This research aims to know the type of vegetation, nutrient components of feed and carrying capacity based on agroecosystems on Timor Island conducted from January-March 2018 (transition from the rainy season to the dry season). The research location was chosen purposively so that those it represented the pasture were in the District of Belu, Malaka, and TTU; agriculture in the District of Kupang and Kota Kupang; plantation in Kupang District; and forests in TTS District. Forage samples were taken using the 1x1m2 quadrant method. The quadrant is thrown at random. All vegetation in the quadrant is cut and analyzed in the laboratory. Descriptive data analysis. The result is that the main vegetation types of Bali cattle consumption in pasture agroecosystems is natural grass with a nutrient composition of ash (9.9%), CP (5.7%), CF (38.5%), EE (2.2%), NFE (36.4%) and TDN (42.1%). Agriculture agroecosystem is ricestraw with a nutrient composition of ash (9.6%), CP (5.8%), CF (27.6%), EE (2.1%), NFE (48.8% ) and TDN (52.8%). Plantation agroecosystems is lamtoro with a nutrient composition of ash (13.6%), CP (12.0%), CF (20.4%), EE (3.3%), NFE (42.8%) and TDN (54.9%). Forest agroecosystems is kabesak with a nutrient composition of ash (8.6%), CP (11.5%), CF (26.9%), EE (1.2%), NFE (44.2%) and TDN (53.1%). The carrying capacity of pasture, agriculture, plantation and forest in sequence are very high, namely 4.8 UT and CCI 0.4 with an average body weight of 229.3 kg; 5.6 UT and CCI 0.6 with an average BB of 188 kg; 6.8 UT and CCI 0.7 with an average BB of 227.5 kg; and 5.8 UT and CCI 0.7 with an average BB of 194.9 kg. The entire agroecosystem area on Timor Island is classified as a very critical area.


Apart from Michael Collins and Eamon de Valera, Harry Boland was probably the most influential organiser of the Irish Republican movement between 1916 and 1922. Already famous as a hurler before 1916, he was convicted and imprisoned after serving as a volunteer officer in the GPO. His influence later extended to almost every aspect of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and in his work as Irish envoy to America. He was intimately associated with both Collins and de Valera, but broke with Collins over the terms of the Anglo-Irish treaty in December 1921. He was the principal intermediary between the treaty's supporters and opponents, before being fatally shot by national army officers in the second month of the civil war. Boland's mix of animal charm, gregariousness, wit and a dash of ruthlessness made him an influential and formidable character. Though not an intellectual in his manner he was a clear thinker, a forceful orator and a graceful writer. He was also a man about town, equally at home in Dublin, Manchester or New York, a bon vivant of varied tastes and amongst the most attractive yet elusive personalities of the Irish revolution. David Fitzpatrick's biography draws upon thousands of letters to and from Boland as well as diaries, police reports, memoirs and other documents preserved in Irish, British and American archives and in family possession. These mainly unknown documents record in astonishing detail the inner workings of Irish republicanism, including its personal conflicts and alliances, and reveal the critical importance of fraternity in determining the course of Ireland's revolution.


This dissertation extends current knowledge about how entrepreneurs overcome resource constraints, without relying extensively on capital from "traditional" equity investors. In particular, I build on research on creative resourcing (i.e., bricolage, bootstrapping) and on literature on equity crowdfunding, to investigate (1) how do bricolage and bootstrapping affect firm-level outcomes, (2) How do top management team (TMT) attributes influence the reliance of firms on bricolage and bootstrapping, and (3) How do crowd investors (i.e. investors in equity crowdfunding) identify high-quality opportunities to invest in.

The findings from the first two studies show that bootstrapping and bricolage are prevalent resourcing behaviors in small and medium-sized enterprises, and that these behaviors differentially affect firm outcomes. More specifically, bricolage enables firms to balance exploration and exploitation, and positively effects firm performance, whereas bootstrapping has a negative effect on firm performance. I also found supporting evidence that the socio-cognitive attributes of the TMTs fundamentally shape the willingness and ability of these teams to engage in bricolage and bootstrapping. The findings from the third study in my dissertation support the contention that crowd investors use heuristics (i.e. mental shortcuts aimed at reducing the effort required for a task), when evaluating investment opportunities. Most importantly, several heuristics, such as the disconfirmation and selectivity heuristics, help investors identify the more promising investment opportunities. These findings have important practical implications for investors, but also for entrepreneurs that can improve the way they interact with their (potential) investors.


The presence of Bollywood films in Africa has a long history, one embedded in larger cultural and commodity exchanges between the continent and South Asia. "Bollywood" is a modern signifier for older film industries located in colonial and postcolonial India, with the largest export being commercial Hindi-Urdu movies produced in Bombay. Their circulation played out distinctly in different parts of Africa, based on colonial connections, Indian diasporic networks, regional trading linkages, and audience tastes. East Africa first saw the arrival of Indian films in the 1920s, imported by diasporic Indian entrepreneurs who opened movie theaters and screened Hollywood and British films as well. Indian and African communities both consumed Bombay movies and they increasingly came to lead East African box office shares for decades, even as moviegoing declined toward the end of the 20th century. Bollywood films reached South Africa in the 1930s and later were the preserve of isolated Indian communities under Apartheid in cities like Durban, home to a large South Asian population as a result of colonial indentured labor flows. Hindi and Tamil movies formed a cultural touchstone for settled diasporic populations who engaged with representations from a perceived homeland, although Bollywood films were mainstreamed in South African society in the 1990s.
 In West Africa, lacking robust Indian diasporic networks, Lebanese traders introduced Bollywood films in the 1950s. They became immensely popular among African audiences in places like northern Nigeria and Senegal. As in East Africa, West African audiences interpreted foreign films in line with localized cultural and political values. By the 1990s, Nigerians were making some movies that riffed off popular Indian films in a global milieu of cultural mixing. In North Africa, distributors first marketed Indian movies in the 1950s to Egypt, where they attained a cult following. Bollywood stars and paraphernalia gained social prominence, although the public screening of films dwindled in the 1990s, forcing Arab fans to rely on alternate circulations, which continued into the early 21st century throughout the continent thanks to satellite television and other media technologies. The long-standing popularity of Bollywood in Africa should be no surprise given the worldwide spread of Bombay films from their inception, a tradition of exchange between South Asia and Africa, especially across Indian Ocean and imperial worlds, and Africans' historically vigorous participation in regional and global cultural economies.


A wide variety of chemicals especially metals contaminate the aquatic ecosystem and stimulate a variety of toxicity mechanisms, such as oxidative damage to proteins, DNA and lipids. Very limited efforts have been made to investigate the genotoxic effects of metals in fish. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine copper induced genotoxic damage in peripheral blood erythrocytes of 150-day old four freshwater fish species viz. Labeo rohita, Cirrhina mrigala, Catla catla and Ctenopharyngodon idella by using micronucleus test. For this purpose, 96-hr LC50 and lethal concentration of copper for all the four fish species were determined. Each fish species was exposed to four different sub-lethal concentrations (17, 25, 33, 50% of 96-hr LC50) of copper, separately, for a period of 30 days. Results showed exposure concentration dependent increases in the frequencies of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities. Findings of the experiment also confirmed that the micronucleus test acts as a useful tool in determining the potential genotoxicity of metals in erythrocytes of various fish species. Among four fish species, Cirrhina mrigala showed significantly higher frequency of micronuclei with the mean value of 16.98±11.70%, followed by that of Ctenopharyngodon idella, Catla catla and Labeo rohita. However, frequency of other nuclear abnormalities followed the order: Labeo rohita > Cirrhina mrigala > Ctenopharyngodon idella > Catla catla.


How does living in a battleground state during a presidential election affect an individual's political engagement? We utilize a unique collection of 113 million status updates on Facebook to answer this persistent question in the study of political behavior by comparing users' political discussion during the 2008 presidential election in politically competitive versus uncompetitive states. "Battleground" state users are significantly more likely to discuss politics in the campaign season than are "blackout" state users, and posting a political status update --- a form of day-to-day engagement with politics --- affects a person's self-reported voter turnout, mediating approximately 20% of the relationship between exposure to political competition and turnout. While our results can only be generalized to the tens of millions of Facebook users and not the entire American voting age population, this paper is one of the first efforts to use the massive quantity of data generated through online social media sites to explain the microfoundations of how people think, feel, and act on a daily basis in response to their political environment.


Evidence suggests that in animals their own species-specific communication sounds are processed predominantly in the left hemisphere. In contrast, processing linguistic aspects of human speech involves the left hemisphere, whereas processing some prosodic aspects of speech as well as other not yet well-defined attributes of human voices predominantly involves the right hemisphere. This leaves open the question of hemispheric processing of universal (species-specific) human vocalizations that are more directly comparable to animal vocalizations. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging study addresses this question. Twenty subjects listened to human laughing and crying presented either in an original or time-reversed version while performing a pitch-shift detection task to control attention. Time-reversed presentation of these sounds is a suitable auditory control because it does not change the overall spectral content. The auditory cortex, amygdala, and insula in the left hemisphere were more strongly activated by original than by time-reversed laughing and crying. Thus, similar to speech, these nonspeech vocalizations involve predominantly left-hemisphere auditory processing. Functional data suggest that this lateralization effect is more likely based on acoustical similarities between speech and laughing or crying than on similarities with respect to communicative functions. Both the original and time-reversed laughing and crying activated more strongly the right insula, which may be compatible with its assumed function in emotional self-awareness.


