Once seemingly consigned to the dustbin of history by the rise of market-centered theories of development, the "developmental state" is staging a comeback in economic development circles. Associated primarily with interventionist development strategies employed in Latin America and Northeast Asia from the 1950s through the 1970s, the concept is being raised today in connection with economic policies in places as diverse as Brazil, Venezuela, and various other countries in Latin America, China, Ireland, Lebanon, Botswana, South Africa, and other African countries. It is far too early to claim that there is any clearly agreed upon content to the term, but at least at the rhetorical level the renewed interest is clear. In the centers of global economic policy the consensus seems gone from the free-market, free-trade "Washington Consensus," while countries in the developing world are once again openly experimenting with a range of interventionist measures to foster economic development. Not all of these moves toward government intervention have explicitly invoked the developmental state idea, but programs such as industrial policies to foster infant industries and to guide foreign investment, or the creation of state-controlled development banks charged with channeling capital to select national industries, clearly represent a return to the more state-centric views of development associated with the earlier era. What a revived developmental state might mean for economic development is not the main focus of this paper, which will focus instead on what this trend, if it proves real, could mean for law and legal institutions in developing countries.


A series of isoreticular two-dimensional metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) was synthesized with group 11 metals and semirigid ligands that bind in a syn conformation. The modular synthetic approach allows the pore to be expanded based on the aryl moiety in the center of the linker from 11.0 A to 15.5 A. When there is an axis of rotation, each aryl ring can act independently as a rotating gate as a function of guest molecules. For the two aryl ring system, all three states (open/open, open/closed, and closed/closed) are observed by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD). The guest dependent nature of the aryl rings makes this two-pillared topology a logical choice for breathing MOFs.


This paper investigates the extent to which certain social characteristics and personal attributes could help explain income inequality in Greece. This analysis is quite revealing for understanding and explaining income differences among certain population subgroups with apparent policy implications. The degree to which overall inequality is attributable to inequality between these subgroups or to inequality within them is investigated, employing a decomposition analysis by population subgroups. The results show that there are significant differences in the average household income, in its structure and in inequality between the subgroups. However, despite these differences, in all groups used the between-group inequality accounts only for a small segment of the overall inequality.


The effects of water birds on water quality in a shallow Turkish soda lake, Lake Aktas, were investigated by comparing protected areas and those exposed to birds, in order to understand interactions between the birds and the ecosystem in this study. The experiment was carried out over five months between June and October 2009, in four widely distributed bird-proof enclosures in treatment areas and four open-top enclosures (control areas), a total of eight plots,  (with a fish density of about 1000 kg.ha-1, similar to the lake) in the lake. Physico-chemical analyses, phytoplankton, zooplankton, Secchi depth measurements, were determined each month in both treatment and control areas.  The significant differences were found only for chlorophyll a (P<0.001) and Secchi depth (P<0.05) throughout the experiment between the open and bird-proof enclosures. Although some effects of water birds were clear in the present study such as decrease in turbidity and chlorophyll a, it is difficult to determine the effect of waterfowl on water chemistry using enclosure experiments, since they are designed to test the effect of ornithogenic inputs on the water column, not the effects of other factors (e.g. natural chemistry).


Because waste water and runoff from surrounding catchments are a main source of direct and continuous input of pollutants in aquatic ecosystems, the study of the effects of in-stream exposure on organisms has a high ecological relevance. However, correlating observed effects with specific pollutants or even classes of pollutants remains difficult, due to the usually unknown, complex and often highly variable composition of these source waters. By integrating multiple endpoints at different ecologically relevant levels of organization within one test organism, it is possible to gain an understanding of how different levels of organization within this organism respond to toxic exposure, and how responses at these different levels are interrelated. The use of biological markers in transplanted organisms, referred to as active biomonitoring (ABM), is demonstrated in this paper. The correct choice of bioindicator organism and suite of biomarkers makes it possible to assess the effects of wastewater and runoff water in terms of known environmental effects (such as effluents containing endocrine-disrupting chemicals or pulp mill effluent) as well as runoff water with an uncharacterized composition of contaminants (for instance storm-water runoff from industrial complexes). The applicability of ABM as a cause–effect assessment protocol is demonstrated through a case study in South Africa that relates to stressor identification within a system exposed to urban and industrial waste water. This paper proposes a multi-tiered framework that allows for the incorporation of ABM within the existing South African integrated water resources management framework.


"If your only tool is a hammer, all your problems will be nails." Mark Twain.

There is a growing acknowledgement that many countries face serious social inequalities in health, identified as one of the greatest challenges to public health today.1 "Social inequalities in health" in this article are defined as systematic differences in health between different socioeconomic groups within a society. As they are socially produced, they are potentially avoidable and are widely considered unacceptable in a civilised society.2 This paper uses the British convention of referring to "inequalities in health", which commonly has the same meaning in the UK as the term "inequities in health". That is, "inequalities" in the British context—and increasingly also across Europe—carries the same connotations of unfairness and injustice as the term "inequities".

Previous articles in this series have dealt with how to measure health inequalities3,4 and socioeconomic position,5,6 together with the associated concepts.7,8 The central question remains: what can be done about these social inequalities in health? A growing number of countries are wrestling with this question and devising policies and interventions in attempts to tackle the challenge.9–11 This article organises some of the most prominent types of actions that have been devised in this field into a typology. The aim is to help broaden the understanding of the range of different interventions available and their potential effectiveness for the task in hand, and to avoid the tendency to focus on one type of intervention neglecting the others. As Mark Twain cautioned: "If your only tool is a hammer, all your problems will be nails".

Over the past two decades, theory-based approaches to the assessment of public policy and interventions have been elaborated in the general evaluation literature.12–14 The idea, as …


CONTEXT
The confluence theory of intelligence by Zajonc and Markus emphasizes that individual intellectual difference of children manifests itself in the context of family configuration. Instead of assuming its generalizability, careful scientific work is required before applying the model to South Asian cultures where, predominantly, an extended family type exists.

AIMS
To assess the role of extended family configuration on the child's intellectual development in a South Asian setting.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN
A cross-sectional study was conducted on 4-5-year-old preschool children residing in Karachi, Pakistan.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Three hundred and forty-two child and mother dyads were assessed through a validated cognitive psychometric tool and through a structured questionnaire. Children who were registered at the main Mother and Child Health Centres (MCH) of the Aga Khan Health Services, Pakistan (AKHSP) Karachi and who were born between July 1st 1993-June 30th 1994 with traceable birth records at the maternity homes, were considered for this study.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Multivariate linear regression models were used to identify the individual effect of family configuration on the intellectual scores.

RESULTS
Family configuration variables such as number of co-residents ( P P CONCLUSION: The findings suggest the positive role of co-residents of an extended family environment on the intellectual development in early childhood.


Deam ( 1 ) has shown that the flora of Indiana comprises nearly 2,000 species of which approximately 40% of the native forms are on the limits of their range in Indiana. Friesner (8) has shown that Indiana is a critical botanical area, having approximately 45% of its present-day species on the limits of their range within the state. For the purposes of this paper, such plants are considered to be extraneous species. Apparently, this critical nature of Indiana plant distribution applies tonali of the higher types of vegetation: ferns, trees, shrubs, grasses and other herbaceous forms. Lindsey (10) has shown that it applies to the trees, 41% of which are extraneous. The mass distribution of these extraneous tree species lies in three general directions from Indiana, viz., northeast, south and southeast. Tref z (11) has likewise shown that it applies to the shrubs, 56% of which are extraneous, with mass distribution of the extraneous forms lying in four general directions from Indiana, viz., north, northeast, northwest and west in order of decreasing importance from the standpoint of numbers. Deam (1) has shown that the distribution of the total extraneous flora lines in nine directions, viz. (in order of decreasing numbers), north, south, west, southwest, east, Atlantic coastal, northeast, northwest and southeast. The present study was undertaken to determine how the grasses fit into this picture.


A four-year, global, evaluative study of action research (ESAR) has sought to explore precursors, processes and impacts/outcomes of action research (AR) projects. This paper outlines the ESAR findings from six case studies designed to contribute to understanding of how AR works, and to deepen the recently reported mixed method (MM) findings from a widespread survey with 174 respondents. The previously published ESAR indicators were used as a guide for evaluation of the cases using interviews, a survey, documentary analysis, and Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS). In seeking to advance knowledge and understanding of the elements of AR that enhance outcomes and impact, considerable alignment with the MM survey findings was revealed. The results indicate that almost all the case projects exhibited strong AR elements associated with activity for precursors (focus clarification, engagement of key stakeholders, funding and support), processes (phased and planned yet flexible activity, data collection and analysis, ongoing collaboration, leadership and management), and outcomes/impacts (change outcomes, knowledge mobilisation, continuing action). Early and ongoing collaboration within the AR team and with stakeholders was most associated with effectiveness of projects to the extent that this element will be the entire focus of a further paper. An interesting finding also was a trend to MM data collection in projects. Overall, the findings considerably address a key aim of the ESAR, that is, to advance knowledge and understanding of the elements of AR that enhance outcomes and impact, including why or why not they have been effective.


