The aim of this master's thesis in history of ideas is to investigate the idea circulation in the Swedish Green Party's meetings with mass media 1980–1982.The study is based upon a series of theoretical premises. It is presumed that cultural expressions, such as speech, media use and visual representation, can be understood through studying how people think about society's history, contemporary development and conceivable futures. Since ideas about society's ongoing development also are presumed to be intertwined with social and cultural positions and practices, and may be expressed differently given different social and cultural circumstances, it is relevant to investigate on the one hand the Green Party's political vision, and on the other hand how the formulation and reception of ideas took place between them and journalists. The Green Party's communication to the Swedish public is studied through on the one hand their own media channels, and on the other hand a selection of events where they were covered in mass media, communicating to the public via journalists.The study shows that the Green Party expected society's ongoing development to lead to an environmental and human disaster, if not their vision of a democratic society, built on small-scale production, came true. These two conceivable futures were used to motivate political action in their present time. History, on the other hand, was used to criticize the present society built on economical growth and hierarchies. In the Green Party's visionary society, mankind would embrace a natural lifestyle and thereby reunite with her, in growth society, lost democratic, accountable and creative nature. These ideas were related to societal processes, events and circulating ideas at the time.To get their messages across to the broad Swedish public, the Green Party arranged a press conference. Partly adapting to journalistic working methods for covering politics, the Green Party staged their alternative, small-scale ideology materially, musically and visually.The Green Party's mass media appearance, along with their growth in membership numbers, made mass media coverage about them increase. In a parliamentary uncertain and politically hostile time, the party's presented parliamentary strategies and political proposals awoke journalistic speculation.However, journalists' news telling about the Green Party's politics circulated, in different ways, around their parliamentary goal, prospects and future obligations. Thereby conceivable futures, as formulated by journalists, gave meaning to the Green Party's formation, development and politics.These ideas were expressed in journalistic media use and interview praxis. Since around two decades, journalists were reporting more independently and confrontational on politics than previously. Covering the Green Party, photographers, camera men and writers created meanings by using mediums, which sometimes were transferred between media forms, to support news narratives.Consequently, a political party trying to change a political lifestyle and exercise reached the Swedish public through mass media as a party mainly competing for parliamentary representation. These results contribute to ongoing research on how, and on what premises, political voices have reached the public through mass media throughout modern history.


To minimize the dispersion of defect modes in the Bragg gap of a conventional one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D PC) doped with a defect layer of left-handed material (LHM), a numerical technique is developed for tuning the optimized parameters of the defect. Through a defect couple comprising a pair of adjacent right-handed material and LHM defect layers, omnidirectional defect modes (ODMs), within a determined tolerance limit, are generated and shown to be much less dispersive than some recently reported near-zero dispersion defect modes. A defect couple with a dispersive LHM yields multiple near-zero dispersion channels in the bandgap. We propose the defect-couple 1D PC as a design for generating polarization-independent ODMs.


The objectives of this study were: To determine how the frequency of manual work contributes to low back pain in nurses in state versus private hospitals in the Durban area. To determine how the frequency of manual work contributes to low back pain in nurses in state versus private hospitals in the Durban area. Hospital nurses have a high prevalence of low back pain (LBP) (Smedley et al., 2003). It has been found that nursing personnel ranked fifth in occupations claiming worker compensation for low back injuries (Owen and Garg, 1994). A number of studies have also indicated a strong association between musculoskeletal disorders and work related factors (Maul, 2002). An epidemiological study by Smedley et al (1997) has suggested that repetitive lifting, frequent bending and twisting play a role in the development of LBP, and that heavy physical workload has played a major role in the development of LBP in nurses. LBP is therefore a serious problem in the nursing field with a relatively high prevalence worldwide. It causes increased absenteeism from work and could impact on patient care. This study was a survey, which was quantitative in nature. Data was collected by means of a questionnaire. The questionnaires were handed out in randomly selected hospitals in the Durban Metropolitan area. The names of all state and private hospitals in the Durban Metropolitan area were put into two boxes and three names were picked from each box. A letter requesting permission to carry out this research was sent out to each hospital and a positive response was received from one state hospital, R.K Khan Hospital and two private hospitals, Westville and Entabeni hospitals. Questionnaires were handed out to the nurses by the researcher, as requested by the hospitals, and collected at a later time by the researcher. Questionnaires were handed out at each ward in the hospitals to nurses who met the criteria for the study and agreed to participate in this study. Questionnaires were also handed out to nurses in the nurses lounge during lunch breaks. The questionnaire was developed as combination of; a pre-validated questionnaire made available by Yip (2001), questions on socio-demographic data, work history, patient handling activities and LBP. The compiled questionnaire was tested for face and construct validity through a focus group, and piloted before being used in the study. A total of 500 questionnaires were handed, 250 to state hospitals and 250 to private hospitals. Participants consisted of nurses (registered, enrolled and student) between the ages of 18 and 45 years, both male and female. Nurses from all hospital wards were allowed to participate in this study. A total of 124 questionnaires were received back, ( 50 from private hospitals and 74 from the state hospital), from the nurses in all the hospitals. Data was then collected from these questionnaires and was analysed using the statistical package SPSS version 13 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, Illinois, USA). A p value of <0.05 was considered as significant. The data collected from the questionnaires was analysed and the results obtained were as follows: The prevalence of work related LBP in this study was 59.7%. Of the 74 nurses with LBP, only 7 (9.5%) reported having LBP before working as a nurse. 35.1% of participants reported that they experienced pain on a daily basis while 62.2% described their LBP as moderate and 27% described their pain as severe. The median duration of LBP was 3.5hours per episode. Of all the participants in this study, 64,9% had needed bed rest due to their LBP with 43.2% having taken sick leave from work for LBP. Back pain in nurses has been found to be a major cause of days lost due to sickness (French et al., 1997). The majority of nurses (93.2%) reported lifting to be the cause of their LBP, standing and bending were also found to be important causes. Low Back injury was reported in 31.1% of participants with up to 51.4% receiving treatment for their injuries, the main choice of treatment was from a hospital or General practitioner. With regards to the frequency of manual work on LBP, there was found to be a slight tendency toward LBP with more frequent manual activity, however this was viii found to be non significant. In those respondents with LBP, the activity associated with the most intense LBP was carrying or lifting patients. Time spent; standing, holding up hands and bending were found to be higher in the group which reported LBP. Having 1-2 children was also associated with increased LBP. The prevalence of LBP was found to be higher in the state hospital (67.6%) than in the private hospitals (48%). The aim of this study was to determine the association between frequency and intensity of manual work on LBP in nurses. The results showed that frequently performed manual activities were associated with LBP but not significantly. In terms of intensity of manual work, carrying or lifting patients was found to be most associated with LBP, standing and bending were also significantly associated with LBP. This study also aimed to determine any difference in LBP between state and private hospitals and a significant difference in LBP prevalence was noted between state and private hospitals. The findings of this study suggest that LBP is a common problem among hospital nurses. The results of this study were also found to be within the same prevalence rates of international studies, which ranged from 35.9% in New Zealand to 66.8% in the Netherlands (Nelson et al., 2003). As was found in the literature (French et al., 1997 and Smedley et al., 1997), lifting was reported to be a major cause of LBP.


Report of a joint Mineral Deposit Studies Group and Geosciences Information Group meeting in association with the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (Midlands Section), held on 6 and 7 April 1993 in the Geology Department at Leicester University. The meeting was organized by Michael K.G. Whateley and Peter K. Harvey. After the first Mineral Resource Evaluation meeting held in Cardiff in March 1991, it became clear that there was a large, interested group of geologists, engineers and financial experts who have a common interest in mineral resource evaluation. It appeared timely to repeat the conference; this second meeting therefore was convened to discuss methods in mineral resource evaluation and describe case histories. This successful international meeting brought together all those who are involved in the day to day exploration and evaluation of mineral deposits in addition to those who are responsible for their economic evaluation and for mine feasibility and design studies. The two-day meeting included 31 papers, six posters and commercial displays by nine companies. A Special Publication of the Geological Society will be published within about a year from the date of the meeting. The meeting attracted over 100 speakers and delegates from Ireland, the Netherlands, USA, Portugal, Germany, Malawi, Canada, Ghana, Sweden, Bulgaria, Belgium, England, Scotland and even Wales. The theme of the conference was to discuss methods of mineral deposit evaluation, and to follow this with case histories from around the world. The conference started with a keynote address by G. Riddler (British Geological Survey) on


A wave-vector-frequency-domain method is presented to describe one-directional forward or backward acoustic wave propagation in a nonlinear homogeneous medium. Starting from a frequency-domain representation of the second-order nonlinear acoustic wave equation, an implicit solution for the nonlinear term is proposed by employing the Green's function. Its approximation, which is more suitable for numerical implementation, is used. An error study is carried out to test the efficiency of the model by comparing the results with the Fubini solution. It is shown that the error grows as the propagation distance and step-size increase. However, for the specific case tested, even at a step size as large as one wavelength, sufficient accuracy for plane-wave propagation is observed. A two-dimensional steered transducer problem is explored to verify the nonlinear acoustic field directional independence of the model. A three-dimensional single-element transducer problem is solved to verify the forward model by comparing it with an existing nonlinear wave propagation code. Finally, backward-projection behavior is examined. The sound field over a plane in an absorptive medium is backward projected to the source and compared with the initial field, where good agreement is observed.


