This paper examines the impact of unemployment on out-migration by distinguishing between return and onward migration and controlling for total earnings. We use Timing-of-Events models and control for the endogeneity of total earnings, unemployment and out-migration using administrative data from the Netherlands. Our findings suggest that unemployment triggers return migration more than onward migration. When total earnings are low unemployment increases the hazard of return migration. When total earnings are high the hazard rate of onward migration for unemployed immigrants increases. Thus, these findings highlight that out-migration is affected both by unemployment and by total earnings as well as by the interaction between the two.


Latent structural learning has attracted more attention in recent years. But most related works only focuses on pure continuous or pure discrete data. In this paper, we consider mixed latent tree models for mixed data mining. We address the latent structural learning and parameter estimation for those mixed models. For structural learning, we propose a consistent bottom-up algorithm, and give a finite sample bound guarantee for the exact structural recovery. For parameter estimation, we suggest a moment estimator by exploiting matrix decomposition, and prove asymptotic normality of the estimator. Experiments on the simulated and real data support that our method is valid for mining the hierarchical structure and latent information.


SLAC has converted its giant particle accelerator into the world's first X-ray laser. By a billion fold the world's brightest X-ray source, the laser packs a trillion photons into pulses as short as a millionth of a billionth of a second. The ultra-bright, ultra-short X-ray pulses will drive a wide range of new experiments, as scientists strip electrons from atoms, photograph single molecules and make movies of chemical reactions. How has SLAC accomplished such feats of X-ray wizardry? Attend this public lecture to learn about the basics of an X-ray laser, the technologies at SLAC that make it possible, and the exciting new experiments now underway.


Employee burnout contributes to employees' job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and organizational commitment and it can also cause a variety of serious health issues. Evidence has linked leaders' transactional and transformational communication patterns, quality of leadermember exchange (LMX), and employees' perception of justice, and each can affect employee burnout. However, very few researchers have studied the relationships among these variables. This paper provides an overview of the research on the various relationships between transformational and transactional leadership, LMX quality, and interactional justice, and explores how these factors influence employee burnout. Following the literature review, a proposed model of employees' perceived leader communication patterns, LMX quality, burnout, justice, and outcomes was presented and tested using structural equation modeling. Surveying 186 custodial and administrative employees of an organization, several relationships were discovered. The proposed model was not statistically supported, but an alternate model revealed multiple mediating relationships. A discussion of the results and its implications conclude the paper.


treatment with pentamidine and numerous other agents, his condition failed to improve and he died on May 5, 1983. Even though this patient did not undergo formal immunological testing, his illness would appear to be clinicallyconsistent with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome and is perhaps yet another case of this syndrome occurring in an Australian. It is, of course, probable that he acquired his infection in the United States or Canada before his return to Australia. The other point of interest in this case is the multitude of different infections which are possible in individuals with AIDS. This case reinforces the point that physicians in Australia must become aware of the possibility of AIDS occurring in susceptible individuals in this country.


In this paper we discuss the notion of interaction between humans and robots. For that we place the Turing test in an epistemological argument of artificial intelligence, as well as with respect to recent announcements claiming that it was passed. We argue that this claim is false, especially with respect to the difficulty of talking (in the sense of communicating) with robots. Thus, we raise some interrogations on what would intelligence be for robots. We return to the concept of behaviour portraying similarities to humans or complementary to human faculties. So if robots have already invaded our environment, the projection of humanity both in their skills and in their appearance is still a theoretical investigation.


We investigate the effect of martensitic phase transformations on the dynamic response of commercial AFM silicon cantilevers coated with shape memory alloy (SMA) thin films. We propose a simple thermo-mechanical model to predict the phase transformation. We show experimentally that the SMA thin film dynamic response can be actively changed upon heating and cooling. This can be used for vibration control in micro-systems.


Conventional wisdom holds that Sub-Saharan African farmers use few modern inputs despite the fact that most growth-inducing and poverty-reducing agricultural growth in the region is expected to come largely from expanded use of inputs that embody improved technologies, particularly improved seed, fertilizers and other agro-chemicals, machinery, and irrigation. Yet following several years of high food prices, concerted policy efforts to intensify fertilizer and hybrid seed use, and increased public and private investment in agriculture, how low is modern input use in Africa really? This paper revisits Africa's agricultural input landscape, exploiting the unique, recently collected, nationally representative, agriculturally intensive, and cross-country comparable Living Standard Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture covering six countries in the region (Ethiopia, Malawi, Niger, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda). The study uses data from more than 22,000 households and 62,000 plots to investigate a range of commonly held conceptions about modern input use in Africa, distilling the most striking and important findings into 10 key takeaway descriptive results.


of Review Articles: Should be divided into the following subsections: Background, Summary and Key Messages. The Background should provide a brief clinical context for the review and is followed by the Summary, which should include a concise description of the main topics covered in the text. The Key Messages encapsulate the main conclusions of the review. Submit the abstract on a separate page. The abstract should be less than 300 words. Abstracts of Original Papers: Each paper needs an abstract of up to 300 words. It should be structured as follows:s of Original Papers: Each paper needs an abstract of up to 300 words. It should be structured as follows: Background/Aims: What is the major problem that prompted the study? Methods: How was the study performed? Results: Most important findings? Conclusion: Implications, future directions


Mr. V, age 49, has stable but symptomatic schizophrenia and a 33-year cigarette smoking history. He is very concerned because his primary care physician told him he has 2 serious smoking-related health problems: diabetes and hypertension. He tried a smoking cessation program for the general public, but it was a poor fit because of his schizophrenia symptoms. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Despite adhering to his medications (ziprasidone, 20 mg hs; perphenazine, 8 mg hs; lorazepam, 1 mg hs; zonisamide, 200 mg/d, and benztropine mesylate, 2 mg hs), Mr. V has residual auditory hallucinations, paranoid ideation, and impaired concentration and attention. He smokes approximately 1.5 packs per day, particularly when very ill, to alleviate chronic boredom, and to diminish distress from the hallucinations. All of his friends smoke, and they do not support his attempts to quit. Successfully treating nicotine dependence can seem a formidable challenge in patients with schizophrenia: * 72% to 90% smoke cigarettes, compared with 21% of the general population1 (Box, page 66). (2-12) * They tend to smoke heavily, spending about one-third of their incomes on cigarettes. (13) * Their negative symptoms (such as apathy), positive symptoms (such as disorganized thinking), and cognitive impairment can reduce motivation to quit and adhere to a smoking cessation strategy. * Sociologic and physiologic aspects of schizophrenia reinforce their smoking habit (Table 1, page 69). (9,12,14-17) Even so, smokers with schizophrenia can be highly motivated and persistent in attempting to quit. (18) Promising results have been reported in trials when psychopharmacologic treatments are combined with cognitive and behavioral interventions. This article reviews these empiric studies and suggests practical ways for clinicians to create smoking cessation and relapse prevention plans for individuals with schizophrenia. Clinical trials of smoking cessation Inadequate interventions. Conventional regimens--consisting of 8 to 12 weeks with sustained-release bupropion or nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) added to supportive or cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) (19)--are well-tolerated by patients with schizophrenia but only modestly effective. CBT alone (or with placebo) has not been effective for smoking cessation in schizophrenia. In clinical trials, abstinence rates have been: * 4% to 19% after 3 to 6 months with bupropion or NRT and CBT * [less than or equal to]6% with placebo and CBT. (20-23) Multifaceted interventions. High-dose NRT patch treatment (2 patches at a time) has not consistently shown additional benefits compared with single-patch treatment. (24,25) However, combining short-acting NRT (gum, lozenge, inhaler, or nasal spray) with a long-acting NRT preparation (transdermal patch) is well-tolerated and has been shown to improve sustained abstinence rates (26) (Table 2, page 70). In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, (27) 51 smokers with schizophrenia were randomly assigned to receive combination NRT (21-mg NRT patch plus [less than or equal to]18 mg/d NRT polacrilex gum prn) added to bupropion SR, 150 mg bid, or placebo. Smoking cessation--defined as quitting on the assigned date and maintaining continuous abstinence for 4 weeks (measured by expired air carbon monoxide * 52% of those receiving bupropion and dual NRT * 19% who received placebo and the 2 forms of NRT. Preventing relapse. Relapse is common among all smokers but especially in those with schizophrenia. In clinical trials, 70% to 83% of smokers with schizophrenia who attained abstinence relapsed to smoking within 6 to 12 months of stopping nicotine dependence treatment. (21,22,27,28) In one clinical trial, >50% of patients achieved 4 weeks of continuous abstinence on a regimen of bupropion SR, 150 mg bid; nicotine patch (21 mg/d); and as-needed nicotine gum ([less than or equal to]18 mg/d). …


The NCCN Guidelines for Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Breast and Ovarian provide recommendations for genetic testing and counseling and risk assessment and management for hereditary cancer syndromes. Guidelines focus on syndromes associated with an increased risk of breast and/or ovarian cancer and are intended to assist with clinical and shared decision-making. These NCCN Guidelines Insights summarize major discussion points of the 2015 NCCN Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Breast and Ovarian panel meeting. Major discussion topics this year included multigene testing, risk management recommendations for less common genetic mutations, and salpingectomy for ovarian cancer risk reduction. The panel also discussed revisions to genetic testing criteria that take into account ovarian cancer histology and personal history of pancreatic cancer.