A significant amount of time and effort has to go into teaching students. It is no art when lecturers simply read from a text book. The objective of this study was to determine the teaching methods that students at the Hotel School, Central University of Technology, Free State, consider as most effective to support learning. All first-year students (N=73) enrolled for the National Diploma: Hospitality Management were targeted to participate in the survey. A mixed-method study design was followed, and a questionnaire consisting of closed- and open-ended questions was developed for data collection. Closed-ended questions were rated on a five-point Likert scale, while answers to open-ended questions were analysed to determine trends. Results showed that lecturers used a variety of teaching methods. The lecture teaching method was rated best by 49% of students followed by the group discussion method which was rated as second best (19%). Case studies and brainstorming were the least-preferred methods (4% and 0% respectively). Lecturers should ensure that maximum information is transferred through the teaching methods that most appeal to students. The focus should be on enabling students to practically apply the lessons taught in everyday life.


In the industrialized countries, notably of Europe, the 1990s have seen a systematic erosion of the social protections that the liberal democracies carefully built, as a matter of policy, in the years after the World War II: the protections we know collectively as 'the Welfare State'. This change of direction in social policy is rationalized by appeal to economic arguments: the 'logic of the global market' (it is said) makes it necessary for any major exporting country to enhance its global competitiveness, by reducing the economic burden of 'non-wage ' labour costs imposed on industry as a result of earlier Welfare State policies. The cogency of the economic arguments rests (it is argued here) on confusing two interpretations of the terms 'global' and 'globalization'. In multinational businesses or other global enterprises, these terms imply that the economic role of governments will be reduced, and global competition takes place between corporations.In governments, by contrast, the same terms imply a continued - even, an enhanced - economic role for governments, and global competition takes place, rather, between countries. If tackled on this last mentioned level alone, the economic arguments are, indeed, hard to undercut: addressed One Nation State at a Time (so to say) matters of 'comparative advantage' tempt rival Governments to engage in competitive cost cutting, and the costs of social services are an obvious target for cost cutting, e.g. in France or Sweden. Tackled on a wider ('global') level, this article argues, the same issues can be stated in terms less damaging to Labour and Environmental interests.


Efforts to conserve stream and river biota could benefit from tools that allow managers to evaluate landscape-scale changes in species distributions in response to water management decisions. We present a framework and methods for integrating hydrology, geographic context and metapopulation processes to simulate effects of changes in streamflow on fish occupancy dynamics across a landscape of interconnected stream segments. We illustrate this approach using a 482 km catchment in the southeastern US supporting 50 or more stream fish species. A spatially distributed, deterministic and physically based hydrologic model is used to simulate daily streamflow for sub-basins composing the catchment. We use geographic data to characterize stream segments with respect to channel size, confinement, position and connectedness within the stream network. Simulated streamflow dynamics are then applied to model fish metapopulation dynamics in stream segments, using hypothesized effects of streamflow magnitude and variability on population processes, conditioned by channel characteristics. The resulting time series simulate spatially explicit, annual changes in species occurrences or assemblage metrics (e.g. species richness) across the catchment as outcomes of management scenarios. Sensitivity analyses using alternative, plausible links between streamflow components and metapopulation processes, or allowing for alternative modes of fish dispersal, demonstrate large effects of ecological uncertainty on model outcomes and highlight needed research and monitoring. Nonetheless, with uncertainties explicitly acknowledged, dynamic, landscape-scale simulations may prove useful for quantitatively comparing river management alternatives with respect to species conservation. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. key words: aquatic biodiversity; freshwater fishes; hydrologic models; fluvial geomorphology; metapopulation dynamics Received 9 March 2012; Accepted 23 March 2012


This article defends the position that the right of armed self-defense remains important today, in particular in light of the civil unrest of the Summer of 2020. The article proceeds in three parts. The first part will summarize arguments from various prominent commentators that the right to self-defense with firearms is anachronistic in the contemporary United States. These critics argue that Americans can and should rely solely on their local professional police force to protect them.

The second part of the article will focus on how this argument has been undermined by recent events. This part documents in great detail the failures of law enforcement in reaction to looting, rioting, and other forms of illegal behavior that threatened the well-being of the public. First, many police departments received implicit or explicit orders from their political supervisors to "stand down." Second, in many instances, the police themselves were unwilling or unable to combat lawless behavior. If police consistently fail to enforce law and order, the argument against the individual right to bear arms for self-defense purposes significantly weakens.

Finally, the last part of the article will discuss examples of individuals and groups of citizens using firearms in self-defense during the recent unrest in the absence of effective law enforcement. Some of these episodes are open to criticism, whether on the grounds that one believes that it's never worth using or even threatening to use deadly force to defend property, or because the line between justified self-defense and unjustified vigilantism is not always a clear one. Nevertheless, if law enforcement is unwilling or unable to preserve basic law and order, it's both inevitable that citizens will try to fill the breach, and desirable that law-abiding individuals should be given the means to do so.


Recent analyses of the First Amendment free speech opinions of the Rehnquist Court have confirmed that decisions in this area of the law contradict the traditional ideological labels that scholars and other Court commentators routinely use to describe the justices. However, Justice Anthony M. Kennedy, whose opinions defined much of the Rehnquist Court's speech jurisprudence, is still described in terms of his First Amendment "libertarianism." In this article, I argue that this approach provides an inadequate understanding of this aspect of the judicial decision-making of the Justice who is now the sole occupant of the "swing" seat on the Roberts Court. Kennedy is a free speech libertarian, but rather than describing his opinions in terms of this ideology, we should focus on the goal of civic education that he uses his judicial opinions to achieve. Kennedy's interest in civic education became publicly apparent in 2001 when, in collaboration with the American Bar Association, he created the Dialogue on Freedom. The principles of this extra-judicial program are inextricably intertwined with Kennedy's jurisprudence. In the area of expressive freedom, the importance of civic education can be seen in the Justice's opinions in Texas v. Johnson (1989), Rosenberger v. Rector & Visitors of the Uni. of Va. (1995), and Hill v. Colorado (2000). In all three cases Kennedy authored opinions passionately defending the concept of, and educating the public about the importance of maintaining viewpoint diversity. To substantiate my conclusions I draw on Justice Kennedy's pre- and post-confirmation speeches, and the papers of Justice Blackmun.


Abstract The feasibility of using the detection of electron antineutrinos produced in fission to monitor the time dependence of the plutonium content of nuclear power reactors is discussed. If practical, such a scheme would allow worldwide, automated monitoring of reactors and, thereby, the detection of certain proliferation scenarios. For GW(electric) power reactors, the count rates and the sensitivity of the antineutrino spectrum (to the core burnup) suggest that monitoring of the gross operational status of the reactor from outside the containment vessel is feasible. As the plutonium content builds up in a given burn cycle, the total number of antineutrinos steadily drops; and this variation is quite detectable, assuming fixed reactor power. The average antineutrino energy also steadily drops, and a measurement of this variation would be very useful to help offset uncertainties in the total reactor power. However, the expected change in the antineutrino signal from the diversion of a significant quantity of plutonium, which would typically require the diversion of as little as a single fuel assembly in a GW(electric) reactor, would be very difficult to detect.


Motivated by the recently discovered kinematic 'Hubble sequence' shown by the stellar orbit-circularity distribution of 260 CALIFA galaxies, we make use of a comparable galaxy sample at z = 0 with a stellar mass range of $M_{*}/\mathrm{M}_{\odot }\in [10^{9.7},\, 10^{11.4}]$ selected from the IllustrisTNG simulation and study their stellar orbit compositions in relation to a number of other fundamental galaxy properties. We find that the TNG100 simulation broadly reproduces the observed fractions of different orbital components and their stellar mass dependences. In particular, the mean mass dependences of the luminosity fractions for the kinematically warm and hot orbits are well reproduced within model uncertainties of the observed galaxies. The simulation also largely reproduces the observed peak and trough features at $M_{*}\approx 1\rm {-}2\times 10^{10}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ in the mean distributions of the cold- and hot-orbit fractions, respectively, indicating fewer cooler orbits and more hotter orbits in both more- and less-massive galaxies beyond such a mass range. Several marginal disagreements are seen between the simulation and observations: the average cold-orbit (counter-rotating) fractions of the simulated galaxies below (above) $M_{*}\approx 6\times 10^{10}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ are systematically higher than the observational data by $\lesssim 10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ (absolute orbital fraction); the simulation also seems to produce more scatter for the cold-orbit fraction and less so for the non-cold orbits at any given galaxy mass. Possible causes that stem from the adopted heating mechanisms are discussed.


More research is needed on the socio-environmental determinants of obesity in lower- and middle-income countries. We used generalized estimating equations to evaluate the cross-sectional effect of urban residence and multiple individual-level indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) on the odds of overweight or central adiposity in a birth cohort of young adult (mean age 21.5 y) Filipino males (n = 987) and females (n = 819) enrolled in the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. Overweight was defined as BMI >/=25 kg/m(2) and central adiposity was defined as a waist circumference >85 cm for males or >80 cm for females. Community-level urbanicity was measured on a continuous scale. Multiple indicators of SES included assets, income, education, and marital status. In the final multivariable models, assets and being married were positively related to overweight and central adiposity in males (P < 0.05), but being married was the only predictor of these outcomes in females. However, once the modifying effects of urban residence were accounted for, assets were positively related to overweight and central adiposity among the most rural women, but not in more urban women. Our results are consistent with a growing body of literature that suggests the relationship between SES and obesity is positive in lower-income contexts and inverse in higher-income contexts, particularly in females. The pattern of relationships we observed suggests that as the Philippines continues to develop economically, the public health impact of obesity will increase similarly to what has been observed in countries further along in their economic transition.


