BACKGROUND
Not only is the heterogeneous concept of depression too comprehensive, it is also insufficiently differentiated. This serves as a barrier to scientific research and obscures the symptoms that should indicate what treatment is required.

AIM
To describe an accurate model for staging and profiling depression.

METHOD
We placed depressive disorders in the context of the entire course of the disorder and we regarded the course as a continuum of psychopathology.

RESULTS
First of all we distinguish five stages: (1) the prodromal phase, (2) the first depressive episode, (3) residual symptoms following an episode, (4) the relapse episode and (5) the chronic and/or treatment-resistant depression. The higher the stage, the greater the need for complex and specialised treatment. As characteristics for profiling we distinguish (a) aetiological and pathophysiological variables and (b) clinical factors. The latter are the ones that mainly influence treatment from stage 2 onwards.

CONCLUSION
In our article we give a tentative overview of possible characteristics for profiling. At the moment the clinical factors are the ones used most for assessment. Current research into the value of aetiological characteristics for profiling will increase the applicability of a staging and profiling model.


Heat waves (HWs) are among the most damaging climate extremes to human society. Climate models consistently project that HW frequency, severity, and duration will increase markedly over this century. For urban residents, the urban heat island (UHI) effect further exacerbates the heat stress resulting from HWs. Here we use a climate model to investigate the interactions between the UHI and HWs in 50 cities in the United States under current climate and future warming scenarios. We examine UHI 2m (defined as urban-rural difference in 2m-height air temperature) and UHI s (defined as urban-rural difference in radiative surface temperature). Our results show significant sensitivity of the interaction between UHI and HWs to local background climate and warming scenarios. Sensitivity also differs between daytime and nighttime. During daytime, cities in the temperate climate region show significant synergistic effects between UHI and HWs in current climate, with an average of 0.4 K higher UHI 2m or 2.8 K higher UHI s during HWs than during normal days. These synergistic effects, however, diminish in future warmer climates. In contrast, the daytime synergistic effects for cities in dry regions are insignificant in the current climate, but emerge in future climates. At night, the synergistic effects are similar across climate regions in the current climate, and are stronger in future climate scenarios. We use a biophysical factorization method to disentangle the mechanisms behind the interactions between UHI and HWs that explain the spatial-temporal patterns of the interactions. Results show that the difference in the increase of urban versus rural evaporation and enhanced anthropogenic heat emissions (air conditioning energy use) during HWs are key contributors to the synergistic effects during daytime. The contrast in water availability between urban and rural land plays an important role in determining the contribution of evaporation. At night, the enhanced release of stored and anthropogenic heat during HWs are the primary contributors to the synergistic effects.


We have used in vitro mutagenesis and gene replacement to construct five new cold-sensitive mutations in TUB2, the sole gene encoding beta- tubulin in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These and one previously isolated tub2 mutant display diverse phenotypes that have allowed us to define the functions of yeast microtubules in vivo. At the restrictive temperature, all of the tub2 mutations inhibit chromosome segregation and block the mitotic cell cycle. However, different microtubule arrays are present in these arrested cells depending on the tub2 allele. One mutant (tub2-401) contains no detectable microtubules, two (tub2-403 and tub2-405) contain greatly diminished levels of both nuclear and cytoplasmic microtubules, one (tub2-104) contains predominantly nuclear microtubules, one (tub2-402) contains predominantly cytoplasmic microtubules, and one (tub2-404) contains prominent nuclear and cytoplasmic microtubule arrays. Using these mutants we demonstrate here that cytoplasmic microtubules are necessary for nuclear migration during the mitotic cell cycle and for nuclear migration and fusion during conjugation; only those mutants that possess cytoplasmic microtubules are able to perform these functions. We also show that microtubules are not required for secretory vesicle transport in yeast; bud growth and invertase secretion occur in cells which contain no microtubules.


Nowdays, agriculture role are no doubt again, it can be seen in agriculture sectors development in developing country, that have the biggest contribution in a country. The level of agriculture sector growth is very important and can determines other sectors or the whole economics sector. In this case these agriculture sector progress are helped and helping to other agriculture sectors growth. But, the real concerning matter are how agriculture sector growth influence other sectors growth in carry out agriculture sector itself. Potatoes production in Indonesia especially in Malang, East Java are engaged enough. It can be proofed that Malang is potato production central, where it must be know the obstacle and the problem that are faced by farmers. The goal in this study are to know total of cost, income and outcome along with analising the efficiency of potato farmer effort in Gubuk Klakah region, Poncokusumo subdistrict, Malang regency. This study is conducted in Gubuk Klakah region, that most field being planted by potatoes. Sample collected use simple random sampling. Each potato farmer have a same chance to be respondent sample that being tested. The number of sample are 40 respondents. The are two kinds data used, that are primer data and secunder data. Primer data are provided by questionnair result and interview while secunder data provided by region office and local apparatus. The method that used to know farmer effort of potato are cost analysis, income analysis, outcome analysis, efficiency analysis. Then to testing efficiency potential farmer effort of potato are used mean difference test (t test). Farmer effort cost of potato in Gubuk Klakah region Poncokusumo subdistrict Malang regency are Rp. 26.140.000,00/ha with income are Rp. 45.000.000,00 and the profit are Rp. 18.600.000,0/ha. Keyword : USAHATANI ; KENTANG Link terkait : http://skripsi.umm.ac.id/files/disk1/249/jiptummpp-gdl-s1-2008-andiwidjay-12404-1.+PENDA-N.pdf


The present study investigates the hydro geochemical characteristics of groundwater quality in Gandarvakottai Taluk of the pudukottai district, Tamil Nadu, India. The Secondary data were collected from the CGWB office Chennai, tharamani during pre-and postmonsoon periods of 2010. The groundwater quality assessment has been carried out by evaluating the physicochemical Parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, HCO3-, Cl-, SO4, Ca2+, and Mg2+ for both the seasons. Based on these parameters, groundwater as been assessed in favour of its suitability for drinking and irrigation purpose. Dominant cations for Pre and Post the seasons are in the order of Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ >K, and Mg2+Na+ >Ca2+>K while the dominant anions both post monsoon and pre monsoon have the trends of HCO3 ->Cl- >CO3>Fl-, respectively. Analytical results observed from various indices reveal that the groundwater quality is good in some places recently polluted by the waste materials. The observed chemical variations in pre-monsoon and postmonsoon seasons may be the effect to rock-water interactions, ion-exchange reactions, and runoff of fertilizers from the surrounding agricultural lands.


The Routledge Handbook of Forensic Linguistics provides a unique work of reference to the leading ideas, debates, topics, approaches and methodologies in Forensic Linguistics. Forensic Linguistics is the study of language and the law, covering topics from legal language and courtroom discourse to plagiarism. It also concerns the applied (forensic) linguist who is involved in providing evidence, as an expert, for the defence and prosecution, in areas as diverse as blackmail, trademarks and warning labels. The Routledge Handbook of Forensic Linguistics includes a comprehensive introduction to the field written by the editors and a collection of thirty-seven original chapters written by the world's leading academics and professionals, both established and up-and-coming, designed to equip a new generation of students and researchers to carry out forensic linguistic research and analysis. The Routledge Handbook of Forensic Linguistics is the ideal resource for undergraduates or postgraduates new to the area.


The recognition of the key importance of economic stability after World War I sparked interest in business forecasting on both sides of the Atlantic. This article explores the creation and the rapid international and domestic dissemination of the Harvard Index of General Business Conditions in the early 1920s, which contemporaries celebrated as the first "scientific" approach to business forecasting. Drawing on multi-site archival research, the paper analyses the extension of the index by an information-exchange-based method in the 1920s and traces its influence on the survey-based forecasting approach employed by American companies in the 1930s. Engaging with the current debate on the temporal order of capitalism, the article argues that business forecasting was not only a means of stabilizing capitalism, but a factor and an indicator of a change in the dynamics of capitalism in the interwar period. JEL-Codes: B 00, B 10, B 20, B 41, N 01, N 40


Despite over 30 years of increasingly vigorous research it is still not possible to claim with acceptable certainty that there is an identifiable pattern of coronary prone behaviour nor to say with any confidence that the idea is misguided. The scientific process that leads from initial tentative findings through generation of a hypothesis, to rigorous and cumulative tests of that hypothesis has not happened. Instead there has been a rather erratic series of positive and negative studies, and the generation and modification of essentially rather similar hypotheses. As a result we are still in the position of claiming that there may be a pattern of behaviour that predicts CHD and that it is probable that hostility is involved. It is not clear why the idea is so persistent but it may well lie in the combination of a widely held lay belief that heart disease relates to stress and personality, with tantalizing positive findings occurring every few years. While there has been little increase in understanding of the role of behavioural factors in CHD as a result of this 30 years of endeavour there have been clinical benefits. It has clearly been shown that what are regarded as coronary prone behaviours can readily be modified and that their modification appears to confer some health benefits and no detectable health hazards.


We present a non-factorized variational method for full posterior inference in Bayesian hierarchical models, with the goal of capturing the posterior variable dependencies via efficient and possibly parallel computation. Our approach unifies the integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) under the variational framework. The proposed method is applicable in more challenging scenarios than typically assumed by INLA, such as Bayesian Lasso, which is characterized by the non-differentiability of the l1 norm arising from independent Laplace priors. We derive an upper bound for the Kullback-Leibler divergence, which yields a fast closed-form solution via decoupled optimization. Our method is a reliable analytic alternative to Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), and it results in a tighter evidence lower bound than that of mean-field variational Bayes (VB) method.