Introductory textbook covering all the main features of the 'web programming' languages PHP and MySQL together with detailed examples that will enable readers (whether students on a taught course or independent learners) to use them to create their own applications or understand existing ones. A particular focus is the use of PHP to generate MySQL commands from a script as it is executed. Each chapter includes aims, a summary and practical exercises (with solutions) to support learning. Chapters are designed to stand alone as far as possible, so that they can be studied independently of the rest of the text by those with some previous knowledge of the languages. There is a comprehensive glossary of technical terms, together with extensive appendices for quick reference of language features.


Elisabeth Georgiadi has a Postgraduate Diploma in music therapy (Guildhall School of Music and Drama) and a music and piano Diploma (Conservatoire of Athens). She is exterior collaborator of Sikiarideio Foundation and of the Specialised Clinic for Children with Autism, of the Children's Psychiatric Hospital of the Medical School of the University of Athens, "Agia Sophia". She is the president of the board of the Musical Movement foundation. In collaboration with the Specialised Clinic for Children with Autism she is responsible for the planning and implementation of the research project "Rhythmic capacity and Functional Coordination in Communication with Children with Autism".


Cache memory speeds up the memory access for memory demanding and cache intensive algorithms. Introducing different cache levels and greater cache sizes in modern multiprocessor architectures reduces cache misses.Both matrix-matrix and matrix-vector multiplications are computation and cache intensive algorithms, as well as memory demanding algorithms and their execution time directly depends on CPU cache architecture and organization.This paper focuses on matrix-vector multiplication performance while executed on modern shared memory multiprocessor with shared last level L3 cache and dedicated L1 and L2 cache for each CPU core. Our goal is to analyze dense matrix-vector algorithm behavior and to check the hypothesis if the performance of today's virtualized servers organized either in private data-centers or in cloud computing is usually worse than traditional servers with host operating systems without using virtualization.Both sequential and parallel executions are implemented in traditional and cloud environments using the same platform and hardware infrastructure for each test case.


The synthetic estrogen, ethynylestradiol (EE2), has been identified in many aquatic environments. EE2 induces biochemical and physiological effects in exposed fish, but linkages to widespread reproductive dysfunction in populations have not been established. Mortality in early life stages has only been documented at relatively high concentrations, above those found in the environment. To examine the potential effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of EE2, reproductive endpoints were examined in lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush ) captured from a lake experimentally treated with ~5 ng/L EE2. Monitoring began two years prior to EE2 additions in the lake and for 3 years of additions. A nearby lake in which no EE2 was added was used as a reference. Eggs from fish in each lake were fertilised with milt from the same fish stocks. Fertilization and hatch, mortality, deformities, and size of the fry at swim up were not negatively affected by EE2 exposure. While our earlier studies have reported impaired reproductive success in small-bodied fish exposed to EE2 in the same system, lake trout appear to be less affected at the biochemical level and no impacts were determined in other reproductive and population level impacts.


The Brent Group reservoir in the Strathspey Field, UK North Sea comprises shallow marine, marginal marine and non-marine strata of variable reservoir character. Controls on the distribution, geometry, connectivity and orientation of sandbodies within the reservoir have been assessed via the application of high-resolution sequence stratigraphic methods to an integrated dataset comprising core, wireline log, 3D seismic and reservoir production data. The base of the Brent Group is a major sequence boundary overlain by weakly wave-influenced, shallow marine sandstones of the lowstand-to-transgressive Broom Formation. The overlying Rannoch Formation represents highstand progradation of a wave-dominated shoreface, which is truncated across a sequence boundary by a near-field-wide fluvio-estuarine complex (Etive Formation). Marginal-marine strata of the overlying Ness Formation are divided into field-wide units bounded by mudstones that form vertical pressure barriers. Major, oil-bearing fluvial sandbodies overlie sequence boundaries and the widths and orientations of two such sandbodiesare controlled by syn-depositional, intra-reservoir faults. The distribution of these sandbodies is therefore predictable. The Ness Formation is truncated by a major sequence boundary overlain by stacked, tidally influenced, shallow marine sandstones of the Tarbert Formation. The resulting facies architecture has been successfully used to refine reservoir models, identify bypassed oil and target infill wells.


Abstract In the context of combating climate change, renewable energies are considered to play an important role. As these energies are currently not fully competitive compared with conventional power generation technologies, (minimum) quotas have been proposed as one means of overcoming this problem. However, when implementing any instruments at the national level, one should bear in mind that the efficiency of most types of renewable energies is dependent on the location. Thus, leaving the national perspective and investing abroad may result in improved efficiency. Against this background, the integration of the CDM into the European renewable energy policy is proposed.


Competitive success in business‐to‐business markets often depends upon the ability of the firm to adapt specifically to the needs of a single customer organization. Research into buyer‐seller relationships in industrial markets has shown that both buying and selling firms implement specific adaptations for a single partner. Adaptation can take place at the level of the product or more broadly in terms of management processes, information exchange, and even organizational restructuring. The paper develops an improved taxonomy for dyadic adaptation in business‐to‐business markets, and explores the driving forces behind relationship‐specific adaptation. Adaptation by supplier firms is found to be more frequent than adaptation by buyers. Supplier adaptation is driven by relative power, buyer support, and by the managerial preferences of the two firms for a more or less relational form of exchange. Several managerial implications and avenues for further research are discussed.


The use of color tests for the presumptive identification of illicit substances has been an important tool used by law enforcement to establish probable cause for decades. However, recently color tests have received negative media attention due to their inconsistent and subjective results that can sometimes lead to wrongful arrests. Although they have been fairly effective in testing common drugs, current color tests cannot combat the constant influx of novel psychoactive substances due to their failure to clearly distinguish similarly-structured compounds from one another. Common commercially available color tests can yield false positives for cocaine when testing diphenhydramine, indistinguishable results between cocaine and phencyclidine (PCP), and cannot easily detect benzylpiperazine (BZP). Here, we report the use of copper(I) iodide as a feasible drug-indicating agent for criminalistics and law enforcement use. Photoluminescent organometallic clusters formed with copper(I) iodide (CuI) and cyclic amines have been investigated for around 40 years, but with no known application toward forensic science. This work shows the practical implementation of copper(I) iodide to detect and identify various substances of forensic interest by photoluminescence spectral analysis of the resulting organometallic clusters. This novel method provides an innovative route for the presumptive identification of BZP, cocaine, PCP, fentanyl, opiates, piperazine-based designer drugs, and other heterocyclic alkaloids.


Many developing countries periodically face large adverse shocks to their economies. We study two distinct types of such shocks - large declines in the price of a country's commodity exports and severe natural disasters - , both of which have occurred frequently in the recent past. Unsurprisingly, adverse shocks reduce the short-term growth of constant-price GDP and we analyze which structural policies help to minimize these losses. Structural policies are incentives and regulations that are maintained for long periods, contrasting with policy responses to shocks, the analysis of which has dominated the literature. We show that some previously neglected structural policies have large effects that are specific to particular types of shock. In particular, regulations which reduce the speed of firm exit substantially increase the short-term growth loss from adverse non-agricultural export price shocks and so are particularly ill-suited to mineral exporting economies. Natural disasters appear to be better accommodated by labour market policies, perhaps because such shocks directly dislocate the population.


The aim of this methodological article was to compare different statistical strategies suitable for analyzing the same database, on the relationships between life satisfaction, and personality and attitude variables. The sample was composed of 1080 adult participants, equally subdivided on the basis of gender, family status, and geographical residence. To search for variables which better discriminate and/or predict life satisfaction, different approaches, both exploratory and confirmatory, were used, including multidimensional scaling, causal analysis (Structural Equations Modeling), Discriminant analysis, and different regression techniques. Similarities and differences in results are discussed.


Both state-led and market-led approaches to development present substantial difficulties in implementation and costs. However, for a country striving for economic development and a better position in the international economy in the long run, the state-led approach seems more advisable. Admittedly, the state-led approach does present more risks in many ways, but the prudent implementation of state-led policies presents a rapid, more stable, and effective way to qualitatively change the economic position of a country, marking the transition from a "developing" to a "middle-income" or to a "newly industrialized" state. The neoclassical or market-led approach to development promises efficient allocation of resources, but does not necessarily facilitate the required industrial "catching up" that many developing states must do to truly join the ranks of the developed world. By locating the unique element of the state-led approach that was crucial to the success of economies such as those of South Korea and Singapore, countries can better formulate policies to minimize costs and maximize the potential for successful state-led development. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] When the state-led approach is advocated as the better policy for developing nations, the common objections are protests against "soft authoritarian" regimes that often accompany state-led development, inefficiencies created by state interference in the economy, and the too-close relationship that frequently develops between big business and state. For the most part, these objections are valid. Experiences of state-led development show that civil liberties such as the right to organize labor, to protest government policies, and sometimes even to execute regular changes of political power are curtailed for the sake of meeting production and development goals set by the government. Inefficiencies do occur in state-led development, as the primary economic goal becomes achieving industrial and technological capability and strength as quickly as possible and concerns about the potentially inefficient effects of state subsidies and tariffs become secondary. And as the series of scandals involving South Korean politicians bribed by chaebol executives demonstrated in the 1990s, no political body given such wide control over the economy can remain completely autonomous for long. But how do these weaknesses of the state-led approach compare to those of the market-led? Although the supporters of the market-led approach champion it as a definite way to break the government's hold on the economy, in many instances, widespread redistribution of industries and market shares do not occur. For example, in Russia, where President Boris Yeltsin attempted to implement neoclassical economic reforms in the early 1990s, most of the new economic "oligarchs" who emerged were the same government officials who profited from the old regime. Using their insider knowledge, they were able to buy the state's monopolies in many industries for outrageously low sums in the midst of the simultaneous price liberalization and privatization that constituted the "shock therapy" policy. And while market-led approaches may eventually serve to establish a smaller and more autonomous government, the political, economic, and social chaos that often follows rapid liberalization and privatization undermines the ability of the state and of other institutions to provide the stability necessary for the functioning of a free market. Moreover, state-led development does not necessarily have to be implemented by a soft-authoritarian regime, although many examples of state-led policies have been. Other permutations are possible; for example, a nation may democratically choose a pro-state-led approach candidate. Additionally, as the crucial and unique element of the state-led approach is better understood, a dedicated group of bureaucratic elites may be sufficient for successful state-led development. …


