The Sanofi Pasteur tetravalent dengue vaccine candidate is composed of 4 recombinant live attenuated vaccines based on a yellow fever vaccine 17D (YFV 17D) backbone, each expressing the prM and envelope genes of one of the four dengue virus serotypes. Pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that the TV dengue vaccine is genetically and phenotypically stable, non-hepatotropic, less neurovirulent than YFV 17D and does not infect mosquitoes by the oral route. In vitro and in vivo preclinical studies also showed that the TV dengue vaccine induced controlled stimulation in human dendritic cells, and significant immune responses in monkeys. TV dengue vaccine reactogenicity, viraemia induction and antibody responses were investigated in three Phase I trials in the USA, the Philippines and Mexico, in a two or three-dose regimen over a 12 month period. Results showed that the majority of adverse events were mild to moderate and transient in nature. Viraemia was transient and low, and was not increased after initial dengue TV administration, even in the case of incomplete responses. Seropositivity [ 3 10 in a PRNT 50 assay] was 100% for all four serotypes in flavivirus-naive adults injected with 3 doses of TV dengue vaccine in the USA. Similarly, seropositivity was 88–100% following three administrations in flavivirusnaive Mexican children aged 2–5 years. Furthermore, the proportion of seropositive subjects increased with each dengue TV injection in the Philippines where baseline flavivirus immunity was high. Responses were also monitored at the cellular level in humans, and their level and nature were in good agreement with the observed safety and the immunogenicity of the vaccine. Finally, the challenges inherent to the development of such TV dengue vaccines will also be discussed in the last part of this review. In conclusion, preclinical and clinical results support the favorable immunogenicity and short-term safety of the dengue TV vaccine. The final stage of development of the VTD (Phase III) started in October 2010 and will comprise thousands of individuals living in endemic countries, such as Brazil, where dengue is considered one of the biggest challenges in public health.


A research work "Map of Piri Reis. Overstag" is about Russia's unquestionable right for the discovering of the part of the mainland of Antarctica continent, which the American professor of Harvard University Charles Hutchins Hapgood tried to challenge in his works, relying on his own interpretation of the map-portulan, created by the great Turkish Admiral Hadji Muhiddin Piri Ibn Hadji Mehmed (Piri Reis). Hapgood's study strangely coincides with the times of the Cold War, Turkey's accession into NATO and the conclusion of the Antarctic Convention, which by its very existence calls into question the historical fact of the discovery of Antarctica by the expedition of Faddey Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev in 1820, thus weakening the position of the true successors in geopolitical relation. In his work A. Kruzer reveals many facts concerning falsifications and deliberate distortion of historical and geographical moments by some interested countries. The work contains extensive research material, thoroughly studied and subjected to multilateral re-examinations by using incontrovertible evidence.


The object of the investigation was metal contamination of bottom sediments of the Skroda and Chwaliszówka rivers, which are the right contributaries of the Lusatian Neisse river, draining the territory of the so called "anthropogenic lake district". The district came into existence as a result of mining activities in the border of Silesia and Lusatia, which date from the half of 19 century to 1974. The district includes about 100 reservoirs, of the total area of over 150 ha, which are from about 30 to 100 years old. The rocks accompanying the Miocene coal-bearing formations were deposited on waste dumps. The dumps form embankments of the aquifers arising as a result of post-exploitation mining subsidence. The streams dewatering waste dumps inflow directly or indirectly to the Chwaliszówka and Skroda rivers. The pyrite is the mineral present in mine waste material. The pyrite weathering products inflow into surface waters and affect adversely the water quality. In the last stage of migration the pollutants are accumulated in the bottom sediments of rivers and lakes. The samples of bottom sediments of the two rivers were analysed by means of a fivestep sequential extraction procedure performed for the partitioning of selected trace metals (Fe, Mn, As, Cr and Al). It was determined that the bottom sediments of the two analysed rivers contain significant concentrations of aluminium and iron. The concentrations of other metals (Mn, Cr and As) are in the range of geochemical background of water sediments in Poland. Concentrations of arsenium, chromium and manganese, which are bound to easyavailable fractions (I – exchangeable and II – bound to carbonates) are not significant, so it could be assumed that they are not expected to be released and they do not threaten the river ecological system. There is, however, the possibility of the aluminium and iron remobilisation, taking into account the high concentrations of easy-available fractions of these metals in the sediment. Fe and Al are potential source of water contamination, and remobilisation of these metals will produce the aggravation of quality parameters of river waters.


Garment is recently developing industry with significantly promising role for the countries future modernization and development. However, this industry is not without a problem which affects productivity. The purpose of this paper is review the Effective use of machines and manpower in manufacturing of apparel products for ensuring high productivity investment from available resources in today's competitive business environment. The methodology to be adopted will basically be analysis where the Ethiopian knitted garment industries stand in the rating scale which has been created based on man machine ratio. The findings of this paper are based on international suppliers of sewing machine and their methodology used but also to have better utilization of current resources. The researcher concludes although there are many ways of rating the standards for the garment industry based on many factors, the garment manufactures has put in place and know where they stand in the scale compared with the standard (international) manufactures and how it could be used as a benchmark in reducing the indirect cost.


Summary
1. Linking key ecological characteristics with animal behaviour is essential for identifying and protecting important habitats that support life functions. Spinner dolphins display a predictable diurnal behavioural pattern where they forage offshore at night and return to sheltered bays during daytime to rest. These bays, which are also subject to considerable use by humans, have long been recognized as key habitats for this species although the extent to which dolphins rely on specific characteristics of these habitats for rest has not been quantified.

2. An integration of boat-based and land-based group focal follow sampling regimes and three gradient boosting generalized additive models were developed to identify habitat features that contribute to the occurrence of resting spinner dolphins in coastal waters off Hawai'i Island. Two 'in-bay' models used data collected within bays, and a third 'coastal' model (near-shore, outside of bays) used data collected both inside and outside of bays.

3. The coastal model identified that spinner dolphins were unlikely to rest outside sheltered bays. In-bay models showed that dolphins rested throughout daylight hours within bays with a peak resting period between 10.00 h to 14.00 h. The models also identified bottom-substrate-type as an important predictor of rest. Pseudo R2 values of 0·61 and 0·70 for the in-bay models and 0·66 for the coastal model showed that these models provided a good fit to the behavioural data for the occurrence of resting spinner dolphins.

4. Synthesis and application. To date, studies evaluating spinner dolphin resting habitat have focussed on areas inside bays only. Here, we combined data collected inside and outside bays, and illustrate that should resting spinner dolphins be displaced from resting bays, they are unlikely to engage in resting behaviour elsewhere. Results provide further information on the importance of bays as important habitat for resting spinner dolphins. To mitigate the disturbance from human interactions during important rest periods, we recommend that management keep the spinner dolphin resting areas free from human activities. Our quantitative approach where models explicitly link behaviour with habitat characteristics is applicable to identify important habitats for protection of other taxa.


As a contribution to the Common Knowledge symposium on the resolution and prevention of enmity, this article concerns how enmity deforms social as well as individual personality. Societies need time and must exert significant effort, much of it intellectual, in order to recuperate: they need to recover both from harms that others have intentionally done them and from having done harm to others. Social recuperation is difficult because the tactics and standards of wartime seep into civilian and personal domestic life. In contemporary American life, the proliferation of armed and gated communities, the institution of the house gun, the general acquiescence in stop-and-frisk encounters, and the incarceration in huge numbers of gang members and small-time drug dealers are examples. An inverse relationship of wartime and peacetime abuses is also apparent: behaviors associated with civilian private life are deployed during wartime as techniques with which to humiliate and torture enemy combatants. This type of mimetic effect reaches the limit of complexity when wartime abuses that mirror domestic abuses are then mirrored in their further application to domestic settings that themselves have become militarized.


In this video, New Mandala's Dr Ross Tapsell talks to professors Edward Aspinall and Ariel Heryanto from the ANU College of Asia and the Pacific about the Indonesian presidential election. The three discuss what Joko Widodo's win means for the country and its democracy, what the election meant to them as long-term observers of Indonesian politics and society and how the election was perceived outside of Indonesia. They also discuss the role of academics in reporting on and covering the election.


This essay takes as its focus Robert Bridges' masque Demeter and its first performance in 1904 by the women students of Somerville, Oxford as part of the official opening ceremony for their new Library. It considers how Bridges' elegant retelling of the myth of Persephone - which draws on the Homeric Hymn to Demeter - provides an appropriate allegory of wisdom and maturation and a suggestive commentary on how the higher education of women at this time was understood to prepare them for their future roles in society. The paper also shows how the occasion as a whole raised the profile of this all-female hall amongst the overwhelmingly male colleges and University of Oxford. Women students were very far from being on an equal footing with their male coevals at this time, not only in terms of educational status but also in terms of recreational opportunities. The performance of Demeter, however, set a firm precedent for dramatic performance within women's halls. The paper describes how, soon after the performance, women scholars of Somerville contributed to the more decorative aspects of the Oxford University Dramatic Society's Greek play productions from 1905; and how the classicist Gilbert Murray - who was actively involved in the education of women at Oxford, enjoying a long and special relationship with Somerville in particular - vigorously and practically encouraged the performance of Greek plays in translation and adaptation in the women's halls.