Until glasnost, the fates of Soviet Russia's most prominent writers lat hidden in the KGB files bearing their names. Shentalinsky opened the files to find detailed reports describing how these writers--including Isaac Babel and Maxim Gorky--were arrested, tortured, falsely accused of crimes, imprisoned in gulag camps, or secretly executed. of photos.


Mount St. Helens in Washington State erupted violently (Volcano Explosivity Index = 5) on 18 May 1980. During the previous two months, intense seismic activity at the volcano was recorded by a combination of continuous analog-tape recordings, paper drum recordings, and a recently installed triggered digital event computer system. Because of the technological constraints of the time, the digital data available cover only a little more than 1% of the two-month period. The paper drum records only exist for a few of the seismic stations and are also quite incomplete. However, the analog-tape data from some stations is near complete for almost the whole two months. During the period 2005–2014, these old analog tapes were recovered from storage and digitized to generate standard digital data for archiving at the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology Data Management Center. This recovery process was long and complicated but, for the most part, was fairly successful. Although the quality of these recovered data is nowhere near as good as modern digital seismograms, this dataset does provide a near-continuous record of the significant seismic sequence that led up to the major volcanic eruption. It includes the large variety of seismic signals from different types of volcanic earthquakes and harmonic tremor and should be a valuable resource for those studying volcanic seismicity.


Smart Grid (SG) technologies are becoming increasingly dynamic, motivating the use of computational intelligence to support the SG by predicting and intelligently responding to certain requests (e.g, reducing electricity costs given fluctuating prices). The presented work intends to do precisely this, to make intelligent decisions to switch on electric devices at times when the electricity price (prices that change over time) is the lowest while at the same time attempting to balance energy usage by avoiding turning on multiple devices at the same time, whenever possible. To this end, we use Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS), a real-time decision algorithm. MCTS takes into consideration what might happen in the future by approximating what other entities/agents (electric devices) might do via Monte Carlo simulations. We propose two variants of this method: (a) maxn MCTS approach where the competition for resources (e.g, lowest electricity price) happens in one single decision tree and where all the devices are considered, and (b) two-agent MCTS approach, where the competition for resources is distributed among various decision trees. To validate our results, we used two scenarios, a rather simple one where there are no constraints associated to the problem, and another more complex, and realistic scenario with equality and inequality constraints associated to the problem. The results achieved by this real-time decision tree algorithm are very promising, specially those achieved by the maxn MCTS approach.


In recent years a number of analyses and simulations have been published that estimate the effect of using a probe with higher order azimuthal modes with standard probe corrected spherical transformation software. In the event the probe has higher order modes, errors will be present within the calculated antenna under test (AUT) spherical mode coefficients and the resulting asymptotic far-field parameters [1, 2, 3, 4]. Within those studies, a computational electromagnetic (CEM) simulation tool was developed to calculate the output response for an arbitrary AUT/probe combination where the probe could be placed at arbitrary locations on the measurement sphere ultimately allowing complete near-field acquisitions to be simulated. The planar transmission equation was used to calculate the probe response using the plane wave spectra for actual AUTs and probes derived from either planar or spherical measurements. The planar transmission formula was utilised as, unlike the spherical analogue, there is no limitation on the characteristics of the AUT or probe thereby enabling a powerful, entirely general, model to be constructed. This paper further extends this model to enable other measurement configurations and errors to be considered including probe positioning errors which can result in ideal first order probes exhibiting higher order azimuthal mode structures. The results of these additional simulations are presented and discussed.


Measles (MV) virions , like those of other enveloped viruses , enter cells by fusing their lipid membranes with those of the target host cells. Additionally, infected tissues often possess giant multinucleate cells , known as syncytia which are formed by fusion of infected cells with uninfected neighbors. Expression of both the MV attachment (H) and fusion (F) proteins is required for membrane fusion. MV H mediates receptor binding in order to bring the two membranes into close proximity prior to F activation and is thought to trigger F activation through a specific interaction between the two proteins. Although measles Hand F are efficiently transported to the cell surface when expressed independently, evidence has been reported in support of an intracellular interaction between the two proteins that can be detected using an ER co-retention approach. However, it was not determined if the putative coretention was specific to the two measles glycoproteins, as is their ability to complement each other for efficient fusion promotion. Thus , in this thesis , the formation of an intracellular complex between MV Hand F was re-examined. Consistent with the formation of an intracellular complex , cell surface expression and receptor binding of untagged wt MV H is slightly reduced by co-expression of an excess of ER-tagged MVF compared to co-expression with wt F. However the reduction in surface expression is non-specific in that it can also be induced with heterologous proteins of NDV, which lack significant homology with those of MV. Although this approach did not detect a specific intracellular interaction between MV Hand F , it cannot be ruled out that there is a weak association of the proteins that is undetectable by this method. This led to the use of an alternative approach to investigate the cellular site(s) of interaction between the measles Hand F proteins. Consistent with a cell surface interaction between MV H and F, the combination of surface biotinylation and coimmunoprecipitation detects formation of a virus-specific H-F complex. Approximately, 21 % of the total amount of MV H at the cell surface can be captured with MV F using an antibody against the latter protein. Two complementary approaches were used to address the relationship between this cell surface interaction and receptor recognition by MV H. First, the proteins were co-immunoprecipitated from the surface of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells , which do not express either MV receptor CD46 or CD150. Similar levels of MV H can be co-immunoprecipitated with F from the surfaces of parental CHO cells and stably transfected cells that express human CD46 (CHO-CD46), indicating that binding to CD46 is not the trigger for the H-F interaction. Second , MV H proteins , carrying mutations that dramatically reduce CD46 binding, were shown to coimmunoprecipitate efficiently with F from the surface of HeLa cells. Significantly, these results indicate that MV Hand F interact in the absence of, and thus prior to , receptor binding. This is in direct contrast to the NDV HNcell surface interaction, which is thought to be triggered by receptor binding. Identification of the domains of the para myxovirus attachment and fusion proteins that mediate membrane fusion activities is an essential part of understanding the mechanism of fusion. As a result of the H-F interaction prior to receptor binding, MV H attachment to its cellular receptor must result in conformational changes that trigger activation of the F protein. Site-directed mutagenesis analyses of two regions of MV H indicate that a HR domain in the stalk of the attachment protein is essential to the ability of H to activate F. However, either it is not the only region of H that interacts with F or it is indirectly involved in F activation because mutations in the HR do not disrupt MV Hcomplex formation at the cell surface. Additionally, the functional interaction between MV Hand F may be mediated , at least in part, by Loop 1 of the amino terminus of the C-rich region of the fusion protein. However, the exact role of this region of the F protein in fusion promotion remains to be determined. Importantly, the cell surface interaction between MV Hand F proteins appears to be mediated by more that one region of each protein. In contrast to NDV , in no case has a definitive link between any single amino acid difference in MV H or F and an inability to form the cell surface H-F complex been established. In conclusion , the data presented in this dissertation support a model of measles membrane fusion in which the Hand F proteins form a complex prior to receptor recognition. This complex may hold F in its meta-stable pre-fusion state until binding of H to receptors at the cell surface triggers dissociation of the complex , releasing F to assume its fusogenic form. Importantly, these data also indicate that , although paramyxoviruses may all use the same general process for promotion of membrane fusion , the mechanism may vary in multiple aspects. A more complete understanding of the means by which measles promotes membrane fusion may direct the development of specific strategies aimed at interfering with the early stages of infection.


Recently planning and functioning of a Chemical Process Systems (CPS) has become more essential and many sophisticated tools were used. In this article, the application of fuzzy logic and neural network based expert systems in CPS was discussed. A brief discussion on fuzzy set theory and its characteristics were presented. Also, the importance of knowledge based expert system on CPS to attain extreme production and high safety was sketched. It was observed that there are several expert systems biased only on fuzzy logic and neural networks; hence it is recommended that the fuzzy logic and neural networks based expert systems in chemical process systems will be an efficient one. The detailed components and its interactions of the classical expert systems were discussed.


On 17 August 2007, the center of Hurricane Dean passed within 92 km of the mountainous island of Dominica in the West Indies. Despite its distance from the island and its category 1‐2 state, Dean brought significant total precipitation exceeding 500 mm and caused numerous landslides. Four rain gauges, a Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) image, and 5-min radar scans from Guadeloupe and Martinique are used to determine the storm's structure and the mountains' effect on precipitation. The encounter is best described in three phases: (i) an east-northeast dry flow with three isolated drifting cells; (ii) a brief passage of the narrow outer rainband; and (iii) an extended period with south-southeast airflow in a nearly stationary spiral rainband. In this final phase, from 1100 to 2400 UTC, heavy rainfall from the stationary rainband was doubled by orographic enhancement. This enhancement pushed the sloping soils past the landslide threshold. The enhancement was caused by a modified seeder‐feeder accretion mechanism that created a ''dipole'' pattern of precipitation, including a dry zone over the ocean in the lee. In contrast to normal trade-wind conditions, no terrain triggering of convection was identifiedin the hurricane environment.