Objective: To examine the prevalence of dieting, reasons for dieting and prevalence of disordered eating among adolescent elite athletes and age-matched controls, and to examine the differences between athletes competing in leanness and non-leanness sports. Methods: First-year students of 16 different Norwegian Elite Sport High Schools (athlete group, n = 682) and two randomly selected ordinary high schools from a county representative of the general Norwegian population (control group, n = 423) were invited to participate in this cross-sectional study. A total of 606 athletes and 355 controls completed the questionnaire, giving a response rate of 89% and 84%, respectively. The questionnaire contained questions regarding training patterns, menstrual status and history, dieting, use of pathogenic weight control methods and the drive for thinness (DT) and body dissatisfaction (BD) subscales from the Eating Disorders Inventory. Main outcome measure: Disordered eating, defined as meeting one or more of the following criteria: DT score ⩾15 (girls) and ⩾10 (boys), BD score ⩾14 (girls) and ⩾10 (boys), body mass index <17.9 kg/m2 (girls) and <17.5 kg/m2 (boys), current and/or ⩾3 previous efforts to lose weight, use of pathogenic weight control methods and self-reported menstrual dysfunction. Results: A higher prevalence of control subjects were dieting and classified with disordered eating compared with the athletes. An improvement of appearance was a more common reason for dieting among controls compared with athletes. No differences in dieting or disordered eating were found between leanness and non-leanness sports athletes. Conclusions: Self-reported disordered eating is more prevalent among controls than adolescent elite athletes, and losing weight to enhance performance is an important reason for dieting among adolescent elite athletes.


Purpose: Clinical trials on adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT) using expanded tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) have shown response rates of over 50% in refractory melanoma. However, little is known how clinical and pathologic features impact TIL outgrowth isolated from metastatic melanoma tumors. Experimental Design: We analyzed the impact of clinical and pathologic features on initial TIL outgrowth in 226 consecutive patients undergoing tumor resection. Successful initial TIL outgrowth was defined as 40million viable lymphocytes harvested from all tumor fragments in a 5-week culture. To normalize for the different size of resected tumors and thus available tumor fragments, we divided the number of expanded TIL by the starting number of tumor fragments (TIL/fragment). Results: Overall, initial TIL outgrowth was successful in 62% of patients, with patients 30 years of age (94%; P 1⁄4 0.01) and female patients (71% vs. 57% for males; P 1⁄4 0.04) having the highest rate of success. Systemic therapy 30 days before tumor harvest negatively impacted initial TIL outgrowth compared to patients who never received systemic therapy (47% vs. 71%, P 1⁄4 0.02). Biochemotherapy within 0 to 60 days of tumor harvest negatively impacted the initial TIL outgrowth with a success rate of only 16% (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Parameters such as age, sex, and the type and timing of prior systemic therapy significantly affect the success rate of the initial TIL outgrowth from tumor fragments for ACT; these parameters may be helpful in selecting patients for melanoma ACT. Clin Cancer Res; 17(14); 4882–91. 2011 AACR.


Within the last decade, super-resolution methods that surpass the diffraction limit of light microscopy have provided invaluable insight into a variety of biological questions. Each of these approaches has inherent advantages and limitations, such that their combination is a powerful means to transform them into versatile tools for the life sciences. Here, we report the development of a combined SIM and STORM setup that maintains the optimal resolution of both methods and which is coupled to image registration to localize biological structures in 3D using multicolor labeling. We utilized this workflow to determine the localization of Bld12p/CrSAS-6 in purified basal bodies of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with utmost precision, demonstrating its usefulness for accurate molecular mapping in 3D.


The SOLDIERS' HOME (12 Dec. 1863-June 1866) grew out of the need to ease and facilitate the transportation of sick, wounded, or disabled soldiers during the CIVIL WAR. Homes, or "rests," as they were often called, were established in all major American cities along popular travel routes. All national army soldiers on furlough or honorable discharge could avail themselves of temporary lodging in the Soldiers' Homes as needed. The home in Cleveland was situated on the lakefront pier, at the Union Depot. This facilitated the movement of injured soldiers from trains to the home. Randall Crawford was chief architect of the local Soldiers' Home. He fashioned it much like one in Louisville, KY, with 2 wards at the south end of the building, which contained 25 beds. The rooms were well-ventilated and the walls brilliantly whitewashed and embellished with flags and patriotic regalia. The gas company donated all the gas to operate the lights, a significant contribution, as the home remained lighted for those entering at night. The water company allowed free use of its pipes, and a local doctor donated all of the beds and rope mattings. The Soldiers' Home aided 56,645 men and served over 112,000 meals. Eventually an employment agency grew from this facility, which assisted disabled soldiers. Another free service was the collection of bounty and pension claims for soldiers. See also WELFARE/RELIEF; PHILANTHROPY; HOSPITALS.


This paper studies the phonological properties of shitgibbons , a class of insulting English compounds made up of a monosyllabic obscenity followed by a trochaic innocuous noun. Our experimental data shows that in addition to these categorical prosodic requirements, there are gradient segmental requirements: native speakers judge shitgibbons as more wellformed when their two stressed vowels are identical (e.g. shit-whistle is better than fuck-whistle ), but matching word-initial consonants do not improve wellformedness. A corpus study of English compounds shows that both vowel identity and initial consonant identity are overrepresented in the lexicon. Our explanation for the mismatch between the lexicon and the experiment relies on a typological asymmetry: vowels interact across intervening consonants in many languages, but consonants do not selectively interact across other intervening consonants in this way, e.g. the two matching [f]'s in fuck-frisbee cannot be compelled to match while ignoring the intervening coda [k]. The analysis is implemented as a MaxEnt grammar, with a locality bias that prevents assigning weight to the constraint that demands initial consonant matching.


A student, Stuart, related perimeter to pixels and the professor, Beth, moved back and forth between reserved believing and reserved doubting and doubting teacher actions (Elbow, 1986; Harkness & Noblitt, 2017) while assessing the merit of his conjecture in the moment. Video allowed the researchers to rewatch the episode multiple times after the moment and to attempt to believe (Elbow, 1986; 2006), or find merit or strength, in Stuart's conjecture and then explore the mathematics that he suggested. Within this paper the researchers "restory" (Creswell, 2012) chronologically what transpired in the moment in the classroom, their later conversations, and their after-the-moment mathematical explorations of Stuart's conjecture. Video can, perhaps, allow teacher educators to help preservice teachers and classroom teachers notice and reflect on missed opportunities for believing. Video also has the potential to empower teachers to explore the mathematics suggested by students after the moment and then use what they learn in future lessons.


The use of bibliometrics (e.g. citation index and impact factors) in measuring academic research performances can affect the publication strategy of researchers. Such effects may be partic- ularly potent to young researchers who are at a transitional stage of their academic career. This paper explores how bibliometrics affect the publication strategy from a point of view of a post-doctoral fellow, with analogy and explanation from simple economic theories. A major objective of post- doctoral fellowship is preparation for an academic career, which includes building up publication records and academic reputation; both are related to bibliometrics and publications. The need to achieve these objectives in the relatively short time period of the fellowship is analogous to putting a high discount rate on the benefits from future publications and networking. This may affect the researcher's choice of focus and journal in which to publish. Specifically, ethnic minorities in the English-dominated science community may need to develop special publication strategies. My expe- riences of being a post-doc in the field of fisheries science are drawn upon for illustration. Excessive focus on building publication records may lead to over-bias towards choosing high-impact journals for publication, violation of publication ethics, and unbalanced development of writing skills. It is important for young scientists to recognize the multitude of objectives of our academic works and try to achieve a balanced portfolio of these objectives.


Commodity prices are formed by the interaction of global economic growth and costs of expanding supply of commodities. They tend to be high for long periods when global average growth rates are high, and low for long periods when growth rates are low, and to fluctuate around these averages as short term demand departs from expectations. The growth of advanced developing countries is especially influential in determining global demand for resources. Exceptional growth and resource intensity of China have been the main determinants of high energy and metals prices since about 2003. Short term cyclical factors have pushed energy and metal prices higher still, because markets did not anticipate the strength of Chinese demand and supply takes time to catch up. The high resource intensity of Chinese growth has been the result of high investment rates and rapid increases in urban population and the export share of production. Strong growth is likely to continue although at slowly receding rates, but growth will become less resource intensive, leading to moderation of global commodity prices. Strong growth in China and the world are at risk if effective policies are not adopted to break the nexus between economic growth and pressure on the environment.


At the time this manual was written (June 2011), the metabolic centre of the University of Zurich and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich is still under construction.
In its first stage it will be situated at a temporary location and it will consist of two large chambers for cattle, two medium chambers for sheep and goats and two small chambers for smaller animals (piglets etc; not discussed in detail in this manual). It is planned to enlarge the metabolic centre to four chambers per size. Facility air flow is about 910 m3/h and temperature ranges from 20 °C to 26 °C without humidity control. The chamber casings are constructed with insulated sandwich panels. Windows are inserted into the casing on each
side of the chamber. Chamber volume of the large and medium chambers is about 22.4 m3 and 9.2 m3, respectively. The chambers will be operated at a slight negative pressure (maximal 100 Pa below ambient pressure). Air flow through the chambers will be between 300–1000 L/min (large chamber) and 40–250 L/min (medium chamber). Each of the chambers forms an independent system with its own flow generator, air conditioning unit, animal welfare monitoring and data logging. The two large chambers share a common gas analysis and data acquisition system, so do the two medium chambers. From the flow generators a sub sample is directed to the analyser system by the means of a multiplexer at regular intervals. The duration of these intervals is not yet known. Concentration of water vapour, CO2, CH4 and O2 are measured with a four-gas analyser. Intervals of gas analyser calibration and recovery tests are not yet defined and will be set according to the dynamics of the chamber and the gas analysers. The large and medium chambers are planned to suit the needs of research animals and operators while enabling monitoring of CH4 emissions for a maximal time during
measurement.