This paper discusses the Inpaeng Network, an alternative farmers' organization in Northeastern Thailand, and its cooperative ventures with state institutions. The primary aim is to show how by drawing on state development discourse participants in community economies can make use of government assistance and resources for their projects. Drawing on data collected in January 2012 in Northeastern Thailand and based on Gibson-Graham's work (2006) I will first show how Inpaeng activities reflect ethical decisions about covering economic needs, the distribution of surplus, consumption, and the management of local commons.

Thailand's "Sufficiency Economy" development strategy since the late 1990s officially recognizes these practices, which are based on traditional knowledge and integrated farming. This shift in development thinking has led to a repositioning of rural agriculture-based communities and has provided a foundation for successful collaborations between Inpaeng and public organizations. Applying positioning theory analysis I will show that each collective actor has a distinct understanding of Sufficiency Economy, and that consequently they pursue different but complementary objectives. In positioning theory terms, the meaning of social practices cannot be determined independently of actors involved; the Sufficiency Economy discourse is consequently embedded in each actor's own "storyline". This understanding not only helps to explain partnerships between Inpaeng and public institutions, but also points towards possibilities for communities' strategic use of storylines in other contexts.


Dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid, is used extensively in clinical medicine in the treatment of respiratory diseases, notably asthma. This medical effect is probably due in part to a down-regulation of many cytokines e.g.. IL-8. However, the side effects of steroids often may outweigh the beneficial effects, especially if the disease in question is of a chronic nature. This combined with steroid resistance has led to an increase in the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These tend to be aspirin derivatives, and many have side-effects. I have investigated a factor that is naturally produced by the body which may alleviate the symptoms of inflammation without many of the side- effects, with an aim to providing a viable alternative. A novel steroid induced monocyte derived factor was described twenty years ago by Stevenson as part of an MD thesis submitted to this university. This remains an unusual phenomenon, as most of the effects of steroids are due to a down-regulation of release; here is one of the few examples of the reverse. Although it raised many interesting points about dispersive motility of populations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) it did not look at individual cells, nor at many of the interesting properties of neutrophils. One of the known effects of some steroids (though not Dexamethasone), and many NSAIDs, is a reduction of adhesion of PMN to venous endothelium. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (and bovine aorta endothelium) were used as an ex vivo model for this, and my results show there is a marked decrease in this adhesion. This effect was observed not only on resting endothelium, but also when the endothelial cells had been pre-treated with ILip or thrombin. This decreased adhesion was due to an interaction with the PMN and the factor, as shown by adhesion being reduced when protein coated coverslips were used as the substrate for adhesion. It is suspected that the reasons for this may be due to an inactivation of integrins such as Mac-1, although a role for selectins cannot be ruled out. Recent work by Diaz-Gonzalez suggests that some NSAIDs act by inducing PMN to shed L-selectin. Other effects of this steroid induced monocyte derived factor on human PMN were determined using biological and biochemical techniques. Previous work has shown a novel dispersive effect of this factor on PMN when used in a uniform concentration, and so I decided to look at the moiphology of treated PMN. Using scanning electron microscopy I observed a polarisation of the PMN, but without any raffling of the membrane, a feature that is normally observed with polarisation. This morphology was not observed with control supernatants taken from monocytes cultured in the absence of Dexamethasone. This moiphology was conserved using cells in suspension and adhered to bovine aorta endothelium. The underlying actin cytoskeleton was examined using confocal microscopy, and the microfilamentous airay was noted as being devoid of spikes, observed with activation, for example with fMLP. Late cytoskeletal controlled effects, the release of granule contents, were also investigated, and it was noted that the release of primary granule contents could be inhibited by this factor in a dose dependent manner. This fusion of granules with the plasma membrane is controlled by the activation of numerous tyrosine kinases, and follows a strict order. Secondary granule release was shown to be inhibited also, as assayed by the cleavage of type I collagen, and analysis of SDS gels. The effects on the metabolic burst showed conflicting results with inhibition being present, again in a dose dependent manner, but much of this activity was removed with increasing purification, leaving only very slight inhibition.


Helps both engineers and students improve their writing skills by learning to analyze target audience, tone, and purpose in order to effectively write technical documents This book introduces students and practicing engineers to all the components of writing in the workplace. It teaches readers how considerations of audience and purpose govern the structure of their documents within particular work settings. The IEEE Guide to Writing in the Engineering and Technical Fields is broken up into two sections: "Writing in Engineering Organizations" and "What Can You Do With Writing?" The first section helps readers approach their writing in a logical and persuasive way as well as analyze their purpose for writing. The second section demonstrates how to distinguish rhetorical situations and the generic forms to inform, train, persuade, and collaborate. The emergence of the global workplace has brought with it an increasingly important role for effective technical communication. Engineers more often need to work in cross-functional teams with people in different disciplines, in different countries, and in different parts of the world. Engineers must know how to communicate in a rapidly evolving global environment, as both practitioners of global English and developers of technical documents. Effective communication is critical in these settings. The IEEE Guide to Writing in the Engineering and Technical Fields Addresses the increasing demand for technical writing courses geared toward engineers Allows readers to perfect their writing skills in order to present knowledge and ideas to clients, government, and general public Covers topics most important to the working engineer, and includes sample documents Includes a companion website that offers engineering documents based on real projects The IEEE Guide to Engineering Communication is a handbook developed specifically for engineers and engineering students. Using an argumentation framework, the handbook presents information about forms of engineering communication in a clear and accessible format. This book introduces both forms that are characteristic of the engineering workplace and principles of logic and rhetoric that underlie these forms. As a result, students and practicing engineers can improve their writing in any situation they encounter, because they can use these principles to analyze audience, purpose, tone, and form.... Download ebook, read file pdf The IEEE Guide to Writing in the Engineering and Technical Fields


Green consumerism is a powerful tool that has the ability to be implemented to reduce plastic pollution. With the ever-increasing issue of plastic pollution, an uptake in green consumer lifestyles is as important as ever. This problem led us to research the question, "how will an increased awareness of worldwide plastic pollution lead to green consumer lifestyles among students who attend High School X?". With this question, we hypothesized that an increased awareness of plastic pollution will lead to an increased uptake of green consumer habits and lifestyles. We used an experimental method with a pre-test post-test design to test our overarching hypothesis. Participants had to complete two questionnaires a week apart from each other. In addition, participants in the experimental group read and watched material about plastic pollution every day throughout the course of the week. After collecting our data, we assessed whether knowledge about plastic pollution and pro-ecological worldviews were changed significantly according to the New Ecological Paradigm Scale. There was a statistically significant increase in awareness and pro-ecological world views in the experimental group supporting our hypothesis. From our results, we were able to conclude that the material given to the experimental group was successful in increasing individual knowledge regarding plastic pollution as well as increasing individual pro-ecological world views. This increase in knowledge is also expected to increase the uptake of green consumer habits among our participants, therefore accomplishing the goal of our study.


Joseph Binvignat was born in Attigny on 26 June 1755 and had been apprenticed to the Reims organ maker Louis Peronard. The first record of his presence in Maastricht is a document dated 7 September 1774, which mentions a tender submitted by Joseph Binvignat and Lambert Houtappel for repairs to the organ of the Protestant church in Valkenburg. The period of Binvignat's collaboration with Lambert Houtappel from 1774 to 1794, which corresponded to the latter years of the Ancien Regime, may be considered his most prosperous and successful. He installed new instruments in Bree, Maastricht, Houthem, Montzen, Hasselt and Berg. In September 1794 Maastricht was taken by French troops. Social and religious life was greatly affected by the French domination and in the cours of time chapters and monasteries were abolished and numerous churches were closed. Joseph Binvignat turned to trading in liquor for his livelihood. Nonetheless, Binvignat's activities as an organ builder did not entirely stagnate. He submitted a plan to repair the organ in the Maastricht Dominican monastery and in 1798 he built a bureau organ for an anonymous customer. After the Concordat of Napoleon with Pope Pius VII on 15 July 1801 numerous parish churches were reopened. Binvignat transferred no less than nine instruments from abandoned monasteries and installed new ones in Stokkem and in St Jan and St Matthiaskerk in Maastricht. In the period from 1814, when Maastricht came under the rule of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Maastricht organ building witnessed a certain revival. Binvignat built new instruments in Geulle, Mechelen, Gruitrode, Lummen, Kerkrade, Simpelveld, Schinnen and Maasmechelen. These were modest instruments, some with pedal pull-downs. On 12 September 1837 Joseph Binvignat died at the age of eighty-two. The workshop was taken over by Adam Binvignat, who had trained with his father and assisted him. He continued the regular maintenance of organs and built new ones for the Protestant churches of Meerssen, Sittard and Beek and the Catholic churches in Oud-Vroenhoven and Borgharen. Once again these were modest instruments. Archival sources and technical analysis of the thirteen surviving instruments by Joseph and Adam Binvignat enable us to address the question whether their work conforms to the principles of the French classical organ or rather to regional traditions. Until the 1820s Binvignat modelled his stop lists on the French classical organ. An exception was the Sesquialter, which was a Liege, Flemish and Rhineland characteristic rather than a French one. Binvignat's hand-pumped diagonal bellows and the style of his flutes and reeds follow descriptions given by Dom Bedos. A typical Rhineland element are such stops as the Carillon, Tintinabulum and Hautbois, which featured on stop lists from the early nineteenth century onwards. The oeuvre of father and son Binvignat may be compared to that of their great seventeenth-century Maastricht predecessor Andre Severin, whose work is a synthesis of French, Southern Netherlands and Rhineland influences which Maarten Albert Vente strikingly typified as not French, not Walloon, not Flemish, not Rhinelands, but as the Maastricht school.


