I. SOME BACKGROUND In November 1999, after twenty years as a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, I began serving as a judge on the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia ("ICTY"). The ICTY was established under a United Nations Security Council Resolution in 1993; its jurisdiction is limited to grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 1949, violations of the laws or customs of war, crimes against humanity, and genocide. It also has temporal and geographic limitations; these crimes must have been committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia on or after January 1, 1991. Practically, that jurisdiction covers any of the four categories of international crimes committed between 1991-95 among the various Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, or Yugoslav armies or paramilitary units, as well as the more recent violence in Kosovo. The ICTY has fourteen judges elected for four-year terms by a majority of the U.N. General Assembly from a list of candidates generated in the Security Council; no more than one judge can come from a single country. The current judges come from the United States, France, Italy, Great Britain, Australia, Jamaica, China, Morocco, Egypt, Guyana, Portugal, Zambia, Malaysia, and Colombia. The Statute of the ICTY provides for the imposition of prison sentences on convicted war criminals but no death penalty. The formal working languages of the ICTY are French and English, although typically trials also involve a Serbo-Croat dialect since that is the native language of most witnesses and defendants and many defense lawyers. The three courtrooms are high-tech, allowing for simultaneous video and audio translation among the different languages. The court is organized into three Trial Chambers of three judges each and an Appellate Chamber of five judges. The Appellate Chamber also hears appeals from a separate similar Tribunal, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ("ICTR"), which tries crimes committed in Rwanda emanating from its genocidal episode in 1994. The same Prosecutor investigates and prosecutes crimes before both the Yugoslav and Rwandan tribunals. The ICTY is housed in a grim, high security, converted insurance building in the commercial section of The Hague. The building has no adornments; judges have their own offices, sparsely furnished, a secretary down the hall and one legal assistant (federal judges enjoy, by contrast, considerably more spacious quarters including a bathroom, at least one secretary within calling distance and two to four law clerks). There is a senior legal assistant assigned to each of the four ICTY Chambers. Since the ICTY has no police force of its own, it must depend on other countries or international peace-keeping forces to deliver the suspects it indicts. As a result, in the ICTY's first three years, 1993-96, no trials were held since it had no suspects in custody (the Tribunal does not conduct trials in absentia). It did, however, indict over ninety defendants for war crimes. Despite a disappointing lack of cooperation in apprehending indictees from the governments of Yugoslavia, Croatia, and the Republika Srpska, the number of suspects in physical detention at The Hague has escalated in the last several years. Some indicted persons have surrendered voluntarily; some have been captured and handed over by supporters of the ICTY such as Austria and Germany; and some have been apprehended by U.N. peacekeeping forces. A few have even been extradited from Croatia and Bosnia. As a result, as of February, 2000, thirty-four accused were in the ICTY's detention unit on the outskirts of The Hague, and thirty had been publicly indicted but were not yet in physical custody. Thirteen accused were at the appeal stage, one had finished trial and was awaiting judgment and sentencing. Two were on trial, while twenty were in pre-trial proceedings. The ICTY is now a very busy court; indeed, its chief operational problem is bringing detained defendants to trial within a reasonable time. …


OBJECTIVE
We sought to examine the accessibility of health clubs to persons with mobility disabilities and visual impairments.

METHODS
We assessed 35 health clubs and fitness facilities as part of a national field trial of a new instrument, Accessibility Instruments Measuring Fitness and Recreation Environments (AIMFREE), designed to assess accessibility of fitness facilities in the following domains: (1) built environment, (2) equipment, (3) swimming pools, (4) information, (5) facility policies, and (6) professional behavior.

RESULTS
All facilities had a low to moderate level of accessibility. Some of the deficiencies concerned specific Americans with Disabilities Act guidelines pertaining to the built environment, whereas other deficiency areas were related to aspects of the facilities' equipment, information, policies, and professional staff.

CONCLUSIONS
Persons with mobility disabilities and visual impairments have difficulty accessing various areas of fitness facilities and health clubs. AIMFREE is an important tool for increasing awareness of these accessibility barriers for people with disabilities.


Abstract The cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg), is an invasive pest of Opuntia spp. Since its arrival in the Florida Keys in 1989, it has moved rapidly up the east and west coasts of Florida, threatening to invade the southwestern United States and Mexico. Female moths produce a sex pheromone that attracts male moths. In this study, we report on mating behavior observed in the laboratory and the identification of putative pheromonal chemical components based on mass spectral analysis of volatiles collected from virgin female moths and from solvent extraction of excised glands. Three candidate components, formulated on rubber septa in different release rates and ratios, were tested in laboratory olfactometer and flight tunnel experiments, and in field tests in areas with known feral populations of cactus moths. Lures formulated with the three-component blend of 54% (Z,E)-9,12 tetradecadien-1-ol acetate, 42% (Z,E)-9,12 tetradecadien-1-ol, and 4% (Z)-9- tetradecen-1-ol acetate were the most effective, although changes in the ratio of these components had little effect on lure efficacy. For field deployment, traps baited with synthetic lures with a 1 mg load of the three component blend captured equal or higher numbers of males than traps baited with two virgin females. Trapping systems using this pheromone-based attractant will be useful for population delineation in areas currently infested.


In statistics and data mining communities, there have been many measures proposed to gauge the strength of association between two variables of interest, such as odds ratio, confidence, Yule-Y, Yule-Q, Kappa, and gini index. These association measures have been used in various domains, for example, to evaluate whether a particular medical practice is associated positively to a cure of a disease or whether a particular marketing strategy is associated positively to an increase in revenue, etc. This paper models the problem of locating faults as association between the execution or non-execution of particular program elements with failures. There have been special measures, termed as suspiciousness measures, proposed for the task. Two state-of-the-art measures are Tarantula and Ochiai, which are different from many other statistical measures. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study that comprehensively investigates the effectiveness of various association measures in localizing faults. This paper fills in the gap by evaluating 20 well-known association measures and compares their effectiveness in fault localization tasks with Tarantula and Ochiai. Evaluation on the Siemens programs show that a number of association measures perform statistically comparable as Tarantula and Ochiai.


OBJECTIVES
We explored age, gender, and racial/ethnic differences with alcohol use and firearms, hanging or asphyxiation, and poisoning methods of suicide.

METHODS
We analyzed data for 37,993 suicide decedents aged 18 years and older from the 2005-2010 National Violent Death Reporting System database. Multinomial logistic regressions examined associations of method with alcohol use defined by blood alcohol content. Two-way interactions tested the effects of age, gender, and race/ethnicity on the associations between alcohol use and method of suicide.

RESULTS
Alcohol was present among decedents who used the 3 leading methods of suicide: firearm (35.0%), hanging (36.8%), and poisoning (32.7%). Two-way interaction tests suggested that in young and middle adulthood, individuals were more likely to drink alcohol when they used a firearm or hanging (compared with poisoning), but in older adulthood, the reverse was true, with alcohol use more likely with poisoning. Interaction tests also suggested that Asians and Pacific Islanders were most likely to use alcohol in poisonings and that Blacks were least likely to use alcohol in hangings.

CONCLUSIONS
The results suggested that alcohol use before suicide was influenced by several factors, including age, race/ethnicity, and suicide method.


The flow of a plane, laminar, subsonic perfect gas wall jet with heat transfer through the wall was investigated theoretically. For the case under consideration the entire surface was maintained at a constant temperature which differed from the temperature of the ambient gas. The velocity and temperature distribution across the flow were calculated for a variety of temperature differences between the ambient gas and the surface. The boundary layer equations representing these flows were solved by using the Illingworth-Stewartson transformation, thus extending the classical Glauert's solution to a thermally non-uniform flow. The effects of heat transfer on the linear stability characteristics of the wall jet were assessed by making the local parallel flow approximation. Two kinds of unstable eigenmodes coexisting at moderate Reynolds numbers are significantly affected by the heat transfer. The influence of cooling or heating on the stability of the flow was expected in view ofthe experience accumulated in incompressible boundary layers, i.e. heating destabilizes and cooling stabilizes the flows. Cooling of the wall affects the small scale disturbances more profoundly, contrary to the results obtained for the large scale disturbances.


