Clear observations of early triggering of neo-classical tearing modes by sawteeth with long quiescent periods have motivated recent efforts to control, and in particular destabilize, sawteeth. One successful approach explored in TCV utilizes electron cyclotron heating in order to locally increase the current penetration time in the core. The latter is also achieved in various machines by depositing electron cyclotron current drive or ion cyclotron current drive close to the q = 1 rational surface. Crucially, localized current drive also succeeds in destabilizing sawteeth which are otherwise stabilized by a co-existing population of energetic trapped ions in the core. In addition, a recent reversed toroidal field campaign at JET demonstrates that counter-neutral beam injection (NBI) results in shorter sawtooth periods than in the Ohmic regime. The clear dependence of the sawtooth period on the NBI heating power and the direction of injection also manifests itself in terms of the toroidal plasma rotation, which consequently requires consideration in the theoretical interpretation of the experiments. Another feature of NBI, expected to be especially evident in the negative ion based neutral beam injection (NNBI) heating planned for ITER, is the parallel velocity asymmetry of the fast ion population. It is predicted that a finite orbit effect of asymmetrically distributed circulating ions could strongly modify sawtooth stability. Furthermore, NNBI driven current with non-monotonic profile could significantly slow down the evolution of the safety factor in the core, thereby delaying sawteeth.


An important research direction in machine learning has centered around developing meta-learning algorithms to tackle few-shot learning. An especially successful algorithm has been Model Agnostic Meta-Learning (MAML), a method that consists of two optimization loops, with the outer loop finding a meta-initialization, from which the inner loop can efficiently learn new tasks. Despite MAML's popularity, a fundamental open question remains -- is the effectiveness of MAML due to the meta-initialization being primed for rapid learning (large, efficient changes in the representations) or due to feature reuse, with the meta initialization already containing high quality features? We investigate this question, via ablation studies and analysis of the latent representations, finding that feature reuse is the dominant factor. This leads to the ANIL (Almost No Inner Loop) algorithm, a simplification of MAML where we remove the inner loop for all but the (task-specific) head of a MAML-trained network. ANIL matches MAML's performance on benchmark few-shot image classification and RL and offers computational improvements over MAML. We further study the precise contributions of the head and body of the network, showing that performance on the test tasks is entirely determined by the quality of the learned features, and we can remove even the head of the network (the NIL algorithm). We conclude with a discussion of the rapid learning vs feature reuse question for meta-learning algorithms more broadly.


Swarm Intelligence and bio-inspired computation have become increasing popular in the last two decades. Bio-inspired algorithms such as ant colony algorithms, bat algorithms, bee algorithms, firefly algorithms, cuckoo search and particle swarm optimization have been applied in almost every area of science and engineering with a dramatic increase of number of relevant publications. This book reviews the latest developments in swarm intelligence and bio-inspired computation from both the theory and application side, providing a complete resource that analyzes and discusses the latest and future trends in research directions. It can help new researchers to carry out timely research and inspire readers to develop new algorithms. With its impressive breadth and depth, this book will be useful for advanced undergraduate students, PhD students and lecturers in computer science, engineering and science as well as researchers and engineers. Focuses on the introduction and analysis of key algorithms Includes case studies for real-world applicationsContains a balance of theory and applications, so readers who are interested in either algorithm or applications will all benefit from this timely book.


Large volcanic eruptions, despite their low frequency of occurrence, have the potential to cause massive loss of life and affect the health of humans and animals and cause major economic losses. The knowledge of the evolution of past volcanic processes is key to mitigate the effects of future eruptions. Field studies along with application of diverse techniques of analysis generate volcanic data, such as, eruption ages, petrological classification, estimates of ejected volume, intensity and magnitude. The design of databases on volcano data constitutes a tool for experts in charge of identifying places at risk, forecasting volcano activity, and scientists interested in finding the relation between volcanic eruptions and climate change. A global database on Quaternary explosive on explosive volcanism has been developed as part of the VOGRIPA project and implemented which main aim is to facilitate accessing data on volcanic eruptions for the scientific community. An explosive eruption is included in the database if its magnitude is 4 or above and if it has been dated. Also at least one measure of the eruption magnitude, such as erupted mass, erupted volume or Volcano Explosivity Index (VEI) is required. The use of the age data is examined for periods of time according to the nature of the age data and also considering major Earth events such as glaciations and interglacials. As we go back in the time, peaks in volcanic activity most likely reflect biases of data; however is an increase in the number of explosive eruptions in the 7th to 10th century and in the past 650 years in the global database on explosive volcanism as well as ice core records. Statistical analyses are applied to eruption records to test the linked hypothesis that the volcanism has been constant over the time interval chosen and that there is not under-recording. The hypothesis is in agreement for the period between 15,000 and 45,000 years BP, and for the whole period including only eruptions with Magnitude 7. Number of explosive eruptions with M>4 and active volcanoes back to 40,000 years BP in 2,500 year intervals


An adaptive approach to the estimation of the instantaneous frequency (IF) of nonstationary mono- and multicomponent FM signals with additive Gaussian noise is presented. The IF estimation is based on the fact that quadratic time-frequency distributions (TFDs) have maxima around the IF law of the signal. It is shown that the bias and variance of the IF estimate are functions of the lag window length. If there is a bias-variance tradeoff, then the optimal window length for this tradeoff depends on the unknown IF law. Hence, an adaptive algorithm with a time-varying and data-driven window length is needed. The adaptive algorithm can utilize any quadratic TFD that satisfies the following three conditions: First, the IF estimation variance given by the chosen distribution should be a continuously decreasing function of the window length, whereas the bias should be continuously increasing so that the algorithm will converge at the optimal window length for the bias-variance tradeoff, second, the time-lag kernel filter of the chosen distribution should not perform narrowband filtering in the lag direction in order to not interfere with the adaptive window in that direction; third, the distribution should perform effective cross-terms reduction while keeping high resolution in order to be efficient for multicomponent signals. A quadratic distribution with high resolution, effective cross-terms reduction and no lag filtering is proposed. The algorithm estimates multiple IF laws by using a tracking algorithm for the signal components and utilizing the property that the proposed distribution enables nonparametric component amplitude estimation. An extension of the proposed TFD consisting of the use of time-only kernels for adaptive IF estimation is also proposed.


The Email Mining Toolkit (EMT) is a data mining system that computes behavior profiles or models of user email accounts. These models may be used for a multitude of tasks including forensic analyses and detection tasks of value to law enforcement and intelligence agencies, as well for as other typical tasks such as virus and spam detection. To demonstrate the power of the methods, we focus on the application of these models to detect the early onset of a viral propagation without "content-base " (or signature-based) analysis in common use in virus scanners. We present several experiments using real email from 15 users with injected simulated viral emails and describe how the combination of different behavior models improves overall detection rates. The performance results vary depending upon parameter settings, approaching 99 % true positive (TP) (percentage of viral emails caught) in general cases and with 0.38 % false positive (FP) (percentage of emails with attachments that are mislabeled as viral). The models used for this study are based upon volume and velocity statistics of a user's email rate and an analysis of the user's (social) cliques revealed in the person's email behavior. We show by way of simulation that virus propagations are detectable since viruses may emit emails at rates different than human behavior suggests is normal, and email is directed to groups of recipients in ways that violate the users' typical communications with their social groups.


The primary purpose of this study was to determine the
relation of some characteristics, selected factors such as demographic communication behaviours, attitude and
organizational effectiveness with the level of members'
participation in community listening. A secondary purpose was to identify the problems associated with community listening and to find out the farmers' views on the comprehensibility, relevancy and usefulness of farm broadcast programme of the Agricultural In formation Section of the Department of Agriculture, Nepal. The respondents for this study were 105 members of the
community listening centres (cue) from nine villages in three selected districts. Data were collected by interviewing the randomly selected respondents in the sample areas. Members' attitudes and perceptions toward cue were measured using 12 items and 6 items Likert-type scale respectively. A total of 12 hypotheses were tested. Pearson product-moment correlation and chi-square were used to test the hypotheses while frequencies and percentages were used for other descriptive analyses. The study revealed that, in general, the level of participation in community listening programme among members of CLC was low. Participation was analyzed with each of the independent variables separately to ascertain the direction and degree of association. The variables such as extension contact, organizational membership, opinion leadership status, message relevancy, attitudes and perceived organizational effectiveness were found to be related positively with the level of participation. Other variables such as age, level of education, family size, farm size and cosmopoliteness were found not significantly related to the level of participation. The results of this study suggest that extension contact, organizational membership, opinion leadership status, message relevancy, attitudes and perceptions are the good indicators of participation.


The unified scaling law (also called the BCDS model), merges: (1) Omori's Law, (2) Gutenberg-Richter's law, and (3) the geometrical fractal distribution of epicenters, all of which, in combination, investigate the occurrence of earthquakes from a spatial-temporal perspective. This study plans to verify important questions arising from the definition of the BCDS model by doing three experiments. Firstly, we examine the feasibility of applying this model to Taiwan using different cell sizes and cut-off magnitudes. Secondly, we ascertain the difference between aftershocks and main shocks in a unified scaling law by comparing earthquake time sequences with declustered ones. Thirdly, we investigate the differences among scaling relationships obtained from various geological settings in Taiwan. Our results show that no matter how cell size and cut-off magnitude change, they produce a very similar pattern symbolizing the scaling law. Using a Z-map, after declustering, the constant part, which is an apparent indicator of the characteristics of aftershocks, disappears, and the slope of the fast decaying part, which corresponds to the main shock, remains almost the same. In addition, scaling laws obtained from four different sub-regions in Taiwan, although slightly different to each other, all show to be of a similar scaling law.


