The economic value of the asset impairment process is quite large. Impairment reflects the reduction of future economic benefits or service potentials itemized in the asset. The assets owned by public sector entities bring economic benefits or are used for delivery of the free-of-charge services. Consequently, they are classified as cash-generating and non-cash-generating assets. IPSAS 21 Impairment of non-cash-generating assets, and IPSAS 26 Impairment of cash-generating assets, have been designed considering this specificity. When measuring impairment of assets, it is important to select the relevant methods. For measurement of the impaired Non-Cash-Generating Assets, IPSAS 21 recommends three methods: Depreciated Replacement Cost Approach, Restoration Cost Approach, and Service Units Approach. Impairment of Value in Use of Cash-Generating Assets (according to IPSAS 26) is measured by discounted value of the money sources to be received in future. Value in use of the cash-generating asserts (as per IPSAS 26) is measured by the discounted value of the money sources to be received in the future. The article provides classification of the assets in the public sector as non-cash-generating assets and cash-generating assets and, deals also with the factors which should be considered when evaluating impairment of assets. An essence of impairment of the non-financial assets and the methods of measurement thereof evaluation are formulated according to IPSAS 21 and IPSAS 26. The main emphasis is put on different methods of measurement of the value in use of the impaired Cash-Generating Assets and Non-CashGeneration Assets and the methods of their selection. The traditional and the expected cash flow approaches for calculation of the discounted value are reviewed. The article also discusses the issues of recognition of impairment loss and its reflection in the financial reporting. The article concludes that despite a functional purpose of the impaired asset, whichever method is used for measuring the asset, presentation of realistic information regarding the value of the assets should be ensured in the financial reporting. In the theoretical development of the issue, the methods of scientific abstraction, analysis and synthesis were used. The research was carried out with a systemic approach. The research process uses international standards of accounting, theoretical researches and publications of Georgian and foreign scientists. Keywords—Non-cash-generating assets, cash-generating assets, recoverable value, recoverable service amount, value in use.


Is Postural Stability Compromised in Women with Urinary Incontinence? Samantha K. Rondini Women with urinary incontinence (UI) have an increased risk of falling compared to their age-matched peers without UI. Due to the anatomical location of the pelvic floor muscles, they are suspected to contribute to the maintenance of postural stability during everyday activities. Women with UI have weak or dysfunctional pelvic floor muscles. The purpose of this study was to determine if women with UI, specifically stress, urge, and mixed UI, have deficits in postural stability during static tasks and in response to postural perturbations of the support surface. Methods: To measure static stability, 14 women (7 with UI: age 51.75 ± 17.85 yrs, height 164.94 ± 5.40 cm, mass 79.38 ± 19.45 kg, number of falls 0.714 ± 1.89, number of pregnancies 1.29 ± 0.76 and 7 controls: age 51.71 ± 18.20 yrs, height 163.29 ± 6.64 cm, mass 60.47 ± 8.32 kg, number of falls 0.00 ± 0.00, number of pregnancies 1.29 ± 0.76) stood quietly on a force plate with their eyes open and then eyes closed. These same women had their dynamic stability measured by undergoing perturbations of the force plate in both the toes up and toes down directions. A two-factor MANOVA (group x eyes open/closed) was performed on the following static variables: anterioposterior sway, mediolateral sway, length of the path of the center of pressure (COP), sway velocity in quiet stance, and elliptical sway area. Another two-factor MANOVA (group x toes up/down) was performed on the following dynamic variables: initial sway, total sway, and sway velocity. The alpha value for all statistical analyses was 0.05. Results: No differences in the static stability variables of anterioposterior sway, mediolateral sway, length of the path of COP, sway velocity in quiet stance, and elliptical sway area were seen between groups. Results of the dynamic stability assessment revealed that the UI group had significantly less initial sway (p=0.006), total sway (p=0.008), and sway velocity (p=0.001) compared to the controls. Conclusion: Women with UI have less COP movement in response to postural perturbations compared to an age and parity-matched control group. Further studies are needed to determine muscular compensations and co-contractions that may be contributing to this response.


Most sentiment analysis studies address classification of a single source of data such as reviews or blog posts. However, the multitude of social media sources available for text analysis lends itself naturally to domain adaptation. In this study, we create a dataset spanning three social media sources -- blogs, reviews, and Twitter -- and a set of 37 common topics. We first examine sentiments expressed in these three sources while controlling for the change in topic. Then using this multi-dimensional data we show that when classifying documents in one source (a target source), models trained on other sources of data can be as good as or even better than those trained on the target data. That is, we show that models trained on some social media sources are generalizable to others. All source adaptation models we implement show reviews and Twitter to be the best sources of training data. It is especially useful to know that models trained on Twitter data are generalizable, since, unlike reviews, Twitter is more topically diverse.


The recent advances in telecommunication have led to increase in the number of subscriptions to mobile telecommunication networks in Ghana. In today's competitive telecom market place several marketing communication tools are used by telecom operators in Ghana to retain existing customers and also add on to their customer base. Price related promotion is one such marketing communication tools and the impact of sales promotions in increasing subscriber base forms the basis of this study. We review some sales promotions, its impact on subscription, customer perception about the effects of price promotions in telecommunications, as well as benefits customers realize. The National Communication Authority, the communications regulator, reported 17.437mn mobile subscribers in Ghana at the end of December 2010 which represented overall growth of 15.4% in 2010. This increased growth was as a result of increased subscriber uptake from lower call tariffs introduced by telecom service providers in mid-2010 and promotional offers that were introduced to attract new customers. Promotions thus played a role in this growth rate. Price promotions are used to a large extent to increase sales in today's competitive markets; there are serious repercussions however, if they are applied wrongly. Hence, this thesis seeks to examine the effects of price promotions on building a customer base within the Ghanaian mobile Telecommunication industry. Questionnaires were administered together with online survey to ascertain what the consuming public feels about sales promotion and how that affects their subscription to a telecom service provider. In all printed survey questionnaires were administered and online survey launched and together there was 84.5% response rate. The results show interesting trends in the market place and consumer perception of the numerous sales promotions given out by the telecom companies. Apart from what this research seeks to contribute theoretically, we see the results as quite relevant to both consumers and service providers. This work gives the mobile telecommunication service providers information on how consumers view their price related sales promotions and thus the need to intensify their consumer education in respect of promotions offered and the benefits of taking advantage thereof and subscribing to a service. For the consumer, accepting that the promotions are meant to give them value for money, retain them and also get new ones on board would increase their adoption rate and also enable them to make an informed decision, among other factors, when considering a mobile telecommunication service provider.


ABSTRACT School lunch is in general regulated through policies and agendas constituted by the perspectives of adults. In this article, we focus on children's lived experiences of school lunch with a special emphasis on emotions and how they relate to social and physical dimensions. This study draws on empathy-based stories written by 10–11 year olds (n = 171) from schools in Sweden. We identified three themes: Interaction and exposure, Routines and restrictions and Food and eating. The children's lived experiences of school lunch and the emotions attached to them are closely associated and intertwined with the socio-spatial dimension of school lunch. A pleasant meal experience seems to require harmonization between the physical and social space whilst negative experiences contain tensions between them, something that actors working with school lunch and school lunch environments should take in consideration when resourcing, planning and scheduling school lunch, and also when designing new school restaurants.


In this letter, we display InGaN/GaN-based photovoltaic (PV) devices with active layers in absorbing the solar spectrum around blue regions. The GaN/In0.25Ga0.75 N superlattice layers grown by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy are designed as the absorption layers with the same total thickness. The PV effect is almost absent when the In0.25Ga0.75N single layer is used as the absorption layer. This could be due to the large leakage current caused by the poor material quality and the relatively small shunt resistance. Devices with superlattice structure illuminated under a one-sun air-mass 1.5-G condition exhibit an open-circuit voltage of around 1.4 V and a short-circuit current density of around 0.8 mA/cm2 corresponding to a conversion efficiency of around 0.58%.


Conventional approaches to perceptual grouping assume little specific knowledge about the object(s) of interest. However, there are many applications in which such knowledge is available and useful. Here, we address the problem of finding the bounding contour of an object in an image when some prior knowledge about the object is available. We introduce a framework for combining prior probabilistic knowledge of the appearance of the object with probabilistic models for contour grouping. A constructive search technique is used to compute candidate closed object boundaries, which are then evaluated by combining figure, ground, and prior probabilities to compute the maximum a posteriori estimate. A significant advantage of our formulation is that it rigorously combines probabilistic local cues with important global constraints such as simplicity (no self-intersections), closure, completeness, and nontrivial scale priors. We apply this approach to the problem of computing exact lake boundaries from satellite imagery, given approximate prior knowledge from an existing digital database. We quantitatively evaluate the performance of our algorithm and find that it exceeds the performance of human mapping experts and a competing active contour approach, even with relatively weak prior knowledge. While the priors may be task-specific, the approach is general, as we demonstrate by applying it to a completely different problem: the computation of human skin boundaries in natural imagery.


In this paper we study the pole placement problem using generalized PI controllers of a fixed lag k as compensators. We derive a new strong sufficiency condition which guarantees the arbitrary pole assignability of a given system having m inputs p outputs and McMillan degree n. This sufficiency condition misses the theoretical best possible necessary condition by one degree of freedom. The proof of the main result can be used to derive a numerical procedure. This numerical procedure is however very sensitive in the parameters and further research is required to investigate the conditions under which sensitivity occurs and whether the solution can be made more robust in this regard.


