In recent years, much interest has focused on the beneficial effects of administering potentially harmful therapeutic agents in drug carriers so as to reduce their toxic side effects. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic systemic disease with progressive destruction of the Joints and long term patient disability, Corticosteroids have been shown to retard the progression of Joint destruction but are limited in their use due to adverse side effects,This project, following the line of investigation started by other workers, was designed to study the use of microspheres to deliver corticosteroids to inflamed tissues by both the oral and intravenous routes. Hydrocortisone (HC)-loaded albumin microspheres were prepared by three different methods, by direct incorporation of HC within the particles, by indirect incorporation of HC by the enzymatic conversion of hydrocortisone-21-phosphate (H-21-P) to HC within the particles, and by the adsorption of HC onto the surface. HC was also loaded with PLA microspheres. The level of corticosteriod loading and in vitro release from microspheres was determined by HPLC analysis. A reversed-phase, ion-pairing HPLC method was developed to simultaneously measure both HC and H-21-P. The highest level of corticosteroid loading was achieved using the incorporation of H-21-P with enzymatic conversion to HC method. However, HPLC analysis showed only 5% of the incorporated steroid was HC. In vitro release rates of steroid from albumin microspheres showed >95% of incorporated steroid was released within 2 hours of dissolution. Increasing the protein:steroid ratio, and the temperature and duration of microsphere stabilization, had little effect on prolonging drug release. In vivo studies, using the carrageenan-induced rat hind-paw model of inflammation, indicated steroid-incorporated microspheres administered both orally and intraperitoneally were not therapeutically advantageous when compared to equivalent free steroid doses. The ability of orally and intravenously dosed [125I]~albumin microspheres (2.67 μm mean diameter) to accumulate in acutely and chronically inflamed tissues was investigated, The subcutaneous air-pouch was the model of inflammation used, with carrageenan as the inflammatory stimulus. Acute and chronic inflammation was shown to be consistently formed  in pouch tissues in terms of cell infiltration and fluid exudate formation in the pouch cavity. Albumin microspheres were shown to accumulate in the inflamed tissues and pouch fluids after both oral and intravenous administration. Preliminary, confirmatory studies using latex microspheres and quantitation by GPC analysis, also indicated microsphere accumulation in both acutely and chronically inflamed air-pouch tissues. tntl lUr"'poucbtis,sues; The results indicate the uptake and transfer of microspheres across the gastrointestinal tract into the circulation and their migration through disrupted endothelium and basement membranes at the inflamed sites. , .


The avicide, DRC-1339, is used to cull populations of spring-migrating blackbirds in eastern South Dakota to reduce damage to ripening sunflower in late summer. We investigated nontarget bird hazards associated with using various grain mixtures to attract blackbirds (Icteridae), especially red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), to avicide-treated bait broadcast in harvested cornfields. During spring 1997 and 1998, we recorded the species and numbers of birds attracted to 0.2-ha plots baited with cracked corn and brown rice, fine-chipped sunflower meats and brown rice (1 997 only), and unsupplemented brown rice. Unbaited plots were used as reference sites. In 1997 and 1998, nontarget birds showed no preference among bait mixtures (P 's > 0.16). In 1997, blackbird preference did not differ among bait mixtures (P > 0.12); whereas, in 1998, blackbirds preferred the cordrice mixture over rice (P = 0.02). Our data show that augmenting brown rice with cracked corn or sunflower meats poses little additional risk to nontarget birds and may help attract blackbirds to the baitsite.


We consider a minimally coupled scalar field with a monomial potential and a perfect fluid in flat Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker cosmology. We apply local and global dynamical systems techniques to a new three-dimensional dynamical systems reformulation of the field equations on a compact state space. This leads to a visual global description of the solution space and asymptotic behavior. At late times we employ averaging techniques to prove statements about how the relationship between the equation of state of the fluid and the monomial exponent of the scalar field affects asymptotic source dominance and asymptotic manifest self-similarity breaking. We also situate the 'attractor' solution in the three-dimensional state space and show that it corresponds to the one-dimensional unstable center manifold of a de Sitter fixed point, located on an unphysical boundary associated with the dynamics at early times. By deriving a center manifold expansion we obtain approximate expressions for the attractor solution. We subsequently improve the accuracy and range of the approximation by means of Padé approximants and compare with the slow-roll approximation.


The legal education system is in a major crisis now, in part because law schools do not prepare students adequately to practice law. Law schools should do a better job of teaching negotiation, in particular, because it is a significant part of the work of virtually every practicing lawyer. This includes lawyers who handle civil and criminal matters and lawyers who do litigation as well as those who do transactional work. Negotiation is especially important because most litigated cases are settled and virtually all unstandardized transactions are negotiated. Most law school negotiation courses rely primarily or exclusively on simulations in which lawyers "parachute" into a case just before the final negotiations. In real life, however, negotiations grow out the preceding activities such as interviewing and counseling clients, obtaining necessary information, conducting legal research, and performing case management procedures. For law students to get a realistic understanding of how lawyers actually negotiate in the real world, it is important that they understand how negotiation fits into the "big picture" of legal practice. This article describes how my negotiation course provided students a more realistic experience of negotiation.I wrote Teaching Students to Negotiate Like a Lawyer when I was preparing to teach negotiation for the first time. That article was a vehicle to develop some theories about better preparing students to practice law, which I tested in the Spring and Fall 2012 semesters at the University of Missouri School of Law. This article reports my observations from teaching those courses and offers suggestions for future efforts to improve legal education. My experience supports the (1) focus on negotiation in a wide range of situations in addition to the final resolution of disputes and transactions, (2) addition of "ordinary legal negotiation" to the two traditional theories of negotiation, and (3) use of multi-stage simulations in addition to traditional single-stage simulations. These approaches were critical in providing students with a more realistic understanding of negotiation. This article also describes experiments with other teaching techniques in my courses.


[1] This study examines whether cloud inhomogeneity influences the view angle dependence of MODIS cloud optical thickness retrieval results. The degree of cloud inhomogeneity is characterized through the local gradient in 11 μm brightness temperature. The analysis of liquid phase clouds in a 1 year long global data set of Collection 4 MODIS data reveals that while optical thickness retrievals give remarkably consistent results for all view directions if clouds are homogeneous, they give much higher τ-values for oblique views than for overhead views if clouds are inhomogeneous and the Sun is fairly oblique. The mean optical thickness retrieved for the most inhomogeneous third of cloudy pixels is more than 40% higher for oblique views than for overhead views if the solar zenith angle exceeds 60°. After considering a variety of possible scenarios, the paper concludes that the most likely reason for the increase lies in three-dimensional radiative interactions that are not considered in current, one-dimensional retrieval algorithms. Namely, the radiative effect of cloud sides viewed at oblique angles seems to contribute most to the enhanced optical thickness values. The results presented here will help understand and estimate cloud retrieval uncertainties related to cloud inhomogeneity and may eventually help correct for the observed view angle-dependent biases.


A novel surface plasmon waveguide structure is proposed for highly integrated planar lightwave circuits. By etching a small trench through a metallic thin film on a silica substrate, a guided mode with highly confined light fields is realized. The mode properties of the proposed structure are studied. The necessity of using a polymer upper-cladding is discussed. The coupling between two closely positioned waveguides and a 90o bending are also studied numerically. Sharp bending and high integration can be realized with the present surface plasmon waveguide. The proposed structure is easy to fabricate as compared with some other types of surface plasmon waveguides for high integration.


Summary

Pollen is characterised for having a low fat content, a relatively high content of dietary fibre and an important amount of minerals and essential amino acids. With regard to bioactive compounds, honeybee-collected pollen exhibits an important source of phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity. The purpose of this research was to study how the nutritional properties and the stability of the bioactive compounds found in honeybee-collected pollen were affected by the commercial processing and its floral origin. To achieve this goal, pollen pellets of different floral origin were harvested directly from hives and immediately stored at −80 °C. Pollen pellets were dried by placing them into hot-air chambers (traditional drying methodology) or by means of freeze-drying. We found a slight influence of floral origin on the nutritional properties of pollen pellets (multifloral pollen had higher contents of fat, carbohydrates, proteins and mineral elements than monofloral-type pollen), whereas the abundance of bioactive compounds was correlated with the origin factor as well as the methodology employed to dry the fresh pollen pellets, especially carotenoid pigments such as lutein (5.73 ± 1.80, 4.93 ± 1.16 and 0.81 ± 0.16 μg of lutein per g of pollen for fresh, lyophilised and hot-air-dried multifloral pollen).


BACKGROUND
Surgically, it is difficult to achieve union of a scaphoid nonunion that is associated with osteonecrosis of the proximal pole, and those with carpal collapse are especially difficult to treat. A variety of vascularized bone grafts can be used. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two types of vascularized bone graft -- a distal radial pedicle graft and a free vascularized medial femoral condyle graft -- in the treatment of scaphoid waist nonunions associated with proximal pole osteonecrosis and carpal collapse.

METHODS
A retrospective review was conducted at two institutions to identify all patients with a scaphoid waist nonunion associated with an avascular proximal pole and carpal collapse. Between January 1994 and June 2006, twenty-two such nonunions were identified in twenty-two patients. Ten were treated with a distal radial pedicle vascularized graft and twelve, with a free vascularized medial femoral condyle graft. Patient demographics were similar between the groups, and the duration of follow-up averaged twelve months. Union was determined with use of plain radiographs and computed tomography or trispiral tomograms. In addition, carpal angles, time to union, union rates, and complications were recorded.