By lynching, burning, castrating, raping, and mutilating black people, contends Trudier Harris, white Americans were perfomring a rite of exorcism designed to eradicate the "black beast" from their midst, or, at the very least, to render him powerless and emasculated. Black writers have graphically portrayed such tragic incidents in their writings. In doing so, they seem to be acting out a communal role a perpetuation of an oral tradition bent on the survival of the race. Exorcising Blackness demonstrates that the closeness and intensity of black people's historical experiences sometimes overshadows, frequently infuses and enhances, and definitely makes richer in texture the art of black writers. By reviewing the historical and literary interconnections of the rituals of exorcism, Harris opens up the hidden psyche the soul of black American writers."


In this work we investigate the role that polytypism has on the growth of multi-shelled, giant quantum dots (gQDs). Multi-shell growth was initiated at CdSe cores with either zinc blende or wurtzite crystal structures. The shells consisted of a CdxZn1−xS gradient that was deposited in a slow layer-by-layer SILAR process. The final gQDs had sizes of >15 nm, with shapes and symmetry that were influenced by core type, and polytypic growth conditions. A study of morphology and crystal structure change at each stage of shell growth was carried out by powder XRD, TEM, and HRTEM, and the photophysical properties were studied by UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. In both types of cores, shell growth was found to transition to wurtzite, whereas the percentage of polytypism was shown to alter both morphology and optical properties.


One of the most distinctive features of photonic crystals (PhCs) is their unique wavelength dispersion allowing novel device concepts for enhancement of photonic functionality and performance. Here, we present examples of our design and demonstrations utilizing dispersion properties of 1D and 2D photonic crystals. This includes the demonstration of negative refraction in 2D PhC at optical wavelengths, filters based on 1D and 2D PhC waveguides, and the design of a widely tunable filter involving 1D PhC.


The extent to which heat conduction within large steel samples (billets) influences and is influenced by solid state transformation reactions has been studied under conditions of one dimensional heat flow with heat removed by convection with a constant heat transfer coefficient. Values of the heat transfer coefficient in the range 130-220 (W/m [20]C) has been used. These values were independently measured using steady state heat transfer and mass transfer analogy techniques which gave results in fair agreement. The progress of transformation front was followed using thermal analysis technique.The effects of different values of the heat transfer coefficient during transformation were investigated. The principal purpose of this investigation was to try to discover whether the assumptions made in establishing the theoretical method provided a basis for predicting the rates at which steel transformation reactions took place. The theoretical method assumed that the rate of the transformation was controlled by the rate of cooling and hence by the rates at which heat was transferred from the cooling steel component.The rate of transformation could thus be predicted by solving the heat transfer equation. The theory developed ignored any interaction between the kinetics of the transformation and the heat transfer process. The reaction was assumed to take place over so narrow a range of temperature that the latent heat of the reaction could be assumed to be liberated at a single unique temperature. The method used to solve the heat transfer equation, and hence to predict the transformation rates was the integral profile method. This is an approximate method that uses assumed cuadratic temperature profiles within the transformed and untransformed steel in order to obtain average solutions to the heat transfer equation in the two regions.The experimental results obtained are relevant to cooling rates significantly lower than those involved in most previous investigations and extend our current knowledge concerning heat transfer during transformation in large steel components.


Random drilling for commercially-productive groundwater wells is a haphazard method within the Pennsylvanian-aged rocks of the Appalachian Plateau Region of southwestern Pennsylvania. These rocks have low permeability and porosity and the average production well produces only enough yield for homeowner use. Often these wells are installed as an open hole to 300 feet to insure an adequate water supply for the homeowner since the well bore acts as a storage reservoir during recovery and drawdown. Three sites mapped with Very Low Frequency (VLF) methods delineated fractures with the potential to maximize bedrock production through increased fracture-induced permeability. A boring was advanced from a location at each of the three sites selected through VLF mapping. The borings penetrated fractures at the anticipated depths of between 10 and 20 meters below grade. Pump tests indicate that these three borings can produce between over 1,000l/min with little drawdown. Each of the three wells is a commercial success.


The algebraic theory of double product integrals and particularly its role in the quantisation of Lie bialgebras is described. When the underlying associative algebra is that of the Itô differentials of quantum stochastic calculus such product integrals are formally represented as operators which are infinite sums of iterated integrals in Fock space. In this paper we describe some of the analytic problems encountered in making such sums rigourously meaningful, as well as the expected properties of such analytic double product integrals. MRC classifucation: 81S 25.


This paper presents a control called Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) for photovoltaic (PV) system in a solar car. The main purpose of this system is to extracts PV power maximally while keeping small losses using a simple design of converter. Working principle of MPPT based fuzzy logic controller (MPPT-FLC) is to get desirable values of reference current and voltage. MPPT-FLC compares them with the values of the PV's actual current and voltage to control duty cycle value. Then the duty cycle value is used to adjust the angle of ignition switch (MOSFET gate) on the Boost converter. The proposed method was shown through simulation performed using PSIM and MATLAB software. Simulation results show that the system is able to improve the PV power extraction efficiency significantly by approximately 98% of PV's power.


Background: Self-injurious behaviors in adolescence are a serious public health concern. Aims: The current study aims to expand our understanding of motives for direct self-injurious behaviors (D-SIB). We examined the explicit motives but also the actual antecedents and consequences of D-SIB over time. Method: As part of the Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE) study, adolescents between the ages of 14 and 18 years from Israel completed self-report questionnaires at baseline, 3-month, and 12-month follow-ups. Results: Decreases in social support predicted later increases in D-SIB, an effect mediated by negative affect. Both peer and parental support also exerted quadratic effects on D-SIB. Thus, low as well as high support predicted subsequent D-SIB. In turn, D-SIB was followed by increased peer and parental support. Limitations: Our methodology relies on self-reports, affected by social desirability and recall biases. Conclusion: The findings support a causal path for the development of D-SIB: from interpersonal distress to emotional distress and then to D-SIB. They also point to interesting avenues regarding subgroupings of adolescents who self-injure depending on their motives. Finally, our results reveal that D-SIB, although of negative import, might paradoxically be effective in serving certain functions such as gaining support from parents and peers.


Measurement and analysis of aquifer-system compaction have been used to characterize aquifer and confining unit properties when other techniques such as flow modeling have been ineffective at adequately quantifying storage properties or matching historical water levels in environments experiencing land subsidence. In the southeastern Coastal Plain of Virginia, highsensitivity borehole pipe extensometers were used to measure 24.2 mm of total compaction at Franklin from 1979 to 1995 (an average of 1.5 mm/yr) and 50.2 mm of total compaction at Suffolk from 1982 to 1995 (an average of 3.7 mm/yr). Analysis of the extensometer data reveals that the small rates of aquifer-system compaction appear to be correlated with withdrawals of water from confined aquifers. One-dimensional vertical compaction modeling indicates that the measured compaction is the result of nonrecoverable hydrodynamic consolidation of the finegrained confining units and interbeds as well as recoverable compaction and expansion of coarse-grained aquifer units. The modeling results also provide useful information about specific storage and vertical hydraulic conductivity of individual hydrogeologic units. The results of this study enhance the understanding of the complex Coastal Plain aquifer system and will be useful in future modeling and management of ground water in this region.


Objective To assess the use of laparoscopic surgeries (LS) and the association between its performance and hospitals' preference for LS over open surgeries. Summary background data LS is increasingly used in many abdominal surgeries, albeit both with and without solid guideline recommendations. To date, the hospitals' preference (LS vs. open surgeries) and its association with in-hospital outcomes has not been evaluated. Methods We enrolled patients undergoing 8 types of gastrointestinal surgeries in 2011–2013 in the Japanese National Clinical Database. We assessed the use of LS and the occurrences of surgery-related morbidity and mortality during the study period. Further, for 4 typical LS procedures, we assessed the hospitals' preference for LS by modeling the propensity to perform LS (over open surgeries) from patient-level factors, and estimating each institution's observed/expected (O/E) ratio for LS use. Institutions with O/E>2 were defined as LS-dominant. Using hierarchical logistic regression models, we assessed the association between LS preference and in-hospital outcomes. Results Among 1,377,118 patients undergoing gastrointestinal procedures in 2,336 participating hospitals, use of LS increased in all 8 procedures (35.1% to 44.7% for distal gastrectomy (DG), and 27.5% to 43.2% for right hemi colectomy (RHC)). Those operated at LS-dominant hospitals were at an increased risk of operative death (OR 1.83 [95%CI, 1.37–2.45] for DG, 1.79 [95%CI, 1.43–2.25] for RHC) compared to standard O/E level hospitals (0.5≤O/E<2.0). Conclusions LS use widely increased during 2011–2013 in Japan. Facilities with higher than expected LS use had higher mortality compared to other hospitals, suggesting a need for careful patient selection and dissemination of the procedure.