The critical role of governance in the promotion of economic development has created intense interest in the manner in which the United States eliminated corruption. This paper examines the concept of corruption in American history; tracing the term corruption to its roots in British political philosophy of the 17th and 18th century, and from there back to Machiavelli, Polybius and Artistole. Corruption was defined prior to 1850 in a way that was significantly different from how it was defined in the Progressive Era. "Systematic corruption" embodied the idea that political actors manipulated the economic system to create economic rents that politicians could use to secure control of the government. In other words, politics corrupts economics. The classic cure for systematic corruption was balanced government. Americans fought for independence because they believed that the British government was corrupt. The structure of American constitutions was shaped by the need to implement balanced government. Conflict and debate over the implementation of balanced government dominated the political agenda until the 1840s, when states began moving regulatory policy firmly towards open entry and free competition. By the 1890s, systematic corruption had essentially appeared from political discourse. By then corruption had come to take on its modern meaning: the idea that economic interests corrupt the political process. What modern developing countries with corrupt governments need to learn is how the United States eliminated systematic corruption.


Automobile insurance availability is a serious issue for motorists, regulators and the insurance industry. The costs imposed on the system by uninsured motorists are not trivial. In order to minimize these costs it is necessary to understand the factors that lead motorists to drive without insurance. This paper uses data reported to the California Department of Insurance, as well as demographic data collected at the ZIP code level, to analyze the demand for auto insurance in areas that the California Department of Insurance has designated as underserved. The results show that areas – as measured by ZIP codes – that are saddled with high poverty and areas that are predominately urban are more likely to have lower demand for automobile insurance. However, the fact that a certain area is predominately minority does not alone make it more likely to exhibit lower demand for automobile insurance.


The native architecture of tissue segregates populations of cells through nanostructured membranes of biopolymers (e.g., basement membranes) which serve the dual purpose of providing scaffolding for cells and filtration through size‐exclusion. A multilayered approach to fabricate tissue scaffolds where populations of encapsulated cells are separated by porous silicon (PSi)‐based photonic crystal membranes with nano‐ and microstructure that mimics the basement membranes is reported here. The PSi films are fabricated to display discreet photonic bandgaps such that remote optical interrogation provides a specific resonance for each film. Through careful control of surface chemistry, nanostructured PSi films are engineered to serve as optical biosensors and biomolecule release reservoirs, where the optical signature can report on these distinct functions remotely using a simple light source. The promise of this approach is demonstrated as a "smart" tissue scaffolding by monitoring matrix metalloprotease (MMP) activity from encapsulated multilayered co‐cultures of mesenchymal stem cells and human microvascular endothelial cells, with concurrent attenuation of MMP activity through release of angiogenic‐modulating compounds. The integration of optically registered biosensing and drug‐release capabilities—within a multilayered hydrogel scaffold with multiple cell types—provides a new approach to tissue engineering where dynamic bioactivity can be monitored remotely in real‐time.


This paper presents results of an experimental study on the effect of suction on the shear behaviour of sand/silt mixtures as determined with direct shear tests performed under suction control. The device used to perform these tests is a direct shear apparatus in which the shear box has been replaced by an air pressure chamber where matric suction can be applied by increasing the air pressure in the cell
chamber while the water pressure at the bottom of the sample remains atmospheric (axis translation technique). The samples have been initially consolidated under constant normal stresses between 100 and
900 kPa for different matric suctions ranging from 0 to 1200 kPa. Afterwards, while the normal stress and the matric suction are kept constant, the samples have been sheared. The results obtained in the shear tests show the expected increase in strength with suction, particularly in cohesion, although the increase is less
significant towards high suctions and for the high vertical stresses. In the range of stresses tested the relation between suction and cohesion is linear. The friction angle with respect to suction is lower than the
internal friction angle, and decreases with the level of suction until reaching a constant, low value for the suctions corresponding to the residual zone of the water retention curve.


Mental illness is an increasing concern of government health services across the globe. It is timely, therefore, that community education about mental illness is subject to discourse analysis. Shaping Minds explores how the psychoeducational message is presented to Chinese-speaking audiences in China, Taiwan and Australia. The book uniquely examines community education materials in a language rarely examined by discourse analysts, but which is nevertheless spoken by around a fifth of the world's population and constitutes an important 'minority' language throughout the Western world. The book identifies the discursive features that characterise the Chinese-language texts and analyses them cross-culturally, highlighting the impact of cultural traditions, political systems and dominant conceptions of society. These insights into how Chinese-language community health pamphlets and handbooks are positioned to shape the minds of readers will engage both discourse analysts and mental health professionals providing services to Chinese-speaking communities across the globe.


This study reports a numerical-experimental analysis of heat transfer and airflow in a scaled room with a heated wall coupled with a double-channel vertical roof solar chimney. For the experimental part, a parametric study was performed in the thermal system, considering different values of heat flux supplied to a vertical wall of the scaled room (75 and 150 W/m2) and the absorber surface of the solar chimney (151 and 667 W/m2). Experimental temperature profiles were obtained at six different depths and heights, and experimental heat transfer coefficients were computed for both heated surfaces. The renormalization group k-ɛ turbulence model was evaluated against experimental data using computational fluid dynamics software. With the validated model, the effect of the heated wall and solar chimney on temperature fields, flow patterns, and heat transfer convective coefficients are presented and discussed. The cases with heat flux on the heated wall of the scaled room produce the biggest air changes per hour (ACH), being 30.1, 31.2, and 23.4 ACH for cases 1 to 3, respectively, while cases with no heated wall produce fewer ACH (11.72 and 12.28 for case 4 and 5). The comparison between cases with and without heat flux on one vertical wall but the same solar chimney heat flux shows that the ACH increases between 154% and 156%, respectively.


The water loss process in Laser Mass Spectrometry of amine terminal amino acids was studied. Water loss is proposed to occur via a thermal decomposition mechanism for a protonated amino acid forming a protonated lactam ring. The magnitude of the water loss peak is correlated with the stability of the protonated lactam ring. Semi-empirical MNDO calculations of the heat of reaction of a protonated amino acid forming a protonated lactam ring and water support the correlation. The substrate (matrix) appears to have little effect on the process; results are essentially the same with the use of different substrates and sample preparation methods.


This week's articles identify microbial metabolites that stimulate GPCRs; a transmembrane protein that maintains PD-L1 at the plasma membrane; immune enhancer elements that respond to specific extracellular signals; a signaling pathway that defines the right side of the vertebrate embryo; functions for ionotropic glutamate receptors in plants; and structural features of AMPA receptors during activation and desensitization. This week's articles identify microbial metabolites that stimulate GPCRs; a transmembrane protein that maintains PD-L1 at the plasma membrane; immune enhancer elements that respond to specific extracellular signals; a signaling pathway that defines the right side of the vertebrate embryo; functions for ionotropic glutamate receptors in plants; and structural features of AMPA receptors during activation and desensitization.


Road cycling and cross country mountain biking are common cycling disciplines. Cross country biking creates an adrenaline rush, which causes sympathetic nervous system, stimulation which can increase heart rate. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activity is analyzed via heart rate variability to determine cardiovascular autonomic function. Chronic stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system has shown to impair autonomic function and lead to sudden cardiac death. The purpose of this study was to assess autonomic function before and after road and cross country mountain biking. Four healthy, experienced, male bikers were recruited. Subjects completed a baseline, pre, and post ride tilt-table test while electrocardiograph and blood pressure data were collected. Subjects performed a stationary, indoor ride to simulate a road ride and cross country mountain bike ride in a randomized fashion. Speculative analysis indicates that after the cross country ride diastolic blood pressure increases compared to before, whereas following the indoor ride, cardiac output is elevated. The cardiac output increase may be from the immediately preceding exercise. The blood pressure increase may result from sympathetic stimulation from the outdoor mountain bike ride. Hence, an outdoor cross country ride may potentially increase sympathetic nervous system activity more than an indoor ride.


In the current state of global affairs, a market exists for zero-day exploits where researchers, nation states, industry, academia, and criminal elements develop, buy, and sell these commodities. Whether they develop zero-days or purchase them, nation states commonly stockpile them for the future. They may then use them for purposes such as: espionage, offensive cyber operations, or deterrent effect. The immediate effect of this stockpiling though is that the exploit is not divulged to the public and is therefore not remediated. In our increasingly networked and code dependent world, this creates the potential for a cyber disaster with yet unimaginable impacts on global stability. It is therefore imperative that nation states responsibly divulge zero-day exploits through an international framework for the global good. Moving from the current state of affairs to one where responsible release of zero-day exploits is the norm will not be easy. There are many stake holders who argue that keeping stockpiles is beneficial or that this is an area that is not feasible to regulate. However, as we have seen with weapons such as nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, it is possible to develop international regimes that prohibit the use of such weapons due to their extraordinary capabilities and impact. Alternatively, should these exploits be seen as equally pernicious as contagious diseases, nations may join together to form organizations similar to the WHO that can address international cyber issues. If a taboo against the use of zero-day exploits can be established, i.e., we make their use morally illegitimate, the security of all users will be improved.


Technical schools are an integral part of the education system, and yet, little is known about student learning at such institutions. We consider whether assessments of student learning can be jointly administered to both university and technical school students. We examine whether differential test functioning may bias inferences regarding the relative performance of students in quantitative reasoning and critical reading. We apply item response theory models that allow for differences in response behavior as a function of school context. Items show small yet consistent differential functioning in favor of university students, especially for the quantitative reasoning test. These differences are shown to affect inferences regarding effect size differences between the university and technical students (effect sizes can fall by 44% in quantitative reasoning and 24% in critical reading). Differential test functioning influences the rank orderings of institutions by up to roughly 5 percentile points on average.


