The FAIR principles have been widely cited, endorsed and adopted by a broad range of stakeholders since their publication in 2016. By intention, the 15 FAIR guiding principles do not dictate specific technological implementations, but provide guidance for improving Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability and Reusability of digital resources. This has likely contributed to the broad adoption of the FAIR principles, because individual stakeholder communities can implement their own FAIR solutions. However, it has also resulted in inconsistent interpretations that carry the risk of leading to incompatible implementations. Thus, while the FAIR principles are formulated on a high level and may be interpreted and implemented in different ways, for true interoperability we need to support convergence in implementation choices that are widely accessible and (re)-usable. We introduce the concept of FAIR implementation considerations to assist accelerated global participation and convergence towards accessible, robust, widespread and consistent FAIR implementations. Any self-identified stakeholder community may either choose to reuse solutions from existing implementations, or when they spot a gap, accept the challenge to create the needed solution, which, ideally, can be used again by other communities in the future. Here, we provide interpretations and implementation considerations (choices and challenges) for each FAIR principle.


Antitrust is 'a blunt instrument aimed at the wrong problem'. So say the authors of this provocative and contentious book, both of them well-known for providing antitrust support and training in many developing economies and for serving as antitrust experts on behalf of private parties targeted by antitrust authorities. Drawing on their wide experience, they describe how antitrust/ competition rules in developing economies curtails innovation and entrepreneurship under what the U.S. Supreme Court has blasted as the 'chilling effects of false positives'. Moreover, they point out, entrenched interest groups in developing countries quickly discover that soliciting preferential treatment from the state, which leads to state-sponsored non-tariff barriers, is more attractive than private cartelization, not least because it is perfectly legal and thus beyond the reach of antitrust law enforcement efforts. What the authors offer is a thoroughgoing analysis clearly demonstrating that, whatever economic path developing countries pursue, imposing Western-style antitrust regimes will engender uncertainty, chill economic behaviour, and foster an unhealthy climate for business. They employ the influential error-cost methodology to appraise the performance of competition policy and to show how such a policy creates irresolvable tensions in fragile economies with weak institutions - economies characterized by informal rules of business practice, long-standing symbiotic business state relationships, and unpredictable state action. They mount a powerful critique of the arguments of neo-institutionalists (who fail to recognize the vulnerable nature of emerging market economies) and competition 'advocates' (who presume to stand ready and vigilant to enforce competition policy on state entities). But competition policy in developing economies is not an irremediable mistake. Such regimes need not adhere to an inappropriate Western model, the authors maintain, to find cheaper and more effective ways to foster competition. As a detailed and insightful description and framework defining the limits to antitrust in developing (and especially least-developed) countries, this study promises to extend the debate that should precede any consideration of globally extending competition policy in its current version. Crafters of policies and rules in competition law and administration cannot fail to gain in depth of understanding from this new approach to the subject.


The electrodichroic ratio q(ro) for suspensions of absorbing spheroids has been calculated using dipolar light scattering theory. This theory predicts, in accordance with experimental observations on Varad suspensions, that the transmission will usually be higher when the particles are aligned nose-on in the incident beam than in the random state. The effect of complex refractive index and of the axial ratio of the spheroids upon q(ro) is discussed in some detail. It appears that metals having the refractive properties of aluminum offer the best possibility for preparing optical windows from these suspensions.


Purpose To produce a conceptual summary of literature focusing on models which inform and guide the transition from paediatric to adult services for Adolescents and Young Adults (AYA). The review was conducted as part of a larger study exploring the experiences of AYA in their transition from the paediatric to the adult cancer setting. Theory This review draws on interpersonal, relational and social constructionist perspectives of adolescence and Erikson's stages of psycho-social development. Methods A critical narrative review, informed by systematic techniques for searching and appraisal, was conducted on recently published (1998–2008) literature which focused on transition models from across a range of illness conditions. Results and conclusions Current models do not adequately meet the needs of adolescents during transition as they are limited by the level of understanding of adolescent development which they incorporate. Therefore, models are needed which reflect the dynamic and often complex nature of adolescence and contextualise the interrelationship of transitioning between services and life-course transitions for AYA with chronic conditions. Discussion To ensure effective co-ordination and continuity of care during the transition process, pathways of care should be informed by and constructed within both medical and psycho-social paradigms.


Smith, P. (1996). The History of American Art Education: Learning About Art in American schools. Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Press. 252 pages. (ISBN 0-313-29870-X). For many people, reading history is often boring, dry, or hard to follow. I always struggle not to fall asleep when countless facts and dates are used, and I force myself to maintain a visual image of the timeline being presented in order to enhance my memory. This is not the case with Peter Smith's history. I found it to be daring in its content and fascinating with its teaching-like approach to comparative analysis. It struck me that the author had extensive first-hand knowledge of the subject based on both primary source research and personal experience and involvement. This is by no means a complete history of art education in America, but it certainly expands the reader's viewpoint and understanding of the field. Smith explores the writings of contemporaries including Eisner, Efland, Zimmerman, and Stankiewicz and questions the validity of some of their specific contentions. This is what makes this book so daring. The author comments on theories, philosophies, or findings of many historians who are still prominent. For example, in the introduction Smith takes issue with Eisner's assertion that art education history studies (or any other art education research for that matter) should aid practically in the correction of current problems. Instead Smith suggests that art education historical research serves as a framework from which to judge through critical examination. He asks the question, "What does this event, person, or movement tell us about learning about visual art in America" (p. 10). He explores the context in which individuals' philosophies and teaching methods were used. He explores the language in which materials were originally written. He gives sources and introduces important paradigms to be considered in doing research. The main contention is that historical research "might affect the way art teaching and learning is conceptualized as it is practiced at the present" (p. 6). While the ultimate question seems to be: "What is the basis of American art education and from where did it come?" each of the 12 chapters focuses on a specific issue related to this major question. For example, Chapter 1 is a refreshing discussion about cultural concerns in the recording of art education in America. Smith recognizes that people of the dominant culture regard the United States as a nation of white persons of European origin, and have therefore discounted the voices of Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, African Americans, and others. These cultures have produced aesthetic objects and images as an integral part of their experiences. Throughout the book Smith focuses on the Germanic foundations of American art education and on the American art educator's ignorance of the assumptions behind many present-day teaching practices. Although some are speculative, his contentions are eye opening, questioning, and convincingly plausible. Smith suggests that the German influence was due to intellectuals fleeing from Nazi control. Smith states: that a vast area of fundamental importance to art education has been hidden from Americans who cannot read German. Much German language material that served as the basis of art education publications in the United States remains to be translated, and only if it is will Americans be able to build a complete picture of the foundations on which American art education stands. This is the material on which Lowenfeld, Schaefer-Simmern, and Rudolf Arnheim built. (p. 56) I found Chapter 2 particularly interesting. Smith compares the writings of seven historians as a framework to explore the contributions of Walter Smith. The author leads the reader to the conclusion that even though educational historians may use interpretive methods derived from historic evidence, these historians may arrive at different conclusions that are not necessarily subjective, but rather provide an "explanation that could help us understand our times. …


ABSTRACTION The process Study of Biological in SMP Negeri I Pacet has indicated that student?s activity still lower. Lower student activity can seen that the students still less self confidence in raising question and also in replying question, student also still lazy to note and not yet accustomed, students also still depend on their friends when perceiving result of attempt. So, that what the result is not clear and directional question becoming not relevant. Less ability of student in activity it is caused by students incapable of developing contemplative faculties toward broader. This cause the students difficult to comprehend materials study, they tend to memorize concepts without comprehending content from the concepts. Direct Instructional model represent one of the study strategy where student learn in group and correlate environment around, finish their studies in direct study, students will give inter communications where student will be share each other opinion or idea, discussing each other among problems with their friends, so that will be obtained by responsibility and involvement each of students to learn and inform learn result. Type of Research is representing Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) qualitative. Research that used is device consist of planning, actions, perceptions, and reflections. This research divide in two cycle four times meeting. The Research target is VIII D class which consists of 39 students. Method data collecting obtained from result of evaluation and observation and analyzed descriptively. This research aim to increase student activity and result learn student about Biological concept with direct study. Result of research indicates that student writing activity 1st cycle until 2nd increase rapidly that is from 42% at 1st cycle become 62% at 2nd cycle, so also with student activity in perceiving result of attempt from 1st cycle until 2nd cycle experience of improvement that is equal to 35,2% from 34% from 1st cycle become 69,2% at 2nd cycle, while at practice attempt from 1st cycle until 2nd cycle mount equal to 46,2%, and at asking questions mount equal to 30%, and also at replying questions mount equal to 44%. While to the understanding of student after given by mean action every cycle experience of improvement that is 1st cycle equal to 74,3% becoming 87,2% at 2nd cycle.


This paper is about computational and theoretical ques- tions regarding p-adic height pairings on elliptic curves over a global field K. The main stumbling block to computing them efficiently is in calculating, for each of the completions Kv at the places v of K dividing p, a single quantity: the value of the p-adic modular form E2 associated to the elliptic curve. Thanks to the work of Dwork, Katz, Kedlaya, Lauder and Monsky-Washnitzer we offer an efficient algo- rithm for computing these quantities, i.e., for computing the value of E2 of an elliptic curve. We also discuss the p-adic convergence rate of canonical expansions of the p-adic modular form E2 on the Hasse domain. In particular, we introduce a new notion of log convergence and prove that E2 is log convergent.