Does not know substance of conversation [Nicolas] Horthy de Nagybanya had with Hitler, but has learned [Franz] von Papen arranged visit with object of forcing Austria into Vienna-Budapest-Berlin combination; Hungary unhappy over her inactive role and disappointed that her revisionist aspirations were receiving no attention; health of Hungarian Premier [Julius] Goemboes poor and Regent Horthy has had to take more active part in government; Horthy being pressed by legitimists for restoration in Hungary, but he does not want to lose job as Regent and he sees in closely knit Budapest-Vienna-Berlin a strengthening position against restoration; meeting of Little Entente in September will concern itself with Austro-German accord and implications for Little Entente; von Papen an intriguer; he saw fertile field in Hungary for open manifestation of Hungarian friendship for Germany and hoped this would be lever forcing [Kurt] Schuschnigg to cooperate more closely with Berlin; von Papen has been urging Schuschnigg to meet Hitler, but Schuschnigg has so far wisely refused; Schuschnigg determined to have his hands free, and has the support of President [Wilhelm] Miklas and most Austrian people; Yugoslavs disturbed over Horthy visit and see it as threat to Little Entente; Germany hopes to swallow all of Southeastern Europe, but will find it an indigestible meal, for what pleases one country displeases another; Chancellor back from holiday and rested, but disillusioned and disgusted; if right kind of successor were available, believes he would be happy to retire; German influence bound to increase; English jitters increase as Germany announces two-year military service; has been informed British placing large orders in U.S. for armaments; British attitude seems to be stiffening; should have good effects; German barrage of misinformation and misrepresentation continues; they now place responsibility on Russia for the two-year military service; Mr. and Mrs. [Wilbur J.] Carr now in Vienna; both looking rested and fit.


Simulation of improved recovery processes from gas condensate and volatile oil reservoirs is significantly affected by the match of experimental PVT data. Therefore, a proper characterization of the mixture composition and tuning of the equation of state used are crucial for the accuracy of the reservoir model. This paper presents an efficient method for phase behaviour matching by non-linear regression. The constraints introduced by the boundaries of the regression variables are eliminated by a suitable change of variables. This leads to an unconstrained optimization problem, solved by an original implementation of the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The C7+ fraction is described by a continuous (semi-infinite or truncated) distribution function. A new, rigorous generalized quadrature method is developed for the characterization of the continuous portion of the mixture, which can be applied to any distribution function. The regression was applied to PVT data for several gas-condensate, including near-critical, and volatile oil systems subjected to different types of expansion and swelling tests, as well as multistage separation processes. The calculated results indicate very good agreement with experimental values. The regression algorithm proves to be robust and efficient.


It has been shown in the work of Ted Gurr and others that ethnic discrimination can lead to ethno-political rebellion, and that rebellion often leads to interstate conflict. The authors seek to discover whether rebellion is the only meaningful link between ethnic discrimination and international violence. Many scholars have argued that a domestic environment of inequality and violence results in a greater likelihood of state use of violence internationally. This argument is most fully developed within feminist literature; however, research in the area of ethno-political conflict has also highlighted the negative impact of domestic discrimination on state behavior at the international level. The analysis builds upon the literature linking domestic gender inequality and state aggression to other inequalities created and/or sustained by the state. Using the Minorities at Risk (MAR) and Militarized Interstate Disputes (MID) datasets, the authors test whether states characterized by higher levels of discrimination against ethnic minorities are more likely to exhibit higher levels of hostility or to use force first when involved in international disputes. Group-level data in MAR are used to create a set of state-level variables measuring the extent of formal and informal discrimination against minority groups. The authors then test whether states with higher levels of discrimination against minority groups are more likely to rely on force when involved in an international dispute, controlling for other possible causes of state use of force. Ultimately, the authors confirm their hypotheses that states characterized by domestic inequality with regard to ethnic minorities are more likely to exhibit higher levels of hostility and to use force first when involved in an interstate conflict.


IN 1937 NINETY-THREE-YEAR-OLD KIZIAH LOVE OF COLBERT, OKLAHOMA, told Jessie Ervin, a field-worker from the Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration, about her years as a slave. "I can recollect things that happened way back better than I can things that happen now," said the blind and bedridden Love. With particular emotion she recalled her emancipation more than seventy years earlier. Ervin recorded her words in stylized English: "I was glad to be free. What did I do and Say? Well, I jest clapped my hands together and said, 'Thank God Almighty, I'se free at last!'" (1) Love resembled the four million other slaves in North America who celebrated the end of the Civil War, but her story differed from theirs in one fundamental way. She had been enslaved by Indians in the Choctaw Nation, and her emancipation came at the insistence of a foreign and colonial government, the United States. Several scholars have skillfully chronicled the lives of bondpeople in Indian Territory, but the work has not yet been incorporated into the wider fields of Native American and Reconstruction history. (2) In accounts of Native American history, slavery and emancipation receive scant attention, and imprecise use of language by academics often obscures slaves held by Indians. (3) One historian, for example, fails to include the 18 percent of enslaved Chickasaws in his accounting of wartime refugees in that nation. Another writes that after the Civil War "[t]he Cherokees had lost almost everything but their land, and it was stripped of fences, horses and mills." Clearly these Cherokees do not include the 15 percent who gained their freedom. A third also overlooks the emancipation of slaves: "All the prosperity of the year 1861 had disappeared; the Cherokees were back virtually where they had been in 1839 when they were dispossessed, divided, and driven from their ancient homeland." (4) These quotations imply that Chickasaw or Cherokee history treats Chickasaws or Cherokees but not their slaves, just as Reconstruction history once comprised only white southerners. Yet it cannot be denied that slaves made up a significant percentage of the population in Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) and therefore must be included in accounts of the history of the Five Tribes (the Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, Cherokees, and Seminoles). Inexact yet revealing population statistics illustrate the magnitude of the peculiar institution in the slave-holding nations of Indian Territory. At the outbreak of the Civil War a minimum of 10 percent of the Creek population was enslaved. Among the Choctaws at least 14 percent of the population was in bondage, and among the Cherokees the number may have surpassed 15 percent. On the far end of the spectrum, the Chickasaws enslaved fully 18 percent of their population. The Seminoles represent a special case. Although by one contemporary estimate nearly 30 percent of the population was enslaved, the line between slavery and kinship was less clear in this nation than in any other in Indian Territory. (5) In total, the enslaved population in the Five Tribes numbered perhaps as many as ten thousand. (6) Like the literature on Native Americans, Reconstruction historiography has also largely overlooked the ex-slaves of the Five Tribes. Classic works by William A. Dunning, E. Merton Coulter, W. E. B. Du Bois, and John Hope Franklin do not discuss the fate of these freedpeople. Neither do more recent monographs. Eric Foner's prizewinning book on Reconstruction, summing up a generation of innovative work, mentions former slaves of Indians only parenthetically. (7) Even though the Civil War greatly affected the lives of Indians' slaves, accounts of the conflict in the West scarcely refer to them. (8) This article will bring to bear on both Native American and Reconstruction historiography insights drawn from the history of ex-slaves in Indian Territory. The incorporation of ex-slaves into the study of Native Americans exposes a significant internal debate within native tribes about the meaning of freedom. …


Modern machine learning methods are often overparametrized, allowing adaptation to the data at a fine level. This can seem puzzling; in the worst case, such models do not need to generalize. This puzzle inspired a great amount of work, arguing when overparametrization reduces test error, in a phenomenon called "double descent". Recent work aimed to understand in greater depth why overparametrization is helpful for generalization. This leads to discovering the unimodality of variance as a function of the level of parametrization, and to decomposing the variance into that arising from label noise, initialization, and randomness in the training data to understand the sources of the error.
In this work we develop a deeper understanding of this area. Specifically, we propose using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to decompose the variance in the test error in a symmetric way, for studying the generalization performance of certain two-layer linear and non-linear networks. The advantage of the analysis of variance is that it reveals the effects of initialization, label noise, and training data more clearly than prior approaches. Moreover, we also study the monotonicity and unimodality of the variance components. While prior work studied the unimodality of the overall variance, we study the properties of each term in variance decomposition.
One key insight is that in typical settings, the interaction between training samples and initialization can dominate the variance; surprisingly being larger than their marginal effect. Also, we characterize "phase transitions" where the variance changes from unimodal to monotone. On a technical level, we leverage advanced deterministic equivalent techniques for Haar random matrices, that---to our knowledge---have not yet been used in the area. We also verify our results in numerical simulations and on empirical data examples.


The longitudinal spread zone was investigated for 30 arctic shorebird populations from 10 different wintering communities in widely different regions of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Information about total breeding and wintering ranges, migratory connectivity and subspecies was compiled from literature sources. The spread of the distributions was analysed in relation to the mean distance between the breeding regions and the corresponding winter regions. Correlations between the number of subspecies per species and the longitudinal and latitudinal extension of winter and breeding ranges were investigated. The spread of the breeding distribution in the Arctic was similar for shorebirds with shorter or longer migration distances. This indicates that total migration distance has neither a restrictive nor an expansive effect on breeding ranges, possibly because limiting effects are associated with certain segments of the migratory journeys that are similar irrespective of the total distance. in contrast, there was a positive correlation between the spread of winter ranges of shorebirds from the different breeding sectors and mean migration distance. This pattern may arise if populations and species from a given breeding sector use both near and distant winter regions along the same flyway system. Birds from the most remote breeding sectors at migratory divides between major flyways will show the widest spread to different winter regions. We expected population differentiation in a species, as broadly reflected by the number of subspecies, to be primarily associated with the diversity of winter regions occupied by the species. However, the number of subspecies per species was related to the size of both the wintering and breeding range. Since these two ranges were themselves strongly correlated it was not possible to make a distinction between their relative effects on subspeciation.


