Background: Electrophysiological research has provided measures of dysfunction of visual pathway in schizophrenia through the use of visual evoked potential (VEP) as the neurophysiologic tool. Objective: The main objective of this study is to examine the morphology and topography of VEP responses in schizophrenic patients and to explore the potentiality of VEP as an endophenotype. Materials and Methods: The study included 20 patients of schizophrenia who were recruited from the outpatient and inpatient department of psychiatry of a tertiary care rural hospital. The patients were assessed by tools such as Positive and Negative Symptoms Assessment Scale and Clinical Global Impression Scale for Severity. Transient Pattern Reversal VEP recordings were taken using an Evoked Potential Recorder (RMS EMG EP MARK II), and it was a cross-sectional study. Results: The mean age of patients was 45.95 ± 10.14 years in the range of 35–60 years. Qualitative analysis of VEP waveforms in people with schizophrenia was performed. Abnormal waveform morphology was observed in 14/20 (70%) of the study population and all of them were the chronic and severe cases. Six out of 15 (40%) showed lack of differentiation of the evoked complex so that the three waves (negative–positive-negative [NPN] complex) could not be identified. In 5 of 15 (33.33%) VEP records, a distinct altered waveform with extinguished second negative component of NPN complex was obtained. Conclusion: Qualitative morphometric findings of this study in terms of pattern-reversal VEP waveform abnormalities emerged as a tool to provide evidence of relationship for emerging as first potential biomarker for diagnosing schizophrenia.


Since the 1990s, business-IT alignment has been considered the appropriate organizational frame for business and IT strategies. Thereafter, with the rising importance of innovative digital technologies for performance and competitiveness, the concept of digital business strategies (DBS) emerged. The fusion of business and IT strategies is presumed to account for the inevitable transformations that digital technologies triggered. This paradigmatic shift poses new challenges to practitioners and researchers, as current assumptions regarding strategizing processes need to be questioned. This study sets out to provide a structured clarification of the current digital business strategies knowledge base. It provides a threefold contribution by: 1) structuring the research efforts on digital business strategies, 2) uncovering knowledge gaps and 3) developing an agenda for future research.


In this paper, we will try to predict the recurrence of melanoma in the subset of
patients with a "thin melanoma," defined by having a Breslow Thickness less than
1.00mm. The study used the 1610 patient data base from the Duke Melanoma Clinic. The
methods used to try classifying these patients as to whether or not they will suffer a
recurrence are based on the statistical processes of trees and random forests introduced by
Dr. L. Breiman. Successful results were achieved only when all patients were studied
including those with an advanced stage of disease, but who still qualified as patients with
a thin melanoma by histological measurement. The variables collected on each patient
and used in this study related to the Breslow Thickness, Clark level, initial stage, age,
primary site of lesion, local pathological events, histological type, sex, race and previous
immunotherapy. The factors other than the initial stage and extent of disease proved too
weak to give any meaningful results when only patients with local disease were studied.
The results using a single tree and a random forest were compared. A detailed discussion
of trees and random forest with use in the R-2.01 CRAN software packages is included.
Although the results of this study did not provide the answers for this specific set of
melanoma patients, it is felt that the techniques and programs written would be applicable
in a differently defined set of patients. The results could be an important step in
determining which patients should receive therapy and then evaluating the results of the
adjuvant therapy on a more properly defined group of patients.


A pulsed photoacoustic system is used to determine the fluorescence quantum yield of diluted dye solutions in highly scattering media. In order to show its accuracy, the quantum yield of Rhodamine 6G in water and ethanol was calculated. The chemical Fuchsin was utilized as a dye reference because the entire excitation energy is converted into nonradiative relaxation processes. The scattering coefficient of the samples was incremented by using spherical silica particles of different sizes and concentrations. The determined mean values in the studied scattering optical density range (0-3 cm(-1)) were 0.95 for ethanol and 0.96 for water. These measurements are in excellent agreement with the best literature values.


The Articles that form part of this Special Section propose four readings of "crisis" across various problem areas in European Union law and governance (financial and debt, migration, nationalism and populism) towards possible ways of crisis resolution. As guest editor of this Special Section (in two parts), I read the invited Special Section Articles through the following argument that I sketch in this introductory essay – no institutional resolution of the crisis problematique will be possible nor credible until certain deep issues regarding the role of law in crisis, as identified and discussed in this Special Section, are seriously and openly addressed.


Purpose: The aim of this study is to parametrize and assess the situation which companies dealing in the building industry in the European Union found themselves in. The situation is analyzed from the point of view of the costs borne by the enterprises in the years 2011-2017. Design/Methodology/Approach: For the purpose of the calculations the shift-share analysis was used in both its classical and dynamic approach. Findings: The results of the research point to the fact that the dynamics of changes in the construction sector in the EU member states is not equal and depends on the accepted analytical approach. The factor which is deciding about a change in the growth rate or a decrease in the costs borne by enterprises is the high level of competitiveness between the associated states. In the majority of cases, a rise in the costs positively correlates with an increase in the operating surplus. Practical Implications: The information obtained on the basis of the conducted empirical research can be of use to individual EU member states and also to the whole Commonwealth, primarily as a tool in creating the policy of development. The study allows selecting states which are characterized by a high investment potential. Originality/value: So far the problem of enterprises dealing in construction industry, which are based in the EU member states, has not been addressed by the literature on the subject from the point of view of the structural-geographical analysis or with reference to operating profit.


Probiotics have been shown to have preventive and therapeutic effects on diarrhea. Because effects tend to be strain specific, benefit of a strain or mixture has to be substantiated by experimental evidence. The aim of this study was to investigate the antidiarrheal and antinociceptive effects of a probiotic mixture (Lactibiane Imedia®, PiLeJe). Castor oil-induced diarrhea test was performed in Wistar rats following oral administration of probiotics (20 × 109, 30 × 109 or 40 × 109 CFU/kg), loperamide (5 mg/kg) or vehicle (water; 10 mL/kg). Time to initial evacuation, number of feces and diarrheal feces, fresh weight and water content of the feces and body weight loss were monitored. Behavioral parameters (eye closing, abnormal posture, activity, fur aspect) were used as pain indices. Probable mechanisms of action were evaluated by using the castor oil-induced enteropooling and charcoal meal transit tests. Probiotics significantly and dose-dependently delayed onset time to first feces and had a beneficial effect on all other parameters (p 90%) at the two highest doses tested (30 × 109 or 40 × 109 CFU/kg) without completely blocking defecation (65.7% at 30 × 109 CFU/kg). Behavioral parameters were improved with probiotics compared to vehicle, improvement that was not observed with loperamide. Probiotics significantly and dose-dependently decreased the volume of intestinal fluid (p<0.05 versus vehicle) in the enteropooling test and transit time of charcoal meal. These results indicate that the probiotic mixture tested is strongly antidiarrheic through the combination of antimotility and antisecretory properties. Observations are also in favor of an antinociceptive effect. Agents that can decrease both intestinal hypersecretion and motility are very useful in the management of diarrhea therefore, our probiotic mixture could be an effective alternative to standard drugs.


The influence of whisker orientation on machining mechanism, material removal rate and roughness of finished surface when machining the hydroxyapatite /SiCw composite bioceramics material using ultrasonic machining technology was studied. The research results show that material removal rate and roughness of finished surface increase with the increase of the direction angle θ . Under the same machining condition, the higher is the fracture toughness of the material, the lower the material removal rate is. This provides basis for the ultrasonic machining of hydroxyapatite /SiCw composite bioceramics material.


The Virtual Storyteller is a multi-agent automated story generation application that can generate stories by simulating a virtual world in which character agents
pursue their goals. The goal of this research has been to make the characters of the Virtual Storyteller more interesting and believable and also to give the
reader of the stories more insight in the mind of the characters. This thesis describes a new form of goal management for the Character Agents of the Virtual Storyteller. Where previously, characters chose randomly between possible goals, this work proposes an implementation solution (based on the PSI theory) to the goal of providing the characters with self-motivation in
order to enable them to make informed decisions based on their characteristics. Personality traits and interests have been identified as the main factors of self-motivation and have been incorporated in a motivational goal management
algorithm. In addition to the character's self-motivation, the Virtual Storyteller's fabula model has been extended to incorporate a dramatic choice data structure, which
embodies an interesting branching point in the storyline where characters are posed with choices that are often exclusive. Dramatic choice has been integrated in the Virtual Storyteller's fabula structure allowing the presentation layer to incorporate such situations in the Virtual Storyteller's stories in the future. The
stories will then be able to communicate a character's choices and motivations to the reader.


From healthcare to marijuana to climate change, negotiations among federal and state executive branch actors increasingly set national policy in the United States. This executive federalism fits uneasily into existing understandings: it departs from expectations that Congress formulates national policy and mediates state-federal relationships; it poses a challenge to popular suggestions that the president is engaged in unilateral action; and it comes as a surprise to those who have studied executive federalism but insist it is the peculiar province of parliamentary federations. In an age of partisan polarization, congressional gridlock, and state initiative, executive federalism has come to America. After describing the emerging practice of American executive federalism and the collaboration and contestation it entails, this article offers a qualified defense. It suggests that executive federalism facilitates a form of governance suited to polarization: state-differentiated national policy. It argues that executive federalism offers a promising forum for bipartisan compromise because it involves iterative, relatively nontransparent interactions among disaggregated government actors. And it makes a case for executive federalism in terms of democratic representation notwithstanding obvious shortcomings. The article also questions some widespread doctrinal assumptions. In particular, it proposes that federalism might enhance, rather than diminish, federal agencies' claims to Chevron deference, and it advocates judicial receptivity to federal executive involvement in interstate agreements.