ABSTRACT Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is a highly conserved molecular chaperone that assists in the folding of nascent chains and the repair of unfolded proteins through iterative cycles of ATP binding, hydrolysis, and nucleotide exchange tightly coupled to polypeptide binding and release. Cochaperones, including nucleotide exchange factors (NEFs), modulate the rate of ADP/ATP exchange and serve to recruit Hsp70 to distinct processes or locations. Among three nonrelated cytosolic NEFs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Bag-1 homolog SNL1 is unique in being tethered to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. We demonstrate here a novel physical association between Snl1 and the intact ribosome. This interaction is both independent of and concurrent with binding to Hsp70 and is not dependent on membrane localization. The ribosome binding site is identified as a short lysine-rich motif within the amino terminus of the Snl1 BAG domain distinct from the Hsp70 interaction region. Additionally, we demonstrate a ribosome association with the Candida albicans Snl1 homolog and localize this putative NEF to a perinuclear/ER membrane, suggesting functional conservation in fungal BAG domain-containing proteins. We therefore propose that the Snl1 family of NEFs serves a previously unknown role in fungal protein biogenesis based on the coincident recruitment of ribosomes and Hsp70 to the ER membrane.


On the basis of a number of cases where the status of X with respect to phasehood changes depending on the syntactic context in which X occurs, I argue for a contextual approach to phasehood whereby the highest phrase in the extended projection of all lexical categories—N, P, A, and V (passive and active)—functions as a phase. The relevant arguments concern extraction and ellipsis. I argue that ellipsis is phase-constrained: only phases and complements of phase heads can in principle undergo ellipsis. I show that Ā-extraction out of an ellipsis site is possible only if the ellipsis site corresponds to a phasal complement. I also provide evidence for the existence of several AspectPs, all of which have morphological manifestations, in the VP domain of English and show that they crucially affect the phasehood of this domain. The article provides a uniform account of a number of superficially different constructions involving extraction and ellipsis from Serbo-Croatian, Japanese, Turkish, and English.


A cylindrical magnetron using Field Emission Arrays (FEAs) is being modeled to determine whether such a device could achieve improved performance. In this approach field emitters are used to provide a distributed cathode. To protect the emitters from the harsh environment of the magnetron interaction space, the emitters are placed below the interaction space in a shielded structure. The anode to cathode electric field is provided by an electrode containing multiple slits. This sole electrode then defines the interaction space and is subject to both the ion and electron bombardment. The emitters are placed below the slits in a configuration with no line of sight to the interaction space. The electrons are emitted along the surface of the cathode substrate, and an adjacent "pusher" electrode is used to direct the electrons away from the surface and out through the slit in the sole electrode. To allow fabrication of the emitters on flat substrates, the cathode is divided into flat facets to approximate a cylindrical cathode. The magnetron being studied is an L-Band device with a -35kV cathode, 900 G magnetic field, anode radius of 2.2 cm, and cathode radius of 1 cm. Electron trajectory modeling using the code Lorentz2E1 has been performed to look at the effects of the faceted cathode geometry. This modeling has shown that distorted cycloidal orbits can occur with too few facets. The modeling has shown that using 10 facets provides consistent orbits. The modeling has also been used to design the sole electrode slit and pusher electron configuration. The impact of the faceted cathode geometry upon magnetron dynamics has been investigated using ICEPIC2, AFRL's 3D electromagnetic particle-in-cell code. ICEPIC calculations are also being used to explore aspects of controlled emission enabled by the use of FEAs. These simulation results will be presented.


In everyday life, discipline is necessary for life to run regularly. In many definitions, the sense of discipline among others, on the one extreme, discipline means to force others to obey. For many, the discipline has led to the sense that ordinary people understand, creating a very strong image, a vision of punishment, retaliation and even pain. On the other hand, discipline refers to the effort to help others through teaching and training. For example, the word "a Disciple" in English means someone who follows the teachings of others. With regard to the development of human resources within an organization or company, it is very complex when an organization that can improve work performance or the performance of their employees. In effect it performance improvement, can be associated with job satisfaction and work discipline, which are usually recognized based on the results of the investigation / research on employees. Researchers interested in taking the title "Employee Discipline Hotel Rainbow" because researchers looked at how the employee (room boy) is lacking in discipline. In this study, researchers used a descriptive qualitative data analysis. According Poerwanti (1998:24) descriptive research is research that aims to create a picture or portrait of a problem in detail and systematically. From this research, data collection techniques, both Primary and Secondary data used in the techniques of observation and interviews. In this study, researchers used the study subjects who worked in the room boy. The results of this study indicate that in the work, the employee (room boy) Hotel Rainbow pertained less discipline. There are 2 factors that affect employee indiscipline namely: Internal Factors External Factors Saturated with job It is difficult to find another job salaries that are less appropriate Bored with routine Working outside Type of work not suitable Leadership Factor Of the several factors breach of discipline employees more work done with way to leave the office during working hours. While the consistency factor of leadership, not the office on time, and dispose of hours worked become less dominant factor. Level of employee discipline (room boy) Hotel Rainbow is low because this is a violation of the provisions of the company. The types of violations include: arrive late, leave early, skip work, get rid of working time and inconsistency of leadership in implementing the sanctions for the offenders.


In this paper, silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) are proposed as optical detectors for bio sensing. Optical transduction is the most used detection mechanism in many biosensor applications, such as DNA microarray and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The performances of a 25 pixels device used for both applications are studied. The results confirm that the SiPM is more sensitive than the traditionally employed detectors. In fact, it is able to experimentally detect 1 nM and 100 fM of fluorophore concentrations in dried samples and solutions, respectively. We present and discuss in details the detector configuration and its characterization as fluorescence detector for bio sensing.


Introduction: Although it has been hypothesised that metal welding and flame cutting are associated with an increased risk for Parkinson's disease due to manganese released in the welding fume, few rigorous cohort studies have evaluated this risk. Methods: The authors examined the relation between employment as a welder and all basal ganglia and movement disorders (ICD-10, G20–26) in Sweden using nationwide and population based registers. All men recorded as welders or flame cutters (n = 49 488) in the 1960 or 1970 Swedish National Census were identified and their rates of specific basal ganglia and movement disorders between 1964 and 2003 were compared with those in an age and geographical area matched general population comparison cohort of gainfully employed men (n = 489 572). Results: The overall rate for basal ganglia and movement disorders combined was similar for the welders and flame cutters compared with the general population (adjusted rate ratio (aRR) = 0.91 (95% CI 0.81 to 1.01). Similarly, the rate ratio for PD was 0.89 (95% CI 0.79 to 0.99). Adjusted rate ratios for other individual basal ganglia and movement disorders were also not significantly increased or decreased. Further analyses of Parkinson's disease by attained age, time period of follow up, geographical area of residency, and educational level revealed no significant differences between the welders and the general population. Rates for Parkinson's disease among welders in shipyards, where exposures to welding fumes are higher, were also similar to the general population (aRR = 0.95; 95% CI 0.70 to 1.28). Conclusion: This nationwide record linkage study offers no support for a relation between welding and Parkinson's disease or any other specific basal ganglia and movement disorders.


Since the founding of our nation, the executive, judicial, and legislative branches of government have struggled with maintaining an appropriate balance between gathering intelligence for national security purposes and protecting the civil liberties of United States citizens. This difficulty is compounded by the uniquely challenging separation of powers issues national security problems present. In 1978, after the scale tipped too far toward "security" at the expense of personal liberties, the United States Senate formed the United States Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (Church Committee) to investigate executive overreach and recommend structural and statutory changes to ensure such overreach did not occur again. In response to the Church Committee's recommendations, among other reforms, Congress enacted the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) and created the FISA Court. FISA conformed with the Church Committee's recommendations for over two decades, but, in the wake of 9/11, Congress significantly altered FISA's scheme, opening the door once again to executive overreach. Because of post-9/11 changes to FISA, the executive branch is able to engage in practices similar to those that catalyzed the formation of the Church Committee and the enactment of FISA.This Article chronicles the evolution of FISA and the FISA Court. Drawing from the unique perspective of Vice President Mondale — who, while a Senator, served as a member of the Church Committee and as chairman of the subcommittee that drafted the Church Committee's final report on domestic intelligence activities, and, as Vice President, was instrumental to the enactment of FISA — the Article analyzes the ways in which the post-9/11 Act and court are at odds with their original design. The Article concludes that such overreach is possible in part because of structural changes to the FISA Court and the executive branch's invocation of the need for secrecy in non-FISA Court proceedings. The recently enacted FREEDOM Act addresses some "liberty" concerns but fails to fix the structural issues that currently limit the authority and efficacy of the FISA Court. The FISA Court no longer serves its intended function as a specialized Article III court of limited jurisdiction. Rather, the FISA Court is more akin to an adjunct to the executive branch, lending legitimacy to intelligence operations without practically limiting executive authority. This Article concludes by recommending tangible actions Congress can and should take to reestablish the structures and processes recommended by the Church Committee — structures and processes that limit executive authority and comport with Article III of the United States Constitution.


Compressed air energy storage (CAES) stores energy as compressed air in underground formations, typically salt dome caverns. When electricity demand grows, the compressed air is released through a turbine to produce electricity. CAES in the US is limited to one plant built in 1991, due in part to the inherent risk and uncertainty of developing subsurface storage reservoirs. As an alternative to CAES, we propose using some of the hundreds of thousands of hydraulically fractured horizontal wells to store energy as compressed natural gas in unconventional shale reservoirs. To store energy, produced or "sales" natural gas is injected back into the formation using excess electricity and is later produced through an expander to generate electricity. To evaluate this concept, we performed numerical simulations of cyclic natural gas injection into unconventional shale reservoirs using cmg-gem commercial reservoir modeling software. We tested short-term (diurnal) and long-term (seasonal) energy storage potential by modeling well injection and production gas flowrates as a function of bottom-hole pressure. First, we developed a conceptual model of a single fracture stage in an unconventional shale reservoir to characterize reservoir behavior during cyclic injection and production. Next, we modeled cyclic injection in the Marcellus shale gas play using published data. Results indicate that Marcellus unconventional shale reservoirs could support both short- and long-term energy storage at capacities of 100–1000 kWe per well. The results indicate that energy storage in unconventional shale gas wells may be feasible and warrants further investigation.