Osteopetrosis, or Albers-Schönberg disease, is a rare hereditary disease characterized by osteoclast dysfunction and consequent diminished bone resorption and disturbed bone building and remodeling, resulting in abnormally dense and brittle bones. Bone marrow failure, pathologic fractures, and neurologic deficits are common. Osteopetrosis is diagnosed on radiographs. Patients have generalized osteosclerosis, and radiographs may show evidence of fractures. We report a case of cerebral hemorrhage and multiple sclerosis associated with the benign adult form of osteopetrosis.


Homeopathy is a two-century-old medical specialty that provides many distinct advantages in the treatment of a wide range of gastrointestinal disorders. Although its emergence predates the discovery of the human microbiome, it appears to be fully compatible with microbiome ecology and integrative immune functioning. Homeopathic treatment supports natural homeostatic mechanisms that work to reestablish symbiosis between the microbiome and the immune system, lowering local and systemic inflammation, and thereby benefiting the entire superorganism. The gastrointestinal microbiome is briefly reviewed here with respect to its pertinence to systemic health. The fundamental concepts of classical homeopathic medicine are summarized, and its scientific evidence-base is considered. The homeopathic treatment of several GI tract disorders is presented with evidence of its effectiveness.


Soft Computing Approach to Pattern Classification and Object Recognition establishes an innovative, unified approach to supervised pattern classification and model-based occluded object recognition. The book also surveys various soft computing tools, fuzzy relational calculus (FRC), genetic algorithm (GA) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) to provide a strong foundation for the reader. The supervised approach to pattern classification and model-based approach to occluded object recognition are treated in one framework , one based on either a conventional interpretation or a new interpretation of multidimensional fuzzy implication (MFI) and a novel notion of fuzzy pattern vector (FPV). By combining practice and theory, a completely independent design methodology was developed in conjunction with this supervised approach on a unified framework, and then tested thoroughly against both synthetic and real-life data. In the field of soft computing, such an application-oriented design study is unique in nature. The monograph essentially mimics the cognitive process of human decision making, and carries a message of perceptual integrity in representational diversity. Soft Computing Approach to Pattern Classification and Object Recognition is intended for researchers in the area of pattern classification and computer vision. Other academics and practitioners will also find the book valuable.


The autonomic nervous system regulates multiple physiological functions; how distinct neurons in peripheral autonomic and intrathoracic ganglia communicate remains to be established. Increasing focus is being paid to functionality of the neurocardiac axis and crosstalk between the intrinsic nervous system and diverse organ systems. Current find ings indicate that progression of cardiovascular disease comprises peripheral and central aspects of the cardiac nervous system hierarchy. Indeed, autonomic neuronal dysfunction is known to participate in arrhythmogenesis and sudden cardiac death; diverse interventions (pharmacological, non-pharmacological) that affect neuronal remodeling in the heart following injury caused by cardiovascular disease (congestive heart failure, etc.) or acute myocardial infarction are being investigated. Herein we examine recent findings from clinical and animal studies on the role of the intrinsic cardiac nervous sys - tem on regulation of myocardial perfusion and the consequences of cardiac injury. We also discuss different interventions that target the autonomic nervous system, stimulate neuronal remodeling and adaptation, and thereby optimize patient outcomes.


Objectives: The purpose of this investigation was to examine experienced sport psychology consultants' (SPCs) perceptions of the role of peer support and supervision within their applied practice.Design: A qualitative research design was utilised.Method: A purposeful sampling method was used to recruit 10 experienced accredited SPCs (8 male and 2 female; 5 British, 1 Swedish, 1 Austrian/American, 3 American; M age = 50.44 years; M years consulting experience = 21.67 years) who provided psychological support to elite athletes competing in major national and international events in a range of team and individual sports (e.g., track and field athletics, basketball, curling, football, gymnastics, hockey, sailing, shooting, diving, winter sports, wrestling). SPCs participated in individual semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with the primary investigator that lasted between 70 minutes to 90 minutes and yielded 188 single-spaced pages of data. Results: A thematic content analysis approach was employed to search for common themes across all case data. Results emphasised the place of supervision and peer support as an essential tool to monitor, expand insight, support, and to gain perspective on themselves and their practice. Results highlighted variety in frequency, structure, and the challenges faced in maintaining peer support and supervision while working at elite sport competitions. Conclusions: Despite the extensive experience of these 10 participants; SPCs believed that peer support and supervision were essential to maintaining effective and ethical practice. The place of supervision and peer support should be considered by all practitioners working within applied sport psychology.


Digital fingerprinting is a method to insert user's own ID into digital contents in order to identify illegal users who distribute unauthorized copies. One of the serious problems in a fingerprinting system is the collusion attack such that several users combine their copies of the same content to modify/delete the embedded fingerprints. In this paper, we propose a collusion-resistant fingerprinting scheme based on the CDMA technique. Our fingerprint sequences are orthogonal sequences of DCT basic vectors modulated by PN sequence. In order to increase the number of users, a hierarchical structure is produced by assigning a pair of the fingerprint sequences to a user. Under the assumption that the frequency components of detected sequences modulated by PN sequence follow Gaussian distribution, the design of thresholds and the weighting of parameters are studied to improve the performance. The robustness against collusion attack and the computational costs required for the detection are estimated in our simulation.


Simisiroglou, N. 2018. Wind power wake modelling. Development and application of an actuator disc method for industrial utilization.. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1680. 50 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-513-0357-4. As a wind turbine extracts energy from the wind it creates a region downstream where the wind velocity is decreased and the urbulence intensity is increased, this region is commonly called the wake region. Today's wind farms include a large number of wind turbines position in tight layouts. These tight layouts result in increased power losses due to wakes, rendering accurate wind turbine wake modelling crucial in developing cost effective projects. The primary aim of this study is to create a method capable of conducting full-scale wind farm wake computations accurately in a time efficient manner by taking into account the computational resources and data availability of a typical industrial user. As a first step of this study, an actuator disc (ACD) method (old ACD) used within WindSim, is evaluated against power production data from the Lillgrund offshore wind. This study is followed by the development of a new ACD method. The new ACD method differs from the previous ACD method in terms of how the thrust distribution and the power production is calculated. A series of validation studies are performed on this newly introduced ACD method. These consist of validating the method against two cases with known analytical solutions, the research code EllipSys3D which uses Large Eddy Simulation (LES) based computations with an ACD approach and three differentwind tunnel set–ups. Lastly, a comparative analysis of the two ACD methods (old and new) and two analytical wake models is done using wind turbine power production data from Lillgrund. Results from the validation studies show that this new ACD method is able to predict the overall behaviour of the flow with low computational effort while also taking into account the availability of data for a typical industrial user. One may say that the new ACD method in RANS, which has much lower computational requirements than the ACD method in LES at the cost of lower accuracy, represents a good compromise. Lastly, the results from the new ACD method show a clear improvement in the estimated power production for the Lillgrund wind farm in comparison to the old ACD method.


Iconoclastic and fiercely rational, the European Enlightenment witnessed the birth of modern Western society and thought. Reason was sacrosanct and for the first time, religious belief and institutions were open to widespread criticism. In this groundbreaking book, Ziad Elmarsafy challenges this accepted wisdom to argue that religion was still hugely influential in the era. But the religion in question wasn't Christianity - it was Islam. Charting the history of Qur'anic translations in Europe during the 18th and early 19th Centuries, Elmarsafy shows that a number of key enlightenment figures - including Voltaire, Rousseau, Goethe, and Napoleon - drew both inspiration and ideas from the Qur'an. Controversially placing Islam at the heart of the European Enlightenment, this lucid and well argued work is a valuable window into the interaction of East and West during this pivotal epoch in human history.


Australian lawyers often extol the virtues of the Torrens system as a means to secure property in land. Yet, the comparative evidence of benefits is mixed and context-dependent, particularly in terms of the nature, provenance and capacity of the state. This article analyses ways in which positivist land laws, including Torrens systems of title by registration, create legal understandings of property that are tied closely to projections or assumptions of state territorial authority. The intertwining of property and sovereignty constructs allodial conceptions of property based on possession or custom as subordinate, if not illegal, simply because they exist in social orders that lie beyond the administrative systems of the state. As a result, there is a chronic fragmentation of legal and social understandings of property in areas of the world with Torrens law and large numbers of informal settlements. The case studies include the Philippines and the Solomon Islands.


For millennia the search for 'pure' water has been pursued by humans. Criteria for purity have become more complex, more rigid, and more quantitative over time; however, the principles, methods, and material for purifying water have remained remarkably similar from the earliest recorded information of 2000 BC. The scope of this paper is to present a brief history of water filtration and sedimentation practices for potable water management extending from the ancient times to the 19th century. It is not an exhaustive presentation, but instead presents some of the most important advances in water supply since the beginning of human9s quest for pure water. M. N. Baker and M. J. Taras in 1981 presented an excellent overview of this quest, especially during the 17th to the 20th century.