In order to address the load sharing problem in islanding microgrids, this paper proposes an enhanced distributed generation (DG) unit virtual impedance control approach. The proposed method can realize accurate regulation of DG unit equivalent impedance at both fundamental and selected harmonic frequencies. In contrast to conventional virtual impedance control methods, where only a line current feed-forward term is added to the DG voltage reference, the proposed virtual impedance at fundamental and harmonic frequencies is regulated using DG line current and point of common coupling (PCC) voltage feed-forward terms, respectively. With this modification, the impacts of mismatched physical feeder impedances are compensated. Thus, better reactive and harmonic power sharing can be realized. Additionally, this paper also demonstrates that PCC harmonic voltages can be mitigated by reducing the magnitude of DG unit equivalent harmonic impedance. Finally, in order to alleviate the computing load at DG unit local controller, this paper further exploits the band-pass capability of conventionally resonant controllers. With the implementation of proposed resonant controller, accurate power sharing and PCC harmonic voltage compensation are achieved without using any fundamental and harmonic components extractions. Experimental results from a scaled single-phase microgrid prototype are provided to validate the feasibility of the proposed virtual impedance control approach.


Berengario da Carpi (Jacopo Barigazzi) was born around 1460 in the small Italian town of Carpi near Modena. Berengario's father, Faustino, was a reputable barber-surgeon who initiated his son early into the art of anatomy and surgery. After his graduation from the University of Bologna in 1489, Berengario rapidly acquired an enviable reputation as a physician and surgeon following the successful treatment of several dignitaries, including Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino who suffered a severe head injury in 1517. While professor of anatomy and surgery at the University of Bologna, Berengario published in 1518 his De fractura cranei, a landmark work on cranio-cerebral surgery. Berengario's masterpiece, however, is undoubtedly his detailed Commentaria on the famous medieval anatomy treatise of Mondino de' Liuzzi (ca. 1270–1326) that he published in 1521. A shorter version entitled Isagogae Breves appeared a year later. Besides a facsimile of Mondino's work, Berengario's Commentaria contains a wealth of new information, including observations that challenged Galenic physiology. Galen taught that the rete mirabile—a vascular plexus believed to occur at the basis of the human brain—is the locus where the vital spirit is transformed into the more sophisticated animal spirit that is stored in the brain ventricles to be later released at the periphery through a journey within hollow nerves. Courageously, Berengario wrote that despite many attempts he was unable to detect the famous rete mirabile in humans. He also noted that the nerves linked to the brain are solid structures, not hollow tubes, as advocated by Galen. His conclusions were based on a systematic dissection method that he called anatomia sensibilis, a term that emphasizes the sensory over textual versions of the truth. Berengario contributed significantly to human brain anatomy, with a detailed description of the meninges and cranial nerves and the first comprehensive view of the ventricular system, including choroid plexuses, interventricular foramen, infundibulum, pituitary stalk and gland. Berengario, who died around 1530 in Ferrara, should be remembered for his catalyzing role in the transmutation of medieval morphological knowledge into a modern anatomical science based upon direct observation and experimental demonstration.


We present in this paper two new versions of Rayleigh-Schr¨odinger (RS) and the Brillouin-Wigner (BW) state-specific multi-reference perturbative theories (SSMRPT) which stem from our state-specific multi-reference coupled-cluster formalism (SS-MRCC), developed with a complete active space (CAS). They are manifestly sizeextensive and are designed to avoid intruders. The combining coefficients cμ for the model functions φμ are completely relaxed and are obtained by diagonalizing an effective operator in the model space, one root of which is the target eigenvalue of interest. By invoking suitable partitioning of the hamiltonian, very convenient perturbative versions of the formalism in both the RS and the BW forms are developed for the second order energy. The unperturbed hamiltonians for these theories can be chosen to be of both Mφller-Plesset (MP) and Epstein-Nesbet (EN) type. However, we choose the corresponding Fock operator fμ for each model function φμ, whose diagonal elements are used to define the unperturbed hamiltonian in the MP partition. In the EN partition, we additionally include all the diagonal direct and exchange ladders. Our SS-MRPT thus utilizes a multi-partitioning strategy. Illustrative numerical applications are presented for potential energy surfaces (PES) of the ground (1Σ+) and the first delta (1Δ) states of CH+ which possess pronounced multi-reference character. Comparison of the results with the corresponding full CI values indicates the efficacy of our formalisms.


Synthesising motion of human character animations or humanoid robots is vastly complicated by the large number of degrees of freedom in their kinematics. Control spaces become so large, that automated methods designed to adaptively generate movements become computationally infeasible or fail to find acceptable solutions. In this thesis we investigate how demonstrations of previously successful movements can be used to inform the production of new movements that are adapted to new situations. In particular, we evaluate the use of nonlinear dimensionality reduction techniques to find compact representations of demonstrations, and investigate how these can simplify the synthesis of new movements. Our focus lies on the Gaussian Process Latent Variable Model (GPLVM), because it has proven to capture the nonlinearities present in the kinematics of robots and humans. We present an in-depth analysis of the underlying theory which results in an alternative approach to initialise the GPLVM based on Multidimensional Scaling. We show that the new initialisation is better suited than PCA for nonlinear, synthetic data, but have to note that its advantage shrinks on motion data. Subsequently we show that the incorporation of additional structure constraints leads to low-dimensional representations which are sufficiently regular so that once learned dynamic movement primitives can be adapted to new situations without need for relearning. Finally, we demonstrate in a number of experiments where movements are generated for bimanual reaching, that, through the use of nonlinear dimensionality reduction, reinforcement learning can be scaled up to optimise humanoid movements.


A multiwavelength laser with maximum signal-to-noise ratio up to 62 dB was demonstrated on the basis of a 461-m-long InAs-InGaAsP quantum-dot waveguide Fabry-Perot cavity chip. It has 24 channels with 0.8-nm channel spacing and 8.0-dB maximum channel intensity nonuniformity over a wavelength range from 1612 to 1632 nm. Its channel spacing irregularity due to linear intracavity waveguide dispersion was also investigated.


Grassroots social resistance to neoliberal reforms of urban water and sanitation has taken a
dynamic trajectory in the past decade, especially in Latin America. The thesis' proposition is
that these struggles have undergone qualitative changes. Their previously defensive strategies
are developing into propositional strategies that increasingly focus on public and community
alternatives to privatisation. This politicisation and movementisation of urban WATSAN is
hardly discussed by academic literature, despite it being an emerging opportunity for propublic
sector reform. Thus, the inquiry concerns the role of social movements in the
exploration of alternatives to privatisation and looks at transnational networks and localnational
struggles. This thesis employs critical ethnographic, participant research methodology.
Empirical research took place from 2004 to 2008 and developed an emergent practice of
politicised social movement research.
As conceptual framework, the role of social movement in urban water and sanitation is
considered as a process of radical reformism and social appropriation. On this basis, the global
water justice movement's emergent discursive frame is analysed and found to centre on the
democratisation of public water. By means of a comparative typology theory I then analyse
local and national-level social struggles and develop the concept of pro-public challenge. Two
case studies further elaborate on this type of political process of sector reform. These are the
Uruguayan sector reform after a national referendum in 2004; and the case of Peru, where the
embedded case of the city of Huancayo developed a public-public partnership as alternative to
a planned water utility privatisation.
The thesis develops a meso-level qualitative analysis of the political process of
movementisation of sector reform in form of matrices, contingent pathways and contingent
generalisations. The central finding is that social movements at transnational and local level
develop new roles in pro-public sector reform. Despite substantive impacts, their power to
implement alternative paths of development was found to be limited. They run the risk of not
meeting all the resulting new challenges posed by politicised participation in sector reform,
failing to develop adequate strategies, resources, organisational capacity and expert
knowledge.


BACKGROUND
pathophysiology of functional dyspepsia remains poorly understood. Many factors such as gastric motility disorder, visceral hypersensitivity, Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection, psychological stress and excessive gastric acid secretion play roles in this symptom. Psychological stress may promote peptic ulcer and has an effect on ulcers-associated Hp. This study aimed to determine Helicobacter pylori activity and expression of mucosal IL-6 and their association with psychological stress.

METHODS
a cross-sectional study was done among 40 outpatients with dyspeptic syndromes in M. Djamil General Hospital and two-community health centers in Padang. The subjects were divided into two groups, with and without psychological stress, which were identified using DASS 42. Gastric biopsy specimens and peripheral blood samples were taken while performing esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Immunohistochemistry methods was used to determine the expression of IL-6 and Hp in gastric mucosa. The correlation of each variable in the group experiencing psychological stress and non-stress was analyzed using Chi-square test.

