment is important for the maintenance of the hippocampal plasticity and function.


The question of international jurisdiction in defamation cases is long running. On the EU level, Regulation 44/2001 provides that in matters relating to defamation, the court where the defendant is domiciled, as well as the court for the place where the harmful event occurred or may occur, are competent to hear the case. However, national courts struggled to apply traditional concepts that exist in the offline world to online matters. In its recent judgment in C-509/09 (eDate Advertising GmbH) and C-161/10 (Martinez) on the interpretation of place of the harmful event, the ECJ held that a multiplicity of possible fora exists for online defamation. Besides the connecting factors developed in C-68/93 (Shevill), the Court adapted a supplementary connecting factor: the centre of interests. Based on the opinion of the AG in joined cases C-509/07 and C-161/10 and an analysis of national case law, this paper calls for a test of objective relevance rather than a mere subjective interpretation of forum conveniens.


Starting from James Rice's classical work on cyclic plastic stresses and deformations in the plastic zone of a Mode III loaded crack, it will be shown that the crack tip opening displacement of a Mode I crack in a work hardening material can be written in analytical form. This result was then used to formulate the blunting line for J-integral testing and to estimate the fatigue crack propagation rate of a number of materials. In a similar manner—based on the strain distribution within the plastic zone of a work hardening material—the initiation of crack extension under static loading was estimated. The stress distribution ahead of a crack and the Ritchie, Knott. and Rice model were applied to the ductile-to-brittle transition of ferritic steels as well as the transition temperature shift due to neutron irradiation. Inspired by Fong Shih's contribution to the Electric Power Research Institute Handbook, a simple but straightforward method for expressing the δ5 crack opening displacement as a crack driving force for fully plastic conditions was developed, finally ending up in a comprehensive assessment method for cracked components. The application to mismatched welded joints was demonstrated to be possible if the yield load for mismatch is available; this latter task was performed using both slip line theory and finite element (FE) analyses. Application examples of these models will be shown, and it will be seen that estimates using these models are in reasonable agreement with experimental results and FE analyses. Several elements of these models have made their way to international codes and standards.


Summary Fruit juices and soft drinks are targets for spoilage yeasts, moulds and bacteria. The aim of this study is to examine the antifungal effect of ethanolic extract of Turkish propolis (EETP) treatments in four nonpasteurized fruit juices including apple, orange, white grape and mandarin against 6 different yeasts isolated from the corresponding spoiled juices. These isolated yeasts include: Candida famata, C. glabrata, C. kefyr, C. pelliculosa, C. parapsilosis and Pichia ohmeri. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) ranges were determined responding to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) M27-A that were slightly modified with broth microdilution method. In this study, the presence of propolis in apple (pH=3.9), orange (pH=3.7), white grape (pH=3.8) and mandarin (pH=3.4) juices ranging from 0.01 to 0.375 mg/mL inhibited the growth of all spoilage yeasts at 25 °C. MIC ranges of propolis were 0.02–0.375, 0.04–0.375, 0.01–0.185, 0.02–0.185 and 0.04–0.375 mg/mL in mandarin, apple, orange, white grape juices and RPMI medium, respectively. MIC ranges of Na benzoate, which was used as positive control, were 80–320, 80–320, 40–640, 40–80 and 320–1280 mg/mL in mandarin, apple, orange, white grape and RPMI medium as blank control, respectively. In terms of MIC ranges, propolis showed greater antifungal activity than Na benzoate. As a result, propolis had significant antimicrobial activity against the yeast isolates from spoiled fruit juices. It was concluded that propolis is worthy to study further as a natural preservative for foods prone to fungal spoilage.


With the proliferation of global information and communications technologies (ICT), the concept of community no longer has geographical limitations. Yet, from ecological and social perspectives, connecting people and communities to their immediate environment is now more urgent than ever. In this paper we show how an Indigenous led initiative reaches across geographical and cultural gulfs by using digital media in ways that are profoundly embedded in the values associated with specific places. We refer to a grass-roots Indigenous created and led organization that with support from numerous partnerships across Australia has for many years used media to convey cultural and environmental values. The methodology of Traditional Knowledge Revival Pathways (TRKP), co-created according to the ancient knowledge system of the Kuku Thaypan Traditional Owner Elders in Cape York Peninsula, illustrates the way media can be used to traverse disciplinary boundaries and connect both Indigenous and non-Indigenous people to places. We start by describing how the simple act of picking up a camera to film this ancient knowledge system led to the creation of Traditional Knowledge Revival Pathways (TKRP). Then, we explain how the methods of using various media are anchored in the Indigenous sense of country and interconnectedness, embedded in the spiritual, philosophical and ideological perspectives of Traditional Knowledge. We outline processes that scaffold these methods, such as the way media is controlled by participating Indigenous communities and incorporated into practice and research in environmental management. This leads us to discussing some of the roles of different media in reflecting on practices, within and between communities, and translating and communicating across worldviews. We conclude by indicating how using media can connect people to place and inspire their reflection upon the mediation by media in these connections. We propose this provides new insights for improving media tools, training methods and approaches to solution making to issues of environmental, social and economic concern.


This paper examines the data on responsibility for climate change due to past emissions. It addresses two aspects of responsibility. First it shows that the data present a mixed picture. By some measures, developed or wealthy countries are responsible for most past emissions while on other means, responsibility is spread widely with poor countries responsible for a majority of emissions. The differences in the measurements are due two factors: whether the data uses a comprehensive measure of emissions and the extent to which the data is aggregated into regions. The more comprehensive the measure and the less aggregation, the more that poor countries are responsible for past emissions. Second, it examines how theories of responsibility apply to the data. The most well developed theories of responsibility that impose an obligation on injurer to make a payment to victims are the theories underlying tort law. The paper shows that standard fault-based tort theories cannot be used to support climate change obligations. Instead, the theory would have to rely on strict liability, give up on the normally required connection between injurer and victim, and accept undesirable distributive consequences. Moreover, it would not be a basis for ongoing obligations to reduce emissions because relative emissions of nations will change over time. Instead, were such a theory of obligation to be sustainable, it could only be used to support a one-time payment for harm.


Introduction: Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix is a rare type of cancer in the female reproductive system, accounting for only about 1% of all malignancies in the uterine cervix. Mixed Adenoneuroendocrine Carcinoma (MANEC) is a combination of neuroendocrine components and nonneuroendocrine components, with each component contribute >30% of the tumor cells. This rare type of tumor is aggressive, high recurrence rates, and early distant metastases. Case description: A 37yearold female patient referred for evaluation after a previous finding of a cervix mass and a clinical diagnosis of cervical carcinoma IB2. Ultrasonography examination concluded a cervical mass, suspicious of malignancy. On macroscopic examination, it was found whitegrey colored, huddle, and brittle mass filled the entire cervix with a size of 5 × 4 and 5 × 1 cm. Routine histopathological examination shows neoplastic cells forming a trabecular pattern, organoid, part with rosette formation, infiltrative between the connective tissue and a large area of necrosis. These cells conform to a uniform morphology, small oval to round nucleus, partially composed of molding, narrow cytoplasm, salt and pepper chromatin, and mitotic figure > 25/10 HPF. At some other focus, neoplastic cells appear cribriform, solid, and tubular, with a round to oval hyperchromatic nuclei, increased N/C ratio, severe nuclear pleomorphism, eosinophilic cytoplasm, mitotic figure 5/10 HPF. The metastatic cell was found in four right pelvic lymph nodes, and five left pelvic lymph nodes. Immunohistochemistry examination of chromograninA and CEA shows positive, focal distribution on tumor cells cytoplasms. Synaptophysin shows positive, diffuse distribution on tumors cell cytoplasm. Ki67 was positive in 90% malignant cell nuclei. Conclusion: The result of clinical, radiological, routine histopathology, and immunohistochemical examinations support the pathological