The 1970s and 80s saw a wave of market liberalization in Latin America, Africa, and Asia, but also in the United States and Western Europe, reaching Central and Eastern Europe by the end of the 1980s. Existing studies tend to focus on the decision-makers and adopt a monolithic view of reform implementation. To account for complexity, we study the cases of Argentina and the USSR/Russia from tentative market liberalization in the 1970s until the crisis of neoliberalism in the late 20th and early 21st century. After brief observations on the history of economic reform in each country, we consider the preconditions of reforms and the delegation of decision-making to economists; the institutional context and, in particular, tensions between political democratization and economic liberalization; and the unequal influence of neoliberal ideas within Russian and Argentinean institutions. Finally, we assess whether the neoliberal order remained intact after the crises of 1998 and 2001. In English, extensive summary in Russian.


OBJECTIVE
the aim of this study was to analyze the agreement between the resting energy expenditure (REE) obtained by indirect calorimetry (IC) and that obtained by prediction equations in a sample of healthy adults from Spain. Méthods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 95 healthy, normal-weight adults. REE was determined by IC and 45 population-specific prediction equations which were based on weight, height, sex and/or body composition (BC). The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Alman plots were used to analyze the agreement between the REE obtained by IC and that obtained by prediction equations. The level of signification was reached at p < 0,05.

RESULTS
mean age was 42 years (range: 23.0-63.2). Mean REE determined by CI was 1589 (312) kcal/d [1822.3 (224.3) kcal/d in men and 1379.3 (216.1) kcal/d in women; p < 0.05]. The De-Lorenzo, Harris-Benedict, Schofield, and especially the Korth equations showed the greatest level of agreement with respect to IC.

CONCLUSIONS
there is high variability in the estimates of REE depending on the prediction equation used. The De Lorenzo, Harris-Benedict, and the Schofield equations showed a good level of agreement in our sample; however, the Korth equation was the most appropriate. Equations based on weight and/or height were more accurate than those which included body composition variables.


Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition (FEBID) is a rapid prototyping technique for the investigation, production and modification of 2 and 3-D nanostructures. The process takes place at room temperature, in the high-vacuum chamber of a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The principle is based on the local FEB decomposition of molecules injected in the chamber and adsorbed on a surface. These molecules, called the precursors, are specifically chosen to contain the element of interest to be deposited. However, the electron induced decomposition results in contaminated materials containing additional parasitic elements from the precursor molecule. These contaminants are incorporated with the element of interest, and downgrade the properties of the materials and prevent therefore their use for many applications. Gas-assisted FEBID, the subject of this thesis, is a promising evolution and solution to the problem that was never extensively studied in literature. It consists in injecting a reactive gas simultaneously to the precursors, which will react in real time with the deposited contaminants to form volatile products, leaving ideally only the interesting material on the surface. This work focused on the Oxygen assisted FEBID of Silicon dioxide (SiO2) and on the understanding of the deposition process. SiO2 it is a high performance material for nano-optic and electronic applications, widely used in research and industry. Modifications were brought to an existing SEM to allow the simultaneous injection of two different and controlled gases, and to allow the in-situ control of growth of optical materials. Si-precursors of three families (alkoxy-, alkyl- and isocyanato-silanes) were compared. The FEBID material could be gradually converted from contaminated Si-materials to pure SiO2, above a [O2]/[precursor] ratio specific to each precursor chemistry and precursor flow. The SiO2 deposited was stoichiometric, C and OH–free, had an estimated density of 2.2, was amorphous and had optical properties close to that of fused silica. Optical structures for nano-optics and plasmonics were produced. Compared to traditional FEBID, O2 assisted FEBID required much lower energy to induce a decomposition reaction, and secondary electrons achieved 90 % of the deposition process in our setup. The electron efficiency could be multiplied by 20 compared to conventional FEBID. O2 assisted FEBID was insensitive to electron density in our setup. The conditions for no C and large deposition rates during O2 assisted FEBID were high molecule reactivity to O2, low sticking coefficient, low acceleration voltage and dwell time ( 60 µs). As function of the precursor chemistry and flow, additional O2 influenced the deposition rate, which could be increased it by a factor of 7. The O2 and precursor molecules co-adsorption resulted in a surface coverage competition, which determined the deposition efficiencies. Limitations due to the residual water in the SEM were demonstrated and characterized. They appeared as Oxygen incorporation in the deposited materials, which influenced the deposition process. Residual water impinging flow was demonstrated to be responsible of the FEBID process deposition efficiency when no Oxygen was injected.


This study used a multimethod approach to evaluate the relationship of alexithymia (as measured by the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the 30-item Emotion Awareness Questionnaire), psychosocial development (assessed with the Measure of Psychosocial Development), and risk behavior (as measured by the Youth Comprehensive Risk Assessment) in 67 adolescents (85% from rural communities) in a rural residential treatment facility. Results revealed that both measures of alexithymia demonstrated good internal consistency and convergent validity. The EAQ-30 demonstrated stronger convergent validity over the TAS-20 with psychosocial measures of shame, inferiority, and role confusion and was more robust in differentiating risk behavior among males and females. Adolescent females scored higher on measures of alexithymia than males and demonstrated significantly more shame, diminished bodily awareness, and risk to self; whereas, males demonstrated significantly more risk to others. Overall, this study contributes to the current literature of alexithymia, provides further support for the validity of the alexithymia construct with adolescents, and sheds light on the importance of emotional awareness and expression in adolescent psychosocial development. Although exploratory, this study also increases clinical understanding of how risk behavior develops and manifests differently in male and female adolescents, specifically with regard to shame and diminished bodily awareness.


Industrial design (ID) is a fairly young and largely unknown profession in Turkey. Although significant developments have taken place in the field of ID in the past 15 years, the scope of scholarly attempts to analyze the sociological meaning of designing in the Turkish context is extremely limited. We use boundary work and professional ideology as salient concepts for a sociological understanding the ongoing professionalization process of Turkish industrial designers, who are developing professional identities and striving for recognition in the larger culture. This paper relies on 20 semi-structured interviews conducted with key players (i.e., ideologues) of the Turkish ID scene to analyze these boundary-work processes. We found that the positive collective identity of Turkish industrial designers is built on a formulation of negative others. These negative others are ideological antagonists that are pushed to the "other" side of the demarcation line. Negative others are especially dominant in the professional ideology of Turkish industrial designers because the perceived threats from these antagonists shape the collective consciousness. However, the construction of these others is an ambivalent process in which they also become ideological "friends." We also demonstrate that professional ideology plays a pivotal role in producing, reproducing, and legitimizing claims of professionalism.


Our objective is to assess variation in Havers–Halberg oscillation (HHO) periodicities among domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). The HHO is hypothesized to be a hypothalamic‐generated biorhythm coordinating multiple life history variables including body mass and lifespan. Dogs have a broad mass range spanning two orders of magnitude, but this variation has been shown to result from selection on very few genetic loci, and dogs have low variation in other life history traits. Therefore, we predict that HHO variation will not be correlated to body mass among domestic dogs, as it is in anthropoid primates. To test the prediction, we examined dog HHO periodicity via manifestations in tooth enamel and dentine, quantifying HHO rhythm histologically. HHO rhythm is reflected in teeth as the number of days between secretion of successive striae of Retzius (enamel) and Andresen lines (dentine), a value referred to as Retzius periodicity (RP). We counted ca. 24‐h growth lines between successive Retzius and Andresen lines to determine RP in histological thin‐sections from canine teeth of 19 dogs, representing different breeds and sizes. To test our hypothesis, we regressed RP periodicity against body mass data. Dogs have low RP variation for their body mass range, with a modal periodicity of 5 days and a range of 4–6 days. RP was not significantly correlated with body mass. We conclude that mass variation in dogs does not seem driven by HHO physiology, consistent with findings that IGF1 variants produce dog mass variation. However, low RP (and by extension HHO) variation is consistent with low variation in dog lifespan and gestation, suggesting that dog life history may still be governed by HHO mechanisms even if body mass does not reflect this.


Focusing on the Nepali ethnic group living on the borderlands of Sikkim, Darjeeling, and east Nepal, the book 'Ethnicity and Democracy in the Eastern Himalayan Borderland' analyses the growth, success, and proliferation of ethnic politics on the peripheries of modern South Asia. Based on extensive historical and ethnographic research, it critically examines the relationship between culture and politics in a geographical space which is replete with a diverse range of ethnic identities. The book explores the emergence of new modes of political representation, cultural activism, and everyday politics in regional South Asia. Being Nepali offers new perspectives on political dynamics and state formation across the eastern Himalaya which is fuelled by the resurgence of ethnic culture.