The automotive industry is moving to Free, Libre, and Open Source software (FOSS). The GPLv3 is presenting a roadblock. Specifically, GPLv3 Section 6 and the installation information, or the "anti-tivoization" clause, is the reason car makers fear the GPLv3. They want to crytographically lock their cars but fear that the GPLv3 will prevent them from doing so. They have good reason to lock their cars, but I hope they have no good reason to fear the GPLv3.


Botnets continue to be a significant problem on the Internet. Accordingly, a great deal of research has focused on methods for detecting and mitigating the effects of botnets. Two of the primary factors preventing the development of effective large-scale, wide-area botnet detection systems are seemingly contradictory. On the one hand, technical and administrative restrictions result in a general unavailability of raw network data that would facilitate botnet detection on a large scale. On the other hand, were this data available, real-time processing at that scale would be a formidable challenge. In contrast to raw network data, NetFlow data is widely available. However, NetFlow data imposes several challenges for performing accurate botnet detection.
 In this paper, we present Disclosure, a large-scale, wide-area botnet detection system that incorporates a combination of novel techniques to overcome the challenges imposed by the use of NetFlow data. In particular, we identify several groups of features that allow Disclosure to reliably distinguish C&C channels from benign traffic using NetFlow records (i.e., flow sizes, client access patterns, and temporal behavior). To reduce Disclosure's false positive rate, we incorporate a number of external reputation scores into our system's detection procedure. Finally, we provide an extensive evaluation of Disclosure over two large, real-world networks. Our evaluation demonstrates that Disclosure is able to perform real-time detection of botnet C&C channels over datasets on the order of billions of flows per day.


We have demonstrated higher-order optical resonance node detection by using an integrated disk microresonator from through port of the coupling bus waveguide. In addition to the fundamental mode, the disk resonator has higher-order whispering gallery modes. The excited second-order higher-order mode has a node at the position where the electromagnetic energy of the fundamental mode is close to a maximum. This high resolution measurement of optical resonance mode profile has a variety of applications for optical sensing and detection. The self-referencing characteristics of the two optical resonance modes have potential to achieve optical detection independent of external perturbation, such as temperature change.


Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most commonly encountered degenerative joint disorder in clinical medicine and the pain and stiffness caused by osteoarthritis represents a leading cause of physical disability in individuals of retirement age.  Treatment options for OA patients are limited and largely targeted to pain management.  Such is the mechanism behind the most commonly prescribed OA therapies including acetaminophen, NSAIDs, opioids, and steroids.  However, these palliative pain management tools do not address the underlying pathophysiology of OA disease.  This leaves a significant clinical unmet need for disease modifying OA therapies.  Growth factor therapies and regenerative medicine strategies are emerging as promising alternatives to palliative care because these treatments bring significant potential to control chronic inflammation, enhance cartilage repair, and restore other joint tissues to a healthy state.  Interestingly, a Clinicaltrials.gov search using the terms "osteoarthritis" and "growth factor" identified 43 relevant studies.  Of these, only 26% used growth factor therapies directly, including FGF-18, BMP-2, and transgenic human chondrocytes producing TGF-b1.  23% of the studies were dedicated to inhibitors of NGF.  The overwhelming majority of studies (47%) used autologous blood products, especially platelet rich plasma (PRP), which constituted 33% of the total studies.  This was interesting because although platelets in PRP do indeed harbor large quantities of different growth factors that can affect the status of the treated tissue, growth factors represent only a single aspect of the bioactivity of platelets.  Furthermore, platelets represent only one aspect of the potential bioactivity of PRP.  Depending upon the methods used for PRP generation, it may also contain other physiologically important components of the whole blood from which it is derived.  Recent studies indicate non-platelet components of whole blood such as red blood cells and leukocytes are essential for normal platelet function, including growth factor release.  Therefore, this narrative review discusses PRP from a physiological context that explores beyond platelet growth factors to encompass and illuminate roles of non-platelet cells in the bioactivity of PRP, and how these additional mechanisms lead to the conclusion that PRP can be much more than a growth factor therapy.


Recent collecting in southcentral British Columbia, near the International Border, has confirmed the Canadian occurrence of the milliped Ergodesmus compactus Chamberlin, which was predicted by field work in the adjacent part of the United States. With Nearctodesmus insulanus (Chamberlin) occupying the Shuswap Highlands and the Pacific Coastal region, the Nearctodesmidae is known from three separate regions of Canada, all in British Columbia. Other millipeds in the northwestern United States that may be reasonably anticipated in western Canada are discussed.


Fishery bycatch estimates reported in U.S. marine mammal stock assessment reports (SARs) are typically pooled over multiple years to increase precision and reduce small-sample biases in resulting mean annual estimates. Such pooling can remedy biases in single-year estimates resulting from interannual variability in marine mammal abundance, oceanographic conditions, or observer coverage. Bias is defined as systematic overor underestimation of true bycatch levels over any particular pooling period. Current SAR guidelines suggests that pooling bycatch estimates for periods of five years is typically adequate to obtain an acceptable level of precision, generally defined as a coefficient of variation (CV) of ≤ 0.30. However, this guidance is based on an assumption that bycatch is a relatively common event with adequate sample sizes and sufficient observer coverage. Pooling over longer periods is also acceptable if additional years accurately represent the current state of the fisheries and their inclusion reduces estimation error. For rare events, estimation error can be severe, with problems that include 1) an inability to document bycatch that is occurring because observer coverage is too low to detect rare events (negative bias) and 2) exaggerated estimates of annual bycatch when observer coverage is low and observed bycatch events are extrapolated by a large multiplicative factor (positive bias). Rare bycatch events often involve species that pose management concerns because their abundance and potential biological removal (PBR) levels are low to begin with. As such, it is important to reduce estimation error for these species. We report the results of a simulation trial for rare bycatch events in a hypothetical fishery with 20% observer coverage, showing how estimation error is reduced as a function of the number of years that annual estimates are pooled beyond the 5-year time period most typically used in marine mammal stock assessments.


A method for estimating the parameters of a continuous-time autoregressive exogenous process from discrete-time data is analyzed. The method consists of fitting an expression for the cross-covariance function, parameterized by the unknown parameters, to sample cross-covariances. The main contribution of the note is the derivation of an approximate expression for the covariance matrix of the estimated parameter vector.


We demonstrate single-laser 32.5 Tbit/s 16QAM Nyquist wavelength division multiplexing transmission over a total length of 227 km of SMF-28 without optical dispersion compensation. A number of 325 optical carriers is derived from a single laser and encoded with dual-polarization 16QAM data using sinc-shaped Nyquist pulses. As we use no guard bands, the carriers have a spacing of 12.5 GHz equal to the symbol rate or Nyquist bandwidth of the data. We achieve a net spectral efficiency of 6.4 bit/s/Hz using a software-defined transmitter, which generates the electric drive signals for the electro-optic modulator in real time.


Growth parameters (L∞, K, and t0) and natural mortality of the Patagonian sprat (Sprattus fuegensis) Chiloe inland sea were estimated. This area corresponds to the northern limit of the species distribution in the South Pacific Ocean. A total of 1,584 otolith were analyzed between July 2005 and December 2006. A covariance analysis ruled out significant differences (P = 0.654) in the otolith size-fish length relationship between males and females. The otoliths showed high monthly proportion of hyaline edge type in August 2005 and from July to October 2006. The hyaline band formation from mid-winter to spring coincided with the breeding season extending from September to December. This suggests an annual periodicity of annuli formation, likely as a consequence of channeling energy into reproduction. The growth parameters were L∞= 17.71 cm; K = 0.78 yr -1 ; and t0 = -0.46 yr, while the maximum observed age was 6 years. Natural mortality given growth parameters and species maturity, was estimated at 1.0 yr -1 . The modal decomposition of monthly length distribution, analyzed by a statistical-numerical algorithm (MIX approach) gave similar results to those obtained from otolith readings.


The 3D NAND (three-dimensional NAND type) has rapidly become the standard technology for enterprise flash memories, and is also gaining widespread use in other applications. Continued manufacturing process improvements are essential in delivering memory devices with higher I/O performance, higher bit density, and lower cost. Current 3D NAND technology involves process steps that form array and peripheral CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) regions side-by-side, resulting in waste of silicon real estate and film stress compromises, and limits the paths of making advanced 3D NAND devices. An innovative architecture was invented to overcome these challenges by connecting two wafers electrically through millions of metal VIAs (Vertical Interconnect Access) simultaneously across the whole wafer in one process step [1]. A highly accurate and efficient metrology is required to monitor the VIA interface due to the increased process complexity and precision requirements. With the advanced processing of AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) images, highly accurate and precise measurements have been achieved. An inline pattern-centric metrology solution that is designed for high volume mass production of high-performance 3D NAND is presented in this paper.