RESULTS
Four of the ten nonunions treated with the distal radial pedicle graft healed, at a median of nineteen weeks, and all twelve nonunions treated with the free medial femoral condyle graft healed, at a median of thirteen weeks. The rate of union was significantly higher (p = 0.005) and the median time to healing was significantly shorter (p < 0.001) for the nonunions treated with the medial femoral condyle graft.

CONCLUSIONS
A vascularized interposition graft from the medial femoral condyle is the recommended vascularized bone graft for the surgical treatment of scaphoid waist nonunion with avascularity of the proximal pole and carpal collapse.


We report on new magnetization studies on a two-dimensional electron system (2DES) revealing spin splitting of the Landau levels. For this, we have built a high-sensitive susceptometer consisting of a low-noise thin-film dc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) with a multiturn input coil and a wire-wound first-order gradiometer. The system noise level is only 40×10 −6 Φ 0 /√ (Hz) down to a frequency of a few Hz in unshielded environment. In background fields up to 10 T, the system exhibits significant low-frequency noise. At frequencies above 1 kHz, however, the SQUID sensitivity is barely affected and we have reached a value of about 10 −14 J/T at 1 T and better than 10 −13 J/T at 10 T. With this, we have studied the de Haas–van Alphen effect for a tunable 2DES starting from zero carrier density.


This review is an update of a previous review (A. J. Minnich, et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 2009, 2, 466) published two years ago by some of the co-authors, focusing on progress made in thermoelectrics over the past two years on charge and heat carrier transport, strategies to improve the thermoelectric figure of merit, with new discussions on device physics and applications, and assessing challenges on these topics. Understanding of phonon transport in bulk materials has advanced significantly as the first-principles calculations are applied to thermoelectric materials, and experimental tools are being developed. Some new strategies have been developed to improve electron transport in thermoelectric materials. Fundamental questions on phonon and electron transport across interfaces and in thermoelectric materials remain. With thermoelectric materials reaching high ZT values well above one, the field is ready to take a step forward and go beyond the materials' figure of merit. Developing device contacts and module fabrication techniques, developing a platform for efficiency measurements, and identifying applications are becoming increasingly important for the future of thermoelectrics.


The energy dissipation capacity resulting from progressive cracking of the web-flange junctions (WFJs) of a pultruded GFRP deck system was experimentally investigated. Web-cantilever bending experiments up to failure were performed on two WFJ types (IfO, IcO) with similar geometry and fiber architecture but different initial imperfections. The latter resulted in different load-displacement behaviors (linear and markedly nonlinear up to failure in IfO and IcO, respectively) and failure modes. Failure was governed in both types by through-thickness tension in the tensioned fillet. However, different crack sequences were observed due to the fiber architecture and resulted in an abrupt failure in IfO and a more progressive failure in IcO, in addition to a higher load-bearing capacity of the latter. The total and dissipated energies of the IcO WFJs and their ductility index, defined as the ratio of the dissipated to total energy, were modeled. The ductility index did not significantly increase as from a given displacement. The main energy dissipation mechanism of the IcO WFJs was related to crack development; dissipation through viscoelastic losses was significant only at low deflection levels.


The article reports an analysis of the findings of a search for household budget surveys for Latin America for the period from the earliest surveys to the late 1960s. Over one hundred studies were located. References to these surveys are available at http://www.sussex.ac.uk/globalincomeinequality/. In Appendix 1 we offer a synopsis of the history, context and contents of all the surveys, including those that did not contain useable data. We discuss the comparability of each country's surveys in turn, offering a table for each country with indicator of size, scope and other features. Our final work is to model the progress of inequality, as reflected in Gini coefficients, 90/10 and 50/10 percentile ratios in the region. We find that the bulk of the measured rise is inequality from the 1930s to the 1960s is due to changing survey methods and objectives, in particular the expansion of the scope of the surveys from a narrow focus on urban manual worker-headed households to a later broad focus on the population. Finally, we predict the pattern of inequality over time that might have been found had the earlier surveys been unrestricted in terms of target population and randomly sampled. We find a modest increase from the early years to the 1960s in Gini inequality.


RN Konsult Sdn Bhd was set up in 1995 by its founders; Abdullah and
Dennis from UK. The company was set up to provide engineering
consulting services for the construction and other related industries.
The company's founders had hoped to establish RNK as a centre of
excellence for Bumiputra professionals to service the domestic as well
as the regional markets.
The SWOT analysis had revealed encouraging opportunities for the
company on most of its external environmental factors. And most of
the internal factors analysed were also found to have contributed to
the strength of the company.
The SPACE analysis had positioned the company in a competitive
posture where it was operating in an unstable and competitive
environmental conditions.
It was recommended that the company adopt a pause strategy or
proceed with caution in a short term and in a long term adopt a growth
strategy through concentration via horizontal integration.
It was also recommended for the company to team up with DSP, UK
and venture into specialised high-tech projects such as the IT industry
and the MSC related sectors.


Objective: To investigate whether adipose subcutaneous tissue or skeletal muscle mass decreased during a non-stop ultra-endurance triathlon. Design: Descriptive field study. Setting: The Triple Iron Triathlon Germany 2006 in Lensahn: 11.6 km swimming, 540 km cycling and 126.6 km running. Subjects: 17 male Caucasian triathletes, mean (SD) age 39.2 (7.5) years, height 178 (5) cm, body mass 80.7 (8.9) kg and body mass index (BMI) 25.4 (2.4) kg/m2. Interventions: None. Main outcome measurements: Determination of body mass, skin-fold thicknesses, limb circumference, skeletal muscle mass and percentage body fat in order to show changes after the race. Results: A significant decrease was shown for body mass (p<0.001), BMI (p<0.001) and calculated percentage body fat (p<0.001) whereas skeletal muscle mass did not change significantly (p>0.05). Circumferences of the thigh, upper arm and calf did not decrease significantly (p>0.05), whereas all skin-fold thicknesses decreased significantly (p<0.05), with the exception of those at the chest and thigh. A significant correlation was found between the loss of percentage body fat and the loss of body mass (p<0.01, r2 = 0.55) as well as change in percentage body fat with race performance (p<0.05, r2 = 0.24). Conclusions: Ultra-endurance triathletes at the Triple Iron Triathlon Germany 2006 showed a significant decrease in body mass and percentage body fat, where decrease in percentage body fat was associated with race intensity.


The increased presence of nanoclusters of oligomeric TCRs on memory cells may enable them to mount a more rapid and vigorous response. The adaptive immune system retains a cellular "memory" for antigens, enabling a stronger and more rapid response to subsequent encounters with a given pathogen. The T cell receptor (TCR) complex exists on the surface of resting T cells as monomers and oligomers of different size; antigenic stimulation leads to formation of TCR microclusters (containing about 100 TCRs) at the T cell–antigen-presenting cell (APC) interface before formation of the immune synapse (see Saito). Kumar et al. combined immunogold labeling with electron microscopy (EM) to determine the size of TCR oligomers on human peripheral blood T lymphocytes and on activated T lymphoblasts and determined that the latter had more and larger TCR oligomers than did the naïve T cells (a process that occurred over the course of several days). Consistent with these results, immunoblot analysis of membrane fractions after blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed an increase in the ratio of TCR oligomers to monomers in the activated cells. EM analysis of mouse naïve and memory T cells revealed that resting memory T cells also had more and larger oligomeric TCR clusters than did naïve T cells. Analyses of naïve, activated, or memory ovalbumin-specific OT-1 TCR-transgenic T cells (enabling comparison of cells expressing identical TCRs) indicated that antigen sensitivity correlated with enrichment for oligomeric TCR complexes. T cell lines bearing a mutant form of the TCR subunit CD3ζ (L19A CD3ζ, in which a leucine residue postulated to be involved in oligimerization was substituted with alanine) retained the ability to form TCR complexes. However, they formed fewer and smaller oligomeric TCR complexes compared to cells with wild-type CD3ζ and showed decreased antigen sensitivity. Similarly, mouse T cells carrying the L19A CD3ζ mutation bore cell surface TCR complexes but showed reduced numbers of oligomeric complexes and decreased sensitivity to antigen, as well as an impaired memory cell response. Thus, the authors postulate that the increased presence of preexisting nanoclusters of oligomeric TCRs on memory cells enables them to mount a more vigorous response to antigen. R. Kumar, M. Ferez, M. Swamy, I. Arechaga, M. T. Rejas, J. M. Valpuesta, W. W. A. Schamel, B. Alarcon, H. M. van Santen, Increased sensitivity of antigen-experienced T cells through the enrichment of oligomeric T cell receptor complexes. Immunity 35, 375–387 (2011). [PubMed] T. Saito, Nanocluster formation: More with memory. Immunity 35, 318–320 (2011). [Online Journal]