The size and age data and patterns of growth of three abundant, reef-dwelling and protogynous labrid species (Coris auricularis, Notolabrus parilus and Ophthalmolepis lineolata) in waters off Perth at c. 32° S and in the warmer waters of the Jurien Bay Marine Park (JBMP) at c. 30° S on the lower west coast of Australia are compared. Using data for the top 10% of values and a randomization procedure, the maximum total length (L(T) ) and mass of each species and the maximum age of the first two species were estimated to be significantly greater off Perth than in the JBMP (all P < 0.001) and the maximum ages of O. lineolata in the two localities did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). These latitudinal trends, thus, typically conform to those frequently exhibited by fish species and the predictions of the metabolic theory of ecology (MTE). While, in terms of mass, the instantaneous growth rates of each species were similar at both latitudes during early life, they were greater at the higher latitude throughout the remainder and thus much of life, which is broadly consistent with the MTE. When expressed in terms of L(T), however, instantaneous growth rates did not exhibit consistent latitudinal trends across all three species. The above trends with mass, together with those for reproductive variables, demonstrate that a greater amount of energy is directed into somatic growth and gonadal development by each of these species at the higher latitude. The consistency of the direction of the latitudinal trends for maximum body size and age and pattern of growth across all three species implies that each species is responding in a similar manner to differences between the environmental characteristics, such as temperature, at those two latitudes. The individual maximum L(T), mass and age and pattern of growth of O. lineolata at a higher and thus cooler latitude on the eastern Australian coast are consistent with the latitudinal trends exhibited by those characteristics for this species in the two western Australian localities. The implications of using mass rather than length as the indicator variable when comparing the maximum sizes of the three species and the trends exhibited by the instantaneous growth rates of those species at different latitudes are explored. Although growth curves fitted to both the L(T) and masses at age for the males of each species lay above those for their females, this would not have influenced the conclusions drawn from common curves for both sexes.


The detection of gravitational waves by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo provides an opportunity to test general relativity in a regime that is inaccessible to traditional astronomical observations and laboratory tests. We present four tests of the consistency of the data with binary black hole gravitational waveforms predicted by general relativity. One test subtracts the best-fit waveform from the data and checks the consistency of the residual with detector noise. The second test checks the consistency of the low- and high-frequency parts of the observed signals. The third test checks that phenomenological deviations introduced in the waveform model (including in the post-Newtonian coefficients) are consistent with 0. The fourth test constrains modifications to the propagation of gravitational waves due to a modified dispersion relation, including that from a massive graviton. We present results both for individual events and also results obtained by combining together particularly strong events from the first and second observing runs of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo, as collected in the catalog GWTC-1. We do not find any inconsistency of the data with the predictions of general relativity and improve our previously presented combined constraints by factors of 1.1 to 2.5. In particular, we bound the mass of the graviton to be mg≤4.7×10-23  eV/c2 (90% credible level), an improvement of a factor of 1.6 over our previously presented results. Additionally, we check that the four gravitational-wave events published for the first time in GWTC-1 do not lead to stronger constraints on alternative polarizations than those published previously.


Supramolecular capsules composed of two or more self-complementary monomers held together by hydrogen bonds and other weak interactions such as cation–π and C–H–π interactions are able to encapsulate neutral as well as positively charged guests. This mini review will highlight work on transferring such non-covalently bound aggregates to the gas phase by soft ionisation methods, such as electrospray ionisation, and investigating structure and encapsulation properties under solvent-free conditions. These analyses reveal exact information about complex stoichiometry as well as about structure and stability of capsules composed of multiple building blocks. The review is organised such that each type of capsule introduced contributes a new aspect to the overall picture.


apparel industries have resulted in a loss of more than a third of all U.S. jobs in those industries since August 2000. Because these jobs are disproportionately located in nonmetro counties, the closings have had a major impact on rural areas. In response to large local job losses in rural communities, the Commonwealth of Virginia established Coordinated Economic Relief Centers (CERCs) in early 2002 to provide dislocated workers and other low-income residents access to a broad range of programs and services in one location. Nonmetro counties of Southside Virginia, bordering North Carolina, were particularly hard hit by plant closings due to the concentration of textile, apparel, and furniture plants in the area. The Martinsville area, with a population of 93,000, lost 9,000 jobs over 1999-2002. Pillowtex, a towel-manufacturing plant in Henry County, announced that it was going out of business in 2003, thus eliminating an estimated 1,000 additional jobs in the area. Operated by the Virginia Employment Commission and based on the Federal Emergency Management Agency's model of a single point of contact for natural disasters, CERCs provide a one-stop location for assistance in rural counties. Employment counseling and training are the primary services provided at the CERCs, but social services, health/mental health services, child support enforcement, and emergency assistance are also available. CERCs have partnered with community colleges, and also with nonprofit organizations such as faithbased organizations to provide emergency food assistance and other services. An ERS-funded study of the Virginia initiative found that the CERCs helped customers obtain information about a variety of services more conveniently. The CERCs also improved communication among partnering agencies and strengthened ties among community service providers. This cooperation led to improved service delivery in the community, which resulted in low-income customers who were better informed about available employment services. Operating the CERCs increased staff workload and strained the resources of the partnering agencies and organizations significantly. Office space was also insufficient. Service integration among agencies was limited due to the short setup time for opening CERCs. With Federal encouragement for States to co-locate services, the Virginia CERC experience helps in understanding the difficulties involved. Despite implementation challenges, the Virginia CERCs illustrate a useful strategy to help States respond to large job losses in rural communities.


The UK's population is ageing at a time when its oldest workers are leaving the labour market at progressively younger ages. This paradox - of declining economic activity rates among the 50 plus age group and rising longevity - has led to widespread concern over the social and economic consequences .

Meanwhile, flexible work has grown in the UK economy and has been promoted as a promising solution to 'the problem' of older workers. Portfolio-type work in particular has been presented as a liberating option for the over 50s. Working for a range of clients, so the argument goes, would allow older workers to bypass barriers to employment in later life (such as company-specific early exit programmes), and would also allow them to negotiate their own transition into retirement. Yet there is a lack of research that examines the realities of portfolio working and its sustainability for people wishing or needing to remain economically active in later life.

This study of freelancing among older workers was located in a sector where portfolio-type work was well-established: the media industry. It relied on in-depth, face-to-face interviews with 51 people who were actively engaged in freelance work as employers, individual freelancers and industry experts. The aim was to understand the conflicts, barriers and opportunities to freelance employment for those aged 50 years and over, using two contrasting perspectives, one provided by Nikolas Rose in his 'powers of freedom' thesis and the other by Margaret Archer in her 'morphogenetic' approach to realist social theory.

The study found that freelancing did extend working lives and permit a degree of freedom and control in later life. However, it was a form of employment which was insecure, volatile and largely unregulated. The oldest freelancers were vulnerable to diminishing rewards, dwindling networks, dated skills and ageist attitudes. Age was found to be an important mediating factor in the experience of risk in the freelance labour market.


RATIONALE
There is limited evidence from population-based studies demonstrating incidence of spirometric-defined chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in association with occupational exposures.

OBJECTIVES
We evaluated the association between occupational exposures and incidence of COPD in the Swiss Cohort Study on Air Pollution and Lung and Heart Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA).

