The need for further studies on the Thermal Diffusion effects relative to the separation of Common Gases is demonstrated. Classical theory, as derived by Furry, Onsager and Jones, for Isotopes included a number of assumptions, the validity of which has been examined for binary and ternary mixtures of He, N2, and CO2. The theory has been fully derived to ensure that the significance of each step be considered. Particular emphasis is placed on the investigation of separation and transport phenomena for three-component mixtures. A large thermal diffusion column of plate type was used with a 1" gap. This minimises the edge effects and ensures accurate sampling and temperature measurements. A detailed study of the 'field' of concentration and temperature in the gap, was necessary to check the applicability of the theory. Special sampling apparatus and installation was developed to achieve the accuracy required. The physical parameters, such as viscosity, specific heat, density, heat conductivity, are all temperature dependent and the values of these parameters were determined as functions of temperature within the range of the temperature field. It has been demonstrated that the original equation of the average transport and separation as derived by Furry and Jones and others were not successful in correlating the experimental results either for binary or ternary common gas mixtures. This was established incidental to the main scientific study. The study of 'fields' was especially important as the attempt to correlate the Data by means of classically developed equations were rather unsuccessful. In this respect an initial study was made of the field on the basis of convection and conductance. Nusselt type equations were developed so that the effects of convective disturbances across the gap could be related to concentration and temperature profiles. It was realised from the study as well as was evident from the theories the convective contribution can be preferably considered to be minimal. This is in agreement in fact with the original conception of Furry, Onsager and Jones who neglected them and restricted their development to a study of conductance across the gap. This in no way affects the thermo-gravitational aspect of the mechanism of enhancement of separation. At least three methods were used to determine the contribution of each component in the mixtures to the conductivity and therefore heat flux across the gap. The corrected and measured temperature profiles agreed with all three theoretically predicted profiles of temperatures. In two of these methods, where a restricted gas space (2w) was considered, the agreement was excellent. It was noted, not only were the temperature profiles non-linear, but they gave consistent shapes of curves for many experiments; these shapes are shown in the thesis. There is clear evidence of the effect of the thermo-gravitational effects close to the walls where the curves take on a different shape from the central span. This change in shape is, of course, due mainly to changes in the heat conductivity and also, to a smaller degree, to those of specific heat, density and viscosity. The relationship between temperature and concentration profiles have been derived mathematically. The temperature profiles can be directly derived from the concentration profiles by equations. These derived temperature profiles compared exactly with the measured profiles. Initial work on the reverse procedure has been commenced and the equations, considered as simultaneous, gave correct values of concentration. The problem, however, is not complete yet due to the extensive data and computation required. It is hoped eventually to be able to obtain concentration distribution from boundary conditions only (i.e. temperatures of hot and cold walls). Theory has been developed which examines phehomenologically the separation and transport in a large thermo-gravitational column for the cases of 'total reflux' and for small mass flow of gas through the column. The theories avoid the inaccuracies inherent in too many simplifications and assumptions which in other circumstances such as separation of isotopes are justifiable. The present approach is capable of extensive development for the prediction of separation in multicomponent gas mixtures.


Understanding the degree of cannibalization and competition in online and offline markets is important to firms' product line designs. However, few empirical studies have measured both effects simultaneously or have examined the factors that determine the extent of cannibalization and competition. In this study, we develop an empirical model to identify cannibalization and competition effects simultaneously in different markets, and further examine the impacts of consumer preferences on these two effects in a single integrated framework. Using data from the U.S. personal computer (PC) industry, we find that the online market exhibits stronger cannibalization and competition than the offline market. Both effects are significantly influenced by consumers' search behaviors and brand preferences. Specifically, more active consumer search not only intensifies inter-brand competition but also amplifies intra-brand cannibalization. In addition, search has a higher impact on cannibalization than competition. Stronger consumer brand preference mitigates inter-brand competition, but its effect on intra-brand cannibalization varies for different consumer segments. In markets consisting of more high-end consumers, the intra-brand cannibalization increases with consumer brand preference, while, in contrast, in markets consisting of more low-end consumers, the intra-brand cannibalization decreases with consumer brand preference. The differences in consumer search and brand preference explain a significant fraction of the variations in both cannibalization and competition between different PC markets.


"Operative Techniques in Orthopaedic Surgery" is the first major new comprehensive text and reference on surgical techniques in orthopaedics. Written by over 800 experts from leading institutions around the world, this superbly illustrated four-volume reference focuses on mastery of operative techniques and also provides a thorough understanding of how to select the best procedure, how to avoid complications, and what outcomes to expect. The user-friendly format is ideal for quick preoperative review of the steps of a procedure. Each procedure is broken down step by step, with full-color intraoperative photographs and drawings that demonstrate how to perform each technique. Extensive use of bulleted points and tables allows quick and easy reference. Each clinical problem is discussed in the same format: definition, anatomy, physical exams, pathogenesis, natural history, physical findings, imaging and diagnostic studies, differential diagnosis, non-operative management, surgical management, pearls and pitfalls, postoperative care, outcomes, and complications. The text is broken into the following sections: Adult Reconstruction; Foot and Ankle; Hand, Wrist, and Forearm; Oncology; Pediatrics; Pelvis and Lower Extremity Trauma; Shoulder and Elbow; Sports Medicine; and, Spine. To ensure that the material fully meets residents' needs, the text was reviewed by a Residency Advisory Board. The 4-volume set comes with a companion website featuring the fully searchable contents and an image bank.


Molecular chaperones, also known as heat-shock proteins, refold misfolded proteins and help other proteins reach their native conformation. Thanks to these abilities, some chaperones, such as the Hsp90 protein or the chaperonin GroEL, can buffer the deleterious phenotypic effects of mutations that alter protein structure and function. Hsp70 chaperones use a chaperoning mechanism different from Hsp90 and GroEL, and it is not known whether they can also buffer mutations. Here, we show that they can. To this end, we performed a mutation accumulation experiment in Escherichia coli, followed by whole-genome resequencing. Our sequence data shows that overexpression of the Hsp70 chaperone DnaK increases the tolerance of its clients for nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions and nucleotide insertions and deletions. We also show that this elevated mutational buffering on short evolutionary time scales translates into differences in evolutionary rates on intermediate and long evolutionary time scales. To this end, we compared the evolutionary rates of DnaK clients and nonclients using the genomes of E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and 83 other gamma-proteobacterial species. We find that clients that interact strongly with DnaK evolve faster than weakly interacting clients. Our results imply that all three major chaperone classes can buffer mutations and affect protein evolution. They illustrate how an individual protein like a chaperone can have a disproportionate effect on proteome evolution.


The main aim of this paper is to study the optimization, performance and emission characteristics of WCOME. The Transesterification of WCO with methanol has been studied in the presence of various catalyst i.e. sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide .The optimization of experimental parameters was established to gain 95% WCOME. The final properties of WCOME like density, viscosity, pour point, cloud point, flash point, fire point and C.V. were evaluated by ASTM standards and were found to be comparable to ASTM standards for diesel. The most recommended WCME blended ratio 5 to 20% for better engine performance and emission characteristics were used. The performance and emission indicators such as brake power , BTE ,EGT ,BSFC ,NOx ,CO,CO2,HC and smoke opacity have been estimated for 5%,10% and 20% blend are compared to diesel fuel. The results of experiment shows that BSFC increases with use of biodiesel however BSEC decreases with increase in blend percentage. CO and HC emissions were reduced for biodiesel. But NOX emission increases at B20 blend by50% from (B5, B10 and B20). This work discovered that waste cooking methyl esters can be used in CI engine as a replacement of diesel fuel.


The world economy is near a critical crossroads, as a rising China, the greatest-ever beneficiary of US-led capitalism, ironically dreams big to replace America's supremacy as a new hegemonic power with a non-liberal world order. This third volume of the trilogy on 'flying-geese' theory reformulation explains how capitalism has changed industrial structures across the world. Using structural development economics and political economy analytics the unfolding changes in the global industrial landscape are examined in depth. Will the flying-geese formation, a formation that has produced the East Asian Miracle and is hoped to spread to Africa, survive?


The study is based on data from a representative survey conducted in Hungary in 2020, which examined the public's consumption of political and public information. Using the survey data, the authors attempt to map the consumption patterns of the Hungarian audience, with a special focus on the relationship between party preferences and the consumption of the various news sources with different ideological backgrounds. The research aims to better understand the phenomenon of polarisation, which is increasingly observed on both the supply and demand sides of the Hungarian news media. The focus of the study is to examine news consumption patterns in Hungary and the relationship between political polarisation and news consumption. The authors analysed the prevalence of information bubbles in the Hungarian public sphere, where consumers are only exposed to the views of one political side without being confronted with information or opinions that differ. Particular attention is paid to a special category of the Hungarian media system, the grey-zone media; they might seem to contribute greatly to the pluralism of the media system, but they are, in fact, strongly politically dependent. In addition to the identified news consumption patterns, the study aims to shed light on the importance and problematic nature of this grey-zone media category and to reveal how deeply the Hungarian public is actually dependent on the government.