Multi-robot map merging without inter-robot observations, common landmarks, and the knowledge of initial relative poses is a challenging problem due to lack of features or local maxima. This Letter proposes a multi-hypothesis map merging algorithm with sinogram-based particle swarm optimisation to solve the problem. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can merge individual robot maps much more accurately than the existing algorithms.


According to the conventional wisdom, credit derivative contracts are a form of insurance. This view is held by academics, pundits, journalists, and government officials. This essay shows why they are wrong. While there is some superficial similarity between some kinds of credit derivative contracts and insurance contracts - both involve payments by a party holding a risk to another party in return for a promise to make the first party whole under certain future conditions - providing risk-sharing does not make a contract one of insurance. All contracts involve allocating risk between parties, and the lines between insurance contracts and other contracts cannot be sensibly drawn in the abstract. Moreover, the primary reason insurance contracts are treated differently than other contracts (and 'insurance law' is a separate body of law) is not because of their nature as 'insurance' but rather because they are issued by insurance companies. We regulate insurance companies with special rules for three reasons: (1) the inverted production cycle of insurance; (2) the unique governance problems inherent in a model in which the firm's creditors are policyholders; and (3) a view that state-based consumer protection is important to ensure a functioning market. This essay shows that none of these policy justifications obtain in credit derivative markets. Finally, the essay briefly discusses how a centralized clearinghouse or exchange can help improve the credit derivatives markets, as well as potential pitfalls with this solution.


This paper assesses the effects of personality traits on economic preparation for retirement, wealth accumulation, and consumption, among persons 66 to 69 years of age. Among the five chief personality traits of neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness, we focus most on conscientiousness. We find levels of adequate economic preparation for retirement ranging from 29 percent to 90 percent and that conscientiousness positively affects the proportion of persons adequately prepared for retirement, while neuroticism negatively affects it. Both consumption and wealth increase with conscientiousness but wealth increases faster, indicating that more conscientious persons save more out of retirement resources.


This research was undertaken from the perspective of an artist working with
glass and lampworking techniques. Lampworking involves working with
prepared glass tubes and canes which are heated with the aid of a gas burner
and shaped with small pincers. This art-based project offers an example of an
artist attempt to integrate what might be termed 'Chinese' and 'Western'
lampworking approaches.
Through the creation of artworks this project offers a model of artistic practice
using lampworking which forms a counterpoint to the more common kilnformed
approach currently prevalent in China. In addition, the artworks that
form part of this PhD submission are examples of a current interest amongst
some Chinese artists in combining inspiration, commentary and experiences
from 'East' and 'West' into their practice. This project details and contextualizes
examples of how lampworking might be used as a medium to this end.
'Craft' objects are used as a starting point to develop artworks that highlight
what I personally found to be diminishing aspects of Chinese culture; for
example the Chinese notion of 'Change'. This project offers a new body of
lampworked artworks which have been exhibited in professional venues at a
national level and that demonstrate an artist's approach to combining aspects
of Chinese and Western culture in glass art. The themes, inspiration and
making process of the creative works are documented in a written thesis to
form a model on which other artists might build. The recent history of Chinese
lampworking (1930-2013) is presented, building on interviews and literature
review of works not previously published in English. The emergence of
lampworking in China as a medium for studio glass practice is also charted.
For Western audiences, this research offers an example of how the
inspirations from Chinese culture and philosophy have been incorporated into
contemporary glass art. It also clarifies the current situation of contemporary
Chinese lampworking. For Chinese audiences, this research is an instance of
western art influence in Chinese lampworking practice. The demonstration of
the contemporary lampworking making process is useful for other Chinese
lampworking artists.


Implementation of learning activities in the schools is the responsibility and authority of each school to implement the established curriculum. Assessment is one of the important activities that must be applied in every learning process. Learning is the process of change that occurs in living things. The change in question is a change in behavior and knowledge that occurs in a relatively permanent. Recently, many learning models have been created that aim to create a different learning environment than conventional learning. Schools selected in this research are: SMK AL Mubarkeya, SMKN 2 Banda Aceh, SMK Muhammadiyah Banda Aceh, SMKN 4 Banda Aceh, SMKN Flight, and SMKN 5 Banda Aceh. Based on the results of the above research, it can be concluded that, almost all of the sample studies schools have implemented Curriculum 2013 or K13 properly and perfectly. Almost all schools have implemented creative learning methods, such as problem-based learning, project-based learning, project-based instruction, inquiry and cooperative learning.


Subscribing to the core idea that income should be taxed where value is created, the international community has devised a set of tax base protecting rules to counter a world in which highly profitable multinational companies like Apple, Google, and Amazon pay very little in taxation. But these rules rely on assumptions about value that tend to allocate most revenues from international trade and commerce to rich countries while, whether intentionally or not, depriving poorer countries of their proper share. This Article argues that a rigorous examination of what we mean by value could prompt changes in the consensus on allocation. To demonstrate with a concrete example, the Article examines wages paid to workers in low-income countries and reveals a clear and well-documented gap between market price and fair market value resulting from labor exploitation. It then demonstrates how to apply this knowledge to existing international tax rule sets to reallocate profits to align more closely to the value-based ideal. If accepted in principle, the proposed approach could be expanded beyond wages to consider other areas in which prices do not align with value creation. Ultimately this could provide a more detailed template to reallocate multinational revenues in a way that does not inappropriately benefit richer countries at the expense of poorer ones.


This dissertation examines, from an economic program evaluation perspective, North Carolina's Green Business Fund (the Fund), a state-level grants program to provide support for small businesses conducting R&D related to sustainability technologies. The evaluation of the Fund follows both traditional evaluation and statistical-based evaluation methodologies. The traditional economic evaluation herein presents an extension of an economic model that allows one to estimate the benefit-to-cost ratio of a program under the particular data-limitations that are present in this work. The results of the traditional evaluation suggest that the Fund resulted in a positive net social surplus. Specifically, if one assumes that the elasticities of demand for innovations developed by the Fund are similar to those in a competitive market, the benefit-to-cost ratio associated with the Fund is estimated to be greater than 2.0. To supplement the traditional evaluation methodologies, econometric analyses are conducted to examine the relationship between key program outcomes and firm- and project-characteristics. The findings from these analyses suggest that the roles of external investment and university partnerships are related to the creation of new jobs, the development of intellectual property, and the generation of revenues.


Five Gonocephalum species were recorded during a survey of the main maize-producing area of South Africa. Distribution data from this survey were augmented by records from the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. Gonocephalum simplex Fabricius, the earliest descriptionbed and most destructive Gonocephalum species in South Africa, was also the most frequently recorded. It had the widest distribution but was more common in the eastern parts of the maize-producing areas. Gonocephalum germari Ferrer occurred throughout southern Africa but was infrequently recorded during this survey. Gonocephalum bimaculatum Ferrer, G. brincki Ferrer and G. gridellii Koch only occurred in specific regions in South Africa and were also infrequently recorded. Only G. simplex and G. gridellii are known to damage maize seedlings.


Alarm vocalizations produced by prey species encountering predators can serve a variety of functions. North American red squirrels are a small-bodied mammal popularly known for producing loud, conspicuous alarm calls, but functional accounts of calling in this species are few and contradictory. We conducted research over a 3-yr period on a sample of 47 marked red squirrels in the foothills of the Canadian Rockies. We recorded the production of alarm calls during encounters with natural predators and in a series of simulated predator experiments. We tested for variation in call production patterns consistent with three traditional hypotheses concerning the conspecific warning functions of alarm calling: namely that they serve as warnings to kin, to potential mates, or to territorial neighbors with which callers have an established relationship. Patterns of calling did not provide clear support for any of these hypothesized functions. We consider several possible qualifications to our results. We also consider the possibility that conspicuous calls given by red squirrels during encounters with predators are directed at the predators themselves and function to announce their detection and possibly deter them. This possibility is consistent with additional life-history features of red squirrels including that they are a relatively solitary and territorial, food-hoarding species that produces the same conspicuous vocalizations in response to other squirrels intruding on their territory to steal cones. An important corollary of this account is that red squirrel alarm calls probably do not entail referentially specific messages about different types of predator, as proposed previously.


The term smart-grid was coined in early part of last decade and since then it has been developing rapidly across the wide range of energy generating and distributing systems such as solar energy, wind energy, bio fuels, geothermal and hydroelectric energy with an aim to improve the economy, safety and durability of power supply. On the down side, due to the distributed nature and complex architecture with multiple domain line like IT, power and telecommunication. There has been increase in dependency on cyber resources which may be vulnerable to attack. To tackle these issues a proper and efficient Information security risk management is required. In this paper, a novel framework for vulnerability analysis in smart power grid system has been presented which may be of tremendous potential and application for enhancing the cyber security of the smart grid. That is done through the case study of pilot grid in India with exposure evaluation existing well defined scoring system.