Constructs that reflect differences in variability are of interest to many researchers studying workplace phenomena. The aggregation methods typically used to investigate "variability-based" constructs suffer from several limitations, including the inability to include Level 1 predictors and a failure to account for uncertainty in the variability estimates. We demonstrate how mixed-effects location-scale (MELS) and heterogeneous variance models, which are direct extensions of traditional mixed-effects (or multilevel) models, can be used to test mean (location)- and variability (scale)-related hypotheses simultaneously. The aims of this article are to demonstrate (a) how the MELS and heterogeneous variance models can be estimated with both nested cross-sectional and longitudinal data to answer novel research questions about constructs of interest to organizational researchers, (b) how a Bayesian approach allows for the inclusion of random intercepts and slopes when predicting both variability and mean levels, and finally (c) how researchers can use a multilevel approach to predict between-group heterogeneous variances. In doing so, this article highlights the added value of viewing variability as more than a statistical nuisance in organizational research.


Canada sits at a risky crossroads. Our economic prosperity depends on international trade and investment, but new global realities are calling into question long-standing policy goals and approaches in these critical areas. A big existential threat to the global trading system lies on our southern border, with President Trump intent on fundamentally altering US trade policy. The noisy signals of negotiating tactics may change from day-to-day, but even if the Americans' exact position remains unclear, the broader stated objectives are known, and the ripple effects of any significant retreat from a rules-based trading system could bring considerable collateral damage for Canada. Unfortunately, but somewhat understandably at this critical time, much of the recent talk in Canada is based on short-term calculations, essentially trying to predict what Trump might do on the topic of interest that day. What Canada desperately needs now is a calm, evidence-based discussion that seeks to better understand recent developments — including the factors that are driving anti-trade sentiment — to explore potential responses, and to think hard to define our longer-term policy priorities, which as part of a global view, can help guide us through the current turmoil. The global economy is complex and changing rapidly. Productivity, innovation and growth at home depend on both exports and imports. Instead of producing goods and services within a single country, businesses collaborate in global supply chains, and use foreign affiliates to serve foreign consumers directly in their markets. Small firms and big firms face different trading opportunities and constraints, and use different channels to internationalize. Emerging markets, such as China and India, have fast become important players in the global economy, leading to a shift in global economic power that is one reason multilateral trade negotiations under the World Trade Organization have stalled. Diminished growth prospects, especially since the financial crisis of 2008-09, have led to economic anxiety in many developed countries, including Canada. This changing context calls for a renewed, deliberate approach to Canada's global commerce policies. The broad-based weakness in our international economic performance over the past 15 years suggests that a concerted, comprehensive and long-term approach is required. To help Canadians keep their focus on these key objectives, even as they attempt to manage the risks in the short term, we propose four key areas for attention and action. First and foremost, we must develop more inclusive policies that helps more Canadians share in the benefits of globalization and technological progress. An inclusive trade agenda — as a key contributor to broader efforts to deliver more inclusive growth — is vital to maintain public support for trade and trade agreements. If Canadians believe that the benefits are too narrowly concentrated at the top, then efforts to use more open trade to promote economic prosperity will face resistance. An important part of this package of reforms is strengthening the social safety net to better protect workers whose jobs are negatively affected by a variety of economic dislocations (not only those that are trade-related), by emphasizing skill development and retraining. Second, we must focus on how new trade growth can be unlocked and productivity improved by facilitating, rather than hindering, resource reallocation. Our policies need to allow capital and labour to flow to their best uses, and do so flexibly and quickly in response to changing circumstances in the global economy. Third, we need to enable international connectivity by enhancing the ability of Canadian firms and workers to engage with foreign partners and markets. The productivity of our firms and workers reflects not only their own actions, but also their connections, networks and ability to collaborate with the strongest partners, regardless of where they are located. Fourth, Canada must play a leading role in building a more robust, rules-based global trade and investment system. Given the global nature of production, trade and investment, we need to think "multilateral first", one of the best ways to deepen our links to fast-rising emerging markets, and thereby diversify Canada's trade and investment. Middle powers such as Canada will not become stronger by going it alone. As we shape our strategy for renegotiating NAFTA, and for bilateral negotiations aimed at learning how to further integrate China into the global trading system, we should keep these longer-term priorities in view. Canadians need an inclusive trade policy agenda that facilitates resource reallocation and enables international connectivity. At this critical juncture we should keep our eyes on the forest not the trees.


We derive a general form of Tornqvist multilateral (transitive) place to place index numbers and a new variant of regression methodology for imposing transitivity while minimally adjusting the initial system of bilateral index comparisons. We show that when several levels of item aggregation are to be published in a system of Tornqvist interarea parities, the adjusted, transitive Tornqvist parities at each level of aggregation preserve the aggregation rule in the unadjusted data. Finally, the method incorporates characteristics-based, hedonic quality adjustment as an integral feature. We apply the method to a subset of commodity price and expenditure data for the 44 areas of the United States covered by the Consumer Price Index. In closing, we also discuss an application of the method that makes time series and geographical comparisons consistent with one another, and note that it permits decentralization of calculation in a way that may have distinct advantages for compiling international price comparisons.


In order to detect moving objects such as vehicles in motorways, background subtraction techniques are commonly used. This is completely solved problem for static backgrounds. However, real-world problems contain many non-static components such as waving sea, camera oscillations, and sudden changes in daylight. Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) is statistical based background subtraction method, in which values of each pixels features are represented with a few normal distributions, partially overcame such problems at least. To improve performance of GMM model, using spatial and temporal features in Lab2000HL color space which have linear hue band, is proposed in this study. The spatial and temporal featu res performed by using spatial low-pass filter and temporal kalman filter respectively. As a performance metric, the area under the Precision Recall (PR) curve is used. In addition to videos existing in the I2R dataset, a new dataset which images gained from traffic surveilla nce cameras placed over the entrance of the Istanbul FSM Bridge at different times of the day used for compare proposed method against other well-known GMM version. According to our tests proposed method has been more successful to the other methods in most cases.


The dynamics of bird populations are often governed by a range of ecological processes at different spatial and temporal scales. The quantity and quality of information available from ecological surveys also depend on the scale. Thus, for a thorough understanding of the dynamics of bird populations and their effective conservation, it is necessary to establish a set of approaches suited to ecological processes at hierarchical spatial and temporal scales. This paper focuses on three ecological approaches based on behavioural ecology, landscape ecology, and macroecology, and shows how these approaches can be used effectively to understand the dynamics of bird populations in a complementary manner. Behavioural ecology is helpful in understanding processes that produce patterns in spatial and temporal population dynamics at a local scale, by revealing decision-making in individual birds. This approach also makes it possible to develop behaviour-based models to predict spatial distribution and population dynamics under novel conditions. Landscape ecology focuses on the effect of landscape structures on biodiversity dynamics at the landscape level. At a larger spatial scale (macro-scale), climate, topography, and human activities are known to influence greatly population dynamics and spatial distribution of birds, but information available at this scale is usually limited because of the difficulty in conducting intensive field surveys. Macroecological approaches thus aim to understand such relationships by first quantifying spatial and temporal dynamics of bird populations and then generalizing the revealed dynamics based on species ecological traits. This review also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the three approaches and suggests future tasks for promoting the understanding of the dynamics of bird populations at hierarchical spatial and temporal scales.


This study was conducted in order to understand the importance of the identified stakeholders in terms of power and interest in the diffusion of CAU-R series high yielding varieties of Rice among the farmers of Manipur. Three valley districts namely Imphal East, Thoubal and Bishnupur were purposively selected for the study and 85 stakeholders were identified and prioritised according to "degree of power to" and "degree of interest on" in the successful dissemination of improved technology among the farming fraternity. The results of the study witnessed that the Central Agricultural University, Imphal, the Department of Agriculture, Manipur and the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare had high power and high interest in all the three districts along with Krishi Vigyan Kendra Imphal East, Krishi Vigyan Kendra Thoubal and the Regional Rice Research Station in Imphal East and Thoubal districts respectively. The farmers and the Farmer collectives were identified with high interest and low power while the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Regional Centre, Manipur and Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Imphal West remained with neutral power and interest in all the three districts. The Media comprising mainly of the All India Radio, Doordarshan Television and the local newspaper Sangai express has very low interest as well as power in all the three districts. Through these observations we conclude that stakeholders like farmers and farmer cooperatives who are the actual intenders of the technology with considerable level of interest should be involved into the system for effective planning, decision-making and successful functioning of the innovation system.


In this article, we investigate changes over time in the organization of the relationship between Major League Baseball and minor league baseball teams. We develop a model in which a minor league team serves two functions: talent development and local entertainment. The model predicts different modes of organizing the relationship between majors and minors based on the value of these parameters. We then develop a discursive history. Consistent with the model's predictions, we find that when the value of minor league baseball's training function was low but the value of its entertainment function was high, major and minor league franchises operated independently, engaging in arms'-length transactions. However, as the training function became more important and the local entertainment function less important, formal agreements ceded control of minor league functions to major league franchises. Finally, as the value of local entertainment rose once again in the late 20th century, the two roles were split, with control of local functions accruing to local ownership and training functions to major league teams. This analysis helps shed light on factors that influence the boundaries of the firm.