This is an analysis of the relationship between teachers' digital design, appreciation of curricular contents and self-assessed job satisfaction. Traditionally contents and method influence student learning and consequently teacher satisfaction. The more the students learn the happier the teacher. People assume that student experiences of digitally "designed" teaching and learning influence significantly teacher satisfaction. Digital design solutions externalize the teachers' intentions, primarily providing a social game for the students. Questionnaire results suggest that teacher satisfaction is an outcome of instruction and curriculum. But does either of the two have an added effect on the other, e.g. does curriculum reinforce the digital design or is it the other way around.


The Night Life of Trees is an exquisite hand-bound and screen-printed book of paintings by three of the finest artists of the Gond tribal art tradition. The Gonds, a tribe of central India, are traditionally forest dwellers. They believe that trees are hard at work during the day providing shelter and nourishment to all. Only when night falls can they finally rest, and their spirits reveal themselves. These luminous spirits are captured in The Night Life of Trees, a fascinating and haunting foray into the Gond imagination. Each painting is accompanied by its own poetic tale, myth or lore, narrated by the artists themselves, which recreate the familiarity and awe with which the Gond people view the natural world. Screen-printed by hand on black paper, every page of this book is an original print. Each book in this limited second edition of 1,000 is individually numbered.


The use of the photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) technique to measure nonradiative lifetimes in either the frequency or time-domain mode is discussed. Expressions are presented for the dependence of the cell pressure upon the lifetime, and the modifications introduced by the microphone transfer function are discussed. It is shown that in both measurement modes thermally and optically thick specimens are preferred. Other sample types have contributions to the measured phase or time delay arising from the optical absorption depth and sample cell parameters. The model presented suggests that the PAS technique is suitable for the measurement of lifetimes in the range between 10−5 and 10−1 s, with the limits arising from the microphone transfer function, the finite sound velocity, and thermal transport velocity in the transducer gas.


Literature is human's expression. Literary work expresses a series of happening of human life such as their problems, struggle of life and conflict of life. It adds the readers' knowledge and experience about life. That is the reason why the writer analyzes literature especially novel and focused on conflict as the topic of thesis.
This study takes Anne Bronte's novel "The Tenant of Wildfell Hall". The problems discussed were; (1) the conflicts faced by the main characters, and (2) the effects of the conflicts on the main characters.
The study used descriptive research because there was no treatment as an experimental research. In this study, the writer used objective approach because the writer of this thesis did not need to study the author's life, background of the work or background of the society, but just analyzed the work itself. The object of this study was all events in Anne Bronte's novel "The Tenant of Wildfell Hall", while the data of this study were dialogues, paragraphs, and quotations related to the statement of the study. The steps to collect the data of this study were: (1) reading and understanding the novel, (2) selecting the data concerning with the problems, and (3) giving codes on dialogues and paragraphs that can be regarded as the proofs supporting the data. The way to analyze the data were: (1) collecting the related data that can be regarded as the answers of the statement of problems, (2) interpreting and making correlation between the data and the statement of the problems, and (3) answering the questions established in the statement of problems by considering the result of the analysis.
The result of this study showed that there were two main characters who involved in different conflicts. First, Gilbert Markam who faced psychological conflict, especially when he fell in love with Helen, he fell anxious and doubt. The second was Helen Graham who faced social conflicts when she was living with her husband. She faced conflict with Arthur Huntingdon, her irresponsible and drinking husband, and Annabella, the woman who had special relation with her husband. In fact, the effect of Gilbert Markam's psychological conflict and Helen Graham's social conflict with her husband gave good effects on them, it motived them to do constructive activities. Gilbert was brave for approaching Helen in Grassdale until his love was accepted, while Helen was brave to leave her husband which she finally got the joy. On the other hand, Helen Graham's conflict with Annabella gave her bad effect, it motived her to do destructive activity. She hated her husband and they stopped communicating each other.


Nationwide surveys of 1,4-dioxane and methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE) levels in raw water used for the drinking water supply were conducted at 91 water treatment plants in Japan in 2001 and 2002, prior to the revision of the drinking water quality standards. 1,4-dioxane was widely and continuously detected in raw water samples and its occurrence was more frequent and its concentrations higher in groundwater than in surface water. However, its maximum concentration in raw water was much lower than its new standard value (50 μg/L), which was determined as a level of 10 -5 excessive cancer risk to humans. Trace levels of MTBE were also detected in several surface water samples.


In the twenty-first century, access to a fragmented global culture through online portals
has created what Bauman (2011) calls a 'liquid culture'. As screen-mediated ways of
being grow and propagate through our art galleries, museums and online social media
feeds, how are we to read this emergent visual grammar so that we can motivate, move
or elevate our ways of knowing?
This thesis explores the symbolism created in mainland China in 2009 through an
emergent and retained set of subversive symbols: the Grass Mud Horse lexicon in
Chinese visual culture and beyond. To date, theorists have focused predominantly on
internet memes, independent of other multimodal forms generated and transitioned from
symbolic online internet memes to offline symbolic use in art and design. I investigate
ways of deciphering and articulating these visual gestures through accessing cultural
keys. I claim that the new symbolism generated as a result of internet censorship in
mainland China demonstrates a generational and ideological shift; it does so through the
creation and propagation of new visual grammar in twenty-first century China. To
scaffold my claims, I explore an overview of historical changes in the visual articulation
of Chinese culture. The use of Mao Zedong as a symbol in art and design clearly
illustrates a shift from veneration to subversion. By exploring the symbolism in visual
culture dating from 1912 to China's digital age, this study reveals a transition that
proposes a new heroic icon, the Grass Mud Horse.
The creation of this new symbolism has political relevance; it deploys practices and art
forms to signal, dissolve and raise awareness of social and ideological change. This
study maps the new symbolism to test the claim that over time, some symbols may lose
potency, while others remain and reflect ideological shifts. The findings will be
demonstrated through a synthesis of online digital ethnography, including semiotic and
compositional interpretation, and incorporating multimodal discourse analysis. This
study will challenge the Western perspective of Chinese stereotypes in visual culture by
working with and interpreting visual cultural flows in the digital age.


Recent studies on the life histories of Daphnia hybrids and their parental species have revealed that hybrids can combine an intermediate size with a relatively high reproductive rate, which might explain their success in many European lakes. Based on this information, we formulated the temporal hybrid superiority hypothesis to explain the coexistence of parental species and their hybrids. Our hypothesis states that in temporally changing environments, such as lakes, hybrids can coexist with their parental species because hybrid individuals have a higher fitness compared to the parental individuals during specific periods of the year. This is in contrast to the hypothesis that hybrids have a lower fitness than the parentals, which should be compensated by recurrent hybrid production. To test this hypothesis we studied population dynamics and seasonal changes in body size of two Daphnia species (D. galeata and D. cucullata) and their interspecific hybrid D. cucullata × D. galeata in Tjeukemeer, a shallow eutrophic lake in the Netherlands. In 1989, the year with the highest fish predation pressure, the larger D. galeata was first replaced by the smaller hybrid that was soon succeeded by the even smaller D. cucullata. In 1990 the Daphnia community was dominated by the hybrid and in 1991 by D. galeata. Deviations of the instantaneous rate of increase, averaged over the three species, showed a positive relationship with fish predation risk for D. cucullata, a negative relationship for D. galeata, and no relationship for the hybrid. This suggests a higher influence of fish predation on D. galeata. We conclude that the selective advantage of the hybrid over D. galeata under fish predation, expected from life‐history experiments, is in agreement with our field data.


The interface of a language's syntax and semantics with its inflectional morphology is quite constrained: canonically, the morphosyntactic property set that determines a word form's use and interpretation in a particular syntactic context also determines its inflectional shape in that context. There are, however, frequent deviations from this canonical congruence. Deviations of this sort favor a theory of morphology in which the definition of a word form's syntactico-semantic content is in principle separate from that of its morphological realization. Such a theory necessitates the postulation of two sorts of paradigms: content paradigms constitute the interface of word forms' inflectional morphology with their syntax and semantics; form paradigms determine the definition of word forms' morphological realizations. In a theory of this sort, a language's inflectional morphology must not only define patterns of inflectional exponence; it must also define the linkage between the cells of a lexeme's content paradigm and the cells of the form paradigm through whose mediation they are realized morphologically. The Old English conjugational system provides a rich basis for exemplifying a theory of this sort.


Significance Among mammals, only primates can accumulate high levels of xanthophyll carotenoids in their retinas. We discovered that, unlike most other mammals, the major xanthophyll cleavage enzyme β,β-carotene-9′,10′-dioxygenase (BCO2) is inactive in humans, explaining the unique accumulation of lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin in primate macula. We confirmed this discovery by demonstrating that BCO2 knockout mice accumulate zeaxanthin in their retinas. The macula of the primate retina uniquely concentrates high amounts of the xanthophyll carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin, but the underlying biochemical mechanisms for this spatial- and species-specific localization have not been fully elucidated. For example, despite abundant retinal levels in mice and primates of a binding protein for zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin, the pi isoform of glutathione S-transferase (GSTP1), only human and monkey retinas naturally contain detectable levels of these carotenoids. We therefore investigated whether or not differences in expression, localization, and activity between mouse and primate carotenoid metabolic enzymes could account for this species-specific difference in retinal accumulation. We focused on β,β-carotene-9′,10′-dioxygenase (BCO2, also known as BCDO2), the only known mammalian xanthophyll cleavage enzyme. RT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) confirmed that BCO2 is expressed in both mouse and primate retinas. Cotransfection of expression plasmids of human or mouse BCO2 into Escherichia coli strains engineered to produce zeaxanthin demonstrated that only mouse BCO2 is an active zeaxanthin cleavage enzyme. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) binding studies showed that the binding affinities between human BCO2 and lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin are 10- to 40-fold weaker than those for mouse BCO2, implying that ineffective capture of carotenoids by human BCO2 prevents cleavage of xanthophyll carotenoids. Moreover, BCO2 knockout mice, unlike WT mice, accumulate zeaxanthin in their retinas. Our results provide a novel explanation for how primates uniquely concentrate xanthophyll carotenoids at high levels in retinal tissue.