The Reagan Doctrine emerged in an unusual manner, as it was discovered rather than proclaimed. When he delivered his State of the Union message on February 6, 1985, Ronald Reagan did not plan to announce a guiding principle of his administration's foreign policy. After he finished his address, no one recognized that the speech contained a Reagan Doctrine until weeks later, when a political commentator declared that he had found a grand statement of foreign policy hiding in plain sight. What Reagan said that February evening on his seventy-fourth birthday was a version of what he had said many times before: that anti-Communist resistance movements deserved U.S. support. That idea had shaped his thinking since the beginning of his presidency and, indeed, from the time that he became involved in national politics in the mid 1960s. "Reagan Doctrine" nevertheless became a common and convenient term, although one that administration officials rarely used in public rhetoric or policy memoranda. "That was something you people {in the media} talked about," declared one staff aide on the National Security Council (NSC). "It wasn't a phrase we used." (1) The president only twice referred to the Reagan Doctrine in public remarks. Just once, in a speech at the National Defense University in 1988, did he actually use that precise term to describe the administration's "stand with ordinary people who have had the courage to take up arms against Communist tyranny." (2) The Reagan Doctrine expressed one of the president's important ideas, but administration policies toward anti-Communist resistance groups varied considerably. The mujahideen who fought against Soviet troops in Afghanistan got substantial U.S. military aid, including sophisticated weapons, but the anti-Communist resistance in Cambodia got only small amounts of nonlethal supplies. The guerrillas who struggled against a Marxist regime in Angola eventually received U.S. help, but a similar movement in Mozambique that opposed a leftist government got no assistance from the Reagan administration. Differences in local conditions, U.S. security interests, and political circumstances accounted for variations in policy. So, too, did divisions between administration policy makers. Sharp disputes arose over how--or whether--to help local "freedom fighters," as national security officials disagreed over how to balance the goal of rolling back communism with some of Reagan's other principles, such as promoting democracy or reaffirming U.S. commitments to freedom and liberty that could inspire people around the world. As National Security Adviser Robert C. McFarlane recollected, policy emerged on a case-by-case basis, not through the application of "a comprehensive plan ... or ... set of standards to determine which insurgencies were deserving of U.S. aid." (3) The Reagan Doctrine was a convenient term for a clear and simple idea that the president embraced. The policies it produced were complicated and controversial. The Reagan Doctrine in Time It was Charles Krauthammer who first gave the Reagan Doctrine its name in his regular column in the April 1, 1985 issue of Time magazine. No one had previously attributed such significance to Reagan's pronouncement, but Krauthammer was not playing an April Fool's joke. He thought that the president's "prudence" and "modesty" accounted for the Reagan Doctrine being "buried" in the State of the Union address rather than "launched" with "fanfare." For Krauthammer, the Reagan Doctrine was the president's assertion that "we must not break faith with those who are risking their lives--on every continent from Afghanistan to Nicaragua--to defy Soviet-supported aggression and secure rights which have been ours from birth." Krauthammer maintained that these words proved once more that the president was "the master of the new idea." Like supply-side economics, which had "changed the terms of debate" on economic theory, and the Strategic Defense Initiative, which had challenged conventional wisdom on nuclear strategy, the Reagan Doctrine inverted "accepted thinking on geopolitics. …


This article traces the dramatic dwindling of the iconic Revlon doctrine. Over the past several years, we observe a paradox in M&A litigation. The number of challenges to "done deal" transactions has skyrocketed, but the number of successful Revlon claims – those procuring a remedy - has plummeted. Having set out to suggest, as a theory and policy matter, that Revlon might be extended into the attempted but failed "no deal" context, we conclude, ironically, that today there is little remedial clout to the Revlon doctrine in any setting. The overly exalted place of Revlon in the law thought to govern M&A deals endures because it is regarded in narrow, silo-like doctrinal isolation even though it can only be understood as one part of a legal landscape that has dramatically changed since 1986. Revlon, for example, no longer sets the standard in damages cases. Thus, oft-cited statements from the QVC case regarding enhanced substantive scrutiny by courts, and the planning of an initial burden of proof on directors, are outmoded doctrinal vestiges in the personal liability context. As to injunctive relief, only one injunction – out of numerous claims – was granted on a Revlon theory in the six year period from 2008-2013. By adopting a remedies perspective on Revlon, we thus see that the ongoing debate over what "triggers" Revlon in mixed consideration deals is a debate with small stakes: only pre-closing relief is up for grabs anyway, and that is rarely granted. We should stop regarding Revlon as a robust standalone doctrine. Delaware courts should go further, however. They should renounce Revlon's faulty focus on short-term value maximization. Then, the corporate objective in the sale setting – of whatever kind – would be the same as it is (and should be) outside the sale setting: to pursue the best option for achieving long-term value.


This thesis investigates nine new compositions of the ternary Au-Cu-Pt system, containing from 75 to 78 wt% Au with 0 to 15 wt% Pt, by means of in-situ synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy and mechanical tests, including hardness, tensile and repeated stress-relaxation testing. X-ray diffraction data show that the alloys can be separated into three groups according to their stable low-temperature ordered phase(s), namely L10, L12, or the two combined. Platinum increases transformation temperatures in comparison with binary AuCu, two-phase ordered alloys showing the highest transformation temperatures. Details of the evolution of the peak structures upon heating and cooling point to significant differences between mechanisms of disordering and ordering: whereas ordering visibly proceeds at significant undercooling by nucleation and growth, disordering appears, from the visible shifts in peak position, to progress in more homogeneous fashion within the alloy. Alloys containing 2.5 wt% Pt show different microstructural evolutions when ordered at 250 or 400 °C after annealing at 650 °C and a water quench. With 75 and 76.5 wt% Au, the microstructural evolution depends on the ordering temperature. At 400 °C, a classical polytwin structure with two L10 crystal orientation variants is formed; this evolves into a two-phase, L10 + A1, checkerboard-like microstructure after 106 s. At 250 °C, ordering develops a stable (up to 105 s) structure containing all three L10 crystal variants and a network of perpendicular {110} twins roughly 30 nm wide. The 78 wt %Au alloy develops at both ordering temperatures a similar three-variant nanotwinned structure that also remains stable up to 105 s. With all three alloys containing 2.5 wt% Pt, superior hardness and tensile strength, coupled with lower ductility, are obtained with the three-variant nanotwinned structure formed at 250 °C compared with the more classical polytwin structure that develops at 400 °C. Activation volumes characteristic of room-temperature compressive plastic deformation in Au- 21 wt% Cu- 2.5 at% Pt, are measured using the repeated stress-relaxation method on the classical polytwin and the three-variant structures. All ordered nanotwinned microstructures obtained have an initial effective activation volume Veff of 100 to 120 b3; this is values typical of cross-slip or twin boundary bypass in FCC metals. The two structures differ strongly as they work-harden: the two-variant polytwin structure yields a straight line on a Haasen plot, suggesting that work hardening is associated with an increase in slip obstacle density, most likely dislocation debris at intervariant boundaries. The three-variant structure on the other hand shows a constant activation volume. This suggests the presence of a mechanism by which obstacles that accumulate during deformation of the two-variant structure can be removed when three variants are present; a possible mechanism is debris elimination by intraboundary glide coupled with triple line leakage or loop annihilation. Alloys containing 7.5 or 15 wt% Pt have microstructures in which the L12 phase is found, either alone or in combination with L10. Whereas fully L12 alloys (of higher Pt content) are relatively soft, two-phase alloys are nearly as hard and ductile as fully L10 alloys, and feature relatively stable structures, which TEM observation suggests consist in several variants of the L10 phase embedded in a matrix of L12.