[1] This work evaluates whether continuity between Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is achievable for monitoring phenological changes in Alaska. This work also evaluates whether NDVI can detect changes in start of the growing season (SOS) in this region. Six quadratic regression models with NDVI as a function of accumulated growing degree days (AGDD) were developed from 2001 through 2004 AVHRR and MODIS NDVI data sets for urban, mixed, and forested land covers. Model parameters determined NDVI values for start of the observational period as well as peak and length of the growing season. NDVI values for start of the growing season were determined from the model equations and field observations of SOS made by GLOBE students and researchers at University of Alaska Fairbanks. AGDD was computed from daily air temperature. AVHRR and MODIS models were significantly different from one another with differences in the start of the observational season as well as start, peak, and length of the growing season. Furthermore, AGDD for SOS was significantly lower during the 1990s than the 1980s. NDVI values at SOS did not detect this change. There are limitations with using NDVI to monitor phenological changes in these regions because of snow, the large extent of conifers, and clouds, which restrict the composite period. In addition, differing processing and spectral characteristics restrict continuity between AVHRR and MODIS NDVI data sets.


This paper provides an overview of recent studies that have investigated the development of pointing behaviors in infants and toddlers. First, we focus on deictic gestures and their role in language development, taking into account the different hand shapes and the different functions of pointing, and examining the cognitive abilities that may or may not be associated with the production of pointing gestures. Second, we try to demonstrate that when a distinction is made between pointing gestures and manipulative activities, the study of children's hand preference can help to highlight the development of speech-gesture links.


This is our best-selling York Notes Advanced title. This book will be packed with features to help the students improve their grade. Talking extensively to teachers, examiners and students there seems to be a need for more information outside what the students already know. Features like check the book, check the film and check the net will now offer students more opportunity to develop their researching skills and provide that extra information. More importantly there will be features that address the specific needs of students studying for the new AS and A2 exams. There will now be text boxes in the margin labelled 'Context' which will describe the literary, historical, cultural, religious, or philisophical context of specific references in the text (contextualisation is the new buzz word in the exam syllabuses). There will be at least 20 of these boxes in every book. The glossaries are now integrated in the text so that students don't need to turn the page to find out the meaning of a word. There will also be regular exam questions integrated in the text which will help students revise. Summaries will be cut down and bulleted where appropriate to make way for extra features (meaning extent remains the same) so that the books are now not only appropriate for students who buy the book to cram, they are also important for higher-level students who need more information to get themselves the top grade.


This report describes algorithms for the compiler component of the Aurora Or-Parallel Prolog system. The compiler translates one Prolog clause at a time into a sequence of abstract instructions. The instruction set is based on the sequential Warren Ab- stract Machine (WAM) with extensions for full Prolog, shallow backtracking, memory management and garbage collection, and for the SRI model of or-parallel execution of Prolog. Most of the described algorithms apply to compilation of sequential Prolog programs. The extensions introduced to support or-parallelism are minor, and concern pruning operators (cut and commit) and compile-time allocation of binding array offsets for permanent variables (generalised environment trimming). Code generation proper is kept separate from register allocation, and uses heuristics for finding a compilation order which minimises the number of register-register copies. After such copies have been coalesced where possible, register allocation is performed in a single pass over the intermediate code. The various compilation phases are described in detail, and the implementation is compared with some other compilers.


Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) are used to model environments where the full state cannot be perceived by an agent. As such the agent needs to reason taking into account the past observations and actions. However, simply remembering the full history is generally intractable due to the exponential growth in the history space. Maintaining a probability distribution that models the belief over what the true state is can be used as a sufficient statistic of the history, but its computation requires access to the model of the environment and is often intractable. While SOTA algorithms use Recurrent Neural Networks to compress the observation-action history aiming to learn a sufficient statistic, they lack guarantees of success and can lead to sub-optimal policies. To overcome this, we propose the Wasserstein Belief Updater, an RL algorithm that learns a latent model of the POMDP and an approximation of the belief update. Our approach comes with theoretical guarantees on the quality of our approximation ensuring that our outputted beliefs allow for learning the optimal value function.


Although it has been argued that knowledge is an important organizational resource, little research has investigated where individuals go to search for information or knowledge. Prior work has investigated sources in isolation, but in an organizational setting, sources are encountered as an open portfolio instead of in isolation. It is important to understand how individuals perceive the wide array of sources available to them and how those perceptions affect their use of different types of sources. Building on prior work, this research looks at factors underlying the selection of sources that require direct interpersonal contact (relational sources) and those that do not (nonrelational sources) and explores factors that differentially affect the use of these types of sources. A sample of 204 working professionals recruited from graduate business studies was used to test hypotheses regarding the effects of accessibility and quality, as well as comparisons and trade-offs between relational and nonrelational sources. Consistent with prior work, source accessibility and quality significantly affect usage of a source. This relationship, however, is moderated by the type of source with accessibility having less effect on the use of relational sources. Furthermore, use of each type of source was also affected by the perceived accessibility and quality of alternative types of sources. Together these results highlight the importance of simultaneously considering the relational and nonrelational sources available to individuals. These results also have implications for the design and implementation of systems for managing information and knowledge assets.


In January 1649, King Charles I was tried and found guilty of high treason and condemned to be "put to death, by the severing of his Head from his Body." At ten in the morning on the day of his execution he was accompanied to the scaffold by a regiment on foot, "colours flying, drums beating." After having addressed the crowd in an uncharacteristically eloquent manner the King lifted his eyes and hands towards the sky, placed his head on the executioner's block and gave the sign that he was ready to die. With one swift blow the executioner decapitated the King and held up his head for the crowd to see. Philip Henry, then a boy of seventeen, remembered that there came from the crowd "such a groan as I never heard before, and desire I may never hear again."


Near-term and current regional climate patterns for Zimbabwe are summarized based on twentieth-century observat~on data and model simulatlons. These records suggest alr temperature warming of up to 0.8"C and a decline in annual precipitation during the past 60 yr Future climate scenarios, based on 2 General Circulation Model (GCM) equilibrium models, General Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL3) and Canadian Climate Centre (CCCM), were developed for Zimbabwe and southern Africa. Both GCMs suggest that with doubling of atmospheric CO2 mean air temperature will increase by 2 to 4°C. In contrast, these 2 GCMs project different current and future precipitation scenarios for Zimbabwe. When calibrated with observed climate data from Zimbabwe, the CCCM GCM closely simulated current ambient temperature and precipitation patterns. The El Niiio Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is a major influence on interannual variability of climate in southern Africa. Future African regional climatology projections, based on GCM scenarios, will need to better consider ENSO and other factors if greater precision 1s to be achieved.


DNA sequencing plays an increasingly central role in clinical research and diagnostics. Genome-wide association studies have established many links between genes and disease but do not reveal the effect of most of the many possible variants within each disease-related gene. in sequencing of genomes of missense variants that change protein sequences, we only understand the phenotypic and clinical consequences of a minute fraction of these. This lack of knowledge has direct consequences for clinical action. Even if a variant is discovered in a known disease-related gene, most variants have the status of "unknown significance" (VUS) simply because they have not been encountered before in the population or been studied in the laboratory.


BACKGROUND
DNA methylation is the addition of a methyl group to the 5 position of cytosine. It is an epigenetic process with several effects, including chromatin structure modulation, transcriptional repression and the suppression of transposable elements. In malignancy, methylation patterns change, resulting in global hypomethylation with regional hypermethylation. This can lead to genetic instability and the repression of tumor suppressor genes.

DESIGN
A review of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor literature was conducted.

RESULTS
DNA methylation inhibitors have demonstrated the ability to inhibit hypermethylation, restore suppressor gene expression and exert antitumor effects in in vitro and in vivo laboratory models. Four inhibitors, which are analogs of the nucleoside deoxycitidine, have been clinically tested: 5-azacytidine, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-azacytosine and dihydro-5-azacytidine. The first two have demonstrated encouraging antileukemic activity but little activity in solid tumors, while the latter two are no longer under study due to lack of efficacy. A fifth agent, MG98, is an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide directed against the 3' untranslated region of the DNA methyltransferase-1 enzyme mRNA, and is now under phase II study.

CONCLUSIONS
While some positive clinical results with DNA methyltransferase inhibitors have been seen, a definitive clinical role for these agents will most likely require combination therapy, and good phase III studies are needed.