Abstract Paleocene deep-water deposits of the Norwegian sector of the North Sea Basin are prospective for oil and gas, although little is known about their sedimentology and distribution, or the controls on their stratigraphic evolution. To help unlock the potential of this poorly explored interval, we integrate 3D seismic reflection, well logs and core data from the eastern North Viking Graben, offshore Norway. We show that thick (up to 80 m), high net to gross (N:G) (up to 90%), sandstone-rich channel-fills and sheet-like, likely lobe deposits occur on the slope–proximal basin floor, forming part of an aerially extensive fan system. Sediment dispersal and the resultant stratigraphic architecture are controlled by slope morphology. Bypass occurred on the northern, passive margin-type slope; whereas, in the south, sediment gravity currents were deflected around, and deep-water sandstones onlap and pinch-out onto an exposed rift-related fault block that generated intra-basin bathymetric relief. Pinchout of deep-water sandstone into mudstone suggests that future exploration should focus on identifying subtle stratigraphic traps on fault block flanks or at the fan fringe. This trapping style contrasts with that encountered in the UK sector of the Northern North Sea, where most Paleocene fields and discoveries are in structural traps related to the flow of Zechstein Supergroup salt.


Percussive drilling is suitable for the fragmentation of rocks and other similar materials with hard and brittle properties. Research on energy transfer efficiency is of great significance to improving the rock-breaking efficiency of percussive drilling. This paper numerically studied energy transfer efficiency and rock damage in percussive drilling with a multiple-button bit. In this study, the finite element method was used, and the concrete was selected as the research object. Moreover, the damage-plasticity model for concrete and the explicit dynamics solver in abaqus were adopted. Based on the above model, we analyzed the effects of different parameters on the energy transfer efficiency and the concrete damage. Results show that the degree of concrete damage is positively correlated with the output energy, referring to the energy actually absorbed by the concrete, of the percussive system. Under the condition of the same input energy, the energy transfer efficiency decreases as the number of buttons increases. With the increase of impact velocity of the impact hammer, the energy transfer efficiency augments. Multiple repeated impacts will cause the repeated damaging of the concrete, which reduces the energy transfer efficiency.


The natural gamma radiation emitted by potassium, uranium and thorium is attenuated by snow. This attenuation depends on the water-equivalent of the snow layer. Air absorption coefficients were determined by flying at different altitudes over a uniform test strip and used to calculate the absorption coefficients for water. Results using the Geological Survey of Canada high sensitivity airborne gamma-ray spectrometer showed that snow water-equivalents up to 18 cm could be measured to an accuracy of 2 cm over suitable terrain. The importance of temperature and soil moisture corrections are discussed, together with statistical, instrumental and navigational errors.


In the 2010 case of R. v. Sinclair, the Supreme Court of Canada explained how the Charter right to counsel applies in the context of police questioning a detainee. Sinclair constitutes the final instalment in the so-called "interrogation trilogy," which also includes R. v. Oickle and R. v. Singh. This trilogy of cases, which lays out the legal framework for police interrogation in Canada, has been criticized as providing insufficient safeguards for detainees. Yet, despite the strong reaction from critics, this paper argues that the interrogation trilogy has done little to change Canadian law. The author identifies two main conclusions to be drawn from these cases. First, the Supreme Court has clearly rejected the idea that detainees can cut off interrogation by invoking Charter rights. Second, the voluntary confessions rule has been established as the principal protection for interrogated suspects. The author argues that while the Court's rejection of questioning cut-off rules was unfortunate, the current system of safeguards centred on the confessions rule may well protect detainees against abuse in the interrogation room better than a system centered on warnings, waivers and questioning cut-off rules.


Proxy-based reconstructions of climate variability over the last millennium provide important insights for understanding current climate change within a long-term context. Past hydrological changes are particularly difficult to reconstruct, yet rainfall patterns and variability are among the most critical environmental variables. Ombrotrophic bogs, entirely dependent on water from precipitation and sensitive to changes in the balance between precipitation and evapotranspiration, are highly suitable for such hydro-climate reconstructions. We present a multi-proxy analysis (testate amoebae, plant macrofossils, stable carbon isotopes in Sphagnum, pollen, spores and macroscopic charcoal) from an ombrotrophic peat profile from the Rodna Mountains (northern Romania) to establish a quantitative record of hydro-climatic changes. We identify five main stages: wet surface mire conditions between AD 800 and 1150 and AD 1800 and 1950, and drying of the mire surface between AD 1300 and 1450, AD 1550 and 1750 and AD 1950 and 2012. Our multi-proxy reconstructions suggest that conditions during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) period (AD 900–1150) were considerably wetter than today, while during most of the 'Little Ice Age' (LIA; AD 1500–1850), they were dry. Mire surface conditions in the Rodna Mountains have dried markedly over the last 40 years mainly as a result of anthropogenic climate change approaching the driest conditions seen over the last 1000 years. There is a marked difference between current hydro-climatic conditions (dry mire) and those of the MCA (wet mire). This implies that for the study region, the MCA cannot provide analogous climatic conditions to the contemporary situation. Our reconstructions are in partial agreement with water table estimates elsewhere in central and eastern Europe but generally contrast with those from NW Europe, especially during LIA. We suggest that these distinctive regional differences result from fluctuations in large-scale atmospheric circulation, which determine the relative influences of continental and oceanic air masses.


The present experiment introduces a modification of the iterated prisoner's dilemma (PD). In contrast to classical dilemma situations with only one interaction partner, participants (N = 120) interacted with five fictitious interaction partners within one game, either in a random order (change condition) or against each of the interaction partners in succession (block condition). The authors assume that the change condition simulates the social interactions of a real environment more accurately and that individual memory skills are more important in the change condition as compared to the block condition. As dependent variables, the participants' score in the game was recorded, as well as the participants' memory performance concerning information about their interaction partners. Results show that good memory performance with respect to biographical information leads to higher scores only in the condition with changing interaction partners, but not in the block condition.


The study investigates and interprets the factors that contributed to the recent decline in fertility in Sri Lanka, despite its low economic standing. It seeks to elucidate the social transformation that has taken place and looks at the socio-cultural determinants that have brought about the process of fertility transition. In this regard, the significant effects of the welfare measures in force in the country in respect of health, education, nutrition and housing have been brought to light. Hence the study tends to fall outside the scope of the conventional wisdom laid down in the demographic transition theory outlined by Notestein, which emphasised the contribution that economic development plays in lowering fertility. The approach to the study hinges on selected variables like education, age at marriage, gender roles per se and female employment. The cardinal role played by free education in contributing to the transition is given particular coverage. Education is treated more as a cultural asset which determines and shapes values, preferences and aspirations in respect of marriage, fertility, family formation and other aspects such as career development which enables women to play roles away from home. Unfortunately, inferences about women's position do not always gain statistical support, as they are intricately woven into the fabric of societal gender settings and traditions. In respect of age at marriage, the socio-cultural factors of society like the caste system, a dowry and horoscope matching with details of Karmic determinants have been examined in some detail. The study also uncovers the social deprivation aspects which for long led women in the plantation sector to experience fertility performance lower than the national level. Going by normal demographic rationale, their high degree of labour force participation should account for it. But it was social deprivation and the resultant low nutritional levels that reduced their reproductive ability to low levels. With a better life ushered in by a programme of social uplift during the early 'eighties, this ethnic group showed signs of first a rise in fertility, and on having reached the threshold it has now begun showing signs of a decline attributable to healthier lives. Similarly, a relatively invisible agent, the prevalent "urban outlook," is shown to contribute to the transition process, and has recently become even more significant due to the intensive rural amelioration efforts of the government. This outlook is all pervasive and permeates the society in general in effecting the transition under review.


Purpose: Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive subtype of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas characterized by (over)expression of BCL2. A BCL2-targeting drug, venetoclax, has promising anticancer activity in MCL. We analyzed molecular mechanisms of venetoclax resistance in MCL cells and tested strategies to overcome it. Experimental Design: We confirmed key roles of proapoptotic proteins BIM and NOXA in mediating venetoclax-induced cell death in MCL. Both BIM and NOXA are, however, differentially expressed in cell lines compared with primary cells. First, NOXA protein is significantly overexpressed in most MCL cell lines. Second, deletions of BIM gene harbored by three commonly used MCL cell lines (JEKO-1, MINO, and Z138) were not found by array comparative genomic hybridization using a validation set of 24 primary MCL samples. Results: We demonstrated that MCL1 and NOXA play important roles in mediating resistance to venetoclax. Consequently, we tested an experimental treatment strategy based on cotargeting BCL2 with venetoclax and MCL1 with a highly specific small-molecule MCL1 inhibitor S63845. The combination of venetoclax and S63845 demonstrated synthetic lethality in vivo on a panel of five patient-derived xenografts established from patients with relapsed MCL with adverse cytogenetics. Conclusions: Our data strongly support investigation of venetoclax in combination with S63845 as an innovative treatment strategy for chemoresistant MCL patients with adverse cytogenetics in the clinical grounds.


Here, we report the first-time development of polycarbonate networks with self-reporting thermoreversible bonding/debonding on demand properties. The reversible linkages within the network are based on a Hetero–Diels–Alder (HDA) moiety, which is able to undergo cleavage and rebonding as a function of temperature within minutes. As HDA pair a phosphoryl dithioester and a cyclopentadiene moiety are employed as bonding and debonding take place in the temperature range between 25–120 °C. The degradation and rebonding can be readily traced by visible inspection due to the self-reporting nature of the HDA moiety. In order to prove the reversibility, linear polycarbonates (Mw = 4.200–20.000 g mol−1) including the reversible linkage in each repeating unit were generated and carefully analyzed using size exclusion chromatography (SEC), UV/Vis analysis and high temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy. Subsequently, polycarbonate networks bearing HDA units – allowing the networks to be fully degraded into small molecules – were synthesized, debonded and bonded several times in the temperature range between 25 and 120 °C within minutes. The present study thus introduces fully degradable polycarbonate networks based on a facile chemical concept as a viable alternative to networks based on C–C bond formation that disallow a complete degradation.