Introduction: The intertrochanteric fractures of femur are commonly fixed using dynamic hip screw using a conventional open Dynamic Hip Screw (CDHS). This is associated with a long incision, blood loss, considerable soft tissue trauma and pain. All these problems can be avoided using minimally invasive Dynamic Hip Screw (MIDHS), which has a theoretical advantage of less blood loss, soft tissue trauma, and early rehabilitation. Thus, we conducted a prospective comparative study of the two techniques. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective comparative study conducted over a period of 2 years at Department of Orthopedics GMC Bhopal. Fifty patients in the age group of 50-80 years who presented with intertrochanteric femur fracture and fulfilled inclusion criteria were divided into two groups of 25 each for fixation by CDHS or MIDHS. Patients in both the groups were matched. The data analysis was performed using SPSS package. Results: The patients in minimally invasive group had shorter operative time (45 min vs. 75 min). The average postoperative blood loss in drain in conventional group was 150 ml whereas no drain was used in minimally invasive group. Postoperatively need for analgesic was significantly lower in minimally invasive group (P < 0.05). Duration of hospital stay was significantly less with minimally invasive technique. The duration of bony union was similar in both techniques. Conclusion: Our study concludes that the minimally invasive technique of fixation of Intertrochanteric femur fractures is superior in terms of less operating time and less duration of hospital stay.


This paper presents a model and tool for estimating the cost and benefits of various team structures in Command and Control (C2). The method combines task analysis and datadriven modeling as a means to deal with effective team design in military C2. A hierarchical task analysis (HTA) identified the set of subtasks associated with different components of a simulated C2 task. For each team structure considered, we performed a task-to-agent mapping based on the HTA results in order to identify interpersonal task dependencies and identify the activities associated with each agent (taskwork, teamwork and interaction with tools). A mathematical model is then developed to quantify the impact of each element of that mapping on individual workload. Furthermore, the model specifies the effects of workload on team effectiveness as a function of interpersonal dependencies. The calibration of the model is based on an empirical study that tests two team structures. We then describe a tool based on this model and test its potential to estimate the effectiveness of other team structures in order to identify the optimal team design for the simulated C2 task. Finally, future work for expanding this team design tool to different C2 domains is discussed.


Abstract Avian salmonellosis is a disease caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella that can cause three distinct diseases in birds: pullorum diseases, fowl typhoid, and paratyphoid infection. Various wildlife species are susceptible to infections by Salmonella, regardless of whether they live in captivity or freely in the wild. The present study verified the presence of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in three captive specimens of Amazona aestiva. The study involved a total of 103 birds undergoing rehabilitation to prepare for living in the wild, after having been captured from animal traffickers and delivered to the Centrofauna Project of the Floravida Institute in Sao Paulo, Brazil. This is the first report of Salmonella Enteritidis isolation in A. aestiva that originated from capture associated with animal trafficking; Salmonella was detected during the study by the serologic method of rapid serum agglutination on a plate with bacterial isolate. The antimicrobial profile exam of the isolated samples demonstrated sensitivity to ampicillin, cefaclor, ciprofloxacin, and cloranfenicol. The three samples also presented resistance to more than four antibiotics. The presence of the genes invA and spvC was verified by PCR technique and was associated with virulence and absence of class 1 integron, a gene related to antimicrobial resistance. The commercial antigen for pullorum disease was shown to be a useful tool for rapid detection in the screening of Salmonella of serogroup D1 in Psittaciformes. New studies on Salmonella carriage in birds involved in trafficking must be performed to better understand their participation in the epidemiologic cycle of salmonellosis in humans and other animals.


Introduction Every employed individual has a contract of employment, and the same applies to professional footballers. The majority of contracts are served out without any difficulty. This contribution considers the employment relationships which do in fact culminate in disputes between the employer (the club) and the employee (the professional footballer). As a general principle employees have a right to terminate their employment with an employer and employers have the right to terminate the employment of employees. But these rights come with responsibilities. Among the reasons for FIFA drawing up Regulations for the Status and Transfer of Players are to compel parties to respect the employment agreements they have signed. Because circumstances can always arise which make continuing an employment relationship impossible, the Regulations specify rules covering cases where employment contracts are terminated prematurely. In labour law in general, personality conflicts, general dissatisfaction with performance, petty issues or one incident of inappropriate behaviour or misconduct, are usually not serious enough to warrant dismissal for just cause. In football however such aspects can indeed be a reason for terminating the contract with just cause. According to the Regulations, on the basis of the documents provided by the parties the Dispute Resolution Chamber (DRC) must establish whether just cause for terminating an employment contract applies in any such situation. However just cause for dismissal is not defined in the Regulations. Over the years the DRC has handed down numerous rulings on the issue. In each case the DRC carefully investigates the facts and circumstances surrounding the employment contract breach by one of the parties. It investigates whether general conclusions can be derived from the DRC's jurisprudence in terms of the concept of 'just cause'. The high-profile decisions have not been selected from the substantial number of published rulings. The main fact that the parties covered by the published rulings are entirely anonymous means this is not possible. One cannot conclude from the judgements whether they involve players who enjoy global fame. A selection has been made from the judgements with a view to a better understanding of the 'just cause' concept. The rulings which pass muster have been grouped into central themes. This method has been used to discover whether the connotation of the concept of 'just cause' is related to a specific case, or whether it is in fact entirely insensitive to this. The main focus in this contribution is on the stipulations in the FIFA Regulations for the Status and Transfer of Players covering the termination of employment contracts with and without just cause. No further consideration is given to the consequences which the absence of just cause can have, given that this would involve its own comprehensive investigation. After dealing with the relevant stipulations in the Regulations, attention switches to the body which is tasked with establishing whether the reasons for termination are valid or not based on the Regulations: the FIFA Dispute Resolution Chamber (DRC). Thereafter, before moving to a description of a number of DRC judgements in instances of employment contracts being terminated with or without just cause, a few words are dedicated to the way in which parties are required to substantiate their contentions. But before tackling any of this, something should be said about the two versions of the Regulations for the Status and Transfer of Players, which applied for some considerable time, depending on the moment at which a claim was lodged with FIFA. 1. The FIFA Regulations for the Status and Transfer of Players of 2001 and 2004 Following the Bosman judgment (1) a new situation arose for both clubs and players at the end of an employment contract's term. The club then had no further influence on the player and could no longer--as was previously the case--require a transfer fee for the transfer of a player to a new club. …


In most of the applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), nodes operate in unattended environments and are, therefore, vulnerable to variety of attacks. Due to dynamic and unpredictable changing behavior of nodes, the reliable data delivery is a challenging task. For WSNs, the traditional cryptographic and authentication-based solutions cannot be adopted due to their associated cost and incapability to counter nodes misbehavior attacks. Recently, trust-based solutions have proved to be more effective to address nodes' misbehavior attacks. However, the existing solutions give rise to high energy consumption and control overheads in pursuit of trust estimation and network-wide dissemination, which not only adds to network congestion but also undermines network lifetime. In this paper, we present a trust and energy aware routing protocol (TERP) that makes use of a distributed trust model for the detection and isolation of misbehaving and faulty nodes. Moreover, TERP incorporates a composite routing function that encompasses trust, residual-energy, and hopcounts of neighbor nodes in making routing decisions. This multi-facet routing strategy helps to balance out energy consumption among trusted nodes, while routing data using shorter paths. The simulation results demonstrate reduced energy consumption, improved throughout and network lifetime of TERP when compared with the existing work.


ABSTRACT Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is caused by reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus and give the typical symptoms as heartburn. The prevalence of GERD was vary around the world. Prevalence of GERD by endoscopy in Jakarta was 22.8%. Limited data exist to determine the prevalence and related factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the population without alarm symptoms. Validated GERDq questionnaire can be used easily to diagnose GERD in primary health care. This study aims to know the prevalence of GERD and related factors. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in adult dyspepsia patients at General Hospital District of Cilincing from January to March 2016. A validated GERDq questionnaire and a single proportion sample size calculation were used.  Results: The prevalence of GERD was 49%, in elderly participants the prevalence was 44%. Of the 104 consecutive participants, 33.7% were male and 66.3% were female. The mean age was 47.6 ± 15.4 years old. The rate of GERD was higher in females than in males (53 vs. 40%, p = 0.189), increased as the age of the participants increased (p = 0.059) and also increased as the body mass index (BMI) of the participants increased (p > 0.05). GERD was present in 50% of active or former smokers (p > 0.05), 33.3% of daily coffee drinkers (p > 0.05), 56.2% of active or former alcohol consumers (p > 0.05), and 57.4% of daily tea drinkers (p = 0.049). Conclusion : The prevalence of GERD in dyspeptic patient was still high. There is a relation between GERD and tea consumption. Keywords: gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD), dyspepsia, GERDq questionnaire


Objective: To introduce researchers to a new qualitative method for longitudinally exploring the links between biological resilience and psychological resilience among adults having been confronted with the risk of death.
Methods: Biological resilience was assessed in three participants who were respectively resilient, non-resilient, and recovered, within two months following a traumatic event involving the risk of death, and then again after 10 months, 17 months, and 24 months. Various markers of diurnal cortisol, including CAR (cortisol awakening response), area under the curve (AUC), diurnal slope, peak, etc., were taken into account. Psychological resilience was approached via the absence of psychopathological symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and/or depression, measured at the same times using the Damiani-Fradin Traumaq Scale, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Questionnaire, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDIII). We hypothesized that psychological resilience is determined by the quality of the imaginary space and the mentalization process measured on the Rorschach test.
Results: For the resilient and recovered subjects, psychological resilience preceded biological resilience, whereas for the nonresilient subject, the time curves of the biological and psychological markers were altered from the beginning and remained so.
Conclusion: The present study underlines the interest to study simultaneously biological and psychological parameters in view of accounting for interrelations between neurobiological resilience and psychological resilience. Further researches, involving this innovative approach, are suggested.