We examine the effects of free-of-charge availability of emergency contraception on contraceptive behaviour in Chile. Using a survey of individuals 15 to 29, we exploit variation in availability at the municipality level as a consequence of legal and judicial decisions in the late 2000s. We find an increase in the use of emergency contraception in municipalities in which it was available through the public health system, but also an increase in the use of other methods of hormonal, pre-coital contraception, and a decrease of more traditional contraceptive methods. This effect is concentrated among groups with a low starting use of contraceptives, who may benefit from the contact with the health services. Unlike previous results for developed countries, our results indicate that there is scope for an effect of emergency contraception in settings with low starting levels of contraceptive use, and a significant potential for policies to increase adoption of regular contraception.


Hypo, a computer program that performs case-based reasoning in the legal domain, helps attorneys analyze and make arguments about new fact situations in terms of the most relevant precedent cases. To perform this task, Hypo must make factual comparisons of cases relative to the problem situation and determine the legal significance of comparisons in terms of arguments about the problem situation. The authors describe techniques that Hypo uses to compare cases, choose the best cases for evaluating, and construct arguments about a new fact situation. They demonstrate how Hypo critically compares a problem situation to the most relevantly similar precedent cases to outline an argument regarding how to decide the current fact situation (CFS) based on its significant similarities to and differences from most on point cases (MOPCS). Hypo's main tool for this task is the claim lattice mechanism. The authors present a detailed example of a claim lattice actually generated by Hypo to analyze a real legal case.<<ETX>>


Distribution locational marginal prices (DLMPs) have been formulated for electric distribution grids to economically dispatch distributed energy resources (DERs) while addressing operational constraints of the electric grid. This paper proposes to extend this methodology to thermal grids, i.e, district heating or cooling systems, and specifically the combined operation of thermal and electric grids. To this end, thermal and electric grid models are formulated in a linear approximate model fashion. Then, the derivation and decomposition of DLMPs is formulated based on the combined optimal operation problem, assuming a linear state space model form for flexible loads (FLs). The ability of the DLMPs to reflect operational constraints in the thermal grid is demonstrated for a test case with 22 FLs.


Background: A pleasant smile depends on harmonious relationships between the teeth, gums, and lips. The present study measured upper lip changes related to ageing using a morphometric analysis. Methods: Fortysix Caucasian women at least 15 years of age were selected and divided into four groups: 15 30 years old, 31 45 years old, 46 60 years old, and > 60 years old. Frontal photographs with closed lips and parted lips were taken. The following measurements were performed: upper lip height, upper vermilion height in parted and closed lips positions, and exposure of the central upper incisors in the relaxed position. Results: Upper lip height increased with age. The average upper lip height in the closed lips position was 13.75 mm in the youngest age-range (15 30 years old). The upper lip height gradually increased with age until reaching an average of 19.24 mm was observed in the > 60 years old group. The opposite result was observed in upper vermilion height, which decreased with increasing age. The average vermilion height in the parted lips position was 7.09 mm in the youngest age-range (15-30 years old) and decreased to 4.58 mm in the oldest group (> 60 years old). Teeth exposure decreased with age. The average upper teeth exposure was 3.55 mm in the youngest group and decreased to 0.40 mm in the oldest group. Conclusion: The upper lip height increases, while the upper vermilion height and exposure of the upper teeth decrease with age.


Recently, some variants of the l1 norm, particularly matrix norms such as the l1,2 and l1,∞ norms, have been widely used in multi-task learning, compressed sensing and other related areas to enforce sparsity via joint regularization. In this paper, we unify the l1,2 and l1,∞ norms by considering a family of l1,q norms for 1 < q < ∞ and study the problem of determining the most appropriate sparsity enforcing norm to use in the context of multi-task feature selection. Using the generalized normal distribution, we provide a probabilistic interpretation of the general multi-task feature selection problem using the l1,q norm. Based on this probabilistic interpretation, we develop a probabilistic model using the noninformative Jeffreys prior. We also extend the model to learn and exploit more general types of pairwise relationships between tasks. For both versions of the model, we devise expectation-maximization (EM) algorithms to learn all model parameters, including q, automatically. Experiments have been conducted on two cancer classification applications using microarray gene expression data.


This essay applies ecocriticism, informed by a transnational, settler-colonial theory, to a comparative analysis of texts by three US and three Australian women authors. Through an examination of both "wild" and domestic landscapes, the essay works to establish how these authors manifest the "settler-colonial imaginary" through their glorification of the process of establishing English-style gardens on homesteads founded in territory depicted as an "unland." The essay reads the insistent use of a "nothing but" construction in descriptions of uncultivated land in both the Australian and US texts as signifying the literary imagining of the "unland" of the colonized territory, a discursive clearing of the land, as it were, to make room for settlement. From there, it proceeds to compare and contrast the different ways in which these texts imagined settlers' occupation of land as an ecological struggle to wrest an arid or semi-arid landscape into a space amenable for the production of an English garden—the symbol of the settler-colonial project's ultimate success. It then discusses texts by settler women in both Australia and the United States that imagine settlement in a more ecologically sustainable way, signaling a potential "counter-colonial" gesture of reconciliation with place.


The present article deals with the status and definition of correlative markers in modern German subordinate clauses, which retain "phoric" properties from their etymological determinative nature, from which their demarcative or connective functions proceed, characterising either the subordinate clause itself or its relation to the complex sentence. The discussion shows that correlatives are deep structure determination markers and that their semantic and pragmatic functions vary with the type of subordinate clause and the type of complex sentence with which they combine. The complex sentence is thus to be defined not as the mere concatenation of two simple sentences, but rather as the result of intricate constructions which must be considered from a holistic viewpoint, because the whole sentence is more than the sum of its parts, where additional meaning is essentially contained in the binding determinative markers and assertive markers which build interdependent relations and set the sentence within a bigger pragmatic and textual whole.


An investigation of micelle properties on the recovery of chromium for micellar enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) process was conducted using cationic surfactant of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The relationship between degree of ionization, micellar sizes and chromium removal were determined in this study. The results showed that the complete ionization for CTA+ and Br- was observed for CTAB lower than 0.72 mM and aggregation initiated at concentration of CTAB higher than 0.72 mM to yield attraction of counterion. The micellar sizes increased with increase in concentration of CTAB (higher than 4.02 mM) to generate micron-sized micelles. The distribution of micellar sizes was used to estimate the molecular weight cutoff of membrane used in the MEUF process. As chromium was added into aqueous CTAB solution, the chromate was dominant and bound on the micellar surface instead of Br-. Moreover, the presence of micelle formed a gel-layer to slightly shrink the membrane pore, therefore, UF membrane of 30k Da molecular weight cutoff (pore size≈7.9 nm) was selected in the MEUF process to achieve the removal efficiency of Cr(VI) higher than 95%.


A single agro-based fiber is a three dimensional, biopolymer composite composed mainly of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin with minor amounts of free sugars, starch, protein, extractives, and inorganics. The performance of a given fiber used in a given application depends on several factors including chemical composition, physical properties, the interaction of a fiber within the composite matrix, and how that fiber or fiber/matrix performs under a given set of environmental conditions. In order to expand the use of agro-fibers for composites, it is essential that information is available on fiber characteristics and the factors which effect performance of that fiber. In order to do this, it is necessary to develop a detailed data base of chemical and physical properties of the vast variety of natural fibers that are potentially available in the world. It is also necessary to understand the factors which effect the performance of a given fiber in a given application. This chapter will deal with the chemical and physical properties of agro-fibers and factors which effect fiber properties.


This paper reports the results from a dataset comprising 9794 post-occupancy evaluation (POE) surveys from 77 Australian open-plan offices. This paper specifically focuses on a sub-set of 20 offices (n = 2133), identified from ranking 10 offices each, with the least (n = 1063) and highest (n = 1070) satisfaction scores, respectively. The satisfaction scores were evaluated on the basis of seven factors (i.e., building/office aesthetics and quality, thermal comfort and indoor air quality, noise distraction and privacy, personal control, connection to outdoor environment, maintenance and visual comfort, and individual space). Using the POE survey data from 20 offices, regression analyses and two-way ANOVA tests were carried out to understand the differences in occupants' satisfaction and perceived productivity arising from open-plan offices. According to the statistically significant regression analyses results, it was identified that building/office aesthetics and quality (β = 0.55, p < 0.001) and noise distraction and privacy (β = 0.33, p < 0.001) were the two strongest predictors contributing perceived productivity in low-performance offices. Two-way ANOVA test results for the 10 high-performance offices indicate that the perceived productivity was strongly associated with the office's physical configuration, the employees' working experience, and the working hours at that office.