This Research is constituted of phenomenon of much participant audition Indonesian Idol carried out by RCTI in each; every area in Indonesia. Popular expectation which communicated by RCTI to beholder give remarkable result in drawing beholder enthusiasm to become participant of audition. Hence this research interest to study how participant expectation audition about event confront talent of Indonesian Idol [in] RCTI especially from Unlucky town [of] East Java. Aim to for the description of participant expectation audition about event confront talent of Indonesian Idol [in] RCTI of Unlucky town [of] East Java. As according to theoretical base, that is mass communications, cultural [of] mass, Americanization, cultural [of] pop, expectation participant of audition, attitude, mass media, television media characteristic and congeniality, television usefully, television event program, impact display event confront talent [in] television Through descriptive research strategy qualitative, with data collecting technique use interview to documentation and responder hence obtained to be data to be analyzed to use data analysis qualitative that is with cars presentation of process and data invention of concept. The result of research at participant of audition come from Worse luck East Java indicate that fifth expectation of this responder do not be different far by what have been promised by party organizer of audition. Expectation from is fifth of responder to audition of Indonesian Idol have equality that is desire of amok become man of mark by stepping into entertainment amusement world. For them, popular to mean to be recognized by many people of other opinion of jugs submitted by responder, that is giving popular congeniality which more than simply recognized by people. That is, popular is famous in society eye because of he can signalize its ability in audience eye and can vie with other participant. According to view responder which is positive to audition of Indonesian this Idol is they can add knowledge and knowledge area of tank voice, extending association, and medium find seeds of bare music area and of tank voice. Relation of is effort attainment related to how big the effort responder in reaching its. Getting louder the effort attainment conducted by its ever greater responder. Besides degree of importance put down by responder to effort which have been conducted also progressively enlarging it?s him. Expectation given by party organizer of Indonesian Idol to be able to become popular gives separate motivation to responder to be able to follow this audition Keyword : Ekspektasi; Acara Televisi Link terkait : http://skripsi.umm.ac.id/files/disk1/342/jiptummpp-gdl-s1-2009-adyasusant-17078-.PENDAHU-..pdf


A dynamic participation of Gencos in a Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) unit based multi-area Automatic Generation Control scheme is presented. In this paper, SMES units have been used to the power systems to inject or absorb active power. Developed scheme utilizes a proportional, integral and derivative (PID) controller to control the output of the generators. The parameters of PID controller have been tuned according to Genetic Algorithm (GA) based performance indices. The developed Genetic Algorithm based PID (GAPID) controller has been tested on a practical Indian power system network representing 75bus system. A deregulated electricity market scenario has been assumed in the 75bus system, which has been divided into four control areas. Mixed transaction (Poolco and bilateral) has been considered in the frequency regulation. The effect of generator rate constraint (GRC) has also been included in developing the multi area AGC model. Key-Words: Automatic Generation Control (AGC), Genetic Algorithm, Super-conducting Energy Storage (SMES) unit, Generator Rate Constraints. S. Bhongade, B. Tyagi International Journal of Power Systems http://www.iaras.org/iaras/journals/ijps ISSN: 2367-8976 7 Volume 1, 2016


The Genomic Revolution, gene patent law, and genetic alternation will have profound effects on the family and family law. Increasingly, the possibility exists of precisely genotyping offspring (or even gametes). The effects of this may be benign or they may be destructively negative. Either way, this technology has already begun to arrive, thereby stirring controversy. The availability or unavailability of human gene patents (and related patents, such as those claiming methods of medical diagnosis or treatment) could help determine whether the rate of genetic discovery and development increases or decreases. Finally, the potential to "repair," or even enhance, the genetic complement of human beings at early stages of their lives could lead to parents hoping to cure their children or to a runaway genomic arms races wherein parents attempt to provide their children with affirmative advantages over their peers. Rapid advances in genetic technologies, such as the $1000 genome, gene diagnostic tests, personalized genomics, and gene therapy, coupled with the flux in the law of gene patents (and patents on related inventions), will ensure the substantial transformation of the legal milieu in which parents make reproductive choices. Family law will be transformed.


We present a technique to tune the charge density of epitaxial graphene via an electrostatic gate that is buried in the silicon carbide substrate. The result is a device in which graphene remains accessible for further manipulation or investigation. Via nitrogen or phosphor implantation into a silicon carbide wafer and subsequent graphene growth, devices can routinely be fabricated using standard semiconductor technology. We have optimized samples for room temperature as well as for cryogenic temperature operation. Depending on implantation dose and temperature we operate in two gating regimes. In the first, the gating mechanism is similar to a MOSFET, the second is based on a tuned space charge region of the silicon carbide semiconductor. We present a detailed model that describes the two gating regimes and the transition in between.


Over 50 recipes to help you create web maps and GIS web applications using the Google Maps JavaScript API Overview Add to your website's functionality by utilizing Google Maps' power Full of code examples and screenshots for practical and efficient learning Empowers you to build your own mapping application from the ground up In Detail Day by day, the use of location data is becoming more and more popular, and Google is one of the main game changers in this area. The Google Maps JavaScript API is one of the most functional and robust mapping APIs used among Geo developers. With Google Maps, you can build location-based apps, maps for mobile apps, visualize geospatial data, and customize your own maps. Google Maps API Cookbook is a practical, hands-on guide that provides you with a number of clear, step-by-step recipes that will help you to unleash the capabilities of the Google Maps JavaScript API in conjunction with open source or commercial GIS servers and services through a number of practical examples of real world scenarios. This book begins by covering the essentials of including simple maps for Web and mobile, adding vector and raster layers, styling your own base maps, creating your own controls and responding to events, and including your own events. You will learn how to integrate open source or commercial GIS servers and services including ArcGIS Server, GeoServer, CartoDB, Fusion Tables, and Google Maps Engine with the Google Maps JavaScript API. You will also extend the Google Maps JavaScript API to push its capabilities to the limit with additional libraries and services including geometry, AdSense, geocoding, directions, and StreetView. This book covers everything you need to know about creating a web map or GIS applications using the Google Maps JavaScript API on multiple platforms. What you will learn from this book Create simple maps and display them on mobile devices Style your own base maps Add your own tile maps as base maps or overlays Show vector layers on base maps in various types such as points, polylines or polygons Parse various vector formats such as KML, GeoRSS, GeoJSON, WKT, and so on Create a custom UI and customize your own ways to control it Respond to various events including mobile gestures Add additional libraries to extend the capabilities of the API Work with Google Services for geocoding, directions, StreetView, and so on Integrate open source or commercial GIS servers or services Approach Google Maps API Cookbook follows a fast-paced, high-level, structured cookbook approach, with minimal theory and an abundance of practical, real-world examples explained in a thorough yet concise manner to help you learn quickly and efficiently. Who this book is written for Google Maps API Cookbook is for developers who wish to learn how to do anything from adding a simple embedded map to a website to developing complex GIS applications with the Google Maps JavaScript API. It is targeted at JavaScript developers who know how to get by but who are also seeking the immediacy of recipe-based advice.


Carbon dioxide (CO2) plays a central role in the Earth's climate and there is presently a great deal of interest in the exchange of this compound between atmospheric, terrestrial and marine realms. The terrestrial-marine interface is particularly dynamic and is attracting increasing interest because there is significant material deposition and recycling at this point. While there have been many studies of carbon cycling and CO2 emissions in this environment, there have been few specific studies on how anthropogenic activities affect carbon emissions and how this affects the balance between export as carbon dioxide and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), or carbonate alkalinity. Unlike CO2, DIC in the form of carbonate alkalinity cannot diffuse into the atmosphere, so remains dissolved. For this reason, the production of alkalinity may control the balance of inorganic carbon export to the atmosphere and to the ocean. One major source of alkalinity production in coastal systems is sulfate reduction. In order for a net alkalinity flux to occur, the product of sulfate reduction, sulfide, must be buried as iron sulfide (FeS) so that it is not reoxidised, consuming alkalinity. I therefore expect the burial of reduced solutes to play a key control over the release of inorganic carbon as CO2 (to the atmosphere) and alkalinity (exported to the ocean). This thesis examines the following 3 questions, each of which is on a different spatial scale: 1. Does alkalinity generation within tidal flat sediments control the relative export of inorganic carbon to the atmosphere and to coastal waters? 2. Do differing degrees of terrestrial inputs influence the dominant modes of carbon export from tidal flats? 3. Do differing regimes of anthropogenic land use in river catchments control inorganic carbon and alkalinity production in estuaries? In chapter 2, I investigated dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), gaseous CO2 and total alkalinity (TA) fluxes from intertidal mudflats during periods of exposure and inundation, using laboratory core incubations, field data and reactive transport model simulations. During periods of alkalinity production, the flux of DIC out of the sediment was 1.8 times greater during inundation than exposure. The observed alkalinity production was attributed to the accumulation of reduced sulfur species within the sediment. This finding was supported by the reactive transport simulations, which showed that large amounts of sulfate reduction and subsequent reduced sulfur burial, as FeS, induced an alkalinity flux from the sediment during high tide conditions. Model simulations also found that the amount of oxidised Fe in the sediment influences the extent of net alkalinity production. Our finding, that CO2 fluxes can be significantly lower than total metabolism during exposure, has implications for studies that aim to measure metabolism on tidal flats. In chapter 3, carbon and TA export from two adjacent intertidal inlets with different terrestrial inputs were investigated. One inlet receives water from a small creek from a highly impacted, agriculturally dominated catchment, leading to the input of terrestrially sourced material; whereas, the other is relatively isolated from terrestrial inputs. The inlet with the greater amount of terrestrial inputs exported much more TA (310 vs. 46 mmol m-2 d-1), indicating that the extent of land-to-sea connectivity influences how carbon is exported from this interface. I hypothesize this is due to the increased input of iron from terrestrial sources, which fosters net TA production through the burial of reduced sulfur species as iron sulfides as found by the previous chapter. A simple mass balance showed the TA fluxes observed over 24 h were higher than could be sustained continuously with iron input from the catchment (0.49 mmol Fe m-2 d-1), indicating that the observed TA fluxes could not be sustained on long times scales by this mechanism. It is likely that there are periods of net reduction and net oxidation in response to wave action and calm conditions, highlighting the importance of long term monitoring over different seasons and weather patterns to obtain representative budgets. Keeling plots of δ13CDIC measurements over the sampling period suggested the source of DIC was from mineralisation of seagrass/microphytobenthos and mangrove organic matter. The carbon budget I produced showed that DIC was the dominant mode of carbon export from mangroves, which is relevant to recent investigations on the missing mangrove carbon sink. The 222Rn data collected during the time series measurements indicated that porewater exchange played an important part in controlling carbon export from the sediment and the residence time of porewater within both inlets was ~6.6–7.4 h, indicating that porewater exchange was driven by tidal pumping. In chapter 4, I used δ13CDIC, DIC, TA and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) measurements to determine the dominant carbon cycling processes; aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration (alkalinity generation) and photosynthesis in eight Southern Australian temperate estuaries. For each estuary, I calculated inorganic carbon and alkalinity budgets, and using δ13CDIC measurements, I employed a mass balance approach to determine the drivers of DIC production or consumption in the estuaries. By comparing the export of carbonate alkalinity from estuaries with varying catchment land uses, I was able to determine the differences in carbon dynamics under different levels of land use impact within the catchment. All but the least impacted estuaries showed clear non-conservative mixing behaviour of DIC, TA and δ13CDIC. The estuaries ranged between large sources and large sinks of atmospheric CO2, with fluxes from -17 – 502 mmol m-2 d-1, and were highly dependent on the sampling period. It was found that in highly impacted estuaries, there were often high rates of DIC production within the estuary (up to 510 mmol m-2 d-1) and this coincided with a high production of alkalinity(up to 273 mmol m-2 d-1). As more impacted catchments will tend to export more organic carbon and Fe, the higher rates of DIC and alkalinity production are expected owing to the burial of reduced solutes as discussed previously. Likewise, in some estuaries, high rates of photosynthesis reflect the higher loadings of inorganic nutrients from more impacted catchments. The export of alkalinity from highly impacted estuaries was highly variable between seasons. I hypothesise this is due to a higher amount of FeS being buried within sediments, which is easily oxidised when conditions permit.