The article presents some considerations about the first experiences of application of the new Code of Civil Procedure of Lithuania (during the period from 2002, when the mentioned law came into force, to 2004). The focus of attention is the reflection of novelties of the Code of Civil Procedure in the jurisprudence of Lithuanian courts. Specific attention is paid to the explanation and application of main procedural principles and principal provisions: principle of procedural concentration, cooperation, judicial obligation to provide information, obligation of parties to take care about the progress of proceedings, prohibition to misuse the procedural guarantees. The author tries to reveal the coincidence or discrepancy of the will of legislator, legal doctrine, and judicial practice when applying the provisions of the new Code of Civil Procedure in individual civil cases. Bearing in mind the importance of one of the novelties of the Code of Civil Procedure – default judgement, a bit more attention is given to the judicial application of norms, regulating the mentioned legal institution. The author concludes, that although Lithuanian courts have not succeeded to avoid different explanation and application of the norms of the new Code of Civil Procedure of Lithuania, the first experiences of application of this legal act also reveal numerous examples of "good judicial practice", especially made by the courts of higher instance. Specific contribution to the application of the new Code of Civil Procedure of Lithuania was made by the Supreme Court of Lithuania, for the meantime by the way of consultations, as longer period of time is necessary for the first cases to reach the cassation court. Positive phenomenon is that many examples of "good judicial practice" may be found among the rulings of the courts of appellate instance, namely the Court of Appeals of Lithuania. It is important bearing in mind the fact, that after the introduction of limited cassation and system of leaves for the cassation appeal, only the insignificant per cent of civil cases is heard by the Supreme Court of Lithuania.


OBJECTIVE Developing countries are undergoing an epidemiologic transition accompanied by increasing burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) linked to urbanization and lifestyle modifications. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of CVD risk factors whose extent in Kenya remains unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and factors associated with its occurrence among an urban population in Kenya. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a household cross-sectional survey comprising 539 adults (aged ≥18 years) living in Nairobi, drawn from 30 clusters across five socioeconomic classes. Measurements included waist circumference, HDL cholesterol, triacylglycerides (TAGs), fasting glucose, and blood pressure. RESULTS The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 34.6% and was higher in women than in men (40.2 vs. 29%; P < 0.001). The most frequently observed features were raised blood pressure, a higher waist circumference, and low HDL cholesterol (men: 96.2, 80.8, and 80%; women: 89.8, 97.2, and 96.3%, respectively), whereas raised fasting glucose and TAGs were observed less frequently (men: 26.9 and 63.3%; women: 26.9 and 30.6%, respectively). The main factors associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome were increasing age, socioeconomic status, and education. CONCLUSIONS Metabolic syndrome is prevalent in this urban population, especially among women, but the incidence of individual factors suggests that poor glycemic control is not the major contributor. Longitudinal studies are required to establish true causes of metabolic syndrome in Kenya. The Kenyan government needs to create awareness, develop prevention strategies, and strengthen the health care system to accommodate screening and management of CVDs.


A pump-probe experimental approach has been shown to be a very efficient tool for the observation and analysis of various laser matter interaction effects. In those setups, synchronized laser pulses are used to create an event (pump) and to simultaneously observe it (probe). In general, the physical effects that can be investigated with such an apparatus are restricted by the temporal resolution of the probe pulse and the observation window. The latter can be greatly extended by adjusting the pump-probe time delay under the assumption that the interaction process remains fairly reproducible. Unfortunately, this assumption becomes invalid in the case of high-repetition-rate ultrafast laser material processing, where the irradiation history strongly affects the ongoing interaction process. In this contribution, the authors present an extension of the pump-probe setup that allows to investigate transitional and dynamic effects present during ultrafast laser machining performed at high pulse repetition frequencies.


Real-time streaming applications typically require minimizing packet loss and transmission delay so as to keep the best possible playback quality. From this point of view, IP datagram losses (e.g. caused by a congested router, or caused by a short term fading problem with wireless transmissions) have major negative impacts. Although Application Layer Forward Error Correction (AL-FEC) is a useful technique for protecting against packet loss, the playback quality is largely sensitive to the AL-FEC code/codec features and the way they are used. In this work, we consider three FEC schemes for the erasure channel: 2D parity check codes, Reed-Solomon over GF(28) codes, and LDPC-Staircase codes, all of them being currently standardized within IETF. We have integrated these FEC schemes in the FECFRAME framework, a framework that is also being standardized at IETF, and whose goal is to integrate AL-FEC schemes in real-time protocol stacks in a simple and flexible way. Then we modified the Digital Video Transport System (DVTS) high-performance real-time video streaming application so that it can benefit from FECFRAME in order to recover from transmission impairments. We then carried out several performance evaluations in order to identify, for a given loss rate, the optimal configuration in which DVTS performs the best.


SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa introduttiva - 2. La Turkiye Cumhuriyeti tra eredita islamica e legittimazione internazionale - 3. La laicita dello Stato: il fondamento della nuova identita nazionale - 4. Le forze armate e la Corte costituzionale: i 'custodi' della laiklik - 5. La parabola dell'AKP: dall'impulso riformista alla recente involuzione autoritaria - 6. Le implicazioni giuridiche del fallito golpe del 2016. Secularism in the shadow of the minarets: the constitutional principle of secularism in modern and contemporary Turkey ABSTRACT: The present essay deals with the so-called 'laiklik', namely the Kemalist understanding of the constitutional principle of secularism implemented in the Turkish legal framework over the last century. The analysis takes as a starting point the establishment of the modern Republic of Turkey and focuses firstly on the staunch protection of secularism by its traditional 'guardians' (i.e. the army and the Constitutional Court). In particular, it is argued that the rhetoric of secularism has been exploited by the ruling elites with the aim to curb religious, cultural and political pluralism. Subsequently, the paper investigates the controversial policies adopted by the AKP - the moderate pro-Islamic party in power uninterruptedly since 2002 - and the rule of law crisis recently occurred in the country. In this regard, the author eventually seeks to assess the aftermath of the coup attempt failed in July 2016, by giving special attention to its short and long-term implications in the light of Turkish secularism.


Using a data set of science and engineering graduates from 12 European countries, we analyse the determinants of labour migration after graduation. We find that not only wage gains are driving the migration decision, but also differences in labour market opportunities, past migration experience and international student exchange are strong predictors of future migration. Contrary to our expectations, job characteristics such as the utilisation of skills in the job and involvement in innovation hardly affect the migration decision. When analysing country choice, countries such as the USA, Canada and Australia appear to attract migrants due to their larger R&D intensity. Moreover, graduates with higher grades are more likely to migrate to these countries.


Environmental sources of infection can play a primary role in shaping epidemiological dynamics, however the relative impact of environmental transmission on host-pathogen systems is rarely estimated. We developed and fit a spatially-explicit model of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in wild boar to estimate what proportion of carcass-based transmission is contributing to the low-level persistence of ASFV in Eastern European wild boar. Our model was developed based on ecological insight and data from field studies of ASFV and wild boar in Eastern Poland. We predicted that carcass-based transmission would play a substantial role in persistence, especially in low-density host populations where contact rates are low. By fitting the model to outbreak data using Approximate Bayesian Computation, we inferred that between 53 to 66% of transmission events were carcass-based – i.e., transmitted through contact of a live host with a contaminated carcass. Model fitting and sensitivity analyses showed that the frequency of carcass-based transmission increased with decreasing host density, suggesting that management policies should emphasize the removal of carcasses and consider how reductions in host densities may drive carcass-based transmission. Sensitivity analyses also demonstrated that carcass-based transmission is necessary for the autonomous persistence of ASFV under realistic parameters. Autonomous persistence through direct transmission alone required high host densities; otherwise re-introduction of virus periodically was required for persistence when direct transmission probabilities were moderately high. We quantify the relative role of different persistence mechanisms for a low-prevalence disease using readily collected ecological data and viral surveillance data. Understanding how the frequency of different transmission mechanisms vary across host densities can help identify optimal management strategies across changing ecological conditions.


This book teaches the principles of soil mechanics to undergraduates, along with other properties of engineering materials, to which the students are exposed simultaneously. Using the critical state method of soil mechanics to study the mechanical behavior of soils requires the student to consider density alongside effective stresses, permitting the unification of deformation and strength characteristics. This unification aids the understanding of soil mechanics. This book explores a one-dimensional theme for the presentation of many of the key concepts of soil mechanics - density, stress, stiffness, strength, and fluid flow - and includes a chapter on the analysis of one-dimensional consolidation, which fits nicely with the theme of the book. It also presents some theoretical analyses of soil-structure interaction, which can be analyzed using essentially one-dimensional governing equations. Examples are given at the end of most chapters, and suggestions for laboratory exercises or demonstrations are given.