RESULTS
there were 40 patients with functional dyspepsia with average age of 37.58(SD 11.82) years old. The cortisol levels were significantly different between both groups (non-stress vs. stress groups); moreover, morning cortisol level in psychological stress group was higher beyond normal limit. Inter-Leukin-6 expression, as the evidence of inflammatory activity, seemed higher in non-stress group than the group with psychological stress (8.25% vs. 7.25%). Helicobacter pylori activity was seemed to be increased in the stress group as characterized by higher numbers of invasion to the sub mucosa epithelium compared to the non-stress group (11 vs. 7 subjects).

CONCLUSION
psychological stress seems to have no correlation with IL-6 in gastric mucous of patients with functional dyspepsia; however, there is an evidence of increasing activity of Helicobacter pylori.


The argument for national curriculum standards sounds simple: set high standards, make all schools meet them, and watch American students achieve at high levels. It is straightforward and compelling, and it is driving a sea change in American education policy. Unfortunately, setting high standards and getting American students to hit them is extremely difficult. Politically powerful interest groups must be overcome. Crippling conflicts between different religious, ethnic, and ideological factions must be avoided. And a culture that is generally averse to an intense focus on academics must be transformed. These challenges help to explain why the research on national standards is both very limited and inconclusive. But what if the research were to clearly show that having national standards leads to superior performance on international tests? Still, there would not be compelling evidence that national standards produce optimal outcomes; economic growth, as well as personal fulfillment, could very well require an education focused on much more than just high test scores. It appears that the route to successful education goes in the opposite direction of national standards; it goes toward universal school choice. Only a free market can produce the mix of high standards, accountability, and flexibility that is essential to achieving optimal educational outcomes.


e-mail has become an important means of electronic communication but the viability of its usage is marred by Unsolicited Bulk e-mail (UBE) messages. UBE consists of many types like pornographic, virus infected and 'cry-for-help' messages as well as fake and fraudulent offers for jobs, winnings and medicines. UBE poses technical and socio-economic challenges to usage of e-mails. To meet this challenge and combat this menace, we need to understand UBE. Towards this end, the current paper presents a content-based textual analysis of nearly 3000 winnings-announcing UBE. Technically, this is an application of Text Parsing and Tokenization for an un-structured textual document and we approach it using Bag Of Words (BOW) and Vector Space Document Model techniques. We have attempted to identify the most frequently occurring lexis in the winnings-announcing UBE documents. The analysis of such top 100 lexis is also presented. We exhibit the relationship between occurrence of a word from the identified lexisset in the given UBE and the probability that the given UBE will be the one announcing fake winnings. To the best of our knowledge and survey of related literature, this is the first formal attempt for identification of most frequently occurring lexis in winningsannouncing UBE by its textual analysis. Finally, this is a sincere attempt to bring about alertness against and mitigate the threat of such luring but fake UBE. Keywords—Lexis, Unsolicited Bulk e-mail (UBE), Vector Space Document Model, Winnings, Lottery


High levels of resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Xcp) were developed in the common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by intercrossing genotypes having moderate levels of resistance. This was accomplished by using a modified backcross method. Screening for resistance was based on the length of the latent period for seedlings inoculated in the primary leaves, via the multineedle wounding method, and incubated in a 29° C controlled growth chamber. Field and greenhouse screening was conducted under tropical conditions with Xcp strains from Puerto Rico. Selected lines were incorporated into the crossing program. Homozygosis of the best lines was increased through greenhouse and field planting for six summer seasons. Resistance was reconfirmed by inoculation of the lines with X. campestris pv. phaseoli , vignicola and glycines under controlled conditions. Three determinate and two indeterminate germplasm lines in the F 8  generation, resistant to bacterial blight, were released as an outcome of this research.


© 2013 Diana Mitlin and David Satterthwaite. All rights reserved. One in seven of the world's population live in poverty in urban areas, and the vast majority of these live in the Global South – mostly in overcrowded informal settlements with inadequate water, sanitation, health care and schools provision. This book explains how and why the scale and depth of urban poverty is so frequently under-estimated by governments and international agencies worldwide. The authors also consider whether economic growth does in fact reduce poverty, exploring the paradox of successful economies that show little evidence of decreasing poverty.Many official figures on urban poverty, including those based on the US $1 per day poverty line, present a very misleading picture of urban poverty's scale. These common errors in definition and measurement by governments and international agencies lead to poor understanding of urban poverty and inadequate policy provision. This is compounded by the lack of voice and influence that low income groups have in these official spheres. This book explores many different aspects of urban poverty including the associated health burden, inadequate food intake, inadequate incomes, assets and livelihood security, poor living and working conditions and the absence of any rule of law.Urban Poverty in the Global South: Scale and Nature fills the gap for a much needed systematic overview of the historical and contemporary state of urban poverty in the Global South. This comprehensive and detailed book is a unique resource for students and lecturers in development studies, urban development, development geography, social policy, urban planning and design, and poverty reduction.


Using the hyperbolic cosine model (Andrich & Luo, 1993) as the prototypic model for a single-peaked response process, Luo (in press) introduced a general form for all unidimensional probabilistic unfolding models. In addition to the person and statement location parameters, this general form has an explicit parameter characterising the latitude of acceptance, an important concept in attitude measurement. This general form employs a single operational function, and the difference between various unfolding models is a difference between their operational functions. Because all unfolding models are special cases of the general form, it is possible to develop a general algorithm for the estimation of parameters. With a brief introduction, this paper derives such an algorithm using the joint maximum likelihood principle, which is preferred among various algorithms because it does not require any assumptions about the distribution of person locations. The joint maximum likelihood estimates are not consistent, but a simple correction factor is introduced and shown to work excellently.


Joe Ma's Lawyer, Lawyer, a film about a lawyer's attempt to rescue his former servant from a false accusation of murder in the colonial courts of Hong Kong, was released in 1997, the pivotal year of Hong Kong's retrocession to China and a time when anxieties about the rule of law were very much in the air. A quintessentially 'Hong Kong' movie, it casts the comedian Stephen Chau – one of the most iconic figures in Hong Kong cinema – as the lawyer. The film's box-office success can to a great extent be traced to its clever use of puns and conventions in Cantonese, the dialect spoken in Hong Kong. Moreover, as a film with a specifically legal focus, it resonated with audiences by raising relevant questions about the legal construction of Hong Kong identity, the place of English law in a former colony, and the future of the rule of law in the city after its return to China. This article attempts to establish a dialogue between law and film by arguing that Lawyer Lawyer can be understood as a post-colonial critique of the notion of the rule of law. It will take the work of the English jurist Albert Venn Dicey as its focus, for Dicey's seminal writings on the English constitution is widely regarded as the key to the popularisation of the term 'rule of law' in the common law world. This article therefore builds on the existing literature on 'law and film' studies, especially works on the relationship between legal theory and film studies, and extends their frame of analysis to the ways in which the genre of film responds to the dissemination of English constitutional ideas to former colonies in East Asia. This journal article is available in Law Text Culture: http://ro.uow.edu.au/ltc/vol18/iss1/6 82 0000Law Text Culture Vol 18 2014 Lawyer, Lawyer: Albert Venn Dicey, Joe Ma, and the Rule of Law in Hong Kong


Human action, as the basic unit of most human-relevant video content, bridges the gap between low-level visual features and high-level semantics. Human action recognition is of great significance in the applications of human-computer interaction, intelligent video surveillance, video retrieval and search. In this paper, we propose a novel unsupervised approach to mining categories from action video sequences, which consists of two modules: action representation for video data structurization and learning model for unsupervised categorization. In action representation, a novel view of video decomposition is presented. Videos are regarded as spatially distributed dynamic pixel time series, and these dynamic pixels are first quantized into pixel prototypes. After replacing the pixel time series with their corresponding prototype labels, the video sequences are compressed into two-dimensional action matrices. In the learning model, we put these matrices together to form an multi-action tensor, and propose the joint matrix factorization method to simultaneously cluster the pixel prototypes into pixel signatures, and matrices into action classes with the consideration of the duality between pixel clustering and action clustering. The approach is tested on public and popular Weizmann, and KTH datasets, and promising results are achieved.


Distributed training using multiple devices (e.g., GPUs) has been widely adopted for learning DNN models over large datasets. However, the performance of large-scale distributed training tends to be far from linear speed-up in practice. Given the complexity of distributed systems, it is challenging to identify the root cause(s) of inefficiency and exercise effective performance optimizations when unexpected low training speed occurs. To date, there exists no software tool which diagnoses performance issues and helps expedite distributed DNN training, while the training can be run using different deep learning frameworks. This paper proposes dPRO, a toolkit that includes: (1) an efficient profiler that collects runtime traces of distributed DNN training across multiple frameworks, especially fine-grained communication traces, and constructs global data flow graphs including detailed communication operations for accurate replay; (2) an optimizer that effectively identifies performance bottlenecks and explores optimization strategies (from computation, communication, and memory aspects) for training acceleration. We implement dPRO on multiple deep learning frameworks (TensorFlow, MXNet) and representative communication schemes (AllReduce and Parameter Server). Extensive experiments show that dPRO predicts the performance of distributed training in various settings with<5% errors in most cases and finds optimization strategies with up to 3.48x speed-up over the baselines.