Ever since the discovery of the first quarto of Hamlet (Q1) in 1823, it has generated
fierce debate among scholars about its origin. Recently, Terri Bourus has written
a powerful book-length argument that Q1 was indeed by Shakespeare, as its title
page states, and that he wrote it by 1589. The present article bolsters Bourus's
conclusion with a careful look at its title page claims as well as the literary satires
of Thomas Nashe, Gabriel Harvey and Ben Jonson. Specifically, Q1's title page
and apparent allusions to Hamlet in the early 1590s pamphlet war of Nashe and
Harvey independently confirm an earlier chronology for the tragedy. Jonson also
attributes a line exclusive to Q1 to his caricature of Shakespeare in Every Man Out
of His Humor (1600). The evidence suggests Shakespeare had written Q1 much
earlier than conventionally assumed and that there was no 'lost Hamlet'.


We study ?flat knot types? of geodesics on compact surfaces M2. For every flat knot type and any Riemannian metric g we introduce a Conley index associated with the curve shortening flow on the space of immersed curves on M2. We conclude existence of closed geodesics with prescribed flat knot types, provided the associated Conley index is nontrivial.


This collection of essays was produced as part of the 'Cultures of Consumption' project 'Shopping Routes: Networks of Fashion Consumption in London's West End 1945-1979'. Its content was derived from a project conference that aimed to set the historical development of London as a World Fashion City in the context of a continuing global network of fashion centres.

Whilst individual studies of fashion cities including Paris, London and New York have been published before, this is the first time that the broader concept of the world fashion city, utilizing a comparative and multi-disciplinary approach, has been addressed.

The editorial approach followed four key themes: a consideration of how the urban landscape produces particular versions of fashion culture, the ways in which those landscapes are defined and connected by their relationship to other places, the manner in which representations across a range of media produce a powerful composite mythology of the fashion city, and the role that fashion production and consumption plays in the formation of local class, gender, ethnic and generational identities.

The book supported and re-framed research by international scholars working in the disciplines of geography, cultural studies, sociology, fashion studies, anthropology and social history to demonstrate the ways in which the concept of fashion city can be examined and interpreted.

Alongside new readings of the more familiar sites of Paris, New York, Milan and Tokyo, the editors set out to encourage a consideration of cities whose presence disrupts a simple understanding of a fixed Euro-American global fashion order. Essays on Moscow, Dakar and Mumbai and an introduction focusing on Shanghai demonstrate the shifting and contingent nature of the field.


The integrity of dental implant surfaces might be compromised during surgical insertion. Wear and topographical modifications can occur during implant insertion, which can potentially have clinical implications. Accordingly, the analysis and prediction of the wear behaviour of dental implant surfaces is fundamental. Surface mean curvature is a key topographical parameter in contact mechanics, related to wear and plastic deformation; however, there is not a consensus on its characterization. In this paper, a critical analysis of the feature parameter Spc from ISO 25178-2 is carried out, which addresses its limited ability to characterize dental implant surfaces. A novel alternative parameter (named 'relative mean peak curvature' ΔSdq) is presented and evaluated in representative dental implant treatments. The obtained results suggest a positive correlation between the surface peak curvature and its tribological signature in biomedical implants. Although biomedical experiments are needed to validate this correlation, the novel method is presented as a tool for future studies.


Abstract Most research regarding ecological response to extinction in the fossil record focuses on qualitative, taxonomically based analyses. Shifting to quantitative analyses that incorporate paleocommunity-level data offers a richer ecological perspective on how paleocommunities respond to extinction. During the Late Ordovician (Mohawkian), a regional extinction occurred among marine taxa in the Appalachian Basin of eastern North America. To examine community-level paleoecological change across this extinction boundary, field censusing of macroinvertebrate genera was completed for the Nashville Dome of Tennessee, the Jessamine Dome of central Kentucky, and the Valley and Ridge area of western Virginia. In each region, shallow and deep subtidal environments were sampled in four stratigraphic sequences representing preextinction and postextinction intervals (M3 and M4 sequences and M5 and M6 sequences, respectively). Diversity metrics calculated from subsampled field data generally decrease across the extinction boundary and into the M6 sequence, with more significant declines in the deep subtidal facies and Virginia samples. These facies and regional differences in diversity reflect environmental and geographic variability not only in the effects of the extinction but also in the extent of immigration of new taxa to different areas of the basin. Despite diversity declines, evenness varies little among sequences, facies, and regions across the extinction boundary, suggesting no major change to the relative abundance structure of paleocommunities. Analyses of shifts in ecospace use (particularly tiering and motility of taxa) and multivariate ordination, however, also reveal strong environmental and geographic differences in ecological response due to changes in rank abundance of common taxa.


The incorporation of engineering practices and core ideas into the Next Generation Science Standards at the elementary school level provides exciting opportunities but also raises important questions about the preparation of new elementary teachers. Both the teacher education and engineering education communities have a limited literature base on the resources that novice elementary teachers bring to learning and teaching engineering. The purpose of this descriptive exploratory research study was to characterize the design practices used by preservice elementary teachers during an integrated engineering and literature experience. Using a modification of the Design Activity Coding Scheme (Atman et al., 2007), we examined the discourse of a team of preservice teachers as they worked on an engineering design challenge based on children's literature. The modified coding scheme included indicators for the teachers' design practices and conversational moves. We analyzed the coded data for patterns of design practices across group members and over time, and for evidence of the group's perceptions of the goals of their activity – their epistemological framing. The preservice teachers' utterances were almost evenly divided between design practices and conversational moves, and most design practices were distributed evenly across all members of the group. Conversational moves were concentrated within a subset of members. The teachers' discourse gave evidence of stable framing of their activity as a design task rather than as an exercise in satisfying the instructor's directions. However, within the design task framing, the teachers emphasized the design practices of generating possible solutions and feasibility analysis at the expense of information gathering, design solution modeling, and detailed evaluation of proposed solutions. The teachers' design practice profile differs substantially from that of both novice and expert professional engineers. The findings of this research suggest that novice elementary teachers may need opportunities to see the fruitfulness of problem definition and detailed analysis for engineering design success.


In the aftermath of the ousting of President Mohamed Morsi, the military-backed Egyptian interim government has used propaganda and has promoted a certain representation of the past to achieve its political agenda of building legitimacy and consolidating power in a postrevolutionary state. In support of this objective, the interim government installed by 'Abd al-Fattah al-Sisi has relied on a discourse that revolves around a few central themes: demonization of the Muslim Brotherhood, the war on terror, the continuity of the January 25 Revolution in the June 30 Revolution, and the inseparability of the army and the people throughout Egyptian history. This discourse is reflected in speeches during state commemorations and ceremonies, official statements, and government publications, and is supported by the state media at large. Even the legal proceedings against Hosni Mubarak and Mohamed Morsi carried political and strategic significance for the successor regime. When al-Sisi assumed the presidency in June 2014, he largely adhered to the same discourse in order to safeguard the crucial popular support that he needs in order to realize his efforts to rehabilitate the Egyptian economy, ensure national security, and defer criticism that his government embodies a return to the Mubarak era.


The paper investigates the long run historic development of the Amsterdam rental housing market (1550-1850). Using rent data on a large cross section of residential properties in Amsterdam we are able to develop an annual constant-quality rent index for the entire time period. Whereas nominal rents nearly tripled over the considered sample period, average Amsterdam house rents, in real terms, had approximately the same level in 1850 as they exhibited in 1550. Otherwise stated, nominal rents and goods prices rose at the same pace. Over these 301 years, the real index moves between a minimum level of 45.6 and a maximum of 162.4. As concerns the relation between the housing market and the real economy, we find empirical evidence that fluctuations in rents and fluctuations in proxies of business cycle activity comove, both in nominal and in real terms.


An essential function for achieving security in computer networks is reliable authentication of communicating parties and network components. Such authentication typically relies on exchanges of cryptographic messages between the involved parties, which in turn implies that these parties be able to acquire shared secret keys or certified public keys. Provision of authentication and key distribution functions in the primitive and resource-constrained environments of low-function networking mechanisms, portable, or wireless devices presents challenges in terms of resource usage, system management, ease of use, efficiency, and flexibility that are beyond the capabilities of previous designs such as Kerberos or X.509. This paper presents a family of light-weight authentication and key distribution protocols suitable for use in the low layers of network architectures. All the protocols are built around a common two-way authentication protocol. The paper argues that key distribution may require substantially different approaches in different network environments and shows that the proposed family of protocols offers a flexible palette of compatible solutions addressing many different networking scenarios. The mechanisms are minimal in cryptographic processing and message size, yet they are strong enough to meet the needs of secure key distribution for network entity authentication. The protocols presented have been implemented as part of comprehensive security subsystem prototype called KryptoKnight. >


Clinical Trials: Study Design, Endpoints and Biomarkers, Drug Safety, and FDA and ICH Guidelines is a practical guidebook for those engaged in clinical trial design. This book details the organizations and content of clinical trials, including trial design, safety, endpoints, subgroups, HRQoL, consent forms and package inserts. It provides extensive information on both US and international regulatory guidelines and features concrete examples of study design from the medical literature. This book is intended to orient those new to clinical trial design and provide them with a better understanding of how to conduct clinical trials. It will also act as a guide for the more experienced by detailing endpoint selection and illustrating how to avoid unnecessary pitfalls. This book is a straightforward and valuable reference for all those involved in clinical trial design. It provides extensive coverage of the "study schema" and related features of study design. It offers a "hands-on" reference that contains an overview of the process, but more importantly details a step-by-step account of clinical trial design. It features examples from the medical literature to highlight how investigators choose the most suitable endpoint(s) for clinical trial and includes graphs from real clinical trials to help explain each concept in study design. It integrates clinical trial design, pharmacology, biochemistry, cell biology and legal aspects to provide readers with a comprehensive look at all aspects of clinical trials. It includes chapters on core material and important ancillary topics, such as package inserts, consent forms, and safety reporting forms used in the United States, England and Europe.