General lattice vibrational properties of minerals, particularly those properties which strongly influence the thermodynamic behavior, are discussed in this paper (the second of a series relating thermodynamic and lattice vibrational properties of minerals). Infrared (IR), Raman (R), and inelastic neutron scattering (INS) data are summarized, if known, for the following minerals: halite (INS), periclase (INS), corundum (IR, R), brucite (IR, R, partial INS), quartz (R, IR, INS), cristobalite (IR, R), silica glass (IR, R, partial INS), stishovite (IR), rutile (R, IR, INS), albite (IR, R), microcline (IR), spinel (IR, R), muscovite (IR, R), jadeite (IR), diopside (IR, R), enstatite (IR, R), olivine (IR, R), zircon (IR, R), kyanite (IR), andalusite (IR), sillimanite (IR), pyrope (IR), andradite (IR), grossular (IR), and calcite (IR, R, INS). New high-resolution infrared data are given for kyanite, andalusite, sillimanite, stishovite, coesite, jadeite, diopside, pyrope, andradite, and grossular. The data presented and summarized show that optic modes of vibration of silicates are spread over a range of frequencies, generally from wave numbers as low as 75 cm−1 to wave numbers as high as 1200 cm−1. The far-infrared (low frequency) optic modes are particularly important in this study because they strongly influence the low-temperature heat capacity and therefore the entropy. The mid-infrared (high frequency) optic modes generally arise from the vibrations of tightly bound clusters within the structures and can generally be recognized as isolated bands in the vibrational spectrum. A method is given for enumeration of the fraction of total vibrational modes which are internal stretching modes. Inelastic neutron scattering data are reviewed to show the magnitude of anisotropy and dispersion of acoustic modes and of dispersion of optic modes in the minerals. The combined infrared, Raman, and INS data show that, excluding the stretching modes of quasi-molecular clusters within the minerals, the optic modes do not appear to follow a simple recognizable distribution, such as a Debye distribution, but are rather uniformly distributed across a broad range of frequencies.


A mixed formulation, involving the transverse deflection w(x,y) and the in-plane stress function F(x,y) as the unknown variables, will be used to obtain improved variational solutions of the von Karman theory of plates. The appropriate variational functional is obtained naturally from the total potential energy functional by using the partial Legendre transformation. Certain boundary conditions involving the in-plane displacements come out as natural boundary conditions and, therefore, are satisfied automatically in the solution process in the sense of weighted integrals. Rayleigh-Ritz solutions are obtained by the present method for the axisymmetric postbuckling problem of a clamped circular plate and superior accuracy and convergence trends are found when compared with similar solutions based on a purely displacement formulation.


We consider the vorticity-stream formulation of axisymmetric incompressible flows and its equivalence with the primitive formulation. It is shown that, to characterize the regularity of a divergence free axisymmetric vector field in terms of the swirling components, an extra set of pole conditions is necessary to give a full description of the regularity. In addition, smooth solutions up to the axis of rotation give rise to smooth solutions of primitive formulation in the case of the Navier–Stokes equation, but not the Euler equation. We also establish a proper weak formulation and show its equivalence to Leray's formulation.


This article reviews three studies that provide evidence that students with learning disabilities (LD) display optimistic academic self-beliefs, even in the face of relatively poor academic performance. In the fi rst study, a quantitative approach was used to explore the spelling and writing self-effi cacy of 133 adolescents with and without LD. Students with LD over-estimated their performance in spelling and writing. In the second study, a series of interviews with 28 adolescents with LD and 7 specialist LD teachers revealed that the students viewed themselves as low in academic optimism, whereas the teachers viewed the students as overly optimistic about academic tasks. A third study explored the academic motivation and procrastination of 208 undergraduates with and without LD, and found students with LD had moderate levels of optimism about academic tasks, but lower levels of optimism about self-regulatory capabilities. The paper concludes with a presentation of common and emergent themes from the three studies, and offers recommendations for practitioners and avenues for future research.


Pipe junctions arc a regular feature of piping and pressure vessel systems and are often the subject of multiple loads. acting simultaneously and at irregular intervals. Due to the nature and complexity of the loading. the subject has received a significant amount of study from designers and stress analysts to resolve some of the difficulties in stressing pressure structures. An extensive finite element (FE) analysis was carried out on 92 reinforced buttwelded pipe junctions manufactured by the collaborating company. Spromak Ltd. After comparing the resulting effective stress factor (ESF) data with ESFs for un-reinforced fahricated tee (UFT) it was concluded that, for the majority of loads, reinforced branch outlets appear better able to contain stresses than their un-reinforced counterparts. The linear FE study was followed by the inelastic analysis of three reinforced branch junctions. The purpose of the research was to investigate the potential use of such analysis as a tool for estimating the bursting pressure of pipe junctions and satisfying customer requirement for proof of a products performance under internal pressure. Results obtained showed that small displacement analysis is unsuitable for estimating the bursting pressure of a pipe junction, whilst the large displacement results were similar to those obtained using a hand-calculation. Ultimately, the study concluded that inelastic analysis was too expensive, offering little by way of insight into the problem than could be found by using classical stress analysis techniques. Following on from the study of reinforced branch outlets, this thesis described work undertaken with British Energy Ltd. to extend their current capability of stress prediction in UFT junctions using a FE based neural network approach. Upon completion of training new neural networks, the PIPET program was tested against new, previously unseen, FE data generated for this study with good results. The program was further evaluated by comparing the output from PIPET with FE data obtained from reviewed literature. For the pressure load case, a significant proportion of the data obtained from said literature was within the PIPET predicted stress ranges. with the new version of PIPET tending to calculate slightly lower stresses than the original program. However, whilst the pressure load case comparisons proved useful, the branch bending cases showed less concordance with PIPET's predicted stress ranges.


Martin Luther King Jr understood the link between individual violence at home and state violence abroad. In part of his message that is often downplayed, he told an audience at Riverside Church, New York in 1967 that the promotion of nonviolent direct action (or the prevention of violent extremism) among young Americans depended on opposing the violence of US foreign policy in places like Vietnam. Arun Kundnani ends his book arguing this point remains as valid today in the global war on terror. Indeed, in many ways, the material presented in the book paints a depressingly familiar picture of state secrecy and surveillance, the normalisation of preventative measures in the post-9/11 era, governments instilling fear and anxiety across populations, and the criminalisation of formerly lawful activities. It is now beyond dispute that these developments have eroded human rights and civil liberties in Western societies. But they have also impinged, more broadly, upon social relations and political processes. Not surprisingly, this has impacted Muslim communities the most because relations of trust have been eroded in the domestic war on terror. Download the PDF file from this page to read Greg Martin's complete review of Arun Kundnani's book. Download the PDF file to read the complete review of Arun Kundnan's book by Greg Martin.


We present a theoretical study of minimum error probability discrimination, using quantum- optical probe states, of M optical phase shifts situated symmetrically on the unit circle. We assume ideal lossless conditions and full freedom for implementing quantum measurements and for probe state selection, subject only to a constraint on the average energy, i.e., photon number. In particular, the probe state is allowed to have any number of signal and ancillary modes, and to be pure or mixed. Our results are based on a simple criterion that partitions the set of pure probe states into equivalence classes with the same error probability performance. Under an energy constraint, we find the explicit form of the state that minimizes the error probability. This state is an unentangled but nonclassical single-mode state. The error performance of the optimal state is compared with several standard states in quantum optics. We also show that discrimination with zero error is possible only beyond a threshold energy of (M - 1)/2. For the M = 2 case, we show that the optimum performance is readily demonstrable with current technology. While transmission loss and detector inefficiencies lead to a nonzero erasure probability, the error rate conditional on no erasure is shown to remain the same as the optimal lossless error rate.


In the few years since its inception following the 1998 Franco-British Saint- Malo Summit, the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) has progressed enormously, certainly when compared with the preceding fifty years. A whole new politico-military dimension has been added to the EU. ESDP is not just a paper exercise, as a dozen ongoing operations involving more than 8,000 troops and 500 civilians demonstrate. If other operations in which EU Member States participate are counted as well (national, NATO, UN and ad hoc coalitions) the number of Member States' armed forces that is constantly deployed stands at 70 to 80,000. Yet these impressive figures also represent more or less the maximum effort that Member States can make today, in spite of the fact that together the twentyseven number nearly 2 million men and women in uniform. Europe's armed forces thus still face an enormous problem of efficiency and effectiveness. Ten years since the beginning of ESDP is a short time to judge its impact, yet the question must be asked whether the existing mechanisms, those of NATO included, are really sufficient to achieve the required transformation. The Lisbon Treaty and its clauses on ESDP (to be renamed CSDP) offers an occasion to draw up the "state of the union" in this area. On 28-29 April 2008 Egmont – The Royal Institute for International Relations and the Austrian Institute for European and Security Policy (AIES) brought together practitioners and academics from a wide range of Member States and institutions at a seminar in the Egmont Palace in Brussels, in order to assess Europe's defence effort, including in the NATO context, and explore the Treaty's potential to realize a quantum leap. The seminar focussed in particular on the question whether a shift could and should be made from the current national focus of Member States and bottom-up nature of ESDP to a truly integrative approach. This Egmont Paper includes a summary of the debates as well as contributions from a number of speakers. The editors hope it can serve as a useful contribution to the debate on European defence.