Want to be part of the largest group-writing project in human history? Learn how to contribute to Wikipedia, the user-generated online reference for the 21st century. Considered more popular than eBay, Microsoft.com, and Amazon.com, Wikipedia servers respond to approximately 30,000 requests per second, or about 2.5 billion per day. It's become the first point of reference for people the world over who need a fact fast. If you want to jump on board and add to the content, Wikipedia: The Missing Manual is your first-class ticket. Wikipedia has more than 9 million entries in 250 languages, over 2 million articles in the English language alone. Each one is written and edited by an ever-changing cast of volunteer editors. You can be one of them. With the tips in this book, you'll quickly learn how to get more out of -- and put more into -- this valuable online resource. Wikipedia: The Missing Manual gives you practical advice on creating articles and collaborating with fellow editors, improving existing articles, and working with the Wikipedia community to review new articles, mediate disputes, and maintain the site. Up to the challenge? This one-of-a-kind book includes: Basic editing techniques, including the right and wrong ways to editPinpoint advice about which types of articles do and do not belong on WikipediaWays to learn from other editors and communicate with them via the site's talk pagesTricks for using templates and timesaving automated editing toolsRecommended procedures for fighting spam and vandalismGuidance on adding citations, links, and images to your articles Wikipedia depends on people just like you to help the site grow and maintain the highest quality. With Wikipedia: The Missing Manual, you get all the tools you need to be part of the crew.


Explaining the outcome of the Vietnam War has challenged diplomats, strategists, and politicians for three decades. Searching for reasons that such a small nation pushed a superpower from its borders, some have criticized U.S. policy, found errors in American strategy, and commented on the overall effort of the United States. Most, however, have ignored the real strength of the enemy: the female warriors. This group of women, comprising a large part of the Vietnamese nationalist force, assumed many different combat roles. Thousands who actively defended their homeland earlier against the French were more than ready to rid the country of American invaders. Without their effort, the outcome of the war might have been completely different. Because little information has been published about these females in conflict, this report from primary sources such as the personal interviews stored at the University of Massachusetts, Boston, highlights individual women who assumed extraordinary roles. By examining their motives and viewing the women as real individuals, we can understand why their will to survive was stronger than all the bombs delivered by U.S. planes. Researching such an intriguing subject raises related questions of whether the women's efforts actually contributed to improving their status in Vietnamese society today. Did the country they fought so valiantly to defend reward them for their efforts, or did their own countrymen over-look them, too? How many of these women are still alive today with their stories of combat still untold and unre-corded? And more importantly, will the spirit and commit-ment of these women teach us to make wise judgments before our country decides to invade another nation?


This Article originated as remarks from Professor Randy Barnett as part of the Hot Topic Panel Discussion on health care reform held at the Association of American Law Schools (AALS) meeting on January 7, 2011. In 2010 something happened in this country that has never happened before: Congress required that every person enter into a contractual relationship with a private company. While the author realizes that writers make lots of factual claims that readers are wise to be skeptical about, he proves that an economic mandate like this one is unprecedented. If this mandate had ever happened before, everyone reading this passage would know all the contracts the federal government requires them to make, upon pain of a penalty enforced by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). No reader, however, can recite any such mandate and neither could any reader's parents or grandparents because this has never been done before. It is not as though the federal government never requires American citizens to do anything. They must register for the military (and serve if called), submit a tax form, fill out a census form, and serve on a jury. Additionally, they must join a posse organized by a United States Marshall. The existence and nature of these very few duties, however, illuminates the truly extraordinary and objectionable nature of the individual insurance mandate. Each of these duties is necessary for the operation of government itself, and each has traditionally been widely recognized as inherent in being a citizen of the United States. Consider why in 1918 the Supreme Court of the United States rejected the claim that the military draft violated the Thirteenth Amendment, which bars "involuntary servitude." At first glance, conscription surely looks like a form of involuntary servitude. The Supreme Court, however, said that it could not see how "the exaction by government from the citizen of the performance of his supreme and noble duty of contributing to the defense of the rights and honor of the nation . . . can be said to be the imposition of involuntary servitude." Keep that phrase, "supreme and noble duty" of citizenship, in mind. For this - and nothing less than this - is what is at stake in the fight over the constitutionality of the individual insurance mandate. Is it part of the supreme and noble duty of citizenship to do whatever the Congress deems in its own discretion to be convenient to its regulation of interstate commerce? If this proposition is upheld, the relationship of the people to the federal government would fundamentally change: they would no longer fairly be called "citizens;" instead, they would more accurately be described as "subjects." In Article III, the United States Constitution distinguishes between citizens of the United States and subjects of foreign states. What is the difference? In the United States, sovereignty rests with the citizenry. The government, including Congress, is not sovereign over the people but is the servant of the people. In Yick Wo v. Hopkins, the Supreme Court reaffirmed that "in our system, while sovereign powers are delegated to the agencies of government, sovereignty itself remains with the people, by whom and for whom all government exists and acts." If Congress can mandate that citizens do anything that is convenient to its regulation of the national economy, however, then that relationship is now reversed, and Congress has the prerogative powers of King George III.


Research opportunities in the NHS have changed greatly over the last year or so. The UKUFF study demonstrates the advantages of these changes to orthopaedic research. Analysing the recruitment rates of each surgeon involved in the study found inconsistencies in recruitment patterns. As a result projected recruitment targets were suffering. The UKUFF team took advantage of the new research initiative and at the end of 2008 obtained the support offered by the new infrastructure at many participating sites. The recruitment total at the end of June 2009 showed that supported sites recruited almost double the number of patients compared to the unsupported sites. Surgeons involved in research need to access available resources to help them improve their participation in research. Being actively involved in specialist research like UKUFF can lead to further support for new studies instigated by shoulder surgeons.


Objective This study examined swallowing apnea duration (SAD) and respiratory phase patterns as a function of taste, tastes combined with barium, age, and genetic taste group. Study Design Prospective group design. Setting University medical center. Subjects and Methods Eighty healthy adult women were identified as nontasters and supertasters and equally comprised 2 age groups: 18 to 35 years (n = 40) and 60+ years (n = 40). The KayPentax Swallowing Signals Lab was used to acquire SAD and respiratory phase patterns via nasal cannula during randomized 5-mL swallows of water, 1.0 M sucrose (sweet), 1.0 M sodium chloride (salty), and 0.032 M caffeine (bitter) alone and mixed with barium. The SAD and respiratory patterns were analyzed in a linear mixed model and a binary logistic regression generalized estimating equation model, respectively. Results A significant main effect of age was found (P = .007). Older women demonstrated longer SAD than younger women. There were no significant effects of taste or genetic taste group on SAD. There was a significant interaction between barium and supertaster status; SAD was shorter in supertasters when barium was included. There were no significant differences in respiratory patterns between age groups, genetic taste groups, or among taste stimuli. Conclusion Advanced age elicited longer SAD, a robust finding in repeated investigations from multiple laboratories. Main tastes did not affect SAD or respiratory phase patterns. Genetic taste group altered SAD when barium was combined with the taste. That is, taste + barium shortened SAD in supertasters. This finding may affect clinical management of dysphagia patients and warrants further investigation.


This article describes a new approach to the unit testing of object-oriented programs, a set of tools based on this approach, and two case studies. In this approach, each test case consists of a tuple of sequences of messages, along with tags indicating whether these sequences should put objects of the class under test into equivalent states and/or return objects that are in equivalent states. Tests are executed by sending the sequences to objects of the class under test, then invoking a user-supplied equivalence-checking mechanism. This approach allows for substantial automation of many aspects of testing, including test case generation, test driver generation, test execution, and test checking. Experimental prototypes of tools for test generation and test execution are described. The test generation tool requires the availability of an algebraic specification of the abstract data type being tested, but the test execution tool can be used when no formal specification is available. Using the test execution tools, case studies involving execution of tens of thousands of test cases, with various sequence lengths, parameters, and combinations of operations were performed. The relationships among likelihood of detecting an error and sequence length, range of parameters, and relative frequency of various operations were investigated for priority queue and sorted-list implementations having subtle errors. In each case, long sequences tended to be more likely to detect the error, provided that the range of parameters was sufficiently large and likelihood of detecting an error tended to increase up to a threshold value as the parameter range increased.


We describe a simple and compact architecture for generating all-optical frequencies required for the laser cooling, state preparation, and detection of atoms in an ultracold rubidium-87 experiment from a single 780 nm laser source. In particular, repump light ∼6.5  GHz away from the cooling transition is generated by using a high-bandwidth fiber-coupled electro-optic modulator (EOM) in a feedback loop configuration. The looped repump light generation scheme solves the problem of the limited power handling capabilities characteristic of fiber EOMs. We demonstrate the functionality of the system by creating a high-atom-number magneto-optical trap (MOT).


We present estimates of changes in skills utilisation and in the returns to skills in the UK using new measures of skills derived from a systematic and detailed matching between the US O*NET system and UK SOC. There is strongly increasing utilisation of both analytical skills and interpersonal skills, and declining use of physical skills over the period 2002-2016. A decomposition analysis reveals that most of these changes in skills utilisation are within occupations rather than between occupations, suggesting that the changes are pervasive throughout employment. The wage returns to skills are estimated using a standard Mincerian earnings function. We find positive and significantly increasing returns to analytical skills throughout the period. While the returns to interpersonal skills are lower than to analytical skills, they are also increasing over time, and are significant especially post-2010. Finally, the returns to physical skills are significantly negative over the whole period. Our findings are robust to changes in the definitions and measurement of the skills variables, and to the empirical specification of the earnings function. The results suggest that the UK labour market is strongly increasing its demand for analytical and interpersonal skills.