Feature Selection (FS) aims to determine a minimal feature subset from a problem domain while retaining a suitably high accuracy in representing the original features. Rough set theory (RST) has been used as such a tool with much success. In the supervised FS methods, various feature subsets are evaluated using an evaluation function or metric to select only those features which are related to the decision classes of the data under consideration. However, for many data mining applications, decision class labels are often unknown or incomplete, thus indicating the significance of unsupervised feature selection. However, in unsupervised learning, decision class labels are not provided. The problem is that not all features are important. Some of the features may be redundant, and others may be irrelevant and noisy. In this paper, a novel unsupervised feature selection in mammogram image, using tolerance rough set based relative reduct is proposed. And also, compared with Tolerance Quick Reduct and PSO - Relative Reduct unsupervised feature selection methods. A typical mammogram image processing system generally consists of mammogram image acquisition, pre-processing of image segmentation, feature extraction, feature selection and classification. The proposed method is used to reduce features from the extracted features and the method is compared with existing unsupervised features selection methods. The proposed method is evaluated through clustering and classification algorithms in K-means and WEKA.


The notion of firm boundaries has received considerable attention in theories of the firm that address the problems of investment incentives and mitigation of hold-up problems. In this paper we attempt to develop a different approach to the problem of vertical firm boundaries, based on recent advances in the capabilities view of the firm. Our arguments rely on the pioneering insights of Penrose, Richardson and Loasby to elaborate a view of the boundaries determined by the interaction of the firm's direct and indirect capabilities with other actors. We develop the notion of indirect capabilities to highlight how firm boundaries respond to the distribution of capabilities in the economy as well as the modes of access to complementary and external capabilities. We conclude that the evolution of firm boundaries must be understood in the context of decisions on how the firm relates to other actors in its environment.


A Project Report by Gachau J.G., Submitted to the School of Business, USIU-A in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science in Management and Organization Development.


Currently firms' liquidity status is in undesirable condition and due to inflation conditions governing the country, most of Iranian firms prefer to convert the cash fund into other assets and this cause that the firms fail meet debts deadlines and this damages the credit of organization. The experience has shown that one of major reasons which cause that most of firms sustain financial distress and finally, some of them end up with bankruptcy is lack of proper management of working capital. This paper aims to determine the relation between firm expenditure with working capital management in firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. Along this, firm expenditure include capital expenditure and operating expenditure as independent variables and Net Liquidity Balance (NLB) and Working Capital Requirement (WCR) are considered as criteria of working capital management and study dependent variables. In this paper, one also considers operating cash flow, sale growth, and long-term debt to equity ratio and stock market to book value ratio are considered as independent variables. Data used in this paper include a sample consisted of 128 firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange over 2009-2013 period. Linear regression pattern in hybrid method is used for analyzing data and testing hypothesis. Results obtained from study hypothesis test based on regression analysis suggest that there is a reverse significant relation between firm expenditure including capital expenditure, operating expenditure with working capital management. Similarly, this conclusion is drawn that rate of firm growth and firm size play mediatory role in the relation between firm expenditure and net liquidity balance.


Philosophical questions about biology have been addressed by philosophers and scientists for centuries. Yet as a genuine discipline within philosophy, philosophy of biology started to emerge in the 1970s (Byron, 2007). One motivation for this was the fact that much of traditional philosophy of science—growing out of logical positivism—focused on physics as the exemplar of science. Thereby past philosophy of science simply assumed that accounts of confirmation, theory structure, laws, and explanation would apply to biology as well, creating biased or inadequate views about the nature of science. But rather than directly addressing issues in general philosophy of science in the context of biology, philosophers of biology have for the most part engaged in questions that originate from within biology, pertaining to concepts from a specific biological field or to phenomena from a particular biological domain. Some of these questions have been raised by biologists, resulting in debate and fruitful interaction among scientists and philosophers. This interdisciplinary practice of contemporary philosophy of biology is illustrated by the International Society for the History, Philosophy, and the Social Studies of Biology, and by philosophical journals to which many scientists contribute. Most questions in philosophy of biology are epistemological questions, e.g., about the character of particular biological explanations, models, and concepts, and are sometimes combined with issues about scientific method and practice. Yet these issues also tap into metaphysical considerations, at least insofar as they hinge on facts about the biological world.


BACKGROUND: Since 1987 there has been an arrest in the previously established decline of tuberculosis notifications in Scotland. A study was undertaken to determine whether age contributed to this phenomenon. METHODS: Notifications of tuberculosis in Scotland were quantified by year and age group for the years 1981-92 from national statistics supplied by the Information and Statistics Division. Population data were obtained from the 1981 and 1991 national censuses. RESULTS: Age group analysis of pulmonary tuberculosis notifications showed that, in the 0-14 age group, incidence (per 10(5) population) decreased from 7.4 in 1981 to 2.6 in 1987, rising by an estimated 12.6% per annum to 3.7 in 1992. In the 65+ age group incidence declined from 30.1 in 1981 to 17.3 in 1988, and rose by an estimated 4.1% per annum to 22.2 in 1992. In the age groups 15-44 and 45-64 a continuous decrease in notification rate was seen over the period of the study. CONCLUSIONS: The plateauing of the incidence of tuberculosis in Scotland is associated with significant increases since 1987 of tuberculosis in the young and elderly. Contributions from ethnic minorities and those infected with HIV are negligible. An ageing population over the decade, with the highest tuberculosis rates seen in the older age group, may explain these findings.


This study focusses on the outcomes of postmodernity with particular emphasis on memory
and the reconstruction of identity after postmodern theories of the fragmented self.
Chapter Two analyses Graham Swift's Waterland, lain Banks's The Crow Road and
Margaret Drabble's The Peppered Moth which show the reconnection of identity to
cosmological, geological, genetic and familial history, and demonstrate the necessity of the
subject's connection to the formerly denounced metanarrative of history. Drabble's text also
highlights a gender issue concerning representations of women and motherhood in
contemporary fiction.
In Chapter Three, Ian McEwan's The Child in Time and Margaret Atwood's Cat's
Eye illustrate the way in which the new physics has influenced concepts of identity as being
interconnected. The Child in Time shows how this model also risks creating an a-historical,
de-politicised subject, particularly if existing problematic constructions of gender are not
reformed. This reformative project is one of the main achievements of Cat's Eye in which
Atwood revises archetypal female iconography.
Chapter Four discusses three texts from postcolonial India: Salman Rushdie's
Midnight's Children, Anita Desai's Clear Light of Day and Arundhati Roy's The God of
mall Thin s. These novels demonstrate the specific difficulties in constructing a coherent
sense of self in a fractured political situation which mourns the broken connection to the
motherland. Cultural imperialism and its psychological effects are brought to the fore here,
showing the ways in which imperial ideals force the postcolonial subject to accept a hybrid
identity. Women are doubly oppressed in these situations by both the machinations of an
Imposed Western patriarchal system and the indigenous caste hierarchy and also by
association with the motherland ideal of a culturally authentic, pre-colonial India.
Chapter Five brings together the themes of gender, history, memory, colonisation and
the reconstruction of the self in an analysis of Toni Morrison's Beloved and Anne Michaels's
Fugitive Pieces. The effects of slavery and the Holocaust, respectively, are explored in these
texts and both novels conclude with the necessity of finding ways to mourn loss and go on to
represent modes of subjectivity as historically and socially connected. Communal memory is
reclaimed as a necessary antidote to institutionalised violence and dispossession, thereby
constructing a form of identity which progresses from postmodemity


Copyright holders have deployed a wide range of enforcement strategies this past decade. In an initial, punitive stage, content industries targeted individual copyright infringers by way of an extensive settlement demand campaign and obtained statutory damage awards in a few high profile file-sharing lawsuits. Recently however, copyright holders drastically reversed course, abandoning punitive measures in favor of a "copyright information approach" that enlists Internet service providers into sending copyright infringement notifications to subscribers.Commentators have welcomed this shift towards copyright alert systems as providing a more balanced approach to copyright enforcement that might improve copyright law's normative acceptance. Copyright industries are optimistic that the new copyright alert system will increase copyright awareness and decrease copyright infringing behavior.This Article shows that the optimism with copyright law's recent developments is misplaced. Based on social science research and insights from an empirical study conducted for this Article, we argue that architects of the copyright alert system have underestimated the robustness of social norms and have failed to anticipate the negative reactions to a copyright information system, in particular as relating to privacy harms.