Fertility treatments have helped many individuals and couples exchange the heartbreak of infertility for the joys of parenthood. However, patients are often directed towards practices that greatly increase health risks by increasing their chances for multiple gestations. This Article highlights features of the context surrounding "assisted reproduction" that steer potential parents toward choices that heighten health risks for them and their hoped-for children.The decision-making context patients confront in assisted reproduction leads many towards treatment choices that markedly increase the probability of twins, triplets, and higher order births. As a result, 30-35% of the births related to assisted reproduction are multiples. The public health community views the dramatic rise in multiple births related to assisted reproduction as a preventable epidemic. They emphasize that much more needs to be done to prevent the multiple pregnancies related to assisted reproduction. This policy imperative, however, runs head long into the market-based and institutionally fractured approach to fertility treatment in the United States. The significant risks associated with multiple gestation raise an obvious question: why, despite strong evidence that single embryo transfer is the best way to reduce multiple gestations, do most women in the United States still select treatment approaches - hormone therapy or implanting multiple embryos in IVF - that often lead to multiple gestations? These practices stand in sharp contrast to several European countries, where women use IVF and transfer only one embryo at a time, the treatment approach best designed to reduce the risk of multiples? An important part of the answer to this puzzle lies in the context in which potential parents in the United States make decisions about assisted reproduction. This Article critically analyzes the dominant approach to understanding patient choice in assisted reproduction. Drawing upon well-established findings in cognitive psychology and behavioral economics, it evaluates how patients are steered towards choices about assisted reproduction that disserve their long-range interests and well-being and reduce social welfare. This research demonstrates the myriad ways that organizational and legal rules and incentives substantially influence individual choice. In highlighting how patient choices are swayed by the context within which they seek medical assistance to conceive children, I provide a novel application of a school of thought that is gaining greater attention in the legal literature and in policy-making communities. The Article also analyzes various legal and institutional strategies that other countries have used to address the risks created by multiple gestations related to assisted reproduction. This comparative perspective highlights shortcomings in the U.S. approaches to assisted reproduction and advances understanding of the strengths and limits of alternative policy options. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, I provide suggestions for both public and private actors to reshape the assisted reproduction decision-making context to guide patients towards one healthy baby.


By essentially any measure, administrative costs in colleges and universities have risen dramatically during the past two decades, disproportionately more than the costs of instruction and research. Accelerating a four-decade pattern, expenditures for presidents, deans, and their assistants grew 26 percent faster than instructional budgets in the 1980s [3]. The increase for administrative costs per full-time equivalent student in the 1980s, nationwide, was 46 percent, exclusive of monies spent on the administration of libraries, student services, research, and physical plant. Between 1973 and 1974 and 1985 and 1986, the share of "education expenditures" spent on administration (institutional support, student services, and academic support minus libraries) increased 2.7 percentage points for all public universities, while the instruction share declined 2.0 percentage points - changes that measure in the billions of dollars, nationally [24]. According to HEGIS/IPEDS data for 1975-86, administrative costs increased faster than academic costs in all higher education sectors [35, 39]. In private colleges, the median rate of increase for administrative and support expenditures was 4 percent per year, in real terms, versus less than 3 percent per year for academic expenditures. Regarding changes in the number and salaries of administrators, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission data for 1975-85 showed a 6 percent growth in full-time faculty; an 18 percent growth in "executive, administrative, and managerial employees"; and a 61 percent growth in "other professionals," who are degree-holding employees often accounted for in administrative categories.(1) For 1985-90, the increases were 9 percent, 14 percent and 28 percent, respectively [21, 22]. Secretarial and clerical staff grew at a faster rate than faculty. The only group to show a decline was service and maintenance personnel. At some large universities, the numbers were even more dramatic. At UCLA the number of faculty members declined 6.8 percent from 1977 to 1987, at the same time that executive, administrative, and managerial employees increased 35.8 percent. AT MIT, faculty members increased by 7.6 percent from 1981 to 1989, whereas administrative personnel increased by 37 percent. Even when faculty numbers increased substantially, as at Ohio State University, where they increased by 29.2 percent between 1979 and 1989, the increase in executive, administrative, and managerial personnel well outpaced that growth, being 71.2 percent, while other professionals increased by 139 percent.(2) If we consider salaries, the declines were somewhat less for administrators: between 1971 and 1972 and 1984 and 1985, the average real salaries of faculty and administrators declined by 16 and 13.1 percent, respectively. When those figures are disaggregated for administrators, the data reveal increased salary dispersion among administrators, as well as among faculty [26, 33]. Concerns are widespread. Three-quarters of the member institutions of the Association of American Universities report having recently attempted to reduce administrative costs [23]. State legislators and institutional trustees specifically have targeted administrative costs; in two states legislatures recently have mandated 10 percent reductions in administrative expenditures. When Arizona's Joint Legislative Budget Committee launched a study of administrative costs in higher education in 1992, Arizona became only the most recent of several states to express concern over the increasing allocation of higher education's resources away from instruction to institutional administration. In chairing the subcommittee responsible for the Arizona study, it has become clear to the senior author of this article that the Arizona study, like similar efforts in many other states, merely will estimate and compare growth in administrative costs to comparable costs in peer institutions, over time. By contrast, in this article we hope to focus future studies of costs in ways that will sharpen the understanding of why administrative costs rise and will inform decision making and practice. …


We study the drainage of a near-theta solvent through densely grafted polymer layers and compare to recent notions that these layers display little permeabil- ity to solvent flow at surface separations less than a ''hydrodynamic thickness.'' The solvent is trans-decalin (a near-theta solvent at the experimental temperature of 247C). The polymer is polystyrene (PS) end-attached to two opposed mica surfaces via the selective adsorption of the polyvinylpyridine (PVP) block of a PS-PVP diblock copoly- mer. The experimental probe was a surface forces apparatus modified to apply small- amplitude oscillatory displacements in the normal direction. Out-of-phase responses reflected viscous flow of solvent alone—the PS chains did not appear to contribute to dissipation over the oscillation frequencies studied. The value of the hydrodynamic thickness (RH) was less than the coil thickness (Lo) measured independently from the onset of surface-surface interactions in the force-distance profile, implying significant penetration of the velocity field into the polymer layer. As the surface-surface separa- tion was reduced from 3Lo to 0.3Lo, the apparent hydrodynamic thickness (R*) de- creased monotonically to values R* ! RH. Physically, this indicates that the ''slip plane'' moved progressively closer to the solid surfaces with decreasing surface-surface separation. This was accompanied by augmentation of the effective viscosity by a factor of up to approximately 5, indicating somewhat diminished permeability of solvent through the overlapping polymer layers. Similar results hold for the flow through surface-anchored polymers in a good solvent. It is interesting to note the strong stretch- ing of densely end-grafted polymers in a theta solvent. q 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2961-2968, 1997


We carry out the programme of R. Liouville \cite{Liouville} to construct an explicit local obstruction to the existence of a Levi--Civita connection within a given projective structure $[\Gamma]$ on a surface. The obstruction is of order 5 in the components of a connection in a projective class. It can be expressed as a point invariant for a second order ODE whose integral curves are the geodesics of $[\Gamma]$ or as a weighted scalar projective invariant of the projective class. If the obstruction vanishes we find the sufficient conditions for the existence of a metric in the real analytic case. In the generic case they are expressed by the vanishing of two invariants of order 6 in the connection. In degenerate cases the sufficient obstruction is of order at most 8.


Mediterranean endemic freshwater fish are among the most threatened biota in the world. Distinguishing the role of different extinction drivers and their potential interactions is crucial for achieving conservation goals. While some authors argue that invasive species are a main driver of native species declines, others see their proliferation as a co-occurring process to biodiversity loss driven by habitat degradation. It is difficult to discern between the two potential causes given that few invaded ecosystems are free from habitat degradation, and that both factors may interact in different ways. Here we analyze the relative importance of habitat degradation and invasive species in the decline of native fish assemblages in the Guadiana River basin (southwestern Iberian Peninsula) using an information theoretic approach to evaluate interaction pathways between invasive species and habitat degradation (structural equation modeling, SEM). We also tested the possible changes in the functional relationships between invasive and native species, measured as the per capita effect of invasive species, using ANCOVA. We found that the abundance of invasive species was the best single predictor of natives' decline and had the highest Akaike weight among the set of predictor variables examined. Habitat degradation neither played an active role nor influenced the per capita effect of invasive species on natives. Our analyses indicated that downstream reaches and areas close to reservoirs had the most invaded fish assemblages, independently of their habitat degradation status. The proliferation of invasive species poses a strong threat to the persistence of native assemblages in highly fluctuating environments. Therefore, conservation efforts to reduce native freshwater fish diversity loss in Mediterranean rivers should focus on mitigating the effect of invasive species and preventing future invasions.