The received view on Slavic aspect is that it is intrinsically complex, and that there is little hope of discerning any substantial regularity. We argue that this view is mistaken. We argue that the vast majority of Polish verbs really do come in aspectual pairs and that far from being a mysterious process, aspectual pairing in Polish is simple and regular. We introduce a classification of Polish verbs that pins down the mechanism of aspectual pairing in Polish. Our classification is formationally-driven: we divide Polish verbs into basic five classes on the basis of the patterns of aspectual affixation they enter into (we call affixes used for aspectual purposes formants ). But in spite of its essentially formal nature, our aspectual classification reveals considerable semantic regularity in the Polish verb system. Indeed, the classification induces temporal distinctions on Polish verbs, distinctions that look rather like Vendler-style distinctions. We formalise the distinctions with the tools of modal semantics. We describe the evolution of the Polish aspectual system, and show how our classification could have emerged diachronically. We present the history of the study of aspect and Aktionsart and locate where the approach to Polish verb pairs introduced in this thesis differs from what the reader will find in the various literatures on aspect. We also relate the ideas of this thesis to the ideas the reader can find in the modern approaches to Slavic aspect written in the post-Chomskian tradition. We hope that the work presented in this thesis will be useful to researchers interested in aspect from both the Germanic and Slavic traditions.


Latin America has often been condemned to failure. Neither poor enough to evoke Africa's moral crusade, nor as explosively booming as India and China, it has largely been overlooked by the West. Yet this vast continent, home to half a billion people, the world's largest reserves of arable land, and 8.5 per cent of global oil, is busily transforming its political and economic landscape.This book argues that rather than failing the test, Latin America's efforts to build fairer and more prosperous societies make it one of the world's most vigorous laboratories for capitalist democracy. In many countries, including Brazil, Chile and Mexico, democratic leaders are laying the foundations for faster economic growth and more inclusive politics, as well as tackling deep-rooted problems of poverty, inequality and social injustice. They face a new challenge from Hugo Chavez's oil-fuelled populism, and much is at stake. Failure will increase the flow of drugs and illegal immigrants to the United States and Europe, jeopardise stability in a region rich in oil and other strategic commodities, and threaten some of the world's most majestic natural environments.Drawing on Michael Reid's many years of reporting from inside Latin America's cities, presidential palaces and shantytowns, the book provides a vivid, immediate and informed account of a dynamic continent and its struggle to compete in a globalised world.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the possible correlation between plasma malondialdehyde and homocysteine levels of preeclamptic patients.

DESIGN
Venous blood samples of 20 preeclamptics and 20 healthy pregnant controls were collected. Plasma malondialdehyde and homocysteine concentrations were measured and the correlation between them was investigated. Mann Whitney U test and Spearman correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis.

SETTING
University of Firat, Medical School.

RESULTS
Plasma malondialdehyde and homocysteine concentrations were higher in preeclamptic patients (p<0.05) and a positive correlation between these parameters was found (r: 0.77, p<0.01, n:20).

CONCLUSION
Our results may put forward some new strategies in the research of etiopathogenesis and treatment of preeclampsia.


Many prominent southern writers, including William Faulkner, Thomas Wolfe, Flannery O'Connor, Carson McCullers, and Walker Percy, among others, have attested to the importance of Fedor Dostoevsky to their work. (1) Many of these writers suggested that they identified with Dostoevsky not just as American writers but specifically as southern writers and that their southern heritage had a lot to do both with their attraction to and interpretation of Dostoevsky's novels. It is surprising then that there are virtually no scholarly evaluations of Dostoevsky's impact on southern writers as a group. (2) Certainly, isolated and cursory remarks on the issue of Dostoevsky's reception by southerners may be found in the studies of individual southern writers, but even Jean Weisgerber, the author of the only book-length study discussing Dostoevsky's influence on a southern writer (Faulkner et Dostoevsky; Confluences et influences [1968]), in which he attempts to provide some context for Faulkner's reading of Dostoevsky, avoids the subject entirely. Several interesting observations on Dostoevsky's importance to southern writers are made in A. N. Nikoliukin's pre-Perestroika Soviet study, Vzaimosviazi literatur Rossii i SShA; Turgenev, Tolstoi, Dostoevskii i Amerika [Interrelations of Russian and (American Literatures: Turgenev, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky and America] (1987)--a significant work, despite the tendentiousness dictated by the time and place of its publication. Note must also be taken of Bertram Wyatt-Brown's provocative article, "Russian Literature and the Southern Literary Modernists" (1998), in which Wyatt-Brown, a prominent scholar of southern culture and literature, considers the affinities between the classical nineteenth-century Russian novelists, including Dostoevsky, and modern southern writers. (3) To date, however, the only scholarly article that focuses specifically and exclusively on Dostoevsky's impact on a group of southern writers is Temira Pachmuss's essay, "Dostoevsky and America's Southern Women Writers: Parallels and Confluences" (1981), in which Pachmuss examines the works of Flannery O'Connor, Carson McCullers, and of Eudora Welty--the latter, in a much sketchier fashion--for signs of possible Dostoevsky influence. Pachmuss's essay, written for a Festschrift more than twenty years ago, is frequently cited in discussions of Dostoevsky's influence on individual southern writers, not only because it represents one of the very few attempts to account for the ways in which the southern identity of a group of writers mediated these writers' reception of Dostoevsky, but because Pachmuss has an in-depth knowledge of Dostoevsky's writings and philosophy (she published extensively on his work), which makes her analysis particularly noteworthy. Pachmuss begins by claiming that despite "originating from two completely different cultural backgrounds, the works of Dostoevsky on the one hand, and of some of America's southern writers on the other, demonstrate a remarkable concurrence in themes, ideas, and techniques" (115). She then proceeds to analyze the treatment of loneliness, love, spiritual searching, physical deformity, and violence in the writings of O'Connor, McCullers, Welty, and Dostoevsky. Throughout her essay, Pachmuss maintains that it is Dostoevsky's Christian credo that impresses southern writers most, namely, "Dostoevsky's message that the existential, grotesque world of today ... may be saved from its spiritual perdition by the revelation of the fundamental principle of an all-forgiving and all-embracing love" (126). She posits earlier, by the way, that "Dostoevsky ... argues that genuine love ... lies in Christ and radiates from Him" (116). She concludes by saying that Dostoevsky "was a formative influence on twentieth-century Southern literature" (126). The claims that Pachmuss puts forth in her article are generally well-argued, despite the fact that she never explains why southern writers would have to turn to a Russian novelist for the message "Jesus Saves"--a notion that they were surely familiar with, if only through roadside signs and bumper stickers. …


Wildland fire is an important disturbance agent in the western US and globally. However, the natural role of fire has been disrupted in many regions due to the influence of human activities, which have the potential to either exclude or promote fire, resulting in a "fire deficit" or "fire surplus", respectively. In this study, we developed a model of expected area burned for the western US as a function of climate from 1984 to 2012. We then quantified departures from expected area burned to identify geographic regions with fire deficit or surplus. We developed our model of area burned as a function of several climatic variables from reference areas with low human influence; the relationship between climate and fire is strong in these areas. We then quantified the degree of fire deficit or surplus for all areas of the western US as the difference between expected (as predicted with the model) and observed area burned from 1984 to 2012. Results indicate that many forested areas in the western US experienced a fire deficit from 1984 to 2012, likely due to fire exclusion by human activities. We also found that large expanses of non-forested regions experienced a fire surplus, presumably due to introduced annual grasses and the prevalence of anthropogenic ignitions. The heterogeneity in patterns of fire deficit and surplus among ecoregions emphasizes fundamentally different ecosystem sensitivities to human influences and suggests that large-scale adaptation and mitigation strategies will be necessary in order to restore and maintain resilient, healthy, and naturally functioning ecosystems.


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The Wiener filter is analyzed for stationary complex Gaussian signals from an information theoretic point of view. A dual-port analysis of the Wiener filter leads to a decomposition based on orthogonal projections and results in a new multistage method for implementing the Wiener filter using a nested chain of scalar Wiener filters. This new representation of the Wiener filter provides the capability to perform an information-theoretic analysis of previous, basis-dependent, reduced-rank Wiener filters. This analysis demonstrates that the cross-spectral metric is optimal in the sense that it maximizes mutual information between the observed and desired processes. A new reduced-rank Wiener filter is developed based on this new structure which evolves a basis using successive projections of the desired signal onto orthogonal, lower dimensional subspaces. The performance is evaluated using a comparative computer analysis model and it is demonstrated that the low-complexity multistage reduced-rank Wiener filter is capable of outperforming the more complex eigendecomposition-based methods.


I analyze corruption in international business, presenting a critical assessment of the topic and providing suggestions for future research. I argue that corruption creates a laboratory for expanding international business studies because its illegal nature, the differences in perception about illegality, and the variation in the enforcement of laws against bribery across countries challenge some of the assumptions upon which arguments have been built, i.e., that managers can choose appropriate actions without major legal implications. Hence, I first provide suggestion for how to analyze the topic of corruption in future studies by analyzing the types, measures, causes, consequences, and controls of corruption. I then provide suggestions for how to extend leading theories of the firm by using corruption as a laboratory that challenges some of the assumptions of these theories: extending agency theory by analyzing the existence of unethical agency relationships; extending transaction cost economics by analyzing illegal transaction costs minimization; extending the resource-based view by studying corporate social irresponsibility capability; extending resource dependency by analyzing the ethical power escape; and extending neo-institutional theory by studying illegal legitimacy.