The field of three-dimensional quantitative phase imaging (3D QPI) is expanding rapidly with applications in biological, medical, and industrial research, development, diagnostics, and metrology. Much of this research has centered on developing optical diffraction tomography (ODT) for biomedical applications. In addition to technical difficulties associated with coherent noise, ODT is not congruous with optical microscopy utilizing partially coherent light, which is used in most biomedical laboratories. Thus, ODT solutions have, for the most part, been limited to customized optomechanical systems which would be relatively expensive to implement on a wide scale. In the present work, a new phase reconstruction method, called tomographic deconvolution phase microscopy (TDPM), is described which makes use of commercial microscopy hardware in realizing 3D QPI. TDPM is analogous to methods used in deconvolution microscopy which improve spatial resolution and 3D-localization accuracy of fluorescence micrographs by combining multiple through-focal scans which are deconvolved by the system point spread function. TDPM is based on the 3D weak object transfer function theory which is shown here to be capable of imaging "nonweak" phase objects with large phase excursions. TDPM requires no phase unwrapping and recovers the entire object spectrum via object rotation, mitigating the need to fill in the "missing cone" of spatial frequencies algorithmically as in limited-angle ODT. In the present work, TDPM is demonstrated using optical fibers, including single-mode, polarization-maintaining, and photonic-crystal fibers as well as an azimuthally varying CO2-laser-induced long-period fiber grating period as test phase objects.


Inflation in Central and East European countries varied considerably over the transition phase, and econometric relationships between prices, money, wages and exchange rates are said to have been unstable during this period. In order to shed some light on the issue, this paper analyses some empirical models of the inflation process in the three earliest east European transition economies: the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland. In particular, we first look at inflation within the context of multivariate cointegration, where domestic and foreign price determinants are initially assessed in separate blocks (each single-theory based) in order to obtain a number of longterm attractors. Then, we put previous information in short term simultaneous vector equilibrium correcting models for each country. The importance of theory-based imbalances (attractors) in explaining inflation can be assessed at this stage. Our most significant empirical findings seem to substantiate the idea that many, if not all, theoretical determinants of inflation are of importance in those countries in question: the exchange rate and the output gap would appear to be of particular importance in explaining the phenomenon..


The discovery of Triassic missing links in the Panthalassan domain (Wallowa terrane, U.S.A.) substantiates a direct lineage between internally simple Triassic multichambered aragonitic foraminifers and internally partitioned Jurassic Robertinida. A new hierarchical subdivision is accordingly proposed for the order Robertinida, which is emended to encompass all known post-Paleozoic aragonitic multicham-bered foraminifers. At the highest taxonomic level, the suborder Robertinina is distinguished from the suborder Duostominina emended to encompass forms without internal structures attached to the aperture, including the planktonic family Favusellidae and the controversial form Pragsoconu-lus. Two new families (Robertonellidae, Trochosiphoniidae), four new subfamilies (Cassianopapillariinae, Praereinholdel-linae, Pragsoconulinae, and Trochosiphoniinae), four new genera (Falsorheinoldella, Praerheinoldella, Robertonella, and Trochosiphonia), and seven new species (Falsorheinol-della ohmi, F. oregonica, Praerheinoldella galei, Robertonella rettorii, R. wallowensis, Trochosiphonia stanleyi, and T. josephi) are introduced. Phylogenetic links between Triassic robertinids, which experienced a rapid diversification during the Triassic, are clarified and their hypothetical long-term relationships with other foraminiferal groups are discussed.


BACKGROUND
Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease is a juvenile form of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. The purpose of this study was to use serial perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to determine the pattern and rate of revascularization of the femoral heads of patients with the active stage of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease.

METHODS
We performed a prospective study of 29 patients (30 hips) with a mean age (and standard deviation) of 8.4 ± 1.9 years who were diagnosed with Waldenström Stage-1 or 2 Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. All patients had ≥2 perfusion MRIs, and 21 patients (22 hips) had ≥3. Perfusion percentages of the femoral epiphyses were measured by 2 independent observers. Statistical analyses included calculation of the intraclass correlation coefficient, the paired t test, the Mann-Whitney U test, and the Kruskal-Wallis test.

RESULTS
Initial perfusion MRIs showed the percent perfusion in the affected femoral heads to range from 5% to 70%. The average percent perfusion (and standard deviation) was 35% ± 16% on the first MRI, which increased to 77% ± 14% on the follow-up MRI acquired at an average of 10.5 ± 2.9 months later (p < 0.01). Serial assessment showed a general pattern of revascularization starting from the periphery of the posterior, lateral, and medial aspects of the femoral epiphysis and converging toward the anterocentral region. The average rate of revascularization was 4.9% ± 2.3% per month with a wide range among the patients (0.6% to 10.4% per month).

CONCLUSIONS
Revascularization of the necrotic femoral head increased over time in a horseshoe pattern, starting from the posterior, lateral, and medial aspects of the femoral epiphysis. The rate of revascularization was highly variable among patients.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.


Eliciting the economic benefits provided by protected areas is important in order to ensure that they are properly considered in policy and decision making. There are relatively few studies that provide a comprehensive overview of the economic benefits provided by European forest ecosystems, in spite of the large share of forests in the protected area system in most countries. An economic valuation of the ecosystem services supplied by the Hoge Veluwe forest in the Netherlands is presented. The Hoge Veluwe forest is one of the largest and most well-known protected areas in the country. The services included in the study are wood production, supply of game, groundwater recharge, carbon sequestration, air filtration, recreation, and nature conservation. A conservative estimate of the total economic benefits generated by the forest is around 2000 Euro/ha/year, which is more than three times higher than the per hectare-value generated by nearby agricultural land. The study provides an analysis of the economic value of eight ecosystem services, discusses the uncertainties of the value estimates, and examines the implications for financing protected area management.


Facing the dynamic field of warehouse logistics and the rising customer process demands combined with cost pressure then a constant change management and continuous, customer-oriented improvement process must take place in 3PL warehouse business. Hence technological change, especially in regards of automatic object localisation and product tracking along the supply chain, gains in importance. That raises the question if a change from barcode technology to radio frequency identification generates profitability in 3PL warehouse business.


This research was based on assessing the use of e-governance by local authorities to improve service delivery: A case of Chitungwiza Municipality. The research objectives were to find out the benefits of e-governance system, to find out the challenges being faced by Chitungwiza Municipality in implementation and use of e-governance system and to proffer possible strategies that can be employed to ameliorate some of the challenges being faced. The research was confined to Chitungwiza respondents only. Literature review then focused on giving description of e-governance, benefits of e-governance, challenges being faced by the local authorities in using e-governance, strategies that can be adopted by local authorities to implement and use e-governance and the use of e-governance system by other local authorities in different countries. Descriptive research design was used. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. The sample for the research was 50 respondents which constituted 10 employees, 10 top management and 30 residents. Questionnaires and personal interviews were used as the research instruments. An overall response rate of 84% was obtained from the questionnaires and interviews. Data presentation and analysis was done. Findings obtained from the research study were presented in tables, graphs and pie-charts followed by the analysis. Major findings of the research were that, Chitungwiza Municipality is faced with financial shortages, lack of adequate machinery and minimum support from the government so as to fully implement and use e-governance system to improve service delivery. The council does not have its website where people can access information. Some of the council departments do not have adequate computers and some no longer function well. People have limited knowledge on e-governance and they do not have adequate knowledge on the benefits of using e-governance system. Strategies that can be adopted by Chitungwiza Municipality to implement and use e-governance include engaging public private partnerships, training of personnel, increasing awareness to the public on e-governance, and city twinning. Lastly recommendations were made which include, efforts should be made to ensure that e-governance system is taken aboard by the Municipality in years to come in order to improve service delivery to the public through advanced use of internet and council website, the council need to plan and have a council website so as to make services accessible to the citizens ,training of staff should be done so that they can gain deep understanding on the benefits of e-governance and the council should make use of public private partnerships and city twinning so as to acquire financial and other resources in order to implement and use e-governance system to improve service delivery.


AIM
To determine the efficacy of a rubber bristles interdental cleaner (RBIC) compared to an interdental brush (IDB) in reducing gingivitis and additionally to evaluate participants' attitudes and possible side effects.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study was a 2-treatment, parallel, split-mouth, examiner-blind RCT, evaluating the reversal of experimental gingivitis. In total, 42 systemically healthy volunteers were recruited that were currently non-users of interdental cleaning devices. After familiarization and prophylaxis, participants refrained from brushing mandibular teeth for 21 days, followed by 4-week product use of the assigned interdental cleaning device as adjunct to manual toothbrushing. Bleeding on marginal probing (BOMP), dental plaque index score (PI) and gingival abrasion score (GAs) were assessed in the lower jaw.