Accessory rare metal mineralization has been investigated in seven lithologies in intrusive Centres I and III of the Coldwell alkaline complex. All units contain minerals that are enriched in a suite of granitophlle elements, which typically include Nb, REE, Y, Th, U and Zr. Mineral abundances, composition, and mode of occurrence differ between units. Centre III is characterized by crystallization of subhedral-to-euhedral chevkinite, pyrochlore and monazite from late-stage melts or residual pore fluids in the more-evolved quartz and ferro-edenite syenites. These minerals are invariably altered to fluorocarbonate or recrystallized by later F' and C032"-bearing deuteric fluids. The Centre I, ferroaugite syenite minerals exhibit similar morphological and replacement textures to those present in Centre III. In contrast, the Craddock Cove syenite is mildly K and Fe-metasomatised with incipient replacement of plagioclase and amphibole by K-feldspar, zircon, fluorocarbonate, Nb-rutile (?), allanite, and rare chevkinite. Fe-rich fluids under oxidizing conditions are believed to have precipitated Fe**-bearing fluorocarbonate in which one third of the (REE)F layers are replaced by Fe**^ layers. Most Centre I rare earth minerals are enriched in the HREE relative to those from centre III, in particular pyrochlore, fluorocarbonate, allanite in the eastern contact pegmatites and the quartz syenite dykes. Compositional data for adjacent syntaxial intergrown domains of bastnaesite, synchysite, and parisite indicate that HREE-enrichment may, in part, be influenced by the Ca content of the species. The highest contents of Ce (4193 ppm), Zr (1613 ppm), V (650 ppm), Th (223 ppm) and U (428 ppm) were found in the quartz syenite dykes intruding the Craddock Cove syenite and Port Munroe megaxenolith. The emplacement of the quartz syenite dykes and the introduction of the metasomatizing fluids of the Craddock Cove syenite may be temporally related to the differentiation of residual fluids in the apical zone of the Centre I magma chamber. Complexing of F" and COj^" with rare metals may have permitted their concentration, transportation and precipitation in structurally favourable settings. The megaxenoliths have been susceptible to brittle fracturing and should be considered primary targets for further exploration. The Craddock Cove syenites, although intruded by the dykes, may have been hot during dyke emplacement and therefore not os prone to brittle fracturing.


How is constitutional theory to respond to the challenge arising from three current major trends - digitisation, privatisation and globalisation - for the problem of inclusion/exclusion of whole segments of the population in processes of global communication? That is how today's "constitutional question" ought to be formulated, by contrast with the 18th and 19th century question of the constitution of nation-states. While the old constitutions were simultaneously liberating the dynamics of democratic politics and disciplining repressive political power by law, the point today is to liberate and to discipline quite different social dynamics. The question is how constitutional theory will manage to generalise its nation-state tradition in contemporary terms and re-specify it. The main thesis is that within global society a multiplicity of civil constitutions outside institutionalized politics is emerging. The constitution of world society is coming about not exclusively in the representative institutions of international politics, nor can it take place in a unitary global constitution overlying all areas of society, but will emerge incrementally in the constitutionalisation of a multiplicity of autonomous subsystems of world society.Three major changes render a global constitutional pluralism plausible. First, societal constitutionalism is a normative consequence of the dilemmata of societal rationalisation. The evolutionary drift of global rationalisation processes makes it necessary to guarantee institutionally spheres of autonomy for reflexion. Second, it is a consequence of polycentric globalisation that international politics can at best pursue its own constitutionalisation, but not that of the whole world society. Third, the necessary connection between juridification and constitutionalisation implies that autonomous sectors of global society possess the potential for constitutions of their own.What basic features must be present for demonstrating constitutional elements in the various global sectors? In fact, the political constitution of the nation-state may serve as the great historical model for civil constitutions. Here a stock of historical experience, of procedures, terms, principles, and norms, is available as an analogy for the present situation. Yet analogies must be handled with extreme caution, since they can be over-hastily transposed, ignoring the specific features of globalised social sectors. The lecture focuses on the following basic features of civil constitutions: (1) structural coupling between a social sector and law (2) hierarchy of norms: constitutional versus ordinary law; (3) judicial review of norms; (4) dual constitution of organised and spontaneous sectors.


Property-based testing (aka. QuickCheck) is a successful au- tomated testing approach originating in the programming language community (Claessen-Hughes:ICFP00). It unites the well-known idea of randomized testing with that of en- suring program-specific properties akin to those encoun- tered within verification and theorem proving. Starting as a Haskell library the approach has grown to become language independent with ports to over 30 different programming languages. Over the years property-based testing has been used to pinpoint an impressive amount of software errors in a multitude of settings, initially within academia but more and more so also in the software industry. In this talk I will first recall the basic concepts of property- based testing and then cover a couple of recent applications, while sharing some of the folklore and community know- how. This includes quite a bit of symbolic program manipu- lation at the heart of the PEPM community. I will then offer a personal perspective on the approach, both in terms of programming language theory and software engineering.


ABSTRACT Although previous research has examined how generic skills and disciplinary contexts are related, such investigation has not been conducted from students' perspectives. Implications of disciplinary differences for the design of a generic skills curriculum have also remained unexplored. In this study, a questionnaire was administered to 502 first-year engineering and business students from a Hong Kong university which explored their perceived importance and competence level of their generic skills, as well as their motivation towards developing these skills. The results of engineering and business students were compared which revealed some disciplinary differences. Substantial differences were found in the importance and competency ratings on IT skills and business students gave significantly higher importance ratings on most generic skills than engineering students. This study will help guide curriculum design that leverages the benefits of interdisciplinary programmes and incorporates generic skills as part of learning outcomes within disciplinary contexts.


Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase 2 (PARP2) is one of three DNA-dependent PARPs involved in the detection of DNA damage. Upon binding to DNA double-strand breaks, PARP2 uses nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to synthesize poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) onto itself and other proteins, including histones. PAR chains in turn promote the DNA damage response by recruiting downstream repair factors. These early steps of DNA damage signaling are relevant for understanding how genome integrity is maintained and how their failure leads to genome instability or cancer. There is no structural information on DNA double-strand break detection in the context of chromatin. Here we present a cryo-EM structure of two nucleosomes bridged by human PARP2 and confirm that PARP2 bridges DNA ends in the context of nucleosomes bearing short linker DNA. We demonstrate that the conformation of PARP2 bound to damaged chromatin provides a binding platform for the regulatory protein Histone PARylation Factor 1 (HPF1), and that the resulting HPF1•PARP2•nucleosome complex is enzymatically active. Our results contribute to a structural view of the early steps of the DNA damage response in chromatin.


Besides automotive applications, the railway sector becomes a more and more important field of application for energy storages. The fact that the service conditions of a railway vehicle deviate from a car, e.g. railway vehicles have a higher energy consumption of auxiliary aggregates, suggests that different rules of dimensioning have to be considered for energy storages. This underlines the importance to have a well-directed focus on this means of transport.
As there are many different railway vehicles who offer a potential to include (or already use) energy storages, it is important to determine the specific edge conditions of every vehicle segment.
Each of the railway vehicle segments offers different individual constraints. That includes station spacing, mileage, performance, weight and cross section amongst others. These boundary conditions have a strong influence on the selection of an appropriate energy storage system –e.g.: while a (comparatively) low weight is an important factor for standard gauge railways, a heavy weight might have a positive impact for shunting locos that need a certain axial force, to transmit the required traction force.
The fact that only ~50% of today's tracks are electrified in Germany and Europe causes that diesel-driven vehicles are still a dominant technology in day-to-day passenger and goods rail transport. While fuel prices are expected to experience a steady increase in the next years, hybrid drivetrains or even fully electrified drivetrains come to the fore.
The paper will discuss different applications for energy storages, like Light Rail Vehicles and Trams, shunting locos and standard gauge railways. In addition to possible scopes of application, the paper will discuss limitations and special restrictions, which result from the usage of energy storages in railway vehicles.
A state-of-the-art review will focus on realized projects (R&D) and railway vehicles that already use energy storages.
Furthermore the paper will show possible "new markets", like the usage of traction energy storages for railway vehicles passing partly electrified tracks or non-electrified tracks.
Finally an example for the design of a battery-driven and a hybrid railway vehicle will be presented. The dimensioning will be based on simulation results of a reference vehicle, running on a reference track. Therefore a simulation model, based on Dymola, will be used and described briefly.