BIPOLAR DISORDER IN LATER LIFE Martha Sajatovic, MD, and Frederic C. Blow, PhD (Eds.) Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007, 280 pp., $50.00 (hardcover). Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness that is associated with devastating consequences not only for the patient affected by the illness but also for the patient's family and social environment. With the aging population increasing in this country and other developed countries, it is essential to get a better understanding of the subject. This book allows the reader to look at all the relevant issues involved in the care of this special population: the late-life adult with bipolar disorder. The book is divided into four parts with 13 independent chapters, giving the reader the flexibility to move from chapter to chapter, sequentially or out of order, to visit the areas of most interest. Anyone, whether a medical professional or not, who is interested in late-life bipolar disorder can find guidance and information in this book. Part I Chapter 1 . The epidemiological facts of late-life bipolar disorder are considered here. Also discussed are the assessment instruments used with patients suffering with bipolar disorder in long-term facilities, the prevalence and characteristics of the illness, and the need for more studies to evaluate the characteristics of this disease. Controversy exists as to whether geriatric bipolar disorder symptoms differ from those typically seen in the youthful population. The authors present compelling arguments for the existence of such differences. Other important epidemiological issues, such as gender differences, comorbidities, and barriers to care are reviewed in this chapter. Chapter 2 . The psychopathology of oldage mania is explored in this chapter. Recognized are the need for more research and validation of the instruments used to evaluate mood disorders in the older patient. Chapter 3 . The authors present data on cross-sectional analysis done to explore a broad range of issues affecting the elderly with bipolar disorder in long-term facilities. They point out the need for more research to answer questions regarding specific factors that have great impact in the lives of this population. The authors suggest that crossnational and cross-sectional comparative studies of these patients might be the most relevant. Part II Chapter 4 . The different treatment options for late-onset bipolar disorder and secondary mania are reviewed here. The prevalence, incidence, and special characteristics of late-onset mania are explained to distinguish them from secondary mania due to medical and pharmacological disturbances. This chapter presents the reader with a synopsis of how to work up late-onset mania and different treatment options. Chapter 5 . An in-depth review of the pharmacological treatment options for latelife bipolar disorder. This chapter extensively reviews the literature of treatments and their side effects. They express the importance of a multidisciplinary approach: "although pharmacotherapy should be considered the backbone of treatment for bipolar disorder for older adults medication should be seen as part of a comprehensive rehabilitation strategy." The chapter continues with a range of strategies available today to treat this population. Chapter 6 . The authors describe a psychosocial intervention that in their experience has had the greater impact in the treatment of late-life bipolar disorder patients. They describe the "life goal program," a unique program geared to older adults with mental illness living in the community. They describe very vivid and interesting real-life experiences of patients who benefited from this program. The life goal program has several components and may be difficult to replicate in certain community settings with scarce resources. Chapter 7 . This chapter deals with an important and very familiar issue for any practicing clinician: adherence to treatment. …


Importance
The need for improved methods of hemorrhage control and resuscitation has resulted in a reappraisal of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA). However, there is a paucity of data regarding the use of REBOA on a multi-institutional level in the United States.

Objective
To evaluate the outcomes in trauma patients after REBOA placement.

Design, Setting, and Participants
A case-control retrospective analysis was performed of the 2015-2016 American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program data set, a national multi-institutional database of trauma patients in the United States. A total of 593 818 adult trauma patients (aged ≥18 years) were analyzed and 420 patients were matched and included in the study; patients who were dead on arrival or were transferred from other facilities were excluded. Trauma patients who underwent REBOA placement in the ED were identified and matched with a similar cohort of patients (the no-REBOA group). Both groups were matched in a 1:2 ratio using propensity score matching for demographics, vital signs, mechanism of injury, injury severity score, head abbreviated injury scale score, each body region abbreviated injury scale score, pelvic fractures, lower extremity vascular injuries and fractures, and number and grades of intra-abdominal solid organ injuries.

Main Outcomes and Measures
Outcome measures were the rates of complications and mortality.

Results
Of 593 818 trauma patients, 420 patients (the REBOA group, 140 patients; 36 women and 104 men; mean [SD] age, 44 [20] years; the no-REBOA group, 280 patients; 77 women and 203 men; mean [SD] age, 43 [19] years) were matched and included in the analysis. Among the REBOA group, median injury severity score was 29 (interquartile range [IQR], 18-38) and 129 patients (92.1%) had a blunt mechanism of injury. There was no significant difference between groups in median 4-hour blood transfusion (REBOA: packed red blood cells, 6 U [IQR, 3-8 U]; platelets, 4 U [IQR, 3-9 U], and plasma, 3 U [IQR, 2-5 U]; and no-REBOA: packed red blood cells, 7 U [IQR, 3-9 U]; platelets, 4 U [IQR, 3-8 U], and plasma, 3 U [IQR, 2-6 U]) or 24-hour blood transfusion (REBOA: packed red blood cells, 9 U [IQR, 5-20 U]; platelets, 7 U [IQR, 3-13 U], and plasma, 9 U [IQR, 6-20 U]; and no-REBOA: packed red blood cells, 10 U [IQR, 4-21 U]; platelets, 8 U [IQR, 3-12 U], and plasma, 10 U [IQR, 7-20 U]), median hospital length of stay (REBOA, 8 days [IQR, 1-20 days]; and no-REBOA, 10 days [IQR, 5-22 days]), or median intensive care unit length of stay (REBOA, 5 days [IQR, 2-14 days]; and no-REBOA, 6 days [IQR, 3-15 days]). The mortality rate was higher in the REBOA group as compared with the no-REBOA group (50 [35.7%] vs 53 [18.9%]; P = .01). Patients who underwent REBOA placement were also more likely to develop acute kidney injury (15 [10.7%] vs 9 [3.2%]; P = .02) and more likely to undergo lower extremity amputation (5 [3.6%] vs 2 [0.7%]; P = .04).

Conclusions and Relevance
Placement of REBOA in severely injured trauma patients was associated with a higher mortality rate compared with a similar cohort of patients with no placement of REBOA. Patients in the REBOA group also had higher rates of acute kidney injury and lower leg amputations. There is a need for a concerted effort to clearly define when and in which patient population REBOA has benefit.


The Fourth International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence (ISAI) was held in Cancun, Mexico, 13-15 November 1991. What, another international AI conference, you say? In Mexico? Yes. The first symposium was held in 1988. This fourth consecutive annual conference drew the participation of visitors from several international AI communities, including the United States, Mexico, Canada, Germany, Japan, England, France, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain, China, Belgium, Australia, and Singapore -- an impressive breadth of participants for a conference that has existed for only four years.


Problems are defined as abstract procedures. An explication of procedures as used in Transparent Intensional Logic (TIL) and called constructions is presented and the subclass of constructions called concepts is defined. Concepts as closed constructions modulo αand η-conversion can be associated with meaningful expressions of a natural or professional language in harmony with Church's conception. Thus every meaningful expression expresses a concept. Since every problem can be unambiguously determined by a concept we can state that every problem is a concept and every concept can be viewed as a problem. Kolmogorov's idea of a connection between problems and Heyting's calculus is examined and the non-classical features of the latter are shown to be compatible with realistic logic using partial functions.


Respiratory depression limits the use of opioid analgesia. Although well described clinically, the specific mechanisms of opioid action on respiratory control centres in the brain have, until recently, been less well understood. This article reviews the mechanisms of opioid-induced respiratory depression, from the cellular to the systems level, to highlight gaps in our current understanding, and to suggest avenues for further research. The ultimate aim of combating opioid-induced respiratory depression would benefit patients in pain and potentially reduce deaths from opioid overdose. By integrating recent findings from animal studies with those from human volunteer and clinical studies, further avenues for investigation are proposed, which may eventually lead to safer opioid analgesia.


This report is based on the findings from a captive reticulated python aged around eight years weighing 52 kilograms and 5.9 feet in length showed history of dullness, depression and a large sized bright red colored soiled mass hanging outside the vent. On detailed examination, the everted mass was identified as cloaca and the condition was called as cloacal prolapse. Cloacopexy was performed. The treatment and prevention methods were discussed.


Dendritic cells (DCs) residing in different tissues and exposed to different organisms are likely to have different reactivities to their surrounding environment. Many studies use in vitro generated DCs to examine functions of these cells, but such cells may not truly reflect the nature of DCs and their in situ activities in vivo. We have used magnetic label-based technique to isolate colonic DCs to conduct derailed characterization of these cells. Colonic DCs comprise mainly CD11b (cid:1) DCs with few CD8 (cid:2) (cid:1) DCs or plasmacytoid DCs. Functionally, isolated colonic DCs are able to endocytose and process proteins, undergo maturation, and stimulate T cells to proliferate. Importantly, expression of TLRs by colonic DCs is significantly lower than that of their spleen counterparts; however, they appear to be as, or more, responsive to stimulation by oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motif based on their cytokine production. We speculate that colonic DCs have unique reactivities differing from DCs residing in other lymphoid tissues and are adapted for the unique microenvironment of the colonic mucosa and that these cells react uniquely to their environment. The Journal of Immunology, 2007, 178: 7984–7993.