A Triple Modular Redundant (TMR) system achieves high reliability by replicating data and all processing at three independent nodes. When TMR is used for database processing all nonfaulty computers must execute the same sequence of transactions, and this is ensured by a collection of processes known as schedulers. In this paper we study the implementation of efficient schedulers through analysis of various enhancements such as null transactions and message batching. The schedulers have been implemented in an experimental TMR system and the evaluation results are presented here.


Slangs come in various hues with their very own resources and contexts. This paper attempts a study to analyze the sociolinguistic aspect of slangs and their consequent impact on gender. The popular slangs in the Western world and India were analyzed and the causes were investigated. The commodification of women as seen from the usage of slangs in the Indian society was also analyzed. This paper, further, dealt with the effect slangs had on gender and the impact of media on the evolution of slangs. The study is based on responses to questionnaires and the data are analyzed using elementary


This book addresses two issues basic to understanding modern Latin America: the role of American-owned businesses in the region and, of equal importance, the reaction of Latin Americans to foreign investment. Throughout the nineteenth century and up to the 1930s, American corporations stridently resisted local opposition as they secured what they wanted in Latin America, cheap labor, plentiful raw materials, and favorable business conditions. After World War II, Latin American nationalism and revolutions forced American-owned enterprises to redefine their business model throughout the region. U.S. businesses integrated themselves into local societies through direct investment in manufacturing and the creation of broad-based consumer societies eager to buy everything from Coca-Cola to Chevrolets. As a new century dawns, multinational corporations aided by NAFTA ensure computers and cellular phones are as sought after as soft drinks and cars were in earlier eras.The first book on U.S. business activity in Latin America intended specifically for student readers, this account offers a balanced and insightful understanding of the nature of capitalism abroad. In assessing how U.S.-Latin American relations have been shaped by foreign investment, O'Brien argues that over the course of the twentieth century U.S. businesses and their government have forged a close working alliance to promote American interests in Latin America.


Through practices of assessment and consultation, information gathering and analysis, social workers, in the field of child protection, build understandings about children and families. Social workers actively construct knowledge as they engage in assessments of children referred to them as potentially 'at risk'. Their work is always informed by explicit or implicit theories about risk and protection. The active engagement with risk by social workers is the central focus for this inquiry. This thesis presents an exploratory inquiry into the work of child protection in Aotearoa/New Zealand as experienced by social workers employed at the Department of Child, Youth and Family Services (CYFS). The primary focus is on their understanding of risk and their active construction of risk discourses. I am interested in how children are identified as potentially at risk, and how risk is identified, worked with, managed and woven into the assessments of social workers as they engage in child protection work. This inquiry took, as its starting point, narratives of 70 social workers about specific child protection cases. They were asked to describe both straightforward and more complex assessments, and, as a result, provided a rich and detailed range of narratives about how risk is defined, assessed and managed by social workers. This qualitative study employed a critical incident technique as a data collection method, and applied a grounded approach to the analysis of these practice stories. The focus for the interviews was on the day-to-day work as experienced by social workers, that is, the practices of assessment in child protection. Probes were used to solicit further information when risk was discussed by the workers. This research also involved spending time in different branches of CYFS around the country and informal conversation with social workers. Fieldnotes made during these periods of immersion in different practice settings were also analysed to provide understandings of the contexts in which social workers engage in individual and collective knowledge production about children and risk. This is the first detailed investigation of how New Zealand statutory social workers of different ethnicities engage with, and draw on, risk discourses in their assessment work. For the social workers in this study, risk discourses were actively and strategically used in the legitimation of their practice interventions. The practices of socially constructing knowledge about 'risk' are a continuing focus of this thesis, and the wider implications for social work practices of 'risk' assessment are discussed.


Time-domain electric integral equation methods (TD-EFIE) suffer from the numerical stability problem. Numerous schemes have been proposed over the years for the purpose of taking care of this instability. Among them, the marching-on-in-degree (MOD) method is one of the newly proposed algorithms for calculating the various transient responses. The MOD solver employs a set of associated Laguerre functions and incorporates exact temporal Galerkin testing. Although the MOD scheme is assumed to be more stable when compared with marching-on-in-time (MOT), there are few numerical or theoretical investigations on the stability of the various numerical recursive operations for the MOD methodology. It has been shown that the time-domain magnetic field integral equation (TD-MFIE) using the MOD method can be stabilized by using a Filon-type quadrature formula to accurately integrate the highly oscillatory Laguerre functions which has caused instability for the MOD solvers using a higher degree of approximation. On the other hand, the analytical expression of temporal derivatives used in the MOD scheme is strongly affected by an unbounded initial value of the transient current. In this paper, a novel Filon-type radial integration method and a sequential constraint term for TD-EFIE-MOD are proposed, which make the stabilized MOD solver accurate and stable for the arbitrary degree of the Laguerre polynomials. Some numerical results are presented to illustrate the validity of the stabilized MOD solution of TD-EFIE for transient scattering problems.


The stated aim of many repositories is to provide permanent open access to their content. However, relatively few repositories have implemented practical action plans towards permanence. Repository managers often lack time and confidence to tackle the important but scary problem of preservation. Written by, and aimed at, repository managers, this paper describes how the JISC-funded KeepIt project has been bringing together existing preservation tools and services with appropriate training and advice to enable repository managers to formulate practical and achievable preservation plans. Three elements of the KeepIt project are described: 1. The initial, exploratory phase in which repository managers and a preservation specialist established the current status of each repository and its preservation objectives; 2. The repository-specific KeepIt preservation training course which covered the organisational and financial framework of repository preservation; metadata; the new preservation tools; and issues of trust between repository, users and services; 3. The application of tools and lessons learned from the training course to four exemplar repositories and the impact that this has made. The paper concludes by recommending practical steps that all repository managers may take to ensure their repositories are preservation-ready.


This Report on UK Scholarly Journals was commissioned by RIN, RCUK and DTI, and conducted by ELS, but its questions, answers and interpretations are clearly far more concerned with the interests of the publishing lobby than with those of the research community. The Report's two relevant overall findings are correct and stated very fairly in their summary form: [1] "Overall, [self-archiving] of articles in open access repositories seems to be associated with both a larger number of citations, and earlier citations for the items deposited....The reasons for this [association] have not been clearly established - there are many factors that influence citation rates... Consistent longitudinal data over a period of years... would fill this gap." [2] "There is no evidence as yet to demonstrate any relationship (or lack of relationship) between subscription cancellations and repositories... Proving or disproving a [causal] link between availability in self-archived repositories and cancellations will be difficult without long and rigorous research." The obvious empirical and practical conclusion to draw from the findings -- that (1) all the self-archiving evidence to date is positive for research and that (2) none of the self-archiving evidence to date is negative for publishing -- would have been that the research community should now apply and extend these findings -- by applying and extending self-archiving (through self-archiving mandates) to all UK research output, along with consistent, rigorous longtitudinal studies over a period of years, to test (1) whether the positive effect on citations continues to be present (and why) and (2) whether the negative effect on subscriptions continues to be absent. But instead, the two overall findings are hedged with volumes of special pleading, based mostly on wishful thinking, to the effect that (1') the observed relationship between self-archiving and citations may not be causal, and that (2') there may exist an as-yet-unobserved causal relationship between self-archiving and cancellations after all. Even that would be alright, if this Report's conclusions were coupled with a clear endorsement of the proposed self-archiving mandates, so that the competing hypotheses can be put to a rigorous long-term test. But the only test the commissioners of this Report seem to be interested in conducting is "Open Option" publishing, i.e., authors paying publishers to make their article OA for them, instead of self-archiving it for themselves. This would certainly be a nice way to hold author self-archiving and institution/funder self-archiving mandates at bay for a few years more, while at the same time protecting publishers from undemonstrated risk of revenue loss. But it would also leave global unmandated self-archiving to continue to languish at the current spontaneous 15% rate that the self-archiving mandates had been meant to drive up to 100%. And it would leave research unprotected from its demonstrated risk of impact loss. The option of having to pay to provide OA is certainly not likely to enhance the unmandated rate of uptake by authors (though I'm sure publishers would have no quarrel with funder mandates to provide OA coupled with the funds to pay publishers' asking price for paid OA, as provided by the Wellcome Trust). The longterm test will nevertheless be conducted, because four out of eight UK Research Councils have already mandated self-archiving. Their citation rates and their cancellation rates can then be compared with those for the four that have not mandated self-archiving (and whose authors hence do it spontaneously by "self-selection"). Alas this will be mostly comparing apples and oranges (e.g. MRC vs AHRC), and it will needlessly be depriving the oranges of several more years of potential growth enhancement. My guess is that all the other councils -- except possibly the paradoxical EPSRC (which evidently thinks, with the publishing lobby, that there's still some sort of pertinent pretesting to be done for a few more years here) -- will come to their senses long before that, unpersuaded by Reports like this one.