Deakin University has a long history of supporting distance education with technology. Such presentations have matured from a mix of remote-login/FTP/email in the 1980s through web mediated access in the 1990s to institution-wide learning management systems which are emerging currently. By the commencement of semester I, 2003, online teaching at the University will be supported by a single, institution-wide, learning management system, which is expected to support approximately 28,000 students, who will each be accessing up to 4 of some 1500 undergraduate and 700 postgraduate courses. In this paper we describe a model for online teaching of both on-campus and off-campus students in the Bachelor of Computing, using various technologies to support different aspects of online teaching and learning. This programme has been running in a web-mediated environment for over six years. Each year the administration of the programme has been modified in a reactive manner, based on student feedback and the identification of failure points during the previous semester, resulting in the model maturing over that time. We discuss how the changes have impacted the model, the academics involved in the teaching of the unit and the students' experience of learning in the online environment. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of online teaching and learning, as well as some potential pitfalls and how to avoid them, or, at least, minimise their impact.


Continued on Page 2 According to two studies in 2011, lithium is more effective in treating episodes of bipolar disorder than valproate, while the drugs may be equally effective in reducing suicidality among bipolar patients. The first study, of more than 4000 Danish patients with bipolar disorder, found that patients taking lithium had fewer hospital visits and were less likely to need new medications than those taking valproate. Patients taking lithium had fewer admissions to a hospital for any type of episode. In addition, patients taking valproate had a higher rate of switching to or adding on treatment with antidepressants, antipsychotics, or anticonvulsants than those taking lithium. The study included up to 12 years of follow-up with the patients and is the largest study with the longest period of follow-up of patients taking valproate or lithium to date. Results were published by Lars Kessing et al. in the British Journal of Psychiatry in July 2011. In the other study, a randomized controlled trial of 100 patients with bipolar disorder who had attempted suicide at least once in the past, Maria Oquendo of Columbia University found that there were no significant differences in number of suicide attempts, hospitalizations for suicide attempts, or time to a new attempt between patients taking lithium and those taking valproate over a follow-up period of 2.5 years. Forty-five suicide events, which included attempts, hospitalizations, and changes to medication in response to suicide plans, were experienced by 35 patients (16 who were taking lithium and 19 who were taking valproate). Eighteen suicide attempts were made by 6 patients taking lithium and 8 taking valproate. There were no suicide completions during this study, which was published in Volume 168 of the American Journal of Psychiatry in 2011. Editor's Note: Suicide attempts are much more common than completed suicides. It appears that the second study was not large enough or long enough to detect differences in the rate of completed suicides. Older naturalistic studies suggest that treatment results in low suicide rates and that in patients who stop treatment with lithium, the rate of suicide attempts and completion increases dramatically. This is another reason for good responders to treatment regimens that include lithium to continue taking their medications. Lithium More Effective than Valproate for Bipolar Disorder


A labor-intensive responsibility of many educational researchers in higher education involves research consultation with students and other faculty. Educational research faculty often offer methodological and statistical expertise to graduate students working on theses and dissertations as well as provide assistance to colleagues. While some mention has been made of the logistics and skill levels involved in this type of consultation (Remer, 1980), no serious discussion has been offered as to the interpersonal dimensions of this type of consultation. Interpersonal dimensions unique to research consultation with students may include patience, rapport, confrontation, flattery, direct and honest feedback, dependency, and deference, to name a few. Furthermore, these psychological factors are often related to certain phases of the research process (e.g., student dependency during data analysis) and can also involve faculty committee members (e.g., faculty acquiescence to the educational researcher). Testimonials provided by Stegman (1985), Kirk (1991), and Zahn and Isenberg (1983) strongly suggest that the success of this type of consultation is as contingent upon interpersonal dimensions as on content expertise. The intent of this inquiry is to obtain preliminary data from students and faculty as to their perceptions of interpersonal dimensions in the conduct and supervision of research. Such information may increase understanding of the role interpersonal dimensions might play in these particular activities. Method Participants A purposeful sample of twelve graduate students and six faculty from a college of education in a medium-sized southeastern university were selected to participate in this study. Eight of the students were female and four were male. The faculty included two females and four males all of whom had a minimum of five years supervising student research. All students had recently and successfully completed either an Ed.S research project or a doctoral dissertation and represented a variety of educational majors. Participants were assured that their responses would remain completely confidential. All agreed to participate in this study. Procedures A qualitative research approach was used in which all participants were interviewed by one of the two investigators. Students were interviewed over the phone while faculty were interviewed in person. The interviews lasted between 20 to 30 minutes and all data were collected during a one-week time period. Instrument A semi-structured interview protocol was constructed based upon prior literature and personal experience. All questions were open-ended and required participants to reflect back upon their research or consultative experiences. The primary intent of all interviews was for participants to identify interpersonal factors that they experienced while performing or consulting in research. Both groups were also asked to identify positive as well as frustrating interpersonal experiences. In addition, faculty responded to a question pertaining to their interactions with other faculty members. Finally, all participants were invited to provide additional comments. All information was recorded on the interview schedules. Results Information on the interview schedules was studied by the investigators. A careful analysis of all responses was conducted for the purpose of discovering trends, patterns and commonalities. In response to interpersonal factors that arose during their research, most students reported that they received considerable guidance and encouragement from faculty and were treated in a prompt and personal manner. Doctoral students unanimously reported that students in their cohort were a strong and consistent source of support and remain so even still. …


A case control study with a questionnaire was carried out to compare feeding practices, diet composition, housing and management in 78 herds with or without a history of tail-biting in undocked pigs (Sus scrofa) in Finland. Tail-biting was measured as the mean annual prevalence score of tail-biting damage (TBD) for a farm. Logistic regression parameters were calculated separately for risk factors present in piglet (lactation), weaner, and finishing units. Risk factors found in piglet units for TBD were slatted floors and area of slats. In the weaner units, slatted floors, area of slats, use of whey or wheat in the diet, and use of purchased compound feeds were associated with a risk of TBD. In the finishing units, slatted floors, area of slats, increasing number of finisher pigs at the farm, absence of bedding, liquid feeding, several meals per day, specialised production type and a group size greater than nine pigs were found as risk factors for TBD. Increased farm size was connected to risk for TBD in the overall dataset. The nutritional risk factors seem to operate together with other risk factors, but with relatively lower odds. The risk factors of undocked herds in this study seem to be similar to the risk factors from earlier studies of docked pigs. This study provides information which can be used to refine decision-support tools for management of the potentially higher risk for tail-biting among long-tailed pigs, thus aiding compliance with EU law and enhancing pig welfare.


Editor's Introduction: In 7927 Ireland was partitioned into two sections: Northern Ireland was composed of the six predominantly Protestant counties of Ulster, while Southern Ireland was made up of the remaining twenty-six, predominantly Catholic counties. Both Northern and Southern Ireland remained part of Great Britain. The next year, Irish nationalist leaders negotiated two treaties with Britain that created the Irish Free State, which had "dominion " status within the British Commonwealth but fell short of full independence. Northern Ireland chose to opt out of the Irish Free State, choosing instead to remain fully a part of the United Kingdom. "The Troubles " refers to approximately three decades of violence characterized by the armed campaigns of Irish republican and Ulster loyalist paramilitary groups. The duration is conventionally dated from the late 1960s to the Belfast "Good Friday" Agreement of 1998. The conflict involved the constitutional status of Northern Ireland and the relationship between the predominantly Protestant unionist and predominantly Catholic nationalist communities there. "The Troubles " had both political and military dimensions. This time period encompassed the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) campaign of 1969-1997, intended to end British rule in Northern Ireland and to reunite Ireland politically. As the following article demonstrates, Massachusetts Senator Edward ("Ted") Kennedy played an instrumental role in promoting a constitutional resolution to the conflict. A member of arguably the most famous political family in the history of the United States, Edward Kennedy (1932-2009) was both a popular and controversial figure during his nearly fortyseven years in the U.S. Senate. Outspoken on both domestic and international issues, Kennedy was particularly vocal on the violence that plagued Northern Ireland from the 1960s onwards. However, much of the literature on Kennedy's life neglects to cover this significant aspect of his career. On March 4, 2009, U.S. Senator Edward M. Kennedy was made an honorary Knight of the British Empire. In an address before the US Congress, Prime Minister Gordon Brown highlighted the critical role that Kennedy had played in the Northern Ireland peace process as well as his overall contribution to relations between the United States and United Kingdom over his career. If Kennedy's role in the affairs of Northern Ireland was sufficiently significant to merit an honorary knighthood, why has so much literature on the Senator neglected to cover this aspect of his life?1 This article explores Kennedy's role in the American dimension to the "Ulster troubles." It argues that his connection to the political situation in Northern Ireland offered Kennedy an opportunity to repair his relationship with Irish-Americans both in Massachusetts and beyond. However, his initially hard-line position on the Irish question was confrontational to the British government. Kennedy's rapid evolution into a strong proponent for peace and reconciliation underlines his genuine intentions on the issue. This study highlights the role of Irish political figures, notably Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) leader John Hume, in persuading Kennedy of the folly of his early positions. The extension of violence from Ireland to the United Kingdom further helped convince Kennedy that he should become an active opponent to violence, particularly when his niece Caroline was threatened by an Irish Republican Army (IRA) attack on her London hosts during the mid-1970s. Coming at a time when Kennedy's relationship with Hume was becoming particularly close, this attack underlined for Kennedy the importance of promoting the cause of non-violence. KENNEDY'S EARLY INTEREST IN NORTHERN IRELAND The Kennedy family had strong ties with both Ireland and the United Kingdom. County Wexford native Patrick Kennedy left Ireland at the age of 26, arriving in Boston in April 1849, where he married Bridget Murphy. …


OBJECTIVE
To estimate the association between the intensity of animal infection with Schistosoma japonicum and human infection in Western Samar province, the Philippines.