The controversial No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) brought test-based school accountability to scale across the United States. This study draws together results from multiple data sources to identify how the new accountability systems developed in response to NCLB have influenced student achievement, school-district finances, and measures of school and teacher practices. Our results indicate that NCLB brought about targeted gains in the mathematics achievement of younger students, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds. However, we find no evidence that NCLB improved student achievement in reading. School-district expenditure increased significantly in response to NCLB, and these increases were not matched by federal revenue. Our results suggest that NCLB led to increases in teacher compensation and the share of teachers with graduate degrees. We find evidence that NCLB shifted the allocation of instructional time toward math and reading, the subjects targeted by the new accountability systems.


We highlight an emerging statistical method, integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA), which is ideally suited for fitting complex models to many of the rich spatial data sets that ecologists wish to analyse. INLA is an approximation method that nevertheless provides very exact estimates. In this article, we describe the INLA methodology highlighting where it offers opportunities for drawing inference from (spatial) ecological data that would previously have been too complex to make practical model fitting feasible. We use INLA to fit a complex joint model to the spatial pattern formed by a plant species, Thymus carnosus, as well as to the health status of each individual. The key ecological result revealed by our spatial analysis of these data, relates to the distance‐to‐water covariate. We find that T. carnosus plants are generally healthier when they are further away from the water. We suggest that this may be the result of a combination of (1) plants having alternative rooting strategies depending on how close to water they grow and (2) the rooting strategy determining how well the plants were able to tolerate an unusually dry summer. We anticipate INLA becoming widely used within spatial ecological analysis over the next decade and suggest that both ecologists and statisticians will benefit greatly from working collaboratively to further develop and apply these emerging statistical methods.


OBJECTIVE
Residual cholesteatoma most frequently occurs where visualization and surgical access are restricted by anatomic constraints. Other factors that compromise surgical field visualization might also increase rates of residual cholesteatoma. We evaluated whether impaired surgical field clarity from bleeding increases rates of residual cholesteatoma.

STUDY DESIGN
Prospective cohort study.

SETTING
Tertiary care hospital.

PATIENTS
Consecutive series of children having intact canal wall surgery for cholesteatoma.

INTERVENTIONS
Impact of bleeding on surgical field clarity was assessed intraoperatively on a six-point scale.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Presence of residual cholesteatoma was established at follow up clinical encounters, second stage procedures, and with magnetic resonance imaging. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the influence of surgical field clarity and other factors on rates of residual cholesteatoma.

RESULTS
Surgery was completed on 232 ears and residual cholesteatoma found in 45 (19%) ears. Multivariate regression analysis of cases completed with atticotomy or tympanoplasty demonstrated that surgical field clarity was a significant predictor of residual cholesteatoma (OR [odds ratio] 4, 95%CI 1.05-15; p = 0.04). Cholesteatoma extent was the most significant predictor of residual cholesteatoma when including cases requiring combined approach tympanomastoidectomy (OR 2.2, 95%CI 1.4-3.3; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Impaired surgical field clarity from intraoperative bleeding is associated with increased risk of residual cholesteatoma in surgery for meso/epitympanic cholesteatoma. These findings are of particular significance for endoscopic ear surgery in which management of bleeding can be more difficult and support the use of techniques, such as hypotensive general anesthesia, that minimize surgical site bleeding and improve surgical field visualization.


A fully functional, microgravity-compatible microwave sterilization and depyrogenation system (MSDS) prototype was developed that is capable of producing medical-grade water (MGW) without expendable supplies, using NASA potable water that currently is available aboard the International Space Station (ISS) and will be available for Lunar and planetary missions in the future. The microwave- based, continuous MSDS efficiently couples microwaves to a single-phase, pressurized, flowing water stream that is rapidly heated above 150 C. Under these conditions, water is rapidly sterilized. Endotoxins, significant biological toxins that originate from the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria and which represent another defining MGW requirement, are also deactivated (i.e., depyrogenated) albeit more slowly, with such deactivation representing a more difficult challenge than sterilization. Several innovations culminated in the successful MSDS prototype design. The most significant is the antenna-directed microwave heating of a water stream flowing through a microwave sterilization chamber (MSC). Novel antenna designs were developed to increase microwave transmission efficiency. These improvements resulted in greater than 95-percent absorption of incident microwaves. In addition, incorporation of recuperative heat exchangers (RHxs) in the design reduced the microwave power required to heat a water stream flowing at 15 mL/min to 170 C to only 50 W. Further improvements in energy efficiency involved the employment of a second antenna to redirect reflected microwaves back into the MSC, eliminating the need for a water load and simplifying MSDS design. A quick connect (QC) is another innovation that can be sterilized and depyrogenated at temperature, and then cooled using a unique flow design, allowing collection of MGW at atmospheric pressure and 80 C. The final innovation was the use of in-line mixers incorporated in the flow path to disrupt laminar flow and increase contact time at a given flow rate. These technologies can be employed in small-scale systems for efficient production of MGW in the laboratory or in a range of larger systems that meet various industrial requirements. The microwave antennas can also be adapted to selectively sterilize vulnerable connections to ultra-pure water production facilities or biologically vulnerable systems where microorganisms may intrude.


This book provides a study of the linguistic dimension of racial discrimination. Based upon extensive work carried out over many years by the Industrial Language Training Service in the UK, this analysis argues that a real understanding of how language functions as a means of indirect racial discrimination must be founded on an expanded view of language which recognises the inseparability of language, culture and meaning. After initially introducing the subject matter of the book and providing an overview of discrimination and language learning, the authors examine the relationship between theory and practice in four main areas: theories of interaction and their application ; ethnographic and linguistic analysis of workplace settings, training in communication for white professionals; and language training for adult bilingual workers and job-seekers. Detailed case studies illustrate how theory can be turned into practice if appropriate information, research, development and training are co-ordinated in an integrated response to issues of multi-ethnic communication, discrimination and social justice. Swann, Joan Girls, boys and language. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992. ix + 261 pp. £30.00.


After several years of booming, today the Mexican metalworking industry faces a complex environment largely due to foreign policy changes. Nevertheless, most small-and-medium-sized entrepreneurs do not perceive what is to come because they are busy attending the demands of the present market, which has allowed them to obtain a stable performance in the short term. This research analyzes the explanatory value of innovation and potential absorption capacity, which was conducted on the performance of different strategic archetypes in small-and-medium-sized entrepreneurs of the Mexican metalworking industry, based on the typology proposed by Miles and Snow (1978). With data from surveys applied to 197 SMEs in three regions of Mexico, a non-experimental transactional quantitative-correlational type of research was developed. Half of the interviewees were found to be analysts, for whom innovation and potential absorptive capacity have an explanatory value of 32.3% on performance. The rest of the interviewees feature defender archetypes, in which innovation has an explanatory value of 56.8%. According to Chow's Test, these differences are not significant in the final performance result. It is concluded that small-and-medium-sized business analysts and advocates develop capacities that allow them to make the necessary adjustments that the environment dictates along the way, generating different competitive advantages that help them achieve similar results in the short term.


As the followers of a comprehensive religion that regulates all spheres of human life, it is common for practising Muslims to require certain religious accommodations at their workplaces or during any clinical encounter. This paper aims to identify the factors that facilitate the provision of religious accommodation in healthcare for both Muslim healthcare workers and patients, by specifically examining three issues: provision of halal food, prayer facilities, and Muslim-friendly dress codes. In this qualitative study, document analysis and secondary data analysis are conducted. Thematic analysis is conducted to identify the factors which influence religious accommodation in healthcare. The findings illustrate that the prospect of accommodating religious needs does not merely depend on the religion of the majority of the population, but on various factors, such as the country or the state where the healthcare institution is situated, the healthcare institution itself, the sections or departments within the healthcare institution, and the personnel who deal directly with healthcare personnel or patients requiring the religious accommodation. In addition, awareness, attitudes, rules and standards, and availability of resources also influence the provision of religious accommodation. The results suggest that individuals seeking religious accommodation at any institution ought to play a more active role in obtaining accommodation at various levels. Besides that, religious accommodation can be enhanced by improving knowledge, attitude, standards, regulations, and availability of resources in healthcare institutions.


The presentation of absorption intensities in infrared spectra is usually limited to relative intensities instead of absolute intensities. The measurement of absolute intensities can be facilitated by the use of secondary intensity standards. Such standards have been accepted by the Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy and the Physical Chemistry Division of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and were published recently. The secondary standards are based on the complex refractive index and molar absorption coefficient spectra of benzene, chlorobenzene, toluene, and dichloromethane. They have been used in this laboratory to calibrate the effective pathlength of a transmission cell and the effective number of reflections in a Circle® multiple attenuated total reflection cell. A computer program, IRYTRUE, has been developed to standardize the routine use of these intensity standards to calibrate the effective pathlength of a transmission cell. The program has been used to calibrate three transmission cells. The agreement between the calibrated values of the effective pathlength obtained from the use of different standard band groups was determined. The calibrated cell pathlength agrees with that calculated from the interference fringe pattern of the empty cell within 3% for very thin cells and within 1% for cells thicker than 100 μm. We propose that the effective pathlength evaluated in this manner be called the cell constant, and that this cell constant be used in place of the pathlength in quantitative infrared analysis. The calibration of multiple attenuated total reflection measurements in the Circle cell has been achieved in two ways: by the use of peak heights and by the use of areas. Programs PCCALC and CIRCLCAL and its associated program RSCALC are described for this purpose. The intensity standards allow one to measure absolute infrared absorption intensities of liquids with confidence to an estimated accuracy of 2–3% by either transmission or calibrated ATR methods.


