Antibody 2G12 uniquely neutralizes a broad range of HIV-1 isolates by binding the high-mannose glycans on the HIV-1 surface glycoprotein, gp120. Antigens that resemble these natural epitopes of 2G12 would be highly desirable components for an HIV-1 vaccine. However, host-produced (self)-carbohydrate motifs have been unsuccessful so far at eliciting 2G12-like antibodies that cross-react with gp120. Based on the surprising observation that 2G12 binds nonproteinaceous monosaccharide D-fructose with higher affinity than D-mannose, we show here that a designed set of nonself, synthetic monosaccharides are potent antigens. When introduced to the terminus of the D1 arm of protein glycans recognized by 2G12, their antigenicity is significantly enhanced. Logical variation of these unnatural sugars pinpointed key modifications, and the molecular basis of this increased antigenicity was elucidated using high-resolution crystallographic analyses. Virus-like particle protein conjugates containing such nonself glycans are bound more tightly by 2G12. As immunogens they elicit higher titers of antibodies than those immunogenic conjugates containing the self D1 glycan motif. These antibodies generated from nonself immunogens also cross-react with this self motif, which is found in the glycan shield, when it is presented in a range of different conjugates and glycans. However, these antibodies did not bind this glycan motif when present on gp120.


Objective: The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy of topical applications of a dermatological gel based on ozonized sunflower seed oil (Oz.Or.Oil 30) on bedsores of patients admitted to the "hospital-at-home" service of the Hospital "Veris Delli Ponti" in Scorrano (Lecce, Italy).
Methods: Study was made up of all patients with bedsores at stage I and II admitted to the "hospital-at-home" between September 2016 and March 2017. This pilot study was performed in randomized single blind with randomization in parallel 1:1 ratio. Sample of 22 patients was eligible, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were divided into 2 groups: the experimental group treated with Oz.Or.Oil 30 and the control group treated with a common dermatological gel. To evaluate the tissue repair process, the observation period was 21 days and weekly evaluations to analyze ulcer more regularly, detect complications as soon as possible and adapt the treatment plan accordingly.
Results: 19 patients completed the study because 3 patients discontinued study participation. Every patient reported regularly for the follow-up and reported no side effects. From the evaluation score of the analyzed patients, in the observation period, it shows that the patients treated with Oz.Or.Oil 30 showed faster healing ofthe ulcer. In the second week, patients treated showed significant improvement (p<0.05) compared to the control group, with efficacy scores equal to 1.00 ± 0.00 and 0.45 ± 0.52 respectively (p=0.014).
Conclusion: Oz.Or.Oil 30 showed a much better efficacy than the control product, probably due to the high antibacterial and germicidal power of ozone and its capacity to stimulate tissue reparation. All patients were satisfied with the treatment whether they were in one group or the other. Further detailed studies are required with largersamples, but this study demonstrated that Oz.Or.Oil 30 can be considered as an effective medication in the treatment of bedsores.


A Denial-of-Service is an attack in which the attackers send certain messages to the target systems or target servers with a purpose and intention of shutting down those system or servers. Those messages cause such an impact to the victim that it makes its servicesunavailable or not responding for the users. When a DoS attack is implemented in large number, then it is referred to as a DDoS or Distributed enial-f-Service attack. In this,the attackers uses a large number of controlled bots called zombies and reflectors which are the innocent computers exploited to generate the attack. There are various kinds of DDoS attacks which depletes network bandwidth as well as its resources. We have particularly focused upon flooding kind of attacks. In this server's capacity is exploited by sending huge number of unwanted requests with a purpose of failure of server's processing efficiency. Since there is a limit to number of packet requests a server can effectively process. If that limit is exceeded, servers performance gets egraded. In this thesis, we have followed an approach for mitigating DoS/DDoS attack based on the Rate Limiting algorithm, used to mitigate flooding resulting to the attack applied at the server-side. Packet filtering has been done on the basis of legitimate TTL values of the incoming ackets followed by the ordering of packets to be sent to the server. Ordering of packets is performed with two approaches, one with the existing FCFS approach and other Priority queue approach and the server performance is compared. The implementation is carried out on the simulation tool MATLAB. The results show that there is considerable decrease in the two host and network based performance metrics that are Packet drop and Response time under DoS and DDoS attacks. When only legitimate packets are passed to the server after packet filtering, response time and throughput improves and after packet scheduling it even gets better.


A software library for constructing and learning probabilistic models is presented. The library offers a set of building blocks from which a large variety of static and dynamic models can be built. These include hierarchical models for variances of other variables and many nonlinear models. The underlying variational Bayesian machinery, providing for fast and robust estimation but being mathematically rather involved, is almost completely hidden from the user thus making it very easy to use the library. The building blocks include Gaussian, rectified Gaussian and mixture-of-Gaussians variables and computational nodes which can be combined rather freely.


Fresh fruit, such as pineapples, imported into New Zealand, sometimes carry seeds of exotic weeds. Some of these weeds do not occur here and may, if established, threaten agriculture or the natural environment. To assist MAF in determining permissible infestation levels, the risk posed to agriculture and the environment by 12 species of weeds whose seeds occur on imported fruit was assessed. Most of these species are serious weeds in tropical and sub-tropical areas and could probably survive in New Zealand, although their distribution and adverse effects may be limited. The species that are considered most likely to be serious weeds, at least in Northland, are Chromolaena odorata, a competitive, fastgrowing shrub; the aggressive and weedy perennial grasses Brachiaria mutica, Paspalum conjugatum and Saccharum spontaneum; the annual grass Rhynchelytrum roseum; and the free seeding annual herb Ageratum conyzoides. The other species seem to pose less of a threat.


Alex Ross's sweeping history of twentieth-century classical music, winner of the Guardian First Book Award, is a gripping account of a musical revolution. The landscape of twentieth-century classical music is a wild one: this was a period in which music fragmented into apparently divergent strands, each influenced by its own composers, performers and musical innovations. In this comprehensive tour, Alex Ross, music critic for the 'New Yorker', explores the people and places that shaped musical development: Adams to Zweig, Brahms to Bjork, pre-First World War Vienna to 'Nixon in China'. Above all, this unique portrait of an exceptional era weaves together art, politics and cultural history to show how twentieth-century classical music was both a symptom and a source of immense social change. This edition includes a definitive list of the greatest recordings of twentieth-century music.


Time and time again, we discover incredible individuals who impacted their generation with biblical transformation. Sadly, in many cases, this impact has died along with the death of that individual. We not only see this problem in church history, but when it comes to examples of multigenerational missional family impact, the biblical narrative is found wanting.  In most cases, the children of some of our greatly beloved biblical heroes, not only digressed from their parent's path, but also undermined and destroyed the very values and transformation their parents had made. This paper is based on a Master's thesis with the goal to identify keys that have helped families to successfully transmit their missional inheritance to their children and proceeding generations.


You are asked to see a previously well 5-year-old boy who presented to the accident and emergency department. While playing in a public park he picked up a discarded 1 mL syringe with an attached 27-gauge needle and punctured the skin of his hand. His mother asks, "Will he catch AIDS? What should we do now?"

In a child with a community-acquired needlestick injury (CA-NSI) (patient, intervention), what is the risk of blood-borne virus (BBV) transmission (outcome)?

### Introduction

CA-NSI in children causes significant parental anxiety. The risk of HIV and hepatitis virus transmission following NSI in healthcare settings is well established. The risk of BBV transmission to a child from a CA-NSI is substantially less than from occupational exposure. Despite this, many clinical guidelines are based on occupational NSI.

Medline was searched using the Ovid interface (1946 to present/no limits set) using MeSH subject headings: (*needlestick injuries/ or *needles/ or *syringes/) and (*blood-borne pathogens/ or (*hiv infections/ or *acquired immunodeficiency syndrome/ or *hiv seropositivity/) or (*hepatitis/ or *hepatitis, viral, human/ or *hepatitis b/ or *hepatitis c/) or (community.mp. or *community-acquired infections/ or *environmental exposure/)). No age limits were imposed for reported cases of BBV transmission from CA-NSI, on the basis that confirmed transmission at any age would support the theoretical possibility of transmission in children. Only papers addressing non-healthcare-related CA-NSI were included. Cross-sectional studies with no longitudinal follow-up and those reporting exclusively BBV transmission from injecting drug use were excluded. The search date was 11 May …


Photograph of 1 person. Mabel Addison Bowen is photographed in a torso length three quarter pose facing right. She has freckles. She is wearing a high collar shirt under a collared blouse with tucks at the shoulders and pockets on each side. There is a handkerchief in the left pocket. A polka dot scarf is tied in front. The girl also has a large fancy hat with bows and a bow in the back of her hair. 1905 is written at the bottom of the picture.