RESULTS
Overall, no statistically significant differences between the RBIC and IDB in reducing BOMP and PI were obtained. Analysing the sites that were accessible for the RBIC/IDB only showed that the sites treated with the RBIC had significantly less BOMP after 4 weeks (P = .009). The RBIC also caused less GAs (P => .016) and was considered more pleasurable to use by the participants (P = .0001).

CONCLUSIONS
In accessible sites, the RBIC, in conjunction with manual toothbrushing, was found to be more effective in reducing gingival inflammation after 4 weeks. The RBIC caused less abrasion of the gingiva and was appreciated more by the participants.


The Arizona Hospital Executive Compensation Act 2016 was an Arizona state proposition to limit healthcare executive pay to $450,000/year. An anonymous survey conducted by the Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care (SWJPCC) from 8/1/16-8/22/16 on support for the proposition support and its possible effect on healthcare (Appendix 1). We obtained 52 responses of which 49 were from physicians and 3 from other healthcare workers. Eighty-three percent (43 of 52) supported the proposition and only 10% (5 of 52) felt if would make patient care worse. Thirty-five percent (18 of 52) felt it would make patient care better while the remaining 56% believed it would have no effect. All 5 of those who opposed the proposition felt it would make healthcare worse. These data suggest that in the opinion of those who answered a survey in the SWJPCC the vast majority supported a measure to limit healthcare executive pay and most felt it would have no effect on patient care or make it better.


Ian J. Deary's new book is about the biology of individual differences in intelligence. He views psychometrics - the measurement and statistical study of psychological traits, such as intelligence - as being between social variables (such as school attainment, income, accident rates, etc.) and the biology of the brain, with each field building on a base of knowledge from the lower levels. From psychometrics one can look upwards at applications of psychological tests, or one can look downwards onto the biological factors that affect intelligence. Looking down is what this book does. The basic approach is historical, with most modern research described in the last chapters. I would suggest reading the first chapter and then jumping to the later chapters that describe the more modern research. Some of the early writings are mainly of historical interest. These merely serve to demonstrate that the same questions and hypothesizes have been of interest for centuries. The introductory chapter deals with a number of topics that will be familiar to the specialist in intelligence. One is the existence of a general factor. When mental tests are given to the same subjects, the subjects' performances on the different tests are positively correlated. The person who does well on one test generally does well on other tests, and the poor performer on one test is likely to be a poor performer on other tests. This is not what would be expected if solving different types of problems were a learned skill with those better at solving a particular type of problem being better because they had had more practice. Since time spent practicing solving one type of problem is time not spent at practicing on other types of problems, one who was well practiced at one type of problem would tend to be less practiced at another type of problem. In this case, there would be an inverse correlation between performances on different type of problems. However, a positive correlation is observed. This simple observation suggests that individual differences in practice or in study time do not explain individual differences in performance. A brief discussion is given of the many social variables intelligence helps predict such as school performance, income, social status etc. Particularly striking is the data from Hunter and Hunter (1984) on the validity of common hiring criteria. Best at predicting job performance were mental ability composites (.53). This was even better than job tryouts and far exceeded such measures as education (.10), academic achievement (.11), or interviews (.14). Naturally, some of the evidence for the importance of intelligence comes from The Bell Curve (Herrnstein & Murray 1994), which documents the large number of socially important variables that are influenced by intelligence. (A summary of the findings are available in Miller 1995) The introductory chapter also summarizes the evidence on the heritability of intelligence. The traditional methods of behavioral genetics using twins and adoptees show that there is substantial genetic influence on intelligence, which appear to account for most of the variability between people in intelligence. After the introductory discussion, genes are not discussed again until the next to last chapter, which deals with the latest developments in biological research. This chapter (written with coauthors Carl and MacLullich) discusses the quantitative trait loci project. This is an effort to identify specific genes that affect intelligence (or at least are markers for these genes). The basic methodology here is to look for genetic markers that are shared by individuals of high intelligence. To minimize the number of subjects studied the latest research has focused on very high intelligence (gifted with an IQ averaging 136) children, which are compared with normal children. So far evidence has been found that a variation in the insulin-like growth factor-2 receptor (IGF2R) gene is more common in the high IQ groups than in the normal IQ groups and that the effect is unlikely to be due merely to chance. …


The palaeontological yield of the 1138.54 metre-long AND-2A sedimentary rock core provides unique documentation of Neogene environments in the Ross Sea region of Antarctica. Especially important is the biological legacy of the climatically crucial 'mild' middle Miocene phase. Diatom-bearing units provide key information for stratigraphic intervals never previously recovered from locations proximal to the Antarctic continent and constrain the age model for the AND-2A core. Benthic calcareous (and agglutinated) foraminifera were present at many levels; remarkable is the occurrence of planktonic taxa only seldom found in the Neogene nearshore record of the Ross Sea region. The sporadic occurrence of calcareous dinoflagellate remains (thoracosphaerids) is consistent with warmer-than-present seawater during the Miocene. Marine palynomorphs are almost ubiquitous, although their abundance and diversity are variable. Pollen and spores from the middle Miocene section suggest a mossy tundra vegetation and represent the first stratigraphically-constrained record of terrestrial vegetation in Victoria Land during this time. Fragments of lignin-rich organic matter (huminite-vitrinite and inertinite groups) are particularly predominant during the Miocene climatic optimum, and continue into the Pliocene. Macrofossils are reasonably common throughout the core. Polychaete worm tubes were almost ubiquitous. Especially remarkable is the bivalve record (mainly pectinids), with 4-5 different taxa pointing out a mild climatic situation in the Miocene nearshore.


Irrigation in some countries is a horticultural practice mainly used only to supply water. At the same time the use of microsprinklers have a powerful influence on the changes of temperature in orchards. When the air's temperature is high (about 20 °C or higher) the evaporative cooling irrigation significantly decreases the plants' surface temperature and air temperature. The cooling effect is stronger when the air is dryer. By using cooling irrigation regularly, canopy temperature can be decreased so that the beginning of blooming can be delayed. Also if the blooming is early and frost probability is high, serious damages can happen in orchards. The beneficial effect of cooling irrigation is the temperature reduction and frost protection. InMarch 2010, one month earlier than the expected blooming an irrigation system was established to produce anti-frost treatment and regulate the micro-climate of a Gala apple orchard which belongs to the University of Debrecen (Hungary). The objective of sprinklers was to cool the air by increasing water evaporation and relative humidity. The position of the micro-sprinklers was planned in three levels (around the tree trunks, a few cm near to the soil surface, in the crown region and above the crown, a half meter higher). The results showed that the water sprayed in the orchard by micro-jets influenced decisively the temperature of the plantation. At higher temperatures (around 20 °C), the drop of temperature may attain 5–7 °C. A low relative humidity of the air may increase the relative effect. When water was applied at intervals of 15 minutes for ten times a day from 8 am to 18 pm, the air, flowers and bud's surface temperature could be kept low.At certain days when the temperature was higher than 10 °C, irrigation was used at night time in similar 15 minutes intervals, from 18 pm and 6 am. The beginning of bloom could be delayed for more than ten days. The Gala apple variety blooming dynamics was characterized by a logistic curve in the treated as well as in the control plot. In the treated plot, the curve was steeper than in the control one in spite of the equal temperatures measured in the plots. Under Hungarian climatic conditions, the method was successfully used to delay blooming dates. The main result was the diminution of the frost damage in the spring that assured apple yields.


Background: Medical diseases vary depending on the locality and it reflects the pattern of medical admissions into a medical centre. We set out to collect, analyse, present the report of results from Igbinedion University Teaching Hospital to the wider scientific community on pattern and outcome of patients in medical wards in the hospital between January 2009 to December 2012. This we believe would reflect the relative pattern, trend of diseases burden and relative importance of diseases in the hospital locality. Methods: The study was a retrospective descriptive study where data of admission cases in both male and female medical wards were collected (from the admission register with occasional reference to some patients' case notes) and analysed. Results: A total of 1066 patients were admitted during the study period, Male patients constituted 52.5% while female were 47.5% (Male: Female ratio 1.11:1 , age range 14-99 years) while under 20 years, Under 30 years and Elderly constituted 30.1%, 59.3% and 12.5% respectively. Malaria, hypertension, Vaso-occlussive Crisis in Sickle Cell Diseases, Peptic Ulcer Disease, Gastroenteritis and Enteric Fever were the most common diseases admitted during the study period. Infectious and parasitic diseases was found to constitute the majority of diseases admitted. 81.2%, 4.6% and 1.6% of admitted patients were discharged, referred and died respectively. Discussions and Conclusion: The large proportion of patients in younger age groups was likely due to the university community that is located in the same town with the teaching hospital. Elderly patients accounted for 11.1% of total hospitalization similar to value gotten in another Teaching Hospital. The study showed essentially that Infectious diseases constituted the bulk of admission with malaria being the largest single disease. Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) were also prominent. Majority of the patients were discharged home with lesser outcome of referral, death and transfer etc.


The field of oncology massage is maturing into a discipline with a deeper and deeper body of knowledge. The 3rd edition of Medicine Hands reflects this maturation. Every chapter contains updated information and insights into massaging people affected by cancer. New chapters have been added to cover each stage of the cancer experience: treatment, recovery, survivorship, side effects from the disease, and end of life. These new chapters and organizational structure will make it easier for the reader to find the information needed to plan the massage session for a given client. In addition, a new chapter has been added that focuses on the Pressure/Site/Positioning framework. This is the clinical framework around which the massage session is planned.