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
Prebronchodilator ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second over forced vital capacity (FEV(1)/FVC) was measured in 4,267 nonasthmatic SAPALDIA participants ages 18-62 at baseline in 1991 and at follow-up in 2001-2003. COPD was defined by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criterion (FEV(1)/FVC < 0.70) and Quanjer reference equation (FEV(1)/FVC < lower limit of normal [LLN]), and categorized by severity (≥ 80% and <80% predicted FEV(1) for stage I and stage II+, respectively). Using a job-exposure matrix, self-reported occupations at baseline were assigned exposures to biological dusts, mineral dusts, gases/fumes, and vapors, gases, dusts, or fumes (VGDF) (high, low, or unexposed as reference). Adjusted incident rate ratios (IRRs) of stage I and stage II+ COPD were estimated in mixed Poisson regression models. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) IRRs of stage II+ GOLD and LLN-COPD, indicating risks between two- and fivefold, were observed for all occupational exposures at high levels. Occupational exposure-associated risk of stage II+ COPD was observed mainly in males and ages ≥ 40 years, and remained elevated when restricted to nonsmokers.

CONCLUSIONS
In a Swiss working adult population, occupational exposures to biological dusts, mineral dusts, gases/fumes, and VGDF were associated with incidence of COPD of at least moderate severity.


This paper discusses the parameterization of speech by an analog cochlear model. The tradeoff between time and frequency resolution is viewed as the fundamental difference between conventional spectrographic analysis and cochlear signal processing for broadband, rapid-changing signals. The model's response exhibits a wavelet-like analysis in the scale domain that preserves good temporal resolution; the frequency of each spectral component in a broadband signal can be accurately determined from the interpeak intervals in the instantaneous firing rates of auditory fibers. Such properties of the cochlear model are demonstrated with natural speech and synthetic complex signals.


Implant dentistry has been established as a predictable treatment with excellent clinical success to replace missing or nonrestorable teeth. A successful esthetic implant reconstruction is predicated on two fundamental components: the reproduction of the natural tooth characteristics on the implant crown and the establishment of soft tissue housing that will simulate a healthy periodontium. In order for an implant to optimally rehabilitate esthetics, the peri-implant soft tissues must be preserved and/or augmented by means of periodontal surgical procedures. Clinicians who practice implant dentistry should strive to achieve an esthetically successful outcome beyond just osseointegration. Knowledge of a variety of available techniques and proper treatment planning enables the clinician to meet the ever-increasing esthetic demands as requested by patients. The purpose of this paper is to enhance the implant surgeon's rationale and techniques beyond that of simply placing a functional restoration in an edentulous site to a level whereby an implant-supported restoration is placed in reconstructed soft tissue, so the site is indiscernible from a natural tooth.


A recent book analyzing a large database about "insider trading" as reported to the Securities and Exchange Commission gives valuable insights into what can be learned, by investors and market analysts, from the buying and selling done by insiders. In this article, the book's results are reported, and commentary is added about the implications. Key Words: Insider trading, market indicators for investors, H. Ne)jats Seyhun, insiders' market behavior, statistical studies to predict securities market. H. Neyjats Seyhun's Investment Intelligence from Insider Trading (MIT Press, 1998) reports on a massive study of the ability of statistics on insider trading from 1973 to 1994 to predict U.S. stock returns. It should be of interest to both stock market investors and financial economists. The federal Securities Exchange Act of 1934 defines "insider" in two ways, one of which says insiders are high-level corporate executives, board members, or stockholders with over 10% ownership in the company. Insiders of this kind are forbidden from benefiting from any positions held for less than six months, and anyone in possession of material, non-public information (the other definition of "insider") is forbidden from trading in the firm's securities while having such information. To enforce these regulations, insiders of the first type are required to report their trading of the stocks for which they are insiders within 10 days of the month's close to the Securities and Exchange Commission, which then makes it public. Seyhun combines this data with other stock market data to also report on the profitability of investment rules involving such measures as priceearnings ratios, book-to-market ratios, take-overs, and trends in prices. In Seyhun's study, insider trading in a particular company is first aggregated by months, with a month where the insiders bought more shares than they sold defined as a buying month, and one in which they sold more than they bought being defined as a selling month. This resulted in 144,884 buy months and 164,309 sell months, making this a large database. The surplus of selling is probably because the category of insider includes many who started firms (or got in early), and who afterwards tend to be net sellers. Since most insiders have the bulk of their wealth in their company, standard financial advice would be to diversify (which of course is legal). It should be noted that much insider trading is for such legitimate purposes as diversification and personal liquidity. It is also legal for insiders to make trades based on public information (if, at the time, they have no inside material information). Of course, given their concentrated position and incentive to keep up-to-date on their companies, insiders may be better able to evaluate and use the public information. While it is illegal for insiders to trade on material, non-public information, it is legal to refrain from trading on the basis of material, non-public information, a point Seyhun does not make. To illustrate, consider an individual who has a substantial position in a company (perhaps from being a founder, or from having exercised many options). Having little invested outside of this company, he decides to diversify his investments by selling a portion every quarter, carefully timed so that he is not selling when he has material, non-public information (such as an unusually bad forthcoming earning announcement). This is a very sensible, rational policy most financial planners would approve of, Now suppose this insider receives non-public information that the company's earnings will be unusually good this quarter (or even that the company is negotiating to be taken over at a big premium). The insider is legally free to cancel his planned (but probably unrevealed) sales, making them later when the price is likely to be higher. Since he has used his insider information not to trade at a profit, but to avoid trading when he had material information, he has not engaged in illegal insider trading, although he has still benefited from his inside information. …


This study aimed to investigate the concentrations of two heavy metals, lead and cadmium, in the water of Zayandehroud River which is surrounded by Zarinshahr rice farms. Water was sampled from a depth of 30 cm during June, July and August 2015, i.e. during the process of planting, growing and after harvesting, in three stations. Water was collected from three points; 20m before the farms, beside the farms and 100m after the farms. Three water samples and one trout fish (Salmo trutta) sample were collected each month and the concentrations of lead and cadmium were measured in the kidney, liver and gills of trout fish. The results showed that the amounts of lead and cadmiumin in the water were less and more than standard levels for these metals, respectively. The average concentrations of cadmium in the water were 15.81, 11.25, 8.92 g/L during June, July and August, respectively. It is evident that the amount of cadmium in water was significantly higher in June during the planting phase and use of fertilizers and pesticides was more than the other months (p0.01). There was a correlation in cadmium and lead concentrations between water and fish organs (kidney, liver and gill).


ABSTRACT:Using data gleaned from semistructured interviews with seventeen community archives founders, volunteers, and staff at twelve sites, this paper examines the relations and roles of community archives and archivists in social justice activism. Our research uncovered four findings on the politics of community archives. First, community-based archivists identify as activists, advocates, or community organizers, and this identification shapes their understandings of community archives work and the missions of community archives. Second, community-based archives offer substantial critiques of neutrality in their ethical orientations and thus present new ethical foundations for practice. Third, by activating their collections, community archives play significant roles within contemporary social movements including struggles for racial justice and against gentrification. Finally, community archives are at the forefront of the profession in their engagements with activists. Community archives have much to contribute to practice and scholarship on activism, outreach, and public engagement with the past.