This paper addresses the possible emergence of global consciousness. It explores some of the history and origins of global brain, global mind, and global consciousness concepts. It uses an integral, Wilberian analysis to detail the forces converging toward global consciousness and those forces resistant to it. The essay also suggests that global mind and brain concepts are overlapping and related structures that are somehow tied not only to human consciousness (a la Wilber), but also to the emergence of planetary consciousness. The paper concludes with a call for an integral, Gaian perspective that incorporates co-evolutionary principles and a balance between inner and outer growth.


A full interpretation of capitation taxes in their historical context is here used as the key to a fresh understanding of the nature and practice of apportioned direct taxation under the Constitution. Contrary to common misconceptions, it appears that none of the key elements of the Federal powers of direct taxation – capitations, other direct taxes, and apportionment – are of uncertain meaning, or no longer of any relevance because of the abolition of slavery. Evidence for these conclusions is drawn from historical studies of taxation, records of the Constitutional Convention, Federal and state tax statutes of the period, contemporaneous economic and reference works, and from legal arguments presented in Hylton v. United States (1796). The decision in Hylton is analyzed on the basis of new documentary evidence, and found wanting – especially in the matter of the oft-repeated dicta of its Justices. Some recent discussions of direct taxation are critiqued from the vantage point of recognizing both Hylton's misconstruals and the historical contexts of state taxation within which the provisions governing Federal taxation emerged. A clarification of the implicit criteria of indirect taxation is derived from Adam Smith's demonstrable influence on the Founders. It is then combined with a documented tripartite definition of capitation to critique recent tax proposals, as well as the controversial individual mandate penalty of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010. The body of the investigation is presented in four Parts, while the Introduction and Epilogue focus on the contemporary relevance of its insights.


This work presents
 new results regarding the behavior of some non-Newtonian fluids into
 different circumstances. After some preliminaries regarding
 constitutive equations, motion equations and integral transforms,
 new exact solutions for the velocity field and the shear stress
 corresponding to some flows with technical relevance have been
 established for ordinary second grade, Oldroyd-B fluids and
 generalized Maxwell fluids. Just as in the case of Navier-Stokes
 fluids, it is necessary to develop a large class of exact and
 approximate solutions, they serving as tests to verify numerical
 schemes that are developed to study complex unsteady flow problems.
 In chapter 2, by means of the Laplace transform, there are
 established new exact solutions corresponding to the first problem
 of Stokes for Oldroyd-B fluids. These solutions, in accordance with
 the previous results obtained using Fourier sine transform, can be
 easily specialized to give similar solutions for Maxwell fluids. The
 main aim of chapter 3 was to solve a very important problem, namely
 to determine the required time to reach the steady-state for the
 second problem of Stokes corresponding to second grade fluids. In
 addition to solve this problem we also found new exact solutions for
 this problem. Our solutions, unlike the solutions obtained by
 Erdogan for Newtonian fluids, are written as a sum between steady
 state and transient solutions.
 Chapter 4 contains exact solutions for the unsteady flow of an
 Oldroyd-B fluid between two side walls perpendicular to a plate. In
 the absence of side walls the obtained solutions tend to the similar
 solutions for the flow over a flat plate (the first problem of
 Stokes). The influence of the pertinent parameters on the velocity
 of the fluid at the middle of the channel as well as on the shear
 stress on the bottom is underlined by graphical illustrations. In
 chapter 5, by means of Laplace and Hankel transforms, we obtained
 the solutions for unsteady flow of a generalized Maxwell fluid
 between two circular cylinders. These solutions, presented as a sum
 of the Newtonian solutions and the non-Newtonian contributions, can
 be easily specialized to give the similar solutions for ordinary
 Maxwell fluids. Finally, the influence of the pertinent parameters
 on the velocity of the fluid are also underlined by graphical
 illustrations.


Brand storytelling is an evolving branding technique which involves continuous narratives about the brand through publishing and sharing useful brand-related content with consumers. Publishing content no longer includes publishing in traditional print media only, but also via electronic and social media in various media formats and on different platforms. In doing so, marketers endeavour to engage with consumers by creating consumer experiences through brand-related content. Non-media organisations have thus also become publishers of their brands although there are no clear-cut guidelines but numerous perspectives on how to communicate brand content by means of storytelling. This study explores, identifies and explains types of consumer experience which were evident on the Coca-Cola Journey corporate website, one of the world's leading brands at the time of the study. A theoretical perspective is adopted that borrows from and is also adapted from both media management and marketing communication. Brand storytelling is theoretically delineated and then applied to the proposed types of consumer experience which could be created through content for media organisations, as put forward by Peck and Malthouse (2011). The content on the Coca-Cola website is narrowed down for analysis and then explained using this perspective. The findings offer insight into the type of brand stories that marketers could consider when drafting content marketing strategies for nonmedia organisations.


Introduction The French Alzheimer plan, states that one of its principle orientations is the implementation of 'Homes for Integration and Autonomy for Alzheimer patients'. Alzheimer disease is taken as a model to implement integration for all persons in complex situation (handicap…). Method Seventeen experimental sites were selected in January 2009 for the first two years. They were selected by policy-makers taking into account the readiness of the local policy-makers to implement the program, the diversity of sizes of sites, the diversity of the experimentation leaders' organizational link (public administrations, not for profit organizations, private organizations) and the diversity of societal structure (rural, urban and mega-urban). The experimental sites were analyzed considering six components of integration: coordination boards, unique point of access, case-management, standardized assessment tool, individualized services plan and information system. A complete and computerized tool was specifically developed for the organizational diagnosis. Results During the session, results will be exposed. These results will give a contrasted image of the French system for persons in complex situation. The tool will be also exposed and the receptivity will be discussed. Conclusion The French Alzheimer plan gives a unique opportunity to have a portrait of the French system in regard of integration challenges.


The mandate by the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 to increase renewable fuel production in the USA has resulted in extensive research into the sustainability of perennial bioenergy crops such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and miscanthus (Miscanthus× giganteus). Perennial grassland crops have been shown to support greater aboveground biodiversity and ecosystem function than annual crops. However, management considerations, such as what crop to plant or whether to use fertilizer, may alter belowground diversity and ecosystem functioning associated with these grasslands as well. In this study, we compared crop type (switchgrass or miscanthus) and nitrogen fertilization effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) and soil nematode abundance, activity, and diversity in a long‐term experiment. We quantified AMF root colonization, AMF extra‐radical hyphal length, soil glomalin concentrations, AMF richness and diversity, plant‐parasitic nematode abundance, and nematode family richness and diversity in each treatment. Mycorrhizal activity and diversity were higher with switchgrass than with miscanthus, leading to higher potential soil carbon contributions via increased hyphal growth and glomalin production. Plant‐parasitic nematode (PPN) abundance was 2.3 × higher in miscanthus plots compared to switchgrass, mostly due to increases in dagger nematodes (Xiphinema). The higher PPN abundance in miscanthus may be a consequence of lower AMF in this species, as AMF can provide protection against PPN through a variety of mechanisms. Nitrogen fertilization had minor negative effects on AMF and nematode diversity associated with these crops. Overall, we found that crop type and fertilizer application associated with perennial bioenergy cropping systems can have detectable effects on the diversity and composition of soil communities, which may have important consequences for the ecosystem services provided by these systems.


We report on the experimental observation of the instability of a plasma shell, which formed during the expansion of a laser-ablated plasma into a rarefied ambient medium. By means of a proton radiography technique, the evolution of the instability is temporally and spatially resolved on a timescale much shorter than the hydrodynamic one. The density of the thin shell exceeds that of the surrounding plasma, which lets electrons diffuse outward. An ambipolar electric field grows on both sides of the thin shell that is antiparallel to the density gradient. Ripples in the thin shell result in a spatially varying balance between the thermal pressure force mediated by this field and the ram pressure force that is exerted on it by the inflowing plasma. This mismatch amplifies the ripples by the same mechanism that drives the hydrodynamic nonlinear thin-shell instability (NTSI). Our results thus constitute the first experimental verification that the NTSI can develop in colliding flows.


This paper discusses practical and methodological issues arising from a case study exploring the hopes, aspirations and learning identities of three groups of students undertaking low-level broad vocational programmes in two English general further education colleges. Working within a social justice theoretical framework the paper outlines the participative approach which was adopted as part of the research process from the initial development of interview questions to the early data analysis. It explores the advantages and limitations of the approach in the context of the broader methodology and the social justice theoretical framework arguing that, despite the intention to collaborate with the participants, the ultimate control over the study was vested in the researcher, raising questions around the nature and extent of empowerment through the medium of research. The paper draws two key conclusions. In social justice terms, the young people's contribution was limited by their lack of previous experience of any type of research and, to some extent, by difficulty with the written word. Despite this, the participative approach was effective in demonstrating value and respect for the young participants and provided an opportunity for them to make their voices heard from beyond the model of disadvantage and disengagement in which government policy seeks to confine them. Further, in purely methodological terms, the approach provided insights which could not have been obtained by 'researching on', suggesting that it provides a useful means of exploring the lives and identities of marginalised youth.