Seismic Exploration of Hydrocarbons in Heterogeneous Reservoirs: New Theories, Methods and Applications is based on the field research conducted over the past decade by an authoring team of five of the world's leading geoscientists. In recent years, the exploration targets of world's oil companies have become more complex. The direct detection of hydrocarbons based on seismic wave data in heterogeneous oil/gas reservoirs has become a hot spot in the research of applied and exploration geophysics. The relevant theories, approaches and applications, which the authors have worked on for years and have established mature technical processes for industrial application, are of significant meaning to the further study and practice of engineers, researchers and students in related area. Authored by a team of geophysicists in industry and academia with a range of field, instruction, and research experience in hydrocarbon explorationNearly 200 figures, photographs, and illustrations aid in the understanding of the fundamental concepts and techniquesPresents the latest research in wave propagation theory, unconventional resources, experimental study, multi-component seismic processing and imaging, rock physics modeling and quantitative seismic interpretationSophisticated approach to research systematically forms an industrial work flow for geoscience and engineering practice


Surface deformation in Morocco, derived from five years of global positioning system (GPS) survey observations of a 22-station network, four continuously recording GPS (CGPS) stations, and four International GNSS Service (IGS) stations in Iberia, indicates roughly southward motion (∼3 mm/yr) of the Rif Mountains, Morocco, relative to stable Africa. Motion of the Rif is approximately normal to the direction of Africa-Eurasia relative motion, which is predominantly strike slip, and results in shortening of the Rif and subsequent crustal extension of the adjacent Alboran Sea region. The sense, and the N-S asymmetry of the observed deformation (i.e., no evidence for north-directed shortening in the Betic Mountains north of the Alboran Sea) cannot be easily explained in terms of crustal plate interactions, suggesting that dynamic processes below the crust are driving the recent geologic evolution of the western Mediterranean. The model that best fits the observations involves delamination and southward rollback of the African lithospheric mantle under the Alboran and Rif domains.


Cheap Pix Three-dimensional (3D) images can be captured by, for example, holographic imaging or stereoimaging techniques. To avoid using expensive optical components that are limited to specialized bands of wavelengths, Sun et al. (p. 844; see the Perspective by Faccio and Leach) projected pulses of randomly textured light onto an object. They were able to reconstruct an image of the 3D object by detecting the reflected light with several photodetectors without any need for lenses. The patterned light beams can thus in principle be substituted for light sources of any wavelength. A computational imaging method is used to reconstruct a three-dimensional scene, without the need for lenses. [Also see Perspective by Faccio and Leach] Computational imaging enables retrieval of the spatial information of an object with the use of single-pixel detectors. By projecting a series of known random patterns and measuring the backscattered intensity, it is possible to reconstruct a two-dimensional (2D) image. We used several single-pixel detectors in different locations to capture the 3D form of an object. From each detector we derived a 2D image that appeared to be illuminated from a different direction, even though only a single digital projector was used for illumination. From the shading of the images, the surface gradients could be derived and the 3D object reconstructed. We compare our result to that obtained from a stereophotogrammetric system using multiple cameras. Our simplified approach to 3D imaging can readily be extended to nonvisible wavebands.


ABSTRACT The leading malaria vaccine candidate, RTS,S, based on the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP), will likely be the first publicly adopted malaria vaccine. However, this and other subunit vaccines, such as virus-vectored thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (TRAP), provide only intermediate to low levels of protection. In this study, the Plasmodium berghei homologues of antigens CSP and TRAP are combined. TRAP is delivered using adenovirus- and vaccinia virus-based vectors in a prime-boost regime. Initially, CSP is also delivered using these viral vectors; however, a reduction of anti-CSP antibodies is seen when combined with virus-vectored TRAP, and the combination is no more protective than either subunit vaccine alone. Using an adenovirus-CSP prime, protein-CSP boost regime, however, increases anti-CSP antibody titers by an order of magnitude, which is maintained when combined with virus-vectored TRAP. This combination regime using protein CSP provided 100% protection in C57BL/6 mice compared to no protection using virus-vectored TRAP alone and 40% protection using adenovirus-CSP prime and protein-CSP boost alone. This suggests that a combination of CSP and TRAP subunit vaccines could enhance protection against malaria.


Job's excessive plaint against his aggressive and hostile God is intertwined with his surprising confession of confidence ("Bekenntnis der Zuversicht"). It seems to be a special relationship between these two poles which are forming quasi two focuses of an ellipse. This article studies in ch. 16 (and 19) each pole and especially their interrelation in contrast to mitigating tendences in the ancient versions and the rabbinic exegesis. The mythic language of Job's lament is compared with similar accadian literature for demonstrating both analogies and important differences. The author of the Book of Job uses especially the language of the mythic struggle against chaos ("Chaoskampf") for his peculiar view of the dialectics in God.


Introduction Finding cost-effective strategies to improve patient care in the emergency department (ED) is an increasing imperative given growing numbers of ED attendees. Encouraging evidence indicates that interdisciplinary teams including health and social care professionals (HSCPs) enhance patient care across a variety of healthcare settings. However, to date no systematic reviews of the effectiveness of early assessment and/or interventions carried by such teams in the ED exist. This systematic review aims to explore the impact of early assessment and/or intervention carried out by interdisciplinary teams including HSCPs in the ED on the quality, safety and cost-effectiveness of care, and to define the content of the assessment and/or intervention offered by HSCPs. Methods and analysis Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses standardised guidelines, we will conduct a systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs), non-RCTs, controlled before–after studies, interrupted time series and repeated measures studies that report the impact of early assessment and/or intervention provided to adults aged 18+ by interdisciplinary teams including HSCPs in the ED. Searches will be carried in Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Embase, Cochrane Library and MEDLINE from inception to March 2018. We will also hand-search the reference lists of relevant studies. Following a two-step screening process, two independent reviewers will extract data on the type of population, intervention, comparison, outcomes and study design. The quality of the studies will be appraised using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. The findings will be synthesised in a narrative summary, and a meta-analysis will be conducted where appropriate. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval will not be sought since it is not required for systematic reviews. The results of this review will be disseminated through publication in a peer-review journal and presented at relevant conferences. Trial registration number CRD42018091794.


The current national priority for systemic approaches to the reform of science and mathematics education has led to unprecedented interest in research on the efficacy of science and mathematics teacher preparation programs. In response to this priority, a focus on collaborative approaches to educational reform and to research on educational reform resulted in a national collaborative research consortium of insitutions of higher education. The consortium was formed to investigate the following question about secondary science teacher education: What are the perceptions, beliefs, and classroom performances of beginning secondary teachers as related to their philosophies of teaching and their content pedagogical skills? The research design and instrumentation yielded detailed descriptions that elicited knowledge and beliefs held by beginning teachers about science, the nature of teaching and learning, and their philosophy of teaching. An analysis of video portfolios of beginning teachers provided classroom-based evidence of their performance in both subject matter and pedagogical dimensions of teaching. Among the findings from this 3-year exploratory study were that teachers graduated from their teacher preparation programs with a range of knowledge and beliefs about: how teachers should interact with subject content and processes, what teachers should be doing in the classroom, what students should be doing in the classroom, philosophies of teaching, and how they perceived themselves as classroom teachers. Beginning teachers described their practices as very student-centered. Observations of these teaching practices contrasted starkly with teacher beliefs: While teachers professed student-centered beliefs, they behaved in teacher-centered ways. Undertaking intensive, collaborative studies such as the one described in this article, is the beginning of efforts through which the science and mathematics education communities can strive to address the needs of students, teachers, teacher educators, and other stakeholders working to establish a common vision for excellent instruction and systemic, long-lasting reform. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 36: 930–954, 1999


Abstract Chitinozoans and graptolites are the main components of preserved Ordovician zooplankton. As with much of the modern plankton, the 'first-order' species distributions of Ordovician plankton reflect water masses defined on the basis of sea surface temperatures. For 'time slices' of less than a few million years, zooplankton distribution patterns can be used to infer latitudinal sea surface temperature gradients, key palaeoceanographical boundaries and the position of Ordovician climate belts. Here, using two Late Ordovician time intervals – the early Sandbian and Hirnantian – we review how zooplankton distribution patterns identify Late Ordovician cooling and reflect the development of severe icehouse conditions. Supplementary material: Additional information on methods and material is available at: http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18670


Self-immolative polymers, which degrade by an end-to-end depolymerization mechanism in response to the cleavage of a stabilizing end-cap from the polymer terminus, are of increasing interest for a wide variety of applications ranging from sensors to controlled release. However, the preparation of these materials often requires expensive, multistep monomer syntheses, and the degradation products such as quinone methides or phthalaldehydes are potentially toxic to humans and the environment. We demonstrate here that polyglyxoylates can serve as a new and versatile class of self-immolative polymers. Polymerization of the commercially available monomer ethyl glyoxylate, followed by end-capping with a 6-nitroveratryl carbonate, provides a poly(ethyl glyoxylate) that depolymerizes selectively upon irradiation with UV light, ultimately generating ethanol and the metabolic intermediate glyoxylic acid hydrate. To access polyglyoxylates with different properties, the polymerization and end-capping approach can also be extended to other glyoxylate monomers including methyl glyoxylate, n-butyl glyoxylate, and benzyl glyoxylate, which can be easily prepared from their corresponding fumaric or maleic acid derivatives. Random copolymers of these monomers with ethyl glyoxylate can also be prepared. Furthermore, using a multifunctional end-cap that is UV-responsive and also enables the conjugation of another polymer block via an azide-alkyne "click" cycloaddition, amphiphilic self-immolative block copolymers are also prepared. These block copolymers self-assemble into micelles in aqueous solution, and their poly(ethyl glyoxylate) blocks rapidly depolymerize upon UV irradiation. Overall, these strategies are expected to greatly expand the utility of self-immolative polymers by providing access for the first time to self-immolative polymers with tunable properties that can be readily obtained from simple monomers and can be designed to depolymerize into nontoxic products.