Extracted from text ... BOOK NEWS
Book reviews
Miguel A. De La Torre. The quest for the Cuban Christ: A historical search.
Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2002. xvi + 205 pp. Illustrations.
Notes. ISBN 0 8130 2547 8.
Reviewed by Jason M. Yaremko,
University of Manitoba, Canada.
Published by H LatAm (October 2003)
The quest for the Cuban Christ, the most recent work
of Miguel A. De La Torre, is an exceptionally concise
exploration of the ways in which Cubans have both
conceived and perceived religion in general and Jesus
Christ in particular, over the last five centuries.
Specifically, the author ..


A concern in the political economy is how national income is shared between labor and capital. This study evaluates long-term changes in factor income shares in three agri-food industries, their attribution to the level of factor usage or to factor compensation rates, and relation to changes in capital intensity and factor productivity. We find long-term stability in the profit and labor shares of farm income, decline in the profit share of agricultural services industry income, and increase in the profit share of food manufacturing income due to fewer productivity improvements being passed on to wage increases.


Ustilago hordei interactions on coleoptiles of barley host cultivars Odessa (compatible), Hannchen (incompatible, carrying the Ruh1 resistance gene), and on nonhost Neepawa wheat were studied using light and fluorescent microscopy. Autofluorescence, mainly caused by callose accumulation, was more rapidly expressed in nonhost wheat at 30 to 72 h compared with the incompatible reaction between 72 and 144 h. Microarray results demonstrated that more than half of the 893 differentially regulated genes were observed in Neepawa; of these genes, 45% fell into the defense- and stress-related classes in Neepawa compared with 25 and 37% in Odessa and Hannchen, respectively. Their expression coincided with the early morphological defense responses observed and were associated with the jasmonic acid and ethylene (JA/ET) signaling pathway. Expression patterns in Odessa and Hannchen were similar, involving fewer genes and coinciding with later morphological defense responses of these varieties. Although no visible hypersensitive response was apparent in Hannchen or Neepawa, specific upregulation of hypersensitivity-related proteins was observed, such as beta-VPE at 48 h. Expression levels of the callose synthase gene were closely associated with callose accumulation. Differential responses in defense-gene expression among disease reaction types included upregulation of PR-1.1b and downregulation of a nonspecific lipid transfer protein in the incompatible and compatible interactions, respectively. Transcript levels of EDS1 and PAD4, involved in both basal resistance and R-mediated resistance to avirulent pathogens, were up-regulated during both nonhost and Ruh1-mediated resistance. Application of methyl-jasmonate, salicylic acid and ET to leaves revealed that only PR1.1b is strongly up-regulated by all three compounds, while the majority of the defense-related genes are only slightly up-regulated by these signaling compounds.


Increasing demand for timber, fuelwood and other forest products has outstripped production in many areas of the semi-arid tropics, leading to deforestation and land degradation resulting from erosion and nutrient depletion. Agroforestry offers the potential to provide forest products, improve productivity and reduce soil erosion and environmental degradation. However, as previous reports have shown that competition between trees and crops for water in semi-arid areas adversely affects crop yields, attention has turned towards studies of the existing practice of boundary planting, where low tree planting densities and the associated benefits of land demarcation and soil stabilisation increase the viability of incorporating trees into crop land. The aim is to select and manage tree species in ways that limit their negative effect on crop yields and improve the overall value of the system.

The present study was carried out at Machakos (1° 33' S, 37° 14' E, altitude 1660 m) in the Kenyan highlands, where the bi-modal annual rainfall of c. 740 mm is divided approximately equally between two rainy seasons (short rains, October-February, long rains, March July). The experiment was set up in April 1993 to examine the influence of tree/crop interactions on system productivity. Each 18 x 18 m plot, except for the sole crop plots, contained a central row of trees planted at 1 m spacing. Four overstorey agroforestry treatments were examined between March 1996 and March 1998; these included two indigenous species, Croton megalocarpus and Melia volkensii, and two exotic species from Central America, Senna spectabilis and Gliricidia sepium. Beans (Phaseolusulgaris) and maize (Zea mays) were grown during the short and long rains respectively.

M. volkensii and S. Spectabilis exhibited similar leafing phenology patterns, losing almost all leaf cover during the long dry season (July-October) and flushing before the ensuing rains. During the short dry season, S. spectabilis lost few leaves, whilst M. volkensii lost some leaves before flushing prior to the onset of the long rains. M. volkensii lost a large proportion of its leaf cover during the 1997/98 short rains due to the unusually high soil moisture content. C. megalocarpus although predominantly evergreen, lost a large proportion of its leaves during dry periods, whereas leaf area increased rapidly under wetter conditions. G. sepium had one annual period of low leaf cover during the long dry season and did not regain full leaf cover until mid-way through the short rains.

The three-dimensional model of canopy photosynthesis and transpiration, MAESTRA, was parameterised for C. megalocarpus and M. volkensii using existing models to describe the response of photosynthesis to light and temperature and stomatal responses to light and vapour pressure deficit. The photosynthesis model fitted the experimental data well, but stomatal conductance in C. megalocarpus, although showing responses to light and vapour pressure deficit, was not closely correlated with ambient environmental conditions. M. volkensii had higher leaf area than C. megalocarpus for most of the 18 month simulation period, comprising three rainy and three dry seasons; modelled assimilation for this period was 49 % greater in M. volkensii, while canopy water use efficiency and transpiration were respectively 35 and 11 % higher. These differences accounted for the more rapid growth rate and greater competition with adjacent crops associated with M. w1kenrii relative to C. megalocarpus.

Above-ground woody biomass production was greatest in M. volkensii, followed by S. spectabilis, C. megalocarpus and G. sepium; production during the fourth and fifth years after planting ranged between 2.8 and 4.9 t ha-¹ yr¹. Crop production in the agroforestry treatments was always lower than in sole crops due to below-ground competition for water and, in seasons with higher water availability, shading by the trees. Of the agroforestry systems examined, seed production for beans was highest under M. volkensii and G. sepium, followed by C. megalocarpus and S. spectabilis. Grain production in maize was greatest under C. megalocarpus, followed by G. sepium, S. spectabils and M. volkensii. Mean annual aboveground biomass production including maize grain and stover, bean seed, woody biomass and tree leaves in the M. volkensii treatment exceeded that for the sole crop plots, even though rainfall during 1996 and 1997 was only 61 and 95 % of the long term average. Although the biomass production of leaves was not estimated for S. spectabilis and G. sepium, the results obtained suggested that biomass production was greater than that obtained under sole crop cropping.

The inverse correlation between tree and crop yield suggests that the value of the tree products must exceed the associated crop losses if benefits are to be obtained from agroforestry. M. volkensii is valued in areas of Kenya where markets for its products exist and therefore shows great promise for extension in semi-arid areas; where necessary, pruning may be used to reduce competition with crops and increase the length of clear bole. C. megalocarpus is widely used as a shade tree in East Africa and seems well suited for this purpose as its impact on adjacent crops was least of all the tree species examined. S. spectabilis, although having straight unbranched stems, exhibited a level of competition with adjacent crops that would necessitate a high value for its timber products to warrant its adoption. The least suitable tree species of those examined was G. sepium, whose poor form and susceptibility to attack by fungal pathogens and insects severely undermined its potential value for use in agroforestry systems.


Biofluid Mechanics: An Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, Macrocirculation, and Microcirculation shows how fluid mechanics principles can be applied not only to blood circulation, but also to air flow through the lungs, joint lubrication, intraocular fluid movement, renal transport among other specialty circulations. This new second edition increases the breadth and depth of the original by expanding chapters to cover additional biofluid mechanics principles, disease criteria, and medical management of disease, with supporting discussions of the relevance and importance of current research. Calculations related both to the disease and the material covered in the chapter are also now provided. * Uses language and math that is appropriate and conducive for undergraduate learning, containing many worked examples and end-of-chapter problems* Develops all engineering concepts and equations within a biological context* Covers topics in the traditional biofluids curriculum, and addresses other systems in the body that can be described by biofluid mechanics principles* Discusses clinical applications throughout the book, providing practical applications for the concepts discussed*NEW: Additional worked examples with a stronger connection to relevant disease conditions and experimental techniques*NEW: Improved pedagogy, with more end-of-chapter problems, images, tables, and headings, to better facilitate learning and comprehension of the material


Moving Together by Rudi Laermans examines contemporary dance from both a practical and a theoretical perspective, with interactions between the two. The author analyses three important tendencies in contemporary dance: pure dance, dance theatre, and (self)reflexive dance. He proposes a (theoretical) conceptual framework and through extensive dialogues with choreographers he investigates how artistic cooperation results in dance.