John Milton, Anglus, nobile Inglese, Londinensis - this is how Milton's Italian friends and acquaintances refer to him in complimentary poems and epigrams, many of which Milton printed in the Testimonia prefatory to the Poemata, the Latin volume of the book of Poems published in 1645. Indeed in the tributes themselves it was the Englishness of the polyglot traveler as well as his learning and eloquence that these men of Italy thought noteworthy to call attention to. In his couplet to Milton Giovanni Battista Manso could not refrain from calling up the pun that Pope Gregory had first made on Anglus and Angelus: Other comments on Milton's Englishness occur in the epigrams and the ode that follow. The Roman poet Giovanni Salzilli places Milton in an English landscape, declaring that the Thames itself would proclaim Milton triumphant over the rival Italian rivers, Mincius and Sebethos, and the rival poets, Vergil and Tasso, associated with them. Thereby he alludes not only to Milton's future as an epic poet, but also to the peculiar Englishness of his future poetry. Another of the Roman encomiasts, Selvaggi, also declares that England boasts of Milton, as Greece and Rome had of Homer and Vergil: "Grxcia Mxonidem, jactet sibi Roma Maronem, /Anglia Miltonum jactat utrique parem. " However, it is the Florentine Antonio Francini in his long Italian ode who makes Milton's Englishness the key to his eminence as man and poet. England, he proclaims, a land separated from the rest of the world by the ocean, most knows how to produce heroes, and Milton is pre-eminent among them for the virtue that he has brought from his native sky to the realms of France and Italy. Learned though he is in the idioms of Spain, France, Italy, Greece, and Rome, he has by his own virtue raised English into their company. By him the Thames becomes the rival of the Arno and is lifted even higher than the poetic river, the Greek Permessus. These extravagant tributes tell us that not only did Milton make himself at home among his Italian hosts, but that he singled himself out as a poet who was particularly representative of his country. The poetry that Milton brought to Italy that impressed his Italian hosts was, of course, the Latin verse that later was to follow the Testimonia in the Poemata of the 1645 volume: the elegies and epigrams of the Elegiarum Liber and the miscellaneous verse of the Sylvarum Liber. We do not know exactly which Latin poems he read at the meetings of the academies of Florence and other Italian cities that he visited. However, it was his skill as a Latin poet that impressed his Italian acquaintances and made them compare him to Homer, Vergil, and Tasso. Little of Milton's Latin verse would today suggest the future epic poet that Milton would become, and still less would seem to warrant comparison with the classical poets Homer and Vergil or the modern Italian poet Tasso. Thus we may take these effusive compliments, which, as Milton himself explains in the prefatory note to the Testimonia, as reflecting not so much his own virtues, but his friends' generosity, However, what remains striking in the Testimonia is the degree to which his Italian friends attribute Milton's genius to his Englishness. After his return to England Milton kept in contact with his Italian friends, and years later in Defensio Secunda he records his memories of the Italian journey and expresses the fondest of regards for the men of that country who had received him into their academies and paid tribute to him as Johannes Miltonus, Anglus.2 It is not surprising, of course, to find in those Latin poems composed in Italy and upon his return to England that Milton should advertise his own Englishness since assuredly he had been making himself known as an Englishman among Italians. But we find even in the earlier Latin elegies, and it may be partly that which his Italian friends were reacting to, that Milton adopts a certain stance as an Englishman, speaking of his own identity as a Londoner and of his loyal relationship to his native land. …


Increasing concerns about disparate effects of AI have motivated a great deal of work on fair machine learning. Existing works mainly focus on independence- and separation-based measures (e.g., demographic parity, equality of opportunity, equalized odds), while sufficiency-based measures such as predictive parity are much less studied. This paper considers predictive parity, which requires equalizing the probability of success given a positive prediction among different protected groups. We prove that, if the overall performances of different groups vary only moderately, all fair Bayes-optimal classifiers under predictive parity are group-wise thresholding rules. Perhaps surprisingly, this may not hold if group performance levels vary widely; in this case we find that predictive parity among protected groups may lead to within-group unfairness. We then propose an algorithm we call FairBayes-DPP, aiming to ensure predictive parity when our condition is satisfied. FairBayes-DPP is an adaptive thresholding algorithm that aims to achieve predictive parity, while also seeking to maximize test accuracy. We provide supporting experiments conducted on synthetic and empirical data.


Rhodation of trimethylene-bridged diimidazolium salts induces the intramolecular activation of an alkane-type C-H bond and yields mono- and dimetallic complexes containing a formally monoanionic C,C,C-tridentate dicarbene ligand bound to each rhodium centre. Mechanistic investigation of the C(alkyl)-H bond activation revealed a significant rate enhancement when the carbene ligands are bound to the rhodium centre via C4 (instantaneous activation) as compared to C2-bound carbene homologues (activation incomplete after 2 days). The slow C-H activation in normal C2-bound carbene complexes allowed intermediates to be isolated and suggests a critical role of acetate in mediating the bond activation process. Computational modelling supported by spectroscopic analyses indicate that halide dissociation as well as formation of the agostic intermediate is substantially favoured with C4-bound carbenes. It is these processes that discriminate the C4- and C2-bound systems rather than the subsequent C-H bond activation, where the computed barriers are very similar in each case. The tridentate dicarbene ligand undergoes selective H/D exchange at the C5 position of the C4-bound carbene exclusively. A mechanism has been proposed for this process, which is based on the electronic separation of the abnormal carbene ligand into a cationic N-C-N amidinium unit and a metalla-allyl type M-C-C fragment.


The general tectonic framework of Egypt can be described in simple terms as comprising three units that have controlled the sedimentological history and the structural make up of the country; These are the Arabian-Nubian massif, the stable shelf and the unstable shelf. The stable shelf covers a large part of Egypt surrounding the Arabo-Nubian massif. It reflects relative tectonic stability towards the south. Much of northern Egypt belongs to the unstable shelf that suffered intense rock deformations. Four fault systems oriented at : 55°, 70°, 80° and 150° represent major transcontinental and regional fracture zones. These originated during different Proterozoic episodes of crustal deformation. Phanerozoic intraplate deformation and related processes of erosion and sedimentation were generally controlled by structural trends which were frequently reactivated along existing fault systems. During the Paleozoic, the 150° fault trend dominated the paleogeographic situation. Magmatic and tectonic activity in Egypt at the end of the Paleozoic continued into the Triassic. Over a kilometer of Nubia Sandstone strata were deposited in southern Egypt from Jurassic to Late Cretaceous or Early Cenozoic. Tectonic and magmatic activity increased again towards the end of the Cretaceous Period. The Cretaceous tectonics were so severe that in many parts of Egypt they account for the present day geomorphology. ENE to E-W master wrench faults control the Cretaceous-related structures all over the country. In the central and southern parts of Egypt the sedimentary units of the Jurassic-Nubian interval are capped by younger formations. The base of the Nubia Sandstone forms swell-like uplifts separated by troughs. Restricted tectonic basins are now characterized by a thick accumulation of Mesozoic— Cenozoic sediments. Old fractures inherited from the basement were used after vertical propagation as shear zones along which the whole sedimentary cover would deform. Geological observations made in southern Egypt support the tectonic origin of the Nile Valley. The most complicated area in the Egyptian course of the Nile is the Qena bend, believed to be the result of rejuvenation of the NE fault system superimposed on NW and N-S trends.


Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare acute widespread demyelinating condition affecting brain and spinal cord. It is characterized by multiple white matter lesions present on neuroimaging studies. The clinical manifestations vary widely and usually include a combination of neurological and psychiatric symptoms, however a predominantly psychiatric presentation is possible. 3 Bipolar disorder is an affective disorder (BPAD) characterized by distinctive episodes of depression and mania with or without psychotic symptoms and full interepisode recovery. We report a case of a woman with history of bipolar disorder who developed ADEM which presented clinically very similarly to a manic episode initially indistinguishable from her pre-existing psychiatric condition. A 31 year old woman with bipolar disorder was admitted with a relapse of manic symptoms. On admission, her physical examination, baseline blood tests and urine drug screen were unremarkable. She was recommenced on lithium and quetiapine but continued to present as elevated, highly labile and irritable despite restarting her usual treatment. After five weeks she achieved only partial resolution of symptoms, in contrast to her previous manic episodes that had resolved within a few weeks. Her medication was gradually changed to sodium valproate and risperidone, to which she developed severe extrapyramidal side effects. Risperidone was thus changed to olanzapine. Her mental state continued to fluctuate with evidence of disorientation, confusion and fluctuating attentiveness. A full neurological exam found no specific abnormalities other than parkinsonian signs. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome was considered but excluded due to normal serum creatine kinase, absence of pyrexia and autonomic instability. Her white cell count was mildly elevated with neutrophilia, but no infective focus was detected. Electroencephalogram was normal. Upon further questioning of family members history of an observed seizure prior to initial admission was obtained. An urgent magnetic resonance image (MRI) of her brain was arranged showing multiple areas of increased signal intensity on T2/FLAIR images in periventricular, subcortical, and brainstem regions bilaterally with no enhancement post-gadolinium. The patient was transferred urgently to the neurology ward. A lumbar puncture was conducted which found no abnormalities. Oligoclonal bands were positive in cerebrospinal fluid only. Serology testing and autoimmune markers were negative. A diagnosis of ADEM was made. The patient was commenced on IV Ceftriaxone and Methylprednisolone. Her delirium resolved but she continued to have residual mood and psychotic symptoms that took several weeks to improve. Her follow up brain MRI scan performed two months after the symptoms onset was unchanged. She was discharged home with a scheduled follow up appointment in the neurology outpatient clinic. Our patient developed ADEM that was initially diagnosed and treated as a relapse of bipolar disorder. ADEM can mimic various psychiatric disorders making its diagnosis in psychiatric patients extremely difficult. This case highlights the importance of taking a detailed neurological and medical history in every patient presenting with psychiatric symptoms. It additionally emphasizes the significance of recognizing atypical clinical features, such as poor response to usual treatment, increased sensitivity to medication side effects, changeable presentation and onset of delirium indicating organic rather than purely psychiatric aetiology. Denise Cupina Brooke Short