Abstract. Harry Beck's map of the London Underground is iconic, seemingly to the point that attempts to create a new map are almost doomed to failure from the outset. It is the template for many subsequent subway maps and the subway map that is used in London today. Many alternatives have emerged but most rework the basic idea and reconfigure around a style (e.g. London underground styled as a Vignelli New York subway map), structure (e.g. focusing on geometric shapes such as circles or hexagons on which to hang the network) or memes (e.g. use of the map for alternative datasets) [1, 3]. Yet the network has grown in ways that Beck might never have imagined [4]. There are many more lines and stations in 2019 than there were some 86 years ago. The congested areas are different than they were. The spaces in-between have morphed. Yet the basic principles upon which Beck fashioned his map have remained unchanged [2]. Lines are horizontal, vertical and at 45º angles. Stations are shown as short ticks, interchanges as circles and connectors. The modern map is cluttered and, arguably, not the best way to help people navigate a complex city. Here, we've started from scratch. The only nod to the current map is in the colours we use to denote the lines, and the typeface. Both are utterly intertwined with the design that has been a trademark for the map. These are the elements we keep. For the rest, we sketch out a new map, and define our parameters as we go along; as we sketch out a new map. One of Beck's key tenets was that the above ground detail was relatively unimportant for the traveler. Whilst this still resonates, one might argue that people's navigation is between places above ground [4]. For instance, they might wish to travel between the London Eye and London Zoo. Yet the closest stations do not bear the names of those destinations, and many more suffer similarly. We wanted to make a map that had space for above ground detail too. To provide visual anchors to assist in navigation between points of interest and not just stations with, often, names that might seem rather abstract, particularly to the visitor. Most re-workings of the map are digital and have an entirely digital workflow. They often start with the current map and simply tweak it. This in itself may be a constraining factor on exploring new designs. Instead, we have gone back to the drawing board, quite literally, and constructed a peg board. This provides a blank canvas and a framework to reconstruct the linear cartogram in an iterative sense, laying down lines and then modifying their position as additions are made. It's an inherently manual process, physically sketching as Beck did in his original diagrams [2, 6, Figure 1]. The peg board is constructed of 800 nails laid out in a regular 1 inch grid. Coloured thread is used to lay down the lines. The task of building the new map, physically, took around 20 hours. What emerged was a map that bears familiarity to the current map yet which veers markedly from its structure. Key aspects of the new map are: a closer match to geographical relationships between stations; reorientation of lines to more closely follow their geographical route; several horizontal parallel lines that anchor the map; replacement of the historic flask shape for the Circle line, replaced by a diamond to represent part of the Northern line as a key visual shape in the map; increased exaggeration of the central area and relative reduction of the extremities the River Thames is drawn geographically. The peg board was photographed in high resolution and then imported into ArcGIS Pro and georeferenced. A set of styles was developed to provide repeatable digital assets from which to create the map. The reference image of the peg board therefore became a way to trace (digitize) the reconstructed map using the real geography and the River Thames as geographical elements. A minimum of 1 inch was kept between each adjacent interchange at a minimum. While other stations are located between them, this space was increased where necessary. Many lines are now illustrated in parallel since their true location underground is largely irrelevant to navigation. This allows considerably more space on the map to emerge, in which the above ground points of interest would be located. To accommodate this new approach, a new approach to symbology was designed for individual stations and interchanges. By positioning all station detail within the line itself, the map also becomes cleaner and additional white space for labels and point of interest symbology emerges. A preliminary version of the new map has been created. It takes a traditional planimetric form that provides a reorganized, cleaner result but which also allows for the inclusion of more detail to help people navigate between points of interest instead of between stations. The inclusion of additional detail has been achieved by using an isometric projection. This equalizes scale across the map so the background (top of the map) does not suffer from being seen smaller than detail in the foreground (bottom of the map). This technique has been used to huge success in maps made by Herman Bollman and Constantine Anderson of New York City [7]. The intent here is to render the network in an isometric form and position 3D symbols of important landmarks and points of interest into the map. The size of the landmarks is scaled to allow minimum occlusion of linework. In isometric view, there's an opportunity to explore alternative label placement too. In a previous paper [1, p358] we concluded by commenting that "We'd like to encourage a return to thought, experimentation, drawing and testing as a way of discovery and the search for the next great map style. Beck made a cartographic icon for one purpose – to navigate the London Underground; a perfect map made at a perfect place and time. We need new, fresh and challenging maps." This is our attempt to contribute to efforts in this regard. Our new map undoubtedly shares some characteristics with Beck's original and also with many other versions. This is largely due to the fact that it's the same underlying network. Any solution that seeks to create a diagrammatic version of a transport network will share characteristics and a lineage that extends back to Beck, and others that went before [8]. Yet our map differs from many. Firstly, there's a greater emphasis on the in-between spaces and the above-ground context which we assert is relevant to an individual's wayfinding. Secondly, we're unconstrained from pre-defined design approaches that fit the map to a shape or shapes. Physically sketching (via the peg board) has allowed the map to form organically which we believe overcomes some of the limitations we may have if we over-prescribe graphical demands on structure. Finally, we believe we've made a map that adds a new approach by borrowing from other cartographic work that lends a different aesthetic to the mapping of a transport network. The isometric form of the map portrays the network in a way we've not seen. Once a final version of the map is complete, our next step is to undergo user testing to explore whether the map has utility beyond an academic and practical exercise. Whether it provides enough utility to offer a genuine alternative is something we are keen to understand, though there have been plenty of very good original designs that have, to our minds, also been far superior to what currently exists [8, 9, 10]. But is the current map so deeply engrained in the psyche of our understanding of transport maps, and in particular, the image of the London Underground map, that this new approach is also doomed to nothing more than an interesting exercise? What we share is another new design for an old map to contribute to current debates about the enduring legacy of Beck and the need to at least re-think the nature of the map for a modern city and network user [11, 12]. We should welcome your comments.


Aluminium is often treated as a homogeneous material. However, when investigated on a microscopic scale, a granular structure is observed. The mechanical properties of the constituents, together with the distribution of stresses and strains, determines the fracture toughness of the material. The objective of this master thesis was to investigate strain localization and fracture in aluminium on a microscopic scale. Relevant literature regarding fracture mechanisms was studied in order to determine which parameters influence the fracture toughness of aluminium. The distribution of effective plastic strain together with the stress triaxiality ratio is thought to give a prediction of the initiation of ductile fracture. A study of the microstructure of aluminium has been carried out. The aim of this study was to gain understanding of the mechanisms leading to the formation of a precipitate free zone (PFZ) near the grain boundary. Also the relation between the mechanical properties of the PFZ and the grain interior was studied. The literature study uncovered that the PFZ is expected to have a low yield stress and a high work hardening rate compared to the grain interior. A simplified numerical model representing a heterogeneous microstructure was developed. The aim of this model was to investigate the effect of certain parameters on the distribution of stresses and strains. The yield stress and work hardening rate of the PFZ as well as the global stress triaxiality, were all variables in a parameter study. A clear tendency of strain concentration in the PFZ was observed, which is consistent with the literature. For low global stress triaxiality, the PFZ oriented at an angle with respect to the external load was found to be the most likely location for initiation of intergranular fracture. Increasing the yield stress and work hardening rate of the PFZ was found to favor transgranular fracture. Due to long computational time, avoiding crystal plasticity analyses is of interest. Whether a material model using isotropic plasticity is able to give the same results as the crystal plasticity model has been investigated. The difference between the average effective plastic strain in the grain interior and in the PFZ was found to be lower using crystal plasticity than when using isotropic plasticity. Using crystal plasticity, the maximum effective plastic strain was found to be dependent of the crystallographic orientations of the grains. However, a more extensive study is required before conclusions regarding the consistency of the results are drawn.


In March 2013, in The Aransas Project v. Shaw, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas announced, almost in passing, that the federal Endangered Species Act ("ESA") preempts state water law and the exercise of state water rights. As a result, the court concluded that the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality had effectuated a "taking" of ESA-listed whooping cranes as a result of state-permitted diversions of fresh water. This case is currently on review before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, but it raises a question likely to be increasingly important for both aquatic species and water users: When, and to what extent, does the federal ESA preempt state water law, including the exercise of state-created water rights? This Article examines that question in much more detail than the Southern District of Texas did. It begins by examining the plethora of water systems in the United States that are already subject to ESA controversies as a result, at least in part, of water management decisions and water rights. For a variety of reasons, including both population dynamics and climate change, the number of such systems is increasing, and conflicts between the ESA and state water law are only likely to escalate in the future. In Part II, this Article reviews the basic jurisprudence of federal preemption, outlining the three ways in which federal law can preempt state law — express, implied, and conflict preemption. Finally, Part III examines how these three types of preemption play out through the ESA. The Article concludes that the ESA is unlikely to either expressly or implicitly preempt state water law in most circumstances, but that conflict preemption is likely to play an increasingly bigger role in ESA-water law jurisprudence, making The Aransas Project v. Shaw a harbinger of water rights litigation to come.


Description Pay-as-you-drive (PAYD) auto insurance, also known as usagebased insurance, charges drivers based on how much they use their vehicle rather than a fixed monthly rate. PAYD encourages people to use their vehicles less by rewarding drivers who drive less. The less you drive, the less you pay, and vice versa. The insurance rate is based on mileage, though some companies consider other factors such as the time, day driven, and hard braking.