The response of female boll weevils to males, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, in laboratory bioassays can be reproduced by exposure to a mixture of compounds I, II, and either III or IV, all isolated from male weevils and their fecal material. The same response was elicited by mixtures of tile synthesized coimpounds. Compound I is (+)-cis-2-isopropenyl-l-methylcyclobtutaneethanol; II, cis-3,3-dimethiyl->1,βcyclohexaneethanol; III, cis-3,3-dimethlyl->1,α-cyclohexaneacetaldehyde; and IV, trans-3,3-dimethyl->1,α-cyclohexanecetaldehyde.


The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child and the Kenyan Constitution proclaim that children are to be protected from any kind of harm, violence or abuse. Despite the legal provisions and efforts to reduce and eliminate violence against children, particularly girls, violence and abuse are widespread in Kenya taking place at home, in schools, and in the community at large. Cognizant of the prevalence of violence against school pupils, this study examined the effects of school-related genderbased violence in Kenya. The study sampled pupils and teachers from primary schools in Kasarani District of Nairobi County. Data were collected using questionnaires, interview guides and focus group discussion guides, analyzed using frequency distributions percentages. The study results indicate that school-related gender-based violence is an extremely grave problem. 9.6% of the respondents reported that they had been sexually assaulted at one time within the school environment by way of fondling their body parts, assaulted by both male and female perpetrators. 53% agreed that they had undergone one way of psychological abuse or the other, while 75% had suffered physical violence. The results further revealed a significant disparity in reporting patterns of each form of violence. These were influenced by several variables; reporting acts of sexual abuse for instance was influenced by the taboo surrounding matters of sex and fear of reprisals from the perpetrators. The findings also demonstrated that sexual abuse by teachers was also more widespread than the teachers themselves cared to admit. Consequently, both boys and girls suffered adverse effects on their learning experiences, their health and well being. This study concludes that there was overwhelming evidence that boys and girls continue suffering as a result of GBV albeit in silence and that there is a notable absence of attention to this issue in policy making, which is a critical strategic entry point if the effects of GBV on pupils are recognized. This study recommends that GBV prevention efforts must address the gender norms while response interventions should encompass reporting and referral procedures alongside -health care psychosocial assistance, security and legal justice for victims.


We propose a revolutionary concept for detecting suspects engaged in illegal and potentially harmful activities in or around critical military or civilian installations. We investigate the use of thermal image analysis to detect at a distance facial patterns of anxiety, alertness, and/or fearfulness. This is a totally novel approach to the problem of biometric identification. Instead of focusing on the question "who are you" we focus instead on the question "what are you about to do". Documented preliminary results clearly indicate the feasibility of the idea.


Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common movement disorders seen in routine neurological practice, but other diseases may mimic this condition. Here we describe a 62-year-old right-handed man with an action (kinetic) tremor fulfilling diagnostic criteria for ET which was the presenting feature of the fragile X associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. His sister's grandchildren were the clue to the diagnosis, illustrating the importance of a detailed medical history in descendents as well as ancestors in the context of late onset neurological disorders.

ET, typically a symmetric bilateral postural tremor with fluctuating amplitude, can be asymmetric and varies both in severity and functional impact. It classically begins in the fourth and fifth decades of life, is frequently associated with a family history and affects 0.8/1000 (95% confidence interval 0.5 to 1) of the general population, with a prevalence that increases with age.1 ET is one of the most common movement disorders seen in routine neurological practice, and the diagnosis is usually straightforward. The …


Ethiopia is among the countries most affected by malnutrition and nutrition-related complications remain a challenging issue for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)infected patients and those involved in their care. The aim of this study was to assess nutritional status among HIV positive adults in South Ethiopia and assess risk factors for malnutrition in this population. Institution based cross sectional study was conducted among 428 HIV positive adults who are taking ART at 12 health centers, Silte zone, Ethiopia. Convenience sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Structured questionnaire and anthropometric measurements were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 software. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify predictors of malnutrition. P-value less than 0.05 were used as cut of point to declare statistical significance. Prevalence of chronic energy deficiency was 24.1%. Food insecurity [AOR= 0.35, 95% CI (0.21, 0.62)], feeding ≤ 2 meals/day [AOR= 0.29, 95% CI (0.29, 0.13)], ambulatory functional status [AOR= 3.4, 95% CI (1.67, 6.98)] and absence of dietary counseling [AOR= 1.7, 95% CI (1.05, 2.78)] were found to be independent predictors of chronic energy deficiency among HIV positive adults. Prevalence of malnutrition was high among HIV infected adults who are on ART in the study area. Regular nutritional assessment of the patients and dietary counseling should be integrated with routine care for HIV/AIDS patients. HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs need to involve nutritionists or trained health care provider to integrate nutritional care services.


In several application contexts, Web Services adoption is limited due to performance issues. Design methods often propose the adoption of coarse-grained interfaces to reduce the number of interactions between clients and servers. This is an important design concern since marshaling and transferring small parts of complex business objects might entail sensible delays, especially in high latency networks. Nevertheless, transferring large data in coarse-grained interactions might bring useless data on the client side, whereas a small part of the transferred object is used. To reduce data transfers, in addition to well-known techniques based on XML compression, a possible approach is considering a finer granularity at data level: results produced by Web services invocations could be transferred to the client by using incremental loading. However, existing Web service technology does not provide run-time infrastructures with an adequate support for lazy serialization. In addition, pure lazy serialization could incur in high overheads due to many interactions, especially in wide area networks. This paper presents a novel approach to extend existing Web services run-time supports with dynamic offloading capabilities based on an adaptive strategy that allows servers to learn clients behaviors at runtime. By exploiting this approach, service based applications can improve their performances, as experimental results show, without any invasive change to existing Web services and clients.


This Article provides an interpretive account of the human rights discourse at a time when the U.S. legal community is deepening its relationship with these issues. It maps the context of the human rights project over the past one hundred years, with a critical eye and as a cautionary tale. It reviews the historical circumstances and the ideological framework in which human rights have been appropriated as an instrument of national policy, often to the detriment of humanitarian objectives. It considers the role of law, not only as an instrument by which colonial rule was maintained but as a system that has claimed center stage in the human rights project, often producing outcomes inimical to human rights. It demonstrates that the disparity in power between colonizer and colonized continues to affect the ongoing development of human rights norms and has resulted in the production of legal remedies that are often incapable of safeguarding international human rights. It uses comparative legal discourse as a way to illustrate how the human rights project stipulates the need to rescue people of other cultures from themselves. The Article argues for a shift in methodological and attitudinal approaches to human rights work and suggests that commitment to human rights must be guided by an awareness of the power relationships from which remedies originate. It contends that without such awareness, humanitarian enterprises may inadvertently result in baneful consequences and implicate the human rights project in the very wrongs it seeks to correct.


This thesis examines the construction and action of food evaluations in mealtime
conversation. It takes a social constructionist approach to eating, arguing that
`talking food' is inseparable from, and thus constructive of, the practices around
food and drink consumption. This challenges current psychological thinking on
eating, which is typically based on a cognitive-experimental model of attitudes
and intentions to eat. I argue that this does not adequately take into account the
social nature of food and the way in which food and eating is embedded in
everyday interaction.
The thesis examines instances of family mealtimes, as a way of looking at food in
interaction. Data is taken from the tape-recorded conversations during these
interactions. Conversation analytic and discursive psychological approaches were
used to analyse the data corpus, with a focus on participants' usage of food and
drink evaluations. These evaluations were examined as part of the situated
activities of the meal such as offering or requesting food, and justifying eating
habits. The analysis looks at different types of food evaluations: those that are
associatedw ith the food and those associated with the person evaluating the food. These types are seen to be specific to either items or categories of food, and are
rhetorically designed to counter challenges. Finally, the analysis considers how
embodied eating sensations such as `gustatory pleasure' are constructed through
evaluative expressions.
It is argued that food and drink evaluations cannot be treated as separate mental or
physical states (such as food attitudes or preferences) as they are bound up with
the structure of interaction at the micro-level of speaker turn organisation.
Instead, food evaluations can be regarded as part of, and as constructing, the
practice of eating as well as contributing to our notions of food sensations and
individual taste. The analysis and approach taken in this thesis therefore suggest
that we need to reconceptualise eating and consumption in terms of discursive
activities in interaction.


Drought and water scarcity are growing challenges to agriculture around the world. Farmers can adapt through both individual and community-based collective actions. We drawon extensive field-work conducted with paddy farmers in rural Sri Lanka to study adaptations to water scarcity, including switching to less water-intensive crops, farming collectively on shared land, and individually turning to groundwater by digging wells. We explore how variability in climate affects agricultural decision-making at the community and individual levels using three types of decision-making, each characterized by an objective function: risk-averse expected utility, regret-adjusted expected utility, and prospect theory loss-aversion. We also assess how the introduction of individualized access to irrigation water with wells affects community-based drought mitigation practices. Preliminary results suggest that the growth of well-irrigation may produce sudden disruptions to community-based adaptations, but that this depends on the mental models farmers use to think about risk and make decisions under uncertainty.