Abstract. This paper presents the new photometer CE318-T, able to perform daytime and night-time photometric measurements using the sun and the moon as light source. Therefore, this new device permits a complete cycle of diurnal aerosol and water vapour measurements valuable to enhance atmospheric monitoring to be extracted. In this study we have found significantly higher precision of triplets when comparing the CE318-T master instrument and the Cimel AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) master (CE318-AERONET) triplets as a result of the new CE318-T tracking system. Regarding the instrument calibration, two new methodologies to transfer the calibration from a reference instrument using only daytime measurements (Sun Ratio and Sun-Moon gain factor techniques) are presented and discussed. These methods allow the reduction of the previous complexities inherent to nocturnal calibration. A quantitative estimation of CE318-T AOD uncertainty by means of error propagation theory during daytime revealed AOD uncertainties (uDAOD) for Langley-calibrated instruments similar to the expected values for other reference instruments (0.002–0.009). We have also found uDAOD values similar to the values reported in sun photometry for field instruments ( ∼  0.015). In the case of the night-time period, the CE318-T-estimated standard combined uncertainty (uNAOD) is dependent not only on the calibration technique but also on illumination conditions and the instrumental noise. These values range from 0.011–0.018 for Lunar Langley-calibrated instruments to 0.012–0.021 for instruments calibrated using the Sun Ratio technique. In the case of moon-calibrated instruments using the Sun-Moon gain factor method and sun-calibrated using the Langley technique, we found uNAOD ranging from 0.016 to 0.017 (up to 0.019 in 440 nm channel), not dependent on any lunar irradiance model. A subsequent performance evaluation including CE318-T and collocated measurements from independent reference instruments has served to assess the CE318-T performance as well as to confirm its estimated uncertainty. Daytime AOD evaluation, performed at Izana station from March to June 2014, encompassed measurements from a reference CE318-T, a CE318-AERONET master instrument, a Precision Filter Radiometer (PFR) and a Precision Spectroradiometer (PSR) prototype, reporting low AOD discrepancies between the four instruments (up to 0.006). The nocturnal AOD evaluation was performed using CE318-T- and star-photometer-collocated measurements and also by means of a day/night coherence transition test using the CE318-T master instrument and the CE318 daytime data from the CE318-AERONET master instrument. Results showed low discrepancies with the star photometer at 870 and 500 nm channels ( ≤  0.013) and differences with AERONET daytime data (1 h after and before sunset and sunrise) in agreement with the estimated uNAOD values at all illumination conditions in the case of channels within the visible spectral range, and only for high moon's illumination conditions in the case of near-infrared channels. Precipitable water vapour (PWV) validation showed a good agreement between CE318-T and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) PWV values for all illumination conditions, within the expected precision for sun photometry. Finally, two case studies have been included to highlight the ability of the new CE318-T to capture the diurnal cycle of aerosols and water vapour as well as short-term atmospheric variations, critical for climate studies.


A homologous series of [2]rotaxanes, in which cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (CBPQT(4+)) serves as the ring component, while the dumbbell components all contain single 4,4'-bipyridinium (BIPY(2+)) units centrally located in the midst of oligomethylene chains of varying lengths, have been synthesized by taking advantage of radical templation and copper-free azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions in the formation of their stoppers. Cyclic voltammetry, UV/vis spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry reveal that the BIPY(•+) radical cations in this series of [2]rotaxanes are stabilized against oxidation, both electrochemically and by atmospheric oxygen. The enforced proximity between the BIPY(2+) units in the ring and dumbbell components gives rise to enhanced Coulombic repulsion, destabilizing the ground-state co-conformations of the fully oxidized forms of these [2]rotaxanes. The smallest [2]rotaxane, with only three methylene groups on each side of its dumbbell component, is found to exist under ambient conditions in a monoradical state, a situation which does not persist in acetonitrile solution, at least in the case of its longer analogues. (1)H NMR spectroscopy reveals that the activation energy barriers to the shuttling of the CBPQT(4+) rings over the BIPY(2+) units in the dumbbells increase linearly with increasing oligomethylene chain lengths across the series of [2]rotaxanes. These findings provide a new way of producing highly stabilized BIPY(•+) radical cations and open up more opportunities to use stable organic radicals as building blocks for the construction of paramagnetic materials and conductive molecular electronic devices.


Achalasia is a primary motor disease of the esophagus. It is rare in the pediatric population; fewer than 5% of patients are below 15 years of age. Progressive dysphagia is the most common presentation in adults. The clinical presentation in children does differ from adults. The various clinical features are nocturnal cough, recurrent pneumonia, vomiting, and feeding difficulties. The symptoms of achalasia may mimic gastroesophageal reflux disease in children. We report a 4-year-old boy presented with increasing difficulty in swallowing. Esophagram showed a smooth narrowing of the distal end and dilated esophagus. High-resolution manometry (HRM) had confirmed the diagnosis by fulfilling the criteria for achalasia Type 2. HRM has high sensitivity than conventional and may predict prognosis. He underwent Heller's myotomy with an anti-reflux procedure. The patient was asymptomatic after curative surgery. We report a rare case of achalasia in a 4-year-old boy confirmed by novel diagnostic technique HRM; hence, pediatric data of HRM are limited.


This article introduces a framework based on a real-option approach to assess the economics of delaying the introduction of genetically modified (GM) technologies in agriculture due to concerns about their unintended effects (unexpected environmental side effects). We applied our framework to analyze the consequences of delaying the introduction of Golden Rice, GM corn in much of the world, and GM wheat and rice globally. In the case of Golden Rice, we found that delay of more than 10 years of introduction of the technology may result in several millions of eyesights lost. The damage of the technology must be greater than between $2.7 and $29 billion of discounted net benefits expected to be gained from the technology under various assumptions. The analysis also suggests that restriction of the adoption of GM in corn, rice, and wheat is justified if the net present value of the damage is above $300 billion to $1.22 trillion, depending on assumptions about impacts and interest rate. Finally, the value of information gained in this year must be at least between $27 and $82 billion to justify the one-year delay in the introduction of GMOs. The analysis shows that precaution is very costly.


A single industry town and an important munitions centre, Barrow-in-Furness experienced the full force of industrial mobilisation, government intervention, and mass unemployment in the years between 1914 and 1926. In analysing the responses to these events, the thesis will give insights into their impact on a town dependent on industries stimulated by war and crippled in the post-war economic climate.

The study comprises of two interrelated components. The first section establishes the socio-economic context at the outbreak of the war and examines the influence of war and depression on the occupational and social structure of the town, together with health trends and housing conditions. In doing so, the thesis will analyse the dual effects of higher wartime earnings and long term mass unemployment on popular health, and the role of housing reform in maintaining social stability.

Having established the context in which ideology and social attitudes developed, the second section will interpret the impact of war and depression in terms of the pressures placed on industry, the local authority and the wider population. This section will address three key themes, beginning with an examination of the divisive impact of leftwing ideology on the Labour Party, political allegiances and the composition of local authority bodies. Moving on, the study will assess the implications of these developments for local authority policy and the material well-being of the unemployed, giving particular attention to the distinctive response of Barrow's Board of Guardians and the application of the Poor Law. Thirdly the thesis examines the strategies adopted by the wider community to meet the demands of the depression, beginning with key local organisations, but focussing closely on methods of working class self-sufficiency.

The thesis will conclude by addressing three important questions which emerge from this study. Firstly, drawing the various themes together, the thesis will analyse the impact of war and depression on social perceptions and levels of social antagonism. In demonstrating that to focus on workplace militancy and 'class conflict' is to miss the thrust of local developments, the thesis will argue that the tensions, hardships and uncertainties of the period stimulated social cohesion rather than class conflict. Secondly, the thesis will examine the nature of the communal identity that emerged during these years, and finally, will determine whether Barrow, as a result of the town's distinctive response to the post-war crisis, can be included among the 'Little Moscows'of the period.

By examining these salient themes, the thesis provides fresh insights into the nature of social relationships and levels of class antagonism throughout the period, and makes a valuable contribution to the understanding of the impact of war and depression, and the social dynamics of distress.


The gender gap in political ambition is an important explanation for the absence of women in legislative assemblies. However, previous research on this matter is limited by two facts: it is conducted mostly in the United States and does not pay much attention to cultural and institutional factors. In this article, we test the extent to which established mechanisms behind female politicians' career ambitions—such as differentiated political socialization and family support for men and women—are related to gender inequality among parliamentarians. We also draw attention to other lesser-known aspects, such as political culture and gender policies. To do so, we compare Spain and Sweden, two countries with a relatively high number of female members of parliament (MPs) but different cultures and gender policies. We make use of two representative surveys on Swedish and Spanish MPs. The results show that female MPs in Spain have to sacrifice their family life more than Spanish males and Swedish MPs regardless of sex. In addition, Spanish female MPs' long-term political ambitions are more dependent on family support. Female MPs' ambition in Sweden, in turn, is highly influenced by a politicized upbringing.


After the success of Ikebana Today (9789058562081) and Contemporary Ikebana (9789058562692), 'Ikebana Through all Seasons' completes the trilogy dedicated to this ancient art form. 'Ikebana Through all Seasons' goes back to the very heart of Ikebana and focuses on the diversity of the arrangements through the seasons. Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter give rise to a great variety of Ikebana expressions. The book illustrates the essence of Ikebana: its seasonal diversity, the growth process of the plants and the interaction between the arrangement and its natural surroundings. For the compilation of this book and the selection of works, an international team of Ikebana specialists, representing all major Ikebana schools, worked together to create an invaluable source of inspiration, not only for Ikebana aficionados, but got anyone with a passion for floral beauty.