This research explores the morphological form of 2 person possessive clitics in Jordanian Arabic varieties within Stratal OT. It assumes that possessive clitics formation in these varieties undergoes two levels of constraint interaction, namely the stem level and the word level. Additionally, it argues that the surface differences between these varieties regarding formation of 2 person possessive clitics is reducible to the relevant ranking of one constraint that bans weightless consonants of the input to have moraic weight in the output, at the word level where inputs can be constrained. This constraint is coined as NONFINAL(c)-IO. The argument is that in Mainstream Jordanian Arabic, NONFINAL(c)-IO outranks LINEARITY-IO, hence the possibility for metathesis as a repair strategy when the input of level 2 includes a weightless consonant (yielding, as a result, the surface form –ik). On the other hand, in the so-called Karaki Arabic, the order between NONFINAL(c)-IO and LINEARITY-IO is reversed (LINEARITY-IO >> NONFINAL(c)-IO), the matter which excludes metathesis as a repair strategy (yielding, as a result, the surface form –ki). The study shows that other repair strategies, including deletion and insertion, are blocked in Karaki Arabic, given that NONFINAL(c)-IO is outranked by *COMPLEXONS, *COMPLEXCOD, MAX-IO, and DEP-IO.


Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is an emerging network architecture to increase flexibility and agility within operator's networks by placing virtualized services on demand in Cloud data centers (CDCs). One of the main challenges for the NFV environment is how to minimize network latency in the rapidly changing network environments. Although many researchers have already studied in the field of Virtual Machine (VM) migration and Virtual Network Function (VNF) placement for efficient resource management in CDCs, VNF migration problem for low network latency among VNFs has not been studied yet to the best of our knowledge. To address this issue in this article, we i) formulate the VNF migration problem and ii) develop a novel VNF migration algorithm called VNF Real-time Migration (VNF-RM) for lower network latency in dynamically changing resource availability. As a result of experiments, the effectiveness of our algorithm is demonstrated by reducing network latency by up to 70.90% after latency-aware VNF migrations.


Decision-making circuits are modulated across life stages (e.g. juvenile, adolescent, or adult)—as well as on the shorter timescale of reproductive cycles in females—to meet changing environmental and physiological demands. Ovarian hormonal modulation of relevant neural circuits is a potential mechanism by which behavioral flexibility is regulated in females. Here we examined the influence of prepubertal ovariectomy (pOVX) versus sham surgery on performance in an odor-based multiple choice reversal task. We observed that pOVX females made different types of errors during reversal learning compared to sham surgery controls. Using reinforcement learning models fit to trial-by-trial behavior, we found that pOVX females exhibited lower inverse temperature parameter (β) compared to sham females. These findings suggest that OVX females solve the reversal task using a more exploratory choice policy, whereas sham females use a more exploitative policy prioritizing estimated high value options. To seek a neural correlate of this behavioral difference, we performed whole-cell patch clamp recordings within the dorsomedial striatum (DMS), a region implicated in regulating action selection and explore/exploit choice policy. We found that the intrinsic excitability of dopamine receptor type 2 (D2R) expressing indirect pathway spiny projection neurons (iSPNs) was significantly higher in pOVX females compared to both unmanipulated and sham surgery females. Finally, to test whether mimicking this increase in iSPN excitability could recapitulate the pattern of reversal task behavior observed in pOVX females, we chemogenetically activated DMS D2R(+) neurons within intact female mice. We found that chemogenetic activation increased exploratory choice during reversal, similar to the pattern we observed in pOVX females. Together, these data suggest that pubertal status may influence explore/exploit balance in females via the modulation of iSPN intrinsic excitability within the DMS.


The period from birth to twelve years of age can have significant consequences for ongoing educational success, resilience and participation in society. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to a range of topics and issues in health and wellbeing education, and equips pre- and in-service educators with the skills to promote and teach health and wellbeing in the classroom. Health and Wellbeing in Childhood is structured around three major themes: dimensions, applications and innovations. The authors recognise the diversity and complexity of health and wellbeing in education, with subjects ranging from communication development to child safety, nutrition to resilience, and friendships to social-emotional wellbeing. The book draws on the most contemporary research to explore issues such as technology, bullying and body image. Each chapter features numerous examples, case studies and links to relevant curriculum documents and frameworks, and readers are encouraged to reflect upon and contextualise the material presented.


This revised document is part of the Handbook of Florida Agricultural Laws, which was designed to provide an accurate, current, and authoritative summary of the principal Florida laws that directly or indirectly relate to agriculture. It provides a basic overview of the many rights and responsibilities that farmers and farm land owners have under Florida laws. Many readers may value this handbook because it informs them about these rights and responsibilities, and it provides them with good contacts for more detailed information. However, the reader should be aware that because the laws, administrative rulings, and court decisions on which this handbook is based are subject to constant revision, portions of this handbook could become outdated at any time. Many details of cited laws are also left out due to space limitations.
FE115/FE115: Handbook of Florida Agricultural Laws: Animal Husbandry (ufl.edu)


Several approaches have been proposed by researchers to the economic empowerment of women. Starting and sustaining an individual business is one of the strategies for the economic development of entrepreneurially-oriented females. This study evaluated the factors influencing entrepreneurial activities; there was a further ingoing examination of the impact of education on Tanzanian females starting-up their own businesses. A total of 128 business women from Makambako and Njombe participated in the study, which primarily employed a questionnaire for data collection. Findings indicated that the government policy, strategies and support for female entrepreneurs had little or no impact on their entrepreneurial motivation. In addition, the level of formal education that women attained was found to have little impact. It was found, however, that the kind of training a female entrepreneur underwent was the most important factor in the business start-up. Thus, this study proposes that more effort should be put into practical and vocational training that has a direct impact on the kind of business that women can establish.


Cyclic redundancy codes (CRCs) provide a first line of defense against data corruption in many networks. Unfortunately, many commonly used CRC polynomials provide significantly less error detection capability than they might. An exhaustive exploration reveals that most previously published CRC polynomials are either inferior to alternatives or are only good choices for particular message lengths. Unfortunately these shortcomings and limitations often seem to be overlooked. This paper describes a polynomial selection process for embedded network applications and proposes a set of good general-purpose polynomials. A set of 35 new polynomials in addition to 13 previously published polynomials provides good performance for 3- to 16-bit CRCs for data word lengths up to 2048 bits.


Digital communication has become an essential part of infrastructure nowadays, a lot of applications are Internet-based and in some cases it is desired that communication be made secret. Consequently, the security of information has become a fundamental issue. Two techniques are available to achieve this goal: Encryption and steganography is one of them. Using cryptography, the data is transformed into some other gibberish form and then the encrypted data is transmitted. In steganography, the data is embedded in an image file and the image file is transmitted. This paper proposed a system that combines the effect of these two methods to enhance the security of the data. This proposed system encrypts the data with a crypto algorithm and then embeds the encrypted text in an image file. The embedding process is done with help of stego-key, and the detection or reading of embedded information is possible only having this key. The stego key (user-specified or default) is used not only to facilitate random selection of bytes for hiding message file bits but also is used to encrypt the message file. The encryption method is based on XORing the message bytes with random numbers generated by a pseudo-random number generator whose seed is derived from the stego key. Here we also calculate the message digest of image and embed into image file to check integrity of message contents.


THIS SESSION commemorates the 150th anniversary of the birth of Franz Boas, the legendary anthropologist famed for his boundless pursuit of "useful knowledge" in cultures near, far, and at home. Boas's useful knowledge took the form of the languages, lifeways, knowledges, and life chances of communities drawn into the horizons of the familiar by migration, war, exploitation, government, trade, and science - including anthropology itself. In his lifetime, anthropology became a discipline greatly expanded in part by dint of his own labors in the field, classroom, and museum, as well as through the institutions he founded (the American Anthropological Association, the American Ethnological Society, the American Folklore Society). His students' careers, and their students' and students' students, extended to all the major centers of anthropological study in the United States. This pedagogical genealogy tends to lend a scriptural register to any historical narrative of the discipline in this country - a chronicle of "begats"and diaspora. But Boas was neither a prophet nor a plannifying patriarch. Though never untroubled by professional and personal constraints, his career followed the arc of his imagination. In this, surely, he was fortunate.As a young man, Boas left his native Germany for the United States to pursue his passion for anthropology, and to make a life for himself in the field. At the very beginning of his career - still in Germany, not yet an academic - he signed on with a geographic expedition to Baffin Island in 1883-84. He had long dreamed of exploring the far north - since childhood. His letters from Baffin Island to his fiancee, Marie Krackowizer, record his wonder at having traveled so far only to find that in the ice hut, of an evening, hands and mouth bloodied from the shared meal of raw seal liver, he could feel the mutual warmth of unselfconscious fellowship with his Inuit hosts. This wonder - the "marvelous arithmetic of distance" (poet Audre Lorde's phrase in a different context [Lorde 1993]) - was not always so pleasant as it was that evening, but it remained fresh for him throughout his professional life. And he shared it, as a fundamental principle of social science and pedagogical practice. "I believe, if this trip has for me (as a thinking person) a valuable influence," Boas wrote to his fiancee, "it lies in the strengthening of the viewpoint of the relativity of all cultivation and that the evil as well as the value of a person lies in the cultivation of the heart, which I find or do not find here just as much as amongst us, and that all service, therefore, which a man can perform for humanity must serve to promote truth" (Cole 1983:33).He married Marie in 1887, and the family spent their lives in the United States. Boas taught at Clark University, then worked at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and from there moved to New York to the American Museum of Natural History and Columbia University. It was at Columbia that he remained for the next decades, retiring at age seventy-eight - even then, remaining active. According to his New York Times obituary, his retirement seemed to give him yet wider scope for his research, writing, and lecturing (New York Times 1942). He died at his desk, in a manner of speaking, at a luncheon at the Men's Faculty Club at Columbia in honor of a visiting anthropologist.Throughout his life, Boas sustained a multicentered professionalism. He was interested in everything, it seems; the breadth of his writings is extraordinary. His personal portfolio consisted primarily of his researches on the cultural forms of Native America; but he also lectured and wrote more widely, often addressing audiences in other disciplines or among the general public. Some samples from the New York Times archive alone will illustrate: "Franz Boas vs. Hitler" - "Kinship of Language a Vital Factor in the War" - "Behavior Held Vital to Greater Stature" - "Professor Boas Dissents" - "Mexican Travel Safe, Prof. …


Nutritional benefits from nuptial gifts have been difficult to detect in some species, raising the question: what maintains nuptial feeding when gifts do not benefit females? The sensory trap hypothesis proposes that nuptial feeding may be explained by pre‐existing sensory responses that predispose females to ingest gifts. Recent studies have shown that male seminal proteins can induce a nonspecific increase in female feeding after mating, which may represent a sensory trap for nuptial feeding if it results in increased intake of post‐mating gifts. I tested these ideas using female beetles that ingest a spermatophore after mating. I show that males stimulate strongly increased female feeding post‐mating. However, there was little evidence for dose dependence in the feeding response that could allow males to stimulate feeding beyond the female optimum. Moreover, the post‐mating feeding response could not explain nuptial feeding: despite feeding more in general, newly mated females were less likely than nonmated females to ingest spermatophore gifts.