Typel diabetes mellitus can affect children of all ages and it is a life threatening life long condition which requires complex and demanding therapies in order to achieve the level of control needed to reduce long term complications. It is therefore
important for healthcare professionals to understand, and be responsive to, the unique challenges that children and their parents experience as they live with this condition.
The overarching aim of this qualitative study was to explore the experiences of children and their parents living with Type 1 diabetes mellitus and to develop a theoretical understanding of the meanings they ascribed. This aim remained consistent across Phases 1 and 2. However there was a shift from a broad exploration of experiences in Phase 1 to a more detailed exploration of the children's and parents' experiences around the more specific concept of normal in Phase 2.
This shift in the aim between Phases 1 and 2 arose entirely from following the data. A phenomenological approach using conversational interviews was adopted. Fourteen children (aged 4-17 years) and their parents from different ethnic backgrounds and at differing lengths of time since diagnosis participated. Ten families participated in Phase One (10 children, 11 parents) and eight families in Phase Two (8 children, 11 Parents), with several participating in both phases.
Data were thematically analysed over several cycles utilizing van Manen's phenomenology generating deep and meaningful insight into the experiences of children and their parents living with T1DM.
The synthesis of Phase One findings identified 'normal' as being dominant in the lives of the children and their parents thus reflecting the position that diabetes makes families different and their pursuit of 'normal' more visible. 'Normal' was underpinned by four subthemes: transition, attachment, loss and meaning. Normal was a position that the children and their parents strove to attain and was the focus for the second phase of the study.
The findings from Phase Two demonstrated the ways in which the everyday lives of the children and parents were shaped by the distinct and discrete understandings of the concepts of normal and different. This is best understood within the theoretical framework of the four phases of realisation which are an inextricable part of the children's and parents' lives. Further to this 'significance' and 'consequence' are crucial elements that influence the ways in which they live with diabetes. Significance and consequence are not fixed linear entities; they are dynamic, responsive and reactive. Although both children and parents experience the significance and consequence of diabetes, their individual focus and experience creates dissonance between them.
The main source of tension occurs because children living with Ti DM from diagnosis onwards perceive themselves to be 'normal but different' whereas parents perceive that their child is 'different but normal'.
The challenge facing health care professionals involved in the delivery of type 1 diabetes care for children is to move solely beyond the medical management and to understand the complex emotional and psychosocial demands that arise from the
dissonance between the perceptions of children and their parents of Normal but Different, Different but Normal'.


Background/Context In contrast to cultural constructs that equate education with cognitive development and formal schooling, the Latin American cultural model of educación encompasses academic knowledge and social competence. Prior scholarship has mainly investigated parental notions of educación vis-à-vis childrearing and schooling, primarily among Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans. Analysis of educación should include other nationalities and elucidate how adults believe educación is acquired and linked both to schooling and nonformal adult education and literacy. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study The purpose of this article is to explicate how former adult literacy participants in rural El Salvador perceived the meanings of educación, how one becomes an educated person, and how educación relates to schooling and literacy. Setting The study took place in a Salvadoran village where, in 2001, a nongovernmental organization sponsored an adult literacy program. Like other poor, rural Salvadorans, participants had limited access to schooling and literacy. Research Design Employing ethnographic, participatory methods, the original study (2001-02) examined how adult literacy education fostered or hindered women and men's empowerment. The 2007 follow-up study utilized eight interviews and one focus group with 12 of 17 learners (8 women, 4 men) who had attended literacy classes in one of the villages. Findings/Results Participants identified four facets of educación. First, speech included knowing how to express oneself; converse in a friendly, respectful manner; and use socially appropriate language. Second, educated persons were perceived to display respeto (respect) in language and conduct, especially toward elders and parents. Third, manners and comportment encompassed such practices as attending to guests and demonstrating good behavior (e.g., child obedience). Finally, participants believed that educated persons treat and interact with others in a kind, pleasant, friendly manner. Participants posited multiple pathways to becoming educado (educated, well-mannered), namely, parental instruction and modeling, teacher instruction and schooling, instruction by their former adult literacy teacher or researcher, social interaction, and individual effort. Paradoxically, participants viewed educación as simultaneously learned and innate. Lastly, learners believed that educación did not depend on schooling and literacy, yet these could cultivate educación by increasing one's exposure to, and understanding of, written messages and teachers' oral instruction concerning respectful, appropriate conduct. Conclusions/Recommendations With its emphasis on communicative competence, respect, and proper relatedness, Salvadoran participants' cultural model of education closely resembles that of other Latino groups. By foregrounding the relational and moral dimensions of education and human development, this model shapes the perceived purposes and desired outcomes of schooling and adult education, the symbolic meanings attached to education, expectations of educators, and the insights learners derive from educational activities.


Connecting electric storage technologies to smartgrids will have substantial implications in building energy systems. Local storage will enable demand response. Mobile storage devices in electric vehicles (EVs) are in direct competition with conventional stationary sources at the building. EVs will change the financial as well as environmental attractiveness of on-site generation (e.g. PV, or fuel cells). In order to examine the impact of EVs on building energy costs and CO2 emissions in 2020, a distributed-energy-resources adoption problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program with minimization of annual building energy costs or CO2 emissions. The mixed-integer linear program is applied to a set of 139 different commercial buildings in California and example results as well as the aggregated economic and environmental benefits are reported. The research shows that considering second life of EV batteries might be very beneficial for commercial buildings.


Abstract The purpose of this paper is to develop detailed insight into loyalty among football fans of Hibernian FC, moving beyond typologies to a more socially grounded approach. Issues explored include patterns of consumption, distinctions between fan groups, and antecedents of loyalty. The origins and development of the club are evaluated, and consumer fanaticism, football fan loyalty, consumption behaviour, and the sociological impact of fan communities are discussed. Data were collected using a variety of methods, including participant observation, in-depth interviews, and analysis of websites and fan forums. Key findings relate to the impact of family and community influences on loyalty, initial experiences of developing associations with the club, through to the impact of socialisation, and the lived experience of being a supporter. A supporter matrix is constructed as a portrayal of the loyalty found at the club. A range of theoretical implications is considered, and the matrix promoted as a tool for understanding loyalty in clubs with similar social structures and community connections.


In my doctoral studies at the University of Bristol, I took part in an experimental process of free writing, and my paper begins with the short story that emerged from this. During the taught unit we discussed ethical dilemmas that might arise from writing as inquiry, and in the commentary that follows my story, I reflect on how this practice requires an awareness of care for self and others. I describe my process, and discuss how it allowed me to transcend my dominant voice and restructure some of my ideas about what I study. I propose that by writing fiction I was able to consider complex issues in a way that opened up multiple meanings for me, and offered different views into social experience. I was guided by my practice as a visual artist and inspired by the writings of Ursula Le Guin (2004), Miller Mair (1989), and Ronald Pelias (2004), who encouraged me to listen in an empathic way, and write from the heart.


Previous research has observed that individuals with chronic pain demonstrate slower alpha band oscillations (8-12 Hz range) during resting electroencephalography (EEG) than do age-matched, healthy controls. While this slowing may reflect pathological changes within the brain that occur during the chronification of pain, an alternative explanation is that healthy individuals with slower alpha frequencies are more sensitive to prolonged pain, and by extension, more susceptible to developing chronic pain. To formally test this hypothesis, we examined the relationship between the pain-free, resting alpha frequency of healthy individuals and their subsequent sensitivity to two experimental models of prolonged pain, Phasic Heat Pain and Capsaicin Heat Pain, at two testing visits separated by 8 weeks on average (n = 61 Visit 1, n = 46 Visit 2). We observed that the speed of an individual's pain-free alpha oscillations was negatively correlated with sensitivity to both prolonged pain tests and that this relationship was reliable across short (minutes) and long (weeks) timescales. Furthermore, we used the speed of pain-free alpha oscillations to successfully identify those individuals most sensitive to prolonged pain, which we also validated on data from a separate, independent study. These results suggest that alpha oscillation speed is a reliable biomarker of prolonged pain sensitivity with the potential to become a tool for prospectively identifying pain sensitivity in the clinic.


The Azua Basin contains a 4000-m-thick regressive Neogene sedimentary sequence that records the effects of neotectonic activity along the northern bounary of the Caribbean plate. Shifts of benthic foraminiferal depth zone boundaries between stratigraphic sections demonstrate a southeastward migration of paleoenvironments in the Miocene and early Pliocene which suggest that the Hispaniola restraining bend was activated near the beginning of the late Miocene. In the morthwestern part of the Azua basin, the boundary between the middle and upper bathyal biofacies is in the uppermost Miocene Globorotalia humerosa Zone; the bathyal-neritic boundary is near the top of the same zone. In contrast, toward the southeastern (i.e., seaward) end of the basin, the middle bathyal/upper bathyal boundary is just above the base of the lower Pliocene Globorotalia margaritae margaritae Subzone, and the bathyal-neritic transition falls within the upper part of the same zone or in the overlying Globorotalia margaritae evoluta Subzone. The diachroneity of biofacies boundaries spans a time interval of ca. 1 m.y. The foraminiferal trends are corroborated by the disposition of time-transgressive lithofacies.


