George A. Kennedy.A New History of Classical Rhetoric. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994. xii + 301 pp. $54.95 cloth; $19.95 paper. For scholars of rhetoric today, George A. Kennedy might well take Aristotle's place in Dante asmaestro di color che sanno. He is the author of four seminal volumes on the history of classical rhetoric and its Christian tradition (not to mention other works on Quintilian, the New Testament, and ancient literary criticism), the first of which, The Art of Persuasion in Greece, came out over thirty years ago. Kennedy's influence on this growing field of study has been correspondingly formative, and in many respects he first laid the groundwork for the contemporary revival of interest in a field once largely the province of departments of speech and communication. The accessibility, clarity, and intelligence of these volumes have made them a standard in the bibliography of any scholar engaging with the history and theory of classical rhetoric. Kennedy has now come out with a new volume on rhetoric and rhetorical theory, an "extensive revision and abridgement" (iii) of the three earlier works on classical rhetoric: TheArt of Persuasion in Greece, The Art of Rhetoric in the Roman World, and Greek Rhetoric under Christian Emperors. The title of the present volume, with its reference to anew history of classical rhetoric, suggests that it is revision rather than abridgement that is the engine behind the publication. However, readers familiar with the earlier volumes will find that the changes are comparatively limited. For the most part, Kennedy has summarized the contents of these volumes in chronological order, and while the original volume on Greek rhetoric has been rewritten and rearranged, it offers substantially the same treatment of the texts. Some notice has been taken of new work since the 1960s-the bibliography includes, for example, Peter Brown' s Power and Persuasion in Late Antiquity, Nicole Loraux's The Invention ofA thens, and The Recovery of Rhetoric, edited by R. H. Roberts and J. M. M. Good. Aside from updating the bibliography, Kennedy also evokes some new critical terminology in his preface, where he reformulates part of the book's project as the history of the development of "metarhetoric," theoryabout rhetoric, throughout the Greco-Roman period. (I discuss this further below.) For the most part, however,A New History of Classical Rhetoric is new because it offers three volumes in one, not because Kennedy has altered his original interpretations. This caveat aside, it would be ungenerous to take Kennedy's book to task for being exactly what it promises to be: a denser and more compact version of several volumes important to any student of rhetoric. And a student reader, as Kennedy himself points out, is precisely the projected audience for his book. To this end, Kennedy has removed most of the original scholarly notes and other material that would appeal to the specialist and often provides a brief description of social and political features of ancient society that a student reader might not be familiar with. The rapid pace of the discussion, and its broad coverage, renders the book almost encyclopedic: a reference work that will answer basic questions and offer sketches of crucial rhetorical texts, all without necessitating the purchase of three separate volumes. This single book comprises some thirteen chapters that span the range from "Persuasion in Greek Literature before 400 B.C." (chapter two) and "Greek Rhetorical Theory from Corax to Aristotle" (chapter three) through the Attic orators, Hellenistic rhetoric, early Roman rhetoric, Cicero, the Augustan and Silver ages, Greek rhetorical treatises under the Empire, and the Second Sophistic, to "Christianity and Classical Rhetoric" (chapter twelve) and "The Survival of Classical Rhetoric from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages" (chapter thirteen). Such a format necessarily has both advantages and disadvantages. …


Recent studies suggest that mortality of undersized fishes escaping through trawl codends may range from 0 to 100%, with mortalities of 10 to 30% being common. These values may be low, as they do not account for fishes which become behaviorally compromised by their passage through the trawl and ultimately succumb to predators. The goal of this study was to simulate in the laboratory the stressors associated with trawl passage and determine if they degrade the behavioral capabilities of juvenile walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma to avoid predation. In the first of 2 experiments, groups of Age 1 yr+ walleye pollock were subjected to 3 treatments: (1) controls: no stressor; (2) swim/escape: forced swimming for 90 min at 0.33 m s -1 in a towed net, followed by escape through 8 cm square mesh; (3) swim/crowd/escape: forced swimming followed by 3 min of crowding, followed by escape. To evaluate the effect of these treatments on pollock behavior, a sable- fish Anoplopoma fimbria (48 to 53 cm) was placed in an observation arena with the group and pol- lock anti-predator behavior was quantified. Beginning immediately after simulated trawling and for up to 24 h afterwards, pollock exposed to both trawl-stressor treatments were less likely to avoid the predator than controls, allowing it to approach closer. They were also less able to form a cohesive shoal, and in the case of the swim/crowd/escape treatment, swam more slowly than control fish. To determine if trawl-stressed fish are more vulnerable to predation, in a second experiment I mixed control and swim/crowd/escape pollock together and then subjected them to predation by a 48 to 60 cm lingcod Ophiodon elongatus, observing the behavior and enumerating the number of pollock consumed in each treatment. Lingcod concentrated attacks upon solitary individuals or those strag- gling behind the shoal, were more likely to lunge at pollock that did not move away when approached, and were more successful the closer the pollock at lunge initiation. As a result, trawl- stressed pollock were consumed in greater numbers than controls. On the basis of these results, it is reasonable to expect that juvenile walleye pollock passing through trawls suffer behavioral deficits, subjecting them to elevated predation risk. If this is a generic effect, these results suggest that there may be a significant bycatch associated with many commercial trawl fisheries which is generally unrecognized, unmeasured, and unaccounted for in current stock-assessment models.


Translation can be seen as a process through which the translator begins with the source text, with an attempt at analyzing this particular text into semantic construction. The translator then reconstructs the semantic construction concerned into proper forms of the target language, seeking to produce an equivalent receptor language text ( Larson, 1998 : 519). In practice, the translator places himself/herself between the source and target texts, moving from the former to the latter and vice versa. The present paper crucially addresses the stages through which the translator is required to pass in order to achieve an acceptable and appropriate translation. It considers each stage in sufficient detail, showing the significance of these stages for the purpose of achieving a successful translation project. Finally, the present paper argues that the translator has to pass specific steps for the sake of accomplishing an acceptable and appropriate translation and that cognizance of translation theories is crucial in carrying out translation procedures, specifically when adopting the translation strategy on which the whole translation project will generally be based.


Performance-based Navigation (PBN) allows aviation operations to be conducted based on actual operational requirements rather than the requirements of ground-based equipment. Although the general operational benefits of PBN procedures have been recognized by various studies, there is a need to specify the actual benefits in terms of the frequency of event anomalies that could be expected from the use of PBN procedures. The study reviewed some of the available literature and identified some operational improvements as reported by previous authors. The study then proceeded to review archival data from the Aviation Safety Reporting System (ASRS) database with a view to identifying the link between the use of PBN procedures and reported event anomalies. Overall, there were significantly fewer reported event anomalies when PBN procedures were used than when PBN procedures were not used. It is suggested that air operators and air navigation service providers conduct appropriate risk and safety assessments in their consideration of an increased use of PBN procedures.


Mountain dwellers of the Pleistocene Humans colonized the inhospitable high Andes at least 11.5 thousand years ago. Rademaker et al. unearthed evidence of hunter-gatherer occupation at heights of almost 4500 m in Peru in two open-air sites. The sites contained more than 750 tools, including likely spearheads and scrapers. A nearby rockshelter with sooted ceilings and floor detritus may have been a campsite. The sites were probably used seasonally for hunting vicuña and other high-altitude prey. Science, this issue p. 466 Artifacts and rock shelters indicate hunter-gatherer presence at ~4500 meters above sea level, 12.8 to 11.5 thousand years ago. Study of human adaptation to extreme environments is important for understanding our cultural and genetic capacity for survival. The Pucuncho Basin in the southern Peruvian Andes contains the highest-altitude Pleistocene archaeological sites yet identified in the world, about 900 meters above confidently dated contemporary sites. The Pucuncho workshop site [4355 meters above sea level (masl)] includes two fishtail projectile points, which date to about 12.8 to 11.5 thousand years ago (ka). Cuncaicha rock shelter (4480 masl) has a robust, well-preserved, and well-dated occupation sequence spanning the past 12.4 thousand years (ky), with 21 dates older than 11.5 ka. Our results demonstrate that despite cold temperatures and low-oxygen conditions, hunter-gatherers colonized extreme high-altitude Andean environments in the Terminal Pleistocene, within about 2 ky of the initial entry of humans to South America.


Although there currently exists a wide range of voltage regulators that are commercially available, the search for devices with a simpler physical design remains the focus of research studies. Following this line, an electromagnetic voltage regulator (EVR) arrangement has been proposed. The EVR is constituted of an autotransformer that supplies, via discrete taps, a series transformer that injects voltage for regulating the feeder voltage. Even though its operating principle is shown as being similar to that of other devices on the market, the physical arrangement and operating strategy of EVR show novelties which result in properties such as: economic attractiveness, constructive simplicity, and operational reliability. Moreover, when installing voltage regulators, efficacy studies must be carried out to optimize equipment design. In this context, this paper aims at evaluating the factors that influence the effectiveness of the EVR in restoring voltage variations according to the determinations imposed by regulatory agencies. The ultimate goal of this study is to determine the voltage deviation range that the EVR is able to restore. To achieve this goal, a mathematical modeling of the EVR is given and study cases are computationally carried out to investigate its performance when connected to a typical distribution feeder.