Thirty young workers (aged 14 to 19 years) employed as groundskeepers and custodians were randomly assigned to two groups; one group received body mechanics instruction and the other did not. The instruction focused on proper spinal alignment in the work environment. Instruction on low back pain began with one classroom session before the subjects' first day of work and continued during employment with two on-site sessions. The effect of instruction was evaluated through the observation of body mechanics during actual work performance. The results of the study indicate that the group that received instruction performed significantly better than the control group. This paper also discusses the occupational therapist's role in providing job-specific body mechanics instruction in the work environment as a primary method of preventing low back pain.


OBJECTIVE—To quantitate the separate impact of obesity and hyperlycemia on the incretin effect (i.e., the gain in β-cell function after oral glucose versus intravenous glucose). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Isoglycemic oral (75 g) and intravenous glucose administration was performed in 51 subjects (24 with normal glucose tolerance [NGT], 17 with impaired glucose tolerance [IGT], and 10 with type 2 diabetes) with a wide range of BMI (20–61 kg/m2). C-peptide deconvolution was used to reconstruct insulin secretion rates, and β-cell glucose sensitivity (slope of the insulin secretion/glucose concentration dose-response curve) was determined by mathematical modeling. The incretin effect was defined as the oral-to-intravenous ratio of responses. In 8 subjects with NGT and 10 with diabetes, oral glucose appearance was measured by the double-tracer technique. RESULTS—The incretin effect on total insulin secretion and β-cell glucose sensitivity and the GLP-1 response to oral glucose were significantly reduced in diabetes compared with NGT or IGT (P ≤ 0.05). The results were similar when subjects were stratified by BMI tertile (P ≤ 0.05). In the whole dataset, each manifestation of the incretin effect was inversely related to both glucose tolerance (2-h plasma glucose levels) and BMI (partial r = 0.27–0.59, P ≤ 0.05) in an independent, additive manner. Oral glucose appearance did not differ between diabetes and NGT and was positively related to the GLP-1 response (r = 0.53, P < 0.01). Glucagon suppression during the oral glucose tolerance test was blunted in diabetic patients. CONCLUSIONS—Potentiation of insulin secretion, glucose sensing, glucagon-like peptide-1 release, and glucagon suppression are physiological manifestations of the incretin effect. Glucose tolerance and obesity impair the incretin effect independently of one another.


It is expected that the first exascale supercomputer will be deployed within the next 10 years, however both its CPU architecture and programming model are not known yet. Multicore CPUs are not expected to scale to the required number of cores per node, but hybrid multicore CPUs consisting of different kinds of processing elements are expected to solve this issue. They come at the cost of increased software development complexity with \eg, missing cache coherency and on-chip NUMA effects. It is unclear whether MPI and OpenMP will scale to exascale systems and support easy development and scalable and efficient programs. One of the programming models considered as an alternative is the the so-called partitioned global address space~(PGAS) model, which is targeted at easy development by providing one common memory address space across all cluster nodes. In this paper we first outline current and possible future hardware and introduce a new abstract hardware model able to describe hybrid clusters. We discuss how current shared memory, GPU and PGAS programming models can deal with the upcoming hardware challenges and describe how synchronization can generate unneeded inter- and intra-node transfers in case the memory consistency model is not optimal. As a major contribution, we introduce our variation of the PGAS model allowing implicit fine-grained pair-wise synchronization among the nodes and the different kinds of processors. We furthermore offer easy deployment of RDMA transfers and provide communication algorithms commonly used in MPI collective operations, but lift the requirement of the operations to be collective. Our model is based on single assignment variables and uses a data-flow like synchronization mechanism. Reading uninitialized variables results in the reading thread to be blocked until data are made available by another thread. That way synchronization is done implicitly when data are read. Explicit tiling is used to reduce synchronization overhead and to increase cache and network utilization. Broadcast, scatter and gather are modeled based on data distribution among the nodes, whereas reduction and scan follow a combining PRAM approach of having multiple threads write to the same memory location. We discuss the GauAŸ-Seidel stencil, bitonic sort, FFT and a manual scan implementation in our model. We implemented a proof-of-concept library showing the usability and scalability of the model. With this library the GauAŸ-Seidel stencil scaled well in initial experiments on an 8-node machine and we show that it is easy to keep two GPUs and multiple cores busy when computing a scan.


ABSTRACT The evaluation of the material properties of masonry built with traditional lime mortar remains largely unclear to what extent the complex mechanical behavior of its constituents and sampling difficulties. This article presents the experimental results of a research project carried out on the four unreinforced masonry (URM) walls with four different types of lime mortars used in the Roman and Byzantine periods under shear-compression. Besides, an elasto-plastic damage (EPD) approach is adapted calibrating the parameters of Oliver's damage model and the modified von-Mises yield criterion for the masonry constituents. For the modeling purposes, a new fictitious joint material approach is introduced to describe the constitutive behavior of both mortar and mortar-brick interface. The proposed approach can be useful to describe the behavior of mortar and mortar-unit interface in existing masonry structures.


Endurance horses are considered subject to a unique set of training and competing pressures due to the long distances travelled. The health and welfare of these horses could be compromised if they have not been adequately trained or are pushed beyond their limits, and there are increasing concerns regarding the capacity of horses to cope with the exercise demands placed on them, with high elimination rates for lameness and metabolic reasons. Veterinary inspections during these rides are important for assessing physiological measures, but the inclusion of behavioural assessments is also warranted. We investigated the application of Qualitative Behavioural Assessment (QBA) as a method for assessing demeanour in horses engaged in a 160-km endurance ride. We used a Free Choice Profiling (FCP) methodology to analyse footage of 10 horses collected during veterinary inspection (1) pre-ride, (2) midway through and (3) at the end of the ride. FCP allows each individual observer to develop his/her own unique set of descriptive terms for scoring the behavioural expression of animals. Observers (n = 22) reached consensus in their assessment of the behavioural expression of the 10 horses (P < 0.001). The first dimension of behavioural expression was characterised by terms such as 'calm', 'content' and 'relaxed' contrasting with 'agitated', 'angry' and 'annoyed'. Scores on this dimension did not differ between the three time points (P = 0.372), but did demonstrate significant individual differences (P = 0.004). This dimension may capture individual responses to the veterinary inspection procedures or the general endurance environment. On the second dimension, observers scored animals as more 'alert', 'curious' and 'excited' pre-ride and more 'tired', 'lazy' and 'sleepy' mid-ride and at the end of the ride (P = 0.001), which seems to indicate a more general effect of the race on the horses' state. There were also significant differences between individual horses on this behavioural dimension (P = 0.028). Interestingly, the behavioural assessment scores attributed to horses pre-ride on dimension 2 were correlated with the horse's final ride place (P < 0.01), suggesting that observers detected behavioural expressions reflecting the horses' interest in the event. These results support the potential of QBA as a useful tool for evaluating horses' emotional and attitudinal response to endurance events.


BACKGROUND
We recently presented associations between serum-based biomarkers of carotenoid and tocopherol intake and chronic disease risk in a Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Measurement Precision subcohort (n = 5488). Questions remain as to whether self-reported dietary data can usefully augment such biomarkers or can be calibrated using biomarkers for reliable disease association estimation in larger WHI cohorts.

OBJECTIVES
The aims were to examine the potential of FFQ data to explain intake variation in a WHI Feeding Study and to compare association parameter estimates and their precision from studies based on biomarker-calibrated FFQ intake in larger WHI cohorts, with those previously presented.

METHODS
Serum-based intake measures were augmented by using FFQ data in a WHI Feeding Study (n = 153). Corresponding calibration equations were generated, both in a companion Nutritional Biomarker Study (n = 436) and in the previously mentioned subcohort (n = 5488), by regressing these intake measures on dietary data and participant characteristics, for α- and β-carotene, lutein plus zeaxanthin, and α-tocopherol. The supplemental value of FFQ data was considered by examining the fraction of feeding study intake variation explained by these regression models. Calibrated intake and disease association analyses were evaluated by comparisons with previously reported subcohort results.