Demand for content served by a provider can fluctuate with time, complicating the task of provisioning serving resources so that requests for its content are not rejected. One way to address this problem is to have providers form a collective in which they pool together their serving resources to assist in servicing requests for one another's content. In this paper, we determine the conditions under which a provider's participation in a collective reduces the rejection rate of requests for its content - a property that is necessary for such a provider to justify its participation within the collective. We show that all request rejection rates are reduced when the collective is formed from a homogeneous set of providers, but that some rates can increase within heterogeneous sets. We also show that, asymptotically, growing the size of the collective will sometimes, but not always, resolve this problem. We explore the use of thresholding techniques, where each collective participant sets aside a portion of its serving resources to serve only requests for its own content. We show that thresholding allows a more diverse set of providers to benefit from the collective model, making collectives a more viable option for content delivery services.


The visuospatial working memory plays a crucial role in the occupational performance of children including daily living and academic achievement. Unfortunately, relevant visuospatial working memory tests in the occupational therapy setting are lacking. Therefore, it is of clinical interest to develop new assessment tools in this area. The present study is aimed at summarizing the development of the visuospatial working memory assessment (VWMA) and assessing its psychometric properties. The results revealed that the score of item-objective congruence index (IOC) was 1.0 in overall items of assessment. The Cronbach alpha test confirmed that the internal consistency of VWMA showed good reliability in both types of the assessment, with the total score of computerized tests being .88 and the tabletop tests being .81. The computerized test was found to have excellent test-retest reliability with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values ranging from .88 to .99. The tabletop test was found to have a fair to good test-retest reliability with the ICC values ranging from .51 to .63. As regards construct validity, the results revealed that the tasks in the computerized test identified a significant difference between the control group, normal children, and children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) group. The exception to this was the N-back task in which the independent sample t-test of computerized test ranged from 1.61 to 6.23. The results of the tabletop test revealed a significant difference between normal children and the children in the ADHD group over all tasks in which the independent sample t-test ranged from 3.05 to 8.40. In conclusion, good psychometric properties established as regards content validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity provide evidence to support the position that the new VWMA is appropriate for children.


Objective –To evaluate the effect of glutathione infusion on β-cell response to glucose in elderly people with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Research Desigh and Methods –Ten patients with normal glucose tol-erance and 10 patients with IGT were matched for age (mean ± SE, 72.1 ± 2.8 vs. 71.0 ± 3.4 yr), body mass index (23.1 ± 1.1 vs. 22 ± 2.1 kg/m2), and sex (6/4 vs. 5/5, men/women) underwent glutathione infusion (10 mg/min) under basal conditions and during 75-g oral glucose tolerance tests and intravenous glucose tolerance tests (0.33 g.kg body wt−1.3 min−1). Patients with IGT were also submitted to euglycemic-hyperinsulemic and hyperglycemic glucose clamps. Results –In subjects with normal glucose tolerance, glutathione infusion failed to affect β-cell response to glucose. In contrast, glutathione significantly potentiated glucose-induced insulin secretion in patients with IGT. Furthermore, in the latter group studied by hyperglycemic clamps, glutathione infusion significantly potentiated the beta-cell response to glucose when plasma glucose levels varied between 10 and 15 mM. This effect disappeared at plasma glucose levels <15 mM. No effect of glutathione on insulin clearance and action was observed. Conclusios –Glutathione infusion enhances insulin secretion in elderly people with IGT.


For several years, the Iowa Department of Transportation has constructed bypasses along rural highways. Most bypasses were constructed on the state's Commercial Industrial Network (CIN). Now that work on the CIN has been completed and the system is open to traffic, it is possible to study the impacts of bypasses. In the past, construction of highway bypasses has led community residents and business people to raise concerns about the loss of business activity. For policy development purposes, it is essential to understand the impacts that a bypass might have on safety, the community, and economics. By researching these impacts, policies can be produced to help to alleviate any negative impacts and create a better system that is ultimately more cost-effective. This study found that the use of trade area analysis does not provide proof that a bypass can positively or negatively impact the economy of a rural community. The analysis did show that, even though the population of a community may be stable for several years and per capital income is increasing, sales leakage still occurs. The literature, site visits, and data make it apparent that a bypass can positively affect a community. Some conditions that would need to exist in order to maximize a positive impact include the installation of signage along the bypass directing travelers to businesses and services in the community, community or regional plans that include the bypass in future land development scenarios, and businesses adjusting their business plans to attract bypass users. In addition, how proactive a community is in adapting to the bypass will determine the kinds of effects felt in the community. Results of statistical safety analysis indicate that, at least when crashes are separated by severity, bypasses with at-grade access appear to perform more poorly than either the bypasses with fully separated accesses or with a mix of at-grade and fully separated accesses. However, the benefit in terms of improved safety of bypasses with fully separated accesses relative to bypasses with a mixed type of accesses is not statistically conclusive.


A six-user quantum key distribution network implemented on a bus topology is experimentally demonstrated. The network employs the BB84 protocol to transmit cryptographic keys encoded unto the phase states of highly attenuated laser light to distances of up to 31 km in a standard telecommunication-grade fiber. Each user on the network is assigned a unique wavelength for communication with the network server at a time. The measured quantum bit error rate and sifted key rate compare favorably with theoretical results


Biogeochemistry![Figure][1]

Lake Powell, seen from Alstrom Point in Arizona, USA.

PHOTO: JOHN SHAW/SCIENCE SOURCE

Lakes of all sizes are sensitive to local water and pollution management strategies. Excess nutrients in lakes can induce a series of unexpected consequences for water quality or greenhouse gas emissions. Based on previously collected data from over 8000 lakes across six continents, Chen et al. compiled a global estimate of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in lakes. These trace nutrients have intertwined fates in lakes, often related to morphological and climatic factors that change over time. Perturbations of climate or land use by humans will therefore have wide-ranging effects on biogeochemical cycling of nutrients within lakes across the globe.

Sci. Rep. 10.1038/srep15043 (2015).

 [1]: pending:yes


Abstract This paper is concerned with thermodynamic analysis of the process of single-layer drying of apple slices by means of a cyclone-type dryer. Using the first law of thermodynamics, energy analysis was performed to estimate the ratios of energy utilization throughout the drying process. Exergy analysis was carried out to determine exergy losses during the drying process by applying the second law of thermodynamics. It was concluded that the exergy losses increased with increasing energy utilization in both trays and the drying chamber. Values of the energy utilization ratio (EUR) of the drying chamber varied in the range 0−41.64 per cent depending on the drying conditions. The most exergy losses took place on the first tray (EUR = 0−21.06 per cent) during the drying of apple slices. It is emphasized that apple slices are sufficiently dried in the range 60−80°C with 20−10 per cent relative humidity and a drying air velocity of 1.5 m/s over a 3.33−5.33 h period in spite of exergy losses of 0−1.243 kj/s (EUR = 0−34.72 per cent).


Since the early 1990s, a range of corporate monitoring and multi-stakeholder initiatives have sought to address the violation of workers' rights by monitoring suppliers in global supply chain and attempting to remediate violations. However, their effectiveness in the area of freedom of association rights has been limited, particularly in labor-repressive regimes. This is because these initiatives have pursued inadequate strategies and lack either traditional forms of state power, notably the ability to sanction violators, or the leverage provided by activist campaigns. Recent social compliance program approaches, such as forming of worker-management committees, are largely of limited effectiveness in regimes in which workers face employer or state controlled unions. And most production in light industry supply chains such as apparel takes place in labor repressive regimes.