Cyclical stepping (gait) has been studied extensively. Some of these results are reflected in the straight and curved path step-following algorithms in commercial digital human modeling (DHM) implementations. With the aid of these algorithms, DHM users define start, intermediate, and end path points and the software generates a walking-like motion along the path. Most of these algorithms have substantial limitations, among them that the figures exhibit "foot skate," meaning that the kinematic constraint of foot contact with the ground is not respected. Turning is accomplished by pivoting the entire figure, rather than through realistic lower-extremity motions. The simulation of the non-cyclical stepping motions accompanying manual material handling pickup and delivery tasks requires manual manikin manipulation. This paper proposes a paradigm for the simulation of stepping behavior in digital human models based on a model of foot placements and motions. Cyclical and non-cyclical transition stepping behaviors are handled with the same structure, allowing for smooth transitions between gait and non-cyclical behaviors. The model is based on a laboratory experiment in which participants used one or both hands to move heavy and light loads between shelves located in various positions one to five steps apart. The data were used to develop a model of the transition stepping that occurs at load pickup and delivery.


This review essay of the two-volume Cambridge History of Capitalism (2014), edited by Larry Neal and Jeffrey G. Williamson, is divided into three parts. First, I describe three chapters from the second volume that I recommend for all economists to add depth to their understanding of the world economy today. Robert C. Allen analyzes the world distribution of income; Randall Morck and Bernard Yeung discuss the history of business groups; and Peter Lindert surveys private and public programs to help the poor. In each case, they analyze historical backgrounds that illuminate current issues. Second, I criticize the definition of capitalism used in these volumes as too expansive to be useful. I argue that this definition mars the essays in first volume by stimulating a fruitless search for capitalism in the millennium before the Industrial Revolution. Third, I describe the essays in this reference work starting from the most recent and ending with those about antiquity.

Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.


Project Alliancing is a relationship based project delivery system designed for complex infrastructure projects. A unique feature of its process architecture is that all parties including the owner expressly agree to resolve all conflict internally, on the spot and without recourse to litigation or arbitration. Its foundations are built on selecting people who have the ability to develop a robust working relationship and who can thrive in a no blame integrated team culture. Project Alliancing is something more than just a new approach to delivering complex infrastructure projects. It is a reflection of our changing society and the need to find drivers and processes that are compatible with the complexity of life in the 21st Century. It is also recognition that technology alone will not be sufficient, of itself, to guide, commerce, politics and society through the challenges and complexities of modern commercial activity. Project Alliancing also challenges the 20th century approach to competition. It is not a rejection of competition per se but a re-direction of the power of competition. It removes it from between the owner and the non- owner parties and places it between the Alliance as a whole and whatever the key performance indicators, including price and timing, that the owner believes will add value to the project. Successful Project Alliances have resulted in project savings exceeding 20% of the estimated gross budget. It is a project delivery system that is compatible with and reflective of the emerging commercial, political and social dynamics of the 21st Century. The following are examples of the core principles incorporated into most project alliances: • a change in culture from a 'master-servant' to a peer relationship. • all risks and rewards are shared on an agreed equitable basis- sharing the pain and the gain. • outcomes where all parties either win or lose. • a collective responsibility for the project. • all parties have an equal say and all decisions must be ones that are the best for the project. • a 'no-blame' integrated team culture. • full access to the resources, skills and expertise of all parties. • a philosophy of delivering optimum commercial benefits and outstanding outcomes to all parties. • a high performance culture with encouragement for innovative thinking. • open and honest communication with no hidden agendas. • support rather than blame and the honouring of all commitments made. • an express commitment to resolve all issues within the alliance without recourse to litigation except in the case of wilful default. • all transactions to be fully open book. • unconditional and visible support from the top level of the participating organisations.


Digital Economy is one of the crucial elements promoted by the Digital Britain Report June 2009 and its Implementation Plan August 2009 in order to maintain and further the UK's position as one of the world's leading digital knowledge economies. Therefore, the application of Digital Technologies is high in the agenda. As pervasive digital technologies become more widely available, it becomes increasingly important to understand the legal implications of digital assets produced via digital technologies in collaborative design communication. Architects and engineers depend on intellectual property law to protect their original works. Copyright protection is automatic once a tangible medium of expression in any form of an innovative material, conforming the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988, is created. Although copyright law provides automatic protection to all original architectural plans, the limitation is that it only protects the expression of ideas but not the ideas themselves. The purpose of this research is to explore how effective the UK's copyright law regime is for protecting the rights and interests of architects and engineers in their works as digital assets. The UK's copyright law is ripe for modernisation not only to protect the rights of designers but also to further UK's position in digital economy.


The nervous and immune systems have long been considered as compartments that perform separate and different functions. However, recent clinical, epidemiological, and experimental data have suggested that the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), might involve factors, hormones, and neural mediators that link the immune and nervous system. These molecules are members of the same superfamily, which allow the mutual and bi-directional neural–immune interaction. More recently, the discovery of leptin, one of the most abundant adipocyte-derived hormones that control food intake and metabolism, has suggested that nutritional/metabolic status, acting at central level, can control immune self-tolerance, since it promotes experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of MS. Here, we summarize the most recent advances and the key players linking the central nervous system, immune tolerance, and the metabolic status. Understanding this coordinated interaction may pave the way for novel therapeutic approaches to increase host defense and suppress immune-mediated disorders.


This study examines the perceptions of self in two groups of adults with literacy difficulties.

The methodologies used include interviews, the repertory grid, Eysenck' s Personality Inventory (E.P.I.), Levenson's I.P.C. and self report questions.

The interviews build on, and extend, work carried out by Charnley (1973), the only PhD to date, in the field. of adult literacy.

The research pioneers the use of the repertory grid. technique in studies of adults with literacy difficulties.

The theoretical framework for the thesis is the Learned Helplessness model (Seligman, 1975) and its reformulation (Abramson, et al, 1978). Learned helplessness can impede learning by affecting self esteem negatively and inhibiting cognitive, emotional, and motivational development.

The study seeks to establish (among other perceptions of self) whether respondents exhibit signs of learned helplessness.

The findings include a tendency for the sample to score more highly on neuroticism, as measured by the E.P.I., than the general population established by Eysenck.

All the respondents consider there had been an improvement in their literacy skills.

The majority viewed the ':present self' less negatively than the 'self
prior to tuition', as shown by the former being rated nearer than the
latter to the ideal self on the repertory grid.

A minority were deemed to show continuing Learned Helplessness as evidenced by their attributions for literacy failure given in the self report questions, the locus of control orientations on Levenson's I.P.C. Scale and continuing negative perceptions of self on the repertory grid.

This continued learned helplessness, despite improved literacy skills, has implications for the tutors adults with literacy-difficulties.
These implications are discussed.

Teaching strategies which could be adopted to overcome learned helplessness are outlined in the final chapter.


A series of six novel mononuclear, binuclear and linear one-dimensional (1D) compounds of copper(II) with chloranilic acid (3,6-dichloro-2,5-dihydroxybenzoquinone, H2CA) is prepared and a design strategy for the preparation of such complexes is discussed. Four described compounds are linear 1D coordination polymers [Cu(CA)]n, whereas another two involve a binuclear and a mononuclear, Cu2(CA)3 and Cu(CA)2, core unit. A linear polymer incorporating bulky aromatic imidazole has been synthesized as a result of investigation of the influence of pH on the reaction mixture. Two coordination modes of the chloranilate dianion are observed. The bridging (bis)bidentate mode generates linear 1D polymeric species. Among these one reveals square-pyramidal coordination of Cu, whereas the three polymers contain Cu in an octahedral arrangement. However, the combination of both, terminal bidentate (ortho-quinone) and bridging (bis)bidentate modes of coordination produces a binuclear complex anion, which comprises a square-pyramidal coordination of Cu complex anions forming a supramolecular honeycomb-like network encapsulating 4,40-bipyridine cations. When the chloranilate dianion coordinates the Cu atom only in a terminal bidentate mode, a mononuclear complex with an octahedral environment of the metal centre is formed. The presence of the bulky ancillary ligand imidazole produces an unprecedented packing involving chiral (racemic) and achiral (meso-compound) coordination polymers in the same crystal. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy of polycrystalline samples determined g-tensor parameters of copper(II) ions in different coordination geometries and revealed weak exchange interactions (|J| < 1 cm ) in linear metal-complex polymers and dimeric species.


As ARM CPUs grow in performance and ubiquity across phones, netbooks, and embedded computers, providing virtualization support for ARM-based devices is increasingly important. We present KVM/ARM, a KVM-based virtualization solution for ARM-based devices that can run virtual machines with nearly unmodified operating systems. Because ARM is not virtualizable, KVM/ARM uses lightweight paravirtualization, a script-based method to automatically modify the source code of an operating system kernel to allow it to run in a virtual machine. Lightweight paravirtualization is architecture specific, but operating system independent. It is minimally intrusive, completely automated, and requires no knowledge or understanding of the guest operating system kernel code. By leveraging KVM, which is an intrinsic part of the Linux kernel, KVM/ARM's code base can be always kept in line with new kernel releases without additional maintenance costs, and can be easily included in most Linux distributions. We have implemented a KVM/ARM prototype based on the Linux kernel used in Google Android, and demonstrated its ability to successfully run nearly unmodified Linux guest operating systems.