The blazar S5 0716+714 was recently reported to be at exceptionally high optical state (ATel#6902, ATel#6942, ATel#6944, ATel#6953, ATel#6957), which triggered MAGIC observations of the source in very high energy gamma rays (VHE, E>100 GeV). The preliminary analysis of the MAGIC data taken between 2015/01/22 and 2015/01/26 indicates potentially variable VHE flux in the range from 4x10^-11 cm^-2 s^-1 to 7x10^-11 cm^-2 s^-1 above 150GeV. S5 0716+714 is a blazar with z~0.31 (Nilsson et al. 2008, A&A...487L..29N), which was reported as VHE emitter in 2008 (Anderhub et al. 2009, ApJ, 704, 129). The measured integral flux above 400 GeV was (7.5 +- 2.2) * 10^-12 cm^-2 s^-1. The 2008 detection is the only significant detection of VHE gamma-ray emission prior to observations reported here. Notably, the 2008 MAGIC detection of the source took place during a high optical state, too. The MAGIC observations were accompanied with simultaneous optical observations with the KVA telescope. The R-band magnitude on 2015/01/26 was 11.84, the lightcurve is available at: http://users.utu.fi/kani/1m/S5_0716+714.html MAGIC observations on S5 0716+714 will continue for one more night and multiwavelength observations are encouraged. The MAGIC contact persons for these observations are R. Mirzoyan (email@example.com) and E. Lindfors (firstname.lastname@example.com). MAGIC is a system of two 17m-diameter Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes located at the Canary island of La Palma, Spain, and designed to perform gamma-ray astronomy in the energy range from 50 GeV to greater than 50 TeV.


When developers build software, they're able to keep track of all the different versions and all the components they use with software configuration management (SCM) systems. One of the more popular SCM products is Perforce. Authored by Perforce's own VP of product technology, Practical Perforce is the ideal complement to the existing product manual, focusing less on the 'how" and more on the "why" and "when." The book is not only a helpful introduction to Perforce, it's an enlightening resource for those already familiar with this versatile SCM product. Whether you're a programmer, product manager, or build engineer, you stand to benefit from the many insider tips and ideas presented in this convenient guide. Practical Perforce is divided into two main parts. Part I offers a whirlwind technical tour, complete with careful descriptions of basic and advanced Perforce commands designed to give you a baseline knowledge. Part II describes the big picture-using Perforce in a collaborative software development. It outlines recommended best practices and quickly shows how to implement them with the Perforce operations introduced in Part I. Throughout the book, you'll learn how to maximize Perforce so it completes tasks like these in the most efficient manner possible: Keep track of changes as you conduct concurrent parallel work on files Log activity Generate reports on who did what when Compare, merge and branch files Store files and file configurations Restore lost bug fixes Recognizing the pitfalls and practices of an SCM system like Perforce is absolutely essential to producing good software. Now, with Practical Perforce, you have the edge you need to ensure success.


One of the most remarkable achievements of Pierre Schaeffer's musical thought is his proposal of the sonorous object as the focus of research. The sonorous object is a fragment of sound, typically in the range of a few seconds (often even less), perceived as a unit. Sonorous objects are constituted, studied, and evaluated according to various criteria, and sonorous objects that are found suitable are regarded as musical objects that may be used in musical composition. In the selection and qualification of these sonorous objects, we are encouraged to practise what Schaeffer called 'reduced listening', meaning disregarding the original context of the sound, including its source and signification, and instead focus our listening on the sonorous features. However, it can be argued that this principle of 'reduced listening' is not in conflict with more fundamental principles of embodied cognition, and that the criteria for the constitution, and the various feature qualifications, of sonorous objects can be linked to gestural images. Also, there are several similarities between studying sound and gestures from a phenomenological perspective, and it is suggested that Schaeffer's theoretical concepts may be extended to what is called gestural-sonorous objects.


Several studies have evaluated the impact of low dose statin (20–80 mg/day) on bone metabolism with inconclusive results despite promising data of preclinical studies. In this study, we investigated the effect of high dose simvastatin (HD‐Sim) on biochemical markers of bone turnover and disease activity in six heavily pretreated patients with multiple myeloma (MM). These patients were treated with simvastatin (15 mg/kg/day) for 7 days followed by a rest period of 21 days in two 4‐week cycles. Endpoints were changes in the level of biochemical markers of (i) osteoclast activity (tartrate resistant acid phosphatase, TRACP); (ii) bone resorption (collagen fragments CTX and NTX); (iii) bone formation (osteocalcin and aminoterminal propeptide of type I collagen PINP); (iv) cholesterol; (v) regulators of bone metabolism [osteoprotegerin (OPG) and Dickkopf‐1 (DKK‐1)] and (vi) disease activity (monoclonal proteins or free light chains in serum). TRACP activity in serum and levels of collagen fragments (NTX) in urine increased for all patients temporarily during the 7 days of treatment with HD‐Sim indicating that osteoclasts may have been stimulated rather than inhibited. The other markers of bone metabolism showed no change. None of the patients showed any reduction in free monoclonal light chains or monoclonal proteins in serum during treatment with HD‐Sim. In spite of the fact that bone turn over effects of HD‐Sim may have been blunted by concomitant treatment of patients with other drugs we observed a transient increase in markers of osteoclast activity. This sign of a transient stimulation of osteoclast activity suggests that HD‐Sim may be harmful rather than beneficial for MM patients. For this reason and because of gastro‐intestinal side effects the study was stopped prematurely. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Abstract A Roman mausoleum located in the ancient city of Pinara, southwest Turkey, shows traces of strong dynamic forces. Considering the seismotectonic potential of the area, earthquake ground motions are a potential cause of damage. On the other hand, the mausoleum is located at the foot of an almost 100‐m‐high steep cliff imposing rockfall hazard to the building. We constructed a 3D model of the mausoleum based on 90 million points from nine laser scans. From this model the shape and size of the construction was measured and the displacements of all visible block vertices have been derived. Based on the 3D model and examples of similar structures a fully reconstructed virtual discrete‐element model of the mausoleum with 180 individual blocks was constructed. This model was exposed to earthquake ground motions and the impact of falling rocks. The impact velocity of the latter was estimated with a site‐specific rockfall model. The earthquake ground motion was estimated from local earthquake scenarios and quantified with 3D synthetic strong‐motion seismograms. In addition, analytic ground‐motion signals were used to study the general dynamic behavior of the mausoleum and the vulnerability of its columns. Comparison of the in situ measured block displacements and the damage pattern with the results of the rockfall and earthquake models clearly favor coseismic displacement as the cause of the damage. A local earthquake with moment magnitude 6.3 is sufficient to produce the observed damage.


Background: High ambient temperatures are a risk factor for nephrolithiasis, but the precise relationship between temperature and kidney stone presentation is unknown. Objectives: Our objective was to estimate associations between mean daily temperature and kidney stone presentation according to lag time and temperatures. Methods: Using a time-series design and distributed lag nonlinear models, we estimated the relative risk (RR) of kidney stone presentation associated with mean daily temperatures, including cumulative RR for a 20-day period, and RR for individual daily lags through 20 days. Our analysis used data from the MarketScan Commercial Claims database for 60,433 patients who sought medical evaluation or treatment of kidney stones from 2005–2011 in the U.S. cities of Atlanta, Georgia; Chicago, Illinois; Dallas, Texas; Los Angeles, California; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Results: Associations between mean daily temperature and kidney stone presentation were not monotonic, and there was variation in the exposure–response curve shapes and the strength of associations at different temperatures. However, in most cases RRs increased for temperatures above the reference value of 10°C. The cumulative RR for a daily mean temperature of 30°C versus 10°C was 1.38 in Atlanta (95% CI: 1.07, 1.79), 1.37 in Chicago (95% CI: 1.07, 1.76), 1.36 in Dallas (95% CI: 1.10, 1.69), 1.11 in Los Angeles (95% CI: 0.73, 1.68), and 1.47 in Philadelphia (95% CI: 1.00, 2.17). Kidney stone presentations also were positively associated with temperatures < 2°C in Atlanta, and < 10°C in Chicago and Philadelphia. In four cities, the strongest association between kidney stone presentation and a daily mean temperature of 30°C versus 10°C was estimated for lags of ≤ 3 days. Conclusions: In general, kidney stone presentations increased with higher daily mean temperatures, with the strongest associations estimated for lags of only a few days. These findings further support an adverse effect of high temperatures on nephrolithiasis. Citation: Tasian GE, Pulido JE, Gasparrini A, Saigal CS, Horton BP, Landis JR, Madison R, Keren R, for the Urologic Diseases in America Project. 2014. Daily mean temperature and clinical kidney stone presentation in five U.S. metropolitan areas: a time-series analysis. Environ Health Perspect 122:1081–1087; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307703


This thesis focuses on the fact that although David Williamson's popular appeal is attested to by his continuing commercial success in a career of over thirty-five years, a consistent stream of adverse criticism has nevertheless been levelled at his work on the basis of perceived superficiality and glibness. The term 'sugared placebos' was employed to describe the truncation of characterisation and treatment of ideas in Williamson's work (Fitzpatrick 'Styles of Love: New Directions in David Williamson' 416). In examining and explaining the presence of satire and farce in his plays, this thesis interrogated the nature of both satire and farce to establish the accuracy of the term 'sugared placebos' when applied to Williamson's work, and suggests that instead what is produced is a valuable curative. The thesis involved examining the concept of superficiality as a basis of criticism in a postmodern world and sought to connect this perceived superficiality with the presence of satire and farce in Williamson's work. The naturalist text of Henrik Ibsen's Ghosts was evaluated to establish the validity of stereotypes and genre-blending in a foundational naturalistic text. Using Ghosts as a paradigm against which to compare Williamson's work, it was established that through a confluence of satire, farce, and irony Williamson creates his unique interpretation of "naturalism" by reflecting the patterns of behaviour of certain individuals in social situations. The study found that like Ibsen before him, Williamson also contends that individuals are strongly conditioned by their society and the enduring and universal emotions they carry from their deep past are endemic of all cultures at all times. A further outcome from the study revealed that far from being 'superficial' Williamson's use of satire and farce renders his naturalism ironic, while at the same time providing a deep and profound social commentary. In addition, it was found that Williamson's characters, although robustly Australian and located in the history of their times have, become iconic representations of universal verities that present audiences with deeper truths about their humanity.