This contribution discusses Ron Martin's Reopke Lecture in Economic Geography 'Rethinking Regional Path Dependence: Beyond Lock-in to Evolution'. The lecture offered original ideas on how to avoid some of the pitfalls associated with path-dependence theories and the equilibristic understanding of the temporality of economic change. This contribution addresses the question of co-evolution of the economic and the political in regional and local industrial evolution. It questions the conception of temporality that seems implicit in the framework. It is suggested that the notion of punctuated co-evolution may be a way forward to avoid some of the difficulties in Martin's model. The contribution concludes by discussing the analytical limits of path-dependence models.


The Stranger at the Feast is a pathbreaking ethnographic study of one of the world's oldest and least-understood religious traditions. Based on long-term ethnographic research on the Zege peninsula in northern Ethiopia, Tom Boylston tells the story of how people have understood large-scale religious change by following local transformations in hospitality, ritual prohibition, and feeding practices. Ethiopia has undergone radical upheaval in the transition from the imperial era of Haile Selassie to the modern secular state, but the secularization of the state has been met with the widespread revival of popular religious practice. For Orthodox Christians in Zege, everything that matters about religion comes back to how one eats and fasts with others. Boylston shows how practices of feeding and avoidance have remained central even as their meaning and purpose have dramatically changed from a means of marking class distinctions within Orthodox society to a marker of the difference between Orthodox Christians and other religions within the contemporary Ethiopian state. "Tom Boylston demonstrates the power of ethnography at its best: engaging, challenging, with a superb sense of history and place. He uses close observations of the rhythms of life and of ritual among Ethiopian Orthodox Christians to make illuminating points about mediation, boundaries, systems of knowledge, and trajectories of change." SIMON COLEMAN, Chancellor Jackman Professor, University of Toronto "Offers unique insights into themes of fasting and feasting, of ritual prohibition, mediation, and hierarchy in Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity. For the first time, the Ethiopian case is placed within the wider anthropology of Christianity. A major achievement." DONALD L. DONHAM, author of Marxist Modern: An Ethnographic History of the Ethiopian Revolution TOM BOYLSTON is a lecturer in the Department of Social Anthropology in the School of Social and Political Sciences at the University of Edinburgh.


Stella Artois, an AB InBev brand, is the world's best-selling Belgian beer. In early 2017, Ricardo Tadeu, AB InBev Zone President for Africa, is planning the brand's entry into its next export market: South Africa. The case explores Stella's introduction strategies into three of its export markets—the UK (1976), the US (2000), and Mexico (2016)—examining the drivers of the brand's success as well as its failures. Students will analyze the brand's previous launches to determine what made it successful in some markets and not in others. They will apply these learnings to develop a strategy for the brand's introduction to the South African market. Beyond the central discussion of growth through international expansion, the case addresses issues of brand positioning for premium products, changing consumer perceptions, the use of cause marketing, category development and maturity, and competitive strategy.


BACKGROUND
In order to reduce maternal mortality in South Africa (SA), it is important to understand the process of obstetric care, identify weaknesses within the system, and implement interventions for improving care.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the spectrum of maternal morbidity and mortality in the Pretoria Academic Complex (PAC), SA.

METHODS
A descriptive population-based study that included all women delivering in the PAC. The World Health Organization definition, criteria and indicators of near miss and maternal death were used to identify women with severe complications in pregnancy.

RESULTS
Between 1 August 2013 and 31 July 2014, there were 26,614 deliveries in the PAC. The institutional maternal mortality ratio was 71.4/100,000 live births. The HIV infection rate was 19.9%, and 2.7% of women had unknown HIV status. Of the women, 1120 (4.2%) developed potentially life-threatening conditions and 136 (0.5%) life-threatening conditions. The mortality index was 14.0% overall, 30.0% for non-pregnancy-related infections, 2.0% for obstetric haemorrhage and 13.6% for hypertension. Of the women with life-threatening conditions, 39.3% were referred from the primary level of care. Vascular, uterine and coagulation dysfunctions were the most frequent organ dysfunctions in women with life-threatening conditions. The perinatal mortality rate was 26.9/1000 births overall, 23.1/1000 for women with non-life-threatening conditions, and 198.0/1000 for women with life-threatening conditions.

CONCLUSION
About one in 20 pregnant women in the PAC had a potentially life-threatening condition; 39.3% of women presented to a primary level facility as an acute emergency and had to be transferred for tertiary care. All healthcare professionals involved in maternity care must have knowledge and skills that equip them to manage obstetric emergencies. Review of the basic antenatal care protocol may be necessary.


Individuals with schizophrenia use more caffeine than the general population. This study investigated the impact of caffeine on cognition and symptomatology
 in individuals with schizophrenia. A cross-sectional study was undertaken with 27 outpatients diagnosed with either schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.
 Participants were divided into two caffeine groups: moderate caffeine users (≤ 250 mg/day; N=13) and high caffeine users (>250 mg/day; N=14). Participants
 were then compared on measures of cognitive functioning, including processing speed, executive function, working memory, sustained attention, visual learning
 and memory, and verbal learning and memory. Symptomatology was also compared between the two caffeine groups, including positive, negative, and cognitive
 symptoms. The results showed that moderate caffeine users, compared to high caffeine users, demonstrated better performance on a task measuring executive
 function. While high caffeine users had fewer negative symptoms, they had more positive symptoms than moderate caffeine users. Nicotine dependence did not
 alter these findings. No other differences were discovered. In conclusion, our data suggests that moderate caffeine doses, rather than high caffeine doses, may
 be beneficial to executive function performance in patients with schizophrenia. Our results also suggest that while high caffeine users may be experiencing fewer
 negative symptoms compared to moderate caffeine users, they should also be aware of the potential increase in positive symptoms. Future research should
 continue to investigate the impact of caffeine on individuals with schizophrenia, including its possible therapeutic effects.


The Supreme Court held in Citizens United v. Federal Elections Commission (2010) that the First Amendment forbids Congress from restricting the political speech of corporations. While corporate theory did little to inform the Court's thinking in Citizens United, this Article argues that the holding in Citizens United requires us to rethink corporate theory. The shareholder primacy norm in American corporate governance relies on the assumption that corporations can be restrained from influencing external governmental operations. We can enjoy the efficiencies generated by shareholder primacy in corporate governance, mainstream corporate theorists have long argued, because we can rely on external regulation to curb or cure the excesses that such a framework will predictably visit upon nonshareholding stakeholders, such as workers, consumers, and communities. Citizens United removes this lynchpin from canonical justifications for exclusive shareholder orientation in firm governance. This Article argues that if we cannot as a matter of constitutional law keep corporations out of our democracy, then we must as a matter of corporate law have more democracy in our corporations. After Citizens United, we must begin to restructure corporate law to require boards of directors to actively attend to the interests of multiple stakeholders at the level of firm governance.


By the end of the nineteenth century the cattle industry in northern Mexico was thriving. Large haciendas, based on the peonage system and many of them foreign-owned, produced hundreds of thousands of head of cattle that enriched "hacendados" and filled ranges in both Mexico and the United States. But the Revolution of 1910 overturned Mexico's social and economic structure, and by the 1920s large holdings were being broken up and almost 70 percent of the vast herds were gone. Machado examines the devastation of the revolutionary period, when herds were slaughtered to feed armies or appropriated for sale to finance arms and munitions; the slow climb back after the Revolution when changes in land tenure and limits on herd size made reinvestment risky; and more recent problems with disease control, which required and eventually received cooperation between Mexico and the United States. The conflicts and compromises between agrarian radicalism and the basic conservatism of the "norteno "cattle industry, between institutionalizing reform and independent enterprise, and between Mexican nationalism and close economic ties with the United States are thoughtfully delineated.


abstract:A light bulb is manufactured from resources found across the world. Knowing what role these resources play in manufacturing processes helps us understand why some technologies were successful and others were not. The glow from light bulbs depends entirely on the metals in the filament. In the late nineteenth century, manufacturers struggled to find a metal that did not melt when emitting a soft, warm glow. Only a few metals had the sought-after properties, and these became valued resources.This article explores how the manufacturing of light bulbs affected and was affected by access to metals. Manufacturers competed fiercely to ensure they acquired the resources only found in a few places worldwide in their quest to take over the expanding lighting market. Making light bulbs in an era of protectionism affected extraction sites and politics globally.