Alternative splicing is a common mechanism for regulating gene expression in eukaryotic cells. This process of differentially including or excluding variable exons provides a means for increasing proteome complexity. Alternative gene splicing occurs in a cell specific manner and may be influenced by changes in the extracellular environment. Despite the importance of this method for regulating gene expression, little is known about the factors involved in regulating its function.
The T cell tyrosine phosphatase CD45 provides a valuable model for investigating the factors involved in regulating alternative splicing. The CD45 gene contains three variable exons whose splicing is regulated in response to T cell activation. Studies of this gene have revealed the presence of an exonic silencer sequence within variable exon 4 that is capable of influencing exon skipping under both resting and stimulated conditions. Biochemical assays have shown that the regulatory protein hnRNP L binds to this silencer sequence and results in basal exon repression during resting conditions and undergoes modifications which further influence exon skipping upon stimulation. Furthermore, in vitro assays indicate that upon stimulation, an additional regulatory protein, PSF, binds to the regulatory complex associated with the silencer sequence.
Although these studies have provided novel information regarding the regulation of splicing, biochemical assays are unable to fully mimic the signaling pathways inside a cell, thus creating a need for a cell culture system. A Jurkat derived cell line, JSL1 cells, has been identified as being able to recapitulate the signal induced alternative splicing of the CD45 gene as seen in primary human T cells. This cell line presents a cell based system for evaluating the factors involved in splicing. However, in order to conduct in vivo experiments one must be able to modify protein expression. JSL1 cells present limitations due to difficulties in being able to alter protein expression.
A strong promoter, EF1-α, has been employed to drive the expression of candidate proteins in JSL1 cells. Transient transfections and stable cell lines expressing cDNAs driven by this promoter have shown little if any overexpression of candidate proteins normally expressed at high levels within the cell; however, significant overexpression has been achieved with the transfection of at least one protein that exists at a lower concentration. Initial experiments indicate that stably expressed flag-tagged proteins, driven by the EF1-α promoter, may be easily purified from JSL1 cells during resting and stimulated conditions and analyzed. Such data suggests that this promoter may afford more flexibility in altering and analyzing protein expression in JSL1 cells, thereby facilitating the investigation of signaling pathways involved in regulating alternative splicing. Furthermore, strategies for regulating protein expression, through the use of a Tet-suppressor system, are in initial stages of being developed and hold the potential for…


Abstract. In the last 10 years Bulgaria was frequently affected by natural and man-made disasters that caused considerable losses. According to the Bulgarian Disaster Management Act (2006) disaster management should be planned at local, regional and national level. Disaster protection is based on plans that include maps such as hazard maps, maps for protection, maps for evacuation planning, etc. Decision-making and cooperation between two or more neighboring municipalities or regions in crisis situation are still rendered difficult because the maps included in the plans differ in scale, colors, map symbols and cartographic design. To improve decision-making process in case of emergency and to reduce the number of human loss and property damages disaster management plans at local and regional level should be supported by detailed thematic maps created in accordance with uniform contents, map symbol system and design. The paper proposes a new symbol system for disaster management that includes a four level hierarchical classification of objects and phenomena according to their type and origin. All objects and phenomena of this classification are divided into five categories: disasters; infrastructure; protection services and infrastructure for protection; affected people and affected infrastructure; operational sites and activities. The symbols of these categories are shown with different background colors and shapes so that they are identifiable. All the symbols have simple but associative design. The new symbol system is used in the design of a series of maps for disaster management at local and regional level.


This book provides the first detailed history of the Constitution's treaty supremacy rule. It describes a process of invisible constitutional change that has previously escaped the notice of historians and legal scholars. The traditional supremacy rule provided that all treaties supersede conflicting state laws; it precluded state governments from violating U.S. treaty obligations. Before 1945, treaty supremacy and self-execution were independent doctrines. Supremacy governed the relationship between treaties and state law. Self-execution governed the division of power over treaty implementation between Congress and the President. In 1945, the United States ratified the UN Charter, which obligates nations to promote human rights "for all without distinction as to race." In 1950, a California court applied the Charter's human rights provisions and the traditional treaty supremacy rule to invalidate a state law that discriminated against Japanese nationals. The implications were shocking: the decision implied that the United States had effectively abrogated Jim Crow laws throughout the South by ratifying the UN Charter. In response, conservatives mobilized support for a constitutional amendment, known as the Bricker Amendment, to abolish the treaty supremacy rule. The amendment never passed, but Bricker's supporters achieved their goals through de facto constitutional change. The de facto Bricker Amendment created a novel exception to the treaty supremacy rule for non-self-executing (NSE) treaties. The NSE exception permits state governments to violate NSE treaties without authorization from the federal political branches. The transformation of the treaty supremacy rule has significant implications for federal supremacy, U.S. foreign policy, and U.S. compliance with its treaty obligations.


Nitrate fertilizers are common source of nitrogen (N) in nutrient solutions. Substitution of urea with nitrate could reduce this dependence. Also, nickel (Ni) is essential for activation of urease in plants fed with urea. For this aim, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replicates. Urea in five levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg/L) and Ni in two levels (0 and 2 mg/L) were used for lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. Siyahoo) in hydroponics. The results showed that the highest fresh and dry weight of leaves and stem were obtained in 50 mg/L urea treatment. Leaf area was reduced in treatments having more than 25 mg/L urea concentration. The highest chlorophyll index and maximal quantum yield of PS II photochemistry efficiency (Fv/Fm) were obtained in 100 and 75 mg/L urea, respectively. Total nitrogen concentration of leaves was increased significantly with increasing urea concentration; plants treated with 100 mg/L urea had the highest total nitrogen concentration. Nickel application reduced yield and physiological traits of lettuce; while it had no significant effect on total nitrogen concentration.


Autophagosomes are double-membrane vesicles generated during autophagy. Biogenesis of the autophagosome requires membrane acquisition from intracellular compartments, the mechanisms of which are unclear. We previously found that a relocation of COPII machinery to the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) generates ERGIC-derived COPII vesicles which serve as a membrane precursor for the lipidation of LC3, a key membrane component of the autophagosome. Here we employed super-resolution microscopy to show that starvation induces the enlargement of ER-exit sites (ERES) positive for the COPII activator, SEC12, and the remodeled ERES patches along the ERGIC. A SEC12 binding protein, CTAGE5, is required for the enlargement of ERES, SEC12 relocation to the ERGIC, and modulates autophagosome biogenesis. Moreover, FIP200, a subunit of the ULK protein kinase complex, facilitates the starvation-induced enlargement of ERES independent of the other subunits of this complex and associates via its C-terminal domain with SEC12. Our data indicate a pathway wherein FIP200 and CTAGE5 facilitate starvation-induced remodeling of the ERES, a prerequisite for the production of COPII vesicles budded from the ERGIC that contribute to autophagosome formation.


The "five-day war" between Russia and Georgia in August 2008 has many dimensions. For those trying to discern its strategic implications, perhaps the most important is its impact on alternative oil and gas export routes said to alleviate Europe's energy dependence on Moscow. According to some, by recognizing South Ossetia and Abkhazia and deploying troops there, Russia has taken a giant step forward in controlling the alternative export routes running through Georgia and consolidating control over Europe's energy supply. Ironically, this argument has been made by both those who see it as a threat and hard-line nationalists in Russia who hail it as a "strategic advance." The discourse vividly recalls past suspicions that by invading Afghanistan in 1979, the Soviet Union was aiming to control the Persian Gulf and its oil deposits.


actica Abstract: In this paper, we present a novel approach to polarity analysis of product reviews which detects and removes sentences with the opposite polarity to that of the entire document (asymmetric sentences) as a previous step to identify positive and negative reviews. We postulate that asymmetric sentences are morpho-syntactically more complex than symmetric ones (sentences with the same polarity to that of the entire document) and that it is possible to improve the detection of the polarity orientation of reviews by removing asymmetric sentences from the text. To validate this hypothesis, we measured the syntactic complexity of both types of sentences in a multi-domain corpus of product reviews and contrasted three relevant data congurations based on inclusion and omission of asymmetric sentences from the reviews.