The World Bank Annual Report for 2003, reviews the strategy and action pursued by the Bank, based on the Strategic Framework, and Strategic Directions (and Management Action Plan), focused on meeting the development challenges embodied in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). To this end, the Bank sharpened its policies, programs, and instruments to support its central mission of reducing poverty, through improved performance monitoring, and management, and improved harmonization of operational policies, procedures, and practices among donors. The Bank also considered other issues, such as its role in the reconstruction of Iraq, the introduction of the grants component in the 13th Replenishment of the International Development Association (IDA), the Operation Evaluation Department's (OED) review of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative, and, market access for exports from developing countries. Methods for combating terrorism, and money laundering were also considered during the period under review. The document presents thematic (and regional) perspectives based on two pillars - poverty reduction and economic management - and how to invest in people, towards an environmentally, and socially responsible growth, that supports private sector development, infrastructure development, financial management, and, promotes appropriate legal and judicial systems. The second Volume presents the financial statements for the period July 1, 2002 to June 30, 2003, reporting development activities (loans, guarantees, and other activities), including liquidity management, funding resources, and financial risk management.


A re-evaluation of the Pleistocene stratigraphy of the Isles of Scilly has enabled the formal definition of eight lithostratigraphic units of member status grouped into two formations. A chronology of events has been provided by radiocarbon ( 14 C) determinations, optical and thermoluminescence (TL) dates. Inter-site correlations have been strengthened by palynology, which has aided palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. The defined units have been incorporated into two lithostratigraphic models, one for the 'northern' (glacial) Scillies and one for the 'southern' (extra-glacial) Scillies. Raised beach sediments of the Watermill Sands and Gravel in the southern Scillies are overlain by the Porthloo Breccia, a unit of soliflucted material derived exclusively from the weathering of local granite. Organic sequences at Carn Morval, Watermill Cove, Porth Askin, Porth Seal and Bread and Cheese Cove occur within the Porthloo Breccia, and are interpreted as the infillings of ponds associated with active solifluction. Radiocarbon determinations from these organic sediments are critical because they pre-date units associated with a glacial event. The 14 C determinations indicate deposition of the organic material between 34 500 +885 -800 (Q-2410) and 21 500 +890 -800 (Q-2358) years BP and provide a maximum age for the glacial event and the first radiometric dates for the coastal 'head' sediments of southwest England. The pollen assemblages from these organic sites all record open grassland vegetation, and represent the earliest vegetational record for the Scillies. High Pinus values are interpreted as evidence of climatic deterioration. In the southern Scillies, the Porthloo Breccia is overlain by the Old Man Sandloess, a coarse aeolian silt with subdominant fine sand, TL-dated to 18 600 +3700 -3700 years (QTL -1 d and 1 f; Wintle 1981) and optically dated to 20 000 +7000 - 7000 and 26 000 +10 000 -9000 years (two samples; 738al and 741al; Smith el al . 1990). This material occurs in a variety of facies related to different modes of reworking. In the northern Scillies, the Porthloo Breccia is overlain by three units that are all related to a single glacial event. The Scilly Till, a massive, poorly sorted, clay-rich pale brown diamicton containing abundant striated and faceted erratics of northern derivation, occurs at Bread and Cheese Cove, and Pernagie and White Island Bars. This sediment is of uncertain depositional facies, although the available data suggest that it may be a lodgement till. At Bread and Cheese Cove the Scilly Till occurs in association with a matrix-supported sandy gravel, the Tregarthen Gravel, which has an erratic assemblage consistent with the underlying Till. The distributional relation between the glacially derived sediments, marine bars and morphological varieties of granite tors suggest that some of the bars may be remnant moraines, and that the glacier was erosive in the northern Scillies. Aeolian loessic processes in association with the glacial advance resulted in the deposition of the Old Man Sandloess in the southern Scillies. The relative coarseness of this material is interpreted as a function of its proximity to glacially derived source material. The mineralogy of the Scilly Till is sufficiently similar to the Old Man Sandloess to suggest a genetic link between the two units. Overlying the Scilly Till and Tregarthen Gravel in the northern Scillies is the Hell Bay Gravel, an extremely widespread matrix-supported gravel containing a similar assemblage of striated and faceted erratics to the underlying Till, but alongside a considerable proportion of locally derived granitic material. The matrix of the Hell Bay Gravel is identical to colluvially reworked facies of the Old Man Sandloess. This material represents an initial phase of solifluction, post-dating the glacial event in which the Scilly Till, Tregarthen Gravel and Old Man Sandloess were mixed and transported downslope. In situations where these sediments were stripped from the land surface, weathered granite once again became the dominant raw material for solifluction, this subsequent phase being represented by the Bread and Cheese Breccia in the northern Scillies and the upper Porthloo Breccia in the southern Scillies. The evidence therefore suggests that ice advanced at least as far as the northern Isles of Scilly during the Dimlington Stadial of the late Devensian Substage. This conflicts with previous interpretations which place the glacial deposits within the Wolstonian Stage. However, the late Devensian event was probably not the first glacial event to have influenced the Islands because erratics are widespread in some exposures of the Watermill Sands and Gravel; the age of this earlier event remains uncertain.


Part of an archipelago that stretches along the seaways from Newfoundland to Les Iles-de-la-Madeleine, Prince Edward Island is Canada's smallest province. It lies "cradled in the waves," (as its Mi'kmaq name indicates), off the east coast of New Brunswick in the shallow waters of the Northumberland Strait. Its moderate climate and rich red soil have allowed fishing and agriculture to prosper there over the centuries. The Island has been a landing-point for Europeans ever since Jacques Cartier arrived there from France in 1534. The subsequent influx of Acadian, Scottish and Irish settlers during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries laid the foundations of European settlement on the Island. Two centuries later, the cultural traits of these original settlers continue to distinguish community life on PEI. Music plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of these lifeworlds—especially, traditional fiddle music.

This thesis investigates Irish traditional fiddle music on Prince Edward Island. Drawing on field interviews, transcription analyses, archive recordings, and participant-observation at various music festivals and session venues on PEI, it focuses on the performance histories of past and present fiddlers, many of whom are carriers of dual, or "bi-musical" traditions from Ireland and Scotland. Beginning with the diasporic history of Irish settlers on PEI, the thesis maps Irish "sonic" territories across the Island, and explores the cultural memory and collective sense of place that give them musical meaning. This "deep mapping" creates a textured portrait of Irish fiddle dialects on the Island; in particular, regional and individual nuances, repertoire development, bowing patterns and ornamentation techniques. Contrasting the process of Irish ethnic fade on the Island with a recent surge of musical hybridity and transculturation, the thesis argues that the Irish soundscape on Prince Edward Island is experiencing many of the same creative challenges and transformations that impact Irish traditional soundscapes in other parts of the world.


We are exposed to many external and internal stresses in this day and age. Stress weakens the function of immune systems in living organisms and disturbs homeostasis. As a result, stress induces various psychosomatic diseases. Thus, ways of reducing stress and thus protecting humans from disease must be developed. One such method is called "the prevention of Mibyou" in Kampo, the Chinese traditional medicine. Many studies have reported the direct effects of medical ginseng on damaged target organs and recovery from disease. It also increases immune potential and may maintain homeostasis of living organisms through the autonomic-endocrine systems. It is also thought to prevent the development of disease. We studied and considered the action of medical ginseng on living organisms that were exposed to various stresses such as cold environment and industrial work. Furthermore, we confirmed the preventive effects of medical ginseng on the common cold symptom complex, including flu, by clinical observation. Here, we report our experiences.