Giraffes (Giraffa spp.) are a common feature of zoological institutions, where conditions differ from those of the wild, a reality that may cause behavioral changes. A recent management technique has been to house allmale herds in zoos that have not been selected for giraffe breeding, with breeding confined to certain zoos. To date, no studies have looked at social behavior in captive herds comprised exclusively of males. In a herd of one adult (named Emba) and two subadult male giraffes (named Rafiki and Gage), the dominant adult giraffe, Emba, demonstrated sociosexual behavior—apparent courtship, investigation, and flehmen responses—almost exclusively toward one of the subadult giraffes, Rafiki, and agonistic behavior towards both subadult giraffes. Often in combination with sociosexual behavior directed towards Rafiki, Emba displayed aggressive behavior in the form of hitting, which Rafiki rarely reciprocated. In response to Emba standing tall behind him, a dominance display, Rafiki frequently assumed a snout high posture, possibly indicating submission. In addition, behaviors regarded as affiliative, such as social rubbing and social exams, occurred between all giraffes. These behaviors varied in frequency between dyads and potentially may indicate social preferences. All giraffes attempted to mount at least once, though the two oldest conducted the majority of the mountings, and the recipient of the action was nonrandom. Ultimately, no statistical relationship was apparent between mounting and dominance.


P ersonal assistance services (PAS) help people with disabilities do tasks that someone could perform if he or she did not have a disability. Under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), some of these services allow employers to provide " reasonable accommodations " to help disabled employees achieve employment goals. Similar accommodations would include job-related services, such as reading, business-related travel, communication and similar tasks. Services for the personal benefit of the individual with a disability, such as help with eating, using the restroom, taking medicine or similar activities of daily living, generally are not considered reasonable accommodations. But not having extra help with these basic daily tasks at the workplace can create a significant barrier to employment for some people with disabilities. States and employers are working hard to find ways to use public and private resources to provide a broader range of personal assistance services in the workplace. In addition to meeting their reasonable accommodation requirements , employers may provide services if they choose, through their health insurance plans or as part of medical spending accounts. Several states are seeking to expand public coverage of personal assistance under Medicaid. Medicaid personal assistance services have typically been limited to the home setting. Many states have broadened traditional PAS programs with a range of home and community-based waiver services — meal preparation, grocery shopping and the like — to support the community residence of the elderly or youth with disabilities. Waiver services are distinguished from state plan services by being available for a specific group of people rather than for all Medicaid beneficiaries. But while waiver services are designed to support independence and community integration, they typically have not been designed for service to people in the workplace. Since jobs have become a larger part of the lives of people with disabilities, several states are adapting their existing Medicaid personal assistance programs (and often their waiver programs as well) to workers with disabilities. This often involves amending medical eligibility requirements , outlining new types of services or assistance and identifying appropriate providers for the workplace. At the same time that they are extending Medicaid PAS service, 26 states have crafted more generous financial eligibility rules for working persons with disabilities through the Medicaid Buy-In Program. Among the states where Medicaid PAS is receiving attention are Iowa, Utah, and West Virginia. Iowa Iowa is using federal grant money for a work …


The present invention provides a vertical grounding apparatus to disperse current to earth which comprises a grounding electrode having a top end and a bottom end and a connecting means that connects the grounding electrode to ground cables, the connecting means comprising a pair of plates mounted to the top end and the bottom end of the grounding electrode. The outer wall of grounding electrode includes a plurality of projections that extend longitudinally between the top and bottom ends of the grounding electrode, thereby optimizing the grounding of electrical charges to earth by increasing the surface area of the grounding of electrical charges to earth by increasing the surface area of the grounding electrode. The vertical grounding electrode of the present invention is installed in a bore-hole via a concrete pit, where the space of the bore outside the outer-wall of the grounding electrode is filled with backfill material of a predetermined composition.


Video event detection (VED) is a challenging task especially with a large variety of objects in the environment. Even though there exist numerous algorithms for event detection, most of them are unsuitable for a typical consumer purpose. A hybrid method for detecting and identifying the moving objects by their color and spatial information is presented in this paper. In tracking multiple moving objects, the system makes use of motion of changed regions. In this approach, first, the object detector will look for the existence of objects that have already been registered. Then the control is passed on to an event detector which will wait for an event to happen which can be object placement or object removal. The object detector becomes active only if any event is detected. Simple training procedure using a single color camera in HSV color space makes it a consumer application. The proposed model has proved to be robust in various indoor environments and different types of background scenes. The experimental results prove the feasibility of the proposed method.


This article explores Jennifer Peedom's film Mountain (2017) through the lens of the city symphony in view of structural, aesthetic, and thematic parallels between mountain and city symphony films. Analyzing Mountain in the generic context of the city symphony film draws attention to the deep structural links between urban centers and mountains, and their shared technological and urban infrastructures. This appraoch also harnesses the potential of film studies to revise dominant perceptions of mountains and can help viewers understand mountains as places of density and as dense networks that are developed by technological infrastructure and informed by dense technological, social, and cultural networks. By drawing on media ecology, actor-network theory, and media archeology, I will show that, similar to city symphonies, Mountain explores collective networks beyond the human realm to shed light on mountains as cultural spaces, geological manifestations, and eco-social realities. In so doing, Mountain tries to help humans to come to terms with the deep temporalities of alpine spaces and their technological mediations.


Our purpose is to inform the Cornell Community of contemporary developments in outer space, whether it be through scientific advancements or the changing dynamics in international relations. We hope to foster a futuristic mindset by emphasizing the search for new life as well as the possibility of inhabiting planets other than Earth. Furthermore, we seek to investigate how outer space operations reflect the shifting dynamics among countries on Earth. Through intertwining these various elements we offer you a holistic representation of our newest frontier.


In this symposium essay, I revisit Virginia's challenge to the constitutionality of the minimum essential coverage provision of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 ("ACA") through the lens of Alex Bickel's vehement constitutional and policy-oriented objections to the Supreme Court's analysis of state standing in South Carolina v. Katzenbach, which he published in a 1966 essay in the Supreme Court Review. As this essay explains, for a deceptively simple reason (and one by which the Supreme Court has consistently abided), Bickel's critique of South Carolina was right in theory but wrong in practice: although states may not generally challenge the constitutionality of federal regulation on behalf of their citizens, there are a handful of constitutional provisions under which the federal government operates on the states qua states, and not merely as a proxy for their citizens. However one describes the states' "interests" in such cases, those circumstances are qualitatively different from cases in which the states are merely aggregating their citizens' objections to federal legislation and suing on their behalf. Thus, when a state truly is the federal stakeholder against the federal government whether by virtue of the Constitution itself or a federal statute, state standing is not just appropriate, but necessary; thanks to the Court's modern standing jurisprudence, there may be cases in which no private party would otherwise be able to maintain the same lawsuit. In contrast, when the state possesses no federal interest distinct from its citizens, allowing state standing in suits against the federal government would implicate all of the concerns Bickel cogently articulated in 1966. So understood, the Fourth Circuit's rejection of Virginia's standing to challenge the constitutionality of the ACA in Virginia ex rel. Cuccinelli v. Sebelius is not just faithful to precedent, but consistent with precisely this distinction. Whatever else one may think about Congress's power to require private citizens to purchase health insurance, it is difficult to see the argument that the minimum essential coverage provision interferes with a federal interest specifically possessed by the states qua states. To be sure, Virginia attempted to manufacture such a claim by enacting a state law that expressly conflicted with the ACA. But if Bickel's thesis is correct, preemption of a state's law by the contested federal law cannot of itself provide the basis for state standing against the federal government -- or else we very well might see the "mockery" of which Bickel warned.


To select the proper interventions that could prevent maternal mortality, adequate and appropriate maternal mortality data are needed. Nevertheless, the quality and quantity of information and the scope of maternal health- and death-related data are inadequate in many countries, particularly in the developing world. From January 1993 to December 1996 a surveillance program in maternal mortality was developed to conduct surveillance studies in the department of Guatemala, Guatemala. With an active surveillance system, our approach gave a more complete picture of maternal death and produced information on the specific causes of maternal mortality. Using multiple sources of information, we reviewed and analyzed all deaths of women of childbearing age (10 to 49 years). Each death was investigated to determine whether it was pregnancy-related or not. The maternal mortality ratio for the four-year study period was 156.2 deaths per 100,000 live births. Women 35 and older had a higher risk of maternal death than women under that age. Women who were 35-39 years old had a maternal death risk almost three times as high as women aged 20-24. For women who were 40 or older the risk was more than double that of women 20-24 years old. Overall, the two leading causes of maternal mortality were infection and hemorrhage. Vaginal deliveries where there was medical assistance had the highest rate of delivery-related maternal death from general infection. In deliveries attended by nonmedical personnel, delivery-related maternal deaths from hemorrhage were most frequently associated with retained placenta. Developing countries are called on to implement systems that can provide continuous and systematic data collection so that policymakers and health managers have adequate information to design proper interventions to save women's lives.


The thermal stabilities of OH and H2O in moganite from the Mogan D formation, Gran Canaria have been investigated during heating and cooling using in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The spectra have also been analysed in terms of CO2 incorporated in moganite. The results show that while the thermal responses of H2O and OH in moganite display similarities to those reported in agate, the spectra are not completely identical. Absorptions in the O-H stretching region reveal that dehydration and dehydroxylation is a multi-stage process. Although hydrogen loss starts below 400-500 K, hydrous species may well remain in moganite even at 1060 K. After cooling, the spectra of multiphonon bands from lattice vibrations in a moganite sample that had been heated up to 1060 K became similar to those of agate implying a moganite to α-quartz transformation can be thermally induced. CO2 was first detected at temperatures ∼460 K. However, a further increase in CO2 absorption has been identified around 940 K, and this is probably associated with the decomposition of CO3.