RESULTS
The inclusion of FFQ data led to some increases in feeding study intake variation explained (total R2 of ∼50%). Calibrated intake estimates explained 25-75% of serum-based intake variation, whether developed using either of the 2 cohort subsamples. Related disease associations for micronutrients were precisely estimated in larger WHI cohorts (n = 76,691) but were often closer to the null compared with previously reported associations.

CONCLUSIONS
FFQ data may usefully augment blood concentrations in estimating the intake of carotenoids and tocopherols. Calibrated intake estimates using FFQ, dietary supplement, and participant characteristics only may require further justification to ensure reliable estimation of related disease associations.


Abnormal expression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and its receptor (TSLPR) was found in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Ticagrelor, an oral platelet ADP P2Y12 receptor antagonist, is widely used in these patients. The aim of this study was to verify whether different doses of ticagrelor regulated plaque progression and platelet activity by modulating TSLP/TSLPR. Seventy-five ApoE-/- mice were randomly divided into five groups: (1) high-cholesterol diet (HCD, n = 15); (2) HCD plus ticagrelor 25 mg/kg/d (T1, n = 15); (3) HCD plus ticagrelor 50 mg/kg/d (T2, n = 15); (4) HCD plus ticagrelor 100 mg/kg/d (T3, n = 15); and (5) a normal diet group (ND, n = 15). At day 0 and at week 16, blood lipids and serum TSLP levels, expression of TSLPR, CD62, and CD63, platelet aggregation, platelet ATP release, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and plaque morphology were assessed. HCD increased TSLPR expression and atherosclerosis progression but high-dose ticagrelor (100 mg/kg) moderated this trend. TSLPR was positively correlated with Akt1, platelet aggregation, corrected plaque area, and vulnerability index in the T3 group (P<0.01). In conclusion, low-dose ticagrelor only inhibited platelet activity. Besides this inhibition, high-dose ticagrelor modulated platelet activity and atherosclerosis mediated by TSLPR, potentially through the PI3K/Akt signal pathway.


A novel modeling technique for porous tissue scaffolds with targeting the functionally gradient variational porosity with continuous material deposition planning has been proposed. To vary the porosity of the designed scaffold functionally, medial axis transformation is used. The medial axis of each layers of the scaffold is calculated and used as an internal feature. The medial axis is then used connected to the outer contour using an optimum matching. The desired pore size and hence the porosity have been achieved by discretizing the sub-regions along its peripheral direction based on the pore size while meeting the tissue scaffold design constraints. This would ensure the truly porous nature of the structure in every direction as well as controllable porosity with interconnected pores. Thus the desired controlled variational porosity along the scaffold architecture has been achieved with the combination of two geometrically oriented consecutive layers. A continuous, interconnected and optimized tool-path has been generated for successive layers for additive-manufacturing or solid free form fabrication process. The proposed methodology has been computationally implemented with illustrative examples. Furthermore, the designed example scaffolds with the desired pore size and porosity has been fabricated with an extrusion based bio-fabrication process.


Focusing on the MI(xed) DA(ta) S(ampling) regressions for handling different sampling frequencies and asynchronous releases of information, alternative techniques for the autoregressive augmentation of these regressions are presented and discussed. For forecasting quarterly euro area GDP growth using a small set of selected indicators, the results obtained suggest that no specific kind of MIDAS regressions clearly dominates in terms of forecast accuracy. Nevertheless, alternatives to common-factor MIDAS regressions with autoregressive terms perform well and in some cases are the best performing regressions.


In the U.S. mortgage market, private mortgage insurance (PMI) is mandated for high-leverage mortgages purchased by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to serve as a private market check on GSE risk-taking. However, we document that PMI firms dramatically expanded insurance on high-risk mortgages at the tail-end of the housing boom, contradicting the industry's own research regarding house price risk. Using three detailed sources of mortgage and insurance data, we examine PMI application denial rates, default rates on PMI-backed loans, and growth rates of high-leverage lending around the GSE conforming loan limit, along with information extracted from company, industry and regulatory filings and reports. We conclude that PMI behavior during the housing boom in part reflects a "moral hazard" incentive inherent to insurance companies in general to underprice risk and be undercapitalized. Our results suggest that rather than providing discipline, private mortgage insurers facilitated GSE risk-taking.


Two putative functions of emotion experience — its roles in intentional action and in social understanding — were investigated using a group of individuals (repressors) known to have impaired anxiety experience. Repressors, low-anxious, high-anxious, and defensive high-anxious individuals were asked to give a public presentation, and then given the opportunity to avoid the presentation. Repressors were the group most likely to avoid giving the presentation, but were the least likely to give an emotional explanation for their avoidance. By contrast, they were not less likely than other groups to provide negative emotional explanations of another person's behaviour in a film clip. We concluded that: (1) repressors are impaired in self- but not in other-explanation using emotion, implying that "simulation" is not the method used by repressors to ground their folk psychology, (2) the intentional avoidance shown by repressors is indicative of some intact first-order phenomenal anxiety experience but that they lack second-order awareness of this anxiety experience.


ABSTRACT Thermal cracking is a serious type of pavement distress and its prevention is a critical issue for many transportation agencies around the world. The indirect tensile (IDT) creep and strength tests were developed during the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) to characterize the resistance of Hot Mix Asphalt concrete (HMA) to low-temperature cracking. Currently, the IDT creep and strength tests are considered one of the most promising tests for predicting the low-temperature performance of asphalt concrete mixtures. The IDT tests are used as the material characterization tests for thermal fracture in the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) of New and Rehabilitated Pavement Structures (also known as the 2002 Design Guide) developed during the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 1–37A. The existing Thermal Cracking Model (TCMODEL) that is currently an integral part of the MEPDG has proved to adequately predict low temperature cracking of asphalt concrete mixtures utilizing conventional binders. Thermal fracture characterization studies conducted at Arizona State University (ASU) concluded that the IDT procedures need certain refinements and revisions. In addition, experience from testing several asphalt rubber mixtures have shown that the existing TCMODEL in the MEPDG falls short in properly characterizing the exceptional thermal cracking resistance of the asphalt rubber mixtures in the field. The objective of this research was to develop a new method for evaluation of the thermal cracking potential in HMA, with focus on asphalt rubber mixtures. Necessary revisions and refinements of the existing IDT test protocol were made, and an IDT test results database was created and used in the development of the fracture energy prediction model. The new development utilizes the fracture energy parameter instead of the tensile strength maximum limit of the material and the slope of the creep compliance—the "m" parameter. The results of the total fracture energy measured during the IDT strength test in the lab were correlated with volumetric properties of the mixtures and a regression model was developed.


This contribution is part of a more extensive assessment of the effects of air pollution in urban environments in Patagonia (Argentina) through its effects on the lichen flora. Different methodologies were applied. This paper presents calculations of the Index of Atmospheric Purity (IAP) for urban contaminated (Bariloche city) and periurban uncontaminated environments, calculated at sites for which data were available on the elemental composition of contaminating elements. The IAP results obtained were correlated with the elemental composition of lichen thalli. Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis were performed to determine data partitioning using Ward's method. The results yielded four clusters: three of them correspond to thalli and IAP values from urban areas, where the most important factors affecting the lichen flora have been identified as their proximity to medium to high traffic density or petrol stations. Thalli from periurban uncontaminated environments form an independent cluster,...


A scheme of migration from separated common-offset sections using the v(z) f-k nonstationary filtering theory is presented in this paper. It is a direct extension of the v(z) f-k CDP-offset domain prestack migration algorithm for the whole prestack data volume. This migration scheme provides high quality migration images and opportunities for migration error correction, especially for converted wave data migration where migration velocities are difficult to observe. The current computer implementation of the algorithm is accurate but very time consuming. Along with the migration algorithm, partial NMO required by common-offset binning before NMO correction is also discussed.