Media plays a large role in the sexualization of women. The increase in sexual socialization of media has brought the hookup culture to college campuses. Moreover, it has led to several negative consequences in healthy sexual and identity development in females. Understanding that sexual well-being is vital in one's development, higher education professionals have begun to take note of this increasingly important issue affecting the larger student body. Although sexuality is difficult to navigate for any emerging adult, it seems particularly complex for women who follow a specific religion. More specifically, Christian women from faith-based institutions face cultural pressures from both the hookup culture and the pervasive purity culture. In order to examine the influence of spirituality and media on female college students' sexuality, a qualitative phenomenological study was conducted at a small, liberal arts, faith-based university in the Midwestern United States. The question used to guide the research was as follows: How do spirituality and media impact female college students' perceptions of sexuality at a faith-based institution? The study consisted of 31 female participants within four focus group interviews. The results of the study found strong emerging themes including social incongruence, silence within the church, and increase in sexual and spiritual development. Suggestions for further research are included, along with the implications of these findings on the work of those within institutions of higher education.


Collaborative tagging systems have the potential to produce socially constructed information organization schemes. The effectiveness of tags for finding and re-finding information depends upon how individual users choose tags; however, influences on users' tag choices are poorly understood. We quantitatively test competing hypotheses from the literature concerning these choices, using data from del.icio.us (a collaborative tagging system for organizing web bookmarks) and a computer model of possible tag choice strategies. We find evidence that users choose tags in a pattern consistent with personal information management goals, rather than as a result of social influence.


Directive-based GPU programming models are gaining momentum, since they transparently relieve programmers from dealing with complexity of low-level GPU programming, which often reflects the underlying architecture. However, too much abstraction in directive models puts a significant burden on programmers for debugging applications and tuning performance. In this paper, we propose a directive-based, interactive program debugging and optimization system. This system enables intuitive and synergistic interaction among programmers, compilers, and runtimes for more productive and efficient GPU computing. We have designed and implemented a series of prototype tools within our new open source compiler framework, called Open Accelerator Research Compiler (Open ARC), Open ARC supports the full feature set of Opencast V1.0. Our evaluation on twelve Open ACC benchmarks demonstrates that our prototype debugging and optimization system can detect a variety of translation errors. Additionally, the optimization provided by our prototype minimizes memory transfers, when compared to a fully manual memory management scheme.


With the proliferation of specialized neural network processors that operate on low-precision integers, the performance of Deep Neural Network inference becomes increasingly dependent on the result of quantization. Despite plenty of prior work on the quantization of weights or activations for neural networks, there is still a wide gap between the software quantizers and the low-precision accelerator implementation, which degrades either the efficiency of networks or that of the hardware for the lack of software and hardware coordination at design-phase. In this paper, we propose a learned linear symmetric quantizer for integer neural network processors, which not only quantizes neural parameters and activations to low-bit integer but also accelerates hardware inference by using batch normalization fusion and low-precision accumulators (e.g., 16-bit) and multipliers (e.g., 4-bit). We use a unified way to quantize weights and activations, and the results outperform many previous approaches for various networks such as AlexNet, ResNet, and lightweight models like MobileNet while keeping friendly to the accelerator architecture. Additional, we also apply the method to object detection models and witness high performance and accuracy in YOLO-v2. Finally, we deploy the quantized models on our specialized integer-arithmetic-only DNN accelerator to show the effectiveness of the proposed quantizer. We show that even with linear symmetric quantization, the results can be better than asymmetric or non-linear methods in 4-bit networks. In evaluation, the proposed quantizer induces less than 0.4\% accuracy drop in ResNet18, ResNet34, and AlexNet when quantizing the whole network as required by the integer processors.


The theme for AAEE-2017 is "Integrated Engineering", which covers a range of sub-themes, such as:

Integration of theory and practice in the learning and teaching process Interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary engineering programs and learning environments Integration of teaching and research in the engineering training process
The role and impact of engineering students and educators in the wider community Systems perspectives on engineering education.
Integration is also about connections, e.g. between students and teachers, between students in learning together, and between educational institutions and industry and wider society in the engineering education process.


Self and World is an exploration of the nature of self-awareness. Quassim Cassam challenges the widespread and influential view that we cannot be introspectively aware of ourselves as objects in the world. In opposition to the views of many empiricist and idealist philosophers, including Hume, Kant, and Wittgenstein, he argues that the self is not systematically elusive from the perspective of self-consciousness, and that consciousness of our thoughts and experiences requires a sense of our thinking, experiencing selves as shaped, located, and solid physical objects in a world of such objects. Awareness of oneself as a physical object involves forms of bodily self-awareness whose importance has seldom been properly acknowledged in philosophical accounts of the self and self-awareness. The conception of self-awareness defended in this book helps to undermine the idealist thesis that the self does not belong to the world, and also the claim that the existence of subjects or persons is only a derivative feature of reality. In the final part of the book, Cassam argues that the existence of persons is a substantial fact about the world, and that it is not possible to give a complete description of reality without claiming that persons exist. This clear, original, and challenging treatment of one of the deepest of intellectual problems will demand the attention of all philosophers and cognitive scientists who are concerned with the self.


Sometimes we have multiple measures of the same concept. Combining the information of these multiple measures would allow us to improve the measurement. When combining the information from different indicators one needs to distinguish between two types of relationships between the observed indicators and the underlying latent variable: either the latent variable influences the indicators or the indicators influence the latent variable. To distinguish between these two situations some authors, following Bollen (Quality and Quantity, 1984) and Bollen and Lennox (Psychological Bulletin, 1991), call the observed variables "effect indicators" when they are influenced by the latent variable, while they call the observed variables "causal indicators" when they influence the latent variable. Distinguishing between these two is important as they require very different strategies for recovering the latent variable. In a basic (exploratory) factor analysis, which is a model for effect indicators, one assumes that the only thing that the observed variables have in common is the latent variable, so any correlation between the observed variables must be due to the latent variable, and it is this correlation that is used to recover the latent variable. In the models for causal indicators that will discussed in this talk, we assume that the latent variable is a weighted sum of the observed variables (and optionally an error term), and the weights are estimated such that they are optimal for predicting the dependent variable. The three models for dealing with causal indicators that will be discussed are: A model with "sheaf coefficients" (Heise, Sociological Methods & Research, 1972), a model with "parametricaly weighted covariates" (Yamaguchi, Sociological Methodology, 2002), and a Multiple Indicators and Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model (Hauser Goldberger, Sociological Methodoloy, 1971). The latter two can be estimated using -propcnsreg-, while the former can be estimated using -sheafcoef-. Both are available from SSC.


The p-model is a metatheoretical approach to linguistic theorising that has been designed to capture the nature of linguistic data and evidence in an unorthodox and novel, but well-motivated and effective way. Its starting point is the insight that the latest literature on linguistic data and evidence acknowledged the uncertainty of the latter as their key feature. Since the main characteristic of plausible inferences is that they facilitate drawing conclusions from uncertain premises, and since chains of plausible inferences constitute the main body of the process of plausible argumentation, the basic idea of the p-model is that the structure of linguistic theories is based on various techniques of plausible argumentation. This chapter summarises the main hypotheses of the p-model, which the case studies in the volume are expected to apply to various linguistic theories.


Context Effective handwashing can prevent the spread of germs, including Covid-19. However, young children can lack a fundamental understanding of germ transfer. A Germ's Journey educational resources were designed to support young children in learning about germs and handwashing. These resources include a book, website, song, online games and glo-gel activities that are informed by a behaviour change model. Research gap Prior research has not evaluated the impacts of these resources on behavioural outcomes. Purpose of the study Two intervention studies evaluated the impacts of these resources on both knowledge and behavioural outcomes. Method In Study 1, children (n = 225) were recruited from four schools and randomly assigned by classrooms to participate in a multicomponent intervention (vs. control). In Study 2, children (n = 104) were recruited from a museum and randomly assigned to participate in a song intervention (vs. control). Trained observers recorded participants' engagement in six handwashing behaviours and their understanding of germs. These behavioural and knowledge outcomes were analysed using regression and related analyses. Results In Study 1, significant improvements were observed between baseline and follow up in the intervention group for both behavioural scores (Est = 0.48, SE = 0.14, t = 3.30, p = 0.001) and knowledge scores (Est = 2.14, SE = 0.52, z = 4.11, p < 0.001), whereas these improvements were not observed in the control group (ts < 1). In Study 2, the intervention group had significantly higher behavioural scores compared to the control group (Est. = -0.71, SE = 0.34, t = -2.07, p = 0.04). Conclusion This research demonstrates that specifically designed hand hygiene educational resources can improve handwashing practice and understanding in young children, and could lead to the reduction of the transmission of disease within this group.