Background Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a serious disease with a high fatality rate reported in many countries. The first case of CCHF in Oman was detected in 1995 and serosurveys have suggested widespread infection of humans and livestock throughout the country. Methodology Cases of CCHF reported to the Ministry of Health (MoH) of Oman between 1995 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Diagnosis was confirmed by serology and/or molecular tests in Oman. Stored RNA from recent cases was studied by sequencing the complete open reading frame (ORF) of the viral S segment at Public Health England, enabling phylogenetic comparisons to be made with other S segments of strains obtained from the region. Findings Of 88 cases of CCHF, 4 were sporadic in 1995 and 1996, then none were detected until 2011. From 2011–2017, incidence has steadily increased and 19 (23.8%) of 80 cases clustered around Eid Al Adha. The median (range) age was 33 (15–68) years and 79 (90%) were male. The major risk for infection was contact with animals and/or butchering in 73/88 (83%) and only one case was related to tick bites alone. Severe cases were over-represented: 64 (72.7%) had a platelet count < 50 x 109/L and 32 (36.4%) died. There was no intrafamilial spread or healthcare-associated infection. The viral S segments from 11 patients presenting in 2013 and 2014 were all grouped in Asia 1 (IV) lineage. Conclusions CCHF is well-established throughout Oman, with a single strain of virus present for at least 20 years. Most patients are men involved in animal husbandry and butchery. The high mortality suggests that there is substantial under-diagnosis of milder cases. Preventive measures have been introduced to reduce risks of transmission to animal handlers and butchers and to maintain safety in healthcare settings.


This study explores the recent dynamics of inflation expectations for the main euro area countries. It uses daily financial data for the main euro area countries over the past 15 years with a wide range of time horizons. The estimation of a model of the term structure of inflation expectations using these data allows the common part to be separated from the country specific part. It is found that, for the various time horizons and countries, the bulk of expected inflation is common to the whole euro area. The weight of country-specific factors is low, being most significant for the shorter term. For time horizons between five and ten years, the estimated inflation expectations showed a downward trend from 2012, which has reversed in the last two years owing to the application of a broad set of unconventional monetary policy measures in the euro area since mid-2014. Still, in the past year, medium-term inflation expectations have held below 2%, around 1.7% on average, clearly lower than in the period before the economic crisis.


Objective To assess whether players who cross ≥6 time zones and/or undertake ≥10 h air travel prior to competition experience a higher risk of injury during the Sevens World Series than players not required to undertake this level of travel. Design Five-year, prospective, cohort study. Participants All players from nine core teams competing in the Sevens World Series from 2008/2009 to 2013/2014. Results A total of 436 match injuries and 3363 player-match-hours of exposure were recorded in the study, which corresponds to an overall incidence of 129.6 injuries/1000 player-match-hours, irrespective of the nature of pretournament travel. The incidence of injury for those players crossing ≥6 time zones and undertaking ≥10 h air travel prior to competition (99.3 injuries/1000 player-match-hours) was significantly lower than that of players undertaking ≥10 h air travel but crossing ≤2 time zones prior to competition (148.8 injuries/1000 player-match-hours; p=0.003) and of those undertaking ≤3 h air travel and crossing ≤2 time zones prior to competition (146.4 injuries/1000 player-match-hours; p=0.004). There was no significant difference in the incidence of injury for players crossing ≤2 time zones in the week prior to competition, irrespective of whether the length of air travel was ≤3 h or ≥10 h (p=0.904). Precompetition air travel had no significant effect (p=0.879) on the performance of teams in terms of their final Tournament ranking positions. Conclusions There was no evidence to suggest that players were exposed to a greater risk of injury following extensive air travel and crossing multiple time zones prior to Tournaments in the Sevens World Series.


The immense challenges associated with realizing ocean and coastal sustainability require highly skilled interdisciplinary marine scientists. However, the barriers experienced by early career researchers (ECRs) seeking to address these challenges, and the support required to overcome those barriers, are not well understood. This study examines the perspectives of ECRs on opportunities to build interdisciplinary research capacity in marine science. We engaged 23 current and former graduate students and postdoctoral fellows in a policy Delphi method with three rounds of surveying that included semi-structured questionnaires and q-methodology. We identified the following five barriers that limit ECRs' capacity for interdisciplinary research: (i) demanding workloads; (ii) stress linked to funding, publishing, and employment uncertainty; (iii) limited support for balancing personal and professional commitments; (iv) ineffective supervisory support; and (v) the steep learning curve associated with interdisciplinary research. Our analysis highlights three main types of responses to these barriers adopted by ECRs, including "taking on too much", "coping effectively", and "maintaining material wellbeing at any cost". To overcome these barriers, we propose the following three institutional actions to build early career interdisciplinary researcher capacity: formalize mentorship, create interdisciplinary research groups, and mainstream mental health support.


Most methods for hardware power estimation operate at the register-transfer level (RTL) or lower levels of design abstraction. Since cycle-accurate functional descriptions (CAFDs) are being widely adopted in integrated circuit (IC) design flows, power estimation can potentially benefit from the inherent increase in the efficiency of a cycle-based functional simulation. However, attempts at power estimation for functional descriptions have suffered from a poor accuracy because the design decisions performed during their synthesis lead to an unavoidable large uncertainty in any power estimate that is based solely on the functional description. The authors propose a methodology for a CAFD power estimation that combines the accuracy achieved by structural RTL power estimation with the efficiency of cycle-accurate functional simulation. This goal is achieved by viewing a CAFD as an abstraction of a specific known RTL implementation that is synthesized from it. The authors identify correlations between a CAFD and its RTL implementation and "back-annotate" information into the CAFD solely for power estimation. The resulting RTL-aware CAFD contains a layer of code that instantiates virtual placeholders for RTL components and maps values of CAFD variables into the RTL components' inputs/outputs, thus enabling efficient and accurate power estimation. Power estimation is performed in the proposed methodology by simply cosimulating the RTL-aware CAFD with a simulatable power-model library that contains power macromodels for each RTL component. Techniques to further improve the speed of CAFD power estimation through the use of control-state-based adaptive power sampling are presented. The authors have implemented and evaluated the proposed techniques in the context of a commercial C-based hardware design flow. Experiments with a number of large industrial designs (up to 1 000 000 gates) demonstrate that the proposed methodology achieves an accuracy very close to RTL power estimation with two-three orders of magnitude speedup in estimation times


To the Editor:—Mark Twain may have overstated his distrust of statistics, but the issue of interpretation of statistics comes to the forefront in the study by Arbous et al. and the accompanying editorial by Warner. As the results of the study are discussed, Arbous et al. jump from describing associations between outcomes and management factors, to cause-and-effect descriptions: "it was found . . . a checklist decreased the risk," "the reversal of the effect of opiates and muscle relaxants seems to decrease the risk," and so on. Warner embraces these ersatz "risks" as showing "anesthetic management processes to dramatically reduce perioperative mortality." When one looks at baseline characteristics of the study and control groups, there are, as the authors note, huge differences in the categories of urgent/emergent nature, time of day procedure performed, and American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status. In fact, 40% of the study cases were rated American Society of Anesthesiologists V—not expected to survive for 24 h, with or without surgery (regardless of anesthetic management). If we accept that a large proportion of the study cases carry greater risk by virtue of their physical status and the emergent nature of the injury or disease process, and that urgent/ emergent cases generally account for all the outside working hour cases, differences in anesthetic management processes between the two groups seem more coincidentally associated than causative. Were equipment checks performed less frequently in the study group because of the emergent nature of the cases? Was the lower percentage of two providers at termination of a procedure simply a function of the outside hour the procedure was performed? Was the lower reversal rate of opiates and muscle relaxants due to the fact that the study group was sicker, undergoing more complex procedures, and so remained intubated postoperatively? Did the study groups receive fewer narcotics and local anesthetics for postoperative pain because of their moribund (comatose?) or unstable condition? This is not to suggest that anesthesia practice factors do not affect morbidity and mortality; some of the anesthetic practice factors in this study may one day be proven to be causative. But let us appreciate the method of this study for what it is: a tool to identify associations. Those associations then need to be further studied to identify them as causative or coincidental. Cars manufactured on Monday do not have more problems than others because that day of the week starts with the letter M. We need to look for truths, damn truths, and more than associations.


MIMO Radar Transceiver Design for High Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio John Jacob Lipor Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar employs orthogonal or partially correlated transmit signals to achieve performance benefits over its phased-array counterpart. It has been shown that MIMO radar can achieve greater spatial resolution, improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and target localization, and greater clutter resolution using space-time adaptive processing (STAP). This thesis explores various methods to improve the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) via transmit and receive beamforming. In MIMO radar settings, it is often desirable to transmit power only to a given location or set of locations defined by a beampattern. Current methods involve a twostep process of designing the transmit covariance matrix R via iterative solutions and then using R to generate waveforms that fulfill practical constraints such as having a constant-envelope or drawing from a finite alphabet. In this document, a closedform method to design R is proposed that utilizes the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) coefficients and Toeplitz matrices. The resulting covariance matrix fulfills the practical constraints such as positive semidefiniteness and the uniform elemental power constraint and provides performance similar to that of iterative methods, which require a much greater computation time. Next, a transmit architecture is presented 5 that exploits the orthogonality of frequencies at discrete DFT values to transmit a sum of orthogonal signals from each antenna. The resulting waveforms provide a lower mean-square error than current methods at a much lower computational cost, and a simulated detection scenario demonstrates the performance advantages achieved. It is also desirable to receive signal power only from a given set of directions defined by a beampattern. In a later chapter of this document, the problem of receive beampattern matching is formulated and three solutions to this problem are demonstrated. We show that partitioning the received data vector into subvectors and then multiplying each subvector with its corresponding weight vector can improve performance and reduce the length of the data vector. Simulation results show that all methods are capable of matching a desired beampattern. Signal-to-interferenceplus-noise ratio (SINR) calculations demonstrate a significant improvement over the unaltered MIMO case.