It has been shown that teachers are reluctant to use technology despite the South African (SA) government's huge expenditure on technological equipment. This might be the result of teachers being unable to select appropriate technology that will yield positive learning outcomes as well as being ill-equipped to integrate technology into their pedagogy. To this end, pre-service teachers at a University were trained on how to integrate digital storytelling (DST) effectively into their teaching. The aim of this study is to gain insight into the potential benefits of DST for teaching and learning and to determine factors that may prevent pre-service teachers' uptake of DST during in-service practice. This is a qualitative study in which fifty pre-service teachers were divided into five groups for focus group interviews. Data were analysed, and the results show that pre- service teachers perceived DST to be beneficial in the classroom as it has the potential to (i) motivate and engage learners, (ii) promote voice/self-expression, and (iii) promote collaborative learning and acquisition of multiple skills. Pre-service teachers are of the opinion that a lack of resources, self-confidence and time owing to restrictive curricula may prevent uptake of DST during in-service teaching. It was recommended that school stakeholders create a balance between intrinsic and extrinsic factors that will promote the adoption and integration of DST into teaching. Also, the education institution concerned strives to balance all three strands of knowledge: technology, pedagogy and content.


Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to identify regions involved in working memory (WM) retrieval. Neural activation was examined in two WM tasks: an item recognition task, which can be mediated by a direct-access retrieval process, and a judgment of recency task that requires a serial search. Dissociations were found in the activation patterns in the hippocampus and in the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) when the probe contained the most recently studied serial position (where a test probe can be matched to the contents of focal attention) compared to when it contained all other positions (where retrieval is required). The data implicate the hippocampus and the LIFG in retrieval from WM, complementing their established role in long-term memory. Results further suggest that the left posterior parietal cortex (LPPC) supports serial retrieval processes that are often required to recover temporal order information. Together, these data suggest that the LPPC, the LIFG, and the hippocampus collectively support WM retrieval. Critically, the reported findings support accounts that posit a distinction between representations maintained in and outside of focal attention, but are at odds with traditional dual-store models that assume distinct mechanisms for short- and long-term memory representations.


The predacious phytoseiid mite Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) is an important agent for the biological control of spider mites in deciduous fruit orchards in North America and Canada. It would be helpful to monitor the fate of released individuals to improve the results of introductions of the predators in biological control trials. We have used two types of genetic markers, pyrethroid resistance and allozymes, for indirect estimation of the survival of N. fallacis introduced in an apple orchard in Ontario, Canada. Mite samples were submitted to toxicological tests. The polymorphism of four enzymes was studied in individual females using an isoelectric focusing technique. A mite sample was taken from the field, mass-reared in the laboratory, and selected for permethrin resistance. This strain was released on several apple trees treated with permethrin, and mite samples were collected from the same trees 10 to 90 days later. The genetic composition and the insecticide resistance level of this sample were compared to those of two other samples from trees where mites had not previously been released, either in the same orchard or in a neighboring block. A control susceptible strain was compared using mites collected earlier from trees on the same site but outside the present experiment. The mites collected from the release trees and those from the strain used for the releases were found to be genetically closely related, as judged from a small genetic distance, and from similar levels of insecticide resistance in both samples. The control samples from the nonrelease trees were genetically distant from these and displayed low resistance levels. These results indicate that the released genotypes established and persisted in the release trees for the period of the experiment. The utility of the two approaches in assessing the fate of released natural enemies is discussed.


Conservation easements are increasingly becoming a popular land use control for landowners, government agencies and non-profit conservation organizations. These legal documents restrict a landowner's development rights and constrain other property uses. The landowner (grantor) voluntarily places an easement on his or her property, while the government agency or qualified conservation organization (grantee) holds it in perpetuity. While the Land Trust Alliance's (LTA) most recent estimate of easement-protected land amounts to nearly 2.6 million acres in 2000, an estimate of forestland protected is nonexistent. Additionally, no empirical studies address forest management on current easements nationwide, although a few studies address forestry at the stateor regional-level. As a result, this survey was designed to address three goals by sampling 1,527 conservation organizations and 63 state government agencies that may hold conservation easements. The first goal estimates total forestland protected. The second goal determines forestry restrictions commonly found in current easements. The third goal ascertains the impact of easements on forest management and timber supply. Survey results show that over 536 conservation organizations and 20 state agencies hold over 16,025 conservation easements on 4.9 million acres of all land types. Of these totals, a minimum of 3,598 easements protect over 2.5 million forestland acres. Forest management restrictions tend to vary based on the protected property's forest resources. The desires of the grantee holding the easement also influence the type and level of forestry restrictions. To date, conservation easement restrictions do not appear to impact timber supply nationally, although local or regional timber supply may be impacted in the future, especially in the Northeast. Several conclusions offer technical insights on forestland protection by conservation easements. First, grantees should complete a baseline forest inventory prior to placing an easement on a forested property. This inventory provides a basis for drafting effective easement provisions and permits future monitoring. Second, grantees should encourage professionallywritten forest management plans on every working forest easement. Third, all conservation organizations need to work cooperatively with government agencies in locating potential conservation lands. GIS/GPS technology helps demonstrate the spatial relationship of conservation easements to other government-protected lands, promoting efficient location of properties that augment other protected lands.


In today's global competitive environment, organizations face a variety of challenges. Continuous improvement in organizational efficiencies and improving the entire supply chain are necessary to stay competitive. Many organizations are adopting radio frequency identification technologies (RFID) as part of their information supply chains. These technologies provide many benefits to the organizations that use them. However, how these technologies affect the consumer and their willingness to adopt the technology is often overlooked. Many of these RFID tags remain active after the consumers purchase them. These RFID tags, placed in a product for one purpose and left in the product after the tags have served their purpose, are residual RFIDs. Residual RFID technology can have many positive and negative effects on consumers' willingness to buy and use products containing RFID, and thus, on the business's ability to sell products containing RFID. If consumers refuse to buy products with residual RFID tags in them, the business harm is greater than the business benefit, regardless of any gain in supply chain efficiency. In this study, we outline some of the advantages and disadvantages of Residual RFID from the consumer perspective, then follow up with an in depth survey and analysis of consumer perceptions. Using structural equation modeling (SEM) we demonstrate that consumers' perceptions of privacy risk likelihood and privacy risk harm negatively impact their intentions to use this technology. The implications of these findings need to be considered before the pending implementation of residual RFID technologies in the supply chain on a mass scale.


Technology experts and stakeholders say they expect they will 'live mostly in the cloud' in 2020 and not on the desktop, working mostly through cyberspace-based applications accessed through networked devices. This will substantially advance mobile connectivity through smartphones and other internet appliances. Many say there will be a cloud-desktop hybrid. Still, cloud computing has many difficult hurdles to overcome, including concerns tied to the availability of broadband spectrum, the ability of diverse systems to work together, security, privacy, and quality of service.


Background Quality control (QC) and evaluation of HIV rapid test procedures are an important aspect of HIV prevention trials. We describe QC and performance of two rapid tests, Determine™ and Uni-Gold™ used in a microbicide clinical trial in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Methods/Results Internal QC of both HIV rapid tests was conducted at the trial site using a Uni-Gold control kit (Uni-Gold™Recombigen® HIV). Both assays produced the expected results for a total of 4637 QC tests. Study participants were tested for HIV at screening and, if enrolled, at regular time points throughout the study. Positive or discordant results were confirmed by a double HIV immunoassay testing strategy at a local laboratory. Overall, 15292 HIV rapid test were performed. Sensitivity and specificity of Determine was 98.95% (95% CI: 97.72–99.61) and 99.83% (95% CI: 99.70–99.91) respectively [positive predictive value (PPV) 97.91% (95% CI: 96.38–98.92)], for Uni-Gold it was 99.30% (95% CI: 98.21–99.81) and 99.96% (95% CI: 99.88–99.99) respectively [PPV 99.47% (95% CI: 98.46–99.89)]. Conclusions The results suggest that a Uni-Gold control kit can be used for internal QC of both Uni-Gold and the HIV-1 component of the Determine rapid tests. Both rapid tests performed proficiently in the trial population.


Although the catamaran configuration has been known for a long time, it is only in the recent past that such hull forms have enjoyed unprecedented usage in the high-speed ferry industry. One of the design challenges faced by naval architects is the accurate prediction of the hydrodynamic characteristics of such vessels, primarily in the areas of resistance, propulsion and seakeeping. Even though a considerable amount of research has been carried out in this area, there remains a degree of uncertainty in the prediction of calm-water resistance of catamaran hull forms. In our research, we examine the calm-water wave-resistance characteristics of a chine-hull-form transom-stern slender catamaran, based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling and thin-ship theory. We include here a validation and comparison of CFD predictions with experimental data. We also include the results of calculations by Hydros, a computer program developed at The University of New South Wales, which gives very accurate predictions of resistance of high-speed marine vessels. The hull forms comprise a conventional catamaran along with longitudinally staggered demihull configurations.

 The investigation of a longitudinally staggered catamaran is to provide an unusual hull form for CFD analysis and to fill the knowledge gap between catamaran and trimaran wave resistance. Although considerable work has been done on the optimal position of trimaran outriggers for minimum resistance, significantly less work has been carried out on the centerline equivalent. While the hull form is not immediately practical, it is of great interest to understand the wave field interaction between the demihulls.


The Joint conference of Religious and Theological Societies in Stellenbosch University in June 2009 presented a unique opportunity to bring together theological educators from quite diverse backgrounds and to highlight the strategic importance of theological education for the future of African Christianity. The Programme on Ecumenical Theological Education in WCC was interested in this joint cooperation with the South African Missiological Society (SAMS) because the concern for the future of African theological education lies at the very heart and beginning of this programme.