Parotid trauma can lead to both short and long-term complications such as bleeding, infection, facial nerve injury, sialocele, and salivary fistula, resulting in pain and disfigurement. Facial injuries inferior to a line extended from the tragus to the upper lip should raise concern for parotid injury. These injuries can be stratified into three regions as they relate to the masseter muscle. Injuries posing the greatest risk of damage to Stensen's duct include those anterior to the posterior border of the masseter and necessitate exploration. When the duct is disrupted, emphasis should be placed on primary repair or re-creation of the papilla; however, proximal ductal lacerations can be treated by ligation of the proximal segment. Isolated parenchymal injury can be treated with more conservative means. Sialocele and salivary fistula can frequently be managed nonoperatively with antibiotics, pressure dressings, and serial aspiration. Anticholinergic medications and the injection of botulinum toxin represent additional measures before resorting to surgical therapies such as tympanic neurectomy or parotidectomy.


While a number of languages have been classified as either syllable- or stress-timed, the case of Czech remains unclear. In this paper we make predictions about Czech rhythm on the basis of our analysis of syllable complexity in recorded samples of Czech. The results on syllable complexity show mixed features. This is reflected in the classification of Czech rhythm using rhythm measures based on durational variability of consonantal and vocalic intervals.


A food-borne outbreak of gastroenteritis with more than 650 suspected cases occurred in April 2016 in Sollentuna, Sweden. It originated in a school kitchen serving a total of 2,700 meals daily. Initial microbiological testing (for Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, adeno-, astro-, noro-, rota- and sapovirus) of stool samples from 15 symptomatic cases was negative, despite a clinical presentation suggestive of calicivirus. Analyses of the findings from both the Sollentuna municipality environmental team and a web-based questionnaire suggested that the source of the outbreak was the salad buffet served on 20 April, although no specific food item could be identified. Subsequent electron microscopic examination of stool samples followed by whole genome sequencing revealed a variant of sapovirus genogroup V. The virus was not detected using standard PCR screening. This paper describes the epidemiological outbreak investigation and findings leading to the discovery.


Most diagnoses in breast pathology can be made with H&E sections. Nevertheless immunohistochemistry plays a useful supplementary role. This article reviews the common uses of immunohistochemistry in diagnostic breast pathology. It is important to be aware of the limitations of individual antibodies. Such problems can often be overcome by using panels of antibodies. Quality control is also essential: internal and external controls should show appropriate staining. Immunohistochemistry must be interpreted in combination with the morphology seen on H&E sections. Myoepithelial markers, such as smooth muscle actin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain and p63, are useful for distinguishing invasive carcinoma from sclerosing lesions and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and in the classification of papillary lesions. Basal cytokeratins can help distinguish epithelial hyperplasia of usual type (UEH) and clonal proliferations such as DCIS and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). UEH usually shows patchy expression whereas DCIS and other clonal proliferations are typically negative. E-cadherin can usually separate DCIS and LCIS: DCIS typically shows membrane staining and most LCIS is negative. Cytokeratins can be used to detect small nodal metastases or subtle invasive carcinomas such as invasive lobular carcinomas. Immunohistochemistry plays a useful role in diagnosing spindle cell lesions such as a panel of cytokeratins to identify spindle cell carcinomas. Immunohistochemistry is helpful in recognising metastases to the breast. Different antibodies are useful for different tumours: WT1 for ovarian carcinoma; TTF1 for pulmonary adenocarcinoma; S100, melan-A and HMB45 for melanoma; and lymphoid markers for lymphoma.


Optimal transport (OT) is a popular tool in machine learning to compare probability measures geometrically, but it comes with substantial computational burden. Linear programming algorithms for computing OT distances scale cubically in the size of the input, making OT impractical in the large-sample regime. We introduce a practical algorithm, which relies on a quantization step, to estimate OT distances between measures given cheap sample access. We also provide a variant of our algorithm to improve the performance of approximate solvers, focusing on those for entropy-regularized transport. We give theoretical guarantees on the benefits of this quantization step and display experiments showing that it behaves well in practice, providing a practical approximation algorithm that can be used as a drop-in replacement for existing OT estimators.


Indigenous knowledge is the local knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society. It is the basis for local-level decision-making in agriculture, health care, food preparation, education, natural resource management, and a host of other activities. This study was to establish the existence of the indigenous knowledge in the community of central division in Isiolo District and its role in the prediction of natural disasters. The research design used in the study was survey. This design helps in seeking information for decision making and improvement of certain areas of weaknesses. Opinions are the major features in survey research. The study population was derived from the 10 settlements within Central location of Central division in the district and systematic sampling design was employed in selecting house holds in the settlements. Questionnaires, interview guides and focus group discussions were used to get the data from the respondents. Data from the questionnaires were analyzed using the statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS) soft ware. Inferential statistics by use of chi-square was used to determine the significance of relationship between variables and non-parametric inferential statistics used in analyzing the data were percentages and frequencies where the findings were presented in tables, barcharts, pie-charts and line graphs. All the tests on the relationship was done and level of significance determined. The role of IK technique in the predictions was that 77.3% can be used to predict floods, Drought at 94.3%, Famine at 83.9% among others. Correlation analysis was done using chi-square (χ2) between different variables such us age, gender, educational level, marital and employment status. In the determination of the correlation between age and knowledge on the frequency of occurrence of disasters; the results was that χ2 =15.745, p=0.399, df 15. The study found that there was no significant relationship between the age of the respondents and the knowledge on the frequency of occurrence of the disasters. Regarding the aspects of formal disaster management by the government with correlation to age, gender, marital status, and level of education, the study found that there was no significant relationship between the variables. Finally the null hypothesis for the study was rejected and it was therefore concluded that the communities living in Central division of Isiolo District uses IK in the prediction of natural occurrences. The study concluded that the major disasters in Isiolo include: famine, drought, floods and epidemic diseases. It was also concluded that the government was successful in managing disasters in Isiolo District. The study finally concluded that some of the indigenous knowledge used included the use of animal intestines, stars, clouds, crescent shape and croaking of the frogs. The study recommended that indigenous knowledge should be promoted through keeping of records, be recognized and policy framework instituted to safeguard and preserve it so that it can be an additional resource base in supplementing the formal Government techniques in natural disaster management and predictions. The researcher finally recommended that another study should be carried out in the study area to find out the use of IK on environmental sustainability and management.


In this paper we will examine the issue of ownership unbundling and forced divestiture remedies imposed in a series of recent competition law cases of the energy market - examined in other papers - in relation to the possible existence of a series of legal obstacles. These energy market decisions belong to a group of antitrust cases in which a structural divestiture remedy has been imposed under the provisions of Article 9 of Regulation 1/2003. This divestiture refers to transmission networks and to generation capacity and is meant to lead to severe structural changes, which are compatible with the findings of 2007 Sector Inquiry and its Proposals for the Third Energy Package and are assumed to accelerate the progress of the establishment of the internal energy market. By favouring such remedies in these cases, Commission affirmed its position as the latter was expressed in relation to the Third Energy Package. Commission suggested ownership unbundling as the most important remedy, in order to resolve problems in the energy sector, related to vertically integrated big firms. Commission proposed full ownership unbundling, meaning the complete separation of ownership of generation assets from ownership of transmission assets and the separation of all network functions from the other activities of the energy supply undertaking, as the best possible solution, which would also lead to the dissolution of big "national champions." Therefore, ownership unbundling and divestiture of assets as an antitrust remedy share a common basis, meaning that they lead to the transfer of corporate assets to a third party. For this reason, we will examine the issue of the legality of these remedies, in the same way as we would examine the legal enforceability of ownership unbundling. However, we should note that there are two major differences between the two cases. First, regarding the antitrust decisions, this transfer was imposed as a result of the application of general competition rules in specific cases where Commission assumed that the undertakings were involved in anticompetitive behaviour and applied its powers deriving directly from the EC Treaty, in order to restore competition; on the other hand in the Third Energy Package, unbundling constitutes a measure of the sector specific regulation, intended for a general and not prespecified group of undertakings. Second, in the Third Energy Package, ownership unbundling is established as the basic and default solution for transmission, however a number of alternatives exist; on the other hand, in the antitrust cases, divestiture was imposed as an obligatory remedy. These differences will be taken into consideration in our further analysis.Literature suggests that there may be a series of legal objections against ownership unbundling: a) art. 345 TFEU (former art. 295 EC), b) the issue of EU's competences, c) the issue of ownership and other fundamental rights under the ECHR an EU Law and d) the issue of compatibility with the freedom of capital movement and the freedom of establishment.