Abstract Climate change has significant implications for biodiversity and ecosystems. With slow progress towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions, climate engineering (or 'geoengineering') is receiving increasing attention for its potential to limit anthropogenic climate change and its damaging effects. Proposed techniques, such as ocean fertilization for carbon dioxide removal or stratospheric sulfate injections to reduce incoming solar radiation, would significantly alter atmospheric, terrestrial and marine environments, yet potential side-effects of their implementation for ecosystems and biodiversity have received little attention. A literature review was carried out to identify details of the potential ecological effects of climate engineering techniques. A group of biodiversity and environmental change researchers then employed a modified Delphi expert consultation technique to evaluate this evidence and prioritize the effects based on the relative importance of, and scientific understanding about, their biodiversity and ecosystem consequences. The key issues and knowledge gaps are used to shape a discussion of the biodiversity and ecosystem implications of climate engineering, including novel climatic conditions, alterations to marine systems and substantial terrestrial habitat change. This review highlights several current research priorities in which the climate engineering context is crucial to consider, as well as identifying some novel topics for ecological investigation.


This paper discusses the design of axisymmetric structures with self-supporting features that can be additively manufactured without requiring internal support structures. This is motivated by wire-fed additive manufacturing processes, many of which can fabricate designs with enclosed pores that inherently exist in many axisymmetric structures, such as double walled pressure vessels. Although enclosed pores are possible, features that rise at shallow angles from the build plate typically cannot be fabricated without the use of support structures, which require removal and thus are unfavorable in such applications. In this paper, an overhang constraint is applied to ensure that all designed features rise at a designer-prescribed self-supporting angle to eliminate the need for such support structures. This is achieved by coupling the projection-based overhang constraint approach with topology optimization and axisymmetric finite elements whose stiffness is interpolated using Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization (SIMP). Gradients are computed with the adjoint method and the Method of Moving Asymptotes (MMA) is employed as the gradient-based optimizer. Two numerical examples related to a canonical pressure vessel and an optical mirror support structure are used to demonstrate the approach. Solutions are shown to satisfy minimum feature size requirements and designer-prescribed (process dependent) overhang constraint angles, while providing clear and crisp representations of topology. As observed in past works on overhang constraints, a clear trade-off is illustrated between the magnitude of the overhang constraint angle and the structural performance (mass or stiffness), with more strict requirements producing designs with lower performance.


In Encoding Race, Encoding Class Sareeta Amrute explores the work and private lives of highly skilled Indian IT coders in Berlin to reveal the oft-obscured realities of the embodied, raced, and classed nature of cognitive labor. In addition to conducting fieldwork and interviews in IT offices as well as analyzing political cartoons, advertisements, and reports on white-collar work, Amrute spent time with a core of twenty programmers before, during, and after their shifts. She shows how they occupy a contradictory position, as they are racialized in Germany as temporary and migrant grunt workers, yet their middle-class aspirations reflect efforts to build a new, global, and economically dominant India. The ways they accept and resist the premises and conditions of their work offer new potentials for alternative visions of living and working in neoliberal economies. Demonstrating how these coders' cognitive labor realigns and reimagines race and class, Amrute conceptualizes personhood and migration within global capitalism in new ways.


A phase model is a cycle of phases, which can be recognised in most FL lessons and course books. Each phase is in fact a collection of learning activities, which we consider to be distinctly different from other collections of learning activities.Phase models have a descriptive function: they describe stereotypical patterns in FL course books and lessons. They also have a prescriptive function, in so far as they are presented as exemplary patterns or schemes that will lead to better learning results. Prescriptive models are attractive to students, teachers and course book writers, because they give guidance in planning instructional units and lessons, but they are also risky, because they must largely be based on assumptions about de FL acquisition process, the conclusions of research on this subject being far from definitive. Further discussion of prescriptive phase models is necessary.Existing phase models lack precision of definition and plausibility of the underlying FL acquisition theory. The phase model of Strauss (in Kwakernaaks description) is criticized, especially the part of it that concerns the receptive skills.It is questionable whether phase models are appropriate for use in pre- and in-service teacher training, since students tend to adhere too closely to models, particularly where the "prescribed" order of the phases is concerned. Exercise typologies render the same service as phase models, inasmuch as they distinguish categories of learning activities without being too prescriptive. Two German exercise typologies are briefly discussed and a few suggestions for their improvement are made.1) English (revised and expanded) edition of one of them: Christopher N. Chandlin: The Communicative Teaching of English. Principles and Exercise Typology, Longman, Burned Mill, Harlow, Essex 1981.


This paper explores the intellectual and social circumstances that informed the production of Andrea Mantegna's Mars and Venus (1497), the first painting executed for the studiolo of Isabella d'Este Gonzaga. Documentary evidence suggests that Mantegna collaborated on this project with an iconographic advisor, most likely the learned Paride da Ceresara. The author argues, somewhat against the received wisdom, that both Paride and Mantegna are responsible for this painting's invention, and maintains that the collaborative nature of their enterprise invites us to rethink the nature of artistic 'invention' itself. The term, which entered the lexicon of early modern art theory via the writings of Cicero and Quintilian, describes an intellectual process of discovery. Paride, as the paper attempts to show, discovered his iconographic invenzione by using the techniques of humanist philology. Mantegna drew on his knowledge of classical sculpture, as well as a hitherto unacknowledged tradition of textual criticism that linked his handling of a brush to the tenets of ancient rhetorical theory and to the writings of Leon Battista Alberti. Discovering in these contexts a set of poetic, formal, and stylistic devices uniquely suited to the learned environment of Isabella's studiolo, Mantegna and Paride together invented a means of visibly addressing their patron's concerns, concerns that are ultimately tied to the Platonic philosophy of the soul.


The purpose of this paper is to unveil some of the history and development of documentary programme making in Malaysia, from the establishment of the Malaysian Film Unit (currently known as Filem Negara Malaysia) by the British colonials office in 1946 after the World War II until the period of commercialisation of television stations in Malaysia. The Malayan Film Unit was part of the Department of Information set up by the British government after the Second World War in 1946 that serve as propaganda tools to disseminate the government's information. Therefore it is significant in this study to share the information about the British people involvement in setting up documentary film movement (as part of documentary film movement in Britain) in Malaysia (formerly known as Malaya).

After the independence in 1957 the Malaysian government continue to use the Malayan Film Unit (currently known as Filem Negara Malaya) together with radio Television Malaysia (RTM) to disseminate propaganda messages in the form of thematic government campaign to the people of Malaysia. As a result documentary films produced by Film Negara and RTM are packed with official and thematic government campaigns that appear to be dull and less attractive to the audience.
The commercialisation of mass media in Malaysia has significant influence on the state of documentary production in Malaysia. Currently producers and television stations give emphasis on the human interest issues spiced up with sensational elements such as superstition and horror to increase the rating of the programmes. These type of programmes received criticism from the Ministry of Information as they could weaken the mind of the audience especially children and youngster.

It is important to note that in writing this paper, the writer is reliant on the verbal accounts and the personal notes of the respondents of the interviews, as very little information about the history documentary film making has been published and written academically in Malaysia. The main source of information for this chapter is gathered from the respondents of the in-depth interviews, some of whom have kept archive materials on the history of the Malaysian documentary production as well as their through their experience involve in the production of documentary programmes..

In writing up the early history of Malaysian documentary production by the Malayan Film Unit, the researcher owes gratitude to Mr. Hassan Muthalib, an enthusiast who collects archive and historical materials about film and documentary in Malaysia. Mr Hassan also is a former Filem Negara staff member, and worked in Filem Negara for more than 20 years. His vast experience in Filem Negara makes him one of the most important resources for this study.

This paper also deals with the development of documentary filmmaking in Malaysia and its relationship with television as medium of screening. The researcher also conducted in-depth interview with the producers in several television stations and independent production companies in order to investigate the problems and challenges faced by the producers to produce documentary programmes. Besides that the researcher's personal working experience as a documentary producer with one of Malaysian private television station has exposed him to a great deal of information about the involvement of the station with documentary productions


Amphiboles of predominantly tremolite composition have been synthesized at 670-800 degrees C and 200-700 MPa in the system CaO-MgO-SiO 2 -H 2 O. The tremolite crystals were large enough to be analyzed by electron microprobe. The run products were also studied by scanning electron microscopy, high resolution electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (Rietveld analysis) and IR spectroscopy. The electron microprobe analyses resulted in average compositions between tr 87 cum 13 and tr 99 cum 1 . The cummingtonite contents determined by electron microprobe varied by up to + or -7 mol% within each run. Investigations using high resolution electron microscopy revealed that the tremolite-cummingtonite solid solutions were highly ordered and chain multiplicity faults were rare. Although the lattice parameters a, b and beta are expected to be a function of the cummingtonite content, no correlations were observed between the compositions derived by electron microprobe and the lattice parameters. The energy and absorbance of the OH stretching vibration is a function of M4 site occupancy. Therefore, the cummingtonite content was determined precisely by IR spectroscopy. At least 3 different bands at distinct energies were identified: 3674.6 cm (super -1) for the CaCa-CaCa and 3669.3 and 3672.2 cm (super -1) for the MgCa-CaCa and CaCa-MgCa configurations, respectively. The relative integral absorbances showed that all synthesized amphiboles had cummingtonite contents lower than 6 mol%. In some cases nearly pure tremolite was synthesized (tr 99 cum 1 ). This amount is considerably less than the 10 mol% cummingtonite content (tr 90 cum 10 ) often claimed for synthetic tremolite. The compositions derived by IR spectroscopy correlate with the lattice parameters. Using these correlations the lattice parameters of pure tremolite were extrapolated to be a = 9.8354(18) Aa, b = 18.0562(14) Aa, c = 5.2768(6) Aa, beta = 104.74(2) degrees , V = 906.3(2) Aa 3 .