The development of gene targeting technology, the exchange of an endogenous allele of a target gene for a mutated copy via homologous recombination, and the application of this technique to murine embryonic stem cells has made it possible to alter the germ‐line of mice in a predetermined way. Gene targeting has enabled researchers to generate mouse strains with defined mutations in their genome allowing the analysis of gene function in vivo. This review presents the essential tools and methodologies used for gene targeting that have been developed over the past decade. Special emphasis has been laid on the available embryonic stem cell lines and the importance of the genetic background. Also, the state‐of‐the art of gene targeting approaches in species other than mice will be discussed.


rozdzial z: Functioning of the Local Production Systems in Bulgaria, Poland and Russia. Theoretical and economic policy issues, ed. A. Nowakowska


Purchase social housing is contributing to ensure living-sphere and stability of housing welfare for the low-income families. And it can prevent social isolation and slumism accompanying collectivization. So purchase social housing is expected to be far higher. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to search how the business of purchase social housing is currently being operated, to survey residential satisfaction and to analyze that residents"s perception could have a certain impact on residential satisfaction. For the purposes of this study, the following can be seen as divided into three process. It contains a householder"s characteristic, rental supplement"s characteristic, residential environment"s characteristic. The results of the study are as follows. This study examined age, income, residence period, rental supplement estimation, facilities and planning evaluation, housing position, social environment on housing interior space aspects. Householders with regular income preferred the public social hosing, while incomeless or older households preferred a rent supplement. Even though the deterioration of public social housing has been progressed relatively, the result of house interior evaluation about dwelling scale, plane structure, and room size turned out to be rather high. Based on these results, lower-income class oriented rental housing policy needs to be in operation to improve their residential environment and quality of life.


Bert Vogelstein and Cristian Tomasetti of Johns Hopkins University have put forth a mathematical analysis of the genesis of cancer that suggests many cases are not preventable. Drawing on the published literature, they estimated the number of cells in an organ, what percentage of them are long-lived stem cells, and how many times the stem cells divide. With every division, there's a risk of a cancer-causing mutation in a daughter cell. Tomasetti and Vogelstein reasoned that the tissues that host the greatest number of stem cell divisions are those most vulnerable to cancer. When Tomasetti crunched the numbers and compared them with actual cancer statistics, he concluded that this theory explained two-thirds of all cancers.


In the past several decades there has been a significant increase in our knowledge of the economic history of the United States. This has come about in part because of the development in economic history, most particularly with the emergence of the statistical and analytical contributions of the new economic history, and in part because of related developments in social, labor, and political history that have important implications for the understanding of economic change. The Cambridge Economic History of the United States has been designed to take full account of new knowledge in the subject, while at the same time offering a comprehensive survey of the history of economic activity and economic change in the United States, and in those regions whose economies have at certain times been closely allied to that of the United States: Canada and the Caribbean.


OBJECTIVE
Individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with or without methotrexate (MTX) medication occasionally develop lymphoproliferative disorders (MTX-LPD and non-MTX-LPD, respectively). The hyperimmune state of RA itself or the immunosuppressive state induced by MTX administration might contribute to development of LPD. Our objective was to characterize MTX-LPD in comparison to non-MTX-LPD and sporadic LPD in patients with RA.

METHODS
We compared MTX-LPD to non-MTX-LPD and sporadic LPD by evaluating 48 cases of MTX-LPD, 28 non-MTX-LPD, and 150 sporadic LPD.

RESULTS
Later onset age of LPD and female predominance were evident in patients with RA-LPD compared to sporadic LPD. The interval between the diagnosis of RA and LPD in MTX-LPD (median 132 mo) was significantly shorter than that in non-MTX-LPD (240 mo). The frequency of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and positive rate of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in RA-LPD was significantly higher than in sporadic LPD (57.9% vs 42.7%, 27.6% vs 9.9%, respectively). After withdrawal of MTX, 11 of the MTX-LPD cases showed a spontaneous regression of tumors. The 5-year survival rate in RA-LPD (59.2%) was significantly worse than that in sporadic LPD (74.6%).

CONCLUSION
The majority of cases of RA-LPD show similar clinicopathological characteristics irrespective of MTX medication, except for spontaneous regression of LPD after withdrawal of MTX in MTX-LPD, and a shorter interval between the diagnosis of RA and LPD in MTX-LPD than in non-MTX-LPD. RA-LPD cases showed younger age of onset, female predominance, unfavorable prognosis, and higher frequencies of DLBCL and EBV positivity compared to sporadic LPD.


The emerald ash borer (EAB) was first detected in North America in 2002, and since its introduction, this invasive pest has killed millions of ash trees. While EAB kills native North American ash trees in all settings, its impacts have been especially large in urban areas where ash has been a dominant street tree, especially in residential areas. While some management costs, such as insecticide treatment, tree removal, or tree replacement, are relatively straightforward to compute, the impact that EAB has had on residential property values is less clear. To better understand the economic cost of EAB in urban settings, we conducted a hedonic property value analysis to evaluate the impact of ash tree damages due to EAB infestation on housing sales prices. This study was conducted in the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which had high stocking levels of ash trees prior to EAB's arrival. The objectives of the study are to investigate: (1) how EAB-infested ash trees affect property values; (2) whether the benefits from healthy ash trees to property value change after arrival of EAB; and (3) whether healthy ash trees located within infested neighborhoods provide the same benefits as the healthy ash trees located outside of infested neighborhoods. In general, our results show that the EAB outbreak has had a negative impact on home values for properties located in close proximity to the ash tree component of the urban forest. This result holds true for neighborhoods where EAB does not yet pose an imminent threat, and is amplified for neighborhoods where EAB has been detected. Our results highlight the early stages of a dynamic economic process that impacts urban residential property owners subject to the risk of EAB or other tree pests and diseases. In general, we find that forward-looking behavior of residential property owners is capitalized into property values during the process of forest pest infestation.


Chronic open angle glaucoma is a one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness. Elevated intraocular pressure is a major risk factor for the progression of this disease. At present, most patients suffering from open angle glaucoma have started medical therapy. The goal is to reduce the intraocular pressure to an individualized target pressure in an effort to delay the progression of damage to the optic nerve. Until a decade ago, topical beta-adrenergic antagonists, adrenergic agonists, miotics and oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors comprised the common medications in use. In the past decade many new drugs have been introduced. These drugs exert less systemic side effects and are very effective in lowering the intraocular pressure and furthermore, are easier to comply with. These include: local carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, prostaglandin F2á analogues and á2 adrenergic selective agonists. Due to lack of consensus as to the initial medication of choice for the commencement of treatment, the traditional tendency to initiate treatment with a local beta adrenergic antagonist persists. This review attempts to familiarize the reader with the new arsenal of glaucoma medications.


With cancer as the second leading disease killer in the United States, this review aimed to investigate the effect of omega 3 fatty acids on cancer risk and tumor growth as well as evaluate American's intake of two kinds of omega 3 fatty acids known as docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. The review first goes into the impact of lifestyle and living environment, such as diet, on cancer. The review then looks at the impact of both high or low total dietary fat consumption, and the two diet's effects on cancer risk and tumor growth. An overview of fatty acids and their impact on their body are then explained along with the function and importance of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids. The benefits of omega 3 fatty acids are then examined in relation to cancer. Finally intake of omega 3 fatty acids through food and an evaluation of current intake in America is compared to recommendations by the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, and American Heart Association.


Abstract. The Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) has been used to simulate a region of Brazil heavily influenced by biomass burning. Nested simulations were run at 5 and 1 km horizontal grid spacing for three case studies in September 2012. Simulations were run with and without fire emissions, convective parameterisation on the 5 km domain, and aerosol–radiation interactions in order to explore the differences attributable to the parameterisations and to better understand the aerosol direct effects and cloud responses. Direct aerosol–radiation interactions due to biomass burning aerosol resulted in a net cooling, with an average short-wave direct effect of −4.08 ± 1.53 Wm−2. However, around 21.7 Wm−2 is absorbed by aerosol in the atmospheric column, warming the atmosphere at the aerosol layer height, stabilising the column, inhibiting convection, and reducing cloud cover and precipitation. The changes to clouds due to radiatively absorbing aerosol (traditionally known as the semi-direct effects) increase the net short-wave radiation reaching the surface by reducing cloud cover, producing a secondary warming that counters the direct cooling. However, the magnitude of the semi-direct effect was found to be extremely sensitive to the model resolution and the use of convective parameterisation. Precipitation became organised in isolated convective cells when not using a convective parameterisation on the 5 km domain, reducing both total cloud cover and total precipitation. The SW semi-direct effect varied from 6.06 ± 1.46 with convective parameterisation to 3.61 ± 0.86 Wm−2 without. Convective cells within the 1 km domain are typically smaller but with greater updraft velocity than equivalent cells in the 5 km domain, reducing the proportion of the domain covered by cloud in all scenarios and producing a smaller semi-direct effect. Biomass burning (BB) aerosol particles acted as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), increasing the droplet number concentration of clouds. However, the changes to cloud properties had negligible impact on the net radiative balance in either domain, with or without convective parameterisation. The sensitivity to the uncertainties relating to the semi-direct effect was greater than any other observable indirect effects. Although the version of WRF-Chem distributed to the community currently lacks aerosol–cloud interactions in parameterised clouds, the results of this study suggest a greater priority for the development is to improve the modelling of semi-direct effects by reducing the uncertainties relating to the use of convective parameterisation and resolution before WRF-Chem can reliably quantify the regional impacts of aerosols.