METHODS
We conducted an observational cross-sectional study of 1425 households in 50 villages. Stool samples were collected on each of 1-3 days from 5623 humans, 1275 cats, 1189 dogs, 1899 pigs, 663 rats and 873 water buffalo. Intensity of infection with S. japonicum was measured by the number of eggs per gram (EPG). Egg counts were done using the Kato-Katz method. We used a Bayesian hierarchical cumulative logit model, with adjustments for age, sex, occupation and measurement error.

FINDINGS
The adjusted proportions of humans lightly infected (classified as 1-100 EPG) was 17.7% (95% Bayesian credible interval = 15.3-20.2%); the proportion classified as at least moderately infected (>100 EPG) was 3.2% (2.2-4.6%). The crude parasitological results for animals indicated that 37 cats (2.9%), 228 dogs (19.2%), 39 pigs (2.1%), 199 rats (30.0%) and 28 water buffalo (3.2%) were infected. In univariate analyses the odds ratios corresponding to a unit increase in the mean number of EPG at the village-level in dogs was 1.05 (1.01-1.09), in cats 1.35 (1.02-1.78), in pigs 1.16 (0.24- 5.18) and in rats 1.00 (1.00-1.01). Mean EPG values in cats, dogs, pigs and rats were correlated with one another. This confounding made interpreting the odds ratios difficult, but the odds ratios for dogs and cats were more consistent.

CONCLUSION
S. japonicum is endemic in areas of the Philippines despite implementation of control programmes. This may be due to the association of infections in dogs and cats with human infections. Infection control in dogs and cats is challenging, and there is a need to develop new methods to control transmission across all species.


The complex effects of chronic pain on well-being and quality of cognition were investigated in a clinical setting with a patient-centered value-based insight approach. Preliminary results were presented for development of a self-report instrument, the Subjective Happiness - 9 True/False - Pain (SH-9TF-P) questionnaire for patient specific analyses of chronic pain and structured treatment in a time-limited setting. A review of the literature indicates that thoughts provoked by long standing pain are negatively affected by cognitive processing that operates outside of full conscious awareness, and therefore have influences on an overall level of functioning. This article reports the assessment and treatment developed from the Pain Filter Extension Model. A conceptualization is offered for ways of interpreting a Pain-Role Identity. Outcomes for value added processing are not directly or consciously available to the individual, but are indicated by greater levels of subjective well-being and improved functional levels of cognitive distortion.


The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of a treatment program for young adults who stutter aged 16;0 to 19;0 years. A repeated measures single-subject experimental design was used. Home-based video recorded speech samples were collected during a five-week baseline phase, 2-week intensive treatment phase, five-week consolidation phase and 10-month follow-up phase. Self-report questionnaires were completed before treatment and periodically during each phase of the study. Data is presented for one male participant, aged 18;0 years. A total of 35 video recordings were collected, transcribed and analysed in terms of the percentage of stuttered syllables (%SS) and the mean duration of stuttered events. A simplified time-series analysis was used to analyse the data. A statistically significant trend of reduced severity was found for frequency of stuttering and the mean duration of stuttered events. The findings indicate that this program for young adults who stutter has a significant treatment effect. Findings will be discussed in relation to the application of single-subject studies to clinical practice and the contribution that they can make in developing a larger research strategy.


Graham Greene's The Quiet American, published in 1955, has twice caught the interest of respected filmmakers. Joseph Mankiewicz directed his adaptation of the novel in 1958, while Phillip Noyce returned to the text nearly a half century later. These radically different presentations reflect the different historical contexts in which they were filmed and show how the Vietnam War continues to be revisited and reshaped. Mankiewicz transposes what he called a "cheap melodrama in which the American was the most idiotic kind of villain" (qtd. in Geist 269) into an anti-Communist dramatization of America's fledgling foreign policy in Indochina. By returning to The Quiet American of the late fifties with four decades of hindsight, Noyce is able to treat his film with full awareness of America's pending escalation and defeat in Vietnam, something that Greene and Mankiewicz could only imagine. Greene's controversial and popular novel provides attractive adaptation possibilities. It is part political thriller, part romance, and part detective story set in exotic Indochina in 1952. A washedup reporter for the London Times, Thomas Fowler pits his fatalistic experience against the newly arrived American's youthful innocence in an effort to hold onto Phuong, his Vietnamese mistress, in a contest that symbolizes old and new world attitudes towards Indochina. In the novel, Fowler underscores the danger of Alden Pyle's lethal innocence: he was too innocent to live. He was young and ignorant and silly and he got involved. He had no more of a notion than any of you what the whole affair's about, and you gave him money and York Harding's books on the East and said, "Go ahead. Win the East for Democracy." (31 -32) In the 1950s, Joseph Mankiewicz ennobles Pyle's idealism while simultaneously emptying Fowler of political significance. Noyce's 2002 departure from the novel also centers on the characterization of the American; this time, however, Pyle is less ignorant and more menacing in his idealism. Mankiewicz privileges the murder investigation and Fowler's jealousy of Pyle as a motive, while Noyce favors the self-reflective intimacy and pathos of Greene's work. The 1958 screenplay written by Mankiewicz and the 2002 script by Christopher Hampton and Robert Schenkkan both adhere closely to the novel. What separates the two films, principally the reimagining of the character of Pyle, does not occur until late in the story when Pyle responds to the terrorist attack he helped organize at the Place Gamier. Joseph Mankiewicz bought the movie rights to The Quiet American just a few months after it was published in the United States in 1956. Though the director/producer claimed he was not pressured by United Artists to put a pro-American spin on the novel, Robert Lantz, executive vice-president of Figaro Productions (the film's production company), claimed the filmmaker boasted about the change: "I will tell the whole story anti-Communist and pro-American" (qtd. in Geist 268). According to Mankiewicz' biographer, Kenneth Geist, the director denied ever making the boast; however, Mankiewicz was quoted in the Saturday Review on January 25, 1958, saying that he "often wanted to do a picture about one of those ice-blooded intellectuals whose intellectualism is really just a mask for completely irrational passion" (27). As director and screenwriter, Mankiewicz reversed the anti-Americanism of Greene's novel into a decidedly patriotic film. In an interview to promote it, Mankiewicz said, "Greene's book made me so mad, I was determined to make a picture of it" (qtd. in Weales 492-93).' Some time in early 1956 he contacted Colonel Edward Lansdale, USAF, for advice on the plausibility of his intended revision. Lansdale was a legendary CIA operative and staunch Diem supporter-sort of the Ollie North of his day and the model for Marion Brando's character in The Ugly American (1963). To his credit, through his numerous State Department and Vietnamese contacts, Lansdale knew more than any American about a "third force"-i. …


The singular conductive properties of natural covellite were investigated through magnetic AC susceptibility measurements. Two natural hexagonal covellite lamellae coming from Calabona (Italy) and Butte (USA), respectively, were investigated from 30 to 1.5 K. At 1.63(5) K, an abrupt increase of the diamagnetism (Meissner effect) was observed, thus evidencing a transition from a poor conducting to a superconducting state. The transition is independent on small applied DC fields (< 50 Oe), whereas larger values prevent the superconducting state to be attained. These features confirm covellite as a Class I superconductor.

This peculiar property of covellite, never observed before on natural materials, can be mainly related to its structural features. The layered framework of covellite, where CuS3 planes are isolated by covalently bonded S2 planes, provides an electron excess, which can be easily involved in the bulk conduction.


To our eyes, the world is arrayed in a seemingly infinite splendor of hues, from the sunny orange of a marigold flower to the gunmetal gray of an automobile chassis, from the buoyant blue of a midwinter sky to the sparkling green of an emerald. It is remarkable, then, that for most human beings any color can be reproduced by mixing together just three fixed wavelengths of light at certain intensities. This property of human vision, called trichromacy, arises because the retina the layer of nerve cells in the eye that captures light and transmits visual information to the brain uses only three types of light-absorbing pigments for color vision. One consequence of trichromacy is that computer and television displays can mix red, green and blue pixels to generate what we perceive as a full spectrum of color.


In Letters to Omar, Edmund Clark examines the strict monitoring and control mechanisms in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. The work comprises postcards and letters received by the (unjustly convicted) British prisoner Omar Deghayes during his six-year term in the camp. Some are from family members, some are from his lawyer, others are from people around the world who had never met him. To prevent dangerous substances from entering the complex, every document, each individual page, even the backs of envelopes are scanned and given an official stamp and reference number. Omar never saw the original letters and postcards. The documents he received – copied, controlled and censored by the bureaucratic process – were his only bridge to the external world, one that became more removed and abstract with each reproduction and intervention; a strategy that wilfully contributes to the mental dissociation and disorientation of the prisoners.