PURPOSE
Compliance with recommended breast cancer treatments outside the context of a clinical trial differs from that in study populations. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in compliance of breast cancer treatments.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
We conducted a retrospective review of 529 patients treated at 2 teaching hospitals in the same city from 2003 to 2006. Compliance with adjuvant therapy recommendations and choice of breast-conserving operations were compared between a university hospital (UH) and a county hospital (CH).

RESULTS
The 2 populations demonstrated similar rates of breast conservation (72% vs. 69%). Although use of radiation therapy at the CH was acceptable (82%), patients at the UH were more likely to undergo radiation therapy (95%). The use of hormone therapy was similar at the UH and the CH (> 93%). Patients were more likely to follow physician recommendations for adjuvant chemotherapy at the UH (89%) compared with the CH (70%; P = .0005). Univariate analysis revealed that patient age, tumor size, stage, grade, and estrogen receptor status were all significant predictors of patient compliance with chemotherapy. Preoperative chemotherapy was a strong predictor of patient compliance with chemotherapy (P < .0001). In multivariate analysis, all of the factors predictive of patient compliance in univariate analysis remained significant except tumor grade.

CONCLUSION
Preoperative chemotherapy appeared to increase compliance compared with adjuvant chemotherapy in the CH population. Compared with national standards, breast-conserving operations and radiation therapy compliance can be accomplished in an acceptable percentage of underinsured patients.


Grain yield maps must accurately display general yield patterns as well as details of local yield variation. Different geostatistical procedures for creating interpolated yield maps by integrating yield data with remotely sensed vegetation indices (VI) were evaluated. Yield monitor data and a multispectral satellite image at 4-m spatial resolution were collected in an irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) field and a rainfed soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr.] field. Ordinary kriging (OK), cokriging (CK), simple kriging with varying local means (SKLM), and kriging with external drift (KED) were compared using grain yield as primary variable and three different VI as secondary variables. At both sites, SKLM performed best in terms of the precision of grain yield maps and maps that depicted true yield patterns. Utilizing the most suitable vegetation index at each site and SKLM as interpolation method, the root mean squared error of yield predictions was increased by nearly 20% over OK. Methods such as KED or CK resulted in only small improvement of yield maps over those obtained with OK. Utilizing the satellite image decreased errors associated with yield monitor operations and allowed better prediction in areas where no reliable yield measurements were available. Due to the robust nature of modeling the relationship between primary and one or more secondary variables, the SKLM method has considerable potential for use in commercial precision-farming software. Future efforts on improving yield mapping should concentrate on obtaining improved yield monitor data and imagery and developing yield-sensitive VI for high-yielding crops.


The aim of this study was to elucidate the differential gene expression in the RNA sequencing transcriptome of isolated perfused udders collected from 4 slaughtered Holstein × Zebu crossbred dairy cows experimentally inoculated with Streptococcus agalactiae. We studied 3 different statistical tools (edgeR, baySeq, and Cuffdiff 2). In summary, 2 quarters of each udder were experimentally inoculated with Strep. agalactiae and the other 2 were used as a control. Mammary tissue biopsies were collected at times 0 and 3 h after infection. The total RNA was extracted and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2000 (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA). Transcripts were assembled from the reads aligned to the bovine UMD 3.1 reference genome, and the statistical analyses were performed using the previously mentioned tools (edgeR, baySeq, and Cuffdiff 2). Finally, the identified genes were submitted to pathway enrichment analysis. A total of 1,756, 1,161, and 3,389 genes with differential gene expression were identified when using edgeR, baySeq, and Cuffdiff 2, respectively. A total of 122 genes were identified by the overlapping of the 3 methods; however, only the platelet activation presented a significantly enriched pathway. From the results, we suggest the FCER1G, GNAI2, ORAI1, and VASP genes shared among the 3 methods in this pathway for posterior biological validation.


A broad study of zircons from plutonic rocks of the Sawatch and Mosquito ranges of west-central Colorado (U.S.A.) was undertaken to significantly refine the magmatic chronology and chemistry of this under-studied region of the Colorado province. This region was chosen because it lies just to the north of the suspected arc-related Gunnison-Salida volcano-plutonic terrane, which has been the subject of many recent investigations—and whose origin is still debated. Our new results provide important insights into the processes active during Proterozoic crustal evolution in this region, and they have important ramifications for broader-scope crustal evolution models for southwestern North America. Twenty-four new U-Pb ages and sequentially acquired rare-earth element (REE), U, Th, and Hf contents of zircon have been determined using the sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe-reverse geometry (SHRIMP-RG). These zircon geochemistry data, in conjunction with whole-rock major- and trace-element data, provide important insights into zircon crystallization and melt fractionation, and they help to further constrain the tectonic environment of magma generation. Our detailed zircon and whole-rock data support the following three interpretations: (1) The Roosevelt Granite in the southern Sawatch Range was the oldest rock dated at 1,766 ± 7 Ma, and it intruded various metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks. Geochemistry of both whole-rock and zircon supports the contention that this granite was produced in a magmatic arc environment and, therefore, is likely an extension of the older Dubois Greenstone Belt of the Gunnison Igneous Complex (GIC) and the Needle Mountains (1,770–1,755 Ma). Rocks of the younger Cochetopa succession of the GIC, the Salida Greenstone Belt, and the Sangre de Cristo Mountains (1,740–1,725 Ma) were not found in the Sawatch and Mosquito ranges. This observation strongly suggests that the northern edge of the Gunnison-Salida arc terrane underlies the southern portion of the Sawatch and Mosquito ranges. (2) Calc-alkalic to alkali-calcic magmas intruded this region approximately 55 m.y. after the Roosevelt Granite with emplacement of pre-deformational plutons at ca. 1,710 Ma (e.g., Henry Mountain Granite and diorite of Denny Creek), and this continued for at least 30 m.y., ending with emplacement of post-deformational plutons at ca. 1,680 Ma (e.g., Kroenke Granodiorite, granite of Fairview Peak, and syenite of Mount Yale). The timing of deformation can be constrained to sometime after intrusion of the diorite of Denny Creek and likely before the emplacement of the undeformed granite of Fairview Peak. Geochemistry of both whole-rock and zircon indicates that the older group of ca. 1,710-Ma plutons formed at shallower depths, and then they intruded the younger group of more deeply generated, commonly peraluminous and sodic plutons. Although absent in the Sawatch and Mosquito ranges, Mazatzal-age (ca. 1,680–1,620 Ma) plutonic rocks are present regionally. Inherited zircon components of Mazatzal-age were found as cores in some 1.4-Ga Sawatch and Mosquito Range zircons, indicating the likelihood of a relatively local source. These combined data suggest the possibility that all were produced within a continental-margin magmatic arc created as a result of southward-migrating (slab rollback?), north-dipping subduction to the south of the region. (3) Widespread Mesoproterozoic plutonism—with emplacement at various depths and exhibiting bimodal geochemistry—is recognized in 16 different samples. An older group of predominantly peraluminous, yet magnesian granitoids (e.g., granodiorite of Sayers, granite of Taylor River, and the St. Kevin Granite) were emplaced between ca. 1,450 and 1,425 Ma. These geochemical parameters suggest moderate degrees of partial melting in a low-pressure environment. Three younger metaluminous, but ferroan plutons (diorite of Grottos, diorite of Mount Elbert, and granodiorite of Mount Harvard), probably represent a final magmatic pulse at ca. 1,416 Ma. A comprehensive treatment of zircon REE and whole-rock trace-element behavior from Proterozoic rocks is scarce. Discriminant U/Yb versus Y diagrams using zircon data show that the Sawatch and Mosquito plutons are of continental origin, not oceanic. Additional bivariate diagrams incorporating cation ratio combinations of Gd, Ce, Yb, U, Th, Hf, and Eu offer refined insight into differences in fractionation trends and depth of magma generation for the various plutons. These interpretations, on the basis of zircon trace-element data, are mirrored in the whole-rock geochemistry data.