This article compares six of the largest Do Not Call Registers (Australia, Canada, India, Spain, UK and the US) and highlights best practice that has emerged in the establishment and management of these Registers. Do Not Call Registers have grown in popularity and are starting to deliver real privacy benefits for consumers. Several large Do Not Call Registers have been set up by national Governments and, after some initial teething problems, they appear to be working well – with large numbers of registered consumers and numerous examples of enforcement action. This article compares six of the largest Do Not Call Registers (Australia, Canada, India, Spain, UK and the US) and highlights best practice that has emerged in the establishment and management of these Registers.


Burnout is an unpleasant and dysfunctional condition that both individuals and organizations would like to change. Job burnout is a consequence of the perceived disparity between the demands of the job and the resources (both material and emotional) that an employee has available to him or her. The factors influential on burnout have been indicated in many studies over the years. Burnout has many negative effects on organization as well as on individual. Cynicism, job dissatisfaction, low organizational commitment, and quitting the job can be mentioned among the most important effects on organization. There are certain ways of preventing burnout. However, one needs to notice burnout in the first place in order to put into practice all these methods. In this regard, the first signs indicating the emergence of burnout are of vital importance. Colleagues, chiefs or subordinates may help an individual notice these signs. However, what is ideal is an attempt by organization to keep burnout under control consistently through an advanced detailed program, and to intervene through certain preventive methods when required. Finally, different methods are suggested for decreasing the burnout levels of employees.


BACKGROUND
Phenylephrine and ephedrine affect frontal lobe oxygenation ([Formula: see text]) differently when assessed by spatially resolved near infrared spectroscopy. We evaluated the effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine on extra- vs intra-cerebral blood flow and on [Formula: see text].

METHODS
In 10 healthy males (age 20-54 yr), phenylephrine or ephedrine was infused for an ∼20 mm Hg increase in mean arterial pressure. Cerebral oxygenation (SavO₂) was calculated from the arterial and jugular bulb oxygen saturations. Blood flow in the internal carotid artery (ICAf) and blood flow in the external carotid artery (ECAf) were assessed by duplex ultrasonography. Invos-5100c (SinvosO₂) and Foresight (SforeO₂) determined [Formula: see text] while forehead skin oxygenation (SskinO₂) was assessed.

RESULTS
Phenylephrine reduced SforeO₂ by 6.9% (95% confidence interval: 4.8-9.0%; P<0.0001), SinvosO₂ by 10.5 (8.2-12.9%; P<0.0001), and ECAf (6-28%; P=0.0001), but increased ICAf (5-21%; P=0.003) albeit with no consequence for SskinO₂ or SavO₂. In contrast, SforeO₂ was maintained with administration of ephedrine while SinvosO₂ and SavO₂ decreased [by 3.1 (0.7-4.5%; P=0.017) and 2.1 (0.5-3.3%; P=0.012)] as arterial carbon dioxide pressure decreased (P=0.003). ICAf was stable and ECAf increased by 11 (4-18%; P=0.005) with administration of ephedrine while SskinO₂ did not change.

CONCLUSIONS
The effect of phenylephrine on ScO₂ is governed by a decrease in external carotid blood flow since it increases cerebral blood flow as determined by flow in the internal carotid artery. In contrast, ScO₂ is largely maintained with administration of ephedrine because blood flow to extracerebral tissue increases.


This chapter examines the fast-moving area of law relating to climate change. This includes a considerable body of public international law, from the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change to the legally innovative Paris Agreement 2015. The chapter also considers legal developments at the EU and UK levels, which both contain a rich body of climate law and policy. The EU and the UK are both seen as 'world leaders' in climate law and policy. In EU law, this is due to the EU greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme and the EU's leadership in advocating ambitious greenhouse gas mitigation targets and in implementing these targets flexibly across the EU Member States through a range of regulatory mechanisms. The UK introduced path-breaking climate legislation in the Climate Change Act 2008, which provided an inspiring model of climate governance, legally entrenching long-term planning for both mitigation and adaptation. The chapter concludes with an exploration of climate litigation, a new and growing field of inquiry.


Abstract:This introductory essay outlines a perspective on political narratives that moves beyond a narrow understanding and highlights the reception of political narratives in everyday contexts and conceptualizations of political spheres in everyday narratives of the political. It offfers distinct perspectives of (1) narrative as practice and ontology, that is, the view that telling and receiving stories are universal modes of mediating (political) views; (2) narrative as strategy, that is, the intentional or automatic use of narrative to further relatively specific goals; and (3) narrative as method, that is, as an analytic approach to sociopolitical realities in academia. The essays in this issue show how political narratives are interpreted, modified, and coconstructed in everyday stories and as part of popular narratives, and how political processes and structures are framed in everyday narratives.


A comprehensive characterisation and study of plasticity in two extruded Al-Mg-Si profiles has been carried out. The primary objective of the experimental work has been directed towards obtaining an improved understanding of the operating deformation mechanisms and mechanical anisotropy observed on all length scales during plastic deformation. In-situ deformation in the SEM combined with EBSD investigations has been an important tool in order to obtain this objective. The experimental results have been divided into two separate parts. Part A covers the characterisation and mechanical anisotropy investigations, while Part B covers the more detailed in-situ investigations.Two alloys, one with a recrystallized microstructure and the other with a nonrecrystallized (fibrous) microstructure, have been subjected to a detailed characterisation concerned with mechanical anisotropy, through-thickness variations and effects of various heat-treatments. The experimental investigations showed that both alloys possess highly anisotropic properties. The effects of temper designation, directional dependency and position through the thickness were studied.The in-situ deformation studies gave new insights into the fundamental reasons for the observed mechanical anisotropy and the related deformation mechanisms. Detailed investigations of the slip traces in combination with calculated Schmid value distributions provided information on potential slip activity for the various slip systems. It was found that the number of slip systems activated was very heterogeneous and this number can even vary from region to region within one individual grain. In other words, the strain distribution seemed very heterogeneous. Further, the actual number of activated slip systems was in general less than predicted by the widely used Taylor model. Consequently, if the accuracy of texture-based calculations should be improved, more advanced models like the GIA (Grain Inter-Action) and the LAMEL models should be applied.It was also found that crystallographic orientations having a [100] or a [111] parallel to the deformation direction (DD) were more stable during simple tension deformation. Moreover, crystallographic orientations not having this configuration rotated in order to align the DD to one of the above directions. Also the rotation of individual grains seemed to have a strong relationship to the actual activation of slip systems.The mechanical anisotropy and shape tolerances could be explained in terms of crystallographic texture, i.e. variations in the actual activation of slip. As a result, the macroscopic properties (e.g. mechanical anisotropy) were to a large extent controlled by the mechanisms operating at the microscopic length scale. A full understanding of the operating mechanisms should therefore involve exact information from all length scales.


Aim: The aim of this paper is to share the initial experiences on a European Union (EU) Lifelong Learning ProgrammeLeonardo Da Vinci Transfer of Innovation Project related to the use of simulation-based learning with nursing studentsfrom Turkey. The project started at the end of the 2010 involving 7 partners from 3 different countries includingTurkey, England, and Italy.Methods: This project is divided into 7 work packages (WP). In this paper, experiences from the first three WPs (WP1:Preparation and dissemination of the project. WP2: Regulation of the project management. WP3: Development of theevaluation tools used to evaluate the impact of the innovative practice within the coordinating partner's institution) areshared.Results: In the WP1 and WP2: the kick-off meeting was organized in Turkey, the coordinating partner's country.During the meeting project-related events were planned and the steering committee of the project was formed. A strongteam spirit within the partnership was established. For the dissemination of the project, a poster and flier of the projectwere prepared and placed on corporate boards visible to students and teaching staff and put on the partners'institutional websites. Regular bulletins of the project were also prepared and posted on the project website. In the WP3,student data sheet, items for students' satisfaction questionnaire and confidence scale were created based on theliterature. Trauma patient scenarios (abdominal trauma, thoracic trauma, pelvic fracture and traumatic amputation)were created to test the target group's knowledge. Ethical approval was obtained from the coordinating partnerinstitution. A pilot study to test the cases was conducted. Following the pilot study, the final version of the student datasheet and scenario cases was created. The second meeting was organized in Italy. In this meeting, the results of the pilotstudy, the scenario cases, and the Patient Intervention Self Confidence /Competence Scale were evaluated.Conclusion: The work on this EU project is still in progress. Considering that learning from experience is an importantpart of nursing education, sharing experiences on such a project related to using simulation as an innovative teachingstrategy in nursing education in Turkey should provide an example to others who want to develop other EU projects innursing education.