In the ongoing project of adding to the recently built, or more specifically the problem of additions to postwar icons, the issues have proven more slippery. (In this context, I use "project" to mean a larger theoretical endeavor or task of investigation rather than an architectural proposal.) First, what, in this context, is postwar? To focus this thesis, I define it as the period in American architecture from the end of World War II to the dissolution of the modern movement into the splintered 'isms' of the late 1970's and early 1980's that were bubbling up in the decades before. And why icons? Rather than the "low road" buildings of recent heritage – the dysfunctions of which are most often happily mitigated by additions – postwar icons would seem to pose a distinct set of challenges. This premise is born out even anecdotally by the evidence: numerous additions by high profile design talents with sincere intentions that amount to ambiguous results. The particular provocations of the task, in most cases, remain unacknowledged and unmet. In this thesis I mean to investigate the challenges and parameters posed through these types of projects, and the degree to which the circumstances are unique to 'their' (modern) movement and 'our' contemporary moment. (While Modernism is an admittedly loaded and imprecise term, I will use it as shorthand for the various ideologies in mainstream architectural practice in the midtwentieth century.) First, how does the consideration of the "recent past" as short temporal distance play a role, and second, how might this be complicated further by modernism's own ambivalent relationship with history? And then what of our own ambivalent relationship with modernism as history? What are the specific theoretical questions at hand as regards changing conceptions of time, author, and artifact? The working thesis of this paper is that, indeed, in the broader spectrum of additions to significant historic buildings, the project of adding to a postwar icon is unique on two levels. The first is that these icons necessitate a sophisticated approach, distinct from the broader addition paradigm as it is now understood in conservation and preservation design. By virtue of the moderns' era, our era, and the relationship therein, postwar icons stipulate an 'ethic' that may prove to have some surprising tolerances but nonetheless demands a unique approach and demonstrable design rationale. The second argument is that a requisite ethic largely remains out of sight, discourse, and widespread use. The paradigms of current practice, through their failures and ambiguities, make the case for a critical reconsideration of this project within our complementary and combined fields of architecture and preservation design. Disciplines Historic Preservation and Conservation Comments Suggested Citation: Rogers, Nathan F. R. (2011). Forms of Attachment: Additions to Postwar Icons. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/163 FORMS OF ATTACHMENT: ADDITIONS TO POSTWAR ICONS Nathaniel Forbes Race Rogers


One of the tasks of network management is to dimension the capacity of access and backbone links. Rules of thumb can be used, but they lack rigor and precision, as they fail to reliably predict whether the quality, as agreed on in the service level agreement, is actually provided. To make better predictions, a more sophisticated mathematical setup is needed. The major contribution of this article is that it presents such a setup; in this a pivotal role is played by a simple, yet versatile, formula that gives the minimum amount of capacity needed as a function of the average traffic rate, traffic variance (to be thought of as a measure of "burstiness"), as well as the required performance level. In order to apply the dimensioning formula, accurate estimates of the average traffic rate and traffic variance are needed. As opposed to the average rate, the traffic variance is rather hard to estimate; this is because mea- surements on small timescales are needed. We present an easily implementable remedy for this problem, in which the traffic variance is inferred from occupancy statistics of the buffer within the switch or router. To validate the resulting dimensioning procedure, we collected hundreds of traces at multiple (representative) locations, estimated for each of the traces the average traffic rate and (using the approach described above) traffic variance, and inserted these in the dimensioning formula. It turns out that the capacity estimate obtained by the procedure, is usually just a few percent off from the (empirically determined) minimally required value.


In the early 2000s, a highly selective university introduced a "no-loans" policy under which the loan component of financial aid awards was replaced with grants. We use this natural experiment to identify the causal effect of student debt on employment outcomes. In the standard life-cycle model, young people make optimal educational investment decisions if they are able to finance these investments by borrowing against future earnings; the presence of debt has only income effects on investment decisions. We find that debt causes graduates to choose substantially higher-salary jobs and reduces the probability that students choose low-paid "public interest" jobs. We also find some evidence that debt affects students' academic decisions during college. Our estimates suggest that recent college graduates are not life-cycle agents. Two potential explanations are that young workers are credit constrained or that they are averse to holding debt. We find suggestive evidence that debt reduces students' donations to the institution in the years after they graduate and increases the likelihood that a graduate will default on a pledge made during her senior year; we argue this result is more likely consistent with credit constraints than with debt aversion.


Managers, owners and employees of all food providers must make sure that their products are safe, wholesome, and unadulterated prior to selling them. They must all be experts in making, storing, selling, preparing, and serving food. Otherwise, they could hurt consumers and face lawsuits since foodborne illnesses are a serious problem in the United States and around the world. Each year, about 48 million people in the United States suffer from foodborne illnesses that are linked to Salmonella, Norovirus, Listeria, and E. coli. This article examines three legal liability theories of negligence, warranty, and strict liability that are linked to contaminated food and beverages provided by restaurants. The authors end with recommendations to restaurant owners, employers, and managers on how to avoid liability by going above and beyond the law to provide quality food and beverages.


Having decided to explore Ireland by bicycle, Eric and Wanda Newby set out one December - not the best time to ride a bike around the highways and by-ways of the Emerald Isle, even when protected by thermal underwear. From the Cliffs of Moher to St Brigid's Vat, Dublin, the Aran Islands, the Ring of Kerry and Croagh Patrick, their rainsoaked journey is beset by minor disaster ranging from ferocious storms to even more ferocious dogs. Along the way they come across a moving, miracle-working stature of the Virgin, spectacular ruins and the traces of twentieth-century violence, in between stops for Guinness, tea and soda bread. Woven into the narrative is a wealth of information about Irish history and custom - hermits, horse-fairs, peat-cutting and poetry are all touched on in this deft and dazzling blend of myth, fact and quirky details. And, as usual with eric Newby, this beguiling account is enlivened by a cast of eccentric and utterly engaging characters.


The effect of Na4P2O7 on soil clay minerals, layer silicate clays, and chloritized montmorillonite (synthetic) was investigated by xray diffraction. The soil samples were treated with 30% H2O2, boiled, and water-washed by centrifugation. The resulting organic-free solids were dispersed as follows: shaken with 0.1 M Na4P2O7.10H2O for 16 h only; treated with dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB); and treated with DCB followed by 0.1 M Na4P2O7.10H2O. The 0.1 M Na4P2O7.10H2O treatment caused the peak at 1.403 nm in the soil samples to become enlarged, sharp, and move to 1.339 nm. Other sharp peaks were also produced at 0.666,0.637, 0.590, 0.561, 0.444, and 0.334 nm. These peaks were not observed in the x-ray diffractograms of kaolinite and halloysite, but those of montmorillonite, chloritized montmorillonite, and chlorite were very similar to those of the soils. Heat treatment at 100°C destroyed the 0.637-, 0.590-, and 0.561-nm peaks in some of the soil clay samples. At 300° the remaining peaks disappeared suggesting that the sharp peaks resulting from the 0.1 M Na4P2O7 treatment may be the result of mineral hydration. Some of these new peaks from 0.1 M Na4P2O7 treatment of soil clays, the 0.334-nm peak for example, can be mistaken as indicative of quartz in samples that do not contain this mineral. Thus the continued use of this reagent for mineralogical studies is not recommended. Additional Index Words: hydrogen peroxide, soil dispersion, sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate. View complete article To view this complete article, insert Disc 5 then click button8


The purpose of this study was to endeavor to find through experimentation satisfactory glazes for metals which would be available to the amateur craftsman. Attention was given to reasons for the experimental research, to the metals best suited for glazing, and to the development of satisfactory inexpensive glazes.


The flow behavior of glaciers and ice sheets is influenced by a preferred orientation of the anisotropic ice crystals. Knowledge about crystal anisotropy is mainly provided by crystal orientation fabric (COF) data from ice cores. To gain a broader understanding about the distribution of crystal anisotropy in ice sheets and glaciers we use seismic measurements. Two effects are important: (i) sudden changes in crystal orientation fabric (COF) lead to englacial reflections and (ii) the anisotropic fabric induces an angle dependency on the seismic velocities and, thus, also recorded traveltimes. For comparisons of ice core data and seismic results we connect COF data with the elasticity tensor and, thus, determine seismic velocities and reflection coefficients for cone and girdle fabrics from ice-core data.
In the Antarctic field season 2012 we carried out a vertical seismic profiling (VSP) survey within the borehole of the EDML ice core and a seismic wideangle survey close to Kohnen Station, Antarctica. From the VSP
survey we derive interval velocities and compare these velocities to the theoretically calculated velocities from COF ice-core data. The overall velocity trend derived from the ice-core data is well reflected in the VSP velocities. It shows, that the choice of the monocrystal elasticity tensor for the calculation of velocities from ice-core data is important for a good fit with the VSP velocities. For comparison of seismic data with radar and ice-core data we use stacked traces of the wideangle survey. Thus, we are able to identify COF induced reflections in both the seismic and radar data sets.


There have been increasingly frequent claims that risk parity strategies are hiding an implicit short volatility exposure or behave as though they are short volatility. In order to test the veracity of these claims, we simulate stylized versions of three-asset-class (equity, fixed income, and commodities) risk parity and short volatility strategies, and we compare the trading behavior and returns of each. We conclude that the two strategies' similarities are overstated, and we find no empirical evidence to support the claimed hidden exposure. Even with conservative assumptions designed to heighten the similarity of the two strategies, their trades are uncorrelated (or even slightly negative correlated) at almost any horizon. Though their returns are moderately correlated, the correlation is explained by common exposure to equities and bonds, not by common exposure to gamma or other forms of convexity. Controlling for these static underlying exposures, we find that the returns of the two strategies are almost orthogonal, with short volatility explaining less than one percent of the total variance of risk parity returns. We extend our analysis to consider equity and fixed income asset classes in isolation, where we observe very similar results.