ABSTRACT Posttranslational modification—oligomerization, phosphorylation, and proteolytic cleavage—of the human papillomavirus (HPV) E4 protein occurs as the infected keratinocytes migrate up through the suprabasal wart layers. It has been postulated that these events modify E4 function during the virus life cycle. In HPV type 1 (HPV1)-induced warts, N-terminal sequences are progressively cleaved from the full-length E4 protein (E1∧E4) of 17 kDa to produce a series of polypeptides of 16, 11 and 10 kDa. Here, we have shown that in human keratinocytes, a truncated protein (E4-16K), equivalent to the 16-kDa species, mediated a G2 arrest in the cell cycle that was dependent on a threonine amino acid in a proline-rich domain of the protein. Reconstitution of cyclin B1 expression in E4-16K cells reversed the G2 arrest. Expression of E4-16K also induced chromosomal rereplication, and this was associated with aberrant nuclear morphology. Perturbation of the mitotic cell cycle was a biological activity specific to the truncated protein. However, coexpression of the full-length E1∧E4 protein and the truncated E4-16K protein inhibited normal cellular proliferation and cellular DNA rereplication but did not prevent cells from arresting in G2. Our findings provide the first evidence to support the hypothesis that proteolytic cleavage of the E1∧E4 protein modifies its function. Also, different forms of the HPV1 E4 protein cooperate to negatively influence keratinocyte proliferation. We predict that these distinct biological activities of E4 act to support efficient amplification of the viral genome in suprabasal keratinocytes.


Title of Document: JUST A CLICK AWAY FROM HOME: ECUADORIAN MIGRATION, NOSTALGIA AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN TRANSNATIONAL TIMES Silvia Mejía Estévez, Ph.D., 2007 Directed By: Professor Regina Harrison, Comparative Literature Program Department of Spanish and Portuguese Focusing on three different narrations of migration from Ecuador to the United States, Spain and Italy, this documentary video and its study guide explore how new technologies such as the Internet, satellite communications, email, videoconferences, and cell phones have changed the experience of displacement. The two components of this dissertation propose that, due to the encounter with new technologies intent upon shrinking space and time, nostalgia is becoming digital –a quest for continuity of time and space through the simultaneity offered by digital media. Under these new circumstances, transnational businesses profit from nostalgic markets, whereas transnational families and organizations grapple with digital technologies to foment a "globalization of solidarity." As an aesthetic artefact, the project responds to the controversy within film theory regarding subjectivity and fiction storytelling procedures as defining features of documentary, a film genre traditionally marketed as objective and non-fictional. For this reason, the video is composed of what I call not three case studies but three stories of migration. The documentary starts out in Cuenca (Ecuador), where, speechless, Arturo and Mercedes see their children on the videoconferencing screen. It is their first "reunion" since the children left Ecuador and settled in New York City, eleven years ago. In another Ecuadorian city, Gloria -whose husband migrated from Quito to Madridpromotes Internet access to rescue families torn apart by migration. Finally, we meet Carla, a journalist settled in Milan, who takes advantage of new technologies to report on the Ecuadorian community in Italy for readers far away. With a comparative and translocal approach –and theoretically based on Hall, Appadurai, Boym, Nichols and Portes among others-, this project explores multiple relationships with new technologies determined by gender, age, race, ethnicity, education, computer literacy, geographical situation, and socio-economic background. Through their differing and even contradictory discourses and practices, expressed and lived in geographical locations that coexist and overlap on the screen, the protagonists of this dissertationdocumentary video show us to what extent they are inscribed in different places of enunciation that shape their experience of displacement and nostalgia in contrasting


Over the last few years, prosecutors and SEC enforcement attorneys have increasingly relied on settlement agreements (such as deferred prosecution agreements) to combat securities violations and other corporate criminal acts. Many of these agreements require the use of corporate monitors to oversee the corporation's compliance with the settlement and its implementation of a compliance program to prevent future violations of the law. Although these agreements have received significant attention from legislators and scholars, there has been no investigation into the critically important question of whether or not the use of corporate monitors achieves its intended goals. Based primarily on interviews with individuals directly involved in monitorships, we look at the entire monitorship process - including the selection of the monitor, how the monitor conducts his or her work, and what happens after a monitorship - and find that decisions at critical points during this process lead to monitorships that are significantly less ambitious than government pronouncements behind them and seem unlikely to achieve their goals on any consistent basis. After identifying these problems, we suggest measures for reform.


Mobile gaming is a big driver of app marketplaces. However, few mobile games deliver truly distinctive gameplay experiences for ad hoc collocated users. As an example of such an experience, consider a sword fight dual between two users facing each other where each user's phone simulates a sword. With phone in hand, the users' thrusts and blocks translate to attacks and counterattacks in the game. Such Phone-to-Phone Mobile Motion Games (MMG) represent interesting and novel gameplay for ad hoc users in the same location. One enabler for an MMG game like sword fight is continuous, accurate distance ranging. Existing ranging schemes cannot meet the stringent requirements of MMG games: speed, accuracy, and noise robustness. In this work, we design FAR, a new ranging scheme that can localize at 12 Hz with 2-cm median error while withstanding up to 0-dB noise, multipath, and Doppler effect issues. Our implementation runs on commodity smartphones and does not require any external infrastructure. Moreover, distance measurement accuracy is comparable to that of Kinect, a fixed-infrastructure motion capture system. Evaluation on users playing two prototype games indicate that FAR can fully support dynamic game motion in real time.


Alternative to Euthanasia: Pain Management Euthanasia is increasingly being touted as a beguilingly simple solution to the tragedy of a badly managed terminal illness. However, critical examination reveals that, far from being any kind of worthwhile solution, euthanasia turns out to be a Pandora's Box of woes far worse than those which now confront us. It should be emphasized that opposition to euthanasia does not mean that one is committed to maintaining existence to the last possible gasp, nor that one is obligated to apply every available form of life support to those who are clearly dying. Providing therapy aimed at alleviation rather than cure while a disease runs its inevitable course is not the same as wilfully ending a life. The intention of such palliative care is not to bring about the death of the patient. Consequently, to call such treatment "passive euthanasia" is to brandish an oxymoron of the most unhelpful kind. The call for euthanasia is often based upon the notion that the terminally ill are bound to suffer horribly, and that this suffering can only be relieved by death itself. Like all lies and half truths, this is in danger of being believed, if for no other reason than because it is so often and so loudly trumpeted by misinformed persons in the proeuthanasia lobby. It cannot be stated firmly enough that this is a false premise. It is false in the sense that it does not have to be so, for there is already much that can be done which will effectively alleviate suffering. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that pain management provides the basis for a valid alternative to euthanasia. The questions that must be addressed are these: What is our duty to persons who are terminally ill? Should all persons who are terminally ill receive pain management? Where can pain management be provided? What is the consequence if pain management is not provided? What is Our Duty to Persons Who are Terminally Ill? Considering first our duty to persons who are terminally ill, it is of supreme irony that while terminal care has always been a major concern of physicians through the centuries, the explosive triumph of medical knowledge in this generation has served to focus attention in directions that have largely excluded the dying.(1) Such care as is offered means, in the popular mind, a hospice in the form of a gloomy building hidden behind high walls where hushed attendants wait, impotent and silent, until death releases their charges from further pain and suffering. The genius of the contribution of Dr. Cicely Saunders has not been the re-creation of the hospice as a less oppressive place for terminal care. The credit for that lies with the nuns of Ireland under the leadership of Mother Mary Aikenhead.(2) Rather it was to reclaim scientific medicine for the care of man, to show that academic excellence, critical research, and teaching all belong to the care of the whole person in his final days every bit as much as they do in any other phase of the fight against disease.(3) Such has been the magnitude of her contribution that the stage has been reached where care for persons who are terminally ill rests on a solid bedrock of scientific observation, and terminal care is at last resuming its rightful place in mainstream medicine. No longer a field reserved for retired and moribund physicians, it is attracting an ever-increasing flow of young and academically orientated physicians. In meeting the challenge of care for persons who are terminally ill, it must never be said or even thought that nothing more can be done. Cure or no cure, patients are entitled to the assurance that everything possible continues to be done. A patient dying of cancer may present a constellation of symptoms, and the goal must be to gain control of them all so that the patient and his family can employ to the fullest extent whatever time remains. …


The course of dark adaptation was followed after pre-exposure to both intermittent and continuous light. The variable under investigation was the influence of the light-dark ratio of the intermittent pre-exposure. The rate of intermittence was 1 cycle/second and four light-dark ratios were used: 1/2–1/2, 1/4–3/4, 1/8–7/8, and 1/16–15/16. The intensities of pre-exposure were: 8860, 886, and 88.6 mL. At the lowest intensity no differences were found between any of the intermittent and their continuous control pre-exposures. At the two higher intensities the curves for the intermittent procedures were different from the control procedures and the differences were related to the light-dark ratios. It was found that, on the whole, the shorter the amount of light-time in the ratio the lower was the initial dark adaptation threshold, the greater the difference between the experimental and control curves throughout the course of dark adaptation, and the shorter the time elapsing before the appearance of the first colorless (rod) threshold stimulus.