It has recently been shown in high resolution numerical simulations that relativistic collisions of bubbles in the context of a multivacua potential may lead to the creation of bubbles in a new vacuum. In this paper, we show that scalar fields with only potential interactions behave like free fields during high-speed collisions; the kick received by them in a collision can be deduced simply by a linear superposition of the bubble wall profiles. This process is equivalent to the scattering of solitons in $1+1$ dimensions. We deduce an expression for the field excursion (shortly after a collision), which is related simply to the field difference between the parent and bubble vacua, i.e. contrary to expectations, the excursion cannot be made arbitrarily large by raising the collision energy. There is however a minimum energy threshold for this excursion to be realized. We verify these predictions using a number of $3+1$ and $1+1$ numerical simulations. A rich phenomenology follows from these collision-induced excursions\char22{}they provide a new mechanism for scanning the landscape, they might end/begin inflation, and they might constitute our very own big bang, leaving behind a potentially observable anisotropy.


The main objective of the current study is to determine the corporate governance mechanisms and company's characteristics that effect on the level of voluntary disclosure provided by Jordanian banking listed companies; it represents a sample period from 2007 to 2010 within an agency theory framework. The current research employed a disclosure index method that includes 80 items to investigate the level of corporate governance voluntary disclosure into the annual reports of 15 Jordanian banking listed companies. The findings illustrate that the mean per company is 59.52% of the items included in the index. The study indicates that there is no relationship between voluntary disclosure and corporate governance. In addition, the findings suggested that there is a significant positive relationship between the level of voluntary disclosure and the size of the company, financial leverage and the number of the bank's branches. It is believed that the findings of the study represent a significant contribution to knowledge.


This paper presents experimental tests of high resolution seismic reflection applied to the detection of underground cavities related to salt mining in the Lorraine Region (France). In order to find the optimal detection conditions, six different sources and offset windows are tested on a 2D profile deployed along a track of wells used for salt exploitation and below which cavities have been formed. The results are evaluated quantitatively comparing vertical and lateral resolutions, signal level and the capacity of detection (cavities). The results of the experimental tests are than analyzed to come out with the best acquisition solution that will be adopted in the future seismic investigations for cavities detection.


Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the commonest type of liver cancer and has a high mortality rate. Currently treatment options are limited and new therapies are urgently needed. Platelets are enucleated small cells, derived from mature megakaryocytes and besides their role in thrombosis; they actively take part in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Platelet number in the blood is associated with disease progression, overall survival and HCC subgrouping. Both thrombocytosis and thrombocytopenia are associated with HCC phenotype and size, related with other factors like cirrhosis background. Platelet counts and also platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and neutrophil-tolymphocyte ratio (NLR) are considered in decision making in management. Since platelets also take up nucleotides and cytokines from tumor cells, isolating and studying platelets might provide valuable information for understanding tumor cells and may help to develop personalized treatment. Anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents are commonly used potential cancer therapeutics, which are also being studied for HCC treatment. Thus, platelets are one aspect of a complex microenvironmental milieu, the affects the biology of HCC and other tumors.


This thesis take a multidimensional view on body image, suggesting that perceptions of the body are not restricted to the way the body "looks"; they may also extend to the way the body "functions". A new measure of body image; the Embodied Image Scale (EIS), was developed specifically to measure the cognitive, behavioural and affective components of body image across both the aesthetic and functional dimensions of the body. This thesis also explored contexts with the potential to foster a positive body image among adolescent girls, who are considered to be at high risk of developing a poor body image.

Study 1 introduced the EIS, and explored its psychometric properties with a sample of Western Australian adolescents. The EIS was found to demonstrate adequate reliability and the functional and aesthetic dimensions of the body were found to be separate dimensions. Overall, both males and females reported significantly higher value towards investment in, and satisfaction with the functional dimension of the body, compared to the aesthetic dimension. Girls reported lower overall body satisfaction than boys. The functional dimension of the body was valued and invested in more by boys than girls who placed higher focus on the aesthetic dimension.

Study 2 explored changes in functional and aesthetic body satisfaction among Western Australian adolescents over a year. Girls reported lower overall body satisfaction than boys. Although both boys and girls reported a significant decrease in body satisfaction over the 12-month period, this decrease was stronger for female participants. Cohort differences were also found, with older adolescents reporting higher functional body satisfaction. This study highlights the poor condition of adolescent girls' body image and confirms a need to explore contexts with the potential to improve body image among these young women.

Study 3 explored the association between sports and physical activity participation and body image among Australian adolescent girls. Sports participants reported higher value, investment in, and satisfaction with their functionality than non-participants and physically active girls. Although they reported higher functional behavioral-investment, girls who participated in general physical activity did not differ significantly from non-participants on functional satisfaction. Body image was also found to differ significantly among girls participating in different sport types. The results indicated that, although girls in different sport types differ in their body image, any involvement was associated with more functional body image than being sedentary.

Study 4 explored the link between sports participation and body image by measuring experiences of body objectification and physical competence during girls' non-sporting and sporting activities, distinguishing between aesthetic and non-aesthetic sport types. Both experiences were more prevalent during sporting than non-sporting activities. Overall, girls reported more experiences of physical competence and body objectification during sports compared to activities. Bodily experiences differed between aesthetic and non-aesthetic sport types; however, this difference varied when between-person and within-person analyses were conducted. Experiences of body objectification were positively related to aesthetic body values. Satisfaction in both the functional and aesthetic body was positively predicted by girls' experiences of physical competence.

In summary, all four studies highlight that focusing solely on the aesthetic dimension of body image gives an incomplete understanding of adolescent body perceptions. This thesis also highlights that contexts where body functionality is highly salient may encourage a more functionally focused body image than those where appearance is also highly salient. The results of this thesis may benefit those with an interest in improving body image among adolescent girls.


Transcript:
Governor Christie: Providing a high quality education for every student in every corner of this state is a deeply personal issue for me. I fully believe the most important thing we can do to put our kids on a path to a successful life is to give them the greatest education we possibly can. And that's not just in the classroom but also at home where it's the obligation of parents and caregivers to participate in that education as well. That's why I'm proud to say under our Administration that this year we provide an all-time record level of state funding to our K to 12 school system, and we've done that without raising taxes on the people of the state of New Jersey at the state level. So, I want to celebrate the reopening at this school, it is great to be here. I have always said that September is the best month at the Jersey Shore, all you people who live here full time know that. You already know it.


This paper begins with the thesis that an andocentric-assimilation model of women's liberation both has affected workplace outcomes for women and has desensitized us to those outcomes. The paper then applies that thesis to understandings of equality within a hierarchical framework, arguing that the equality-liberty dichotomy is false in the context of gender discrimination in the workplace. Instead the paper argues that disparate treatment is a liberty concern. In seeking to have our professional fates married to the fates of our male colleagues - which is what workplace equality doctrines aim to do - women are seeking to be only as free as our male colleagues are to find work and to find meaning in our work, to procreate or not, to coast along or to stand out, and, if we choose, to stand alone. Further, this paper offers the perspective that we should resist the inclination to make our peace with the ordering of the gendered paradigms as they stand and to negotiate compromises from these vantage points. Within this theoretical framework, this paper explores the implications of the regulation versus governance debate in the context of gender discrimination. The article suggests that renaming and reframing aside, the approach embodied by the governance paradigm as it is applied to gender discriminatory contexts is neither new nor a deal for those already occupying a subordinate bargaining position, but it is instead a framework by which to privilege existing power structures and efficiency-based values over other values and interests. Moreover, this paper defends the civil rights model of rules-base state-enforced mandatory anti-discrimination measures, such as Title VII, as an admittedly non-panacean yet nonetheless indispensable means by which private gender hierarchies are inhibited. Finally, this paper contends that in looking to the law to inhibit this particular privately-enforced tyranny, women are correctly interpreting the obligation of the state within our constitutional scheme to disrupt private tyrannies when those tyrannies reach the point of functioning as class-based power monopolies, limiting the fundamental freedoms of those outside the monopolist class.


The aim of this paper is to outline current foundations for sustainable landscape management in the Vilhelmina Model Forest, northwest Sweden. A case study revealed that the remaining patches of undisturbed or less disturbed boreal forest ecosystems comprise multiple values and, thus, constitute the basis for landscape planning. By identifying these patches, it is also possible to construct a spatial planning infrastructure for implementing sustainable management and land use. A more comprehensive toolbox needs to be developed, however, including monitoring and inventory schemes for relevant biophysical and socio-economic data, better temporal resolution for cause and effect analyses, and functioning scale-flexible planning and governance instruments.


G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) interact with G-proteins to regulate much of the cell's response to external stimuli; abnormalities in which cause numerous diseases. We developed a new method to predict the families of G-proteins with which it interacts, given its residue sequence. We combine both alignment and n-gram features. The former captures long-range interactions but assumes the linear ordering of conserved segments is preserved. The latter makes no such assumption but cannot capture long-range interactions. By combining alignment and n-gram features, and using the entire GPCR sequence (instead of intracellular regions alone, as was done by others), our method outperformed the current state-of-the-art in precision, recall and F1, attaining 0.753 in F1 and 0.796 in accuracy on the PTbase 2004 dataset. Moreover, analysis of our results shows that the majority of coupling specificity information lies in the beginning of the 2nd intracellular loop and over the length of the 3rd.


In cellular wireless networks where users have independent fading channels, throughput for delay tolerant applications has been greatly increased on the downlink by using opportunistic schedulers at the
base station. These schedulers exploit the multiuser diversity inherent in cellular systems. An interesting question is how opportunistic schedulers will provide Quality of Service(QoS) guarantees for a mix of data traffic and traffic from delay-sensitive multimedia applications.