DNA Barcoding is the identification of organisms through the use of a standardized portion of the genome, a concept first suggested by Hebert, et al (2003) and since developed to include standard databases and many campaigns internationally to identify and barcode all species in the world. Because DNA barcoding uses molecular data, rather than morphology, to identify organisms, it allows for the identification of organisms that are morphologically similar or have been processed to the point of unrecognizability. Barcoding has the potential to streamline and enhance conservation efforts drastically. Its "quick and easy" identification process allows better fisheries management, market regulation to ensure vendors are selling what they say they're selling (no more horsemeat burgers or dolphin sushi), and greater enforcement of regulations against the killing and selling of endangered animal products (Minhos et al., 2013). In my work this summer, I've been using DNA barcoding to examine the dynamics of a community of larval fish off the coast of Oahu through a seven-year longitudinal barcoding study. Fish larvae are very hard to identify morphologically because they lack obvious identifying characteristics. For this reason, barcoding is essential for accurately understanding the community structure of such fish. In my work, I analyze a set of sequences from the 5-prime region of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit 1, widely used as a barcode in the animal kingdom, gathered from fish larvae collected off the coast of Oahu by the University of Hawaii Manoa Biology 301L class. The sampling consisted of a series of oblique plankton tows taken at three depths (5m, 25m, and 50m) between January and April every year from 2007 to 2013. During this period, a total of 833 fish larvae were sampled and sequenced. Using the Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD Systems) Identification Engine, I was able to identify 78% of all specimens to family-level or better, representing about 25% of the 202 families of shore fishes known to occur in Hawaiian coastal waters. The data stratification consisted of 7 years, each with three depths and 56 family groups, a 21 by 56 data matrix. In order to see the patterns of the matrix, I used Principal Components Analysis, a form of ordination, which distills multidimensional data to a form that is more easily visualized. This ordination revealed that 2009 and 2011 had highly anomalous community structure in which there were large increases in abundance (greater than three (3) Standard Deviations from the mean) of 12 family groups in each year, indicating concerted change in the structure of ichythoplankton in those years, though the families may be represented by a low number of specimens in the sample. Because these families had little to no representation in other years, we are able to rule out the possibility of results being skewed by a couple of families that showed up in our nets by chance that don't reflect the actual community structure. In these years, the highly anomalous families did not overlap, indicating that the factors causing the anomalies were non-identical. In 2009 there were eight families that deviated from the mean by over four (4) Standard Deviations, and in 2011 there were ten. Though the biggest groups of deviant families in both years were reef fish and mesopelagic fish, tropical habitat ranged from shallow water benthic (sea-bed) fish such as Ophichthidae, to bathypelagic (deep sea) fish such as the anglerfish family Ceratiidae. In my last few weeks working on this project I am exploring what environmental factors may have had a hand in such anomalies. El Nino cycles may have had a hand, as there was a weak La Nina (slightly cooler waters) anomaly leading into 2009, and a very strong La Nina (drastically cooler waters) anomaly leading into 2011 ("Cold and Warm Episodes by Season," 2014). The differences in community structure I detected had different signs, that is the co-variance of fish families was different for each of these years. This suggests that water temperature itself may not be causing these ecological patterns. A more likely hypothesis links the effects of El Nino/La Nina on oceanographic circulation throughout the Pacific and even near-shore in the Hawaiian Islands. These changes can drive differences in the delivery of larvae to the islands, as well as advection away from the islands. Further research in the remainder of the summer will attempt to gather more information on what may have caused the community structure anomalies.


Purpose: From the assumption that identity fusion will influence the processes of remembrance, this works propose that individuals classified as fused will remember more in detail certain events of their countries, and the influence of these events will be greater in their identities than the influence in individuals classified as not fused. Method: In a sample of 450 Spanish subjects, with representativeness close to gender parity, a correlational study is proposed through an online survey. The main objective is to test the possible influence of "person-country" fusion in his/her remembrance processes, for unpleasant experiences in that country, as well as, in his /her identity conformation . Findings 1 : The two hypotheses proposed have been refused, due to there is not a significant difference between means in both groups, fused and not fused with their country, for remembrance clarity and remembrance importance, as variables in this study, for the individual's identity conformation in the experimental condition unpleasant event .


Acquire the Design Information, Methods, and Skills Needed to Master the New VLIW Architecture!

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Step-by-step information on the VLIW hardware design process A wealth of Verilog-based designs ASIC and FPGA implementations Expert guidance on the best-known methods for RTL coding Over 75 detailed illustrations that clarify each aspect of VLIW design

Inside this Complete VLIW Microprocessor Toolkit
• Introduction • Design Methodology • RTL Coding, Testbenching, and Simulation • FPGA Implementation • Testbenches and Simulation Results • Synthesis Results and Gate Level Netlist
Table of contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Design Methodology
Chapter 3: RTL Coding, Testbenching, and Simulation
Chapter 4: FPGA Implementation
Appendix A: Testbenches and Simulation Results
Appendix B: Synthesis Results and Gate Level Netlist
Bibliography
Index


Evidence is presented that hatching failure in Temora stylifera eggs can depend on poor sperm quality. Three dinoflagellate diets, Prorocentrum micans, Gymnodinium sanguinium, and Gonyaulax polyedra, significantly modified spermatophore production and reduced the fertilization capacity of male sperm after 6–12 d of continuous feeding. Two other diets, the dinoflagellate P. minimum and the prymnesiophycean Isochrysis galbana, had no effect on hatching success, which remained high (>;89%) and stable with time. A reduction in fertilization capacity was neither due to maternal effects nor to male age since hatching success returned to normal upon the introduction of freshly caught wild males or males conditioned with a good diet such as P. minimum for the same length of time as couples fed with the poor diets, P. micans, G. sanguinium, and G. polyedra. Confocal microscope images of unhatched eggs colored with a nucleus‐specific fluorescent dye confirmed that these eggs had not been fertilized. Experiments with Calanus helgolandicus females, which did not require reinsemination and which were fed the same diets that induced hatching failure in T. stylifera, showed no change in hatching success with time.


We are living in a society in which we are all connected in one way or another; bound together in social cooperation. This thesis is primarily concerned with the terms of our cooperation and with how accounting can contribute to the justice, as fairness, of those terms. Accounting practice, and the principles that shape it, make a significant contribution to the regulation of our social relations, in the business sphere and beyond, by dictating what information should be collected and what is to be disclosed in corporate reports and how; who is to give and who is entitled to receive accounts and of what. Such reports contribute to the governance of society by providing information on which action can be taken, and by having inductive effects on the behaviour of managers and others. I maintain therefore, that accounting, has the potential to help support the development of a more just society and, a fairer system of social cooperation. This is a potential that I hope this thesis can play a part, albeit an entirely theoretical part, in helping to bring to realisation.
I turn to the work of the political philosopher John Rawls to guide my consideration of justice in accounting. I use what I see as three stages in the development of Rawls thought as a framework for my analysis. The thesis is therefore divided into three main parts: Firstly, his seminal formulation A Theory of Justice Rawls develops to approach justice and justification; Secondly, the development of his thinking designed to accommodate his recognition of the implications of reasonable pluralism leading to the development of Political Liberalism, and a political conception of justice; Thirdly, the late development of Rawls thinking in response to critique, and in particular his engagement with the critical perspective of Jurgen Habermas, and his turn to a more discursive interpretations of his position.
I find, and show, that Rawls provides us with tools that we can use to improve our thinking about justice in accounting. The potential of these tools including the method of reflective equilibrium and the device of the original position has been relatively neglected; I show that given a discursive reading these ideas can and should have an important place in critical accounting thinking. I find that strong, but thin, moral foundations are vital to our justification of concepts of justice and to critique, and I show that we can have such foundations without lapsing into traditional metaphysics. I find that following Rawls in this exploration of justice opens a new perspective on accountability, as justification and a practice of equality. He offers us ways to think about justice in accounting that are better than the utilitarian and intuitionist traditions that have held accounting practice thinking about a fair accounting in their conceptual grip; better justified and better able to account for our considered judgements.


Dear Editor, We read with great interest the article by Ocal, et al. [1] that studied cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) results elicited by the conventional 500 Hz tone burst (TB) and narrow band Claus Elberling (CE)-chirp stimulus (360-720 Hz) among heathy adults. The chirp stimulus was found to produce significantly earlier P1 and N1 latencies, but P1N1 amplitudes were comparable between the two stimuli. The authors then concluded that "the chirp stimulus produces robust but earlier cVEMP than TB does" [1]. In this regard, we wish to highlight several issues worthy of consideration. The cVEMP latencies are influenced by the rise times of stimuli [2,3]. That is, stimuli with short rise times (such as clicks) would produce cVEMP with earlier latencies [2,3]. This is possibly because the otolith organs are sensitive to changes in acceleration over time [4]. The earlier cVEMP latencies for the chirp stimulus reported by Ocal, et al. [1] appear "insensible" and a further consideration is needed. The narrow band CE-chirp stimulus was designed with a specific envelope (and its onset is not steep) [5]. As such, it is expected that the chirp-evoked cVEMP would produce longer P1 and N1 latencies than the click-evoked cVEMP. This contemplation, in fact, has been demonstrated by Walther and Cebulla [6]. Since the commercially available CE-chirp stimuli were designed to optimally record auditory brainstem response (ABR), Walther and Cebulla [6] designed a band limited chirp stimulus (250-1,000 Hz) to record cVEMP and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP). As reported, cVEMP and oVEMP latencies were the longest for the chirp stimulus (relative to click and 500 Hz TB). Indeed, the earliest latencies were produced by the click stimulus [6]. In the study by Ocal, et al. [1], the earlier P1 and N1 latencies found with the narrow band CE-chirp stimulus (relative to the 500 Hz TB) were "unexpected" given the waveform and envelope of the two stimuli (i.e., the onset of both stimuli is not "equally" steep). Furthermore, the P1 latency was curiously early (around 10 ms), which is not consistent with studies utilizing clicks (stimuli with the steepest onset) [3,6]. Taken together, it appears that caution is advisable when using the CE-chirp stimulus in cVEMP recording. This stimulus was constructed to optimize ABR recording [5], and it may not "work" similarly in cVEMP recording. Moreover, the onset and offset times of CE-chirp stimulus were temporally "adjusted" during its construction so that it appears earlier than the conventional stimulus [7,8]. As such, the offset of chirp is the onset of click (0 ms) [7]. Therefore, it is not surprising to see earlier cVEMP latencies when tested with the CE-chirp stimulus. In contrast, using the custom-built chirp stimulus (without the temporal adjustment), cVEMP latencies were at least comparable to those of 500 Hz TB [6]. Collectively, the earlier cVEMP latencies elicited by the commercially available narrow band CE-chirp stimulus may not fully reflect the response robustness. When recording cVEMP Earlier Peak Latencies May Not Fully Reflect the Robustness of Cervical Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential to CE-Chirp Stimulus


The present paper provides an overview of literature on the shift to services. It follows the three dimensions of structural change - final demand, the inter-industry division of labor and inter-industry productivity differences. It first looks at the 'classics', however (Fisher (1935), Clark (1940), Fourastie (1949), Baumol (1967, 2001), and Fuchs (1968)). Next, it treats studies analyzing differences in service-industry employment, and offers a discussion of studies focussing on final demand as an explanation of higher service shares in GDP. It also provides an overview of studies analyzing the inter-industry division of labor on the basis of input-output data. Finally, it discusses studies following Baumol's cost-disease hypothesis.