Schroder has developed ten independent High Performance Leadership Competencies (HPLCs) that predict superior work unit performance in dynamic environments. Assessment centre technology was used for measuring HPLC's. On the basis of recent research, Schroder developed a 360° instrument, called the Competence Utilization Questionnaire (CUQ), to measure these competencies. The aim of this study was to adapt the CUQ for South African managers. Subjects were 128 middle and senior managers from three major business and utility organisations. Respondents (n = 658), who were either peers or work unit members of subjects, completed CUQ's regarding them. The questionnaire consisted of the ten Schroder competencies, and Contextual Sensitivity, a hypothesised South African competency. A true assumption-free, data-driven exploratory factor analytic study revealed seven well-defined common factors. These are Organisational Learning, Inspiration Building, Strategic Decision-making, Proactivity, Recognition for Development, Performance Feedback, and Contextual Sensitivity. Alpha reliability coefficients were above the 0.80 level, except Factor seven (0.74).


: In this brief, the logic operations involved in conventional carry select adder (CSLA) and binary to excess-1 converter (BEC)-based CSLA are analyzed to study the data dependence and to identify redundant logic operations. We have eliminated all the redundant logic operations present in the conventional CSLA and proposed a new logic formulation for CSLA. In the proposed scheme, the carry select (CS) operation is scheduled before the calculation of final-sum , which is different from the con-ventional approach. Bit patterns of two anticipating carry words (corresponding to c = 0 and 1) and fixed c bits are used for logic optimization in in of CS and generation units. An efficient CSLA design is obtained using optimized logic units. The proposed CSLA design involves significantly less area and delay than the recently proposed BEC-based CSLA. Due to the small carry-output delay, the proposed CSLA design is a good candidate for square-root (SQRT) CSLA. A theoretical estimate shows that the proposed SQRT-CSLA involves nearly 35% less area-delay-product (ADP) than the BEC-based SQRT-CSLA, which is best among the ex-isting SQRT-CSLA designs, on average, for different bit-widths. The application-specified integrated circuit (ASIC) synthesis re-sult shows that the BEC-based SQRT-CSLA design involves 48% more ADP and consumes 50% more energy than the proposed SQRT-CSLA, on average, for different bit-widths.


Pathogen identification at the point of use is critical in preventing disease transmission and enabling prompt treatment. Current rapid diagnostic tests suffer from high rates of false negatives because they are not capable of detecting the inherently low concentrations of pathogens found in early stages of infection or in environmental reservoirs. The gold standard method for timely pathogen identification is a nucleic acid amplification assay called polymerase chain reaction. Although polymerase chain reaction is extremely sensitive and specific, it requires expensive laboratory equipment and trained personnel to perform the sample preparation, cyclical heating, and amplicon analysis. Isothermal nucleic acid amplification assays are better suited for field use because they operate at a single temperature and are robust to common sample matrix inhibitors. Thus, there is a need to translate isothermal amplification assays to the point of use for rapid and sensitive detection of pathogens in complex samples.Here, I outline an approach to bring laboratory-based sample preparation, assays, and analyses to the point of use via portable platforms. First, I characterize a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay and combine it with lateral flow immunoassay for simple, colorimetric interpretation of results. Next, I optimize an ambient-temperature reagent storage method to eliminate cold-chain requirements and precision pipetting steps. I then incorporate loop-mediated isothermal amplification, lateral flow immunoassay, and reagent drying into two different integrated paperfluidic platforms and demonstrate their ability to separately detect bacteria and viruses in complex sample matrices. Finally, I couple loop-mediated isothermal amplification with particle diffusometry to optically determine pathogen presence by tracking the Brownian motion of particles added to an amplified sample. The combined loop-mediated isothermal amplification and particle diffusometry method is first characterized on a microscope and then translated to a smartphone-based platform. Each of these portable platforms are broadly applicable because they can be easily modified for identification of other pathogens at the point of use.


Environment Protection and sustainability has been a major challenge thrown by rapid industrialization. Due to increasing demand of colour free water in many industries like dye industry, textile industry, etc. So, it becomes interesting deals for researcher to find the most economical and efficient method for removal of colour from industrial waste water. The most important technologies are useful the waste water treatment such coagulation, membrane technology filtration ion exchange and advanced oxidation processes However, most of them above depend on the substantial financial input and their use is restricted because of cost factors, it is very important to use such a treatment process is low cost and sustainable. Among various water purification and recycling technologies but adsorption is a fast, inexpensive and universal method. It is most effective for waste water treatment. In case of adsorption process, activated carbon is widely used, but it is restricted within small scale industries due to high cost. So, inexpensive adsorbents like bagasses, fly ash are used for waste water treatment. There are different types of waste which can be converted into activated carbon by chemical activation using different activating agents like Hcl, H2So4.These activating agents are used by different investigators for activation of carbon prepared from waste at different performing conditions.


Seeds of Pongamia pinnata used as feedstock for biodiesel production and the protein-rich residue is fed to farm animals. This paper describes seed development and early germination in terms of phenology, protein and reserve accumulation and utilization. The findings will underpin rapid and successful exploitation of this promising energy and animal feed crop.


Face diarization, i.e. face tracking and clustering within video documents, is useful and important for video indexing and fast browsing but it is also a difficult and time consuming task. In this paper, we address the tracking aspect and propose a novel algorithm with two main contributions. First, we propose an approach that leverages state-of-the-art deformable part-based model (DPM) face detector with a multi-cue discriminant tracking-by-detection framework that relies on automatically learned long-term time-interval sensitive association costs specific to each document type. Secondly to improve performance, we propose an explicit false alarm removal step at the track level to efficiently filter out wrong detections (and resulting tracks). Altogether, the method is able to skip frames, i.e. process only 3 to 4 frames per second - thus cutting down computational cost - while performing better than state-of-the-art methods as evaluated on three public benchmarks from different context including a movie and broadcast data.


Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has gained a lot of attention in recent years, and has been proven to be able to play Atari games and Go at or above human levels. However, those games are assumed to have a small fixed number of actions and could be trained with a simple CNN network. In this paper, we study a special class of Asian popular card games called Dou Di Zhu, in which two adversarial groups of agents must consider numerous card combinations at each time step, leading to huge number of actions. We propose a novel method to handle combinatorial actions, which we call combinatorial Q-learning (CQL). We employ a two-stage network to reduce action space and also leverage order-invariant max-pooling operations to extract relationships between primitive actions. Results show that our method prevails over other baseline learning algorithms like naive Q-learning and A3C. We develop an easy-to-use card game environments and train all agents adversarially from sractch, with only knowledge of game rules and verify that our agents are comparative to humans. Our code to reproduce all reported results is available on github.com/qq456cvb/doudizhu-C.


Fast and frugal heuristics are well studied models of bounded rationality. Psychological research has proposed the take-the-best heuristic as a successful strategy in decision making with limited resources. Take-the-best searches for a sufficiently good ordering of cues (features) in a task where objects are to be compared lexicographically. We investigate the complexity of the problem of approximating optimal cue permutations for lexicographic strategies. We show that no efficient algorithm can approximate the optimum to within any constant factor, if P ≠ NP. We further consider a greedy approach for building lexicographic strategies and derive tight bounds for the performance ratio of a new and simple algorithm. This algorithm is proven to perform better than take-the-best.


The Due Process Clause with its focus on a defendant's liberty interest has become the key, if not only, limitation on a court's exercise of personal jurisdiction. This due process jurisdictional limitation is universally assumed to apply with equal force to alien defendants as to domestic defendants. With few exceptions, scholars do not distinguish between the two. Neither do the courts. Countless cases assume that foreigners have all the rights of United States citizens to object to extraterritorial assertions of personal jurisdiction. But is this assumption sound? This Article explores the uncritical assumption that the same due process considerations apply to alien defendants as to domestic defendants in the personal jurisdiction context. It concludes that the current approach to personal jurisdiction over foreign defendants is doctrinally inconsistent with broader notions of American constitutionalism. The inconsistency is particularly stark given recent Fifth Amendment jurisprudence, including that involving Guantanamo Bay detainees. The limits on a court's power to assert extraterritorial personal jurisdiction over alien defendants derive not from the Due Process Clause, as commonly assumed, but from the inherent attributes of sovereignty under international law. The Article concludes by suggesting two frameworks for determining when a court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident, alien defendant. For theoretical coherence and pragmatic reasons, the Court should untether the personal jurisdiction analysis from the Constitution in international cases. Sovereignty, not due process, limits a U.S. Court's extraterritorial assertion of personal jurisdiction.


Corporate governance theory predicts that leverage affects agency costs and thereby influences firm performance. We propose a new approach to test this theory using profit efficiency, or how close a firm's profits are to the benchmark of a best-practice firm facing the same exogenous conditions. We are also the first to employ a simultaneous-equations model that accounts for reverse causality from performance to capital structure. We also control for measures of ownership structure in the tests. We find that data on the U.S. banking industry are consistent with the theory, and the results are statistically significant, economically significant, and robust.


We examine certain Generalized Hyperbolic (GH) distributions for modeling equity returns, compared to usual Normal distributions. We describe these GH distributions and some of their properties, and test them against six years of daily S&P500 index prices. We estimate Value-at-Risk from calibrated distributions, and show that the Normal distribution leads to VaR estimates that significantly underestimate the realized empirical values, while the GH distributions do not. Of several GH distribution families considered, the most successful is the skewed-t distribution.