In the current mediatised societies, it is almost impossible to find any culture not gripped by an obsession with violence. From hate crimes to violent video games, from action films to the death penalty, it seems all aspects of our daily lives have violence as a common theme. Even when people try to forget the societal traumas in our national memory, they cannot escape the sense of panic associated with the senseless and devastating pain of violence. The theme of the current issue of the Global Media Journal , African Edition, is covering elections inAfrica. The purpose is to examine the relationship between media, culture and power, and how it is reflected in the coverage of elections, as well as discuss the link between violent rhetoric and physical violence in the African context.


Major sports facilities such as stadiums are becoming an essential ingredient that changes people's lives. They are conducive to the promotion of national sport, increase the number of sports participants, and lead to the development of sports core and related industries. However, "successful construction" of sports facilities does not guarantee "successful operation". From the 1990s, many governments have tried to alleviate the financial burden of developing infrastructure by using Build Operate Transfer (BOT) approach. Later on, the trend became very popular and major BOT sports facilities also started to rise. This study is intended to examine the BOT development of major sports venues by a case study of Kaohsiung Arena, including an analysis of the benefits and challenges of such ventures. To achieve this, a pragmatic approach was adopted and mix-method research was carried out including the questionnaires and open-ended face-to-face interviews, followed with participant observation.The findings indicate: 1. Kaohsiung Arena is running smoothly so far and this BOT project is helping the local government release their financial burden effectively. 2. Both the city government and the owner of Kaohsiung Arena are pleased with the benefits that have been gained from this project, and the overall customer satisfaction and loyalty are high. 3. The experience of Kaohsiung Arena can serve as a positive reference for the construction of other stadiums in Taiwan. This project can be highlighted conclusively as a positive example for future projects. The results contribute to the wider knowledge of fundamental issues in the planning and operating of major sports BOT venues, and stress the issues and difficulties in the operation stage. Most important of all, it not only fills the gaps in BOT studies of major sports venues in Taiwan and Asia, but makes recommendations to the future projects that construct large-scale sports facilities by BOT approach in similar socio-political and economic contexts. Keywords: Build Operate Transfer (BOT), Kaohsiung Arena, Public Private partnerships, Case study, Taiwan.


In this study, a multi-scale non-linear model based on coupling a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and the second-order Volterra model, i.e. the wavelet Volterra coupled (WVC) model, is applied for daily inflow forecasting at Krishna Agraharam, Krishna River, India. The relative performance of the WVC model was compared with regular artificial neural networks (ANN), wavelet-artificial neural networks (WA-ANN) models and other baseline models such as auto-regressive moving average with exogenous variables (ARMAX) for lead times of 1–5 days. The models were applied for the forecasting of daily streamflow at Krishna Agraharam Station at Krishna River. The WVC performed very well, especially when compared with the WA-ANN model for lead times of 4 and 5 days. The results indicate that the WVC model is a promising alternative to the other traditional models for short-term flow forecasting.


Up to the present time, ground-motion calculations for future earthquakes have almost exclusively been made from kinematic models. However, dynamic faulting models offer many benefits over kinematic models, including the assurance the faulting models obey at least the general rules of elastodynamics and friction and contain a natural relationship between stress drop, slip, rise time, and rupture velocity. Dynamic models also offer insight into the physics of the rupture and slip processes and can show how these processes lead to patterns of ground motion. In the current work, we use the 3D finite-difference method and a suite of stochastic stress patterns, with variable assumptions on strength and stress inhomogeneity, to investigate two issues: (1) the effect of assumptions about stress pattern on the evolution of rupture and slip on the fault, and (2) the effect of these assumptions on the resultant ground motion. We find that stress drop has a complicated relationship with slip, rise time, and rupture velocity, especially in faults with strongly heterogeneous strength. We also find that these inhomogeneous-strength faults can produce highly inhomogeneous slip, even without any form of frictional restrengthening at healing time. Finally, we find that smoother strength models produce a better fit than the coarse models to the directivity pulse often observed on the surface. The results help to shed light on the transition of the faulting system between locally controlled and more globally controlled rupture and also show how dynamic models may be used to generate ground-motion estimates for seismic hazard calculations.


The concept of governance is not new. It is as old as human civilization. Simply put means : the process of decision making and the process by which decisions are implemented. Government is not only the actors involved in good governance. There are also several actors that involved depending on the level of government that is mentioned. For instance, in rural areas, they may include land lords. Association of farmers, cooperatives, religious leaders, etc. But in urban areas, which is much more complex, the actors will be heuge and complex too. Good governance has eight major characteristic. It is participatory, consensus oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule. Very few countries or societies in the world have come close to achiveng good governance it its totally. Indonesia, the one of developing countries, is still learning and develoving its public management in achieving social welfare and justice. The concept of good gonvernance has the final goal, that similar. Ironicall, if we compare within the eight major characteristic of good governance and what has been praticed in Indonesia (government), beyond of compliance. Eventhough such conditions are debatable, many government policy and activity actually are proper to be evidences how weak the implementing of good governance concept in this country.


Bacterial LPS and TNF induce vascular endothelial cells to express a variety of response molecules. LPS that is partially deacylated (dLPS) by a human neutrophil enzyme blocks the ability of LPS, but not TNF, to augment one of these responses, the expression of endothelial cell surface molecules that promote neutrophil adherence (J. Exp. Med. 1987; 165:1393-1402). We show that dLPS can inhibit the ability of LPS, but not TNF, to elicit the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), prostacyclin, and PGE2 by human umbilical vein endothelial cells. dLPS also prevented the accumulation of specific PAI-1 mRNA in response to LPS, but not to TNF. Neither the LPS- or TNF-induced expression of PAI-1 nor the dLPS inhibition of the LPS response was mediated by prostanoids. These results indicate that dLPS can specifically block a variety of endothelial cell responses to LPS and provide support for the hypotheses 1) that dLPS and LPS may interact with a common target molecule on or in endothelial cells, and 2) that dLPS, produced by enzymatic deacylation of LPS in vivo, could inhibit endothelial cell stimulation by LPS and thereby limit the host inflammatory response to invasive gram-negative bacteria.


The Retail Shop Leases Act 1984 (Qld) (RSLA) was assented to on March 12 1984. The Act grew from a report of the Committee of Inquiry into Shopping Complex Leasing Practices in November 1981 (the Cooper Report). This was then followed by joint Parliamentary Committee report in January 1983. The Act was amended in 1985 after the issue of a green paper. Further amendments were made in 1988, 1989 and 1990. The Act thus has a substantial amount of material upon which it was based. This paper aims to examine the circumstances surrounding the passing of the legislation and in particular to compare and contrast the initial Cooper Report recommendations and other materials with the provisions of the Act as at the present. In so doing an evaluation is made of the extent to which the Act remedies the mischief it aims to correct.


The aim of the research was to assess distribution of organic soils in farmlands for the time period between 1990 and 2015, as well as to carry out a recalculation of GHG emissions from organic soils in grassland and cropland. We evaluated the area of typical organic soils using digitized soil maps created between 1960s and 1980s there were 183,000 ha of cropland and grassland on organic soils. A selected number of areas on organic soils intersecting with the National forest inventory (NFI) plots were surveyed. We found that 66 ± 10% of surveyed plots still conforms to criteria for organic soils according to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; in the rest of plots soil organic matter has been mineralized and these areas do not conform to IPCC criteria of organic soils. The following distributionof organic soils was estimated in cropland – 6.3 ± 3.3% in 1990 and 4.1 ± 3.4% in 2015, but in grassland – 11.6 ± 3.6% in 1990 and 7.7 ± 3.9% in 2015. The annual reduction of GHG emissions due to reduction of area of organic soils in cropland in 2015 corresponds to 1,400,000 tonnes CO2 eq. in comparison to 1990 and in grassland – to 1,100,000 tonnes CO2 eq. The estimated reduction of the GHG emissions due to conversion of organic soils into mineral soils, comparing the average value in 2005–2009 with the projection for 2021–2030 on average will correspond to 313,000 tonnes CO2 eq. annually, however LULUCF sector still won't become a net CO2 sink according to the GHG inventory data on other land use categories and carbon pools.


This is an audio recording of the panel "Race, Performance, Diaspora", April 26, 2011, 3:00 PM, Texas Governors' Room, UNB 3.116,
UT Austin. The Panelists were Deborah Paredez, Department of Theatre and Dance; Omi Osun,Department of African and African Diaspora
Studies; and Robin Moore, School of Music. The panel was moderated by Juliet Hooker, LLILAS Associate Director. The panel was part of Afro-Latin Performance Week: Examining Issues of Race, Art, and Representation.