A single medal, commemorating the completion of the bridge, the Ponte Sisto, captures the duality of Pope Sixtus IV's (Francesco della Rovere, 1471-1484) official role as spiritual leader and his chosen role as urban renovator. The medal features a profile portrait of Sixtus surrounded by the words "SEXTVS IIII PONT MAX SACRICVLTOR," while on the back a three-line inscription above a small image of the Ponte Sisto (fig. 1) proclaims "CVRA / RERVM / PVBLICARVM." The obverse depicts Sixtus as the high priest of Christendom, while the reverse shows the pontiff as the caretaker of urban projects. This article explores what the medal makes visible: within his extensive patronage of art, Sixtus commissioned public works that advertised his refurbishment of Rome while communicating the message of his secular and sacred authority to observers throughout the Eternal City. The Capitoline Museum, Aqua Vergine, Ponte Sisto, the Vatican Library, and newly paved streets not only built upon and recalled ancient power and history, but they also publicly proclaimed the success of Sixtus' papacy. By extending his vision to all of Rome (see map, fig. 2) and not just particular areas of the city, as his papal predecessors had, the pope exhibited a new supremacy.1 In restoring the grandeur of ancient Rome, Sixtus claimed both temporal and spiritual importance. Fifteen hundred years before Sixtus became pope, the emperor Augustus restored temples, built a new forum in the Campus Martius, founded Latin and Greek libraries in a wing of his imperial residence on the Palatine Hill, and paved several major roads. By fashioning himself as Urbis Restaurator, Sixtus aligned himself more with this tradition than with the example of his papal predecessors.2 Sixtus commissioned projects similar to those completed by Augustus: he built churches, established the Latin and Greek libraries in the Vatican Palace, paved major streets and piazzas, constructed the Ponte Sisto, and reconstructed the Aqua Vergine. Contemporary eulogists drew parallels between Sixtus and the illustrious emperor, sometimes praising the pope as being the reincarnation of Augustus himself.5 The humanist Ludovico Lazzarelli extolled the pope's achievements in relation to ancient leaders, "For you repair churches once deformed in ugly ruins. You stretch out new bridges, and even pave streets, that Agrippa took up, which Augustus had from this time encouraged! You [Sixtus] repair the waters of the Fountain Vergine."4 The urbanism of Sixtus recalled the classical city, wrote Raffaelo Maffei, since the pontiff "made Rome from a city of brick into stone just as Augustus of old had turned the stone city into marble."5 The poet Aurelio Brandolini echoed this sentiment, and congratulated Sixtus for surpassing the ancient Rome rulers: But Sixtus dared this and he alone ordered old Rome to rise up again; no, actually he himself founded a new Rome! This man returned beauty to the city and he removed the old ruins and he laid out in all directions a road of baked brick. He built a famous work of a bridge and he restored churches, many to be sure, but he built still more new ones. He collected books of the ancients, he collected books of recent writers. He himself brought back the Aqua Vergine to the Campus Martius. And what those and others did in 1500 years, this man himself accomplished in ten years. Father Romulus, yield! All ancients, yield!6 Just two days into his reign, Sixtus began his civic renovation program when he attempted to protect the public property of Rome by proclaiming that no type of column or marble statuary could be moved for other uses.7 Early in his papacy, the pontiff repaired several ancient temples that long ago had been turned into churches, cleaned the Cloaca Maxima in the Foro Boario, issued new conservation laws, and commissioned the restoration of the statue of Marcus Aurelius (161-180 A.D.), thought to be of Constantine, in front of the Lateran. …


Theoretically, both Keynesian and neoclassical economists provided tools for government's intervention, particularly with regard to government capital expenditure. The aim of this project work is to investigate the effect of government capital expenditure on the manufacturing sector output in Nigeria. The study used quantitative time series data and multiple regression techniques in the analysis. The result of the co-integration test indicates long run relationship between dependent and independent variables. It also reveals that capital expenditure on road infrastructure (CEXR) and telecommunication (CEXT) affects the manufacturing sector output in Nigeria significantly while government capital expenditure on power has insignificant effect on manufacturing sector in Nigeria. The implication of this is that manufacturing sector output is clearly affected by factors both exogenous and endogenous to the government capital expenditure in Nigeria. We therefore recommend that, there is need for government to reduce its budgetary allocation to recurrent expenditure on power sector and place more emphasis on the capital expenditures so as accelerate economic growth in Nigeria through manufacturing sector output and that government should also increase spending on road infrastructure, particularly on capital budgeting. As our results showed, road infrastructure capital expenditure has the greatest impact on the long-run with manufacturing sector output in Nigeria.
KEYWORDS: Manufacturing Sector, Power Sector, Nigeria, Road Infrastructure, Telecommunication, Output


Using the model of oscillating dipoles, we simulated the photoluminescence intensity of a triple-layered structure where the silicon nanocrystals layer was enclosed by buffer and capping silicon dioxide layers. It was found that a structure with an optimized buffer layer thickness exhibited photoluminescence which was approximately 20 times more intense than that from the structure without a buffer layer. Theoretical simulations were verified by photoluminescence measurements for the corresponding structures with silicon nanocrystals fabricated by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition.


With its demonstrative setting of a Russian Flag on the seabed in the Arctic Ocean outside the 200 nautical miles limitation of the continental shelf in 2007, the Russian Federation has fuelled discussions on claims concerning the outer continental shelf by Arctic rim-States. Although the planting of the flag on the ocean floor is irrelevant under international law, it reveals a political attitude that may make agreement and co-operation concerning the different demands more difficult. The disputes on the boundaries of the outer continental shelf cannot finally be settled by the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf or by dispute settlement under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea but only by agreement amongst the parties themselves.


As a major part of the dietary fiber classification, plant polysaccharides often have
chemically complex structures which may differ by genera and species, and perhaps even by
genotype and growing environment. Arabinoxylans from cereal cell walls are known to
differently impact human gut microbiota composition and fermentation metabolites due to
variability in chemical structure, though specificities of structure to these functions are not
known at the level of genotype environment. In the first study, corn bran arabinoxylan (CAX)
extracted from 4 genotypes 3 growing years at the Purdue Agronomy Farm was compared in
human fecal fermentations to test the hypotheses that, 1) CAXs extracted from brans from
different corn genotypes and grown over different years (environments) show distinct structures,
and 2) these cause differences in gut microbiota response and fermentation metabolites.
Monosaccharides and linkage analysis revealed that CAXs had different structures and the
differences were genotype-specific, but not significantly due to environment. PCA analysis
revealed that both short chain fatty acid production and the microbial community shifted also in
a genotype-specific way. Thus, small structural changes, in terms of sugar and linkage
compositions, cause significant changes in fermentation response showing very high specificity
of structure to gut microbiota function.

 Insoluble fermentable cell wall matrix fibers have been shown to support beneficial
butyrogenic Clostridia, but have restricted use in food products due to their insoluble character.

 In the second study, a soluble fiber matrix was developed that exhibited a similar fermentation
effect as fermentable insoluble fiber matrices. Low arabinose/xylose ratio CAX was extracted
with two concentrations of sodium hydroxide to give soluble polymers with relatively low and
high residual ferulic acid (CAX-LFA and CAX-HFA). After laccase treatment to make diferulate
crosslinks, soluble matrices were formed with average size of 3.5 to 4.5 mer. In vitro human
fecal fermentation of CAX-LFA, CAX-HFA, soluble crosslinked ~3.5 mer CAX-LFA (SCCAX-
LFA), and ~4.5 mer SCCAX-HFA revealed that the SCCAX matrices had slower fermentation
property and higher butyrate proportion in SCCAX-HFA. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed
that SCCAX-HFA promoted OTUs associated with butyrate production including Unassigned
Ruminococcaceae, Unassigned Blautia, Fecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Unassigned
Clostridium. This is the first work showing the fabrication of soluble crosslinked fiber matrices
that favors growth of butyrogenic bacteria.

 Moreover, these same SCCAXs exhibited an interesting gel forming property on simple pH
reduction, which is similar in gelling property to low acyl gellan gum, though is differently
readily soluble in water. Both of the SCCAXs formed gels at pH 2, with SCCAX-HFA forming
the stronger gel. Gels showed shear-thinning behavior and a thermal and pH reversible property.
A gel forming mechanism was proposed involving noncovalent crosslinking including hydrogen
bonds and hydrophobic interaction among the SCCAX complexes. This mechanism was
supported by structural characterization of SCCAX complexes using a Zeta-sizer and FT-IR
spectroscopy. SCCAX-HFA could be used in low sugar gels and has the above property of
promoting butyrogenic bacteria in the gut.

 In conclusion, gut microbiota responds differentially to CAXs with various fine structures. This
probably due to dietary fiber-gut microbiota relationships have been evolved over time to be highly specific. Forming soluble fiber matrices could be a good strategy to promote butyrogenic
bacteria and improve gut health, in a readily usable form in beverages.


To address gaps in achievement between more- and less-affluent students, states and districts need to ensure that high-poverty students and schools have equitable access to educational resources. Traditionally, assessments of resource equity have focused on per-pupil expenditures and more proximal inputs, such as teacher credentials and class size, despite the inconsistent and/or weak relationships between these measures and student performance. Given the sizable and direct effects of teachers on student achievement, we argue that (1) teachers' value-added scores should be incorporated into assessments of resource equity and (2) providing schools with greater flexibility for setting salaries or using strategic staffing initiatives may be necessary to achieve an equitable distribution of effective teachers. To illustrate these assertions we incorporate teacher value added into a case study of resource allocation in the public high schools of Wayne County, North Carolina, which have been the target of a complaint by the North Carolina National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.