Grosshans et al. studied glutamate receptor trafficking in response to stimuli that produce long-term potentiation (LTP) in adult rat hippocampal slices. Using two independent methods, they showed that LTP was associated with insertion of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors, not α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors. The redistribution of the NMDA receptors was associated with tyrosine phosphorylation of the NR2A subunit of the NMDA receptor and insertion preferentially of a specific splice variant of the NR1 subunit. Pharmacological treatments showed that protein kinase C and non-receptor tyrosine kinases of the Src family were important for the plasma membrane insertion of the NMDA receptors and for the formation of LTP. Thus, unlike the situation in immature or cultured neurons, insertion of new NMDA receptors, not AMPA receptors, may be an important contributor to synaptic plasticity in the adult brain. D. R. Grosshans, D. A. Clayton, S. J. Coultrap, M. D. Browning, LTP leads to rapid surface expression of NMDA but not AMPA receptors in adult rat CA1. Nature Neurosci. 5, 27-33 (2002). [Online Journal]


Fully updated for Xcode 4.2, Pro Core Data for iOS explains how to use the Core Data framework for iOS SDK 5 using Xcode 4.2. The book explains both how and why to use Core Data, from simple to advanced techniques. Covering common and advanced persistence patterns, this book prepares any iOS developer to store and retrieve data accurately and efficiently. This book starts by giving you a solid grounding in Core Data, providing a foundation for the rest of the book. With this knowledge, you'll have all you need to master Core Data and power your data-driven applications. You'll see how to work with SQLite and how to create an efficient data model to represent your data. Once you've established your data model, you'll learn how to work with data objects and refine result sets to get the most out of the stored data. The advanced portions of the book begin by showing you how to tune your apps' performance and memory usage, to give you a truly professional edge. You'll see how to version and migrate your data as well, to ensure your data stays organized and efficient.Finally, the book covers managing table views with NSFetchedResultsController. What youll learn Core Data techniques with Xcode How to organize data appropriately How to persist data efficiently How to effectively use Apple tools How to build Core Data applications How to use Core Data in advanced settings How to version and migrate data as your applications evolve How to tune and optimize persistence Who this book is for All iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch developers whose applications manage any amount of data.


This thesis concerns infinite words over finite alphabets. It contributes to two topics in this area: critical exponents and stabilizers. Let w be a right-infinite word defined over a finite alphabet. The critical exponent of w is the supremum of the set of exponents r such that w contains an r-power as a subword. Most of the thesis (Chapters 3 through 7) is devoted to critical exponents. Chapter 3 is a survey of previous research on critical exponents and repetitions in morphic words. In Chapter 4 we prove that every real number greater than 1 is the critical exponent of some right-infinite word over some finite alphabet. Our proof is constructive. In Chapter 5 we characterize critical exponents of pure morphic words generated by uniform binary morphisms. We also give an explicit formula to compute these critical exponents, based on a well-defined prefix of the infinite word. In Chapter 6 we generalize our results to pure morphic words generated by non-erasing morphisms over any finite alphabet. We prove that critical exponents of such words are algebraic, of a degree bounded by the alphabet size. Under certain conditions, our proof implies an algorithm for computing the critical exponent. We demonstrate our method by computing the critical exponent of some families of infinite words. In particular, in Chapter 7 we compute the critical exponent of the Arshon word of order n for n ≥ 3. The stabilizer of an infinite word w defined over a finite alphabet Σ is the set of morphisms f : Σ∗ → Σ∗ that fix w. In Chapter 8 we study various problems related to stabilizers and their generators. We show that over a binary alphabet, there exist stabilizers with at least n generators for all n. Over a ternary alphabet, the monoid of morphisms generating a given infinite word by iteration can be infinitely generated, even when the word is generated by iterating an invertible primitive morphism. Stabilizers of strict epistandard words are cyclic when non-trivial, while stabilizers of ultimately strict epistandard words are always non-trivial. For this latter family of words, we give a characterization of stabilizer elements. We conclude with a list of open problems, including a new problem that has not been addressed yet: the D0L repetition threshold.


The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established on January 1, 1995,
under an agreement reached during the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations. The Uruguay Round was the last of a series of periodic trade negotiations held under the auspices of the WTO's predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Among the questions asked during debate on U.S. trade policy and the WTO are: To what extent should the United States meet its trade goals in theWTO versus other options? Can the United States maintain its sovereignty as a member of the WTO? Are U.S. interests served through the WTO dispute process? Should the WTO continue to cover traditional trade issues only, or should it be broadened to include nontraditional issues such as labor and the environment? What is the role of Congress in U.S. participation in the WTO?


This study examines how managers and partners in audit firms perceive the moral intensity of various reduced audit quality (RAQ) acts, and whether perceived moral intensity affects the likelihood of these acts being committed. We surveyed managers and partners employed by audit firms operating in Sweden, measuring their perceptions of the moral intensity of seven RAQ acts using Jones' (1991) moral intensity scale and their self-reported frequencies of these acts. The study finds that managers and partners regard RAQ acts as morally serious, and that the moral intensity of an RAQ act is negatively related to the frequency of the act's occurrence for three of the seven acts. This suggests that managers' and partners' moral intensity perceptions do not unequivocally discourage auditors from committing these offences.


Legal scholars have long discussed the gap, or "acoustic separation", between stringent standards of conduct ("conduct rules") and more lenient standards of review ("decision rules") in legal regulation. This gap has been particularly stark in the United States in relation to directors' duty of care.The goal of this chapter is to explore a range of developments relating to directors' duties across several common law jurisdictions, including the US, UK Australia and Canada against the backdrop of conduct and decision rules. For example, contemporary Australian case law on the duty of care and diligence, although highlighting the ongoing tension between conduct rules and decision rules, diverges from US law in many key respects. Also, under Australia's regulatory model, the Australian Securities and Investments Commission ("ASIC"), the primary corporate regulator, operates as the main enforcement mechanism for breach of directors' duties.Finally, the chapter assesses some recent developments in the common law world on the perennial issue of to whom directors owe their duties, and the extent to which stakeholder interests can, or must, be taken into account in board decision-making.


Markov random fields provide a compact representation of joint probability distributions by representing its independence properties in an undirected graph. The well-known Hammersley-Clifford theorem uses these conditional independences to factorize a Gibbs distribution into a set of factors. However, an important issue of using a graph to represent independences is that it cannot encode some types of independence relations, such as the context-specific independences (CSIs). They are a particular case of conditional independences that is true only for a certain assignment of its conditioning set; in contrast to conditional independences that must hold for all its assignments. This work presents a method for factorizing a Markov random field according to CSIs present in a distribution, and formally guarantees that this factorization is correct. This is presented in our main contribution, the context-specific Hammersley-Clifford theorem, a generalization to CSIs of the Hammersley-Clifford theorem that applies for conditional independences.


Both Artificial Life and Artificial Mind are branches of what Dennett has called "reverse engineering": Ordinary engineering attempts to build systems to meet certain functional specifications, reverse bioengineering attempts to understand how systems that have already been built by the Blind Watchmaker work. Computational modelling (virtual life) can capture the formal principles of life, perhaps predict and explain it completely, but it can no more be alive than a virtual forest fire can be hot. In itself, a computational model is just an ungrounded symbol system; no matter how closely it matches the properties of what is being modelled, it matches them only formally, with the mediation of an interpretation. Synthetic life is not open to this objection, but it is still an open question how close a functional equivalence is needed in order to capture life. Close enough to fool the Blind Watchmaker is probably close enough, but would that require molecular indistinguishability, and if so, do we really need to go that far?


This paper discusses an experimental study for using heat wasted from a split-type room air conditioner for clothes drying. The study compares the effectiveness of this drying system to a conventional one in terms of duration required to dry the clothes and energy consumption. The objectives of the study are to analyze performance of a room air-conditioner as clothes dryer and to evaluate the effectiveness of its heat waste for a drying system. The experiment is conducted for three drying conditions, namely, outdoor natural drying at midday, indoor natural drying, and drying using air-conditioner waste heat. The study found that using room air-conditioner waste heat for clothes drying is very reliable, especially in congested high-rise residential areas, without additional electricity cost.


This paper studies the impact of university-industry collaboration on academic research output. We report findings from a unique longitudinal dataset on all the researchers in all the engineering departments of 40 major universities in the UK for the last 20 years. We introduce a new measure of industry collaboration based on the fraction of research grants that include industry partners. Our results show that productivity increases with the intensity of industry collaboration, but only up to a certain point. Above a certain threshold, research productivity declines. Our results are robust to several econometric estimation methods, measures of research output, and for various subsamples of academics.