Pim kinases are Ser/Thr kinases with multiple substrates that affect survival pathways. These proteins are overexpressed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts and we hypothesized that Pim kinase inhibition would affect AML cell survival. Imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine compound, SGI-1776 inhibits Pim-1, Pim-2 and Pim-3, and was evaluated in AML-cell line, -xenograft model, and -primary blasts. Treatment of AML cells with SGI-1776 results in a concentration-dependent induction of apoptosis and we investigated its effect on Pim kinase functions. Phosphorylation of traditional Pim kinase targets, c-Myc(Ser62) and 4E-BP1 (Thr36/Thr47), were both decreased in actively cycling AML cell lines MV-4-11, MOLM-13 and OCI-AML-3. Levels of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-x(L), XIAP, and proapoptotic Bak and Bax were unchanged; however, a significant reduction in Mcl-1 was observed. This was correlated with inhibition of global RNA and protein synthesis and MCL-1 transcript decline after SGI-1776 treatment. These data suggest that SGI-1776 mechanism in AML involves Mcl-1 protein reduction. Consistent with cell line data, xenograft model studies with mice bearing MV-4-11 tumors showed efficacy with SGI-1776. Importantly, SGI-1776 was also cytotoxic in AML primary cells, irrespective of FLT3 mutation status and resulted in Mcl-1 protein decline. Pim kinase inhibition may be a new strategy for AML treatment.


Background: One of the modern contraceptive methods is the insertion of intrauterine devices which contain copper and are effective for 12 years. One of the barriers to the use of IUDs, is fear from feeling pain during its insertion. EMLA cream 5% (25 mg of Lidocaine and 25 mg Prilocaine ) is a local anesthetic. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of EMLA cream 5% on reducing pain while inserting Copper T 380A IUD. Methods: The study was conducted on 92 women in one of the health centers of Hamadan. After applying the cream on the cervix, pain level based on visual analog scale, was assessed in three steps; after applying Tenaculum, after entering hystrometer and after IUD insertion and removal of insertion tube. Then, recorded pain levels for each step in case and control groups were compared with each other. Independent t test, Mann-Whitney U test and repeated measures analysis of variance were used to determine and compare the pain levels. To determine the homogeneity of the causing variables chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used. Result: Entering hystrometer was recognized as the most painful step (P<0/001). The mean score of feeling pain during this step in EMLA group was (3/11±2/53) and in placebo group was (5/23±2/31). EMLA cream reduced significantly the pain in all three steps of IUD insertion. Conclusion: Topical application of EMLA cream 5% as a local anesthetic on the cervix before insertion of IUD, reduces pain during this procedure.


A ribbon is a surface swept out by a line segment turning as it moves along a central curve. For narrow magnetic ribbons, for which the length of the line segment is much less than the length of the curve, the anisotropy induced by the magnetostatic interaction is biaxial, with a hard axis normal to the ribbon and an easy axis along the central curve. The micromagnetic energy of a narrow ribbon reduces to that of a one-dimensional ferromagnetic wire, but with curvature, torsion and local anisotropy modified by the rate of turning. These general results are applied to two examples, namely a helicoid ribbon, for which the central curve is a straight line, and a Möbius ribbon, for which the central curve is a circle about which the line segment executes a 180∘ twist. In both examples, for large positive tangential anisotropy, the ground state magnetization lies tangent to the central curve. As the tangential anisotropy is decreased, the ground state magnetization undergoes a transition, acquiring an in-surface component perpendicular to the central curve. For the helicoid ribbon, the transition occurs at vanishing anisotropy, below which the ground state is uniformly perpendicular to the central curve. The transition for the Möbius ribbon is more subtle; it occurs at a positive critical value of the anisotropy, below which the ground state is nonuniform. For the helicoid ribbon, the dispersion law for spin wave excitations about the tangential state is found to exhibit an asymmetry determined by the geometric and magnetic chiralities.


This dissertation examines the perception of mobile phone users towards service providers in the Federal Territory of Labuan. It aims to determine the relationship between influencing factors, customer satisfaction as the mediator and customer loyalty with age as the moderator. The researcher seeks to contribute to the development of theoretical framework that relates to the above factors. The
literatures suggest that the issue of perceptions of mobile phone services can be investigated from the perspective of the mobile phone users. Hence, convenience samplings approach has been used to measure the relationship between the variables involved. A research framework has been developed in the dissertation to illustrate the relationship involved between influencing factors (service quality,
price and perceived value), customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. A questionnaire survey was conducted to 213 mobile phone users with various demographic backgrounds in the Federal Territory of Labuan. The data collected
was analysed and summarized by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 21. Three independent variables namely service quality, price and perceived value was used to measure the significant relationship with customer satisfaction (mediator), customer loyalty (dependent variables) and age (moderator). The study found that service quality is the important factor for
determining customer satisfaction and customer loyalty, while price is vice versa. Likewise, perceived value is the determining factor in customer satisfaction but not towards customer loyalty. Meanwhile, age is a good moderator between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty with mature users is having high satisfaction and loyalty compared to young generation. Hence, it is important for the service providers to focus on the retaining customers and managing customers' relationship efficiently rather than seeking new customers for the future advancement and profitability growth of the companies.


Abstract We have reconstructed the ice thickness distribution of the Morteratsch glacier complex, Switzerland, and used this to simulate its flow with a higher-order 3-D model. Ice thickness was measured along transects with a ground-penetrating radar and further extended over the entire glacier using the plastic flow assumption and a distance-weighted interpolation technique. We find a maximum ice thickness of 350 ±52.5 m for the central trunk of Vadret da Morteratsch, resulting from a bedrock overdeepening. The average thickness of the glacier complex is 72.2 ±18.0 m, which corresponds to a total ice volume of 1.14 ± 0.28 km3. The flow of the glacier is modelled by tuning the rate factor and the sliding parameters taking into account higher-order terms in the force balance. The observed velocities can be reproduced closely (root-mean-square error of 15.0 m a-1, R 2 = 0.93) by adopting a sliding factor of 12 x 10–16 m7 N–3 a-1 and a rate factor of 1.6 x 10-16 Pa-3 a-1 . In this setting, ice deformation accounts for 70% of the surface velocity and basal sliding for the remaining 30%. The modelled velocity field reaches values up to 125 ma-1, but also indicates an almost stagnant front and confluence area, which are crucial for understanding the ongoing glacier retreat.


Magma systems that supply volcanoes can extend throughout the crust and consist of mush (melt within a crystalline framework) together with ephemeral magma accumulations. Within a crystal-rich mush, slow processes of melt segregation and heat loss alternate with fast processes of destablisation and magma transport. Magma chambers form by two mechanisms: incremental magma intrusion into sub-solidus rocks or the segregation and rapid merging of melt-rich layers within mush regions. Three volcanic states reflect alternations of slow and fast processes: dormancy, unrest and eruption. Monitoring needs to detect processes of melt and fluid movements in the lower and middle crust during destabilisation to improve forecasting.


Case Description- An Arabian 10-mounth-old filly with a large mass on the left lateral side of the neck was referred to the Department of Surgery, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahnoar University of Kerman.
Clinical Findings- In clinical examination a large, ulcerated mass (12×10×4cm diameter) was detected on left lateral side of the neck, covered with some serosangeneous discharge. Vital parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature) were within normal range.
Treatment and Outcome-The surgery was performed under general inhalation anesthesia and the mass was removed en bloc. Histopathological examination of the mass showed a large number of eosinophils infiltrated within the dermis and superficial hypodermis, which was diagnosed as eosinophilic granuloma.
Clinical Relevance- This benign tumor is relatively common in horse which is caused mostly due to hypersensitivity reaction to some unknown allergens and chemicals and most of the times are idiopathic. The size of the tumor in this case was much larger than what is reported in the literature.


Background: In the current study,the hazard quotient, the hazard index (HI) and spatial variations of Fe,Mn,Cu and Cr in drinking water sources of Andimesk-Shush, Khuzestan Province, Southern Iranaquifer were assessed. Methods: We compared theconcentrations of aforementioned heavy metals in wells and springs inAndimeshk and Shush regions. The non-carcinogenic risk assessment of heavy metals was implemented usingUnited States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) index.The spatial maps in the area were developed by geostatistical methods. Results: Mean concentrations of heavy metals in groundwater sources of the study area in decreasing order was as follows: Cu >Mn> Fe> Cr. Except for iron,mean heavy metal concentrations were higher than the standard levels. Manganese concentration in 41.5% of the samples exceeded the permissible limits. Copper was higher than the safety limit in 74% of the samples, and chromium in 54% of the cases. The spatial pattern of heavy metals concentrations indicated higher concentrations in the southern parts of the region. The mean hazard quotients of most samples for the four heavy metals were lower than one, indicating that there was no immediate threat due to the exposure to these heavy metals. The calculated accumulated hazards of these heavy metals produced different results, with hazard indices of higher than one. Conclusion: The accumulated hazard indicesfor the evaluated metals were higher than one, indicating that chronic ingestion of these waters threatens the health of local consumers on the long run.


Besides snakes, numerous lineages of squamates gave rise to limb-reduced and elongated (serpentiform) species, indicating the evolutionary success of this modification of the plesiomorphic lizard Bauplan. Concerted with a serpentiform habitus are several morphological adaptations, many of which also concern the structure and arrangement of the viscera, such as frequently a pronounced pulmonary asymmetry in which one lung is reduced or even absent. The European glass lizard or sheltopusik, Pseudopus apodus, is the largest species of the exclusively serpentiform Anguinae. Driven by pre-existing conflicting statements on pulmonary asymmetry, we examined the lungs of 14 sheltopusiks and compared the condition to 11 slow worms (Anguis fragilis). We consistently found the left lung pronouncedly shorter for the slow worm, but indeed a highly variable pulmonary asymmetry between left and right sides in the sheltopusik. This is the first verified case of such variability in pulmonary reduction for any serpentiform squamate and raises several questions about the underlying developmental program for this otherwise taxon-specifically conservative trait.