This paper assesses the empirical plausibility of the view that aggregate productivity shocks account for most of the variability in post World War II US output. We argue that the type of evidence forwarded by proponents of this proposition is too fragile to be believable. First, our confidence in the evidence is fundamentally affected once we abandon the fiction that we actually know the true values of the structural parameters of standard Real Business Cycle (RBC) models. What the data are telling us is that, while productivity shocks play some role in generating the business cycle, there is simply an enormous amount of uncertainty about just what percent of aggregate fluctuations they actually do account for. The answer could be 70% as Kydland and Prescott (1989) claim, but the data contain almost no evidence against either the view that the answer is really 5% or that the answer is really 200%. Second, we show that point estimates of the importance of technology shocks are extremely sensitive to small perturbations in the theory. Allowing for labor hoarding behavior in an otherwise standard RBC model reduces the ability of technology shocks to account for aggregate fluctuations by 50%. This finding provides some support for the view that many of the movements in the Solow residual which are labelled as productivity shocks may be an artifact of labor hoarding type phenomena.


Since the economic shifts of the 1990s, New Towns have become an increasingly popular approach to urban development across the African continent. While New Towns are not a new development model, their contemporary materialisation often targets middle- and highincome buyers, leaving no space for low-income residents. Strict regulations in these exclusive developments often impede spatial appropriations by the informal sector such as fresh markets, unregulated housing, street kiosks and 'public' transit options. As a result, this approach may exacerbate spatial segregation and increase the visibility of economic inequality.
This research addresses contemporary African New Towns as a group through the lens of urban design, identifying shared spatial challenges across a dataset of 146 New Towns. Through three case studies (Sheikh Zayed City, Egypt; BuraNEST, Ethiopia, and Kilamba, Angola) it takes a deeper look at the idiosyncrasies of individual New Towns, and the diversity of examples within this group. By bringing together wider trends with the case studies, this study translates challenges into potentials for future New Towns in the form of adaptive planning and design principles. Through a series of semi-structured interviews, transdisciplinary workshops and Research Through Design exercises, the principles are tested, refined, and validated by peer review.
The study concludes that these principles can be an effective starting tool for developers, planners, and decision-makers initiating New Towns in Africa. It also concludes that the principles must be adapted locally according to geographic, political, and social contexts and urgencies.


This paper describes the formulation of an object-oriented model of a 200MW power plant and its use in plant-wide model based controller. The cost of development of the physical model has been significantly reduced by the use of object oriented technology. This cost is usually the prohibitive factor when incorporating physical models in control schemes. The controller makes effective use of the physical plant model in a non-linear model predictive controller (NMPC). The NMPC is based on an EKF estimator and a linear model obtained by continuous linearisation and discretisation of the non-linear physical plant model. The NMPC provides an optimal load demand (or set-point) transition by effective handling of plant-wide interactions and system disturbances. Use of a physical state-space plant model facilitates application of constraints on state variables in addition to input and output variables. Metal temperatures of heat-exchanger tubes are modelled as state variables in the non-linear plant model.


Abstract The literature on systematic fiscal policy and macroeconomic performance in industrialized countries is large but fragmented. Based on a broad overview of that literature, several patterns emerge. First, the empirical literature points toward strongly anticyclical policy, which consists of procyclical tax revenues, acyclical tax rates and government purchases, and countercyclical transfer payments. Secondly, consolidation in response to the debt has come primarily through adjustments to taxes and possibly purchases. Thirdly, a large government is associated with reduced macroeconomic volatility. Meanwhile, the theoretical literature on anticyclical fiscal policy has gone from mostly focusing on government purchases and tax rates toward beginning to focus on transfer payments, although more quantitative work remains to be done in linking theory with empirics. In addition, a policy literature has begun to develop, which has applied lessons from the theoretical literature in order to understand different consolidation scenarios and different proposed fiscal rules, particularly in Europe.


This book is a collection of essays on Husserl's Crisis of European Sciences by leading philosophers of science and scholars of Husserl. Published and ignored under the Nazi dictatorship, Husserl's last work has never received the attention its author's prominence demands. In the Crisis, Husserl considers the gap that has grown between the "life-world" of everyday human experience and the world of mathematical science. He argues that the two have become disconnected because we misunderstand our own scientific past-we confuse mathematical idealities with concrete reality and thereby undermine the validity of our immediate experience. The philosopher's foundational work in the theory of intentionality is relevant to contemporary discussions of qualia, naive science, and the fact-value distinction. The scholars included in this volume consider Husserl's diagnosis of this "crisis" and his proposed solution. Topics addressed include Husserl's late philosophy, the relation between scientific and everyday objects and "worlds," the history of Greek and Galilean science, the philosophy of history, and Husserl's influence on Foucault.


Code design of Unreinforced Masonry (URM) buildings is based on elastic analysis, which requires as input parameter the effective stiffness of URM walls. Current approaches estimate the effective stiffness as fixed ratio of the gross sectional stiffness but comparisons with experimental results have shown that this does not yield satisfactory predictions. In this paper, a recently developed analytical model for the force-displacement response of URM walls is used to investigate the effective stiffness. First, the key features of this model are summarised. In further course, the model is used to predict the effective stiffness of full-scale tests on modern unreinforced clay brick masonry walls and the results are compared to the provisions of Eurocode 8. Concluding, the model is used to investigate the sensitivity of the effec-tive stiffness to the wall geometry and axial loading.


The effects of desiccation, sucrose as cryoprotectant and abscisic acid (ABA)
as chemical ameliorant on the cryopreservation of Hevea zygotic embryos were
evaluated using the alginate encapsulation method.
The first part of the study was on the effects of desiccation on the survival of
alginate-encapsulated Hevea zygotic embryos following liquid nitrogen exposure.
The embryos need to be desiccated to at least 26% moisture content to enable some
survival after exposure to liquid nitrogen. Embryos desiccated to moisture content of
14% and 18% gave comparatively higher survival after cryopreservation (42.5% and
47.5% respectively). Encapsulation of the embryos enhanced desiccation tolerance
and desiccation was allowed even until 10% moisture content with some survival
even though Hevea seeds are known to be recalcitrant. Encapsulation had broaden
the window for cryopreservation by allowing the embryos to survive desiccation and cryopreservation at a broader range of moisture content compared to naked embryos
done in previous work. However, a very low percentage of embryos developed into
normal plantlets.
The importance of sucrose preculture for cryopreservation of encapsulated
Hevea embryos is also proven in this study. Sucrose preculture at low concentration
of 0.3 M improved viability and survival before and after cryopreservation
significantly to 70% and 60% respectively. Desiccation and freezing resistance were
further enhanced when the encapsulated embryos were precultured on 0 . 5 M sucrose
with viability as high as 82% (after cryopreservation). However, after twelve weeks
culture, the percentage of survival after cryopreservation was maintained as when
precultured on 0.3 M sucrose, with 1 4% and 1 6% moisture levels showing better
results (51% and 59% respectively). Preculture with 0.5 M sucrose improved
perculture of embryos developed into normal plantlet (as high as 35% and 32%
survival before and after cryopreservation).
As the concentration of sucrose preculture was increased further to 0.7 M and
0.9 M, the freezing tolerance of the embryos reduced considerably. A very low
percentage of normal plantlet was obtained after cryopreservation (3 to 9%).
Desiccation tolerance was also slightly reduced as indicated by lower survival before
cryopreservation.


Business process (BP) modelling notations tend to stray their attention from resource management, unlike other aspects such as control flow or even data flow. On the one hand, the languages they offer to assign resources to BP activities are usually either little expressive, or hard to use for non-technical users. On the other hand, they barely care about the subsequent analysis of resource assignments, which would enable the detection of problems and/or inefficiency in the use of the resources available in a company. We present RAL Solver, a tool that addresses the two aforementioned issues, and thus: (i) allows the specification of assignments of resources to BP activities in a reasonably simple way; and (ii) provides capabilities to automatically analyse resource assignments at design time, which allows extracting information from BP models, and detecting inconsistencies and assignment conflicts.


Abstract Wetlands perform functions that are both hydrological and ecosystemic. Both humans and the natural environment benefit from these. However, wetlands need to be managed in a sustainable way to ensure that, not only the present, but also the future benefits continue to accrue. Sustainable management techniques will almost necessarily require a degree of legal involvement. Although the law can be used to control what humans do, it cannot control how the natural environment behaves; it can only control what humans do in relation to the natural environment. As human populations grow and water resources dwindle, this continuing dilemma will become increasingly severe. To address this issue, the challenge is to construct a set of legal arrangements that successfully integrate both the natural and human processes relating to wetlands. This may include, for example, consideration of: (a) the legal arrangements relating to water in wetlands; (b) how sustainability is to be achieved in the context of wetland management; (c) how to strike an appropriate balance between the interests of humans and those of the natural environment; (d) how the interests of the natural environment are to be protected; and (e) who has the power to control activities in relation to wetlands. By reviewing the structure of laws relating to wetlands at a variety of scales, these issues are addressed from a legal perspective, and a broad overview is provided of how wetlands may be recognized within a selection of legal frameworks. By using examples from international law and also from other regional and local jurisdictions, we demonstrate, from a legal perspective, how it is possible to achieve the integration of natural and human processes. Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Guest editor M.C. Acreman Citation Sullivan, C.A. and Fisher, D. E., 2011. Managing wetlands: integrating natural and human processes according to law. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 56 (8), 1640–1655.