The single‐scattering properties of small ice crystals containing four types of spherical inclusions, ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4, ammonium nitrate NH3NO3, air bubbles, and soot, are investigated at 0.65 and 2.13 µm. Small, randomly oriented hexagonal ice columns with spherical inclusions that are randomly distributed with standard gamma size distributions in the columns are considered in the present study. Ice crystals with inclusions of (NH4)2SO4 and NH3NO3 essentially have the same features due to their similar refractive indices. Nonzero scattering matrix elements are sensitive to inclusion type and amount, and show differences between 0.65 and 2.13 µm. The extinction efficiency Qe of small ice crystals at 0.65 µm is near 2.0 and essentially unaffected by variations in inclusion volume, in contrast to strong influences of inclusion amount on Qe at 2.13 µm. The single‐scattering albedo ϖ0 of ice crystals, nearly equal to 1.0, is not affected by inclusions of (NH4)2SO4, NH3NO3, and air bubbles. Soot inclusions strongly affect ϖ0, which decreases to about 0.5 with increasing soot amounts. The asymmetry factor g is substantially affected by (NH4)2SO4, NH3NO3, and soot and the variations in their amounts. Full Stokes parameters of cirrus clouds consisting of uniform hexagonal ice columns with inclusions are computed using a polarized radiative transfer model. Sensitivities of light intensity and polarization of cirrus clouds to types and amounts of inclusions and cirrus cloud optical thicknesses are found to depend on wavelength. The present results suggest that different types of inclusions for small ice crystals should be considered when developing realistic ice crystal optical properties, and that light intensity and polarization of cirrus clouds and their angular distribution features, in the absence of other effects such as cavities and surface roughness, imply the potential for identifying pure ice crystals from those with aerosol inclusions.


This thesis examines representations of masculinity in post-2000 Hollywood film and critically reports what these films reveal about the current crisis of masculinity. The major domains for this analysis are representations of the body, technology and violence as they relate to masculinity. These representations are considered using social and psychological theories, as well as film and gender studies to make the findings relevant on a psychosocial level. This thesis explores a lack of intimacy between men and others, seen as a failure to secure satisfaction through traditional ideals of masculinity. This study also considers the commodification of the body which creates a malaise that fails to solve related issues of personal happiness and social relations. Further analysis reveals representations that suggest technology steps in to provide a 21st century solution to a lack of intimacy, failing to recuperate the loss in personal relations. Lastly, violence is represented as another failed masculine solution. The focus is on the consequences of the violence, rather than the violence itself. These representations question and query hegemonic masculinity and reflect significant issues relating to the crisis of masculinity in the post-2000 era.


A concise, novel description is presented of near-circular satellite motion at arbitrary inclination in resonance with a single dominant tesseral harmonic of a gravitational potential. A practical method is then given for determining the validity of the ideal resonance assumption in specific regions of phase space. The model has been designed to be potentially sufficiently accurate for use in orbit determination yet computationally concise enough for implementation on-board small satellites. Unlike more traditional, mathematically rigorous approaches the orbit description has a relatively simple geometric interpretation making it ideal for use in mission analysis and design. It also facilitates a summary of the factors determining and affecting the nature of resonant motion experienced by satellites. This resonance model is incorporated into a curvilinear relative orbit framework to characterize the effects of tesseral resonance on the relative motion of formations of satellites. The results show that these effects can be the same magnitude as that due to short periodic J2 motion, or secular motion due to small inclination differences for close LEO satellite formations. The analytical relative resonant orbit model also allows the key factors determining the relative resonant motion to be isolated. Finally, the intuitive nature of the resonant orbit model is exploited in two ways. Firstly, the analogy between the non-linear motion of a satellite in resonance to that of a simple pendulum is exploited to develop control strategies for maintaining both spatial and temporal separations between satellites in a resonant formation. Secondly, a simple mission analysis tool is developed to allow orbit analysts to determine whether a given satellite mission could encounter a resonance of significant strength. The output of this software tool is also used to identify the limitations of the resonance model for describing motion about other celestial bodies such as the Moon, Venus and Mars.


This reference dictionary provides a user-friendly pronunciation guide for over 12,000 placenames worldwide. Avoiding the unconventional characters and symbols of the traditional International Phonetic Alphabet, the author writes with an easy-to-read phonetic alphabet, which uses only standard English letters. From Aachen, Germany (pronounced Ah kun) to Zywiec, Poland (pronounced Zhi vets), entries include familiar world placenames, both historic and current, as well as several less familiar names which have uncertain or difficult pronunciations. An appendix provides a useful directory to the most well-known countries, regions, and cities which have placenames that differ significantly between native and English pronunciations.


The use of research-based educational practices when serving students with disabilities is an essential component of special education policy as, if such a research foundation is missing, policies are compromised. Because of government funding that has supported individual and programmatic research efforts for decades, much of the special education research base used throughout the world comes from the United States. Does such research, though, automatically transfer to the context of special education services in Qatar and other Arab countries? Standard assumptions about educational research suggest that the answer might be, not necessarily. What literature from Arab countries, then, is available to guide policy makers, researchers, administrators, and educators in the Middle East and North Africa? This QNRF-funded Undergraduate Research Experience Project: (a) identified the published literature on special education in the Arab world, (b) indexed it, and (c) conducted preliminary analyses of important characteristics of the journal articles to provide a broad yet detailed preliminary characterization of the body of work that exists about special education in Arab countries. Using five library catalogs, three electronic databases in Arabic—EduSearch, Shamaa, and Al Manhal—and two in English—EBSCO's Academic Search Complete and PsycArticles—the project identified 1,916 unduplicated items about special education for Arab students: 1,247 journal articles, 408 books, 186 theses, 58 reports, 8 book chapters, 2 artworks, 1 conference proceeding, 1 newspaper article, and 5 other items. Results from the analyses of the journal articles indicate that: (a) there is indeed a literature, (b) it is research-based, (c) to a large extent it deals with educationally related topics, and (d) it is quickly increasing over time. The amount of literature, though, is relatively small when one takes into consideration the size of the Arab world. A 2009 study of 11 special education journals in the United States found 6,724 articles over a 19-year period, whereas this project only uncovered 1,274 over a longer period of time from a less restricted number of journals. In addition, it appears that there may be large gaps in the Arab scholarly literature on special education in regards to specific countries and regions of the Arab world, disabilities, and age groups. The project also raises important questions about the implications of what literature is available and to whom, questions that speak directly to the challenges of being aware of and understanding the issues about special education in the Arab world as Qatar and other Arab states make the transition to knowledge-based societies. For instance, how does the Arab special education literature that is available in Arabic differ from that published in English, and what does that mean for educational leaders who can only access material in one of the languages? As it is much more difficult to export the results of searches from the Arabic databases than it is from those in English, what might be the effects on conducting systematic reviews from those sources? And what steps can be taken to remedy such differences in Arab special education knowledge accessibility?


This research seeks to understand the political, economic, geographical and cultural discussions in the British media representation of Turkey's bid to join the European Union (EU). The idiosyncratic aspect of the topic is that both Turkey and the British media have a special relationship with the EU.

Turkey is the only inveterate EU membership candidate. No country has waited at the front door of the EU as long as Turkey yet. There are different reasons behind this and they make the issue interesting to contemplate. In addition to Turkey's different status compared to the EU membership candidacy processes of other countries, the thesis also takes into account the different and awkward relationship between the EU and the UK, and inevitably the British media. Therefore, the analytical framework of the thesis draws on the notion of 'a positive Other' while explaining the media representation of Turkey's EU bid. The research also highlights the 'essentialist' and 'functionalist' approaches in its attempt to explain the differences within the EU in understanding the fundamentals of the EU and the view about Turkish membership.

The research sought to explore how Turkey's EU bid was represented in the British media by focusing on one main research question, namely, 'How was Turkey's EU bid represented in the British media?' In order to answer this question in a systematic way, the study employs a triangulation of different methods. In the empirical chapters, the study first looks at the coverage of different important periods in Turkey-EU relations between 1999 and 2006. The news items published in these periods by six news organisations from the British media are analysed by using quantitative and qualitative content analysis. Secondly, the thesis presents an analysis of how the coverage was produced. The analysis is based on the semi-structured, in-depth interviews conducted with the journalists who work, or had worked, for the British media and who had published news items about Turkey-EU relations. The data gathered from the interviews are presented by employing Shoemaker and Reese's (1996) hierarchical model. In the concluding chapter of the thesis, the findings from the research are linked to the notion of 'a positive Other'.


Research often necessitates of samples, yet obtaining large enough samples is not always possible. When it is, the researcher may use one of two methods for deciding upon the required sample size: rules-of-thumb, quick yet uncertain, and estimations for power, mathematically precise yet with the potential to overestimate or underestimate sample sizes when effect sizes are unknown. Misestimated sample sizes have negative repercussions in the form of increased costs, abandoned projects or abandoned publication of non-significant results. Here I describe a procedure for estimating sample sizes adequate for the testing approach which is most common in the behavioural, social, and biomedical sciences, that of tests of significance developed by Fisher. The procedure focuses on a desired minimum effect size for the research at hand and finds the minimum sample size required for capturing such effect size as a statistically significant result. In a similar fashion than power analyses, sensitiveness analyses can also be extended to finding the minimum effect for a given sample size a priori as well as to calculating sensitiveness a posteriori. The article provides a full tutorial for carrying out a sensitiveness analysis, as well as empirical support via simulation