We investigate the effects of large-scale surface topography on ground motions generated by nearby faulting. We show a specific example studying the effect of the San Gabriel Mountains, which are bounded by the Mojave segment of the San Andreas fault on the north and by the Los Angeles Basin on the south. By si- mulating a Mw 7.5 earthquake on the Mojave segment of the San Andreas fault, we show that the San Gabriel Mountains act as a natural seismic insulator for metropo- litan Los Angeles. The topography of the mountains scatters the surface waves gen- erated by the rupture on the San Andreas fault, leading to less-efficient excitation of basin-edge generated waves and natural resonances within the Los Angeles Basin. The effect of the mountains reduces the peak amplitude of ground velocity for some regions in the basin by as much as 50% in the frequency band up to 0.5 Hz. These results suggest that, depending on the relative location of faulting and the nearby large-scale topography, the topography can shield some areas from ground shaking.


ABSTRACT Mathematicians in academic institutions utilize a variety of resources and strategies to seek, find, and use scholarly information and news. Using a sample of mathematicians, researchers surveyed 112 students and faculty at four Canadian university institutions to explore self-perceived success rates, resources consulted, databases used, use of social media, and citation management systems. Further, 12 follow-up interviews were completed with mathematicians to better interpret survey results, resulting information-seeking behaviors, choices, strategies, and feelings on keeping up to date with information needs. According to survey results, a minority of mathematicians (12.5 percent) acknowledged that they were successfully keeping up to date. However, a significant number of mathematicians (28.6 percent) indicated that they were unsuccessful and could do better in remaining current with information needs. Co-investigators, using qualitative analyses, identified four emergent themes related to remaining current: (1) The "slower pace of math" pervades all aspects of this discipline;" (2) There are "too many papers – and not enough time" to effectively search, evaluate, and read scholarly papers of interest; (3) Mathematicians collectively acknowledge that they are open to strategies and technologies where they "could do better" keeping up to date; and (4) Mathematicians have divided loyalties using databases when searching for information by means of "MathSciNet in a Google world." Additional insights document how mathematicians are guided by mathematical peculiarities and discipline-specific practices. This study helps to shed light on opportunities for academic librarians to identify and meet mathematicians' evolving information needs.


Abstract
In urbanizing rural communities in India, bone development in children and
adolescents may be affected by nutrition transition. This thesis work used a lifecourse
approach to investigate the combined effects of early life undernutrition and
urbanized lifestyles in late adolescence on bone mass accrual in a rural area in
southern India that has been undergoing socioeconomic development over the past
decade. The analyses used data from a prospective cohort study near Hyderabad city
in India, the Andhra Pradesh Children and Parents Study (APCAPS).
Research Paper 1
The first study examined bone mass in the population of APCAPS. Over 50% of
female and 30% of male participants aged 50 years and above had osteopenia or
osteoporosis. Peak bone mass was low in this lean rural population (hip BMD in 2029
year old female: 0.84±0.1; male: 0.95±0.11 g/cm2) in comparison to the
reference values from a healthy Indian population in the same age group (female:
0.90±0.11; male: 0.99±0.13). There was clearer evidence of positive association
between hip BMD and lean mass than fat mass in this population.
Research Paper 2:
The second study examined longitudinal effects of early life proteinenergy
supplementation on bone mass in young adulthood, adjusting for current body size
and lifestyles. There was no clear evidence for a longterm
positive effect of prenatal
and infant exposure to modest proteinenergy
supplementation on bone mass accrual
in this rural community. Greater lean mass in young adulthood was associated with
higher hip and lumbar spine BMD. Weightbearing
physical activity was positively
associated with hip, LS, and wholebody
BMD in males.
Research Paper 3:
The third study assessed longitudinal effects of low body mass index (BMI) during
adolescence on bone mass in young adulthood. When adjusted for current BMI, there
was no clear evidence for association of hip and LS BMD in young adulthood with
adolescent BMI. Controlling for adolescent BMI, greater increase in BMI during
adolescence was associated with higher BMD in young adulthood, although it was
3
still suboptimal in comparison to a healthy young Indian population.
Concluding remarks
In this transitional rural community from south India, the prevalence of osteopenia
and osteoporosis was high, especially among females. Although neither modest early
life supplementation nor weight gain in late adolescence was sufficient to achieve
optimal peak bone mass, increase in body size in late adolescence and young
adulthood was beneficial for bone mass accrual in this young population. There is a
need to develop strategies to take advantage of, and also prevent any detrimental
effects of, nutrition transition to improve peak bone mass in transitional rural
communities in India.


A wintering population of Tree Sparrows (Spizella arborea) were studied in the winter of 1968-69 to provide information regarding energy flow. The Tree Sparrows were found to consume primarily Helianthus annuus seeds when they were available. When these seeds became scarce, Setaria sp. And Sporobolus sp. Seeds became the important foods. Caloric values for most food items were determined and non-ingested foods had significantly higher values than those removed from the stomachs of Tree Sparrows. Existence metabolism rates determined from laboratory food consumption experiments compared favorable to previously reported values for Tree Sparrows and other sparrow species. The efficiency of food assimilation for these experiments was high (87.5%) and closely approximated the food ingested. The estimated energy flow through the wintering population of Tree Sparrows in Kcal/m2/year was: 24.39 ingested, 5.41 lost in excreta, and 18.98 assimilated.


This study deals with the mechanism of a local wind called "Hijikawa Arashi" which is a down slope wind observed along the Hijikawa river near Nagahama in Ehime Prefecture. This river is connected to an inland basin (Ohsu basin) where a cold air mass is accu nulated during nighttime by radiation cooling and overflows to the sea (Iyo-nada of Seto Inland Sea) through a valley along the Hijikawa river. Hijikawa Arashi gives a considerable influence to daily life of the people in the area, because the wind speed sometimes exceeds 10m/s and fog associated with the wind reduces the visibility significantly. The mechanism of the strong wind is not known yet, and remains as an interesting problem to meteorologists.In this study, Hijikawa Arashi is studied by means of a shallow water theory, laboratory experiment and field observation. It is shown that the strong wind is caused by a hydraulic jump of the down slope wind which is produced by the effect of topography of the valley. The theory and the laboratory experiments predict that a steady hydraulic jump is produced in the downstream side of the narrowest portion of the valley. The result was confirmed by a videotape record of the fog which visualized the hydraulic jump of the Hijikawa Arashi.