Pf60.1, a marker recently isolated from the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, defines a large multigene family encoding antigens of 60 kDa, expressed by the blood stages (Carcy et al., Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 1994, 68, 221-233). Southern blotting showed that DNA from all strains and field isolates analyzed contained a large number of Pf60.1 copies. Considerable RFLP was observed. This diversity could be likewise visualized by analyzing PCR fragments amplified using primers derived from the Pf60.1 insert. Specific, multiple-band patterns were generated from laboratory strains, cloned lines, or wild isolates. This was further outlined after RsaI digestion of the PCR products. The sensitivity of this amplification was such that products could be visualized using a DNA amount representing less than one genome equivalent. Moreover, amplification was observed in some strains using a single primer, suggesting that some members of the Pf60.1 family are adjacent in an inverted orientation. This analysis confirmed the genetic similarity of a subset of laboratory strains. The results described here show that the extended diversity of this P. falciparum gene family provides a useful and sensitive PCR approach for strain typing.


Abstract. Detailed one-dimensional multilayer biosphere-atmosphere models, also referred to as CANVEG models, are used for more than a decade to describe coupled water-carbon exchange between the terrestrial vegetation and the lower atmosphere. Within the present study, a modified CANVEG scheme is described. A generic parameterization and characterization of biophysical properties of Amazon rain forest canopies is inferred using available field measurements of canopy structure, in-canopy profiles of horizontal wind speed and radiation, canopy albedo, soil heat flux and soil respiration, photosynthetic capacity and leaf nitrogen as well as leaf level enclosure measurements made on sunlit and shaded branches of several Amazonian tree species during the wet and dry season. The sensitivity of calculated canopy energy and CO2 fluxes to the uncertainty of individual parameter values is assessed. In the companion paper, the predicted seasonal exchange of energy, CO2, ozone and isoprene is compared to observations. A bi-modal distribution of leaf area density with a total leaf area index of 6 is inferred from several observations in Amazonia. Predicted light attenuation within the canopy agrees reasonably well with observations made at different field sites. A comparison of predicted and observed canopy albedo shows a high model sensitivity to the leaf optical parameters for near-infrared short-wave radiation (NIR). The predictions agree much better with observations when the leaf reflectance and transmission coefficients for NIR are reduced by 25–40%. Available vertical distributions of photosynthetic capacity and leaf nitrogen concentration suggest a low but significant light acclimation of the rain forest canopy that scales nearly linearly with accumulated leaf area. Evaluation of the biochemical leaf model, using the enclosure measurements, showed that recommended parameter values describing the photosynthetic light response, have to be optimized. Otherwise, predicted net assimilation is overestimated by 30–50%. Two stomatal models have been tested, which apply a well established semi-empirical relationship between stomatal conductance and net assimilation. Both models differ in the way they describe the influence of humidity on stomatal response. However, they show a very similar performance within the range of observed environmental conditions. The agreement between predicted and observed stomatal conductance rates is reasonable. In general, the leaf level data suggests seasonal physiological changes, which can be reproduced reasonably well by assuming increased stomatal conductance rates during the wet season, and decreased assimilation rates during the dry season. The sensitivity of the predicted canopy fluxes of energy and CO2 to the parameterization of canopy structure, the leaf optical parameters, and the scaling of photosynthetic parameters is relatively low (1–12%), with respect to parameter uncertainty. In contrast, modifying leaf model parameters within their uncertainty range results in much larger changes of the predicted canopy net fluxes (5–35%).


UNLABELLED
Children and young adults with glioblastoma (GBM) have a median survival rate of only 12 to 15 months, and these GBMs are clinically and biologically distinct from histologically similar cancers in older adults. They are defined by highly specific mutations in the gene encoding the histone H3.3 variant H3F3A , occurring either at or close to key residues marked by methylation for regulation of transcription—K27 and G34. Here, we show that the cerebral hemisphere-specific G34 mutation drives a distinct expression signature through differential genomic binding of the K36 trimethylation mark (H3K36me3). The transcriptional program induced recapitulates that of the developing forebrain, and involves numerous markers of stem-cell maintenance, cell-fate decisions, and self-renewal.Critically, H3F3A G34 mutations cause profound upregulation of MYCN , a potent oncogene that is causative of GBMs when expressed in the correct developmental context. This driving aberration is selectively targetable in this patient population through inhibiting kinases responsible for stabilization of the protein.

SIGNIFICANCE
We provide the mechanistic explanation for how the fi rst histone gene mutation inhuman disease biology acts to deliver MYCN, a potent tumorigenic initiator, into a stem-cell compartment of the developing forebrain, selectively giving rise to incurable cerebral hemispheric GBM. Using synthetic lethal approaches to these mutant tumor cells provides a rational way to develop novel and highly selective treatment strategies


1. The demonstration of an inheritable anomaly of erythrocyte oxalate transport in 'primary' calcium nephrolithiasis suggested that this disease might be a generalized metabolic disorder characterized by a defect in cellular anion transport. 2. To determine whether this anomaly is restricted to oxalate alone, we studied erythrocyte transmembrane urate self-exchange in calcium-oxalate renal stone formers in whom urinary excretion of uric acid is frequently increased. 3. Abnormal urate self-exchange was found in 30% of the patients. The urate self-exchange rate constant was correlated with 24 h urinary excretion of uric acid; the erythrocyte anomaly was also associated with the frequency of hyperuricosuria and a more intense disease activity. Transmembrane urate self-exchange was inhibited by stilbene and heparan sulphate. Morphazinamide administration did not reduce urinary urate excretion in patients with abnormal urate erythrocyte self-exchange. 4. These findings suggest that hyperuricosuria during calcium-oxalate renal stone disease might be due to a cellular defect in urate transport, and further support the hypothesis that idiopathic nephrolithiasis is a metabolic disorder characterized by a defect in cellular anion transport.


IZA DP No. 13962 DECEMBER 2020 An Empirical Assessment of Workload and Migrants' Health in Germany Workload and its physical and mental burden can have detrimental effects on individual health. As different jobs are associated with specific patterns of health development, occupational selection of socioeconomic groups can be attributed to health differences in society. Despite a long economic literature that has established native-migrant differences in occupational choice and health behaviour, surprisingly little research so far has been devoted to workload differences and the influence on individual health in this context. We consider differences in workload and related health status for migrants and native Germans through a detailed characterisation of occupational conditions. Based on labour force survey data for the years 2006, 2012 and 2018, our analysis takes a comprehensive set of work-related aspects into account, e.g., work tasks, job requirements, and working conditions. The empirical results show an enhanced perception of workload and related health problems among migrants. Working at the capacity limit has a particularly strong effect on emotional exhaustion, which is countered by a good working atmosphere being beneficial to health. Native Germans are more heavily burdened by high job requirements than migrants, both physically and mentally. However, as job-related factors show similar effects on the health status of males, the poorer health status of migrants could therefore be attributed to a lower utilization of health services. JEL Classification: I14, J15, J81


"The purpose of this study was to examine and describe the ways various stakeholders (CBW project developer/coordinator, elementary and middle school teachers, and 5th through 8th grade students) envisioned, implemented and engaged in the citizen science project, eBird/Classroom BirdWatch. A multiple case study mixed-methods research design was used to examine student engagement in the cognitive processes associated with scientific inquiry as part of citizen science participation. Student engagement was described based on a sense of autonomy, competence, relatedness and intrinsic motivation. A goal of this study was to expand the taxonomy of differences between authentic scientific inquiry and simple inquiry to include those inquiry tasks associated with participation in citizen science by describing how students engaged in this type of science. This research study built upon the existing framework of cognitive processes associated with scientific inquiry described by Chinn and Malhotra (2002). This research provides a systematic analysis of the scientific processes and related reasoning tasks associated with the citizen science project eBird and the corresponding curriculum Classroom BirdWatch. Data consisted of responses to surveys, focus group interviews, document analysis and individual interviews. I suggest that citizen science could be an additional form of classroom-based science inquiry that can promote more authentic features of scientific inquiry and engage students in meaningful ways."--Abstract from author supplied metadata


This thesis presents a best-practice model for term planning for a language, based on the literature and on three qualitative case studies: TERMCAT (the term planning organisation for Catalan), Terminologicentrum TNC (the term planning organisation for Swedish) and the Irish-language term planning organisations, principally the Terminology Committee (Foras na Gaeilge) and Fiontar, DCU.
Although the literature on the subject is underdeveloped, and a complete model cannot be derived from it, a basic structure for term planning is constructed, consisting of eight stages: preparation/planning, research, standardisation, dissemination, implantation, evaluation, modernisation/maintenance and training. This structure forms the basis of the case study research. A new, comprehensive model for term planning is then developed and described, combining elements from each of the three cases and from the literature. The model developed is not limited to any one particular situation of term planning for a language, and is therefore both general and adaptable.
Because it is the first of its kind, this study is of an exploratory nature; it suggests success factors for term planning and explores the limits of the literature-based model. Gaps in the literature and limits to the socioterminological approach to term planning are identified and recommendations for further research made.