The economy has been in downward movement in the past few years in the United States as well as different parts of the world. Consumers' financial situations have been found to influence their purchase behaviors. While some personal finance experts blame consumers' (lack of) spending plans for their financial situations, others suggest that consumers' perception of their financial standing influences their purchase plans. Using two nationwide large scale survey studies, we investigated how the consumer's financial well-being affects planned and unplanned purchasing decisions from two competing perspectives. Supporting our notion of financial well-being as a status, the results revealed consumers with high financial well-being are more likely to make planned purchases and less likely to make unplanned purchases. We also examined the value of applying economic indicators as proxy measure of financial well-being. Instead of income or debts, wealth was found to be the most important economic indicator of financial well-being.


Gaussian processes are flexible function approximators, with inductive biases controlled by a covariance kernel. Learning the kernel is the key to representation learning and strong predictive performance. In this paper, we develop functional kernel learning (FKL) to directly infer functional posteriors over kernels. In particular, we place a transformed Gaussian process over a spectral density, to induce a non-parametric distribution over kernel functions. The resulting approach enables learning of rich representations, with support for any stationary kernel, uncertainty over the values of the kernel, and an interpretable specification of a prior directly over kernels, without requiring sophisticated initialization or manual intervention. We perform inference through elliptical slice sampling, which is especially well suited to marginalizing posteriors with the strongly correlated priors typical to function space modeling. We develop our approach for non-uniform, large-scale, multi-task, and multidimensional data, and show promising performance in a wide range of settings, including interpolation, extrapolation, and kernel recovery experiments.


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To test effects of gain-framed versus loss-framed mailed brochures on increasing physical activity (PA) among colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors.
.

DESIGN
Randomized trial with repeated measures at baseline, 1 month, and 12 months postintervention.
.

SETTING
Mail recruitment from tumor registries.
.

SAMPLE
148 inactive CRC survivors who had completed primary therapy.
.

METHODS
PA and constructs from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) were assessed at baseline, 1 month, and 12 months. Participants were randomized to receive pamphlets describing PA benefits (gain framed) or disadvantages of not being physically active (loss framed). Baseline characteristics were compared using descriptive statistics. Repeated measures linear models were used to test PA changes.
.

MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
Minutes of PA and TPB constructs.
.

FINDINGS
Significant PA increases were observed in both study arms. Results did not differ by message frame. At one month, about 25% of previously inactive participants increased activity to national recommendations. Those who increased PA compared to those who did not had higher baseline scores on subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and PA intentions.
.

CONCLUSIONS
Independent of message framing, mailed brochures are highly effective in producing within-subject short- and long-term increases in PA.
.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
CRC survivors may increase short- and long-term levels of PA by receiving inexpensive print brochures.


• Summary: Multicultural modern society shows the necessity for a systematic assessment of needs and the formulation of policies which are based on rigorous and systematic research. Specifically, in Spain juvenile penal justice represents one of the major contexts where the presence of cultural diversity has made itself forcefully felt. This situation has led to an ongoing reappraisal of the way in which the forms of conflict management which currently form part of the Spanish Juvenile Penal Code are applied. This article represents an attempt to take a closer look at the way mediation is used as a policy alternative in the penal context, and in particular how it is used in situations when one part of the process involves a young immigrant. We focus on the meaning attributed to penal mediation from the perspective of the victim or the offender and on the difficulties in applying mediation programs among young immigrants. • Findings: This analysis shows the presence of several asymmetries in intercultural mediation and suggests the importance of intercultural communication in mediation. • Application: We aim to develop a more comprehensive framework in order to improve the way such processes are implemented in practice, paying special attention to the possible application of mediation in other contexts.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of pentostam treatment through effect on some of the virulence factors of cutaneous Leishmania parasite by using the realtime PCR within five weeks, as well as the determination of parasite type by three virulence factors lipophosphoglycan, Cysteine protease and proteophosphoglycans by using nested PCR technique, since that these factors are already were diagnosed in Leishmania parasite. Fifty-five biopsies were taken from skin ulcers which clinically diagnosed as cutaneous leishmaniasis from patients attending Al-Diwaniyah education hospital in Al-Qadisiyah Province for the period between 1 \ 11 \ 2012-1 \ 5 \ 2013 ,whose age ranged from (10-80) years. The DNA was extracted, and then amplified by using primers selected on repetitive kDNA for identification of a Leishmania parasite; it is L. major species and the above three virulence factors, after that DNA electrophoresis was done for the amplified DNA. The results showed that Leishmania parasite was detected in 89.09% of samples. The L. major species was identified in the majority of Leishmania parasite positive samples 98%. RNA was extracted from positive samples collected before and after the treatment with pentostam to measure the amount of gene expression of virulence factors after treatment and to measure the effect of the drug on these factors. After amplification using four of primers, the first three of them were the target genes LPG, CPA, PPG whereas the fourth primer is called the initiator, which is GAPDH. These primers are designed using the NCBI gene bank database. Results showed that there was a high difference for each gene during the period of treatment in a level of the possibility of (P≤0.05) and by comparing the three genes it was found that there was a significant difference between cysteine protease and the other two factor lipophosphoglycan, proteophosphoglycan, whereas no significant difference between lipophosphoglycan, proteophosphoglycan. Hence, it has been clear that the treatment with pentostam has a high effect on parasite by its effect on the virulence factors (LPG, CPA, and PPG) and this explains that possibility of infection may happen again after having the treatment.


This thesis is exploring the relationship between education and development with focus on formal schools ability to enhance capabilities among youth in rural Tanzania.

Tanzania has had a focus on education since the independence. The focus has mainly been on giving all children primary education, and this focus has been reinforced by the international emphasis of Education for All. There is a general agreement on educations importance for development. Even so the arguments about what kind of role formal schooling should play vary. Five years ago almost no Tanzanian youth had the possibility for secondary education; today the number is increasing because of newly built schools.

The study is mainly done in Haydom village in Mbulu district in October to December 2009. In the collection of data semi -structured interviews has been the main method. Information has been gathered from youth, parents, teachers, one headmaster, and one representative for the government. Observations and unstructured conversations with other youth and adults living or working in Tanzania have been important for the interpretation of the data.

This study finds that there has been a massive expansion of the education system recent years, and this has lead to better accessibility but lower quality in both primary and secondary school. The focus at the moment is solely on academic learning, and the enhancement of the
education sector does not include vocational or agricultural training. One of the major findings of this study is the lack of a holistic discussion about what kind of education Tanzanian children and youth needs. This thesis argues that the local community, and youth in particular should have a central place in this discussion. Another important finding is the
instrumental view on education that is typical at all levels of society. Education is seen as a ticket to increased economic wealth both at individual level and in society. This thesis argues that this narrow perception of education constrains the individual's ability to enhance its
freedoms, and does not fully utilize the potential education has to create change.

It has been this thesis goal to critically examine the role education is playing in the Tanzanian society today, and at the same time highlight the opportunities and potential a good education has to create development.


In the recent years, there has been a tremendous increase in the amount of video content uploaded to social networking and video sharing websites like Facebook and Youtube. As of result of this, the risk of children getting exposed to adult and violent content on the web also increased. To address this issue, an approach to automatically detect violent content in videos is proposed in this work. Here, a novel attempt is made also to detect the category of violence present in a video. A system which can automatically detect violence from both Hollywood movies and videos from the web is extremely useful not only in parental control but also for applications related to movie ratings, video surveillance, genre classification and so on. Here, both audio and visual features are used to detect violence. MFCC features are used as audio cues. Blood, Motion, and SentiBank features are used as visual cues. Binary SVM classifiers are trained on each of these features to detect violence. Late fusion using a weighted sum of classification scores is performed to get final classification scores for each of the violence class target by the system. To determine optimal weights for each of the violence classes an approach based on grid search is employed. Publicly available datasets, mainly Violent Scene Detection (VSD), are used for classifier training, weight calculation, and testing. The performance of the system is evaluated on two classification tasks, Multi-Class classification, and Binary Classification. The results obtained for Binary Classification are better than the baseline results from MediaEval-2014.


Abstract The development of a fuzzy logic-based barrier (FLB) method for the evaluation of the proliferation resistance of nuclear fuel cycle systems is described in this paper. The method is based on using a group of system-dependent, measurable, or quantifiable variables to define the proliferation barrier effectiveness of a system as fuzzy numbers. The usefulness of the FLB method and the resulting metric in quantifying the proliferation resistance of fuel cycle systems was also investigated by applying it to three fuel cycles, i.e., light water reactor-once-through, light water reactor with mixed oxide fuel, and direct use of spent pressurized water reactor fuel in CANDU reactor. To address the issue of subjectivity in assigning barrier weighting factors or fuzzy numbers, the sensitivity of the results to the definition of fuzzy numbers and weighting schemes was also investigated.


Previous work has explored the influence that apologies have on the settlement of civil legal disputes. This study explored 2 aspects of apologies that commonly arise in the legal setting--the fact that many apologies may be negotiated with or requested from a wrongdoer in the context of settlement discussions and the possibility that an apology may be offered by a wrongdoer's attorney rather than personally by the offender. In general, apologies given following a negligent action were found to improve perceptions of the offender and the situation. Full apologies that were given in response to a request by the injured party or at the suggestion of a mediator were viewed in ways that were similar to the same apology given spontaneously. On the other hand, full apologies that were offered by an attorney on behalf of the wrongdoer, although improving perceptions somewhat, were less effective than apologies offered directly by the wrongdoer. The motives attributed to the apologizer and general attitudes toward the civil litigation system also influenced perceptions of apologies.