In the first part of this dissertation, we completely characterize the scheduled rate, delay and packet service times experienced by mobile users in a packet switched cellular wireless system in terms of a configurable base station scheduler metric. The metric used has a general form, combining an estimate of a mobile user's channel quality with the scheduling delay experienced by the user. In addition to quantifying the scheduler performance, our analysis highlights the inherent trade-off between system throughput and the delay experienced by mobile users with opportunistic scheduling. We also use this analysis to study the effect of prioritized voice users on data users in a cellular wireless system with delay constrained opportunistic scheduling. Our statistical analysis of the forward link is validated by extensive simulations of a system architecture based on the CDMA 1xEV-DO system.

The increase in data traffic from mobiles to the base station has led to a growing interest in a scheduled reverse link in the 1xEV-DO system. We address the reverse link scheduling problem in a multi-cell scenario with interference constraints both within and outside the cell. This approach leads to a co-operative scheduling algorithm where each base station in a cellular network maximizes the sum of mobile data transmission rates subject to linear constraints on (1) the maximum received power for individual mobiles(2) the total interference caused by scheduled mobiles to (a) traffic and control channels of other mobiles within the cell and (b) mobiles in neighboring cells. Simulations of the reverse link structure based on the 1xEV-D0 system highlight the distinct advantages of this algorithm in ensuring predictable inter-cell interference and higher aggregate cell throughputs.


Developers are racing to discover how to develop for Windows Phone 7and there is no quicker resource to help you get up to speed than Windows Phone 7 Recipes. It covers allaspects of development, configuration, testing, and distribution with detailed code samples and rapid walkthroughs. You'll find recipes that unlock advanced user interface development, data storage and retrieval, integration with cloud services, adding media and location-based services, and working with Silverlight and Expression Blend.Learn to use sensorssuch as the camera, GPS, and accelerometerto build cutting-edge applications.Manage the new way to interact with applications using the estures library both from XNA Framework library and Silverlight Windows Phone Toolkit library. Put a professional polish onyour Windows Phone 7 development with Windows Phone 7 Recipes! What youll learn Get full exposure to designing, developing, testing, and distributing your Windows Phone 7 applications Create compellinguser interfacesusing Silverlight and Expression Blend Understand how to work with device data using isolated storage, LINQ, and XML serialization Extend your application to the cloud using push notifications and web-based services How to distribute your application via the Windows Phone Marketplace Who this book is for Existing .NET and Windows Mobile developers will find this book of great use. Developers moving to Windows Phone 7 programming from other areas such as iOS development will find its quick-reference layout especially valuable.


Despite the increasing recognition of judges as political actors, few studies have empirically explored the role and function of courts in repressive regimes. Based on individual case studies as well as empirical analyses of all the reported decisions of the highest appellate court in South Africa, "Judging in Black and White: Decision Making in the South African Appellate Division, 1950-1990 creates a portrait of the individuals who staffed the bench during the rise and fall of apartheid. This book explores the dilemma of judging in a system that juxtaposes a formal law and the repressive law. Regardless of their adherence to a formal-law approach to judging, the adjudicative function cannot be fully separated from the larger moral questions embedded in these systems. This text evaluates the response of judges to this dilemma through institutional individual and longitudinal analyses of judicial decision making.


Purpose: The main goal of this paper is to establish whether there is an influence of firm Size and profitability on corporate Social responsibility disclosures towards employees' dimension (CSRD) in the Jordanian banks. The analysis was based on contents disclosed in their annual reports. Design/methodology/approach – This paper describes, from a theoretical point-of-view, social responsibility actions, as well as some of profitability indicators. Then, an empirical review is gained of reports published by a representative sample from the banking industry in Jordan. An attempt has been made to verify whether there is some correlation between CSRD contents disclosed, and ROA, ROE, Size. Findings – The paper found solid evidence to reject possible influence for ROA, SIZE variables on (CSRD) adopted by each bank and reporting contents revealed. The study accepts possible relationship with ROE. However, this is a promising research line for future analysis, using a bigger sample and more CSR reporting issues in relation to society, and environmental Communication capacities. Originality/value – This paper opens a new research path in CSRD, Profitability, and Size for a possible link between both variables, a matter that has not been previously explored in Jordanian Public shareholding Commercial Banks.


Abstract This study used biocompatible and biodegradable hydroxyethyl starch (HES), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and N-vinyle-2-pyrrolidone (NVP) monomers for hydrogel synthesis with the aim of use as a drug carrier system. As a result of the synthesis reactions using the redox polymerization technique, hydrogels were produced in both film and cylindrical form. The morphological characterization and structural characterization of hydrogels were performed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), respectively. In addition, swelling characterizations of hydrogels to be used for drug release in various media were examined. The release properties of sodium diclofenac (NaDc) and trimethoprim (TMP) loaded into hydrogels produced in order to use as drug carrier material for controlled drug release were examined in media with pH = 1.2 and 7. It was determined that the hydrogels performed controlled release according to the type of drug and the pH values of the medium. Drug release mechanisms deviated from Fickian mode according to determined drug release rate constants, diffusion exponent (n) and regression values at different pH values. In addition, antibacterial properties of drug-loaded hydrogels against B. subtilus, S. aureus and E. coli were investigated.


Brain tissue biopsies are required to histologically diagnose brain tumors, but current approaches are limited by tissue characterization at the time of surgery. Emerging technologies such as mass spectrometry imaging can enable a rapid direct analysis of cancerous tissue based on molecular composition. Here, we illustrate how gliomas can be rapidly classified by desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) imaging, multivariate statistical analysis, and machine learning. DESI-MS imaging was carried out on 36 human glioma samples, including oligodendroglioma, astrocytoma, and oligoastrocytoma, all of different histologic grades and varied tumor cell concentration. Gray and white matter from glial tumors were readily discriminated and detailed diagnostic information could be provided. Classifiers for subtype, grade, and concentration features generated with lipidomic data showed high recognition capability with more than 97% cross-validation. Specimen classification in an independent validation set agreed with expert histopathology diagnosis for 79% of tested features. Together, our findings offer proof of concept that intraoperative examination and classification of brain tissue by mass spectrometry can provide surgeons, pathologists, and oncologists with critical and previously unavailable information to rapidly guide surgical resections that can improve management of patients with malignant brain tumors.


In modern construction projects, architects, engineers, and designers use different methods of construction visualization to support the conceptualization and final appearance of design ideas. This includes the use of virtual Building Information Modelling (BIM) content, as well as physical mock-ups to support design visualization for decision-making prior to construction. Prior research has demonstrated a variety of benefits that BIM can provide for visualization. Mixed Reality (MR) may be able to offer some of the benefits of both purely physical mock-ups and purely virtual BIM walkthroughs. However, the prior studies used specific computing devices and MR applications for specific construction use-cases. The goals were to solve a specific problem, or to prove the concept that MR is possible for various uses. Therefore, it was necessary to develop the exact same MR environment that could run on different computing devices. This will allow for identification of the differences between different computing devices running the exact same MR environment. This paper presents a consistent methodology for leveraging existing BIM contents to generate marker-based MR environments on various commercially available computing devices. This study tests the methodology for development and validates it through successfully building and running the same MR environment on various devices. Additionally, challenges associated with implementing this visualization mode in design and constructability review sessions were highlighted. The research questions addressed include: 1) What are the steps needed for developing MR visualisation interfaces in design and constructability review sessions? and 2) What are the possible constraints that may influence MR performance on different mobile computers? The conclusion from this study will help researchers better understand the process for MR implementation and the limitations in using this visualization environment. Additionally, it may help to expand the use of MR interfaces for different construction use-cases.


School of Physics and Astronomy Doctor of Philosophy: Astrophysical Sciences and Technology Multiwavelength Observations of Young Stars and Their Circumstellar Disks by David A. Principe Observational studies of star and planet formation represent a fundamental means to understand the origins of exoplanetary systems and our own solar system. In this dissertation I present a multiwavelength approach to study a wide range of stages of the evolution of protostars and pre-main sequence (pre-MS) stars. I have investigated, via an infrared and multi-epoch X-ray study of the L1630 dark cloud, whether and how X-ray variability in young stellar objects is related to protostellar evolutionary state. Among a subsample of 52 X-ray-emitting young stars in L1630, I find that the earliest stages of young stellar evolution show the highest levels of X-ray variability, indicative of high levels of magnetic activity during star formation. I also find evidence of active magnetospheric accretion in three L1630 stars with circumstellar disks. I also present multiwavelength analyses of several phenomenologically interesting young stars at di↵erent stages of pre-MS stellar evolution. I investigate, via contemporaneous X-ray and optical/IR observations, the nearby, pre-main sequence star/disk systems T Chamaeleontis (T Cha) and TWA 30A and 30B. I analyze X-ray and optical emission signatures of accretion and magnetic activity in T Cha, and infer the X-ray absorbing properties of its circumstellar disk. Like T Cha, each component of the wide binary TWA 30A and 30B is viewed through a highly inclined circumstellar disk. Both TWA 30A and 30B display large near-IR variability, suggestive of (respectively) variable obscuration of the stellar photosphere and a possible disk-rim warp. In the case of T Cha and TWA 30A, I find a correlation of optical/near-IR and X-ray extinction consistent with that of photospheric obscuration from an intervening disk clump.


Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML) is a type of acute myeloid leukemia with genetic abnormalities [t (15;17)]. The patients with APML can present with varied symptoms. If treated timely, this subtype of APML has good prognosis; hence early diagnosis is important in such cases. Flowcytometric (FCM) immunophenotyping provides an accurate and early method of diagnosing this disease entity, esp diagnosis is still not a feasible option for majority of the population. We present a triad of cases of APML with unusual clinical features where FCM played a significant role in giving an early diagnosis and management of APML.


The American legal profession has been a backward-looking, change-resistant institution. It has failed to adjust to changes in society, technology, and economics, despite individual lawyers' efforts to change their own practices and entrepreneurs' efforts to enter the legal marketplace to serve the needs of middle- and lower-income clients. When change does come, the legal profession is a late-arriver, usually doing no better than catching up to changes around it that have already become well ensconced. This failure robs the society of what could be a positive role of the legal profession in time of change, and it deprives the profession itself of being as robust and successful as it could be.


In its 2011 NDIS report, the Productivity Commission rationalises its policy recommendation by means of a cost-benefit analysis, claiming that 'the benefits of the [National Disability Insurance] scheme would significantly outweigh the costs'. But methodology the PC adopts departs from conventional cost-benefit analysis in ways that understates costs, presumes the benefits, muddies policy comparisons, and jumbles equity and efficiency issues. These problems are traceable to the Commission's use of a 'distributional weights approach' to equity benefits. The 'basic needs approach' is an alternative way of dealing with equity considerations that better captures the underlying preferences of citizens and the rationale for disability care and support policies.


This Article considers the problem of priority-skipping distributions made by a chapter 11 debtor outside of a plan, following the Supreme Court's Jevic decision. The Jevic Court extended the absolute priority rule — which under U.S. bankruptcy enactments dictates the order of distributions to creditors under a chapter 11 cramdown plan and in a chapter 7 liquidation — to a chapter 11 case-ending settlement known as a "structured dismissal."

The Jevic Court limited its holding to a case-ending settlement. It did not extend the absolute priority rule to an interim or pre-plan settlement or other transaction that is not case-ending or to a "first-day" distribution made at the very beginning of a chapter 11 case. The Court expressed no view about the legality of structured dismissals in general and did not define when a settlement other than a "structured dismissal" is case-ending. It emphasized, without much in the way of details, that the Code's priority system was a "basic underpinning of business bankruptcy law" that must be safeguarded even with respect to a pre-plan transaction.

This Article considers these issues of pre-plan or "interim" settlements and first-day distributions left open by Jevic. It asserts that Jevic is best characterized as a transaction among insiders and parties asserted to have colluded with them, that assertedly provided for a distribution of estate assets to the settling parties based on their control and collusion, supported by a hypothetical rather than a market valuation of ultimate distributional outcomes. This issue — the use of control and collusion supported by a hypothetical valuation to obtain an unfair distribution or "control premium" — is the precise issue that gave rise to the absolute priority rule 150 years ago and that concerned the Court in 203 N. LaSalle, the last case before Jevic in which the Court extensively considered the absolute priority rule in chapter 11. First-day relief in chapter 11 presents a similar though not identical valuation dilemma: can a hypothetical prediction made early in the case of ultimate distributions to creditors reliably determine that some prepetition claims should be paid at the first-day hearing because such payments ultimately will benefit (or at least will not harm) the remaining creditors who are not favored?

This Article proposes that a proper solicitude is shown for the absolute priority rule when an interim or pre-plan settlement or other transaction with an insider, secured lender or other party who exercises some control over the debtor is subjected to higher bids in a market sale process such as an auction. This approach can provide a market valuation of the transaction and proposed distributions that can enable a bankruptcy court to determine whether the transaction includes a premium based on control that is proposed to be paid at the expense of other creditors, thus addressing the precise mischief sought to be remedied by the absolute priority rule.

The Jevic Court also left open the rule for bankruptcy court approval of first-day distributions that violate the absolute priority rule. This Article further contends that a market test for a "first-day" distribution to an employee, a critical vendor, or other creditor that is challenged as priority-skipping will be limited to whether the debtor sought and failed to obtain in the market the same good, service, or credit from an alternative supplier on the same or better terms than those proposed to be given by the firstday motion. A bankruptcy court in most cases will not be able to obtain, at the time of a first-day hearing, a market determination of what will be distributed to creditors months or years later when the case ends. And any hypothetical valuation that the court makes at a first-day hearing of the ultimate distributions to creditors in the case will be highly unreliable. Because of these obstacles, the question of whether a first-day payment ultimately will comport with distributional priorities should be replaced with the question of whether the debtor sought and failed to obtain an alternative supply in the market, and by a rebuttable presumption that preserving the going concern value of the chapter 11 debtor is likely, ultimately, to benefit even the disfavored creditors. This approach—which essentially adopts the occasionally maligned "doctrine of necessity" and rejects the Seventh Circuit's Kmart rule — recognizes the disturbing weakness of a hypothetical determination made at the first day hearing of the ultimate distributions at the end of a chapter 11 case.

I conclude that a bankruptcy court demonstrates a proper solicitude for the absolute priority rule under both Jevic and 203 N. LaSalle when it relies on market exposure of pre-plan settlements and transactions to preclude control premiums to insiders or others who have some control over the debtor, and when it bases approval of first-day relief on a presumption of going concern value, rather than on speculative, hypothetical predictions of ultimate distributions to creditors at the end of the case. I suggest that these approaches to the approval of these types of interim and pre-plan transactions also can provide the certainty sought by the Court in Jevic


This article describes six patients who presented, usually bilaterally, with yellow-orange, elevated, indurated, and nonulcerated xanthomatous eyelid lesions, typically extending into the anterior orbital fat, and sometimes involving the extraocular muscles and the lacrimal gland. Because the eyelids remained intact and because the process did not reach the deep orbital and perioptic connective tissues, visual acuity was well preserved. There is cosmetic morbidity and occasionally motility restriction with advancing involvement of the extraocular muscles. All patients had variably severe adult-onset asthma that required treatment with systemic prednisone and inhalants. No evidence of Erdheim-Chester disease was found in any patient, but the appearance in one patient, after 25 years of follow-up, of a separate subcutaneous necrobiotic xanthogranulomatous lesion in the mandibular region with an associated paraproteinemia, suggests that at least some of our cases might be a mild form of necrobiotic xanthogranuloma. For this reason, we would suggest repeated periodic serum protein immunoelectrophoretic studies as well as evaluation for lymphoma. Therapy probably should consist of low doses of periorbital radiotherapy coupled with high doses of corticosteroids. Should this not be successful, then systemic administration of corticosteroids with chemotherapeutic agents might be efficacious, as in necrobiotic xanthogranuloma.


The addition of pyrogenic carbon (C) in the soil is considered a potential strategy to achieve direct C sequestration and potential reduction of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, we investigated the long term effects of charcoal addition on C sequestration and soil physico-chemical properties by studying a series of abandoned charcoal hearths in the Eastern Alps of Italy established in the XIX century. This natural setting can be seen as an analogue of a deliberate experiment with replications. Carbon sequestration was assessed indirectly by comparing the amount of pyrogenic C present in the hearths (23.3±4.7 kg C m−2) with the estimated amount of charcoal that was left on the soil after the carbonization (29.3±5.1 kg C m−2). After taking into account uncertainty associated with parameters' estimation, we were able to conclude that 80±21% of the C originally added to the soil via charcoal can still be found there and that charcoal has an overall Mean Residence Time of 650±139 years, thus supporting the view that charcoal incorporation is an effective way to sequester atmospheric CO2. We also observed an overall change in the physical properties (hydrophobicity and bulk density) of charcoal hearth soils and an accumulation of nutrients compared to the adjacent soil without charcoal. We caution, however, that our site-specific results should not be generalized without further study.


Until the end of the 1980s, the Barnacle Goose ( Branta leucopsis ) was an extremely rare migrating species in the Russian part of the Gulf of Finland, but in recent years it has become one of the mass migrants there. The first nest of a Barnacle Goose in the region was found on Dolgy Reef Island close to the Russian-Finnish border in 1995. Barnacle Geese then started expanding onto the islands in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland. They occupied islands mostly in the northern part of the gulf, but nests were found in its central parts and close to the southwest coast as well. Barnacle Geese nested mostly on small, rocky, forest-free islands. By 2006, the size of the breeding population of this species had increased to 31 pairs. Forty nests were found in 2014, and an explosive population growth to 76 nests was observed in 2015. In 2010, Barnacle Geese started to breed on Ladoga Lake, and in 2015 the first nest was found on Onega Lake. Until 2010 Barnacle Geese had nested in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland almost exclusively on the islands lying at a distance of 2.4 – 10.1 km from the coast. The population growth that occurred in subsequent years was due primarily to the birds' breeding on islands closest to the coast, no farther than 2 km away from the shore. After hatching, broods from inshore islets moved to feed on coastal meadows, but nonbreeding birds and failed breeders generally remained on offshore islands for the molting period. Further expansion of the Barnacle Goose in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland is expected. However, expansion could ultimately be restricted by the limited food resources for broods and molting birds.