A series of experiments were conducted to determine the possibility of rearing silver
barb larvae on an artificial diet. Prior to the evaluation of artificial diet in rearing silver
barb larvae, a study was conducted to determine the changes in the amino acid profile of
silver barb from freshly stripped eggs to newly hatched larvae. The result showed that
the amino acid pattern changed according to the developmental stages of the fish
larvae.
The optimum protein requirement of silver barb larvae was determined using five
isocaloric diets with varying protein levels (40, 45, 50, 55 and 60% protein). The results
showed that the larval growth was highest when they were fed a diet containing 55%
protein followed by those fed with 50, 45, 60 and 40% protein. Although the highest
survival was obtained among larvae fed on a 50% protein diet, it was not significantly
different (P>0.05) from the survival of those fed on a 55% protein diet.
In the following study, the optimal protein-energy requirement of silver barb
larvae was determined. Six experimental diets containing two levels of protein (50% and
55% protein) and three energy levels (18.8, 19.7 and 20.5 kJ g-') were evaluated. In this
study, larvae fed a diet containing 50% protein with 19.7 kJ g" energy obtained the best
growth and highest survival. This level was found to be optimum for growth and
maintenance of the larvae.
An experiment was also conducted to find the best feeding rate for silver barb
larvae. The present study showed a significant relationship between feeding rate and
growth of the larvae. Based on growth, feed efficiency and survival, an optimal feeding
rate of 45% BW d-' was found for silver barb larvae.
Lastly, this study revealed that silver barb larvae are visual feeder. Feeding the
larvae throughout the day (day and night) did not give any beneficial effect for the larvae
and resulted in lower growth and survival. This study suggested that feeding the larvae
four times during daytime was the best feeding frequency for silver barb larviculture.


It is important that accurate, reproducible values for the rates of chemical reactions occurring in the atmosphere be obtained. The value of accurate kinetics measurements is to improve the accuracy of mathematical models used to forecast the state of the atmosphere. We describe a versatile, robust apparatus for obtaining atmospheric reaction rate values and their temperature dependencies by a relative method. This relative method has the advantage over absolute methods in that errors due to impurities and adsorption on walls of the reaction apparatus are minimized. In addition, relative values serve as an important verification for absolute values. The apparatus serves to mix sample and reference gases, used in the studies, with helium, water vapor and oxygen and deliver them to a quartz reaction cell whose temperature can be controlled between of -50 C and +350 C. Reaction is carried out by use of a low pressure mercury vapor lamp radiating the sample for different periods of time. The mercury lamp produces hydroxyl radicals in the presence of the water vapor in the reaction mixture. The hydroxyl radicals abstract hydrogen atoms from the sample molecules. Oxygen is needed to mimic reaction conditions in the atmosphere which is rich in oxygen. Measurement of the concentrations of unreacted and reacted mixtures are obtained by injecting these samples into a gas chromatograph having a mass spectrometer detector, GC/MS. Analysis of the rates of reaction of cyclopropane and difluoromethoxydifluoromethane, CHF2OCHF2, (HFOC-134) with hydroxyl radicals yields the following results: For cyclopropane, a rate of 7.85x10' l4:s'1 at 298.15 Kand an activation energy, E/R, of 1323 was obtained. For HFOC-134, a rate of 2.23x10" l5 s'1 at 298.15 K and an activation energy, E/R, of 1895 was obtained.


ABSTRACT This article examines political exile as a particular form of migration, with reference to Indonesians living in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) when the military regime came to power in their homeland. With the rise in Jakarta of the New Order under Major-General Suharto after 1 October 1965, thousands of Indonesians in socialist and communist states abroad were effectively isolated. Faced with detention or execution if they returned home, Indonesian leftists and other dissidents who were scattered across some dozen states spanning the Sino-Soviet divide became unwilling exiles. Several thousand Indonesians were then studying in the USSR, where they were one of the largest foreign nationalities in Soviet universities and military academies. Many spent nearly half a century as exiles, struggling to survive first the vicissitudes of the cold war and then the global transformations that came with the dissolution of the USSR in December 1991. The most influential grouping of Indonesians who remained in the USSR after 1965 was known as the Overseas Committee of the Indonesian Communist Party. In China, a separate party leadership emerged, known as the Delegation of the Indonesian Communist Party. Mirroring Sino-Soviet rivalries, the Delegation urged Indonesian leftists in the USSR to join them in China. Hundreds did so. These rival factions were separated by mutual distrust until they each disbanded toward the close of the cold war. This article analyzes the changing fate of Indonesians caught in the contradictory relationship between New Order Indonesia and the USSR and in the tensions between the USSR and China as these unwilling exiles were buffeted by geopolitical transformations well beyond their influence.


This Article asks whether ICJ opinions to date suggest that judicial consideration of Islamic legal norms has played, can play, or should play a role in the ICJ's resolution of international legal disputes or in establishing the legitimacy of the results that it has reached. It is structured as follows. Part II gives an initial overview of the ICJ to help us understand how and why judges on the ICJ have reached the answers they have. Part III describes how the ICJ's enabling statute permits the Court, at least in theory, to look at Islamic legal norms. As I will show, the Court's Statute allows it to consider Islamic law in a number of different ways. It could use Islamic law as a source of legal norms, as a factor dictating how norms will be applied in particular circumstances, or it could use references to Islamic law as a tool of legitimation. That is to say, the Court might argue that even if international legal rules do not derive from Islamic sources, they are consistent with Islamic legal norms, and thus they bind all Muslim states. Part IV demonstrates that Islamic law is rarely referred to in ICJ judgments or in separate concurring or dissenting opinion.s Pat V details the different ways in which those few judges who refer to Islamic law have used the Islamic legal tradition. It provides a close reading of the ICJ opinions that do refer to Islamic law, which are almost entirely separate concurring or dissenting opinions. This discussion will make clear that different judges use the tradition for different reasons. Some argue that it should be used as a source of international legal norms; and some suggest that it should informs the Court's application of international legal norms--particularly in resolving disputes between majority Muslim states. Part VI concludes by noting some interesting issues of theory and policy that the ICJ opinions raise and asks if they give us any indication of how often, and for what purpose, Islamic law will be cited in the future.


Individuals of the marine ostracode Hemicythere conradi Howe and McGuirt were acclimated in the laboratory at a salinity of 30 parts per thousand and water temperatures of 20-26 degrees C. They were able to survive salinities from 6 to 65 parts per thousand and water temperatures from 6 degrees to 36 degrees C. Individuals of this species also exhibited a positive response to light and preferred silty sand to coarser ooelitic sand when given free choice in laboratory experiments. The results are discussed in relation to the distribution of the species in the field.


Spam is becoming a more and more severe problem for individuals, networks,
organisations and businesses. The losses caused by spam are billions of dollars every
year. Research shows that spam contributes more than 80% of e-mails with an increased
in its growth rate every year. Spam is not limited to emails; it has started affecting other
technologies like VoIP, cellular and traditional telephony, and instant messaging services.
None of the approaches (including legislative, collaborative, social awareness and
technological) separately or in combination with other approaches, can prevent sufficient
of the spam to be deemed a solution to the spam problem.
The severity of the spam problem and the limitations of the state-of-the-Art solutions
create a strong need for an efficient anti-spam mechanism that can prevent significant
volumes of spam without showing any false positives. This can be achieved by an
efficient anti-spam mechanism such as the proposed anti-spam mechanism known as
"Spam Prevention using Access Codes", SPAC. SPAC targets spam from two angles i.e.
to prevent/block spam and to discourage spammers by making the infrastructure
environment very unpleasant for them.
In addition to the idea of Access Codes, SPAC combines the ideas behind some of the
key current technological anti-spam measures to increase effectiveness. The difference in
this work is that SPAC uses those ideas effectively and combines them in a unique way
which enables SPAC to acquire the good features of a number of technological anti-spam
approaches without showing any of the drawbacks of these approaches. Sybil attacks,
Dictionary attacks and address spoofing have no impact on the performance of SPAC. In
fact SPAC functions in a similar way (i.e. as for unknown persons) for these sorts of
attacks.
An application known as the "SPAC application" has been developed to test the
performance of the SPAC mechanism. The results obtained from various tests on the
SPAC application show that SPAC has a clear edge over the existing anti-spam
technological approaches.


The concept of a hype cycle is a well-established business concept, in which novel ideas are said to have an initial wave of hype followed by disillusionment. Only after that, the novel concept takes off and become truly useful entering a so-called plateau of productivity. In biomedical science, the field of microRNAs (miRNAs) certainly had a peak of interest in the end of the last decade. This led by high impact publications (1) and characterization of both novel miRNA-entities as well as their associations to a broad range of diseases. Nonetheless, no clear pharmaceutical successes emerged: miRNA targets are being pursued as therapeutic targets, but none have as of yet successfully made it through clinical trials (2). Likewise the use of miRNA-based treatment strategies targeting regular mRNA is an area of interest (3). In this editorial we focus on a third aspect of miRNAs: the use of miRNAs as prognostic biomarkers in disease, asking the question if miRNAs are now entering this plateau of productivity in which actual benefit will be seen.