When people learn that demonstrators are being subjected to harsh treatment by police, sometimes their reaction is to join demonstrations. What explains the potentially mobilizing power of repression? Information-oriented theories posit that repression changes people's beliefs about the likely success of the protests or the type of the government, thus encouraging them to join. Social-psychological theories posit that repression provokes a moral and emotional reaction from bystanders, and these emotional reactions are mobilizing. Our research offers a rare opportunity to test these theories, empirically, against one another. We offer experimental evidence from Turkey after the 2013 Gezi uprising. In this setting, emotional reactions appear to be the link between repression and backlash mobilization. Information-oriented theories of backlash mobilization may be less germane in democracies, in which people already have access to information about their governments, and in highly polarized polities, in which few people's political affinities are up for grabs.


The division between scientifically-- minded Anglo-American analytic philosophy and more literature-oriented Continental philosophy dominated twentieth century thought. These movements have a common origin, however. In order to trace them to their sources, we need not even go back to the Kantian idea of transcendental philosophy that unites them;1 we may simply travel to the early decades of the twentieth century to get a glimpse of the disagreement between Rudolf Carnap and Martin Heidegger concerning the proper philosophical method and the problems such a method may address. Such an historical approach is sketched by Michael Friedman in his recent book, A Parting of the Ways.2 Analytic philosophers', such as Friedman's, historically focused studies of their own tradition, especially of its birth on the European continent, are interesting in relation to another recent development, namely, the intensification among European philosophers of the originally more or less American debate over naturalism and anti-naturalism, a debate that significantly transforms the analytic tradition. While Americans and the English language of course continue to dominate the international philosophical scene,3 there are some signs indicating a more pluralistic future. It seems that analytic philosophy, founded in the German-speaking world (especially Vienna), is gradually reoccupying, in its "post-analytic," naturalized and more metaphilosophically concerned phase, its original homeland after several decades of primarily American dominance.4 As a recent collection of essays by German and Italian philosophers demonstrates,5 the methodological and metaphilosophical controversy over naturalism is at the heart of some of the most interesting contemporary work in and around the analytical paradigm in Europe. The purpose of this essay is to briefly review this complex development in the light of some examples provided by Friedman and the contributors to NCP.6 I shall argue that what was left behind in the division of our philosophical scene in the 1920s and 1930s is now to be faced again in the on-going reevaluation of naturalism. We need to address essentially the same problems. In particular, the need for a "middle way" between naturalism and anti-naturalism, on the one hand, and between analytic and Continental philosophy, on the other hand, seems to be as urgent now as it was then. Friedman's own work, inspired by Kant and neo-Kantianism, is a splendid example of the kind of re-evaluation of naturalism we need;7 an analogical re-evaluation is proposed by some of the authors of NCP (e.g., Hans Jorg Sandkuhler) who defend forms of culturalism, historicism, or at least anti-reductionism, instead of reductive naturalism. * * * * Rather than exploring the technical questions debated in recent naturalism literature, I shall go directly into the heart of the naturalists' and their critics' disputes. The program of naturalism in recent philosophy is perhaps most lucidly expressed by Domenico Parisi in his "The Naturalization of Humans" (NCP, 75-87): human beings should not, according to the naturalist, be viewed as "special" in any (special) sense, that is, not as special or unique in any other sense than the unexciting one in which all natural kinds are special or unique simply by being different from other kinds, but should rather be "reintroduced" into nature and seen simply as natural phenomena among others, to be investigated by the exact methods of the advanced natural sciences. Wherever the use of scientific methods leads us, there we should go. It is to be expected that the advancement of natural science will reduce the apparently "special" features of humanity -- the mind, cognition, consciousness, intentionality, agency, moral motivation, etc.-to something more fundamental, eventually to the interactions between elementary physical particles. So far so good. But what are the legitimate scientific methods by means of which human life and its typical phenomena ought to be studied, according to naturalists? …


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After vestibular labyrinth injury, behavioral deficits partially recover through the process of vestibular compensation. The present study was performed to improve our understanding of the physiology of the macaque vestibular system in the compensated state (>7 wk) after unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL). Three groups of vestibular nucleus neurons were included: pre-UL control neurons, neurons ipsilateral to the lesion, and neurons contralateral to the lesion. The firing responses of neurons sensitive to linear acceleration in the horizontal plane were recorded during sinusoidal horizontal translation directed along six different orientations (30° apart) at 0.5 Hz and 0.2 g peak acceleration (196 cm/s(2)). This data defined the vector of best response for each neuron in the horizontal plane, along which sensitivity, symmetry, detection threshold, and variability of firing were determined. Additionally, the responses of the same cells to translation over a series of frequencies (0.25-5.0 Hz) either in the interaural or naso-occipital orientation were obtained to define the frequency response characteristics in each group. We found a decrease in sensitivity, increase in threshold, and alteration in orientation of best responses in the vestibular nuclei after UL. Additionally, the phase relationship of the best neural response to translational stimulation changed with UL. The symmetry of individual neuron responses in the excitatory and inhibitory directions was unchanged by UL. Bilateral central utricular neurons still demonstrated two-dimension tuning after UL, consistent with spatio-temporal convergence from a single vestibular end-organ. These neuronal data correlate with known behavioral deficits after unilateral vestibular compromise.


Development assistance has been criticised for a lack of coordination between aid donors. This paper argues that competition for export markets and political support prevents donor countries from coordinating their aid activities between one another. To test these hypotheses, we perform logit and fractional logit estimations for a large sample of recipient countries and aid activities since the early 1970s. Our empirical results reveal that export competition between donors is a major impediment to aid coordination. Although less conclusive, we also find some evidence that donors' competition over political support prevents them from coordinating aid activities more closely.


Hydrodynamic models are important tools in civil and environmental engineering. When properly calibrated, numerical flow simulations are helpful to study the impact of floods as natural hazards for the built environment, or as inundation dynamics connecting riparian corridors (e.g., restored) and the surrounding floodplain. However, measuring flow variables in large rivers during high flows is problematic, thus limiting the calibration and the performances of 2D models specifically to low flow conditions. In this work we use automatic pattern recognition analysis together with digital mapping, to design and test a low cost non-invasive calibration technique for 2D hydrodynamic models. The novelty and advantage of this method is that it does not require previous image orthorectification, which is known to be problematic in the case of low viewpoint shooting angles. We used a sequence of high-resolution photographs of the Thur river restored reach near Altikon (Switzerland), which were taken from an observation tower during the recession limb of a flood. A quasi-automatic algorithm for pattern recognition was developed to first recognize and isolate from the digital pictures the current amount of exposed gravel bars at each flowrate. The next step was to convert the size of the pixels of the digital picture into the effective exposed area by using an experimentally built 3D mapping function together with the actual Digital Terrain Model of the river reach. The inundation patterns resulting from flow simulations obtained for different roughness coefficients from the 2-D hydrodynamic model BASEMENT (http://www.basement.ethz.ch/) were then compared with those obtained from the digital photographs. This allowed for building an error function that uses the amount of simulated versus actual exposed area of gravel bars as the flow (and time) dependent variable for calibrating the roughness coefficient over the entire range of observed flows. The interesting results from this cheap and limited time consuming approach make its use promising and of broader application than just in the REstored CORridor Dynamics Project (RECORD, http://www.cces.ethz.ch/projects/nature/Record) where it has been developed.


This paper brings to the fore a realization of the fact that the performance of the products (outputs) of the education system is an index of the inputs into the system. For the students to have enterprising and innovative mindsets, it isimportant to expose them early to practical entrepreneurial and vocational skills while in school. This study thereforesought to identify what skills are imparted to the students practically and the teaching/learning exercises used. Theresearch design was descriptive survey. Government Secondary Schools (236) in Rivers State, Nigeria constitutedthe population. Proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used to get a sample size of 70 (30%) seniorsecondary schools. The total respondents were 140 made up of 70 principals and 70 vice-principals. Three researchquestions and one hypothesis guided the study. Data were collected using structured questionnaire. The instrumentreliability was established using test re-test method (r-coefficient was 0.82), Mean ( X ) and standard deviation (SD)were used to answer the research questions and the hypothesis analysed using t-test at 0.05 level of significance.Practically the students were taught some vocational skills like agriculture, technical drawing, food and nutrition.The entrepreneurial skills imparted to them are communication skills, personality skills, and digital literacy skills. Itwas recommended among other things that the students should be exposed to more practical skills. Students centeredteaching/learning exercise need to be used to encourage active participation of the student.


Abstract
 Coltricia oboensis sp. nov. is described on the basis of two collections made in São Tomé. The species was found emerging among moss mats in high elevation forest at the Parque Natural Ôbo de São Tomé. It is characterized by minute, stipitate, pleuropodal basidiomes, large pores, and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores, mostly 6.8–9.0 × 5.0–6.0 µm.