These two short pieces discuss General Dynamics Corp. v. United States, in which the Ninth Circuit reversed what appeared to be the first successful use of the Federal Torts Claims Act (FTCA) by a government contractor to pursue a professional malpractice claim against a federal agency, awarding more than $25 million in damages due to professional malpractice committed by the Defense Contract Audit Agency (DCAA). The latter piece: (1) briefly summarizes the history of the case, explaining how a routine contractual compliance audit lead to a $25 million malpractice award; (2) introduces the discretionary function exception to the FTCA; (3) examines the application of the discretionary function exception in the context of prosecutorial discretion; (4) discusses two significant cases that demonstrate the fragile boundaries of the discretionary function exception; (5) describes guidance from the Department of Justice for government counsel faced with raising the discretionary function exception to dismiss FTCA actions; and (6) concludes by acknowledging that efforts to reign in the scope of the discretionary function exception to the FTCA are sure to continue. The earlier piece discusses the district court decision.


In the last decades, pollution of the environment by large scale use of antibiotics in agriculture and human medicine have led to increased antimicrobial resistance in both the environment and the host animal microbiome. Disturbances in the host microbiome can result in impaired immunity and reduced resilience of aquaculture species. Here, we investigated whether environmentally measured levels of the commonly used antibiotics ciprofloxacin and oxytetracycline influences the host microbiome and susceptibility toward saponin-induced immune stimulation in larval zebrafish. Firstly, neutrophil and macrophage reporter zebrafish larvae were exposed to different concentrations of soy saponin by immersion. A dose-dependent increase in neutrophil presence in the intestinal area was observed together with increased expression of immune genes il1b, tnfa, il22 and mmp9. To investigate the effect of antibiotics, larval zebrafish were immersed in ciprofloxacin or oxytetracycline in the presence or absence of a low dose of saponin. In vivo imaging revealed that antibiotic treatment did not reduce the number of neutrophils that were recruited to the intestinal area upon saponin exposure, although it did tend to lower pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Microbial sequencing of whole larvae revealed that exposure to a low dose of saponin already shifted the microbial composition. The combination of oxytetracycline and saponin significantly increased α-diversity compared to the controls. In conclusion, the current study provides evidence that the combination of low levels of antibiotics with low levels of anti-nutritional factors (saponin) can induce inflammatory phenotypes and can modify the microbiota, which might lead to altered disease susceptibility.


This essay shows how real objects must be processes for Gilles Deleuze. These processes are determined by his account of time as a nine-fold manifold of processes deduced from Deleuze's account of three interconnected syntheses of time in his Difference and Repetition ( Difference et repetition , henceforth DR). It will also be argued that Deleuze's philosophy of time is speculative in a broad sense and that Deleuze's account of the real is opposed to forms of abstraction which associate objects with conceptual, perceptual or transcendental identity. In order to demonstrate the radical and systematic nature of Deleuze's account of process, there is a discussion of a basic process underlying his manifold of time. This process is opposed to Markov chains, in order to set up an opposition to interpretations of Deleuze's philosophy that deny its metaphysical and speculative approach in favour of scientific realism.


Cavitation damage of diesel engine cylinder liners is due to vibration of the cylinder wall, initiated by slap of the piston under the combined forces of inertia and firing pressure as it passes top dead center. The occurrence on the anti-thrust side may possibly result from bouncing of the piston. The exact mechanism of cavitation damage is not entirely clear. Two schools of thought have developed, one supporting an essentially erosive, and the other an essentially corrosive, mechanism. Measures to prevent, or reduce, cavitation damage should be considered firstly from the aspect of design, attention being given to methods of reducing the amplitude of the liner vibration. Attempts have been made to reduce the severity of attack by attention to the environment. Inhibitors, such as chromates, benzoate/nitrite mixtures, and emulsified oils, have been tried with varying success. Attempts have been made to reduce or prevent cavitation damage by the application of cathodic protection, and this has been found to be effective in certain instances of trouble on propellers.


Fast-flowing ice streams and outlet glaciers currently account for as much as 90% of the discharge from the Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets. Although the deformation of subglacial material has been proposed as the mechanism for this rapid motion, such sediment is usually hidden under several kilometers of ice. Marine-geophysical records have allowed reconstruction of the three-dimensional thickness of the sedimentary bed beneath a large Antarctic paleo-ice stream for the first time. Fast flow is indicated by streamlined seafloor lineations that form the surface of a layer of low shear strength, unsorted sediment, averaging 4.6 m thick. Rapid motion of the paleo-ice stream was a result of subglacial deformation within this layer.


We investigate in detail the interferometric nature of the signal delivered by an apertureless scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM). This nature is first brought to the fore by near-field images of an integrated waveguide. The detection process of an evanescent wave generated by total internal reflection is then studied by both lateral near-field scans and signal detection as a function of the tip-to-sample distance. This study permits interpretation of fringe patterns appearing in apertureless SNOM images and provides important information about the nature of the signal. In particular, both experimental data and simple calculations show that, because of interference with background light coming from the sample, the detected signal can describe the complex field amplitude, or the field intensity, or a subtle mix of both, depending on the tip environment and the tip position.


The study of dialects and of closely-related systems can be very interesting under the perspective of language typology since they give insights into different forms of linguistic patterning, setting off from very similar linguistic substance. The topic of this paper is gender agreement on cardinal numbers, a good example in which dialects exhibit a higher degree of complexity than their nearest standard languages, in this case German and Italian, as well as most European standard languages. Cardinal numerals are a special kind of linguistic object. From the point of view of agreement, lower numerals may share adjective-like properties and agree (usually in gender) with their head nouns, whereas higher numerals tend to have more noun-like properties and behave more as agreement controllers than as targets. Focusing on the Romance-Germanic contact area encompassing the alpine space, patterns of variation on numerals will be considered. On the basis of linguistic atlases, local grammars and dictionaries, and field-work research a typology of diffusion and evolution of the phenomenon of gender agreement on lower numerals both in Romance varieties (Gallo-Romance, Italo-Romance, Ladin) and German (Upper German dialects) can be outlined.


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To present a model for end-of-life care in adult hematology that has been developed from nursing insights.

DATA SOURCES
Insights obtained from 25 nursing interviews during a two-year, qualitative, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council research study.

DATA SYNTHESIS
The nursing insights indicate that an understanding of end-of-life care in hematology needs to be set in a trilogy of overlapping models (labeled functional, evolving, and refractory) that address the complexity of issues associated with professional and hospital culture.

CONCLUSIONS
The authors have used the findings of their national research study to develop a useful, working model to assist with the integration of palliative care into adult hematology.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
The model develops a new language for understanding and fostering the integration of palliative care and hematology.


Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection can be effectively controlled by potent antiviral drugs, but this never results in a cure. The patient should therefore take these drugs for the rest of his/her life, which can cause drug-resistance and adverse effects. Therefore, more durable therapeutic strategies should be considered, such as a stable gene therapy to protect the target T cells against HIV-1 infection. The development of potent therapeutic regimens based on the RNA interference (RNAi) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR-Cas) mechanisms will be described, which can be delivered by lentiviral vectors. These mechanisms attack different forms of the viral genome, the RNA and DNA, respectively, but both mechanisms act in a strictly sequence-specific manner. Early RNAi experiments demonstrated profound virus inhibition, but also indicated that viral escape is possible. Such therapy failure can be prevented by the design of a combinatorial RNAi attack on the virus and this gene therapy is currently being tested in a preclinical humanized mouse model. Recent CRISPR-Cas studies also document robust virus inhibition, but suggest a novel viral escape route that is induced by the cellular nonhomologous end joining DNA repair pathway, which is activated by CRISPR-Cas-induced DNA breaks. We will compare these two approaches for durable HIV-1 suppression and discuss the respective advantages and disadvantages. The potential for future clinical applications will be described.


Last Thursday, the Sejm has passed another hugely controversial law that might change the constitutional setup in Poland without changing a letter of the constitution itself. The law claims, according to its title, to "increase the participation of citizens in the process of electing, functioning and controlling certain public bodies" (doc. 2001). In large parts, it consists of amendments to the Polish Electoral Code (E.C). Its adoption is opposed by the parliamentary opposition, by the electoral administration bodies and by many experts. The enactment of this law would violate the principle of a democratic state ruled by law in three ways.


Jan Paris, conservator at the library of the University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill) explains how she decides whether vulnerable material from the special collections may be digitized and under what conditions. She considers not only the condition of the objects, but also the purpose of the digitization process: education, preservation, creating a facsimile edition or as part of a large-scale preservation project. These can be summarized as the impact of preservation considerations such as the reduction in handling, the reduction in the need for interventive conservation and the impact of access considerations such as enabling value-added research, on-demand digitization and producing aids to teaching.


Contemporary society demands that every organization operate with a sense of social responsibility. Many organizations now include corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities in their work programs. In the health sector, however, the role of CSR has not been studied as intensively as in private corporations because the services provided by the health sector are already valued as directly serving humanity. This research aims to evaluate the impact of CSR on the health sector, specifically on government hospitals. This model was developed by analyzing the influence of CSR on hospital reputation, customer loyalty, and hospital values. By answering questionnaires, a total of 200 hospital patients from four government hospitals participated in the study. The proposed model was evaluated using path analysis with AMOS tools. The results of this study provide empirical evidence that overall, CSR positively affects the reputation of the hospital, patient loyalty, and hospital value. Although there is a direct negative effect of CSR on hospital value, the larger influence of indirect effect that occurs through the mediating role of reputation and patient loyalty variables shows that CSR is able to increase the hospital value. Practically, these results imply that CSR should be applied as a strategic tool in improving the value of the hospital.