Abstract. Atmospheric marine particle concentrations impact cloud
properties, which strongly impact the amount of solar radiation reflected
back into space or absorbed by the ocean surface. While satellites can
provide a snapshot of current conditions at the overpass time, models are
necessary to simulate temporal variations in both particle and cloud
properties. However, poor model accuracy limits the reliability with which
these tools can be used to predict future climate. Here, we leverage the
comprehensive ocean ecosystem and atmospheric aerosol–cloud dataset
obtained during the third deployment of the North Atlantic Aerosols and
Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES3). Airborne and ship-based measurements were
collected in and around a cold-air outbreak during a 3 d (where d stands for day) intensive
operations period from 17–19 September 2017. Cold-air outbreaks are of keen
interest for model validation because they are challenging to accurately
simulate, which is due, in part, to the numerous feedbacks and sub-grid-scale processes that influence aerosol and cloud evolution. The NAAMES
observations are particularly valuable because the flight plans were
tailored to lie along Lagrangian trajectories, making it possible to
spatiotemporally connect upwind and downwind measurements with the
state-of-the-art FLEXible PARTicle (FLEXPART) Lagrangian particle dispersion
model and then calculate a rate of change in particle properties. Initial
aerosol conditions spanning an east–west, closed-cell-to-clear-air
transition region of the cold-air outbreak indicate similar particle
concentrations and properties. However, despite the similarities in the
aerosol fields, the cloud properties downwind of each region evolved quite
differently. One trajectory carried particles through a cold-air outbreak,
resulting in a decrease in accumulation mode particle concentration
(−42 %) and cloud droplet concentrations, while the other remained outside
of the cold-air outbreak and experienced an increase in accumulation mode
particle concentrations (+62 %). The variable meteorological conditions between these two adjacent trajectories result from differences in the local sea surface temperature in the Labrador Current and surrounding waters, altering the stability of the marine atmospheric boundary layer. Further
comparisons of historical satellite observations indicate that the observed
pattern occurs annually in the region, making it an ideal location for
future airborne Lagrangian studies tracking the evolution of aerosols and
clouds over time under cold-air outbreak conditions.


Samples collected in 2008 led to the identification of a new species of Southern Ocean grenadier, Macrourus caml, which had hitherto been identified as M. whitsoni. The first comparison of the distribution and ecology of the two species of Macrourus in the Ross Sea region is presented. The number of rays in the left pelvic fin and number of rows of teeth in the lower jaw allowed the two species to be distinguished both in the laboratory and by scientific observers at sea. The species were sympatric by depth (900–1 900 m) and by spatial area within CCAMLR Subareas 88.1 and 88.2. There was a small but significant increase in the proportion of M. whitsoni caught with depth. Catches of females of both species exceeded that of males (especially for M. caml). Macrourus caml grows slower, reaches a larger size, lives longer and is heavier for a given length than M. whitsoni. Female sexual maturity is reached at shorter length in M. caml than M. whitsoni but at a similar age (50% sexual maturity at 16 y). Gonad staging suggests extended spawning periods, beginning before December and continuing after February. Stomach and intestine contents data show both species are euryphagous predators and scavengers, with evidence of piscivory and both benthic and pelagic feeding. Amphipods were one of the main crustaceans consumed. Data tentatively suggest that M. caml may feed more benthically than M. whitsoni, but the sample size was very small. Using stable isotope analysis, trophic level was estimated at 4.4–4.5 (M. caml) and 4.1–4.3 (M. whitsoni), consistent with one or both of these species being a main prey of Antarctic toothfish.


Much of the nuclear activity of the Former Soviet Union took place within or adjacent to the confines of the Ob River drainage basin. These activities include weapons production and reprocessing at Chelyabinsk-65 (also called Chelyabinsk-40 and Mayak) and the Siberian Radiochemical Plant of Tomsk-7, nuclear weapons testing at Semipalatinsk and uranium mining and milling on the Ishym River. These sites have been the locations of accidental and planned releases of major amounts of radioactive materials since the dawn of the nuclear era. More important, these sites contain vast amounts radioactive waste, in storage, released to the environment, and injected into geologic formations at relatively shallow depth. In total there is thought to be on the order of 2.5 billion curies of radioactive materials presently located within the Ob River basin. Since the Ob is one of the largest rivers flowing into the Arctic, there has been considerable concern over past delivery of radioactive contaminants to the Arctic and the potential for much larger future releases. This project was initiated as part of the Arctic Nuclear Waste Program (ANWAP), administered through the Office of Naval Research, to attempt to characterize the time history of radioactive contaminant transport in the Ob River and to identify the sources of those contaminants. The project has focused on the use of sediment cores to define the distributions of the particle reactive isotopes Cs-137, Pu-239,240, and Pu-238 with depth in sediments. To preserve a temporal record, the sediments need to be deposited more or less continuously and to not be subject to mixing. Meeting these criteria led to a focus on sampling in the shallow "sor" and oxbow lakes that are abundant in the flood plain of the Ob delta as sources of undisturbed sediment. To gain access to the lakes on the flood plain it was necessary to design and build a shallow draft vessel that could navigate the shallow channels and marshes that connect the lakes to the main channels and still accommodate coring operations. An inflatable catamaran was built for this purpose and used during the month of July, 1994 for field operations. A Russian Fisheries Protection vessel served as a base of operations and means of transport between stations for the catamaran. Samples were collected at 17 sites from the delta to the Ob Estuary. Eight of the cores collected were analyzed in detail for the isotopes noted above and for Pb-210; seven of these were from the Ob delta and estuary, and one was from the Taz estuary, a river with no nuclear facilities in its watershed. The patterns of distribution of Cs-137 with depth in most of the cores are very similar. Distributions of Pu-239,240 closely follow those of Cs-137. The depth distribution pattern in the Taz is also essentially the same as those observed in the Ob cores. All of the cores are characterized by relatively low surface activities, a strong subsurface maximum, and activities that decrease sharply to below detection beneath the maximum. The depth of the subsurface maximum varies in response to differing sedimentation rates as do the absolute activities observed in a given core. Consistent with the similarity of the Cs-137 and Pu-239,240 distributions, Pu-239,240/Cs-137 ratios are constant in most cores; they are also very similar in all of the cores, save possibly for the Taz which is slightly higher. The distributions are qualitatively similar to those reported in other areas and attributed to a global fallout source. Time scales of deposition established on the basis of excess Pb-210 are consistent with a fallout source, placing the introduction of Cs-137 and Pu-239,240 at approximately 1950 and the subsurface maxima at around 1963, the time of maximum fallout deposition reported for Fairbanks and Anchorage, Alaska. The Pu/Cs ratios, corrected to 1994, are also consistent with a fallout origin and much greater than that reported for contaminated sediments in the vicinity of the weapons plants in this region. These studies support several conclusions regarding the deposition of the radioactive contaminants studied and the sources of these nuclides. 1) The sediments of many "sor" and oxbow lakes on the flood plain preserve a record of particle reactive contaminant transport down the Ob River. There is little or no evidence of mixing of the record in many of the cores collected. These sediments should preserve the temporal histories of other particle reactive contaminants as well. 2) Based on the patterns and time scale of deposition, the Pu/Cs ratios, and the similarity of the Ob and Taz distributions, the primary source of the Cs-137 and Pu isotopes in these sediments is global fallout. 3) Uncertainties in the analyses could permit perhaps 25% of the isotopes studied to be derived from a Mayak-like source. However, the data do not require any source other than global fallout. Consequently, we conclude that local sources make little if any contribution to these sediments.