High throughput molecular profiling and integrated data analysis with tumor tissues require overcoming challenges like tumor heterogeneity and tissue paucity. This study is an attempt to understand and optimize various steps during tissue processing and in establishing pipelines essential for integrated analysis. Towards this effort, we subjected laryngo-pharyngeal primary tumors and the corresponding adjacent normal tissues (n=2) to two RNA and protein isolation methods, one wherein RNA and protein were isolated from the same tissue sequentially (Method 1) and second, wherein the extraction was carried out using two independent methods (Method 2). RNA and protein from both methods were subjected to RNA-seq and iTRAQ based LC-MS/MS analysis. Transcript and peptide identification and quantification was followed by both individual-ome and integrated data analysis. As a result of this analysis, we identified a higher number of total, as well as differentially expressed (DE) transcripts (1329 vs 1134) and proteins (799 vs 408) with fold change ≥ 2.0, in Method 1. Among these, 173 and 86 entities were identified by both transcriptome and proteome analysis in Method 1 and 2, respectively, with higher concordance in the regulation trends observed in the former. The significant cancer related pathways enriched with the individual DE transcript or protein data were similar in both the methods. However, the entities mapping to them were different, allowing enhanced view of the pathways identified after integration of the data and subsequent mapping. The concordant DE transcripts and proteins also revealed key molecules of the pathways with important roles in cancer development. This study thus demonstrates that sequential extraction of the RNA and proteins from the same tissue allows for better profiling of differentially expressed entities and a more accurate integrated data analysis. Author Contributions ARB, MKG, PK and SK contributed final data analysis. KD and JN were involved in the RNASeq experiments while MKG, SHV LB and SC were involved in the iTRAQ MS/MS analysis. RBR and HV contributed towards the standardization of sample collection and processing, and were also involved in obtaining clinical information of the patients along with SD. VK and MAK were involved in study design, providing clinical insights into the analysis and in critical assessment of the manuscript. ARB, MKG and PK were involved in manuscript preparation. AS, PT, BP, MAK and RS were involved in the establishing the study design, overall monitoring of the experimental results and manuscript preparation. PT, MAK, BP and RS are the lead investigators of the project. Significance of the study The study highlights the need to optimize tissue processing and analytical pipelines to enable accurate integrated analysis of high throughput omics data; a sequential extraction of RNA and protein entities and subsequent integrated analysis was identified to provide a better representation of the molecular profile in terms concordant entities and pathways.


This project is to design and plan a boulevard at the Nusajaya Central Planning Area, the new capital city of Johor state. Nusajaya consists of a new state legislative assembly complex, the offices of the Menteri Besar and State Secretary and a state department complex. Nusajaya's overall development is planned and designed to be sustainable and conducive for business, living and leisure and this boulevard follows the same concept. In the development of a new city, the major issue is to create the identity and image of modern Johor. Moreover, it also as acts as an open space for the Nusajaya that support recreation and leisure activities in the city. According to the overall development concept, this project can act as a catalyst for the commercial activity in surrounding area. The challenge is to consider the new of all development that including human behaviour and response to the new open space for the city. The design emphasis on image of the boulevard that is shows the power and wealth in the design. The concept of this boulevard is Jalur Johor, which means a stripe that represents a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic state with rich heritage, history and iconic elements. The Jalur comprised of three major spaces: state mall, transit park and business park. This design proposal focuses on the state mall because it is the place where ceremonial event such as Independence Day, Johor Government Open House during Hari Raya and daily activities including walking, strolling and resting. It design is the Jata which means coat of arms for Johor. The main amenity in the mall is a multi functional paved area bounded by several rows of shade and large canopied trees, which gives grandiose vista effect. With the heavy-duty pavement, the parade goes from the memorial area and along the central paved area surrounded by the terrace where people can enjoy this event. The mall also comprised of a memorial area for the Sultan of Johor representing power and sovereignty. The memorial is the gateway to the state mall, which made up of arch, water features and rows of palms. The design also includes a large reflective pool that denotes the power of the sultan and it serves as recreational place. For daily activities, people can enjoy the view of water while resting at the staged area under the shade trees. The hardscape elements such as lighting pole, seating and tree grating is designed in Johor's motifs including gambier, black pepper and Kuda kepang. These motifs portrayed the identity of the state.


Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly described, deadly, communicable disease, first manifested in an epidemic that started in November 2002 in Guangdong Province, China (l). A medical professional who had worked with SARS patients in Guangdong visited Hong Kong on 21 February 2003. The disease quickly spread to 26 countries with local transmission in Singapore, Hanoi, Hong Kong and Toronto. The agent of SARS is an RNA coronavirus, not seen before in humans, known as SARS-CoV (1). The virus has been isolated from specimens (2); the genome has been sequenced (3); and infectivity in monkeys has bean demonstrated. At the end of the 2003 epidemic, 8098 possible cases and 744 deaths were reported to WHO (4). Although SARS has been controlled, the potential evolution of this virus is not weft understood. This paper reviews the epidemiological characteristics of the epidemic; inconsistencies in transmissibility and mortality, the molecular epidemiology of SARS-CoV (4), the results of mathematical modelling, and evidence of evolution towards virulence in pathogens in similar settings. Transmission The epidemic probably started in mid-November 2002 in Fushan City in southern Chinas Guangdong Province (4, 5) where at least two patients had atypical pneumonia of unknown cause. Immediately, similar cases were reported in five cities in Guangdong. A 35-year-old male patient who worked in Shenzhen as a chef was transferred to Heyuan People's Hospital in Heyuan City where he infected at least 11 people. In Guangdong, there was no official recognition of a possible public health problem, and limited containment measures were implemented. On 11 February 2003 the provincial health department held a news briefing and stated that 305 cases had been reported and five people had died; these statistics were later revised to 792 cases and 31 deaths. A 64-year-old male physician who had been treating SARS patients in hospital in Guangdong travelled to Hong Kong on 21 February 2003, having experienced symptoms five days earlier (6). He checked into the Metropole Hotel, and the following day he was admitted to an intensive care unit. He died on 4 March (7). Before being admitted to hospital, he infected his brother-in-law and 10 people in the hotel (6) including three women from Singapore, a 78-year-old woman from Toronto, a man from Vancouver, a Chinese-American man (who was the sole index patient for the SARS outbreak in Viet Nam), a 26-year-old man from Hong Kong (who was admitted to the Prince of Wales Hospital and infected the index patient from the Amoy Garden Apartments) (8); two Hong Kong residents, and a man who transmitted the infection to his wife. From these early cases the epidemic spread globally. A 27-year-old Shanxi businesswoman travelled to Guangzhou on 18 February; she became ill on 22 February and was admitted to hospital in Beijing, infecting many heath-care workers. A doctor at this hospital wrote to Time magazine in early April to alert the public to the fact that Beijing had many unreported cases of SARS, prompting the government to implement control measures in Beijing (9). A 72-year-old Beijing man became ill in Hong Kong, and on 15 March he took a flight back to Beijing, spreading the virus into Inner Mongolia, Hebei and Tianjun (9). A person infected at the Amoy Garden Apartments later spread the virus to the Taiwan Peace Hospital in early April. Several themes have become apparent in tracing the spread of this disease: * health workers comprised the majority of cases (10), the remainder were members of the same household as an infected person; * close and/or repeated contact was required for the disease to be transmitted from person to person; people who infected more than 10 people spread the disease into new geographical areas; * the number of people who became ill after exposure varied greatly, from 0 to >30; * the transmission of the virus from Beijing to Shanghai and between Guangdong and Hong Kong was unexpectedly limited (occurring three months after the first cases), despite the large amount of travel that occurs between these areas (11). …


This thesis examines the ways in which the Magna Mater became an integral part of Augustan ideology and the visual language of the early principate. Traditionally, our picture of the Augustan Magna Mater has been shaped by evidence from literary sources. Here, however, the monuments of the goddess' cult are considered in their religio-political context. Works that link Augustus himself to the Magna Mater are shown to reveal that the goddess played a significant and hitherto unappreciated role in official propaganda. Part I examines the nature of the Augustan reconstruction of the Palatine Temple of the Magna Mater and challenges persistent claims that the princeps was disinterested in the metroac cult. Augustus' use of inexpensive building materials is shown to be, not a display of parsimony, but an attempt to retain the traditional appearance of a venerable structure. A reinterpretation of the temple's pedimental and acroterial sculpture, using the Valle-Medici reliefs, demonstrates that Augustus promoted the Magna Mater as an allegory of Rome's Trojan heritage and as a symbol of a new Golden Age. Part II investigates the topography of the Augustan precinct on the Palatine, and argues that the geographic linkage of the metroön and the House of Augustus became a topos in imperial imagery. It then demonstrates that several well-known works of art echo this connection between the princeps and the goddess. These works range from statues in the Circus Maximus designed to be viewed by thousands, to the Gemma Augustea, a luxury item intended for the elite. They are also found both inside and outside Rome. A reassessment of the Vicus Sandaliarius altar and the Sorrento base illustrates popular recognition of Augustus' reinvention of the Magna Mater as a national deity of Rome and the tutelary goddess of the Julio-Claudii.


Author(s): Lowry, M; Makos, M; Deason, J; Schwartz, L | Abstract: Electric utilities today must contain costs at a time when many need to modernize aging systems and all face major changes in technologies, customer preferences and competitive pressures.Most U.S. electric utility facilities are investor-owned, subject to rate and service regulation by state public utility commissions. Regulatory systems under which these utilities operate affect their performance and ability to meet these challenges. In this business environment, multiyear rate plans have some advantages over traditional rate regulation.The report focuses on key design issues and provides case studies of the multiyear rate plan approach, applicable to both vertically integrated and restructured states. Mark Newton Lowry and Matt Makos of Pacific Energy Group Research and Jeff Deason of Berkeley Lab authored the report; Lisa Schwartz, Berkeley Lab, was project manager and technical editor.The report is aimed primarily at state utility regulators and stakeholders in the state regulatory process. The multiyear rate approach also provides ideas on how to streamline oversight of public power utilities and rural electric cooperatives for their governing boards.Two key provisions of multiyear rate plans strengthen cost containment incentives and streamline regulation: 1. Reducing frequency of rate cases, typically to every four or five years 2. Using an attrition relief mechanism to escalate rates or revenue between rate cases to address cost pressures such as inflation and growth in number of customers, independently of the utility's own cost Better utility performance can be achieved under well-designed multiyear rate plans while achieving lower regulatory costs. Benefits can be shared between utilities and their customers. But plans can be complex and involve significant changes in the regulatory system. Designing plans that stimulate utility performance without undue risk and share benefits fairly can be challenging.This report discusses the rationale for multiyear rate plans and their usefulness under modern business conditions. It then explains critical plan design issues and challenges and presents results from numerical research that considers the extra incentive power achieved under different plan provisions. Next, the report presents several case studies of utilities that have operated under formal multiyear rate plans or, for various reasons, have stayed out of rate cases for more than a decade. These studies consider the effect of multiyear rate plans and rate case frequency on utility cost, reliability and other performance dimensions.