A non-commutative, planar, Hopf algebra of planar rooted trees was defined independently by one of the authors in Foissy (2002) and by R. Holtkamp in Holtkamp (2003). In this paper we propose such a non-commutative Hopf algebra for graphs. In order to define a non-commutative product we use a quantum field theoretical (QFT) idea, namely the one of introducing discrete scales on each edge of the graph (which, within the QFT framework, corresponds to energy scales of the associated propagators). Finally, we analyze the associated quadri-coalgebra and codendrifrom structures.


An experimental system of electromagnetic launcher (EML) always consists of a large-scale pulse power supply (PPS) and a railgun launch device. And it is a complex system, involving multi-physical fields, for example electric field, magnetic field, electromagnetism field, temperature field, stress field etc. The multi-physical measuring parameters are also needed to consider and obtain synchronously. A high accuracy measuring system for testing various physical parameter signals has been designed and developed to serve for the EML tests. A complete range of measurement methods about pulse current, pulse voltage, muzzle velocity, instant multi-spectral temperature measurement, fiber Bragg grating strain transient test, and imaging diagnostics, etc. has been studied and applied. It provides the effective experimental methods for mechanism researching and EML performance detecting.


This study analyses surveillance data on summer camp sport injuries. The aim of this study was to create a typology of sport injury characteristics and circumstances specifically designed to elaborate safety strategies. Seven variables describing aspects of 337 summer camp sports injuries registered over a 3 month period in 8 different camps summer were analyzed simultaneously using, in sequence, the factorial analysis of correspondence (FAC) and the hierarchical ascendant classification (HAC). Relationships between sport injury characteristics and injured pupils' age and gender were measured. Five sport injury patterns as a typology was obtained and significant relationships were found to exist amongst sport injury patterns, age and gender. Findings revealed that the construction of a sport injury typology by means of methods similar to those employed in the current study – may be of use for those concerned with camp sport injury prevention, such as camp managers and administrators.


Model-based short-term forecasting of urban storm water runoff can be applied in real-time control of drainage systems in order to optimize system capacity during rain and minimize combined sewer overflows, improve wastewater treatment or activate alarms if local flooding is impending. A novel online system, which forecasts flows and water levels in real-time with inputs from extrapolated radar rainfall data, has been developed. The fully distributed urban drainage model includes auto-calibration using online in-sewer measurements which is seen to improve forecast skills significantly. The radar rainfall extrapolation (nowcast) limits the lead time of the system to 2 hours. In this paper, the model set-up is tested on a small urban catchment for a period of 1.5 years. The 50 largest events are presented.


Background: Palliative care has one of the
largest numbers of Clinical Nurse Specialists
(CNS) particularly in the hospital setting, where
they play a major role in the palliative care team.
With the emphasis on clinical effectiveness,
there is an urgent need to establish the value of
CNS within the hospital setting (Robbins 1998).
Method: This paper presents the quantitative
findings of an evaluation study on the impact of
CNS within a palliative care team in a large acute
university hospital in the UK. A non-equivalent
control group design, using a quota sample,
investigated 50 patients receiving palliative care
CNS input and compared outcomes with 50
patients receiving traditional care. Data was
collected using the PACA symptom assessment
tool (Ellershaw et al, 1995), evaluating the
symptoms of pain, anorexia, nausea, insomnia
and constipation on 3 occasions (within 24
hours of admission/diagnosis or referral to the
palliative care team, day 4 and day 7) Results
and Discussion: Both groups demonstrated a
statistically significant improvement in their
symptoms. The group receiving palliative care
CNS input had a greater reduction in the severity
of all the symptoms. These results were
statistically significant (pain p<0.001; anorexia
p<0.001; nausea p=.040; constipation p=.002)
except for insomnia (p=.527). In particular pain
was found to greatly improve showing a 40.6%
improvement compared to patients receiving
traditional care. The results indicate that
palliative care CNS had a positive impact on
patient symptom control. This paper will discuss
the results and explore potential reasons for this
improvement.


The mixed ligand complexes of the type M(L1L2)Cl2, where, M=Cobalt(II), nickel(II) and copper(II). While, L1=O-hydroxy acetophenone oxime and L2=Salicylaldehyde semicarbazone have been prepared by reacting equimolar quantities of transition metal(II) chloride with two ligands L1 and L2. These synthesized complexes have been studied on the basis of elemental analysis, analysis of UV and IR, conductivity measurement, magnetic measurement, thermal analysis and antimicrobial activities. Analysis of results shows octahedral geometry of the complexes. The complexes show electrolytic nature and having more antimicrobial activity than the ligands. The central metal ion is bonded to ligands through oxygen and nitrogen.


This Opinion follows a request from the European Commission for the data required for the risk assessment of flavourings.

The Panel considered that the elaboration of a proposal concerning the data required for the risk assessment of new flavouring substances should build upon the experience gained in the course of the evaluation of flavouring substances included in the Union list.

A general principle of this Opinion is that new flavouring substances that can be assigned to one of the existing Flavouring Group Evaluations (FGEs) on the basis of structural and metabolic similarities should be evaluated according to the scientific principles and to the group-based approach underlying the former evaluation programme.

In addition, the proposal provides a Procedure for the evaluation of flavouring substances which cannot be assigned to one of the existing FGEs. This should allow an individual evaluation of the new flavouring substance.

The proposal also covers flavourings other than flavouring substances for which an evaluation and an approval is required according to Article 9 (b) – (f) of the Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008.

In general, information on the following issues has to be provided: Identity of the source materials, manufacturing process, specifications, assessment of dietary exposure and toxicological data. Requirements covering aspects specific for the risk assessment of the different flavouring categories have been compiled.


It is shown that an elliptic curve defined over a complex quadratic field K, having good reduction at all primes, does not have a global minimal (Weierstrass) model. As a consequence of a theorem of Setzer it then follows that there are no elliptic curves over K having good reduction everywhere in case the class number of K is prime to 6.


Research work on the improvement and breeding of indigenous hardwood species in Nigeria started about four decades ago. Such studies prove to be fruitful in planning various conservative programme specific to different habitats. The present preliminary study focuses on the flowering and fruiting pattern of a 5 year old Afzelia africana artificial forest at Eastern Research Station, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. The parameters observed were phenology, flowering intensity, floral biology, fruit set and floral visitors. Flowering was first observed in 2012 (three years after planting) and subsequently in 2014 (five years after planting), although no fruit was set until 2014. All the processes of flowering to fruiting took place between January to August, with flowering peak occurring in March. The flowering intensity was very low, ranging among 286, 138, and 54, with a very low flower to fruit ratio. It is presumed that the relative young age of the trees and reduced population size amongst other probable factors may have accounted for this observation. This study is the first record of flowering and fruiting pattern of this species at plantation level in Nigeria. By late July/August, matured fruits were ready for harvest.


Employing the methodology successfully used to explore other social movements in America, this study examines the rhetorical foundation that motivated deaf people to work for social change during the past two centuries. The author begins by explaining her use of the term "social movement" in relation to the desire for change among deaf people, and analyzes the rhetoric they used, not limited to spoken language, to galvanize effective action. Central to the book is the struggle between the dominant hearing society and deaf people over the best means of communication, with the educational setting as the constant battleground. It first tracks the history of interaction between these two factions, highlighting the speaking majority's desire to compel deaf people to conform to "the human sciences" conventionality by learning speech. Then, it focuses on the development of the deaf social movement's ideology to seek general recognition of sign language as a valid cultural variation. Also, the influence of social movements of the 1960s and 70s is examined in relation to the changing context and perception of the deaf movement, as well as to its rhetorical refinement.