Whereas the characterization of B lymphoid progenitors has been facilitated by the identification of lineage- and stage-specific surface markers, the continued identification of differentially expressed proteins increases our capacity to explore normal and malignant B cell development. To identify novel surface markers with stage-specific expression patterns, we explored the reactivity of CD19+ B cell progenitor cells to Abs targeted to 176 surface proteins. Markers with stage-specific expression were identified using a transgenic reporter gene system subdividing the B cell progenitors into four surface IgM− stages. This approach affirmed the utility of known stage-specific markers, as well as identifying additional proteins that selectively marked defined stages of B cell development. Among the stage-specific markers were the cell adhesion proteins CD49E, CD11A, and CD54 that are highly expressed selectively on the most immature progenitors. This work identifies a set of novel stage-specific surface markers that can be used as a complement to the classical staining protocols to explore B lymphocyte development.


In recent times more and more is said about globalization, tolerance, peaceful coexistence, and dialogue among the world religions. The Orthodox Church, through the patriarchal encyclicals, has voiced its concern and advocacy for the amelioration of the human condition and the role of religion in enabling people to reconcile and live in peace. This can be most effectively achieved through dialogue that engages religious people of good will, who are faithful to God's message of peace and love among all people. Historically, Orthodox Christianity has promoted dialogue and religious tolerance among all peoples. Though dialogue between Judaism and Islam occasionally took place, often there were polemics and violence between Christianity and the other two religions. There is evidence of dialogue and peaceful coexistence among these religions. (1) Particularly interesting is the Orthodox tradition of religious tolerance. The case in point is Patriarch Metrophanes III of Constantinople, who issued a sharp condemnation of the maltreatment of the Jews in Crete in an encyclical written in 1568. In part it stated: "Injustice, therefore, and slander, regardless whomever acted upon or performed against, is still injustice. The unjust person is never relieved of responsibility for these acts under the pretext that the injustice is done against a heterodox and not to a believer." (2) This tradition has been continued by the Orthodox Church and especially by the present Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I. I will present several excerpts from the encyclicals of Patriarch Bartholomew to illustrate the concern of Orthodox for peaceful coexistence, especially among the monotheistic religions--that is, the "children of Abraham." Patriarch Bartholomew was one of the signers of "The Bosporus Declaration" in Istanbul, Turkey, February 9, 1994, at a conference on "Peace and Tolerance," sponsored by the Appeal of Conscience based in New York. Jewish, Muslim, and Roman Catholic representatives also signed this declaration. The declaration emphatically stated: "We stand firmly against those who violate the sanctity of human life and pursue policies in defiance of moral values. We reject the concept that it is possible to justify one's actions in any armed conflicts in the name of God." Further, "We totally condemn those who commit brutalities, killings, rapes, mutilations, forcible displacement, and inhuman beatings." In addition, the declaration called upon all people of goodwill to recognize and allow others the right to practice their religion. The participants at this conference "agreed unanimously to utterly condemn war and armed conflict ... to demand initiation of constructive dialogue to solve outstanding issues between those of different faiths; and to demand the right to practice one's religion in freedom and with dignity." This declaration is in perfect harmony with the Orthodox theological tradition. The Bosporus Declaration also condemned ethnic cleansing and violence in the name of religion--such as has taken place in Yugoslavia, Caucasus, and other areas of the world. (3) In addition, Bartholomew addressed the Bosporus Conference to condemn ultra-ethnicism and ultra-nationalism: The Holy Orthodox Church has searched long for a language with which to address nationalism, amid the strife and havoc this new ideology created in the Orthodox lands of the Eastern Empire for much of the nineteenth century. In 1872 a Great Synod, held in our Patriarchal Cathedral at the Phanar, in the name of the Prince of Peace, issued an unqualified condemnation of the sin of phyletism, saying, "We renounce, censure, and condemn racism, that is, social discrimination, ethnic feuds, hatreds, and dissensions within the Church of Christ." (4) In the same address Bartholomew stated the most fundamental basis for universal human equality: "Man was created in the image and likeness of God--and there can be no different standard of treatment for those human beings who happen to be in Asia, another for Africans, and yet another for Europeans. …


Given a graph, like a social/computer network or the blogosphere, in which an infection (or meme or virus) has been spreading for some time, how to select the k best nodes for immunization/quarantining immediately? Most previous works for controlling propagation (say via immunization) have concentrated on developing strategies for vaccination preemptively before the start of the epidemic. While very useful to provide insights in to which baseline policies can best control an infection, they may not be ideal to make real-time decisions as the infection is progressing. In this paper, we study how to immunize healthy nodes, in the presence of already infected nodes. Efficient algorithms for such a problem can help public-health experts make more informed choices, tailoring their decisions to the actual distribution of the epidemic on the ground. First we formulate the Data-Aware Vaccination problem, and prove it is NP-hard and also that it is hard to approximate. Secondly, we propose three effective polynomial-time heuristics DAVA, DAVA-prune and DAVA-fast, of varying degrees of efficiency and performance. Finally, we also demonstrate the scalability and effectiveness of our algorithms through extensive experiments on multiple real networks including large epidemiology datasets (containing millions of interactions). Our algorithms show substantial gains of up to ten times more healthy nodes at the end against many other intuitive and nontrivial competitors.


Art exploration is a complex process conditioned by factors at different levels and includes both basic visual principles and complex cognitive factors. The human figure is considered a critical factor attracting the attention in art painting. Using an eye-tracking methodology, the goal of this study was to explore different elements of the human figure performing an action (face and body parts in action) in complex social scenes characterized by different levels of social interaction between agents depicted in scenes (individual vs. social). The sample included 44 laypersons, and the stimuli consisted of 10 fine art paintings representing the figurative style of classical art. The results revealed different scanning patterns of the human figure elements related to the level of social interaction of agents depicted in the scene. The agents' face attracted eye movements in social interaction scenes while the agents' body parts attracted eye movements only when the agents were involved in individual actions. These processes were confirmed specifically in participants with high empathic abilities who became immediately fixated on faces to develop a mimetic engagement with other agents. Future studies integrating other measures would help confirm the results obtained and strengthen their implication for embodiment processes.


Molecular dynamics simulations on an atomistic scale were performed to create a series of crosslinked vinyl ester resins, where the crosslink density was varied at a constant degree of conversion. Thermodynamic and mechanical properties were obtained as a function of the crosslink density. In this study, a new algorithm was developed to generate the crosslinking network by incorporating the correct regioselectivity (head-to-tail chain propagation), and simulated the actual monomer reactivity ratios during the cure. These features had never been achieved in previous simulations. Most previous crosslinking simulations have been performed on epoxy resins, which undergo step-growth type polymerization. Vinyl esters, in contrast, cure by free radical chain polymerization. In this study, vinyl ester crosslinking networks with conversions up to 98% were successfully achieved. Volume shrinkage, glass transition temperature, and Young's modulus of the equilibrated structures were calculated, where the resin's crosslink densities were varied. The isotropic Young's modulus was compared with available experimental data. This newly developed method holds great promise for generating other realistic thermoset and thermoplastic polymer systems containing two or more type of monomers.


Parks and gardens are characterized by constant change and the need to be continuously managed and recreated. Over time, layers of history are built up, reflecting artistic and human ideals, socio-economic factors, technology and practices from different periods. Designed landscapes are archives and often have significant levels of biodiversity. One example is the Ekolsund manorial estate in Sweden, laid out in the seventeenth century in a large-scale project. Buildings, gardens and parks formed part of an overall architectural composition, where representation and display were key elements. With its audacity and grandeur, Ekolsund represents a new approach to landscape design in Sweden. The later development includes an early attempt by King Gustavus III to create landscape gardens and, during the era of capitalist owners, the planting of arboreta. Despite favourable conditions for a restoration of the seventeenth-century designed landscape, this paper argues for a holistic approach, where visions and actions of different agents - that together have shaped Ekolsund - are the foundation. Where cultural and natural values complement each other, requiring collaboration between research disciplines and the cultural heritage and nature conservation sectors.