Sketching and design sketches are often recognized as key elements of successful interaction design practice and a central skill in interaction design expertise. Interaction design is a relatively young field without well-developed conventions, tools, and formalisms. We analyze the practical work and the conduct of interaction designers in how they express interaction and dynamics through whiteboard drawings. We focus on how talk and action were used to shape the meaning of the drawings. The ways the designers imagined that users would interact with the system and how it would mediate communication between users became topical through a web of drawings, talk, and embodied action. Our analysis forefronts three aspects of interaction design: 1) the role of the design material 2) the role of embodied action in interaction design, and 3) talk and embodied action as central means of doing design. We argue that the qualities of a design material need to be understood in relation to the activity in which it is taken into use and through the kinds of actions that the participants engage in. This implies that design representations do not carry meaning in themselves but are made meaningful through design activity.


Rolf Boldrewood's forgotten 1894 novel, A Sydney-Side Saxon, merits re-examination as a fascinating nineteenth-century medievalist vision of Australian national identity. The novel's vision of pastoral Australia depends on idiosyncratic notions of Saxon and Norman ethnicity derived from Scott's Ivanhoe. While Scott's portrait of post-conquest England dramatizes the ethnic and political conflict between Norman conquerors and subjected Saxons, Boldrewood consistently presents Norman and Saxons as two complementary sides of an English 'type' that is perfectly fitted to achieve the colonial settlement of Australia. Boldrewood's racialized vision of England's medieval past informs not only his novel's celebration of colonial meritocracy in Australia, but also its apologia for colonial violence and indigenous dispossession. As in Ivanhoe, however, the dispossessed Others of Boldrewood's novel continue to haunt the margins of its narrative.


This paper explores the profitability of real estate franchises. The database for the study consists of observations from the National Association of Realtors®' 2001 survey of real estate brokerage firms. Franchises are found to generate additional revenue for franchisees. However, net margins defined as the difference between revenues received and expenses paid (including franchise royalties) are lower for firms with franchises. The findings indicate that franchisors appear to extract the excess rents from the franchisee.


"A meticulous, well-tuned examination of what Janowitz says is the decline of civic thought in America, and what might be done to restore it. . . . The patriotism Janowitz proposes to reconstruct is not the sort of narrow nationalism your political science professor may have warned you about patriotism as 'the last refuge of a scoundrel.' It is instead a patriotism that intelligently appreciates life in a (however imperfect) democratic land." Robert Marquand, "The Christian Science Monitor" "In "The Reconstruction of Patriotism, " Morris Janowitz . . . places a national-service program on the national agenda. . . . Like William James, Janowitz envisions government enrolling young people to work for a year or two at subsistence pay, doing jobs that benefit society working with, say, 'conservation, health, or old-age problems.' He believes that we need a service program because since the end of the Second World War our citizens (and, indeed, citizens of almost all the advanced industrial nations) have become more keenly aware of their rights than of their obligations, and generations are growing up with little or no understanding that they are members of a national community and have responsibilities to it that they must give as well as take. . . . Because it reopens discussion of our wider obligations and how to fulfill them, Mr. Janowitz's thoughtful book is in itself a national service." Naomi Bliven, "The New Yorker" "Morris Janowitz examines an issue that seldom is subject to social and political analysis patriotism. His thesis is clear: The long-term trend in politics has been to enhance citizen rights without effective articulation of citizen obligations. A meaningful balance between the two, he contends, must be restored. . . . The strength of this study lies in Janowitz's persuasive argument that the durability and vitality of democratic institutions require that a sense of community, or shared values, be preserved. Without civiz consciousness, he rightly observes, social and political fragmentation ensues. . . . A lucid and impressively researched polemic." W. Wesley McDonald, "American Political Science Review" "Janowitz addresses a seminal issue: how to restore the sense of shared civic responsibility that has fallen victim in recent years to our growing preoccupation with individual rights and the rise of special-interest groups. . . . Central to his prescription is the revival of the concept of the citizen soldier, whose importance since pre-Revolutionary War days Janoqitz discusses at length. He concludes, 'There can be no reconstruction of patriotism without a system of national service.' . . . An important book. I highly recommend it." "Washington Monthly""


The $1.3 billion Ted Williams Tunnel, the first part of Boston's Central Artery/Third Harbor Tunnel Project to be completed, has been designated the Outstanding Civil Engineering Achievement of 1996. It is an immersed marine tube that lies in a trench as deep as 100 ft below the surface of Boston Harbor, doubling the city's traffic capacity to Logan Airport. As usual with OCEA winners, the project description is studded with superlatives. Tunnel construction included the largest circular cofferdam and the deepest interface in North America, first use in the northeastern U.S. of a patented Japanese soil mix method, and the trench on harbor bottom, 3,850 ft long, 100 ft wide and 50 ft deep, was dredged by the world's largest clamshell dredge, called the Superscoop. The 12 immersed tube sections, each 320 ft long, were assembled in Baltimore as side-by-side tubes enclosed in a rectangular frame. They were barged to Boston Harbor and placed individually into the trench. Their connections, including that of the concrete roadway, are flexible. At each end are cut-and-cover tunnel approaches and vent buildings, one of which was built in the cofferdam. At the airport end, the 3,000 ft cut-and-cover approach became, at $246 million, the state's largest single public works contract up to that time. The work included relocating one of the airport's taxiways, moving an existing blast wall and constructing 6,000 ft of retaining walls by a patented soil mix method imported from Japan.


Security and privacy concerns hinder a broad adoption of cloud computing in industry. In this paper we identify cloud specific security risks and introduce the cloud incident detection system Security Audit as a Service (SAaaS). SAaaS is built on autonomous distributed agents feeding a complex event processing engine, informing about a cloud's security state. In addition to technical monitoring factors like number of open network connections business process flows can be modelled to detect customer overlapping security incidents. In case of identified attacks actions can be defined to protect the cloud service assets. As contribution of this paper we provide a high-level design of the SAaaS architecture and a first prototype of a virtual machine agent. We show how an incident detection system for a cloud environment should be designed to address cloud specific security problems. Keywords-cloud computing; security; autonomous agents.


Many renewable resources, such as fish stocks, water or environmental quality, are shared between different countries. The management of such resources then relies on international agreements. We develop a model of a shared renewable resource for which there is an international agreement that determines each country's share of total extractions. Each government is responsible for the enforcement of their national quota. The countries can cheat on the agreement by reducing enforcement efforts and thereby inducing their firms to violate their quotas. We analyze the effects of this in a differential game framework. There are two games. First, a Stackelberg game between the government and the firms within each country. Second, an enforcement game at the international level between different governments. Our results suggest that no free-riding only occurs if countries have asymmetric beliefs regarding the environmental preferences of rival countries. The extent of free-riding in enforcement can be influenced by both domestic and international policy instruments. The effectiveness of domestic instruments (legislation) versus international instruments (treaties) depends to a large extent on resource dynamics and the countries' preferences for sustainability. JEL Classification: C7, K0, Q2, Q5


Contrary to common belief, reliability estimates of number-right multiple-choice tests are not inflated by speededness. Because examinees guess on questions when they run out of time, the responses to these questions show less consistency with the responses of other questions, and the reliability of the test will be decreased. The surprising implication is that adding questions to a multiple-choice test may lower its reliability when the test is speeded. This paper develops the mathematical derivations and shows the effects of speededness on reliability in simulations.


Agriculture production in California is negatively impacted by soilborne fungi, such as Verticillium dahliae, and limited water availability for irrigation. Some regions have adapted the use of recycling wastewater, i.e. reclaimed water, to supplement the potable water supply. Wastewater purification is not fully efficient at removing all contaminants and small amounts of pharmaceutical products, known as chemicals of emerging concern (CECs), remain. Acetaminophen, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole and gemfibrozil are some of the most common CECs found in treated wastewater and were therefore used in this study. These CECs were evaluated for their potential to interact with microorganisms directly, or for their ability to alter the development of Verticillium wilt disease in eggplants. The microorganisms Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Piriformospora indica, Phytopthora capsici, and Bradyrhizobium japonicum were used for in vitro growth assays in the presence of CECs. CECs induced varying responses in strains of the same fungi by promoting growth of one strain while inhibiting growth of the other. CECs influenced spore germination of V. dahliae and F. oxysporum. Greenhouse experiments in which Solanum melongena (eggplants) were inoculated with V. dahliae and irrigated with CECs were used to evaluate the impacts of these chemicals on disease development. Overall our results found that most of the organisms we tested were sensitive to the CECs. P. capsici was found to be the most sensitive microorganism, while B. japonicum growth was unaffected by the CECs at the concentrations used. The greenhouse assays results indicated that plant disease severity may be influenced by given CECs at certain stages of plant growth. Overall the results of this study indicate that the concentrations of CECs found in reclaimed water are occurring at biologically relevant concentrations.


The spectroscopic properties of Fe:ZnSe were investigated and 4 micron lasing action was demonstrated for the first time at sub-ambient temperatures. Using an Er:YAG laser as a pump source, the Fe:ZnSe laser produced output energies of 8 µJ/pulse with pulse lengths of 48 µs at a repetition rate of 100 Hz. The output wavelength varied with temperature from 3.98 µm at 14 K to 4.54 µm at 180 K. A slope efficiency of 6.7% at 130 K was obtained.