Economic development is influenced by a variety of different factors and is spatially distributed unequally. The economic growth usually focuses on the metropolitan and urban areas, while rural areas in many parts of Europe have to struggle with migration and a loss of jobs. Some, however, mostly peri-urban regions, could record a positive development in recent years. Especially those regions that have healthy demographics, high purchasing power and well developed infrastructure could benefit. The so-called residential economy considers how far strategies to increase the attractiveness as a place of residence for specific target groups can affect economic development in peri-urban and rural areas positively. The term residential economy was coined by the French economist Laurent Davezies. He criticizes the concept of the so called New Economic Geography and argues for treating residential economy as a serious factor for development, emphasizing that mobility, leisure and tourism as well as state income redistribution systems favour the creation of new purchasing power outside metropolitan areas. However - noted that a strategy aimed solely at increasing the attractiveness as a place of residence, yet does not generate sustainable growth - also in the French debate. In the Anglo-Saxon debate the discussion about the residential economy is usually performed under the term 'amenity migration'. Under amenity migration the migration, the movement of people based on the draw of natural and / or cultural amenities is understood. The focus of attention here are mostly retirees, pensioners and second home owners. The immigration of certain groups, such as commuters, retirees, pensioners and second home owners who transfer their residence in the region, while they obtain their income either by the State or outside of the region, has an impact on the regions in different areas. A corresponding supply of living space and infrastructure has to be provided by the region which is connected to costs for the region and has impacts on the development planning and the area consumption. Furthermore socio-cultural and demographic factors play a role which rise the regions to considerable challenges. By encouraging the residential economy it's not only expected to create an attractive offer for the immigrants, but also advantages for the existing native population, such as improvements of the local supply and service offerings, the infrastructure and an overall increase of living and quality of life. An improved supply and infrastructure investment should ultimately lead to job creation and regional added value. While regional development in the past was equated with the obtainment of export earnings, the residential economy shows how capital imports also can contribute to the strengthening of the regional economy. By the immigration of commuters, retirees and second home owners incomes from an external source flows in the region. The use of this income takes place mostly, however, in the region and leads to an improvement of the private and public supply. Residential economy is primarly defined on the demand rather than the supply. Only an increase in demand leads to a corresponding improvement of the supply. The aim of the paper is to show the potentials and the current economic significance of the residential economy for the Swiss canton Appenzell Ausserrhoden. In the government program 2012 to 2015 of the canton the increase of the cantonal residential population as a topmost aim is formulated. Appenzell Ausserrhoden wants to create conditions and incentives for higher investments in housing. The attractiveness as a place of residence is increased through this, the migration will slow down and the immigration promoted. Canton and communities together ensure that attractive locations with good transport connections and high quality of living are managed specifically. Using an interdependent regional network indicators were identified that show which industries are relevant in the residential economy and what indicators can be used to measure the current economic impact of the residential economy for the region. As a result an assessment of the contribution of the residential economy to the overall economy of the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden (eg jobs, value added) is made and actions and measures are identified, how the canton Appenzell Ausserrhoden can promote the residential economy.


It seems that if abortion is permissible, then stem cell research must be as well: it involves the death of a less significant thing (an embryo rather than a fetus) for a greater good (lives saved rather than nine months of physical imposition avoided). However, I argue in this essay that this natural thought is mistaken. In particular, on the assumption that embryos and fetuses have the full moral status of persons, abortion is permissible but one form of stem cell research is notFthe practice of creating embryos and then destroying them to extract cell material. Furthermore, I argue that the same is true on the assumption that embryos and fetuses have at least some moral status. I conclude that this form of stem cell research is permissible only if the embryos in question lack moral status. I then present and briefly defend a view on which these embryos lack moral status.


Particulate flows of dielectric grains are almost always plagued by contact or triboelectrification and the resulting long-range electrostatic interactions. Extensive experimental, but rare theoretical, work is ongoing at present to understand the underlying mechanisms of contact electrification, and its consequences on collective scales. Although the hard matter principles remain elusive, here an effort is made to theoretically understand the collective/many-body effects in granular gases arising due to this phenomena. This thesis is focused on understanding the aggregation and pattern formation in heterogeneously charged, globally charge conserving, and initially dilute granular gases; the gas is charged with simplified but physically valid charge-exchange recipes and the subsequent effects of the long-range forces on the dynamics and morphology are studied. Canonical observables, such as growth rates of the average cluster size, average fractal dimension, granular temperature, and charge variance are computed using granular molecular dynamics simulations. In addition, the size, velocity and charge distributions are also studied. The observations from the detailed numerical simulations are utilized to (i) modify the mean-field Smoluchowski's coagulation equation, and (ii) to provide a kinetic description taking care of restitution as well as aggregation. The onset of clustering instability and the competition between dissipation and electrostatics, on a macroscopic scale, is then studied via the linear stability analysis of the granular hydrodynamic equations. Finally, the alterations in the aggregate growth rates and the fractal dimension due to additional degrees of freedom, introduced by the grain polarizability, are briefed. Most important results, in general terms, from the thesis are as follows. The presence of electrostatics fundamentally changes the nature of clustering in a granular gas -- from dynamic clustering to actual aggregation/coagulation. The growth rates of the clusters are enhanced. The morphology of the emerging structures is self-similar and exhibits fractal nature at simulated length and time scales. However, it is found that the heterogeneous charges and aggregation have a negligible influence on the established statistical result of granular temperature decay -- the Haff's law. The presence of charges fetches the granular gas further far-from equilibrium relative to its neutral counterpart, suggested by a non-relaxing velocity distribution and some evidence of the charge-velocity correlations. In case of large scale charge separation in the gas, the spatial regions can be differentiated to (i) where the electrostatic origin of the onset of clustering instability is expected to be linear, and (ii) where it is in principle nonlinear. The grain polarizability affects the small-sized aggregate population; the fractal dimension of this subpopulation is lowered. The overall cluster growth is further enhanced due to the polarizability. Finally, it is demonstrated that only small-sized aggregates are expected to survive if they are "hit" by random interstitial drag -- a scenario applicable to astrophysical dust growth processes.


In an attempt to further explore the role of substituted carboxylic acid derivatives as antidiabetic agent, a series of alkoxyimino-substituted carboxylic acid derivatives ( 101-206 ) were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory potential against a-amylase and a-glucosidase enzyme. Among all the tested compounds, 102 & 105 has displayed the most potent activity against a-glucosidase with the IC 50 of 142.21±1.8 mM and 182.83±2.43 mM respectively, as compared to the standard drug acarbose  (136.89±1.67 mM). Based on the inhibition percentage, the inhibition activity of 102 and 105 on α-glucosidase had higher potential than α-amylase. The mode of binding interactions between the α-glucosidase enzyme and the compound 102 was established to be uncompetitive using kinetic analysis. The predicted drug-likeness properties (Lipinski parameters and in silico ADME properties) of the compounds revealed their suitability as potential drug candidate.


The aim of the current study was to investigative the relationship that exists among emotional, social, cognitive intelligence and social support network among youths. Correlational research design was adopted for this study. Three hypotheses were formulated to guide this study. The population consisted of all youths in Rivers State. A sample of 856 respondents was drawn from the population using cluster sampling technique. Four instruments were used for data collection. They included Emotional Intelligence Behavior Inventory (EQBI) by Akinboye, Multidimensional Scale for Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) by Gregory, et al., Tomso Social Intelligence Scale (TSQS), and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). Pearson Product Moment Correlation coefficient was used to test the hypotheses at .05 level of significance. Results indicated that emotional, social and cognitive intelligence demonstrated significant positive relationship with social support network among youths. Based on the findings, conclusion and recommendations were made. KEYWORDS-Emotional, social, cognitive intelligence, social support network and youths


In 2011 the German Advisory Council for Global Change (WBGU) published a remarkable policy document entitled World in Transition: A Social Contract for Sustainability in which the authors proclaim the need for a great social transformation at the global scale in order to address climate change. This article builds on and critically discusses the central messages of the report that emphasizes the necessity to pro-actively shape the change of our values and worldviews that underpin our lifestyles and consumption patterns. By arguing for a transdisciplinary approach to implement this challenging vision the report identifies urbanization as a significant dimension in these processes thus shifting away from the dominant focus on socio-technical solutions. This puts the field of urban planning and development and related disciplines at the centre of the climate change adaptation and mitigation debate raising profound questions as to how these professionals, academics and practitioners could respond to the ideas brought forward in the report. The author considers this an opportunity for hitherto largely neglected integral approaches to gain more importance in mainstream urban planning practice and theory. The concluding part sketches out an initial research programme based on the previous discussion in order to illustrate at a more concrete level the implications of an integrative, transdisciplinary framework for planning.


High Level Synthesis development flows rely on user-defined directives to optimize the hardware implementation of digital circuits. Nevertheless, the most beneficial directive values are hard to predict, and exhaustive explorations are infeasible even for moderately complex designs. Focusing on the Loop Unrolling directive, we herein address this challenge by proposing a novel Machine Learning methodology, able to jointly forecast the optimal loop unrolling factors for all the loops in a target application. We showcase that our method results in a better prediction score (up to 63%) and a reduced convergence time compared to other state-of-the-art approaches. Our method achieves 90% of the speedup that can be obtained (with a perfect a-priori knowledge of optimal loop unrolling factors) when synthesizing the computational hotspots of each considered benchmark as hardware accelerators.