: The phospholipid composition of the crude plasma membrane fraction of Langendorff perfused rat hearts has been studied. The effect of phosphocreatine (PCr) and 3-phosphono-2-imino-1-methyl-4-oxoimidazolidine (PIMOI) on lysophosphoglycerides (LPG) level in this fraction isolated from hearts that were totally ischemic for 8 minutes, has been examined. The absolute and relative contents of LPG were significantly increased in ischemic hearts: the lysophosphatidylcholine content was elevated by 94% and that of lysophosphatidylethanolamine--by 77%. Accumulation of these LPG in ischemic myocardium was completely inhibited in the presence of 10 mM PCr or PIMOI in the perfusate. LPG may play a key role in the destruction of sarcolemma. Therefore, these data allow to assume that the protective effect of PCr and PIMOI on the sarcolemma of ischemic myocardium may be the result of their influence on the phospholipid metabolism in the ischemic region of the heart.


Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) has invaded extensive areas of arid and semi-arid Australia following its introduction as a pasture species and for erosion control. It has been suggested that buffel grass has initiated a positive fire-invasion feedback in central Australia, disrupting existing fire regimes, encouraging further buffel grass invasion, and disadvantaging the native woody flora in particular, but this hypothesis has not been tested quantitatively. This study investigated recently burnt woodland areas near Alice Springs for evidence of a fire-invasion feedback, including the impact of changing fire behaviour (intensity) on the native woodland overstorey flora. Despite the limitations inherent in a short study of ecological processes in a highly heterogeneous environment, substantial field evidence was found to support the existence of a buffel grass-initiated fire-invasion feedback. Buffel grass invasion was significantly correlated with increased fuel loads. Increased fuel loads were significantly correlated with increased burn severity, although the direct relationship between the proportion of buffel grass and increased burn severity was marginally non-significant. High field variance resulted in inadequate power to test whether or not the relative abundance of buffel grass had increased in the post-fire community. Burn severity was significantly correlated with the mortality of woodland overstorey species, and with the proportion of fire survivors that were reduced to basal resprouts. Seedling density of canopy species was low. It appears likely that future recruitment of canopy species will be hindered by the dense post-fire reestablishment of buffel grass cover at some sites. The overstorey flora is thus likely to be adversely affected by increased severity of fire associated with buffel grass invasion. As a result, there may be major change in the structure and composition of some woodlands.


In some cases, global businesses expansion leads to human-related problems due to cultural differences between investor countries and investee countries. This study focuses on such problems in the area of information security. Potential problems which British companies may face in rising economies are discussed here. Russia, India and China, where UK is one of the key investors, are examined. Potential problems were developed by using Hofstede's framework of culture and the recently proposed theory of Level of Potential (LoP) was adopted to predict their magnitudes. Three online surveys were conducted in Russia, India and China to evaluate the severity of the potential problems and the practicability of LoP. It is proved that the theory of LoP can predict problems for British companies in economically rising business environments to a certain extent. The results reveal that the problem of "Unintentional sharing of confidential information" has the highest severity in Russia and India, while the problem of "Using any means to reach goals owing to high competition" has the highest severity in China.


Components of the water balance of an alley cropping system were measured to assess the extent to which tree rows 30 m apart with access to a fresh, perched watertable at 5 m depth were able to capture deep drainage from an inter-cropped cereal–legume rotation. Neutron probe data showed that the 4-year-old trees, cut back to 0.6-m high at the beginning of the experiment, depleted soil water to 2, 4, and 8 m laterally from the tree rows in their first, second, and third years of coppice regrowth, respectively. Combining data from soil water depletion in summer and comparisons of deuterium: hydrogen ratios of groundwater, xylem sap of trees, and herbaceous plants, it was shown that tagasaste trees drew on soil water for 80% of their transpiration in the first winter and 40% in the second, while switching to near total dependence on groundwater each summer and early autumn. Tree water use on a whole plot basis was 170 mm in 1997 (68% from groundwater) v. 167 mm in 1998 (73% from groundwater). Recharge to the perched watertable was estimated to be 193 mm under sole crop in 1998 (52% of rainfall), reducing to 32 mm when uptake of groundwater by trees was included. The degree of complementarity between tagasaste trees and crops in alley cropping used for water management is quantified for 1998 by calculating the ratio of the distance over which trees reduced drainage to zero to the distance over which they reduced crop yield to zero. It is concluded that segregated monocultures of trees and crops would be a more appropriate strategy than a closely integrated system such as alley cropping in this case.


Many real-world tasks involve multiple agents with partial observability and limited communication. Learning is challenging in these settings due to local viewpoints of agents, which perceive the world as non-stationary due to concurrently-exploring teammates. Approaches that learn specialized policies for individual tasks face problems when applied to the real world: not only do agents have to learn and store distinct policies for each task, but in practice identities of tasks are often non-observable, making these approaches inapplicable. This paper formalizes and addresses the problem of multi-task multi-agent reinforcement learning under partial observability. We introduce a decentralized single-task learning approach that is robust to concurrent interactions of teammates, and present an approach for distilling single-task policies into a unified policy that performs well across multiple related tasks, without explicit provision of task identity.


This paper is derived from an unpublished D.Phil thesis: "Unplanned Wayfinding in Path-Networks: A Theoretical Study of Human Problem-Solving (Gotts 1988). It is a modified version of those parts of the thesis most relevant to the design of wayfinding aids such as variable message signs (VMS) and in-vehicle route-guidance information (IVRGI) systems. This paper, however, does not itself discuss such wayfinding aids; rather, it is a step toward understanding the problem-solving strategies and the internal representations ofthe environment human wayfinders use in the absence of aids of these types. The paper is theoretical in nature, but suggestions are made for empirical tests of some of the hypotheses put forward. Without an understanding of common wayfinding strategies and the internal representations underlying them, efforts to design genuinely useful wayfinding aids are bound to be groping in the dark: at best, they may be shown to be useful in a specific network, to a specific group of people, under given circumstances - with no guarantee that this usefulness will transfer to other networks, travellers, or circumstances. Understanding the route-choice behaviour of road-users requires consideration of the information about the travel environment available to them. An assumption of perfect information about the layout of the travel environment and the traffic conditions within it is a convenient simplification - but is also wholly unrealistic. We cannot be confident that this lack of realism is unimportant in transport modelling.


DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification and is frequently altered in cancer. Convert of 5-methylcytosine (5 mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5 hmC) by ten-eleven translocation (TET) family enzymes plays important biological functions in embryonic stem cells, development, aging and disease. Recent reports showed that level of 5 hmC was altered in various types of cancers. However, the change of 5 hmC level in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and association with clinical outcome were not well defined. Here, we reported that level of 5 hmC was decreased in HCC tissues, as compared with non-tumor tissues. Clincopathological analysis showed the decreased level of 5 hmC in HCC was associated with tumor size, AFP level and poor overall survival. We also found that the decreased level of 5 hmC in non-tumor tissues was associated with tumor recurrence in the first year after surgical resection. In an animal model with carcinogen DEN-induced HCC, we found that the level of 5 hmC was gradually decreased in the livers during the period of induction. There was further reduction of 5 hmC in tumor tissues when tumors were developed. In contrast, level of 5 mC was increased in HCC tissues and the increased 5 mC level was associated with capsular invasion, vascular thrombosis, tumor recurrence and overall survival. Furthermore, our data showed that expression of TET1, but not TET2 and TET3, was downregulated in HCC. Taken together, our data indicated 5 hmC may be served as a prognostic marker for HCC and the decreased expression of TET1 is likely one of the mechanisms underlying 5 hmC loss in HCC.


The impact on the dynamics of the stratosphere of three approaches to geoengineering by solar radiation management is investigated using idealized simulations of a global climate model. The approaches are geoengineering with sulfate aerosols, titania aerosols, and reduction in total solar irradiance (representing mirrors placed in space). If it were possible to use stratospheric aerosols to counterbalance the surface warming produced by a quadrupling of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, tropical lower stratospheric radiative heating would drive a thermal wind response which would intensify the stratospheric polar vortices. In the Northern Hemisphere this intensification results in strong dynamical cooling of the polar stratosphere. Northern Hemisphere stratospheric sudden warming events become rare (one and two in 65 years for sulfate and titania, respectively). The intensification of the polar vortices results in a poleward shift of the tropospheric midlatitude jets in winter. The aerosol radiative heating enhances the tropical upwelling in the lower stratosphere, influencing the strength of the Brewer‐Dobson circulation. In contrast, solar dimming does not produce heating of the tropical lower stratosphere, and so there is little intensification of the polar vortex and no enhanced tropical upwelling. The dynamical response to titania aerosol is qualitatively similar to the response to sulfate.


Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were functionalized with imidazolium salts bearing vinyl functionalities. An extremely high loading of active species was achieved through a straightforward one-pot procedure involving self-assembly of the imidazolium moieties followed by radical initiated polymerization of the double bonds. The materials were extensively characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, nitrogen physisorption and combustion chemical analysis. The imidazolium functionalized SWCNTs displayed excellent catalytic activity for the reaction of CO2 and epoxides to produce cyclic carbonates as demonstrated by the excellent turnover numbers (TON). Moreover, they were used in multiple catalytic cycles without loss of activity.