Knowledge graphs are used to represent relational information in terms of triples. To enable learning about domains, embedding models, such as tensor factorization models, can be used to make predictions of new triples. Often there is background taxonomic information (in terms of subclasses and subproperties) that should also be taken into account. We show that existing fully expressive (a.k.a. universal) models cannot provably respect subclass and subproperty information. We show that minimal modifications to an existing knowledge graph completion method enables injection of taxonomic information. Moreover, we prove that our model is fully expressive, assuming a lower-bound on the size of the embeddings. Experimental results on public knowledge graphs show that despite its simplicity our approach is surprisingly effective.


Two cyclometalated iridium complexes of the form IrL2(acac) have been synthesized, where L is either of the isomeric ligands 1- or 2-(2'-pyridyl)pyrene (1-pypyrH or 2-pypyrH). These complexes have been investigated in terms of their photophysical behavior and, although both complexes exhibit similar pure radiative lifetimes, they have substantially different observed phosphorescence lifetimes and quantum yields. Moreover, the observed phosphorescence lifetimes and quantum yields of both complexes, as well as the absorption spectra of Ir(1-pypyr)2(acac), exhibit a strong solvent dependence, while there is essentially no solvatochromism in the emission spectra of either complex. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies of both ligands and both iridium complexes reveal structural differences between the two isomers. The crystal structures of the ligands, supported by density functional theory (DFT) modeling, show that a twist is present between the pyridyl and pyrenyl rings in 1-pypyrH, but is absent in 2-pypyrH, which leads to the requirement for more unusual cyclometalation conditions for 1-pypyrH. Furthermore, it is suggested that the strained structure of Ir(1-pypyr)2(acac) provides access to a facile nonradiative excited state deactivation pathway, which leads to the higher value of knr for this isomer. DFT, TD-DFT, and ΔSCF calculations have been conducted to investigate further the photophysical properties of the complexes, allowing a detailed comparison of the two isomers. We find that Tamm-Dancoff Approximation TD-DFT with the CAM-B3LYP functional provides the best agreement between experimentally and theoretically determined transition energies, performing better than the more common combination of TD-DFT with B3LYP, the reasons for which are outlined. We also highlight some difficulties with performing optimization calculations on oxidized complexes to assess electrochemical data.


In magnetized dense plasmas, the magnetic field effects on the capture distance and cross section of electron capture from hydrogenic ions by fast fully stripped ions is calculated. The Bohr-Lindhard model is used to obtain the cross section of electron capture. The longitudinal dielectric function is applied to describe the interaction potential. The classical straight-line trajectory approximation is used to derive the motion of the projectile ion. The capture distance and cross section of electron capture are derived as a function of the impact parameter, projectile velocity, Larmor frequency, and plasma parameters. The electron capture probability in the presence of a magnetic field is always smaller than one without a magnetic field. When the magnitude of the magnetic field increases, the magnetic field effect decreases. For larger projectile velocity the difference between the capture probability for different magnitudes of magnetic field becomes more significant.In magnetized dense plasmas, the magnetic field effects on the capture distance and cross section of electron capture from hydrogenic ions by fast fully stripped ions is calculated. The Bohr-Lindhard model is used to obtain the cross section of electron capture. The longitudinal dielectric function is applied to describe the interaction potential. The classical straight-line trajectory approximation is used to derive the motion of the projectile ion. The capture distance and cross section of electron capture are derived as a function of the impact parameter, projectile velocity, Larmor frequency, and plasma parameters. The electron capture probability in the presence of a magnetic field is always smaller than one without a magnetic field. When the magnitude of the magnetic field increases, the magnetic field effect decreases. For larger projectile velocity the difference between the capture probability for different magnitudes of magnetic field becomes more significant.


What will the nuclear weapons labs do for a living now that the Cold War is over? The Clinton Administration has put together a $3 billion "stockpile stewardship" program of physics and computer research, designed to keep the arsenal reliable and weapons-designing skills sharp. Science provides an in-depth look at what the plan involves and its potential payoff for basic researchers.


American Science Fiction TV: Star Trek, Stargate, and Beyond. By Jan Johnson-Smith. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2005. Pp. 308, acknowledgments, introduction, notes, bibliography, index, illustrations. Jan Johnson-Smith, a senior lecturer in film and television theory at Bournemouth University's media school in the United Kingdom, has provided a much-needed analysis of science fiction television through an examination of the narrative and visual patterns that the genre has produced. Science fiction television has spawned legions of fans and clearly occupies an important niche in American culture, and Johnson-Smith takes on the ambitious task of sorting through the multitudes of applicable media content in American Science Fiction TV: Star Trek, Stargate, and Beyond. Johnson-Smith opens the book by introducing the science fiction genre to the reader and simultaneously acknowledging that defining the genre has been a contentious matter amongst "sf" fans. In fact, this very debate will likely determine many readers' sentiments about the book. Johnson-Smith is cautious to group shows such as The X-Files, The Twilight Zone, and The Outer Limits with mainstream science fiction television. Instead, she places much greater focus on shows like Star Trek, Stargate SG-1, Babylon 5, Space: Above and Beyond, and Farscape, a choice which may alienate fans (no pun intended) and scholars looking for a broad overview of the genre. The opening chapter does a fine job of exploring the historical context of science fiction, paying homage to speculative literature and science fiction's role in the history of developing ideas about the future. In her discussion of metalinguistics and neologisms, Johnson-Smith notes that different approaches to science fiction such as satire and parody, as evidenced in films like Brazil (1985) and Galaxy Quest (1999), respectively, "offer comment upon our own world through metaphor and extrapolation, with utopian or dystopian visions of alternative realities" (30). The book caters to the interests of both fans and scholars alike, which is problematic at times. In Chapter Two, "Histories: The American West, Television, and Televisuality," Johnson-Smith provides a lengthy discussion of how science fiction television redeveloped themes from Westerns to create "a new frontier." This is not a new development for scholars, but Johnson-Smith's cumulative approach will appeal to lay readers. Indeed, Johnson-Smith continually revisits this theme throughout the book, arguing that the Western mythos stems from an innate desire for exploration, thereby contributing to the allure of science fiction television. The book often reads like a dissertation, which it was in a previous incarnation, and those familiar with the correlations between the Western and other genres may feel quite distracted by Johnson-Smith's overzealous "name-dropping" of films and television shows to contextualize her arguments. Clearly, the highlight of American Science Fiction TV is Johnson-Smith's coverage of Star Trek, perhaps the most important and influential American science fiction program of all time. Johnson-Smith discusses the representations of gender and race in the series, which again is not exactly groundbreaking, but is nevertheless enjoyable to read and yields some interesting observations. For example, Johnson-Smith points out that Star Trek has been considered by some critics to be "naive" and even racist for envisioning a white, American-led future. Intriguingly, she also notes that the infamous interracial kiss between William Shatner and Nichelle Nichols on the original Star Trek series, while brave, occurred while both characters were forcibly under the control of an alien power, "so it can be viewed alternatively as a clever plot device with positive intentions, or as a less constructive expression of inter-racial [sic] relations, and a myriad of positions in between" (82). …


Although satellite‐based variables have for long been expected to be key components to a unified and global biodiversity monitoring strategy, a definitive and agreed list of these variables still remains elusive. The growth of interest in biodiversity variables observable from space has been partly underpinned by the development of the essential biodiversity variable (EBV) framework by the Group on Earth Observations – Biodiversity Observation Network, which itself was guided by the process of identifying essential climate variables. This contribution aims to advance the development of a global biodiversity monitoring strategy by updating the previously published definition of EBV, providing a definition of satellite remote sensing (SRS) EBVs and introducing a set of principles that are believed to be necessary if ecologists and space agencies are to agree on a list of EBVs that can be routinely monitored from space. Progress toward the identification of SRS‐EBVs will require a clear understanding of what makes a biodiversity variable essential, as well as agreement on who the users of the SRS‐EBVs are. Technological and algorithmic developments are rapidly expanding the set of opportunities for SRS in monitoring biodiversity, and so the list of SRS‐EBVs is likely to evolve over time. This means that a clear and common platform for data providers, ecologists, environmental managers, policy makers and remote sensing experts to interact and share ideas needs to be identified to support long‐term coordinated actions.


While theory predicts different effects of household credit and enterprise credit on the economy, the empirical literature has mainly used aggregate measures of overall bank lending to the private sector. We construct a new dataset from 45 developed and developing countries, decomposing bank lending into lending to enterprises and lending to households and assess the different effects of these two components on real sector outcomes. We find that: 1) enterprise credit is positively associated with economic growth whereas household credit is not; and 2) enterprise credit is significantly associated with faster reductions in income inequality whereas household credit is not. We also find that the share of household credit is higher in more urban societies, in countries with smaller manufacturing sectors and more market-based financial systems, while market structure and regulatory policies are not related to credit composition.