Abstract: We investigated the potential anti-microbial and anti-biofilm activities of previously synthesized 1,3-dioxolane derivatives against several pathogen microorganisms. In vitro antibacterial activities of new compounds against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, S. epidermidis ATCC 12228, Enterococcus faecalis 29212, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 4352, Proteus mirabilis ATCC 14153 and antifungal activities against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 were investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), and minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBEC) were determined by microbroth dilution technique. As a result, two molecules were found active against the planktonic and biofilms of the E. faecalis and S. epidermidis. The MIC and MBEC values of those two agents were 9.76 - 39.06 mg/L and 2000 - 5000 mg/L, respectively. In addition, they inhibited the biofilm attachment according to time, and they showed the significant inhibitor activity against biofilm formation at 24 h according to their concentrations. According to these results, two 1,3-dioxolane derivatives were active against the planktonic and biofilm cells of some bacteria. Key words: 1,3-dioxolane derivatives, antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, in-vitro activity.


Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive neoplasm associated with asbestos exposure. Although previous studies based on candidate gene approaches have identified important common somatic mutations in MPM, these studies have focused on small sets of genes and have provided a limited view of the genetic alterations underlying this disease. Here, we performed whole-exome sequencing on DNA from 22 MPMs and matched blood samples, and identified 517 somatic mutations across 490 mutated genes. Integrative analysis of mutations and somatic copy-number alterations revealed frequent genetic alterations in BAP1, NF2, CDKN2A, and CUL1. Our study presents the first unbiased view of the genomic basis of MPM.


Cancellation of surgery has an important impact on patients and their families and suggests a need to review some protocols for screening patients prior to surgery. To determine the causes of case cancellation in patients' surgical population, we designed a retrospective observational study at Imam Khomeini hospital.

Materials & Methods:�In a retrospective-observational study we evaluated the medical documents of all patients whose operations had been cancelled on the day of surgery, 1382-84.

Results: We found the mean 18.6% cancellation for three years. The most common cause of cancellation in 1382 was postponing due to surgeon's opinion 105 (14%) in 1383 was due to patient's problems 192 (15%), and in 1384 was postpon due to operating room end time at morning shift, 211 (15%).

Conclusion: We conclude that close cooperation between the surgeon, anesthesiologist, operating room manager, preoperative assessment, examination, and preparation of patients before surgery can reduce the cancellation of surgery day in patients.


The paper deals with a new control technique for a unified power quality conditioner (UPQC), which is the most comprehensive of FACTS devices. The problems of power quality continue to gain in significance because of the proliferation of sensitive and harmonic producing loads in electrical networks. Greater awareness among customers with regard to supply integrity and a desire by suppliers to be able to guarantee a certain degree of power quality to customers is being reflected in the development of innovative power quality solutions. The UPQC, which is a combination of shunt and series compensation, is designed to cater for multiple power quality problems. The shunt compensator provides VAr compensation to the load. It also provides harmonic isolation between the load and the utility supply. The series compensator regulates the incoming voltage quality from the supply side, and keeps the load end voltage insensitive to the supply voltage problems like sag/swell or unbalance. All these quality controls are achieved simultaneously. A comprehensive control technique has been designed based on the VA loading of the two compensators, such that minimum VA loading of the two compensators is ensured. This has been achieved by pre-calculating a suitable angle of injection voltage for the series compensator. This also minimises the operational losses of the UPQC. The design details are elaborated and verified with appropriate simulation results.


We consider the optimal power scheduling problem for the decentralized estimation of a noise-corrupted deterministic signal in an inhomogeneous sensor network. Sensor observations are first quantized into discrete messages, then transmitted to a fusion center where a final estimate is generated. Supposing that the sensors use a universal decentralized quantization/estimation scheme and an uncoded quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) transmission strategy, we determine the optimal quantization and transmit power levels at local sensors so as to minimize the total transmit power, while ensuring a given mean squared error (mse) performance. The proposed power scheduling scheme suggests that the sensors with bad channels or poor observation qualities should decrease their quantization resolutions or simply become inactive in order to save power. For the remaining active sensors, their optimal quantization and transmit power levels are determined jointly by individual channel path losses, local observation noise variance, and the targeted mse performance. Numerical examples show that in inhomogeneous sensing environment, significant energy savings is possible when compared to the uniform quantization strategy.


[Purpose] It is suggested that walking with Masai Barefoot Technology (MBT) shoes will increase oxygen uptake and result in greater consumption of energy relative to walking with conventional shoes, but this has not been sufficiently investigated. [Methods] To examine this supposition, ten subjects walked on a treadmill with different types of shoes (jogging or MBT shoes), treadmill inclinations (zero or 10 % inclination) and walking speeds (i.e. self-selected walking speed or fast walking speed). Oxygen uptake, heart rate, lung ventilation, ratings of perceived exertion and energy expenditure were measured during all walking conditions by a stationary metabolic cart. [Results] On a flat treadmill at self-selected and fast walking speeds, physiological responses were similar for jogging and MBT shoes. In contrast, fast uphill walking with MBT shoes significantly increased oxygen uptake by about 5% relative to jogging shoes. The calculated energy expenditure for 60 minutes of fast, uphill walking was about 6% higher when using MBT shoes. [Conclusion] The magnitude of increases in oxygen uptake and energy expenditure when using MBT shoes were quite small, and the clinical relevance regarding reductions in body weight may be negligible.


Australia's Federal Government announced the National Broadband Network (NBN) in 2009. NBN's current roll-out is scheduled for completion in 2021, with market forecasts estimating optical fibre overtaking DSL broadband connections in about 2015. This paper provides a timely contribution to more critical and expansive analysis of potential Australian internet futures. First, 'schools of thought' and current technological frames (Web 2.0, 'the cloud') for the internet and its possible futures are outlined, which provide perspectives on the emergence of the NBN. We then outline five generic images of the future which, as predetermined images, enable quick 'incasting' of alternative futures for a technology topic or related object of research: promised future, social/ speculative bubble(s), unfolding disruption/chaos, unintended consequences, and co-existence/'cooption'. High-level application of the 'schools' and generic images to the NBN and Australia's potential internet futures, suggests policymakers and strategists currently consider too few perspectives.


Processing of manifold-valued data has received considerable attention in recent years. Standard data processing methods are not adequate for such data. Among many related data processing tasks finding means or averages of manifold-valued data is a basic and important one. Although means on Riemannian manifolds have a long history, there are still many unanswered theoretical questions about them, some of which we try to answer. We focus on two classes of means: the Riemannian $L^{p}$ mean and the recursive-iterative means. The Riemannian $L^{p}$ mean is defined as the solution(s) of a minimization problem, while the recursive-iterative means are defined based on the notion of Mean-Invariance (MI) in a recursive and iterative process. We give a new existence and uniqueness result for the Riemannian $L^{p}$ mean. The significant consequence is that it shows the local and global definitions of the Riemannian $L^{p}$ mean coincide under an uncompromised condition which guarantees the uniqueness of the local mean. We also study smoothness, isometry compatibility, convexity and noise sensitivity properties of the $L^{p}$ mean. In particular, we argue that positive sectional curvature of a manifold can cause high sensitivity to noise for the $L^{2}$ mean which might lead to a non-averaging behavior of that mean. We show that the $L^{2}$ mean on a manifold of positive curvature can have an averaging property in a weak sense. We introduce the notion of MI, and study a large class of recursive-iterative means. MI means are related to an interesting class of dynamical systems that can find Riemannian convex combinations. A special class of the MI means called pairwise mean, which through an iterative scheme called Perimeter Shrinkage is related to cyclic pursuit on manifolds, is also studied. Finally, we derive results specific to the special orthogonal group and the Grassmannian manifold, as these manifolds appear naturally in many applications. We distinguish the $2$-norm Finsler balls of appropriate radius in these manifolds as domains for existence and uniqueness of the studied means. We also introduce some efficient numerical methods to perform the related calculations in the specified manifolds.


Robots working in human environments must be able to perceive and act on challenging objects with articulations, such as a pile of tools. Articulated objects increase the dimensionality of the pose estimation problem, and partial observations under clutter create additional challenges. To address this problem, we present a generative-discriminative parts-based recognition and localization method for articulated objects in clutter. We formulate the problem of articulated object pose estimation as a Markov Random Field (MRF). Hidden nodes in this MRF express the pose of the object parts, and edges express the articulation constraints between parts. Localization is performed within the MRF using an efficient belief propagation method. The method is informed by both part segmentation heatmaps over the observation, generated by a neural network, and the articulation constraints between object parts. Our generative-discriminative approach allows the proposed method to function in cluttered environments by inferring the pose of occluded parts using hypotheses from the visible parts. We demonstrate the efficacy of our methods in a tabletop environment for recognizing and localizing hand tools in uncluttered and cluttered configurations.