As part of a program to reduce electrical energy consumption in the refining process, the effects of the ozone and alkaline peroxide treatments on fibre and handsheet properties, prior and subsequent to low consistency (LC) refining, were assessed and compared by applying different levels of ozone and a range of peroxide and alkali charges to a primary stage hemlock thermomechanical pulp (TMP). Both highly alkaline peroxide treatments and ozone treatments decreased the specific energy required for strong mechanical pulp. The improvement in pulp strength through alkaline peroxide treatment mainly resulted from pulp surface changes caused by generation of acid groups. The highly alkaline peroxide treatments significantly increased pulp brightness but did not promote the further fibrillation during the subsequent LC refining. On the other hand, ozone treatments provided tensile strength increases, along with small brightness enhancements for the dark hemlock TMP, and increased the tensile gains obtained through LC refining. The effects of ozone treatments on tensile strength before and after LC refining were the result of pulp surface modifications, fibre swelling, and loss of fibre wall integrity due to non-selective chemical attack. High levels of ozone treatment caused tear strength to decrease during subsequent LC refining.


Substantial progress has been made in delivering ACTs through public health systems, but high prices have kept ACTs from those buying antimalarials in pharmacies or shops—the majority of patients in Africa. This paper reports on the delivery of highly subsidized ACTs through the private sector in Tanzania, Kenya, Cambodia, and Senegal, providing insight into how the new Affordable Medicines Facility-malaria will work. In Tanzania, the location of the only project specifically designed as an AMFm-like subsidy, uptake of ACTs increased significantly (from less than 1 to 42 percent). In Kenya, ACT uptake had increased from 15 to 42 percent 15 months after the intervention began. In Cambodia, ACT awareness increased, but supply remained irregular. In Senegal, the full range of ACT packs for different age groups was still unavailable in most private shops. Private sector subsidies can increase ACT availability but countries must take into account local malaria epidemiology and treatment-seeking behavior as well as health systems, regulatory frameworks, and consumer preferences.


Polysaccharide mucilage derived from the seeds of Ocimum basilicum L. (family Lamiaceae) was investigated for use in matrix formulations containing propranolol hydrochloride. Basil mucilage was extracted and several tablets were formulated. The effect of mucilage on drug release rate was evaluated in comparison with tablets containing two kinds of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K4M and HPMC K100M) as standard polymer. The release data were fitted to several models for kinetic evaluation. The results showed that hardness decreased and friability of tablets increased as the concentration of mucilage increased. The rate of release of propranolol HCl from O. basilicm mucilage matrices was mainly controlled by the drug: mucilage ratio. Drug release was slower from the HPMC K4M and HPMCK100M containing tablets compared to the mucilage containing matrices than the drug release from matrices containing O. basilicum seed mucilage in similar ratios. Formulations containing O. basilicm mucilage were found to exhibit suitable release pattern. The results of kinetic analysis showed that in tablets containing O. basilicm mucilage the highest correlation coefficient was achieved with the zero order model. The swelling and erosion studies revealed that, as the proportion of mucilage in tablets was increased, there was a corresponding increase in percent swelling and a decrease in percent erosion of tablets.


As part of a study of the combustion of boxes of commodities, rates of upward flame spread during early-stage burning were observed during experiments on wide samples of corrugated cardboard. The rate of spread of the flame front, defined by the burning pyrolysis region, was determined by visually averaging the pyrolysis front position across the fuel surface. The resulting best fit produced a power-law progression of the pyrolysis front, x p = Atn, where xp is the average height of the pyrolysis front at time t, n = 3/2, and A is a constant. This result corresponds to a slower acceleration than was obtained in previous measurements and theories (e.g. n = 2), an observation which suggests that development of an alternative description of the upward flame spread rate over wide, inhomogeneous materials may be worth studying for applications such as warehouse fires. Based upon the experimental results and overall conservation principles it is hypothesized that the non-homogeneity of the cardboard helped to reduce the acceleration of the upward spread rates by physically disrupting flow in the boundary layer close to the vertical surface and thereby modifying heating rates of the solid fuel above the pyrolysis region. As a result of this phenomena, a distinct difference was observed between scalings of peak flame heights, or maximum "flame tip" measurements and the average location of the flame. The results yield alternative scalings that may be better applicable to some situations encountered in practice in warehouse fires.


The objectives of this research are to describe the compensation management in District Government of Kutai Kartanegara that consists of planning compensation management, organizing compensation management, actuating compensation management, and controlling compensation management.The findings indicate that (1) Compensation management plan formulates the objectives and requirements that is to arrange employees, motivate improve performance, improve prosperity and spur and improve productivity and quality in providing services to the community and improve the orderly administration of local finance. (2) In Organizing, Procedure for the payment of additional income shall be made monthly, the procedure and the payment mechanism according to the prevailing laws and regulations. (3) Implementation of compensation management are the ongoing compensation process and compensation practice is provided. Requirements to be fulfilled by the employee in compensation (4) Control and evaluation shall be performed by each Local government agency (SKPD) for employees through performance and attendance performance to identify the beneficiary in accordance with the data provided by each local government agency  (SKPD)


Integrating computer technology into schools has been a key government agenda (Wellington, 2005). Individual computer programs have been introduced to support students across the curriculum, including with the development of literacy skills. This paper explores how computer technology can be used in supporting the development of word reading, with particular emphasis on how technology can be employed in novel and innovative ways; namely through the use of mobile phone text-messaging. Firstly, reading research is considered, with a focus on the role of phonological awareness and implications for reading interventions. Current uses of technology at home and at school are explored, before specific computer-based literacy interventions are discussed and evaluated. Finally, the possibility of integrating text-messaging into an intervention is proposed. Correlational evidence suggests a positive relationship between use of textisms (abbreviated words in text messages) and literacy (Neville, 2003). However, the causal nature of this relationship has not yet been tested experimentally. Consequently, this review is followed by a study that aimed to provide further insights into the relationship between textism use and literacy skills. Sixteen 9-10-year-old children, inexperienced with mobile phones, undertook pre-measures in textism use, phonological awareness, reading and spelling. Children were matched for reading and allocated to either a control or an experimental group. Both groups received a 30 minute texting intervention once a week for six weeks. The control group simply spent each session texting, whereas the experimental group completed activities translating and composing textisms. Following the intervention, children in the experimental group used more spontaneous textisms (in an elicited text) compared with controls. However, no significant differences between the groups were found in any of the literacy measures following the intervention. Implications for future research are discussed.


Electroactive conducting polymers (ECPs) continue to be of considerable interest as components of corrosion-resistant coating s ystems. ECPs, in addition to being conductive, are redox active materials, typically with potentials that are positive of iron and a luminum. Thus, as with chromate, interesting and potentially beneficial interactions of ECPs with active metal alloys such as steel and aluminum are anticipated. In this work, the scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET), also known as the current density probe, was used to probe such interactions between a poly(3-octyl pyrrole) coating (POP) and cold-rolled steel and aluminum (Al 2024-T3) substrates. The POP coatings were scribed to simulate a defect through the coating to the metal substrate surface. The SVET was used to map the current flowing in and around the defect while the sample was immersed in either 3% NaCl (steel) or in dilute Harrison solution (aluminum), an aqueous solution consisting of 0.35% (NH 4)2SO4, 0.05% NaCl. Although there were significant differences in the behavior of the POP-coated steel and POP-coated aluminum substrates, both exhibited a significant delay before the onset of any observable current compared to uncoated or epoxy-coated samples. Current density maps for the ste el clearly indicate that the reduction reaction occurred on the conducting polymer surface, with oxidation confined to the defect. Current density maps for the aluminum alloy never displayed significant oxidation at the defect. Rather, reduction (after a signifi cant delay) occurred at the defect as well as across the polymer surface, with concomitant localized undercoating oxidation of the al uminum substrate. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. S0013-4651(00)01-029-6. All rights reserved.


The twentieth century saw a wide variety of theological stands that were often confusing. Gary Dorrien sorts through theological trends by focusing on the notions of Christ and word. He presents the story of recent theology in a narrative style that makes the book ideal for classroom use, integrating the major theologians of the century along with other developments in philosophy and culture.


This resource contains a broad range of occupational health and safety issues that learners need to be familiar with when carrying horticultural tasks.


Although metacyclic and blood trypomastigotes are completely functional in relation to parasite-host interaction and/or target cell invasion, they differ in the molecules present on the surface. Thus, aspects related to the variability that the forms of T. cruzi interacts with host cells may lead to fundamental implications on the immune response against this parasite and, consequently, the clinical evolution of Chagas disease. We have shown that BT infected mice presented higher levels of parasitemia during all the acute phase of infection. Moreover, the infection with either MT or BT forms resulted in increased levels of total leukocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes, specifically later for MT and earlier for BT. The infection with BT forms presented earlier production of proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α and later of IFN-γ by both T cells subpopulations. This event was accompanied by an early cardiac inflammation with an exacerbation of this process at the end of the acute phase. On the other hand, infection with MT forms result in an early production of IFN-γ, with subsequent control in the production of this cytokine by IL-10, which provided to these animals an immunomodulatory profile in the end of the acute phase. These results are in agreement with what was found for cardiac inflammation where animals infected with MT forms showed intense cardiac inflammation later at infection, with a decrease in the same at the end of this phase. In summary, our findings emphasize the importance of taking into account the inoculums source of T. cruzi, since vectorial or transfusional routes of T. cruzi infection may trigger distinct parasite-host interactions during the acute phase that may influence relevant biological aspects of chronic Chagas disease.