One of the country's top investigative reporters reveals how the richest 1 percent of the country has rigged the tax code and other laws in its favor. Since the mid-1970s, there has been a dramatic shift in America's socioeconomic system, one that has gone virtually unnoticed by the general public. Tax policies and their enforcement have become a disaster, and thanks to discreet lobbying by a segment of the top 1 percent, Washington is reluctant or unable to fix them. The corporate income tax, the estate tax, and the gift tax have been largely ignored by the media. But the cumulative results are remarkable: today someone who earns a yearly salary of $60,000 pays a larger percentage of his income in taxes than the four hundred richest Americans. Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative reporter David Cay Johnston exposes exactly how the middle class is being squeezed to create a widening wealth gap that threatens the stability of the country. By relating the compelling tales of real people across all areas of society, he reveals the truth behind: * "middle class" tax cuts and exactly whom they benefit * how workers are being cheated out of their retirement plans while disgraced CEOs walk away with millions * how some corporations avoid paying "any" federal income tax * how a law meant to prevent cheating by the top 2 percent of Americans no longer affects most of them, but has morphed into a stealth tax on single mothers making just $28,000 * why the working poor are seven times more likely to be audited by the IRS than everyone else * how the IRS became so weak that even when it was handed complete banking records detailing massive cheating by 1,600people, it prosecuted only 4 percent of them Johnston has been breaking pieces of this story on the front page of "The New York Times" for seven years. With "Perfectly Legal," he puts the whole shocking narrative together in a way that will stir up media attention and make readers angry about the state of our country.


The kraft recovery boiler is the largest single unit in the pulp-making process, which makes its reliable operation important. However, the fuel of the recovery boiler, black liquor, contains large quantities of ash-forming elements that pose challenges to the e cient operation of the boiler. A fraction of these elements vaporizes in the recovery boiler and condenses to form submicron-sized particles, called fume. The fume particles may form fouling deposits on the heat transfer surfaces, cause plugging of the ue gas channels, and even expose the surfaces to corrosion. These problems often lead to unscheduled shutdowns of the boiler, which are expensive due to the large size of the modern pulp mills. Signi cant savings could be achieved if the behavior of the ash-forming elements could be better predicted. The objective of this thesis is to develop a CFD-based (computational uid dynamics) model for the alkali metal chemistry, fume particles, and fume deposits in the kraft recovery boiler, and to use the model to simulate real recovery boilers. The model combines 3-dimensional CFD, ne particle dynamics, and equilibrium chemistry in a novel way, and solves the fume particle and deposit composition at di erent locations in the superheater area of the boiler. The model contains certain limitations, such as the steady-state approximation because a compromise has to be made between accuracy and computational cost, which is a signi cant factor when developing tools for industrial use. The model has been partially validated with measurements in an operating recovery boiler, and the modeling results are in good qualitative agreement with the measurements. Furthermore, the modeling results suggest that deposition through thermophoresis is the main mechanism of fume deposit formation in a recovery boiler, but also that the direct condensation of alkali chloride vapors to heat transfer surfaces can be signi cant if the black liquor chlorine content is high. According to the model sensitivity analysis, fume deposit growth seems to be a self-limiting process, since an increase in the deposit thickness lowers the rate of deposition by thermophoresis. Another important result is that chlorine enriches in the deposit layers closer to the tube surfaces, which is a result of the high temperature dependence of alkali chloride condensation. The CFD-based model developed here improves understanding of the fume formation mechanisms, shedding light on processes that would be di cult to investigate through experimental methods alone in the corrosive boiler environment. In particular, the model can simulate how certain operational changes, such as increasing boiler load or steam temperatures, a ect the alkali metal and fume behavior. In the future, the model can be utilized in the industry to support the engineering of new recovery boilers, and minimize fouling, plugging, and corrosion problems.


The influence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Artificial Life (ALife) technologies upon society, and their potential to fundamentally shape the future evolution of humankind, are topics very much at the forefront of current scientific, governmental and public debate. While these might seem like very modern concerns, they have a long history that is often disregarded in contemporary discourse. Insofar as current debates do acknowledge the history of these ideas, they rarely look back further than the origin of the modern digital computer age in the 1940s-50s. In this paper we explore the earlier history of these concepts. We focus in particular on the idea of self-reproducing and evolving machines, and potential implications for our own species. We show that discussion of these topics arose in the 1860s, within a decade of the publication of Darwin's The Origin of Species, and attracted increasing interest from scientists, novelists and the general public in the early 1900s. After introducing the relevant work from this period, we categorise the various visions presented by these authors of the future implications of evolving machines for humanity. We suggest that current debates on the co-evolution of society and technology can be enriched by a proper appreciation of the long history of the ideas involved.


The cost of backtracking has been identified as one of the bottlenecks in achieving peak performance in compiled Prolog programs. Much of the backtracking in Prolog programs is shallow, i.e. is caused by unification failures in the head of a clause when there are more alternatives for the same procedure, and so special treatment of this form of backtracking has been proposed as a significant optimisation. This paper describes a modified WAM which optimises shallow backtracking. Four different implementation approaches are compared. A number of benchmark results are presented, measuring the relative tradeoffs between compilation time, code size, and run time. The results show that the speedup gained by this optimisation can be significant.


This article reviews the care of a patient who presents with an ectopic pregnancy and the nursing management that is necessary to attend to her. Ectopic pregnancies are obstetric and surgical emergencies and can cause death if the patient is not adequately treated. By applying general basic nursing principles, nurses can recognise this emergency and be prepared for it.


A previously reported injection zone test in the Tshirege Member of the Bandelier tuff has been interpreted and modeled using a variety of conceptual models ranging from a single continuum model (SCM) to a dual permeability model (DKM). The agreement of the numerical models and the data was quite acceptable, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The migration of water injected in an open interval of the wellbore exhibited flow that was controlled by gravity and, to a lesser extent, capillary forces. A sensitivity analysis showed that the behavior is well captured with laboratory determined hydrologic parameters and less so if rocks with higher capillary suction are simulated. More complex model formulations that explicitly account for fractures were also tested, but it was found that these models reproduce the field behavior only when parameters are selected that minimize the role of fractures. Therefore, the SCM is favored due to its simpler formulation and ease with which it is implemented in large‐scale flow and transport simulations. Discrete fracture simulations are used to illustrate that fractures are predicted to play a minor role in most subunits of the Bandelier tuff: high matrix permeability allows water entering fractures to quickly imbibe into the matrix, thereby reducing the tendency of these rocks to exhibit preferential fracture flow. In contrast, water flow through Basalts present on the Pajarito Plateau is predicted to be dominated by fractures.


Context. The nature of the metallicity gradient inside the solar circle (RGC <8 kpc) is poorly understood, but studies of Cepheids and a small sample of open clusters suggest that it steepens in the inner disk. Aims. We investigate the metallicity gradient of the inner disk using a sample of inner disk open clusters that is three times larger than has previously been studied in the literature to better characterize the gradient in this part of the disk. Methods. We used the Gaia-ESO Survey (GES) [Fe/H] values and stellar parameters for stars in 12 open clusters in the inner disk from GES-UVES data. Cluster mean [Fe/H] values were determined based on a membership analysis for each cluster. Where necessary, distances and ages to clusters were determined via comparison to theoretical isochrones. Results. The GES open clusters exhibit a radial metallicity gradient of -0.10 ± 0.02 dex kpc-1, consistent with the gradient measured by other literature studies of field red giant stars and open clusters in the range RGC ~ 6-12 kpc. We also measure a trend of increasing [Fe/H] with increasing cluster age, as has also been found in the literature. Conclusions. We find no evidence for a steepening of the inner disk metallicity gradient inside the solar circle as earlier studies indicated. The age-metallicity relation shown by the clusters is consistent with that predicted by chemical evolution models that include the effects of radial migration, but a more detailed comparison between cluster observations and models would be premature. (Less)


The legal construct of competence to stand trial, or "adjudicative competence," is based on the premise that some mentally disordered defendants have impaired abilities when compared with most defendants and that adjudication should be barred if these competence-related abilities are significantly impaired. Where the line is drawn between sufficient and insufficient abilities has important consequences: as a result of being adjudicated incompetent, defendants may be detained and treated involuntarily and their trials will be delayed. However, no studies have systematically compared the capacities of relevant groups of defendants. In this study, 84 criminal defendants--42 of whom were hospitalized as incompetent and 42 of whom were regarded as unquestionably competent--were administered three instruments measuring capacity to understand legally relevant information. Incompetent defendants performed more poorly on all measures of understanding. Twenty-eight incompetent defendants were administered the measures a second time, after restoration to competence. Restored defendants improved their performance on all measures of understanding and their performance was similar to that of normal, competent defendants.