Daily routine, feeding peculiarities as well as sleeping habits and experience of stresses of Kaunas Police Faculty students were investigated in this work. With the help of standartized questionnaire of person examination, 276 students – 99 girls and 177 boys (99,3 % of all Law Academy of Lithuania Kaunas Police Faculty students) were tested during 1998-1999. When the students' living conditions, daily routine investigation was made, we have determined that they are not favourable to health in many cases: two thirds of students are living in hostels, 11,6 % are renting rooms and only 26,2 % are living at their homes. Students allot up to 12 hours per day for studying, they haven't got spare time enough – 2-3 hours a day. According to statistics, girls allot more day time for knowledge mastering and independent learning while boys allot more time for their leisure. The tested girls go to bed later, comparing with the boys, nearly two thirds of girls go to bed after midnight when two thirds of boys go to sleep before 11 p. m. Only every tenth student does everyday morning exercises. More than a half of the students spend their leisure time going in for suplamentary sports. Many of students eat irrationally: they usually have meals 3,3 times a day. Just 39 % of the girls and 67,4 % of the boys (p<0,001) eat breakfast, dinner and supper usually. According to statistics, eating frequency is different between males and females (p<0,001): if girls have meals 2-3 time a day more frequently, boys have meals 4 and more times. The habits of meal timetable of the girl-students are worse than boy-students, from the point of view of health. Such a disbalanced daily routine is the reason which may cause the poor feeling of the students: only 8 % of students don't feel themselves tired after working day. Students experience many stresses (situations, causing many troubles and many stresses) – only the third part of students (37,8 %) indicated, that they had no stresses during the two weeks period (correspondingly: 27 % of the girls and 43,8 % of the boys (p<0,01).


This paper provides empirical evidence how the timing of employment breaks affects pension benefits in Germany. Analysing the biographical data set from the German Pension Insurance (SUF VVL 2004) the employment histories of individuals aged 21 to 60 can be mirrored in detail. We relate differences in pension benefits to employment breaks due to unemployment and parental leave in the individual life cycle, distinguishing by gender. Three different career phases (early, middle and late) are distinguished and respective social policy phases are considered. As predicted by human capital theory, the losses due to career interruptions in the early and middle employment period differ. However, the negative effects due to unemployment in the late employment period are only weak. This finding detects special characteristics of the covered age-groups in the data set.


Gesture in political oratory and debate is renowned for its nonreferential indexical functions, for the way it purportedly can indicate qualities of speaker and materialize acts of persuasion — functions famously addressed in Quintilian's classic writings but understudied today. I revisit this problematic through a case study of precision-grip (especially thumb to tip of forefinger) in Barack Obama's debate performances (2004–2008). Cospeech gesture can index valorized attributes of speaker — not directly but through orders of semiotic motivation. In terms of first-order indexicality, precision-grip highlights discourse in respect of information structure, indicating focus. In debate, precision grip has undergone a degree of conventionalization and has reemerged as a second-order pragmatic resource for performatively "making a 'sharp', effective point." Repetitions and parallelisms of precision grip in debate can, in turn, exhibit speaker-attributes, such as being argumentatively 'sharp', and from there may even partake in candidate branding.


Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) management is the key element for image quality control in digital radiology. Modern digital detector array calibration techniques allow an extraordinary increase of CNR in comparison to other digital detectors and film. Contrast reduction due to an increase in X-ray energy can be overcompensated for by noise reduction. This enables the reduction of acquisition time and increase of the thickness range per radiograph. Even limitations in the spatial resolution, constrained by the individual picture element (pixel) size of the detector, can be compensated for with an increased CNR. Bad pixel management of digital detector arrays in combination with CNR enhancement enables the safe application of this technology for film replacement. Considering these points, three compensation principles have been formulated for the implementation of digital detector arrays as a viable film replacement technology. The first is compensation of reduced contrast (μ eff ) by increased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR): if optimization of contrast cannot be achieved, the noise must be reduced (increased SNR); if contrast can be increased, there is more tolerance for higher noise (moderate or lower SNR can be used). The second is compensation of insufficient detector sharpness (high unsharpness) by increased SNR. The third is compensation of interpolation unsharpness due to bad pixel correction by increased SNR.


Aims: In general, nurses who work in department of psychiatric are in fact interacting with emotional disorders of patients once providing their care services. higher levels of job motivation and satisfaction can markedly foster service improvement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between anger and job motivation in nurses of a psychiatric hospital. Instrument & Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive research in 2014, all 50 psychiatry nurses working at Kargarnejad Hospital of Kashan City, Iran, were entirely studied. A demographical questionnaire, the Anger Multiple Scale and the Job Motivation Scale were used for data gathering. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19 software using Pearson correlation coefficient. Findings: The mean score of anger was 3.01±0.36 and of job motivation was 1.70±0.86. There was a significant relationship between job motivation and the number of family members and conditions of employment of nurses (p=0.001). There was a significant inverse relationship between scores of anger and job motivation of psychiatry nurses of the hospital (r=-0.712; p=0.001). Conclusion: There is a relationship between anger and job motivation in nurses of Kashan Psychiatric hospital.


The advent of state-of-the-art additive manufacturing (AM) processes has facilitated the manufacturing of complex orthopedic metallic implants such as femoral stems with porous portions based on lattice structures. These struts often have rough and not smooth textured surfaces, for which the irregularities may influence mechanical properties. To make robust predictions about the behavior of this kind of system, the variability effect of its parameters on the stem stiffness must be considered in the processes of modeling and design of porous femoral stems. Also, to improve the credibility of computational models used for hip implant analysis, which involves numerous uncertainties, there is a need for rigorous uncertainty quantification (UQ) framework for proper model assessment following a credible-modeling standard. This work proposes a UQ framework in the presence of sparsely characterized input parameters using the maximum entropy principle for analyzing a femoral stem implant model and thus to clarify how uncertainties impact the key properties of a porous femoral stem. In this study, uncertainties in the strut thickness, pore size, Young's modulus, and external forcing are considered. The UQ framework is validated using experimental results available from literature, following the guidelines set in an ASME standard.


The object of this grounded theory study was an information system development (ISD) project. The project included two private sector organizations. The data were collected by 15 in-depth interviews. Glaserian grounded theory method was used as the technique for theory building. The main contribution of this study is a substantive theory of 'Paradoxical views of strategic ISD and change management', presented in the form of propositions. Theory includes the analysis of managerial and organizational contradictions when aiming at coping with changes and decreasing uncertainties during the ISD project. The theory explains also how the trust-based collaboration formed during the years enabled an excessive optimism among the decision makers. The pre-existing ISD structure did not fully support the actions required for the strategic Information System (IS) change which polarized the decision making and management. We argue that the findings of this study have some valuable implications to researchers who aim to understand the emerging issues and tensions in the development of a business critical IS product.


Conventional frequency-domain receivers require an invariant channel within the block duration and the performance is severely affected in presence of strong Doppler effects. In this paper we propose an iterative receiver for SC-FDE (Single-Carrier with Frequency Domain Equalization) schemes able to attenuate the impact of strong Doppler effects. It is shown that these frequency-domain receivers can compensate the Doppler effects associated to different multipath components while performing the equalization procedure. Our performance results show that the proposed receivers have good performance, even when the Doppler drifts are not identical for different multipath components (in fact, we can even cope with drifts that are substantially). Therefore, our receivers are suitable for SC-FDE broadband transmission in the presence of fastvarying channels.


The present state of the development of an operative storm surge prediction system in Germany is described. It is based on numerical models of the atmosphere and the North Sea. First simulations of the storm surge on Jan. 3, 1976 yield the result, that the observed water levels along the North Sea coasts can be recalculated quite well using a meteorological input derived from observations, Whereas the forecasted water levels, using the predicted geostrophic winds of the atmospheric model, are too low since the pressure gradients are too weak. A series of storm surge recalculations with observed and predicted meteorological data shall answer the question, wether parameter fits, applied to the predicted wind stress, lead to satisfying results, suitable for practical applications.


Never in the history of knowledge production in the age of Western-centred modernity has the idea of indigenous knowledges been as important to the imagination of the future of the world as in the 21st century. This is mainly because the 21st century is a period in which the current hegemonic Western ways of knowing, imagining and seeing the world have proved to be inefficient in providing solutions to many of the global challenges that they have caused. This failure by the Western knowledge production system to provide lasting solutions to the most pressing challenges of the 21st century that it has caused, such as the global financial crisis, conflict and climate change, has led to the emergence of the question of whether a different model of the world outside the Western-centred one can be imagined. This article is a decolonial critique of the popular but controversial subject of indigenous knowledges in the 21st century. The article argues that the idea of indigenous knowledges can serve as a basis on which another world outside the present Western-centric one can be imagined.


A growing body of scholarship has underscored the role of elite bargains and compromises in fostering or obstructing socio-economic transformation. This has been conceptualized in terms of political settlement – a combination of power and institutions that underpins an established socio-political order. The idea of political settlement, associated with the works of Douglas North (and his collaborators), and especially Mushtaq Khan, has gained currency as a key explanatory variable in accounting for the failure of African states to provide quality public goods and services. In the case of Uganda, some scholars have suggested that the country's current political settlement has failed to provide the basis for achieving structural transformation. This article questions the conceptual validity of political settlement, suggesting instead that a shift of the conceptual aperture reveals deep political uncertainty in Uganda, a key reason why the government of President Museveni and the state apparatus it presides over cannot undertake fundamental transformation. The article argues that political uncertainty in Uganda is manifest in at least four contentious issues: the constitution, electoral disagreements, the ambiguous role of the military and the unsettled question of presidential succession. In an environment of uncertainty, systematic and long-term planning is subordinated to short-term and ad hoc manoeuvres, thus obstructing the building of a firm foundation for structural transformation.