This article aims to offer an overview of the rise, growth and diversification of academic music research in Sweden. 'Research in music' is suggested as a comprehensive term, covering all kinds of research relating to music.In 1915 the Swedish University Chancellor's office established a syllabus for 'music history and theory' at Lund University. The syllabus was initiated by Tobias Norlind, and its confirmation may be seen as the start of musicology as an academic discipline in Sweden. Already from 1863, however, the director musices at Uppsala University had lectured on music, a practice that had been taken up also at Lund University. Dissertations on music were made within scientific or aesthetic disciplines until 1885, when the Uppsala student Karl Valentin produced a dissertation in comparative musicology at Leipzig University, on the theme of Swedish folk song style. Also Norlind studied in Leipzig and Munich towards the end of the nineteenth century, and hereby contributed to the influence of German musicology on the new, Swedish branch.In 1918, Norlind moved from Lund to Stockholm where he succeeded Valentin as a teacher of music history at the music conservatoire and also became the director of the Museum of Music History. He had been active in the Internationale Musikgesellschaft and in its Swedish sections. Out of them grew Svenska samfundet for musikforskning (Swedish society for music research) and its journal Svensk tidskrift for musikforskning (Swedish journal of music research) in 1919.A first licentiate degree (comparable to a present-day doctor's degree) in musicology was taken at Lund University in 1918. Once Stockholm University College (predecessor of Stockholm University) had accepted the syllabus, graduations could occur also there. One of the first students who graduated was Carl-Allan Moberg in 1927.During the 1930s and early 1940s, research in the history of primarily Swedish music and church music was conducted by Norlind at the Museum of Music History and by Moberg at Uppsala University. Norlind also made extensive research in folk music, dance and organology. While his scholarly roots were in the evolutionism of comparative musicology, Moberg approached culture in terms of social and economic interaction.In 1947, the long-awaited first professorship and university department in musikforskning (cf. German Musikforschung) were established at Uppsala University. With Moberg as professor, this was the start of the so-called 'Uppsala school' with its focus on the history of Swedish music, church music and folk music. A younger generation of researchers who graduated in the early 1950s and whose front figure was Ingmar Bengtsson (he succeeded Moberg as professor at Uppsala University in 1961) added the perspectives of contemporary art music and performance practice. The post-war period, with the German scholar Ernst Emsheimer as director of the Museum of Music History, also saw a continuation of research in organology and the introduction of ethnomusicology. In 1951, Svenskt visarkiv (the Centre for Swedish Folk Music) opened in Stockholm. Later it became a centre for ethnomusicology in Sweden, and so it remains today.In 1969, the discipline musikforskning was renamed musikvetenskap (cf. German Musikwissenschaft), and this was also the name of an influential handbook by Ingmar Bengtsson. Using externally financed projects, Bengtsson widened the scope of the discipline to include interdisciplinary collaboration with psychology and technical science. This led to the establishment of music psychology at the Department of Psychology at Uppsala University and of musical acoustics at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. These new branches of research in music were later followed by biomusicology, music archaeology and music therapy.The aim of creating professorships at each of the four Swedish universities was gradually realised when new departments were founded at Stockholm University (1956) with Martin Tegen (sociology of music) as its leader, at Lund University (1965) with Folke Bohlin (church music and choral research) and at University of Gothenburg (1967) with Jan Ling (folk music and music in society). The department in Gothenburg quickly developed its own research profile, studying a range of musical genres in their social contexts. This 'Gothenburg model' still forms the core of that department, while the Uppsala department has retained its long-time profile of research on Swedish music history. However, all Swedish departments of musikvetenskap conduct research in the wider area of humanistic musicology. Bengtsson, Tegen, Bohlin and Ling all became heads and sole professors of their departments of musikvetenskap. During the following two decades, a number of reforms in higher education changed the landscape in many ways. A reform of the third-cycle courses and the introduction of time-limited doctoral scholarships led to a considerable increase of the number of graduated musicologists. Further, the introduction of a promotion system radically increased the number of senior lecturers and professors, and the establishment of a system where heads of department were elected resulted in leadership being distributed on several colleagues.While this growth was beneficial in many ways, the fact that some of the reforms did not come with government funding also made them problematic for the departments. Moreover, the Swedish government began redirecting funding from universities to research councils. Today, promoted professors no longer have the benefit of research accounts tied to their positions. Instead, like the majority of researchers, they normally depend on external funding of time-limited research projects. In 1977, a major university reform for the first time included music conservatories, from then on called musikhogskola (cf. German Musikhochschule), in the university system. A new and expanded programme for the education of music teachers was introduced at the same time. In theory, it was now possible to conduct research at these institutions, but putting this into practice proved to be a long-term project. Research in music education was developed in close collaboration between the conservatoires, and the first graduation occurred in 2001. Artistic research was developed in collaboration between all conservatoires and academies in the area of the arts, particularly on the initiative of those in Malmo/Lund and Gothenburg. The first graduations in artistic research in music took place in 2008.The numerous reforms, and the way researchers have responded to them, have resulted in a new dynamic in the area of research in music. Today, the research in music – much like in the sciences – is increasingly conducted by research groups or research teams that often involve more than one university and more than one discipline. Attempts are made to approach the challenges of interdisciplinary communication within the broad field of research in music itself, but such communication largely remains an unused potential. For example, the growing academic interest in the media of music creation, production and consumption points towards a field that relates to all branches of research in music and so holds great potential for interdisciplinary study.n. (Less)


Macrodactyly is a rare family of congenital disorders characterized by the diffuse enlargement of 1 or more digits. Multiple tissue types within the affected digits are involved, but skeletal patterning and gross morphological features are preserved. Not all tissues are equally involved and there is marked heterogeneity with respect to clinical phenotype. The molecular mechanisms responsible for these growth disturbances offer unique insight into normal limb growth and development, in general. To date, no genes or loci have been implicated in the development of macrodactyly. In this study, we performed the first transcriptional profiling of macrodactyly tissue. We found that pleiotrophin (PTN) was significantly overexpressed across all our macrodactyly samples. The mitogenic functions of PTN correlate closely with the clinical characteristics of macrodactyly. PTN thus represents a promising target for further investigation into the etiology of overgrowth phenotypes.


"Humour studies" is an interdisciplinary research area that is relatively recent. It interests researchers from the disciplines of psychology, sociology, medicine, nursing, in the work place, gender studies, among others, and certainly teaching, language learning, linguistics, and literature. Linguistic theories of humour research are numerous; some of which are of interest to the present study. In spite of the fact that humour courses are now taught in universities around the world in the Egyptian context it is not included. The purpose of the present study is two-fold: to review the state of arts and to show how linguistic theories of humour can be possibly used as an art and craft of teaching and of learning in EFL literature classes. In the present study linguistic theories of humour were applied to selected literary texts to interpret humour as an intrinsic artistic communicative competence challenge. Humour in the area of linguistics was seen as a fifth component of communicative competence of the second language leaner. In literature it was studied as satire, irony, wit, or comedy. Linguistic theories of humour now describe its linguistic structure, mechanism, function, and linguistic deviance. Semantic Script Theory of Verbal Humor (SSTH), General Theory of Verbal Humor (GTVH), Audience Based Theory of Humor (ABTH), and their extensions and subcategories as well as the pragmatic perspective were employed in the analyses. This research analysed the linguistic semantic structure of humour, its mechanism, and how the audience reader (teacher or learner) becomes an interactive interpreter of the humour. This promotes humour competence together with the linguistic, social, cultural, and discourse communicative competence. Studying humour as part of the literary texts and the perception of its function in the work also brings its positive association in class for educational purposes. Humour is by default a provoking/laughter-generated device. Incongruity recognition, perception and resolving it, is a cognitive mastery. This cognitive process involves a humour experience that lightens up the classroom and the mind. It establishes connections necessary for the learning process. In this context the study examined selected narratives to exemplify the application of the theories. It is, therefore, recommended that the theories would be taught and applied to literary texts for a better understanding of the language. Students will then develop their language competence. Teachers in EFL/ESL classes will teach the theories, assist students apply them and interpret text and in the process will also use humour. This is thus easing students' acquisition of the second language, making the classroom an enjoyable, cheerful, self-assuring, and self-illuminating experience for both themselves and their students. It is further recommended that courses of humour research studies should become an integral part of higher education curricula in Egypt. Keywords—ABTH, deviance, disjuncture, episodic, GTVH, humour competence, humour comprehension, humour in the classroom, humour in the literary texts, humour research linguistic theories, incongruityresolution, isotopy-disjunction, jab line, longer O. F. Elkommos is with the Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, British University in Egypt, Elsherouk, Egypt, Ph.D. in Applied Linguistics (phone: 00202-01222434381; email: firstname.lastname@example.com). text joke, narrative story line (macro-micro), punch line, six knowledge resource, SSTH, stacks, strands, teaching linguistics, teaching literature, TEFL, TESL.


Research on memory modification and creation has suggested that not only can details of memories for events from childhood be altered, but entire and complex memories can be created. However, several questions remained unanswered. The focus of the present research was to examine the extent to which subjects will alter their opinion to reflect the belief that an event happened in childhood and the conditions under which this will happen. It examined whether motivation is by itself a sufficient factor to enable subjects to remember unknown and originally repudiated events from childhood, or whether strong demands are also necessary. A second aim was to compare three so-called memory retrieval techniques that are currently employed in therapy to retrieve memories from childhood: the first was hypnosis, the second involved relaxation and visualization (termed guided imagery ), and the third involved relaxation and concentration (termed focused thinking ). In two sessions, the second a week after the first, subjects were asked to 'remember' two events of which they claimed to have no recollection. The occurrence of the two events had also been repudiated by subjects' parents in a telephone interview. Results revealed no differences between groups: guided imagery and focused thinking were as effective as hypnosis in producing memories which led over 50% of subjects to claim that each of the two events had taken place. Further, subjects' initial motivation to determine whether they had experienced these new events was sufficient for them to produce memories and alter their original judgments; added pressure in the form of social demands from the experimenter was not necessary. Subjects' altered opinions remained unchanged despite being told that their parents had no memory for the events, and remained stable over a period of several months following the study. Implications of memory retrieval for therapeutic and legal purposes are discussed.