Scientific contributions in the area of smart environments cover different tasks of ambient intelligence including action and activity recognition, anomaly detection, and automated enactment. Algorithms solving these tasks need to be validated against sensor logs of smart environments. In order to acquire these datasets, expensive facilities are needed, containing sensors, actuators and an acquisition infrastructure. Even though several freely accessible datasets are available, each of them features a very specific set of sensors, which can limit the introduction of novel approaches that could benefit of particular types of sensors and deployment layouts. Additionally, acquiring a dataset requires a considerable human effort for labeling purposes, thus further limiting the creation of new and general ones. In this paper, we propose a model-based simulator capable to generate synthetic datasets that emulate the characteristics of the vast majority of real datasets while granting trustworthy evaluation results. The datasets are generated using the eXtensible Event Stream – XES international standard commonly used for representing event logs. Finally, the datasets produced by the simulator are validated against two real scenario's logs from the literature.


In wide-band microwave receivers of a type now undergoing development, the incoming microwave signals are electronically preamplified, then frequency-up-converted to optical signals that are processed photonically before being detected. This approach differs from the traditional approach, in which incoming microwave signals are processed by purely electronic means. As used here, wide-band microwave receivers refers especially to receivers capable of reception at any frequency throughout the range from about 90 to about 300 GHz. The advantage expected to be gained by following the up-conversion-and-photonic-processing approach is the ability to overcome the limitations of currently available detectors and tunable local oscillators in the frequency range of interest. In a receiver following this approach (see figure), a preamplified incoming microwave signal is up-converted by the method described in the preceeding article. The frequency up-converter exploits the nonlinearity of the electromagnetic response of a whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonator made of LiNbO3. Up-conversion takes place by three-wave mixing in the resonator. The WGM resonator is designed and fabricated to function simultaneously as an electro-optical modulator and to exhibit resonance at the microwave and optical operating frequencies plus phase matching among the microwave and optical signals circulating in the resonator. The up-conversion is an efficient process, and the efficiency is enhanced by the combination of microwave and optical resonances. The up-converted signal is processed photonically by use of a tunable optical filter or local oscillator, and is then detected. Tunable optical filters can be made to be frequency agile and to exhibit high resonance quality factors (high Q values), thereby making it possible to utilize a variety of signal-processing modalities. Therefore, it is anticipated that when fully developed, receivers of this type will be compact and will be capable of both wide-band and narrowband signal processing. Thus, one compact receiver of this type would afford the functionality that, heretofore, could have been obtained only by use of multiple heterodyne microwave receivers.


Two new products were isolated from uracil irradiated with ultraviolet light in frozen aqueous solution. As judged by mass, nuclear magnetic resonance, and ultraviolet and infrared spectra, one is a photopolymer, U3 and the structure of the other is probably 6-4'-[ pyrimidin-2'-one]-uracil. Formations of these products between pyrimidine bases are apparently common photoreactions, and may be important to the study of the photochemistry and photobiology of nucleic acids.


The Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) system uses end-to-end encryption in addition to the air interface encryption to provide enhanced security. End-to-end encrypted continuous data, such as video, requires synchronisation of the key stream at the receiver to the incoming encrypted data stream from the transmitter. The TETRA system uses a synchronisation technique known as frame stealing to provide synchronisation to end-to-end encrypted data. However, the frame stealing process degrades the quality of video and is not suitable for transmission of secure video. This paper proposes an alternative technique called frame insertion, which is more suitable for video. A technique known as fly wheeling is used to recover from synchronisation problems due to dropped data packets. Further, a method of reducing the synchronisation delay in a video stream is also discussed.


Background: In recent years, bioactive bioceramics such as bioglass and hydroxyapatite (HA) have been introduced as a remarkable development in the field of medicine due to their bio-adaptability, non-toxicity, and persistence, in vivo. They have many potential applications in the repair of bone defects and hence they have attracted significant interest from scholars. Objectives: The aim of this study was to synthesize inorganic matrix CuO-based bioglasses and evaluate their antibacterial activity against aerobic bacterial infections in bone implants. Methods: Nano-composite samples of silica-based bioactive glass, 60SBGwith nano-powderCuO, were synthesized using the sol-gel method and then assessed with regard to their antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus using well diffusion agar. The samples included BG58S (58%SiO2, 36%CaO, 6%P2O5), BG/10CuO (58%SiO2, 26%CaO, 6%P2O5, 10%CuO), and BG/20CuO (48%SiO2, 26%CaO, 6%P2O5, 20%CuO). To evaluate their bioactivity, the prepared samples of BG/20CuO, BG/10CuO, and BG58S were immersed in simulated body fluids (SBF). The surface morphology and structure of the samples before and after immersion in the SBF were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), respectively. Then, the BG/20CuO and BG/10CuO samples were loaded in clindamycin, an antibiotic widely used in the treatment of osteomyelitis, and their release profiles were studied in phosphate buffer solution. Results: It was observed that the growth inhibition zone increased through clindamycin release due to the increasing CuO percentage in the nanocomposite of bioactive glass. The bioactivity of the nanocomposite/bioglass with CuO was superior to that of bioglass alone. In this study, the BG/20CuO sample showed a sustained release of clindamycin, which is sufficient for a drug delivery system. Conclusions: Increasing the Cu nanoparticles in bioactive glass samples leads to the release of Cu2+, which has a positive effect on the antibacterial mechanism, as well as decreasing the cultured Staphylococcus colonies found on the bioglasses. Therefore, it seems that the nanocomposite/bioglass of CuO is a promising option for aerobic bacterial inhibitor systems in common bone implant infections.


The housing rental market offers a unique laboratory for studying price stickiness. This paper is motivated by two facts: 1. Tenants' rents are remarkably sticky even though regular and expected recontracting would, by itself, suggest substantial rent flexibility. 2. Rent stickiness varies significantly across structure type; for example, detached unit rents are far stickier than large apartment unit rents. We offer the first theoretical explanation of rent stickiness that is consistent with these facts. In this theory, search and bargaining with incomplete information generates stickiness in the absence of menu costs or other commonly used modeling assumptions. Tenants' valuations of their units, and whether they are considering other units, are both private information. At lease end, the behavior of risk-averse landlords differs according to the number of units managed. Multi-unit landlords, aided by the law of large numbers, exploit tenant moving costs. When renegotiating rent contracts, they set rent increases that exceed the inflation rate; while the majority of tenants stay, those who place low value on the unit search elsewhere and leave. Landlords with one unit loathe vacancy and offer tenants the identical contract to pre-empt search; only those who really hate the unit leave.


This paper describes three experiments that cast doubt on the existence of free will. All deal with the phenomenon that, for a variety of reasons, people do not consciously experience events (including their own "choices") at the exact instant they occur. The existence of these delays is sufficient to cast serious doubt on the possibility of conscious free will, i.e., free will as we usually understand it. While these experiments do not definitely exclude the possibility of free will, they do provide affirmative evidence that our brains do not consciously make decisions in quite the way that introspection tells us. As such, they throw into question the factual basis of the freewill justification for purposefully inflicting serious human suffering as punishment. This paper is a break out from an earlier version of my companion paper, Free Will Ideology: Experiments, Evolution and Virtue Ethics, available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1428002.


Abstract In this study, we examine the impact of the 2008 Global Crisis on "access to finance" in high-income OECD, high-income non-OECD, middle-income, and low-income countries. We use three measures of access to finance. These are "Number of bank branches per 100,000 adults", "Value traded of top 10 traded companies to total value traded (%)", and "Market capitalization outside of top 10 largest companies to total market capitalization (%)". During the run-up to the crisis and immediately after the crisis, we do not find any significant change in any of the three "access to finance" measures. We find that, during the crisis, only middle-income countries were affected significantly. These countries were affected in only one of the measures which is "Value traded of top 10 traded companies to total value traded (%)". This measure went up and this change is marginally significant. We conclude that the global crisis only affected "access to finance" in middle-income countries.


Object ownership enforces encapsulation within object-oriented programs by forbidding incoming aliases into objects' representations. Many common data structures, such as collections with iterators, require incoming aliases, so there has been much work on relaxing ownership's encapsulation to permit multiple incoming aliases. This research asks the opposite question: Are your aliases really necessary? In this paper, we count the cost of programming with strong object encapsulation. We refactored the JDK 5.0 collection classes so that they did not use incoming aliases, following either the owner-as-dominator or the owner-as-accessor encapsulation discipline. We measured the performance time overhead the refactored collections impose on a set of microbenchmarks and on the DaCapo, SPECjbb and SPECjvm benchmark suites. While the microbenchmarks show that individual operations and iterations can be significantly slower on encapsulated collection (especially for owner-as-dominator), we found less than 3% slowdown for owner-as-accessor across the large scale benchmarks. As a result, we propose that well-known design patterns such as Iterator commonly used by software engineers around the world need to be adjusted to take ownership into account. As most design patterns are used as a building block in constructing larger pieces of software, a small adjustment to respect ownership will not have any impact on the productivity of programmers but will have a huge impact on the quality of the resulting code with respect to aliasing.


The successful conservation of bird species relies upon our understanding of their habitat use and requirements. In the coming decades the importance of such knowledge will only grow as climate change and the needs of human populations intensify the already significant pressures on the habitats that birds depend on. Drawing on valuable recent advances in our understanding of bird–habitat relationships, this book provides the first major review of avian habitat selection in over 20 years. It offers a synthesis of concepts, patterns and issues that will interest students, researchers and conservation practitioners. Spatial scales ranging from landscape to habitat patch are covered, and examples of responses to habitat change are examined. European landscapes are the main focus, but the book has far wider significance to similar habitats worldwide, with examples and relevant material also drawn from North America and Australia.