This presentation concerns itself with the piano music
of Ferruccio Busoni (1866-1924). Its aim is to examine this
music with a view to determining what constitutes the personal
compositional style of Busoni as well as discussing his approach
to the piano in his works for and performances on that instrument.
Busoni's achievements will be compared with those of Liszt,
an important predecessor in the search for a new style of
composition early this century. Through further comparisons
with his contemporaries in the first quarter of this century,
Busoni's place in the history of keyboard music may be assessed.
This presentation will contain a review of Busoni's output
of works for the piano. Significant representative works from
his mature years as a composer will be selected for detailed
discussion in an effort to support statements made about his
music generally.
In order to establish a sense of perspective, the broader currents
of transition from a nineteenth-century piano style to a twentieth-century
one will be discussed and compared with the transition
which took place during Busoni's development as a composer.
As well as this, the path of music since the death of Busoni
will be discussed in the light of his achievements.


Music companies do not want to share the music they own without being recompensed. As P2P users do not pay for copyrighted music, they infringe copyright law. However, P2P users claim that music companies are "intermeddling usurpers" that initiate lawsuits against fans and enrich themselves through "unfair domination over audiences". James Grimmelmann argues that the claims of either side as well as a number of other claims are essentially rhetorical constructs: "Perhaps philosophers might try to give one of those claims a firm grounding." In this article this problem of grounding is analyzed from the biological law theory perspective that was described in A Biological Theory of Law. According to that theory, our ethical considerations are based on the reproductive potential of our genes. As that potential is highest when we cooperate in groups, we should seek (and find) this ethical foundation in how group behavior can optimize survival. The theory connects to one of the assumptions of game theory Oliver Goodenough and Gregory Decker refer to, namely "that our social judgments are often rooted in dilemmas around cooperative opportunities".Society needs creators to develop. It also needs creations to be imitated and shared. This is why it is as important to honor and reward the creators as it is to imitate and share their work. The default ethical vision of copyright law is that exchanges must be "voluntary on both sides, reciprocal and respectful". At the same time creators are expected to share their new discoveries. Music companies are facilitators, not creators. They are in the trading business, so they need to be smart about how they trade their goods. In the 1970s it was smart to make albums that could not be copied easily (LPs). Nowadays it is smart to use the Internet as an outlet. Sharing is fundamental to people and it cannot easily be suppressed. In addition, the goal of United States Constitution is "to promote the progress of science and useful arts". To that end, creators need to be honored and rewarded. Lawsuits against P2P sharers or facilitators will be counterproductive. Biological law theory predicts that the prohibition of P2P sharing (or of facilitating P2P sharing) will eventually not hold. It runs counter to strong biological urges and predispositions that bind society together. Music companies should develop smart alternative trade systems for making money with the products of our honored creators.


Using the United Kingdom as a case study to explore the degree to which news about a second-order election is mediatized, this comparative content analysis examines television news coverage of the 2014 European Union elections. Evidence of mediatization was stronger on the most commercially driven bulletins, with an overwhelming emphasis on the game frame and a more interpretive approach than the most public service–orientated broadcaster (the BBC). However, qualitative analysis revealed that the BBC pursued a more mediatized form of journalism. Developing a close textual analysis of how broadcasters reported party campaign launches—representing what we call key "mediatized moments"—we argue that a more qualitative approach to assessing media and political logics can complement comparative quantitative studies about mediatized politics.


This article traces the contours of a new biometric project in India that aims to develop a universal biometric database for the unique identification of India's residents (UID, The Indian Unique Identification Project). It was launched in 2009 and by mid-2013 registered 430 million enrolments, making it the largest biometric experiment in the world. What is the rationale for and structure of this new instrument of governance and how does it affect the relation between citizens and state institutions? We discuss the legal framing of the project and present an ethnographic case study about its implementation among poor people in Delhi. We argue that within the heterogeneous social space of India the biometric project has opened up a terrain for multiple social negotiations. While the new technology propels fantasies about a corruption free well-ordered society the implementation runs up against innumerable challenges. The project struggles to find a definite legal form and suitable goals. Furthermore, the emerging link between people, computer generated data and projects of governance remains weak. By unpacking the relation between new technologies, emerging legalities, cultural bodies and social classifications, we evidence that UID is not one but many projects. Rather than a truth statement about identity UID is a ground for testing new relations between citizens and the state. They concern political question of the desire for order versus fear of control, and epistemological question of the inter-relation between regimes of transparency and social complexity.


Bloodmeal (BM) can be thermoplastically processed resulting in a material with good mechanical properties by using a correct combination of additives. In this article, combinations of water, sodium sulfite (SS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and urea were compounded with BM, and water absorption, solubility, thermal stability, and protein secondary structure were assessed. Thermal stability of processed plastics was reduced when using 2 or 3 pphbm (parts per hundred parts BM) SS and 20 pphbm urea, mostly indicative of a reduction in covalent crosslinking. SS was required for chain mobility during processing, however, without sufficient plasticization degradation will occur instead of melt formation. SDS further improved processability and consolidation leading to increased water absorption and solubility, indicative of a reduction in chain interactions. It was found that BM proteins are highly denatured and thermoplastic processing reduced ordered structures further. Additional minor structural changes occurred as a result of reduced covalent and noncovalent interactions after processing. It was concluded that the increase in water absorption and solubility was due to changes in intermolecular and intramolecular interactions, rather than substantial structural changes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012


In this truly provocative book, Mary Bilder writes what is in effect a biography of the composition, compilation, and revision of James Madison's notes of debates from the Constitutional Convention of 1787. Working her way week by week through the course of the Convention, and doing her best to ascertain the character and source of Madison's many later revisions, Bilder offers a number of striking hypotheses about the origins and evolution of the notes. Her two principal hypotheses pivot on the idea that the notes were originally conceived, not as a documentary legacy to History, but as a "legislative diary," and that Madison's principal intended reader was his absent friend and correspondent, Thomas Jefferson. Many of the key revisions in Madison's notes were driven by their shared political agenda in the 1790s, as the two Virginians moved into active opposition to Hamiltonian policies.This extended review offers a critical appraisal of Bilder's main claims. Scholarship on the origins of the Constitution may never be the same once readers come to grips with her arguments. Yet at the same time, there is much to argue with in this fascinating book.


Prepared by the Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering of ASCE. This TCLEE Monograph details the effects of the Nisqually, Washington, earthquake of February 28, 2001. Despite the magnitude of this 6.8 earthquake, only moderate damage was reported on older structures, and minimal damage was reported on newer engineered buildings. Although catastrophic damage did not occur, investigators did find some significant damage to the lifeline infrastructure, particularly roads, bridges, and the Sea-Tac airport control tower. Topics include geoscience and geotechnical aspects, highway systems, power systems, water supply, wastewater, railways, gas and liquid fuels, communications, airports, marine facilities, fire department response, and hazardous materials.


[Extract] Developing effective management strategies for conserving species requires identifying the species with the greatest probability of extinction and determining why the probabilities are high. In terrestrial systems, endemic island species have the highest rates of extinctions (Frankham 1998; Whittaker 1998). Endemic species have high probabilities of extinction because they typically have both a small range size and low abundance (Gaston 1998). The tendency of local abundance to increase as a species' geographic range increases has been observed across a wide range of taxa (Brown 1984; Gaston et al. 1997; McKinney 1997). However, this relationship has rarely been tested rigorously for marine assemblages because data are lacking.

We studied this relationship with data for reef fishes. Their taxonomy and distribution is reasonably well known and their life history is typical of most marine species. The majority of reef fishes have a dispersive larval phase, followed by recruitment to, or near, a reef, where juveniles settle, grow, mature, and reproduce with high fecundities (Sale 1980). There are thousands of coral reef fishes, including a large number of endemic species, and they attain their greatest diversity in Indonesian waters, where they form the world's most species-rich vertebrate assemblages (Jones et al. 2002).


Abstract We conducted probabilistic data linkage of three population datasets for the Northern Territory (NT), Australia, to describe the incidence of preterm births, stillbirths, low birthweight and small for gestational age (SGA) per 1000 NT births; and influenza and pertussis hospitalisations per 1 00 000 NT births in infants <7 months of age, in a pre-maternal vaccination era. The Perinatal Trends dataset (1994–2014) formed the cohort of 78 382 births. Aboriginal mother–infant pairs (37%) had disproportionately higher average annual rates (AR) for all adverse birth outcomes compared to their non-Aboriginal counterparts; rate ratios: preterm births 2.2 (AR 142.4 vs. 64.7); stillbirths 2.3 (AR 10.8 vs. 4.6); low birthweight 2.9 (AR 54 vs. 19); and SGA 1.7 (AR 187 vs. 111). Hospitalisation (2000–2015) and Immunisation Register datasets (1994–2015), showed that influenza hospitalisations (n = 53) and rates were 42.3 times higher in Aboriginal infants (AR 254 vs. 6); and that pertussis hospitalisations (n = 37) were 7.1 times higher in Aboriginal infants (AR 142.5 vs. 20.2) compared to non-Aboriginal infants. These baseline data are essential to assess the safety and effectiveness of influenza and pertussis vaccinations in pregnant women from the NT. Remote living Aboriginal women and infants stand to benefit the most from these vaccines.