This book is about writing software that makes the most effective use of the system you're running on -- code that interfaces directly with the kernel and core system libraries, including the shell, text editor, compiler, debugger, core utilities, and system daemons. The majority of both Unix and Linux code is still written at the system level, and Linux System Programming focuses on everything above the kernel, where applications such as Apache, bash, cp, vim, Emacs, gcc, gdb, glibc, ls, mv, and X exist. Written primarily for engineers looking to program (better) at the low level, this book is an ideal teaching tool for any programmer. Even with the trend toward high-level development, either through web software (such as PHP) or managed code (C#), someone still has to write the PHP interpreter and the C# virtual machine. Linux System Programming gives you an understanding of core internals that makes for better code, no matter where it appears in the stack. Debugging high-level code often requires you to understand the system calls and kernel behavior of your operating system, too. Key topics include: An overview of Linux, the kernel, the C library, and the C compilerReading from and writing to files, along with other basic file I/O operations, including how the Linux kernel implements and manages file I/OBuffer size management, including the Standard I/O libraryAdvanced I/O interfaces, memory mappings, and optimization techniquesThe family of system calls for basic process managementAdvanced process management, including real-time processesFile and directories-creating, moving, copying, deleting, and managing themMemory management -- interfaces for allocating memory, managing the memory you have, and optimizing your memory accessSignals and their role on a Unix system, plus basic and advanced signal interfacesTime, sleeping, and clock management, starting with the basics and continuing through POSIX clocks and high resolution timers With Linux System Programming, you will be able to take an in-depth look at Linux from both a theoretical and an applied perspective as you cover a wide range of programming topics.


This Paper evaluates the legality of the $1 per day payments for work performed by those in custody under immigration laws as well as its genesis. In 1941, President Franklin Roosevelt issued an order moving the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) out of the Department of Labor and into the Justice Department. During this same time frame, the U.S. Government established internment camps for "enemy aliens," i.e., civilians in the United States and other countries in Latin America who were or were imagined to be citizens of Axis powers. In 1943, the Justice Department paid those so held 80 cents per day for their work performed in the camps; the average daily cost of each person's detention in 1943 was one dollar. This was the origins of the 1950 law authorizing paying those in custody under immigration laws for work performed. If those in immigration custody today were paid at the ratio from 1943, they would be earning about $80 per day. This paper draws on government documents and contracts obtained under the Freedom of Information Act as well as the program's implementation and history as the basis for a statutory analysis of the Government's defense of its legality. The Paper argues that under a reading of the relevant laws' plain meaning, legislative history, and purpose, the program appears to violate various labor laws and the Fifth, Sixth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments.


The marine gastropod Nassarius obsoletus undergoes an irreversible and permanent metamorphosis as it transforms from a veliger larva to a benthic adult. The neurological control for this metamorphic process includes actions mediated by the neurotransmitter ?-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which inhibits metamorphosis and thus preserves the larval state. I used immunocytochemistry (ICC) with antibodies to GABA and the CLARITY procedure to identify GABAergic neurons within N. obsoletus, some of which are part of the neuroanatomical framework that controls the initiation of metamorphosis. Results from the ICC experiments documented the presence of GABAergic axons throughout the velar lobes and in the larval foot. Particularly noteworthy is the presence of bilateral posterior pedal nerves that originate in the pedal ganglia and travel to the metapodium (posterior foot). These nerves branch extensively within the foot. The presence of a cluster of putative epithelial glandular cells in the foot was also demonstrated by ICC. An analysis of the adult central ganglia with the CLARITY method was inconclusive. Furthermore, ICC experiments failed to localize cell bodies, hypothesized to be in the apical ganglion, from which velar axons originate. My results support the hypothesis that GABAergic neurons function in the motor system of larval N. obsoletus, that GABA or GABA-like compounds are present in mucus-secreting cells of the foot, and that this neurotransmitter is involved in the regulation of the initiation of metamorphosis.


As integrated circuit feature size continues to shrink, yield loss due to parametric variation will become more and more significant. Real-time feedback control provides a means of reducing parametric variation and therefore limiting this type of yield loss. A challenge in applying feedback control to semiconductor manufacturing processes is selecting the variables to feed back. In many manufacturing processes, the important product variables cannot be measured in real-time and therefore cannot be directly controlled using real-time feedback control. An alternative, which has proven effective, is to feed back process variables closely related to the product variables. Typically, selection of process variables to feed back is based upon qualitative knowledge about the process, which in many cases is limited. In this paper, an empirical methodology for selecting the best process variables for feedback in order to minimize variation in the product variables is presented. Two versions of this methodology are described, a full version and a "lite" version. The latter is an abridged version of the former. Prior to introducing this methodology, a condition under which real-time feedback control will reduce product variable variation is derived. This condition is used to highlight the sources of variance in the product variables, information which is used to explain how the methodology works. The methodology is evaluated using simulated experiments. Both the full and lite versions prove to be effective under the assumptions stated for this study although the full version is clearly superior in terms of performance. Application of the methodology to a reactive ion etch process is described in a companion work.


The Miocene Caliente-Enterprise zone (CEZ) in southwestern Utah (USA) is a 20–50-km-wide east-northeast–trending left-lateral transfer zone that displaces north-south–trending crustal blocks of the eastern Basin and Range Province to the west. Previous paleomagnetic results from the central and western CEZ show significant counterclockwise vertical axis rotations of strike-slip–bounded fault blocks, and these rotation estimates vary in magnitude both across and along the strike of the zone. Results of recent detailed geologic mapping and new geochronologic data in the area east of previous studies allow us to extend paleomagnetic studies into the easternmost CEZ. New paleomagnetic results include data from 4 regionally extensive latest Oligocene to early Miocene (ca. 24–22 Ma) ignimbrite sheets and from 3 ca. 22–20 Ma Iron Axis laccoliths. These data reveal significant magnitudes and similar spatially variable components of counterclockwise vertical axis rotation. Rotation estimates from the ignimbrites are assessed relative to what we interpret to be a nonrotated to only minimally rotated reference section just north of the Colorado Plateau (Grass Valley) and from several low-extension areas in southeast Nevada. Accepted tilt-corrected paleomagnetic data from sites away from the reference areas are discordant in declination from the expected individual ash-flow tuff directions, with rotation (R) and flattening (F) estimates that range from R = −2° to −84° and F = +15° to −14°. Many of the rotation estimates are large and statistically significant. For example, site P-18 from the Bauers Tuff yields an R = −61.1° ± 5.3° and F = −0.6° ± 5.0°. Relative to the expected Miocene direction, in situ paleomagnetic data from the Iron Axis laccoliths, specifically the Three Peaks laccolith, yield a mean that is discordant in declination, with estimated R = −22.2° and F = −8.8° values. These rotation and flattening estimates, although consistent with the overall data set from volcanic rocks, must be considered of lesser quality, as we are unable to accurately correct these data for possible effects of local tilting. If the rotation estimate is viable, then we suggest that this component of deformation involves much of the upper crust, and we furthermore propose that the boundary of the eastern CEZ extends farther east than previously envisioned, to within a few kilometers of the breakaway with the Colorado Plateau. The transitional zone between the eastern CEZ and Colorado Plateau is therefore abrupt and occurs within a narrow zone near Cedar City, Utah.


Sensor network development is notoriously difficult due
to the low visibility of sensor platforms and systems.
We propose sensornet checkpointing to increase the visibility
of sensor networks. With sensornet checkpointing,
we transfer network-wide application checkpoints
between simulated and real networks. This approach
enable advances in many research areas: visualization,
repeatable experiments, fault injection, and application
debugging. We demonstrate sensornet checkpointing on
a network of Tmote Sky motes running Contiki.


ABSTRACT Jeffery Baldwin died in 2002 in the care of his maternal grandparents. The case received intense media attention at various times over an almost eight-year period. Along with other public documents, the media coverage permits an analysis of the practice errors by Child Protection Services that are related to the failure to protect Jeffrey. Nine key themes emerged around core child protection practices: opening a file; the role of prior knowledge; issues related to assessment; knowing the child and their needs; the role of culture; case supervision; the child as the client; the enmeshment of child abuse; and the role of stability and healing. This analysis offers key lessons to be learned from such cases.


A dual-beam Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) is described. Sensitivity improvement, photometric accuracy, and instrument stability are evaluated by comparing dual-beam spectra with conventional single-beam spectra. Dual-beam FT-IR data acquisitions require an order of magnitude less measurement time than single-beam acquisitions for spectra of comparable signal-to-noise ratios. Application of dual-beam FT-IR for analysis of a highly transmitting sample is discussed. Single fiber analysis without masking and without an infrared microscope is described.