An essential question in highly automated is how to aid drivers to make safe transitions between manual and automated control. We surveyed 1122 people about the driving experience and public opinions of a highly automated vehicle. Determined whether driving state and frequency would provide a significant difference in the accuracy of TOR, investigated the effects of different secondary tasks in driving on driver's takeover control performance in HAV. The survey showed that there is no correlation between the state of driving and the probability of making mistakes in an emergency. Besides, we need to take into account the instant communication between the driver and the system because the leading cause of stress in driving is anxiety about traffic accidents and concerns about insufficient traffic information.


Acute exacerbations, most of which are due to lower respiratory tract infections, cause great morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and most of these are due to lower respiratory tract infections. The aim of this study was to determine the causative organism and the effects of azithromycin, ampicillin sulbactam (sultamicillin), ciprofloxacin and cefaclor monohydrate therapy in COPD. One hundred and six patients with COPD in acute exacerbation were randomized into four groups for empiric antibiotic treatment following lung function tests and sputum examination. The most common strains isolated from sputum were Haemophilus influenzae (30.8%), Streptoccocus pneumoniae (12%) and Moraxella catarrhalis (7.7%). Azithromycin, sultamicillin, ciprofloxacin and cefaclor monohydrate were found to be effective in treating COPD exacerbations.


This volume describes and evaluates the latest theories, empirical findings, and applications in the field of pragmalinguistics developed in some socialist states of Europe – mainly in Czechoslovakia, Poland, the German Democratic Republic, and the USSR. The results of the author's own research in pragmatically oriented psycholinguistics are included as well. The main approaches through which the pragmalinguistic studies have been performed in Eastern Europe are those of functional stylistics, textlinguistics, rhetorics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, social communication theory, and semiotics. Much attention is devoted in the book to applied research, mainly in the spheres of education and instruction, mass communication and propaganda.


Abstract Behavioral changes of migratory species have been globally documented in recent decades. However, there is a paucity of research on changes in migratory bat species. Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) roost in central Texas from March to November. These bats have historically migrated south in late fall, leaving summer roosts unoccupied during winter. Recently, overwintering populations have been discovered in central Texas. The objectives of our study were to determine presence or absence of overwintering free-tailed bats at six known summer roosts, obtain baseline population estimates, and evaluate microclimates of roosts during winters of 2010–2011 and 2011–2012. We used data loggers to monitor temperature and humidity hourly. We estimated population sizes with digital images using ImageJ software, previously established roosting densities, or both. Our results indicated that occupied roosts were colder, had less stable temperatures, and had a stronger correlation between internal and external temperatures vs. unoccupied roosts. Population sizes increased at all occupied roosts from 2010 to 2011.


This qualitative study takes an interpretative phenomenological approach to understand the experience of whiplash injury from the different perspectives of patient and doctor. This was carried out in order to identify what psycho-social consequences might be experienced by patients as a result of that injury and to identify any implications for healthcare provision.

The research was conducted in two phases. During Phase One, eight patients were recruited through GP practices using a combined approach of retrospective and prospective sampling. Three semi-structured interviews and one telephone interview were carried out with each participant over a twelve month period. In keeping with phenomenological methodology, data were analysed using Template Analysis (King, 2004) and a set of themes relating to healthcare experience were identified: "embodiment" "experience of pain" "disruption to lifestyle", "making sense", "patient as expert" and "whiplash: a minor injury?".

During Phase Two, one semi-structured interview was carried out with eight doctors who worked in either the primary or secondary care settings. Data were analysed using Template Analysis and a set of themes relating to their experiences of treating patients was identified: "expectations regarding what patients will experience", "what patients do about their whiplash injury", "what doctors do" and "blame if things go wrong".

These findings show how the patient participants" physical and psychological experiences of their malfunctioning body had consequences for maintaining their sense of self and their ability to carry out their normal everyday activities at home and work. The doctors" own expectations of treating patients with whiplash injury and whether or not they trust the patients" account have illustrated three approaches: dismissive, reactive or proactive that have different implications for patients" experiences of healthcare. The study shows how the notion of "compensation" is implicated in whether or not the doctor feels able to trust the patient"s account.

The implications of these findings can be seen in terms of methodological focus, general practice and policy formulation. Methodologically interpretative phenomenology provides a theoretical foundation that is, at the very least, equal to and able to challenge more "traditional scientific foundations" through its focus on meaning. In terms of practice and policy formulation, the findings have provided a unique insight that might prove to be beneficial for understanding the health care experience and assist in the provision of guidelines aimed at the treatment of whiplash injury. Indeed it is advocated that doctors adopt a subjective approach and that this is taken into account in training.


In this study, sustainability of social security policies in Turkey was analyzed by using 1989-2013 period annual data and 2007:M01-2014:M05 monthly data from by means of unit root test with multiple structural breaks of Carrion-i-Silvestre (2009) and cointegration test with multiple structural breaks of Maki (2012) and it was determined that there is a cointegration relationship between the series. Long-term cointegration coefficients were estimated by FMOLS and it was found that social security policies are sustainable in the weak form in Turkey. It was found that around 70% within 1989-2013 period and around 78% within 2007-2014 period of social security expenditures were met by income of social security institute. It was seen that sustainability of social security system has slightly improved in recent years.


ABSTRACT Hybrid antimicrobials containing an antibacterial linked to a multidrug resistance (MDR) pump inhibitor make up a promising new class of agents for countering efflux-mediated bacterial drug resistance. This study explores the effects of varying the relative orientation of the antibacterial and efflux pump inhibitor components in three isomeric hybrids (SS14, SS14-M, and SS14-P) which link the antibacterial alkaloid and known substrate for the NorA MDR pump berberine to different positions on INF55 (5-nitro-2-phenylindole), an inhibitor of NorA. The MICs for all three hybrids against wild-type, NorA-knockout, and NorA-overexpressing Staphylococcus aureus cells were found to be similar (9.4 to 40.2 μM), indicating that these compounds are not effectively effluxed by NorA. The three hybrids were also found to have similar curing effects in a Caenorhabditis elegans live infection model. Each hybrid was shown to accumulate in S. aureus cells to a greater extent than either berberine or berberine in the presence of INF55, and the uptake kinetics of SS14 were found to differ from those of SS14-M and SS14-P. The effects on the uptake and efflux of the NorA substrate ethidium bromide into S. aureus cells in the presence or absence of the hybrids were used to confirm MDR inhibition by the hybrids. MDR-inhibitory activity was confirmed for SS14-M and SS14-P but not for SS14. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that SS14 prefers to adopt a conformation that is not prevalent in either SS14-M or SS14-P, which may explain why some properties of SS14 diverge from those of its two isomers. In summary, subtle repositioning of the pump-blocking INF55 moiety in berberine-INF55 hybrids was found to have a minimal effect on their antibacterial activities but to significantly alter their effects on MDR pumps.


Recently we have shown that supplemental dietary calcium precipitates luminal cytolytic surfactants and thus inhibits colonic epithelial proliferation, which may decrease the risk of colon cancer. In Western diets, milk products are quantitatively the most important source of dietary calcium. However, they also contain large amounts of phosphate, which has been hypothesized to inhibit the antiproliferative effect of calcium. Therefore, we studied in rats the possible differential antiproliferative effects of dairy calcium, calcium carbonate, and calcium phosphate, supplemented to a Western high-risk control diet. We observed that fecal bile acid excretion was similar in the various diet groups, whereas fatty acid excretion was stimulated by the calcium supplements in the order calcium carbonate > calcium phosphate > milk mineral. In fecal water, concentrations of bile acids and fatty acids were drastically decreased in the supplemented groups, resulting in decreased cytolytic activity of fecal water. In vitro incubation of fecal water from the control group with insoluble calcium phosphate also decreased the high concentrations of surfactants and their cytolytic activity. The response of the colonic epithelium to these primary luminal effects of calcium was a decrease in cell damage and cell proliferation. Only minor differences between the supplements were observed. The concentration of serum gastrin, the possible trophic effect of which could counteract the antiproliferative effect of calcium, was increased by the supplements, but no significant correlation was observed between serum gastrin concentration and epithelial proliferation. We conclude that dietary calcium precipitates luminal surfactants and thus inhibits cytolytic activity, epithelial cell damage, and colonic proliferation. The similar efficacy of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and milk mineral indicates that the antiproliferative effect of milk mineral is mediated by its calcium content and is not inhibited by phosphate.