We thank Dr. Kawada for the comment letter (1) in response to our article (2). Kawada has made some interesting points on predictors of progression to diabetes and prediabetes. He suggests including hypertension as a predictor of progression to dysglycemia. He also suggests using a time-dependent Cox regression model in the analysis. Our replies are as follows. In the 10-year follow-up of the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES), we reported on the predictors for the progression from normal glucose tolerance to various stages of dysglycemia (2). In our study, we reported on the predictors of incident diabetes, prediabetes, and dysglycemia separately. Age, positive family history of diabetes, 2-h plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), low HDL cholesterol, and physical inactivity were predictors of progression to dysglycemia; age, 2-h plasma glucose, low HDL cholesterol, and physical inactivity were found to independently predict incident prediabetes; and family history of diabetes and HbA1c were found to predict incident diabetes. Koller et al. (3) in a 5.9-year follow-up study reported age, impaired fasting glucose, and metabolic syndrome as predictors for diabetes and family history of diabetes and obesity as additional predictors for prediabetes. Unlike Koller et al. (3), who included prediabetes as a risk factor for diabetes, we used the continuous variables fasting plasma glucose, 2-h plasma glucose, and HbA1c as independent risk factors. Similarly, instead of metabolic syndrome as a risk factor, we used the individual components of metabolic syndrome. We preferred to use independent factors rather than a constellation of risk factors for prediction (such as metabolic syndrome), as we could then be more specific in targeting the independent risk factors for intervention. Knowledge of the predictors for the development of prediabetes and diabetes may enable the implementation of early treatment and prevention strategies and at least delay the further progression. In our study, hypertension did not turn out to be a significant predictor for diabetes, prediabetes, or dysglycemia using the Cox proportional hazards model. As suggested by Kawada (1), and as shown by Qiu et al. (4), we conducted the analysis by including hypertension in the model but hypertension was not found as a significant predictor for diabetes in our population. It is possible that the effect of hypertension may have been confounded by other metabolic risk factors such as obesity. We used the time-dependent Cox proportional hazards regression model to report on the association of various factors with progression to diabetes, prediabetes, and dysglycemia. As each of the risk factors that we studied may change over time, we used the timedependent model instead of non–timedependent, or fixed, model.


The illicit exploitation of natural resources — often called conflict minerals — has been associated with some of the worst violence in the past half-century, especially in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Prosecutors and scholars have struggled to develop legal tools to adequately hold accountable those who have been responsible for the exploitation of civilians and resources in conflict. The most common legal tool, the crime of pillage, has been inadequate because it has been applied only to discrete, relatively small episodes of theft. As important as it has been, the episodic theory is of limited utility when applied to what have been called resource wars in which combatants struggled for control over access to exploitable resources. In these conflicts, there was substantial evidence that a principal reason for the conflict and an important source of revenue to fund the various fighting forces was resource revenue. In response, scholars and advocates have attempted to develop a corporate theory of the crime of pillage. The corporate theory calls for the prosecution of individuals or entities who purchase or use resources derived from conflict areas or that are extracted under the direction of those involved in the war. The problem with the two dominant theories of pillage is that the episodic theory of prosecution fits squarely into existing law but is too narrow to address the kinds of harms that occur in modern resource wars, and the corporate theory of prosecution fits the facts but is too broad to fit comfortably into existing law. What has been missing is a theory that fits the facts more closely while at the same time fitting more easily into existing law. This Article supplies such a theory, one that is consistent with the law underpinning the traditional episodic theory while accomplishing some of the goals of the corporate theory. Under the systematic approach, individuals could face prosecution for their participation in large-scale pillage operations, such as controlling a mine whose proceeds were used to fund the fighting. Using the International Criminal Court's ongoing prosecution of Bosco Ntaganda, a notorious Congolese warlord, as a case study, this Article shows that the systematic theory of pillage would allow for prosecution when individuals created a process or system by which to engage in exploit resources they did not own — a form of theft — when that exploitation was sufficiently connected to the overall conflict.


Based on the analogy with the biological tissue of bones, it was decided to examine more homogenous structure and also a heterogeneous structure too. In the paper new approach is proposed based on result obtained from topology optimization 2D and 3D structures like beam, girder and cantilever. Proposed model of structure is similar to spatial trusses with honeycomb-shape porous. Parameters varied not only uniformly throughout the volume of the sample, but also be modified depending on various factors. They underwent a change in cell dimensions, among other things, the thickness of the wall. The obtained results were compared with those obtained previously for homogeneous samples.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.23.3.18478


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OBJECTIVE Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is characterized by intermittent, paroxysmal, and lancinating pain along the distribution of the trigeminal nerve. Microvascular decompression (MVD) directly addresses compression of the trigeminal nerve. The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients undergoing MVD as their first surgical intervention experience greater pain control than patients who undergo subsequent MVD. METHODS A retrospective review of patient records from 1998 to 2015 identified a total of 942 patients with TN and 500 patients who underwent MVD. After excluding several cases, 306 patients underwent MVD as their first surgical intervention and 175 patients underwent subsequent MVD. Demographics and clinicopathological data and outcomes were obtained for analysis. RESULTS In patients who underwent subsequent MVD, surgical intervention was performed at an older age (55.22 vs 49.98 years old, p < 0.0001) and the duration of symptoms was greater (7.22 vs 4.45 years, p < 0.0001) than for patients in whom MVD was their first surgical intervention. Patients who underwent initial MVD had improved pain relief and no improvement in pain rates compared with those who had subsequent MVD (95.8% and 4.2% vs 90.3% and 9.7%, respectively, p = 0.0041). Patients who underwent initial MVD had significantly lower rates of facial numbness in the pre- and postoperative periods compared with patients who underwent subsequent MVD (p < 0.0001). The number of complications in both groups was similar (p = 0.4572). CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that patients who underwent other procedures prior to MVD had less pain relief and a higher incidence of facial numbness despite rates of complications similar to patients who underwent MVD as their first surgical intervention.


Decision science offers powerful insights and techniques that help people make better decisions to improve business and society. This new volume brings together the peer-reviewed papers that have been chosen as the "best of the best" by the field's leading organization, the Decision Sciences Institute. These papers, authored by respected decision science researchers and academics from around the world, will be presented at DSI's 45th Annual Meeting in Tampa, Florida in November 2014. The first book of papers ever assembled by DSI, this volume describes recent methods and approaches in the decision sciences, with a special focus on how accelerating technological innovation is driving change in the ways organizations and individuals make decisions. These papers offer actionable insights for decision-makers of all kinds, in business, public policy, non-profit organizations, and beyond. They also point to new research directions for academic researchers in decision science worldwide.


Contributors include: Bernadette Buckley, Jeff Derksen, Candice Hopkins, Anthony Iles, Daniel Kane, Yve Lomax, Robert Longo, Sean Lynch, Laura Oldfield Ford, Luke Pendrell, Rachelle Sawatsky, Mark von Schlegell, Natasha Soobramanien and Nick Thurston.

The Happy Hypocrite is a semi-annual journal for and about experimental art writing. Informed by a lineage of modern experimental and avant-garde magazines, such as: Bananas, Documents, The Fox, Merlin and Tracks, HH aspires to unpack their methodologies whilst providing a new constituency for contemporary art writing. Providing a greatly needed testing ground for new writing and research-based projects, somewhere for artists, writers and theorists to express experimental ideas that might not otherwise be realised or published.


As Web 2.0 matures, the copyright policing burden is shifting from copyright owners to user-generated content (UGC) sites. UGC sites are implementing copyright filters to remove potentially infringing content even though these filters are largely incapable of accommodating fair use. This article argues that these filters will become mandatory "standard technical measures" due to feedback loops in the DMCA. This article surveys the relevant technical and legal background, including the recent DMCA opinions Lenz v. Universal and Io v. Veoh. Ambiguities in the DMCA abound; the article identifies the important ambiguities and attempts to predict how courts may resolve them. These ambiguities coupled with the risk-averse nature of large companies in the industry and the ambiguities in fair-use doctrine may lead to expansion of copyrights and contraction of the safe harbors through feedback loops. The article examines two recent proposals for addressing copyright and fair use in UGC, the UGC Principles and EFF Fair Use Principles. The UGC Principles may signal, at last, a shift to "standard technical measures" for policing copyright, which service providers must accommodate under § 512(i). Filters incapable of accommodating fair use make for poor copyright enforcement mechanisms. The article argues that the filters split the copyright policing burden into two: the technological burden to identify potentially infringing content and the human burden to evaluate fair use of potentially infringing content. Obstacles to establishing such a two-stage policing system are also identified.


This paper presents an algorithm to find a simple path in the given network with multiple must-include nodes in the path. The problem of finding a path with must-include node(s) can be easily found in some special cases. However, in general, including multiple nodes in the simple path has been shown to be NP-Complete. This problem may arise in network areas such as forcing the route to go through particular nodes, which have wavelength converter (optical), have monitoring provision (telecom), have gateway functions (in OSPF) or are base stations (in MANET). In this paper, a heuristic algorithm is described that follows divide and conquer approach, by dividing the problem in two subproblems. It is shown that the algorithm does not grow exponentially in this application and initial re-ordering of the given sequence of must-include nodes can improve the result. The experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm successfully computes near optimal path in reasonable time.