This second edition of the widely acclaimed "Geospatial Analysis" guide has been updated and extended to include a major new chapter on Geocomputational Methods. It addresses the full spectrum of analytical techniques that are provided within modern Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and related geospatial software products. It is broad in its treatment of concepts and methods and representative in terms of the software that people actually use.Topics covered include: the principal concepts of geospatial analysis, their origins and methodological context; core components of geospatial analysis, including distance and directional analysis, geometrical processing, map algebra, and grid models; basic methods of exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) and spatial statistics, including spatial autocorrelation and spatial regression; surface analysis, including surface form analysis, gridding and interpolation methods; network and locational analysis, including shortest path calculation, traveling salesman problems; facility location and arc routing; Geocomputational methods, including Cellular automata, Agent Based Modelling, Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms.The Guide has been designed for everyone involved in geospatial analysis, from undergraduate and postgraduate to professional analyst, software engineer and GIS practitioner. It builds upon the spatial analysis topics included in the US National Academies 'Beyond Mapping' and 'Learning to think spatially' agendas, the UK 'Spatial Literacy in Teaching' program, the NCGIA Core Curriculum and the AAAG/UCGIS Body of Knowledge. As such it provides a valuable reference guide and accompaniment to courses built around these programs.


Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most frequent congenital malformations, the costliest hospital admissions for structural defects and the leading cause of infant general and malformations related mortality. Fetal echocardiography represents a skilled ultra- sound examination, because of the complexity, physiological and structural particularities of the fetal heart. The efficiency of the cardiac scan is reported with great variation, depending on the scanning protocol, examiner experience and equipment quality but CHDs remains among the most frequently missed congenital abnormalities.


In many industrial experiments, complete randomization of the runs is impossible as, often, they involve factors whose levels are hard or costly to change. In such cases, the split-plot design is a cost-efficient alternative that reduces the number of independent settings of the hard-to-change factors. In general, the use of generalized least squares is required for model estimation based on data from split-plot designs. However, the ordinary least squares estimator is equivalent to the generalized least squares estimator for some split-plot designs, including some second-order split-plot response surface designs. These designs are called equivalent-estimation designs. An important consequence of the equivalence is that basic experimental design software can be used for model estimation. This article introduces two new families of equivalent-estimation split-plot designs, one based on subset designs and another based on supplementary difference set designs. The resulting designs complement existing catalogs of equivalent-estimation designs and allow for a more flexible choice of the number of hard-to-change factors, the number of easy-to-change factors, the number and size of whole plots, and the total sample size. It is shown that many of the newly proposed designs possess good predictive properties when compared to D-optimal split-plot designs.


In this paper we analyse the interaction mechanisms provided by Web services technology and by CORBA. Specifically we analyse the request/response, callback, polling and (multicast) message passing mechanisms. As a result we present coloured Petri nets that capture the behaviour of these mechanisms precisely. Based on our analysis we define concepts for representing the Web services and CORBA interactions in a suitable and platform independent manner. These concepts can be used for platform independent design of distributed applications, while they (provably) maintain the consistency with platform specific implementations. Because their behaviour is defined by Petri nets, the concepts also support simulation, validation and verification of designs. We also evaluate the suitability of UML's concepts for representing the mechanisms and the degree of platform independence that these concepts can achieve


A brief review is presented of the structure of the Ghanaian fishing fleet, and of the changes they induced on their resource base since the 1960s. These change consist of a reduction of the biomass of longer lived fishes, particularly in shallower waters, and in conjunction with environmental fluctuation, the creation of opportunities for invasive species of fish (triggerfish Balistes carolinensis) and invertebrates (e.g., scallops) to experience short-lived population outburst. The relative impacts of fishing and environmental changes in generating these outbursts are difficult to disentangle. It is evident, however, that the effort jointly exerted by several Ghanaian fleets onto their supporting fisheries resources is excessive and that the country would benefit from a reduction of that effort.


A laccolithic geometry is inferred from geological and geophysical data for the La Tojiza granitic body emplaced in an extensional regime. Nearly circular in outcrop, this 16 km diameter pluton, one of the so-called 'post-tectonic granodioritic plutons' of Galicia, is located in the northern Variscan arc of Iberia, within the Mondoñedo Nappe (Western Asturian–Leonese Zone). From anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility measurements and extensive microstructural data, the magnetic fabric of this pluton has been inferred to correlate with the magmatic fabric. Magnetic foliations strike NE–SW and dip gently SE. Magnetic lineations trend NW–SE and plunge gently SE. Gravity data suggest that the pluton has the shape of a sheet with a maximum preserved thickness of 1 km and a root zone located at its eastern border. This pluton is reinterpreted as late kinematic and emplaced during an extensional tectonic regime related to the ductile Vivero normal fault. It is suggested that the emplacement of most post-tectonic plutons of this part of the Variscan orogenic belt may have been controlled by the late extensional collapse of the Iberian Massif.


(ABSTRACT) This thesis involves the development and study of a finite element model of a hermetic, single-vane compressor and a single-phase alternating current induction motor assembled in a common housing. The manufacturer of this unit is experiencing a high scrap rate due to interference during operation between the stator and rotor of the motor. The rotor shaft of the motor is non-typical because of its cantilever design. The finite element model was first subjected to eigenvalue analysis. This revealed that the interference producing displacements were not the result of torque application to the rotor at a frequency close to an eigenvalue of the mechanical system. After a review of the literature and discussions with Electrical Engineering Department faculty possessing extensive motor experience, it was surmised that the physical phenomenon causing the rotor displacement was unbalanced magnetic pull. This phenomenon occurs in the air gap of rotating electric machines due to eccentricity in the air gap. The model was then subjected to simultaneous harmonic force inputs with magnitudes of unity on the rotor and stator surfaces to simulate the presence of unbalanced magnetic pull. It was found that the rotor shaft acts as a cantilever beam while the stator and housing are essentially rigid. The displacements due to these forces were examined and then scaled to develop the motor parameters necessary to produce the radial forces required for stator/rotor interference. Several recommendations were then made regarding possible solutions to the interference problem. iii Acknowledgements


Fever is commonly attenuated with antipyretic medication as a means to treat unpleasant symptoms of infectious diseases. We highlight a potentially important negative effect of fever suppression that becomes evident at the population level: reducing fever may increase transmission of associated infections. A higher transmission rate implies that a larger proportion of the population will be infected, so widespread antipyretic drug use is likely to lead to more illness and death than would be expected in a population that was not exposed to antipyretic pharmacotherapies. We assembled the published data available for estimating the magnitudes of these individual effects for seasonal influenza. While the data are incomplete and heterogeneous, they suggest that, overall, fever suppression increases the expected number of influenza cases and deaths in the US: for pandemic influenza with reproduction number , the estimated increase is 1% (95% CI: 0.0–2.7%), whereas for seasonal influenza with , the estimated increase is 5% (95% CI: 0.2–12.1%).


Abstract
A female mind reacts much more and is more stimulated than a male one when aroused. Turns out, a woman's mind is much more complex than a male's when it comes to intimacy; a female mind reacts much more and is more stimulated than a male one when aroused. In the study conducted on 20 men and 20 women, each of the individuals has seen erotic film clips while their brain vitals were scanned by two scanners. One of the scanners has an MRI machine that tracked stimulation in their brains. The other was a heat-seeking camera that measured levels of arousal through participant's genitals. While not massive, the recorded difference between stimulation levels between male and female brains highlighted the consistent disparity between the two counterparts. There has no brain region in men with stronger brain-genital correlations than in women. While interesting, the sample size for the study has too small, according to salary structure, love like and happiness. However, extended women's nail complexity has directly approach to female arousal than men.

Note* Age and colour of female is not added in research because extended study has experiment on cerebellum base of different colours and weight of female.

Biography:

Rahul Hajare has been a hard worker all his academic life. After his Ph.D in Pharmacy from VMRF Salem which he completed with flying colours, he is fortunate to work NARI primer HIV research Institute to complete Post Docunder the of World Renowned Scientist Respected Dr. R.S.Paranjape., Retired Director & Scientist 'G' National AIDS Research Institute Pune. Dr. Rahul Hajare has Associate Professor of Pharmaceutical Medical Chemistry to Pune University (until 2020), he has serviced three times AssociateProfessor in Pharmaceutical Science and Analytical Science. Graduated from Amravati University in 2003, after an assignment he worked as an M.Pharm Scholar in the Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research passed with

distinction, he has Post Graduate Teacher for Master of pharmacy, he has more than 30 scientific and methodological works, 3 patents of scientific research. He is now Principal of Ishwar Deshmukh Institute of Pharmacy affiliated combined Amravati University and All India Council of Technical education New Delhi.