ABSTRACT This paper argues that conflicts tend to be intractable if collective victimhood has become a component of national identity, and when conflicting communities claim to be the 'real' or 'only' victims, and that their suffering justifies crimes past and present. Turkish and Armenian narratives of competitive victimhood are analysed drawing on public opinion polls from Turkey and Armenia, and personal interviews with Turks and Armenians. The study corroborates past theory and research that competitive victimhood prevents reconciliation, particularly if it has become an essential part of national identity. The paper also shows that Turkish–Armenian relations remain at the bottom stage of the reconciliation ladder. Yet, some of our empirical observations suggest that when grass-roots level interaction between Turks and Armenians is facilitated (which has been prevented not least because of the closed border), there is room for the abandonment of competitive victimhood at least on an interpersonal level, if not on a general societal or political level.


vived at least four false alerts for nuclear war. Each time, space-based early-warning systems played a major role. In three of the four false alerts, two involving U.S. forces and one Russian forces, reliable space-based sensors assured leaders that they were not under attack when other systems indicated that nuclear annihilation was imminent. In the fourth, in 1983, a relatively new Soviet satellite system falsely indicated that the United States was launching a nuclear attack. All four cases show the importance of both sides' having reliable spacebased early-warning systems. Because of that need, Russia's continuing economic difficulties pose a clear and increasing danger to itself, the world at large, and the United States in particular. Russia no longer has the working fleet of early-warning satellites that reassured its leaders that they were not under attack during the most recent false alert—in 1995 when a scientific research rocket launched from Norway was, for a short time, mistaken for a U.S. nuclear launch. With decaying satellites, the possibility exists that, if a false alert occurs again, Russia might launch its nuclear-tipped missiles. The Bush administration could help Russia obtain and maintain an effective, economic, and reliable space-based early-warning system in both the short and the long term. Such assistance would improve U.S. security by helping to prevent Russia from mistakenly launching a nuclear attack. The primary measure initiated by the Clinton administration—the Joint Data Exchange Center—is inherently ineffective because the Russians may not believe U.S. earlywarning data. Instead, U.S. assistance should be focused on helping Russia to improve its own space-based system. Only then will the Russians have confidence that no U.S. launches have occurred. Joint early-warning centers can, however, have a stabilizing influence on the tensions among China, India, and Pakistan. New nuclear states run a substantial risk that their nuclear weapons may accidentally explode, perhaps triggering an inadvertent nuclear war. In that case, joint centers—supplying information from the sensors of nations not involved in the conflict (Russia and the United States)—might prevent a tragic accident from escalating into a regional nuclear war. Reducing a Common Danger Improving Russia's Early-Warning System


Background The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in an unprecedented impact on the day-to-day lives of people, with several features potentially adversely affecting mental health. There is growing evidence of the size of the impact of COVID-19 on mental health, but much of this is from ongoing population surveys using validated mental health scores. Objective This study investigated the impact of the pandemic and control measures on mental health conditions presenting to a spectrum of national health care services monitored using real-time syndromic surveillance in England. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational descriptive study of mental health presentations (those calling the national medical helpline, National Health Service [NHS] 111; consulting general practitioners [GPs] in and out-of-hours; calling ambulance services; and attending emergency departments) from January 1, 2019, to September 30, 2020. Estimates for the impact of lockdown measures were provided using an interrupted time series analysis. Results Mental health presentations showed a marked decrease during the early stages of the pandemic. Postlockdown, attendances for mental health conditions reached higher than prepandemic levels across most systems—a rise of 10% compared to that expected for NHS 111 and 21% for GP out-of-hours service—while the number of consultations to GP in-hours service was 13% lower compared to the same time previous year. Increases were observed in calls to NHS 111 for sleep problems. Conclusions These analyses showed marked changes in the health care attendances and prescribing for common mental health conditions across a spectrum of health care provision, with some of these changes persisting. The reasons for such changes are likely to be complex and multifactorial. The impact of the pandemic on mental health may not be fully understood for some time, and therefore, these syndromic indicators should continue to be monitored.


Robustness against external noise is an important requirement for automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems, when it comes to deploying them for practical applications. This thesis proposes and evaluates new feature-based approaches for improving the ASR noise robustness. These approaches are based on nonlinear transformations that, when applied to the spectrum or feature, aim to emphasize the part of the speech that is relatively more invariant to noise and/or deemphasize the part that is more sensitive to noise. Spectral peaks constitute high signal-to-noise ratio part of the speech. Thus an efficient parameterization of the components only from the peak locations is expected to improve the noise robustness. An evaluation of this requires estimation of the peak locations. Two methods proposed in this thesis for the peak estimation task are: 1) frequency-based dynamic programming (DP) algorithm, that uses the spectral slope values of single time frame, and 2) HMM/ANN based algorithm, that uses distinct time-frequency (TF) patterns in the spectrogram (thus imposing temporal constraints during the peak estimation). The learning of the distinct TF patterns in an unsupervised manner makes the HMM/ANN based algorithm sensitive to energy fluctuations in the TF patterns, which is not the case with frequency-based DP algorithm. For an efficient parameterization of spectral components around the peak locations, parameters describing activity pattern (energy surface) within local TF patterns around the spectral peaks are computed and used as features. These features, referred to as spectro-temporal activity pattern (STAP) features, show improved noise robustness, however they are inferior to the standard features in clean speech. The main reason for this is the complete masking of the non-peak regions in the spectrum, which also carry significant information required for clean speech recognition. This leads to a development of a new approach that utilizes a soft-masking procedure instead of discarding the non-peak spectral components completely. In this approach, referred to as phase autocorrelation (PAC) approach, the noise robustness is actually addressed in the autocorrelation domain (time-domain Fourier equivalent of the power spectral domain). It uses phase (i.e., angle) variation of the signal vector over time as a measure of correlation, as opposed to the regular autocorrelation which uses dot product. This alternative measure of autocorrelation is referred to as PAC, and is motivated by the fact that angle gets less disturbed by the additive disturbances than the dot product. Interestingly, the use of PAC has an effect of emphasizing the peaks and smoothing out the valleys, in the spectral domain, without explicitly estimating the peak locations. PAC features exhibit improved noise robustness. However, even the soft masking strategy tends to degrade the clean speech recognition performance. This points to the fact that externally designed transformations, which do not take a complete account of underlying complexity of the speech signal, may not be able to improve the robustness without hurting the clean speech recognition. A better approach in this case will be to learn the transformation from the speech data itself in a data-driven manner, compromising between improving the noise robustness while keeping the clean performance intact. An existing data-driven approach called TANDEM is analyzed to validate this. In TANDEM approach, a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) used to perform a data-driven transformation of the input features, learns the transformation by getting trained in a supervised, discriminative mode, with phoneme labels as output classes. Such a training makes the MLP to perform a nonlinear discriminant analysis in the input feature space and thus makes it to learn a transformation that projects the input features onto a sub-space of maximum class discriminatory information. This projection is able to suppress the noise related variability, while keeping the speech discriminatory information intact. An experimental evaluation of the TANDEM approach shows that it is effective in improving the noise robustness. Interestingly, TANDEM approach is able to further improves the noise robustness of the STAP and PAC features, and also improve their clean speech recognition performance. The analysis of noise robustness of TANDEM has also lead to another interesting aspect of it namely, using it as an integration tool for adaptively combining multiple feature streams. The validity of the various noise robust approaches developed in this thesis is shown by evaluating them on OGI Numbers95 database added with noises from Noisex92, and also with Aurora-2 database. A combination of robust features developed in this thesis along with standard features, in a TANDEM framework, result in a system that is reasonably robust in all conditions.


Since the end of the 1970ies a wide range of psychological, economic and sociological laboratory and field experiments proved human beings deviating from rational choices and standard neo-classical profit maximization axioms to fail to explain how human actually behave. Behavioral economists proposed to nudge and wink citizens to make better choices for them with many different applications. While the motivation behind nudging appears as a noble endeavor to foster peoples' lives around the world in very many different applications, the nudging approach raises questions of social hierarchy and class division. The motivating force of the nudgital society may open a gate of exploitation of the populace and – based on privacy infringements – stripping them involuntarily from their own decision power in the shadow of legally-permitted libertarian paternalism and under the cloak of the noble goal of welfare-improving global governance. Nudging enables nudgers to plunder the simple uneducated citizen, who is neither aware of the nudging strategies nor able to oversee the tactics used by the nudgers. The nudgers are thereby legally protected by democratically assigned positions they hold or by outsourcing strategies used, in which social media plays a crucial rule. Social media forces are captured as unfolding a class dividing nudgital society, in which the provider of social communication tools can reap surplus value from the information shared of social media users. The social media provider thereby becomes a capitalist-industrialist, who benefits from the information shared by social media users, or so-called consumer-workers, who share private information in their wish to interact with friends and communicate to public. The social media capitalist-industrialist reaps surplus value from the social media consumer-workers' information sharing, which stems from nudging social media users. For one, social media space can be sold to marketers who can constantly penetrate the consumer-worker in a subliminal way with advertisements. But also nudging occurs as the big data compiled about the social media consumer-worker can be resold to marketers and technocrats to draw inferences about consumer choices, contemporary market trends or individual personality cues used for governance control, such as, for instance, border protection and tax compliance purposes. The law of motion of the nudging societies holds an unequal concentration of power of those who have access to compiled data and who abuse their position under the cloak of hidden persuasion and in the shadow of paternalism. In the nudgital society, information, education and differing social classes determine who the nudgers and who the nudged are. Humans end in different silos or bubbles that differ in who has power and control and who is deceived and being ruled. The owners of the means of governance are able to reap a surplus value in a hidden persuasion, protected by the legal vacuum to curb libertarian paternalism, in the moral shadow of the unnoticeable guidance and under the cloak of the presumption that some know what is more rational than others. All these features lead to an unprecedented contemporary class struggle between the nudgers (those who nudge) and the nudged (those who are nudged), who are divided by the implicit means of governance in the digital scenery. In this light, governing our common welfare through deceptive means and outsourced governance on social media appears critical. In combination with the underlying assumption of the nudgers knowing better what is right, just and fair within society, the digital age and social media tools hold potential unprecedented ethical challenges.