BACKGROUND
Breastmilk is the recommended aliment for preterm infants. Milk banks provide donated breastmilk for the neonatal care of preterm infants when mother's own milk is not is available. To avoid pathogen transmission, donated breastmilk is heat-treated according to different procedures before administration. There is varying information on the effect of heat treatment on folate in breastmilk. Sufficient folate intake, however, is essential for normal growth and brain development. This study determined and compared the effects of different heat treatments on breastmilk folate content and pattern of individual folate forms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Donated Swedish breastmilk samples were heat-treated according to three procedures: two low temperature treatments (57°C, 23 minutes; 62.5°C, 12 minutes) and a rapid high temperature treatment (heating to 73°C in boiling water). The folate content and pattern were determined before and after treatment by high-performance liquid chromatography.

RESULTS
The folate content in 38 untreated Swedish breastmilk samples was 150±46 nmol/L. Two different folate vitamers were detected: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (78±7%) and tetrahydrofolate (22±7%). Heat treatment affected only tetrahydrofolate stability and decreased folate content by 15-24%; however, the effects on folate content did not differ among the investigated heat treatment procedures.

CONCLUSIONS
Folate losses during heat treatment of human milk were considered acceptable. Yet, native folate content of heat-treated, non-fortified breastmilk supplied only 25% of the recommended daily intake for preterm infants.


The objective of this research is to explore the impact of early childcare on child cognitive outcomes. We utilize the Millennium Cohort Survey (MCS) for the United Kingdom, which provides very detailed information about several modalities of childcare as well as several child outcomes. In our empirical analysis, we estimate the association between formal childcare and child cognitive outcomes, allowing the effect of formal childcare to be different for children from different family backgrounds, controlling for a large number of variables (regarding the child, the mother, the father, the household). In a second step, we simulate how an increase in formal childcare attendance can affect inequalities across children. Our results show that childcare attendance has a positive impact on child cognitive outcomes, which are stronger for children from low socio–economic background.


Abstract In the fifth decade of the internet, accessibility for all, especially those with disabilities, is central to digital inclusion. Yet internationally, the score card on internet and accessibility remains mixed, at best; and woefully inadequate, at worst. Via an Australian case study, we argue that it is imperative to better understand how internet technology interacts with the life worlds and dynamics of disability, and we suggest how policy can be articulated and improved to put people with disabilities on an equal basis to others in digital societies.


Oil palm industry generated massive amount of lignocellulosic biomass that became a major problem in oil palm mills. Oil palm decanter cake (OPDC) is one of the
 lignocellulosic biomass that was managed by open dumping in the mills. Utilization of OPDC for the production of crude cellulase cocktail, fermentable sugars and biobutanol were a great approach to manage the abundant biomass, thereby adding value to the waste. In this study, the characteristics and pretreatments of OPDC were
 investigated. The OPDC with high lignin content (30.66% (w/w)) required an appropriate pretreatment prior to cellulase production and saccharification process.
 Due to pretreatment process using 1% NaOH and autoclaved at 121°C for 20 minutes, the increment of hydrolysis percentage up to 12-fold higher than untreated OPDC was achieved. The lignin percentage was reduced by 14.1% (w/w) and cellulose and hemicellulose percentages increased by 26.6% (w/w) after the pretreatment.
 Production of crude cellulase cocktail using OPDC as the substrate by Trichoderma asperellum UPM1 and Aspergillus fumigatus UPM2 was successfully investigated. The optimum conditions of these fungi to produce high activity of cellulose using untreated OPDC were 120 hours incubation period, 1x107 spores/mL, temperature at
 30°C and initial pH of 7.0 -7.5. T. asperellum UPM1 produced 17.53 U/mL CMCase, 0.53 U/mL β-glucosidase and 0.28 U/mL FPase while A. fumigatus UPM2 produced 10.93 U/mL CMCase, 0.76 U/mL β-glucosidase and 0.24 U/mL FPase.
 The crude cellulase cocktail with the ratio of 1:1 for T. asperellum UPM1 and A. fumigatus UPM2 improved the fermentable sugar concentration from 3.17 g/L (1.27
 g/g) to 5.08 g/L (2.03 g/g) and hydrolysis percentage increased from 50.69% to 81.29% compared to the single crude cellulase.
 Optimization of biobutanol production using OPDC hydrolysate by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC824 was evaluated statistically using response surface
 methodology (RSM). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) using 2-level factorial successfully screened three significant variables that influenced the biobutanol yield which were glucose concentration in OPDC hydrolysate, inoculum size and initial pH value. The batch fermentation analyzed using central composite design (CCD) gave the predicted optimum conditions of 70 g/L OPDC hydrolysate, 16.20% inoculum size and initial pH of 5.2. The predicted yield of biobutanol was 0.09 g/g with 70 g/L utilization of glucose. The optimum condition was validated and the actual biobutanol yield was 0.11 g/g with 6.04 g/L biobutanol concentration. The biobutanol production using synthetic glucose produced 15.38% higher biobutanol concentration compared to OPDC hydrolysate probably due to the presence of inhibitor and impurities during the physiochemical pretreatment of the substrate.


A recurring theme in debates over Social Security policy is that workers should be encouraged to work later into their lives by raising the age at which they can get full benefits. Implicit in this argument is that most workers are in a situation where they would be able to work to an older age; however, many older workers stop working because they can no longer meet the physical demands of their job. In 2010, CEPR did an analysis that examined the percentage of older workers (ages 58 and over) who either worked in physically demanding jobs or in difficult work conditions. This paper is an update of that earlier study and is based on data from 2014. Using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) and Occupational Information Network (O*NET) it finds that in 2014, 8.0 million workers ages 58 and older (34.5 percent) had physically demanding jobs, while 5.1 million workers ages 58 and older (22.1 percent) had jobs with difficult working conditions. About 10.2 million workers ages 58 and older (43.8 percent) were employed either in physically demanding jobs or jobs with difficult working conditions. The workers who were most likely to be in these jobs were Latinos, the least educated (less than a high school diploma), immigrants, and the lowest wage earners. Physically demanding jobs include general physical activities, handling and moving objects, spending significant time standing, walking or running, making repetitive motions, or having any highly physically demanding work. Highly physically demanding jobs require dynamic, explosive, static, or trunk strength, bending or twisting of the body, stamina, maintaining balance, or kneeling or crouching. Difficult working conditions include working in a cramped workspace, labor outdoors, or exposure to abnormal temperatures, contaminants, hazardous equipment, whole body vibration, or distracting or uncomfortable noise.


The current understanding in the study of focused electron beam induced processing (FEBIP) is that the growth of a deposit is mainly the result of secondary electrons (SEs). This suggests that the growth rate for FEBIP is affected by the SE emission from the support. Our experiments, with membranes thinner than the SE escape depth, confirm this hypothesis. We used membranes of 1.4 and 4.3 nm amorphous carbon as supports. At the very early stage, the growth is support-dominated and the growth rate on a 4.3 nm thick membrane is three times higher than on a 1.4 nm thick membrane. This is consistent with Monte Carlo simulations for SE emission. The results suggest that SEs are dominant in the dissociation of W(CO)6 on thin membranes. The best agreement between simulations and experiment is obtained for SEs with energies between 3 and 6 eV. With this work we revisit earlier experiments, working at a precursor pressure 20 times lower than previously. Then, despite using membranes thinner than the SE escape depth, we did not see an effect on the experimental growth rate. We explain our current results by the fact that very early in the process, the growth becomes dominated by the growing deposit itself.


Thermal management of lithium‐ion (Li‐ion) batteries using phase change materials (PCM) demonstrate advantages such as compactness and reduced weight compared to conventional active cooling systems. However, the heat accumulation in PCM due to ineffective cooling and added thermal inertia may lead to thermal management system failure. In this study, a hybrid active–passive thermal management system for a Li‐ion battery module is presented. Graphite nanopowder and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite sheets are employed to improve the low thermal conductivity of the PCM. The thermophysical properties of the nano‐enhanced PCM (NePCM) with various mass fractions are experimentally explored. A streamlined electrochemical–thermal coupled model for batteries is used to develop an air‐assisted hybrid thermal management system model. The effects of nanoparticles mass fraction, thickness of the PCM layer, and air inlet temperature on the module thermal behavior during a standard driving cycle are investigated. The hybrid system can maintain the module temperature within the safe limits and provide excellent temperature uniformity. The results reveal that an enhanced thermal conductivity is essential to recover the thermal energy storage capacity of PCM during the driving cycle. The proposed cooling approach presents a promising avenue for enhanced thermal management of Li‐ion battery modules.