Speaker Publications:

 "New technology of nucleoside AIDS virus resistance drug key intermediate diethyl (tosyloxy) methylphosphonate"; Pharmacoeconomics: Open Access / 2017 / 10.4172/2472-1042.C1.00
 "Evaluation of antihistaminic activity of piper betel leaf in guinea pig"; African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology / 2011 / Vol 5, Issue 2, Pages 113 - 117
 "Indian Women, Trauma and Hydroxyl Drugs Dependency: Connections and Disconnections in Heart Disease for Women"; Int J Curr Innov Adv Res / 2018 / Vol 1, Issue 2, Pages 1 – 2.

10th International Conference on Clinical Research and Clinical Trials; Amsterdam, Netherlands- March 18-19, 2020.

Abstract Citation:

What sex does to a woman's brain Lesson learn from power politics pharmacy institutions in Pune University, Euro Clinical Trials 2020, 10th International Conference on Clinical Research and Clinical Trials; Amsterdam, Netherlands- March 18-19, 2020 (https://clinicaltrials.pharmaceuticalconferences.com/abstract/2020/what-sex-does-to-a-woman-s-brain-lesson-learn-from-power-politics-pharmacy-institutions-in-pune-university)


With the development of information technology, the map is no longer in the form of sheet or book. Currently there is a digital map services already invested in mobile devices. Google Maps is one of the leading providers of online digital map which can be accessed using the Application Programming Interface (API) is available using tools such as Qt. Qt is a C + + framework which provides a library to get the location using a GPS device to the library QtGeolocation. By implementing Dijkstra's algorithm, the problem of determining the shortest path towards a desired location of a user's location can be overcome. This study discusses how to implement the algorithm to find the shortest path Djikstra in Yogyakarta-based mobile devices.


The first part of this article outlines the purported causes of terrorism advanced in the UN General Assembly since the 1970s, and the contrary views of States on whether these causes ought to justify or excuse terrorist violence - particularly self-determination or national liberation violence. The second part examines how a limited range of justifications for any new international crime of terrorism could be accommodated by individual defences in international criminal law (including self-defence, and duress/necessity). It then proposes that non-State group actors accused of terrorist crimes should be entitled to plead 'circumstances precluding wrongfulness', drawn analogously from the law of State responsibility. While a narrow class of terrorist acts may be excused by individual or group defences, some acts considered justifiable may still fall outside the scope of defences. To maintain the law's legitimacy, the final part argues that some crimes of terrorism could be regarded as 'illegal but justifiable' (or at least, excusable) in stringently limited, objectively verifiable circumstances, possibly under the rubric of a 'collective defence of human rights'.


Silver dimetal chalcogenides (Ag–V–VI2) are ternary semiconductors that have potential alternative energy applications due to their optimal band gaps and large extinction coefficients. The synthesis of these materials is challenging due to the lack of effective pnictide precursors. We report the use of tris[N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amido]antimony (Sb[N(SiMe3)2]3) and tris[N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amido]bismuth (Bi[(N(SiMe3)2]3) to synthesize nanocrystalline AgSbSe2 and AgBiSe2 quantum dots. The use of these reagents results in the creation of high quality nanomaterials with good crystallinity and narrow size distributions. Furthermore, electrical measurements on monolithic pellets of processed AgSbSe2 and AgBiSe2 nanomaterials demonstrate linear current–voltage behavior at room temperature, which indicates potential for use in electrical applications.


OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to develop a novel model for detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC and metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) producing Serratia and Citrobacter species using cefoperazone sulbactam as well as other inducer-substrate combinations in a disc approximation assay. In the absence of molecular tools in developing countries, we attempted to standardize simple phenotypic techniques for detection of beta-lactamases to allow effective patient care in our countries. These techniques have been scarcely used in Serratia and Citrobacter spp., which are emerging as significant pathogens in our region.

METHODOLOGY
Clinical isolates of Serratia and Citrobacter were tested for ESBL production. Cefoperazone (CP)/cefoperazone sulbactam (CPS), piperacillin (PIP)/piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP) and ceftazidime (CAZ)/ceftazidime-clavulanic acid (CAZ-CLAV) combinations were compared for their ability to detect ESBL producers phenotypically. Multi-drug resistant strains were further tested for detection of inducible/derepressed AmpC mutants by a disc approximation assay. Isolates were screened for MBL production by Imipenem (IMI). MBL production was confirmed using Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in a double disc synergy assay and Hodge test. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was performed for CP, CPS and IMI by agar dilution method for all isolates of Serratia and Citrobacter spp.

RESULTS
Thirty-three percent of isolates of Serratia spp. and 35.4% of Citrobacter spp. were ESBL producers. CPS was a more sensitive inducer of ESBL than TZP and CAZ/CAZ-CLAV. AmpC producers were detected in 25.6% of the isolates of Serratia spp. (40% inducible and 60% derepressed mutants) and in 35.4% of the isolates of Citrobacter spp. (33% inducible and 66% derepressed mutants). Six isolates (four class B and two class A) of Serratia and eight isolates (seven class B and one class A) of Citrobacter spp. were MBL producers. Multiple mechanisms co-existed in eight isolates of Serratia and 15 isolates of Citrobacter spp. CPS was more effective in identifying ESBLs and inducible AmpC producers as well as type 1 carbapenemases than TZP and CAZ-CLAV were able to identify inducible AmpC producers.

CONCLUSIONS
The high prevalence of ESBL, AmpC, and MBL in Serratia and Citrobacter species in this study suggests that detection of these by phenotypic methods in the absence of more specific molecular tests should be actively considered in not only developing countries but also in the developed world as this approach can lead to timely and appropriate antibiotic treatment. CPS may be advised due to the triple advantage of detection of all three types of beta-lactamases.


Mobile games are one of the primary entertainment applications at present. Limited by scarce resources, such as memory, CPU, input and output, etc, mobile game development is more difficult than desktop application development, with performance as one of the top critical requirements. As object-oriented technology is the prevalent programming paradigm, most of the current mobile games are developed with object-orientation (OO) technologies. Intuitively OO is not a perfect paradigm for embedded software. Questions remain such as how OO and to what degree OO will affect the performance, executable file size, and how optimization strategies can improve the qualities of mobile game software. These questions are investigated in this paper within the mobile Role-Playing-Game (RPG) domain using five industrial mobile games developed with OO. We analyzed them and found excessive usage of OO features used for the development of mobile device applications (but normal for usual desktop applications). We then apply some optimization strategies along the way of structural programming. The experiment shows that the total jar file size of these five optimized games decreases 71 % the lines of codes decreases 59%, and the loading time of each optimized game decreases 22.73%, 34.62% 25.79% 24.65% and 16.70% respectively. Therefore, we conclude from our experiments that 00 should be used with great care in the development of mobile games, and that structural programming can be a very competitive alternative.


ABSTRACT: A sizeable minority of Westerners who have no particular connection with Eastern or New Age religions nevertheless claim to believe in reincarnation. Does this belief affect their practical morality and how they think about suffering and injustice? An interview study conducted in England mapped the range of meanings such people give to reincarnation, and found: 1) Karma was widely referred to, but in the context of Western notions of self-improvement; there was little recognition of the possibility of bad karma leading to ''downward mobility'' in the next life, and little linking of karma to everyday action; 2) Reincarnation enabled respondents to make sense of suffering and injustice, but in a rather general way; 3) Despite the sample9s elderly bias, reincarnation was not widely reported as a comfort in illness and bereavement. The authors conclude that, outside of a culture or formal religion that embraces it, relatively high levels of personal interest in reincarnation can coincide with rather insubstantial effects on everyday morality, though individuals can and do use it to think about problems of suffering and injustice.


Now that youve bought the amazing Canon PowerShot G10 or G11, you need a book that goes beyond a tour of the cameras features to show you exactly how to use your camera to take great pictures. With Canon PowerShot G10/G11: From Snapshots to Great Shots, you get the perfect blend of photography instruction and camera reference that will take your images to the next level! Beautifully illustrated with large, vibrant photos from the author and the Flickr community, this book teaches you how to take control of your photography to get the image you want every time you pick up the camera.Follow along with your friendly and knowledgeable guide, Jeff Carlson, and you will: Learn the top ten things you need to know about shooting with the G10 or G11 Use the cameras Automatic modes to get better shots right away Move on to the Creative modes, where you have full control over the look and feel of your images Master the photographic basics of composition, focus, depth of field, and much more Learn all the best tricks and techniques for getting great action shots, landscapes, and portraits Find out how to get great shots in low light Fully grasp all the concepts and techniques as you go, with assignments at the end of every chapterWith Canon PowerShot G10/G11: From Snapshots to Great Shots, youll learn not only what makes a great shot workyoull learn how to get that shot using your G10 or G11.And once youve got the shot, show it off! Join the books Flickr group, share your photos, and discuss how you use your camera to get great shots at flickr.com/groups/canon_g10g11_from_snapshots_ to_greatshots.


Economic models of crime have focused primarily on the goal of deterrence; the goal of incapacitation has received much less attention. This paper adapts the standard deterrence model to incorporate incapacitation. When prison only is used, incapacitation can result in a longer or a shorter optimal prison term compared to the deterrence-only model. It is longer if there is underdeterrence, and shorter if there is overdeterrence. In contrast, when a fine is available and it is not constrained by the offender's wealth, the optimal prison term is zero. Since the fine achieves first-best deterrence, only efficient crimes are committed and hence, there is no gain from incapacitation.