The name of the heroine of The Crying of Lot 49, Oedipa Maas, has been the subject of several speculations. While her given name, Oedipa, seems to pose no serious problem, her family name, Maas, has been interpreted in various ways, with references ranging from the Newtonian category "mass" to the low pun "my ass." Basing my argument on the truism that entropy is a most important concept in Pynchon's work in general, and in "Entropy" and The Crying of Lot 49 especially, I suggest another possible source for the name Oedipa Maas in the work of a central figure in the field of thermodynamics who has not been dealt with in Pynchon criticism so far. Although Willard Gibbs, Henry Adams, and especially James Clerk Maxwell have figured prominently in critical essays on The Crying of Lot 49, I want to draw attention to Herrmann von Helmholtz, one of the greatest minds of the nineteenth century, whom James Clerk Maxwell considered an "intellectual giant" (598).


The strong monetary policy actions undertaken by advanced economies' central banks have led to complaints of "currency wars" by some emerging-market economies and to widespread demands for more macroeconomic policy coordination. This paper reviews cross-border effects of advanced economies' monetary policies on emerging economies, through goods markets, foreign exchange markets, and financial markets, and examines the scope for coordination. Blanchard concludes that, while advanced economies' monetary policies indeed have had substantial spillover effects on emerging-market economies, there was and still is little room for coordination. He argues that, given the limits on fiscal policy, restrictions on capital flows (i.e., capital controls) were and still are the appropriate macroeconomic instrument to advance the objectives of both macro and financial stability.


The Average Crop Revenue Election (ACRE) program is a new, optional safety net for farmers provided by Congress in the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (commonly called the farm bill). Choosing this new safety net is not an obvious choice. Farmers who choose to elect this program also must accept a 20% reduction in direct payments and a 30% reduction in marketing assistance loan rates. In this paper, we describe the general provisions and calculations of the ACRE and counter-cyclical payment (CCP) programs and present our estimates of potential payments under the two programs. If prices are expected to remain at or above the ACRE price guarantee, CCP is the best choice since government payments are expected to be lower under the ACRE program—as shown in the first price scenario. However, if national market prices fall sufficiently, the ACRE program becomes the best choice since ACRE payments will be higher—as shown in the third price scenario. The national market price does not have to be much lower for ACRE to be the preferred choice—as shown for wheat-soybean farms in the third price scenario. It is essentially impossible to describe simple rules of thumb or breakeven prices to help farmers decide whether to sign up for ACRE or stay with CCP. This difficulty is due to several factors: the complexity of the program rules, the requirement to sign up all program crops on a farm, the potential government payment for only one crop even though direct payments and loan rates are cut for all crops, the uncertainty of future prices and yields, and the variation in how an individual farm's yields vary in relationship to its State yields.


Loss induced generalized measurements have been introduced years ago as a mean to implement generalized quantum measurements (POVM). Here the original idea is extended to a complete equivalence of lossy evolution and a certain widely used class of POVM. This class includes POVM used for unambiguous state discrimination and entanglement concentration. One implication of this equivalence is that unambiguous state discrimination schemes based on PT-symmetric and non-Hermitian Hamiltonians have the same performance as those of standard POVM. After discussing several key points of this equivalence we illustrate our findings in two elementary physical realizations. Finally, we discuss several implications of this equivalence.


Effect of tillage treatments on the cereal root diseases, rhizoctonia root rot, take-all and cereal cyst nematode, and on grain yield of cereals were tested in 4 field experiments over 3 years. Conventionally cultivated treatments were compared with a range of direct-drill treatments using either a standard tined seed drill equipped with 10 cm sowing points, a specialised drill designed to give minimal soil disturbance or a standard tined seed drill equipped with a range of commercial or modified narrow points designed to provide soil disturbance from 0 to 5.0 cm below seed depth. Direct-drilled treatments that disturbed the soil below seed depth (DDD) and treatments that included 1 cultivation prior to sowing (CPS) resulted in a reduction of rhizoctonia root rot when compared with direct-drilled treatments that did not disturb the soil below seed depth (DDN). When seasonal conditions encouraged volunteer plant growth before sowing, a chemical fallow treatment applied 3 weeks before sowing significantly reduced rhizoctonia root rot in all direct-drilled plots. This was a significant factor in DDD treatments providing effective control of rhizoctonia root rot. Take-all was present in 3 of the 4 experiments. In 2 experiments, take-all was significantly higher in plots following DDN treatments than DDD or CPS treatments and in 1 experiment there was no effect of tillage. Cereal cyst nematode was present in 1 of the 4 experiments. The level of root damage from cereal cyst nematode was least in plots following DDN treatments, higher following DDD treatments and highest following CPS treatments. The influence of tillage practice on grain yield was closely related to the effect of tillage on cereal root disease when levels of disease were moderate to high. Where the incidence of root disease was low, grain yield differences due to tillage treatments were generally related to agronomic factors such as seed depth and seedbed condition.


Biomass is organic material produced by photosynthetic process, either in the form of product or effluent. Plants, trees, grass, potatoes, agricultural waste, forest waste, excreta and cattle dung are examples of biomass. One of the potential biomass contained in mangrove ecosystem. Mangrove areas have important role for citizen especially in Riau Province on the mangrove palm region (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.). Riau Province is the largest region in Indonesia covered by nypa plants. Nypa is a type of palm that grows in the area of the mangrove or sea tides. This research conducted in the Lubuk Muda Village Siak Kecil District Bengkalis and Plant Ecophysiology Laboratory in the University of Riau in November 2014-January 2015. The aim of this study is to determine the potential of biomass nypa (Nypa fruticans Wurmb.) in Lubuk Muda Village Siak Kecil District Bengkalis. The result of this research showed biomass potential nypa in Lubuk Muda Village Siak Kecil District Bengkalis is 382,4 ton/ha or 19.120 ton when accumulated to generality.


This paper reports findings from a researcher-practitioner partnership that assessed the readiness for postsecondary reading and writing demands of 211 students in developmental reading and English courses in two community colleges. An assessment battery was designed for the study, comprising two standardized tests and five projectdeveloped tasks. The project-developed measures were two text-based writing tasks similar to those typically assigned in college classrooms (a summarization task and a persuasive essay), a self-efficacy scale, a teacher judgment questionnaire, and a qualitative student retrospective report. The text-based writing measures were keyed to high-enrollment, introductory-level general education courses that had significant literacy demands. The results pointed to areas where students needed improvement in order to be ready for literacy tasks at the introductory postsecondary level. There was a discrepancy between the relatively low reading and writing skills as assessed through performance tasks and relatively high student self-efficacy ratings and teacher judgments. This finding suggests the possibility of an unrealistic amount of confidence in students' ability to perform college-level reading and writing tasks. Correlations between assessment measures tended to be moderate, suggesting that the measures were tapping different skills. A series of hierarchical regressions modeling the text-based writing skills suggested that improvement in text-based summarization may require particular attention to reading comprehension skills, while improvement in text-based persuasive essay writing may depend more on developing general writing skills. Students' retrospective reports indicated that although participants had some difficulty stating the requirements of the summarization task, they described appropriate strategies to complete it. Overall, the study's findings point to the need to examine approaches to instruction, curriculum, course structure, and placement policy that may improve students' college readiness.


Due to the ease of modern data collection, applied statisticians often have access to a large set of covariates that they wish to relate to some observed outcome. Generalized linear models (GLMs) offer a particularly interpretable framework for such an analysis. In these high-dimensional problems, the number of covariates is often large relative to the number of observations, so we face non-trivial inferential uncertainty; a Bayesian approach allows coherent quantification of this uncertainty. Unfortunately, existing methods for Bayesian inference in GLMs require running times roughly cubic in parameter dimension, and so are limited to settings with at most tens of thousand parameters. We propose to reduce time and memory costs with a low-rank approximation of the data in an approach we call LR-GLM. When used with the Laplace approximation or Markov chain Monte Carlo, LR-GLM provides a full Bayesian posterior approximation and admits running times reduced by a full factor of the parameter dimension. We rigorously establish the quality of our approximation and show how the choice of rank allows a tunable computational-statistical trade-off. Experiments support our theory and demonstrate the efficacy of LR-GLM on real large-scale datasets.


This article draws on the writings, including diaries, letters, etiquette books, and popular fiction, of mid-nineteenth-century women to explore the roles and meanings of dress in everyday life in Victorian New England By mid-century, with the rapid change engendered by industrialization, immigration, and urbanization, individuals were especially concerned about their social position and were preoccupied with social front, the persona they presented with their attire. Women were the prime monitors of their own and their family's dress and were responsible for front, as well as assembly, upkeep, and management of clothing. Their sense of self was intimately tied up with appearance, and they struggled simultaneously to keep up-to-date and to avoid being too fashionable and thereby conspicuous. Women's writings about dress indicate a general acceptance of their prescribed roles, including modesty, domesticity, nurturance, thrift, and piety. Personal accounts mirror the great amount of backrtage labor that was necessary to maintain the proper social front and the constancy and centrality of managing and caring for clothes. The women who emerge from the writings are hard workers, good managers, and intelligent and concerned individuals.