Pragmatic development involves learning to use linguistic code and non-linguistic action in a well-integrated way in relation to an ongoing interaction. Given how different languages encode meaning distinctions differently and how different cultures might organize social interactions differently, comparative studies are crucially relevant for understanding pragmatic development. This chapter focuses on currently available crosslinguistic and crosscultural research about (1) nonverbal interaction, (2) referential communication, (3) speech acts and politeness, and (4) extended discourse such as conflicts. We also including a section on how children learning different languages are socialized to use language in varied ways by families, peers and schools. Future directions are suggested on the basis of this current research.


Since the end of the Cold War private military companies––conflict entrepreneurs that kill or train others to kill, typically in foreign lands––have proliferated at an alarming rate. Curiously, the primary consumer of this new service are not weak states looking to consolidate their monopoly of force (although this has happened) but strong states like the United States of
America, which possesses the greatest monopoly of force in the world. This thesis examines how and why this has occurred.
The reappearance of private military actors is also a harbinger of a wider trend in international relations: the emergence of neomedievalism. The erosion of the taboo against mercenarism signals a return to the preWestphalian norm of the Middle Ages, when states did not enjoy the monopoly of force and subsequent special authority in world politics. Instead, the medieval system was polycentric in nature with authority diluted and shared among state and non-state actors alike. Because the return to the status
quo ante of the Middle Ages is occurring worldwide, it is best described as 'globalised neomedievalism'.
Globalised neomedievalism is a non-state-centric and multipolar world order characterized by overlapping authorities and allegiances on a local and global scale. It does not imply worldwide atavism. States will not disappear, but will matter less than they did a century ago. Nor does neomedievalism connote chaos and anarchy; the global system will persist in a durable disorder that contains rather than solves problems. A key challenge of neomedievalism is the commodification of conflict: offering the means of war to anyone who can afford it will change warfare, why we fight and the future of war. The implications of this are enormous since it suggests that international relations in the twenty-first century will have more in common with the twelfth century
than the twentieth.


To explore the guidance provided by genetics journals on the use of race and ethnicity,
this survey examined the instructions for
authors and recent content of 120 journals
indexed under "Genetics and Heredity"
within the Web of Science. Only two of
the journals had instructions for authors
that directly referred to race or ethnicity,
and both implicitly validated the genetic
utility of ethnicity by encouraging its use
to identify or classify genetic variation.
The instructions for authors of five other
journals referred to the American Medical
Association's
Manual of Style
or the
"Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts
Submitted to Biomedical Journals" developed by the International Committee of
Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE); one
more journal was listed on the ICMJE
Web site. Both those more generic style
guides had dedicated sections advising prospective authors to "justify" and "define"
or "explain" their use of race and ethnicity. However, it is unclear whether any of
the six genetics journals linked to either of
the style guides actually intended authors
to comply with their particular sections
on race and ethnicity, particularly inasmuch as the instructions of three of the
journals referred only to the sections of the style guides related to the formatting
of references. Despite the paucity of guidance on race and ethnicity, from 1994 to
2004 55.8% of the journals had published
empirical articles using "racial", "ethnic",
or related census categories. In the absence
of dedicated guidelines, the responsibility
rests with journal editors to draw the attention of authors and reviewers to longstanding concerns over the reliability, validity,
and sensitivity of using race and ethnicity
in genetic research and to encourage critical reflection and debate and better standards of measurement and reporting.


Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is one of the basic experimental procedures in chemistry and allows the demonstration of various chemical principles in an educational setting. An often-overlooked aspect of TLC is the capability to quantify isolated target compounds in an unknown sample. Here, we present a suitable route to implement quantitative analysis in a lesson plan. We provide a free, stand-alone software that allows students to obtain quantitative information and present two suitable experiments, namely the absorbance-based quantification of the colorant Sudan IV and the fluorescence-based quantification of Rhodamine 6G, a fluorophore widely used in biotechnology. Students conduct TLC experiments following established routes, then take pictures of their TLC plates with their mobile phones and finally quantify the amount of different compounds in the separate bands they observe.


Aim/Purpose: This study carried out a systematic review of the literature on artificial intelligence (AI) in English language teaching (ELT). The objective was to delineate the current research progress in the field and to further understand the challenges.

Background: The study analyzed articles published between 2015 and 2021.

Methodology: The qualitative research method was employed. Five steps were taken to steer the review. 200 articles were scrutinized; 64 were retained.

Contribution: Prior research on AI in ELT has not investigated how the literature is progressing or what areas of AI are being covered. Without a holistic picture, some important research findings could be missed. Understanding how studies on AI in ELT are designed and implemented will contribute to a greater understanding of the existing state of research.

Findings: Findings show that there is a promising future for AI in ELT. AI in ELT yielded positive results in terms of optimizing the English language skills, translation, assessment, recognition, attitude, satisfaction, etc. It was also found out that more and more articles on the topic are being published; the mixed research method is the most commonly used, higher education level is the most sampled, students as participants are the most sampled, and most studies developed novel AI-based systems. Various AI approaches have been identified in the reviewed studies, including machine learning, neural network, support vector machine, genetic algorithms, deep learning, decision tree, expert system, natural language processing, data mining, cloud computing, and edge computing. However, AI in ELT is still in its infancy, where little research has been conducted and gaps in the literature are still present, especially in terms of inherent issues related to body language, gestures, expressions, emotions, translation, lack of elaborate description of teaching material used for learning driven by AI, uncertainties and vagueness with regards to what can be considered under the realm of AI, and most authors being outside of the ELT discipline.

Recommendations for Practitioners: This literature review is likely to provide practitioners with an overview of the current adopted technology, research method, instruments and/or tools, educational level, language skill, and the effects reported by the AI-based studies for designing effective systems for the use of AI in their ELT classrooms.

Recommendation for Researchers: Researchers need to conduct research on AI in ELT along with a detailed in-depth description of the methodology, research design, and the proposed systems used to achieve AI in ELT. Furthermore, it is recommended that researchers explore the efficiency of AI-based systems used in previous research and ensure their relevance and functionality. They are also required to provide in-depth analysis of the challenges inherent to systems that have been highlighted in the literature, which will maximize the potentials of these AI-based technologies.

Impact on Society: The findings of this paper can provide visualization of research findings that could particularly benefit researchers, educators, and AI specialists who are involved in the study of the applications of AI in ELT.

Future Research: Future AI research needs to seriously include more detailed descriptions of the method in further research.


Degradative rates of small basic non-glycosylated proteins are preferentially enhanced in rat liver cytosol during severe streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Synthetic rates of these classes of proteins are not selectively enhanced in diabetes, so small basic non-glycosylated proteins should be depleted from liver cytosol as a consequence of this disease. To test this hypothesis, proteins were analysed from normal animals, from diabetic animals receiving insulin and from diabetic animals after insulin withdrawal for 3 days. The proteins were separated according to subunit molecular weight by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, according to isoelectric point by isoelectric focusing and according to carbohydrate content by affinity chromatography with concanavalin A linked to agarose. Severe uncontrolled diabetes is associated with the predicted depletion of small basic non-glycosylated proteins from liver cytosol. The preferential degradation and loss of these protein classes may be of considerable physiological importance to the animal.


Fault-bounded slices of allochthonous Paleozoic to Mesozoic bedrock of the San Juan Islands in northwest Washington provide a locality in which to study terrane translation and ductile and brittle deformation in an accretionary wedge setting, as well as the factors involved in preservation of blueschist-facies terranes. This study contributes to understanding of the tectonic evolution of the Lopez Structural Complex, a major Late Cretaceous terrane-bounding fault zone in the San Juan Thrust System. Structural study is combined with X-ray diffraction and fluid inclusion analysis to constrain the relative timing, kinematics, and P-T conditions of fabric formation and post-fabric brittle deformation in the Lopez Structural Complex. Deformation is characterized by multiple generations of ductile and brittle structures. After formation of a regional flattening fabric by two processes, pressure solution and localized bi-directional shearing, the area was crosscut by brittle structures including: 1) early strike-slip structures related to bi-directional northwest/southeast shear, 2) southwest-vergent thrusts, 3) extension veins and normal faults related to northwest/southeast extension, and 4) conjugate strike-slip structures also related to northwest/southeast extension. The presence of comparable structures in the eastern San Juan Islands (Lamb and Schermer, 2003) and adjacent to the Lopez Structural Complex indicates this sequence of brittle deformation is widespread in the San Juan nappes. X-ray diffraction and petrographic observations of vein material identify aragonite- and prehnite-bearing veins associated with thrust, normal, and strike-slip structures, although most of the latest strike-slip faults contain only prehnite and calcite. High pressure minerals constrain brittle deformation to have occurred at greater than ~ 20 km depth and at most ~ 200° C. Fluid inclusion analyses of aqueous and methane-bearing inclusions in vein quartz are in agreement with low temperature conditions after vein formation and tentatively suggest rapid exhumation to shallow depths under near isothermal conditions. Sustained high-pressure - low-temperature conditions and the preservation of widespread aragonite are possible only if structures formed in an accretionary prism during active subduction. Therefore, meter-scale brittle structures in rocks of the Lopez Structural Complex record a pattern of internal wedge deformation at depth or early during uplift of the San Juan nappes. The sequence observed is generally consistent with internal orogen-normal contraction and vertical thickening followed by vertical thinning and lateral along-strike extension. Possible mechanisms for brittle deformation include a change in the angle or magnitude of plate convergence vectors, a large underplating or accretion event, or the collision of the Cretaceous prism with the margin of Wrangellia.