ACCESS TO LEARNING – MATHEMATICS PERFORMANCE IN CASE STUDY SCHOOLS IN GAUTENG AND EASTERN CAPE. South Africa performs poorly on international assessments of mathematics. Learner performance at both at primary and secondary school levels does not appear to have improved significantly over the past 10 years. Assessment should provide a catalyst for improved learning and reflective teaching practices. Usually, standardised testing is used as a means of measuring learners' achievement, which can be a useful determinant of educational policy and reform. CREATE used standardised mathematics Grade 4 and 6 tests and administered them to Grade 5 and 7 learners in 12 schools in South Africa. Research explored whether learners at these grades in have the ability to read, write and respond to the kinds of numeric tasks specified by the National Curriculum Statement (NCS) as an indication of the extent to which learners could be considered "silently excluded". This policy brief describes the results of this study and suggests recommendations for assessment policies in South Africa. It is based on Pereira & Du Toit, (2010, forthcoming).


We present a system for forecasting the changes in PM 10 and PM 2.5 particulate matter air pollution concentration . The system is based on immissions data from automatic measurement stations of the Voivodship (Regional) Inspectorate for Environmental Protection in Warsaw (Poland) and a numerical forecast of meteorological parameters from the Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling, Warsaw University. The concept of the program is based on various models based on artificial neural networks as well as a support vector machine working in regression mode. The approach uses wavelet decomposition and Blind Source Separation for better, more accurate forecasting. This universal system provides a tool for early warning of exceedance of daily maximum levels of PM 10 and PM 2.5 and is dedicated to local authorities to evaluate the ecological efficiency of environmental recovery programs.


The migratory destinations of humpback whales that winter off the Pacific coast of Mexico were examined using photo-identification. Fluke photographs taken between 1983 and 1993 from the three main whale aggregations in this area (383 from the Mainland coast; 471 from Baja California Peninsula; and 450 from Revillagigedo Archipelago) were compared with collections from all known summering grounds in the North Pacific (593 off California-Oregon-Washington; 48 off British Columbia; 429 off Southeastern Alaska; 141 off Prince William Sound; and 133 from the western Gulf of Alaska ). The migratory movements of these whales were clearly non-random. The results of the photographic comparisons and the statistical tests show clear evidence for preferred migratory destinations of humpback whales from Mainland and Baja California to California-Oregon-Washington and British Columbia summering regions. Nevertheless, differences in whale abundance estimates between these summering and wintering aggregations indicate the presence of some unsampled summering region(s). The principal migratory destination was not detected for the Revillagigedo region, although matches were found with all the summering regions sampled. This supports the hypothesis that the humpback whales from Revillagigedo are separate from the 'American stock'. Based on the known abundance estimates, historical whaling records and genetic structure of the populations, it is proposed that historical feeding grounds off the Aleutian Islands and/or the Bering Sea are the main summer destinations of the whales from Revillagigedo.


Rodent damage to maize and other cereal crops is a chronic problem to Kenyan farmers and occasional outbreaks are reported. According to a report by the Ministry of Agriculture in the year 2008, damage of between 1 and 5 % are common but damages of 20-100 % have also been recorded. In this study, a survey was carried out in Rongai Division, a cereal growing region in the Kenyan Rift Valley, to identify the general crop husbandry and farm enterprises, knowledge on problem rodents, farmers' perception of the rodent pest problem and their management practices amongst the small-holders. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire administered to 278 farmers in RongaiDivision, Nakuru District. The structured questionnaire was based on three broad areas including agronomic practices, rodent pest problems and their control and farmer background information. Slightly over half (56.6%) of the farming population owned less than 5 acres and only 14 (5.1%) of the interviewed farmers owned more than 20 acres. The age of the respondents ranged between 18 and 90 years and averaged 43 years. Maize was grown by over 91 % of the farmers either for subsistence (48.8%) or for both subsistence and cash (49.~%). Weeding was manually done (92.4%) and 62.2% of the respondents weeded twice before harvesting the crop. The main mode of harvesting maize was cutting and 'stooking' (68.5%). Farmers described the rodent pests problem as a regular (65.7%) or an occasional (30.6%) phenomenon. Maize was damaged at all phenological stages and most damage occurred in the fields 53.6% and stores 39.2%. Control was done individually (94.2%) by use of chemicals (26.6%), cats and dogs (63%) and varying combination of other methods (10.4%). Control measures were undertaken only when rodent signs were seen (41.8%) or when damage was obvious (21.7%). Acute rodenticides were used because of the perceived efficacy (58.1%). Rodent control was considered as a very important (49%) or just important (45.2%) practice, Farmers preferred to continue controlling the rodents individually (46.5%) although some suggested group (21.9%) control. Information on rodent control was largely obtained from the neighbours (44.2%). The agro-vet stockists (20.9%), radio (14.0%) and agricultural extension agents (11.6%), respectively, also contributed to such knowledge. Perceived maize crop losses to rodents was moderate (65.1%) to very severe (22.3%) yet some (12.6%) farmers reported they experienced no loss. However, there was no significant difference in severity of losses with different methods of harvesting maize (X = 5.320, P = 0.256). Occurrences of damage of ripened crop were more frequent (66.1%) under cut and 'stook' than other modes of harvest. Rodents were also ranked high (75%) as pests amongst the farmers who were using the cut and stook method. Thus, other modes of harvest (e.g. Cut and curry, direct removal of cobs) should be encouraged. Most farmers expressed need for control to be a continuous process, protecting the crop at all stages. Thus, there is a need to train farmers on an integrated approach to rodent pests control. It is also important to conduct research on some of the control methods identified by the farmers to check for possibility of recommending and up-scaling the same.


The "golden era" of American environmental lawmaking in the 1960s and 1970s saw twenty-two pieces of major environmental legislation (including the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Endangered Species Act) passed by bipartisan majorities in Congress and signed into law by presidents of both parties. But since then partisanship, the dramatic movement of Republicans to the right, and political brinksmanship have led to legislative gridlock on environmental issues. In this book, Christopher Klyza and David Sousa argue that the longstanding legislative stalemate at the national level has forced environmental policymaking onto other pathways. Klyza and Sousa identify and analyze five alternative policy paths, which they illustrate with case studies from 1990 to the present: "appropriations politics" in Congress; executive authority; the role of the courts; "next-generation" collaborative experiments; and policymaking at the state and local levels. This updated edition features a new chapter discussing environmental policy developments from 2006 to 2012, including intensifying partisanship on the environment, the failure of Congress to pass climate legislation, the ramifications of Massachusetts v. EPA, and other Obama administration executive actions (some of which have reversed Bush administration executive actions). Yet, they argue, despite legislative gridlock, the legacy of 1960s and 1970s policies has created an enduring "green state" rooted in statutes, bureaucratic routines, and public expectations.


In 1943 Northern Ireland was at war. For four years the population had weathered the hardships of rationing and evacuation. Yet war also brought a degree of prosperity to the Province's industrial economy and with the involvement in a global conflict and influx of foreign servicemen, came a glimpse of the world beyond Ulster's shores.1 By the end of 1943, the air-raids had ceased and a new spirit of optimism was palpable. This spirit was particularly prevalent in the arts where there was a growing pride in local culture. Reflecting on the period the poet, critic and curator, John Hewitt (1907 - 87) concluded 'never before in my lifetime had the Arts seemed so lively and exciting. The war was far away and, since travel was severely restricted, we were left to cultivate our own gardens'.2 This essay explores the Hewitt's role in attempting to articulate a distinctive artistic and cultural identity for Ulster from the middle of the twentieth century. Focusing on Hewitt's interpretation of the visual arts, it examines the ways in which he acted as a curator and advocate for particular artists who he felt embodied his sense of a regional style of art for Ulster.During the period of the war, artists and writers in Belfast were gathering to promote their own work and the Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts (CEMA), the first public body dedicated to the arts on the island of Ireland, was established.3 Central to CEMA's visual arts committee and taking an active role in many of the artist led initiatives, Hewitt became the spokesman for a generation of progressive artists whom he believed could create a distinctive modem art for Ulster. Over the next two decades, Hewitt's critical and curatorial efforts both introduced public across the north of Ireland to modem art and promoted the idea of a distinct Ulster regional culture. This culture, he believed, could unite the divided communities of Northern Ireland through what he understood as a collective sense of identity, rooted in the landscape and nourished by a distinctive Ulster identity.Suggesting that Hewitt's championing of regionalism shaped his approach to art, this paper argues that his celebration of the Ulster artist, Colin Middleton, was informed by the belief that Middleton's combination of local and international references could provide a blueprint for regional modernism. Hewitt's support for Middleton is particularly illuminating in this regard when contrasted with his treatment of other contemporary figures, such as Daniel O'Neill, Gerard Dillon and others.The idea of the 'invented tradition', as explored by Eric Hobsbawm, provides a useful frame of reference for Hewitt's focus on regionalism within his art criticism. In Hobsbawm's interpretation, the nation, and its associated phenomena: nationalism, the nation state, national symbols and histories are all based on 'exercises in social engineering which are often deliberate and always innovative'.4 Hewitt's attempt to construct a canon of Ulster art can be considered within these terms, and interpreted as an effort to invent traditions that could provide legitimacy for his political and cultural claims.Some of Hewitt's first comments on Ulster regionalism were expressed in the essay, 'Under Forty: Some Ulster Artists' published in Now in Ulster, 1944. This anthology of articles, short stories, poetry, paintings and photographs, compiled by the artist brothers George and Arthur Campbell, provided an impressive picture of the arts in the Province. In 1943, the Campbells had published the booklet Ulster in Black and White, which included their work along with Maurice Wilks and Patricia Webb and intended to provide 'a means for four Ulster artists of widely varying styles to express themselves'.5 Now in Ulster was a more ambitious project which reproduced the Campbells' work alongside paintings by five other Ulster artists: Gerard Dillon, Colin Middleton, John Luke, and John Turner. …