Jean-Paul Sartre is the author of possibly the most notorious one-liner of twentieth-century philosophy: 'Hell is other people'. Albert Camus was The Outsider. The two men first came together in Occupied Paris in the middle of the Second World War, and quickly became friends, comrades, and mutual admirers. But the intellectual honeymoon was short-lived. In 1943, with Nazis patrolling the streets, Sartre and Camus sat in a cafe on the boulevard Saint-Germain with Simone de Beauvoir and began a discussion about life and love and literature that would finally tear them apart. They ended up on opposite sides in a war of words over just about everything: women,philosophy, politics.Their friendship culminated in a bitter & very public feud that was described as 'the end of a love-affair' but which never really finished. Sartre was a boxer and a drug-addict; Camus was a goalkeeper who subscribed to a degree-zero approach to style and ecstasy. Sartre, obsessed with his own ugliness, took up the challenge of accumulating women; Camus, part-Bogart, part-Samurai, was also a self-confessed Don Juan who aspired to chastity. Sartre and Camus play out an epic struggle between the symbolic and the savage. But what if the friction between these two unique individuals is also the source of our own inevitable conflicts? Martin reconstructs the intense and antagonistic relationship that was (in Sartre's terms) 'doomed to failure'. Weaving together the lives and ideas and writings of Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre, he relives the existential drama that binds them together and remixes a philosophical dialogue that speaks to us now.


ABSTRACT Catharanthus roseus (L) G. Don (Madagascar periwinkle) belongs to the Apocynaceace family and is widely spread throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The plant produces several important alkaloids, such as ajmalicine and serpentine, which are used in the treatment of circulatory diseases. The potential of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and nitrogen fertilization to enhance the production of alkaloids was investigated in periwinkle. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal [...]


This paper examines the empirical link between the growth of production in a central city and the distribution of income among its residents, by race and ethnicity, within an input-output modeling approach. The specific case of Miami, Florida is considered. This paper reviews the recent historical experience, which reveals considerable growth of employment in the central city at the same time that per capita income of city residents has declined. The decline in income has been particularly acute among black families. This discussion is followed by a presentation of the model and the estimation of model parameters. Income multipliers and their distributional effects are presented. The results show that in Miami, the present character of economic growth has few direct economic benefits for a large majority of the city's residents.


The objective of the study is to determine if there is a significant difference in the effects of the treatment and control groups on achievement as well as on attitude as measured by the posttest. A class of 38 sophomore college students in the basic statistics taught with the use of computer-assisted instruction and another class of 15 students with the use of the traditional method from the University of the East, Manila (SY 2003–2004) were the focus of this study. The research method used was the quasi-experimental, non-equivalent control group design. The statistical tool was the Multiple Analysis of Covariance. The researcher made use of the CD-ROM prepared by Math Advantage (1997) to serve as the teaching medium for the experimental group. The following summarizes the findings of the study. The achievement posttest of the treatment group has higher estimated marginal means than the control group and it is reversed in the attitude posttest. Using Hotelling's Trace for the multivariate test, the achievement pretest, attitude pretest, and the two groups have a significant effect on the dependent variables, achievement posttest and attitude posttest. Using covariates to control for the effects of additional variables that might affect performance the attitude pretest accounts for about 56% of the variability in the two groups while achievement pretest about 15%. Levene's test shows that the homogeneity of variances assumption between the two groups is met for achievement posttest but not for attitude posttest. The univariate effects for achievement posttest that are significant are achievement pretest, college entrance test overall score, and groups. The univariate effects that are significant for attitude posttest are attitude pretest and high school general weighted average.


When Donald Trump launched his presidential campaign, his candidacy was far from embraced by the Religious Right. Yet, on election night, many of that same constituency turned out in overwhelming support: Trump gained a higher percentage of the White Evangelical vote than any prior nominee. Two years into his presidency, they remained his most loyal supporters. Using content analysis of 175 Trump rally speeches during the 2016 campaign and since becoming president and an archive of 30,000 tweets from Trump, this research finds evidence to solve a part of this puzzle. Trump appears to use his public communications as opportunities to alleviate the likely cognitive dissonance felt by these supporters, using religious language and explicit mentions of (the Christian) God in both tweets and speeches, helping to afford a biblically consonant interpretation of his presidency. He also proximates Christian religious language with concepts of Americanness, while proximating Islam almost exclusively with terrorism, perhaps linguistically delivering on promises of a Christian nation(alism).


EACS 2016 Paper No. 191Computational modelling is an important method in generating predictive models of engineering systems. These computational models are generally deterministic and therefore often ignore the inherent uncertainty in experimental results. Where the model predictions are to be used for damage identification this lack of uncertainty can lead to less robust classification, as damage states can appear more clearly separated than may be true for experimental data. The approach used in generating damaged state model predictions must therefore identify and quantify the main sources of uncertainties. By quantifying the main sources of uncertainties, a Naive Bayes approach can be used to define decision boundaries that incorporate this uncertainty, improving damage predictions. The combination of the computational model and a Naive Bayes approach will lead to a more detailed and realistic representation of the actual system. In this paper quantification of the uncertainties from modal tests for a prismatic metallic cantilever beam, with different levels of damage, is presented. The main sources of uncertainty are categorised and quantified before being applied to computational models using a Naive Bayes approach. The probability of the likelihood of damage classification is then shown for the inclusion of uncertainty in the damage model, showing the improvement in decision bound and therefore the improvement in the damage model.


This article advances a sociological approach to computational journalism. By "computational journalism" the article refers to the increasingly ubiquitous forms of algorithmic, social scientific, and mathematical forms of newswork adopted by many 21st-century newsrooms and touted by many educational institutions as "the future of news." By "sociological approach," the article endorses a research model that brackets, at least temporarily, many of the current industry concerns with the practical usability of newsroom analysis. The bulk of the article outlines a series of six lenses through which such an approach to computational journalism might be carried out. Four of these lenses are drawn from Schudson's classic typology of the sociology of news—economic, political, cultural, and organizational approaches. In addition, the author adds Bordieuean field approaches and technological lenses to the mix. In each instance, the author discusses how particular approaches might need to be modified in order to study computational journalism in the digital age.


The growth rebalancing model, which places the nontradable services sector on center stage, is important to spur on faster growth in this sector and tap its potential to become another engine of growth for ASEAN economies. While ASEAN countries have allocated the bulk of their fiscal stimulus packages to infrastructure spending, the present levels are nevertheless considered insufficient to create a large impact on growth. By focusing on the provision of infrastructure and social services like power, ports, roads, and mass transit, along with health and education, governments can address the large investment backlogs in these sectors. Except for Singapore, ASEAN countries remain protective of their services sectors. To encourage and renew private sector interest in infrastructure investment in the region, governments have an important role to play in creating an enabling environment, particularly in maintaining an efficient and competitive services sector.The growth rebalancing model`s emphasis on environmental protection, low carbon growth, and green strategies places the spotlight on new areas of services investment where ASEAN countries could develop market niches. Thus, ASEAN governments should pursue policies that support these new growth areas by encouraging research and development, strengthening mechanisms for the transfer of green technology, and promoting greater private sector participation.


ABSTRACT Purpose: Women farmers have less access to extension services than male farmers, even though they make up almost half of the global agricultural workforce. Gender-focused international development programmes have focused on how ensuring women receive better access to advice. However, the quality of the technical advice and the service women receive in comparison to male farmers needs better understanding. Study design/methodology/approach: Five thousand interactions between male and female extension workers ('plant doctors') and farmers attending Plantwise plant clinics in Ghana and Sri Lanka are assessed for gender-based differences on quality of advice and service provided at clinics. Findings: The overall quality of technical advice given to male and female farmers at plant clinics in both countries did not differ. The quality of the advice given by male and female plant doctors for a specific pest/crop complex was different, and can be linked to results from the quality of service surveys that revealed women's main negative feedback was the impracticality of advice. Practical implications: Whilst the advice given is technically sound, results highlight the importance of appropriate advice, according to farmer gender and crop grown. Theoretical implications: A greater focus on plant doctors using their knowledge about women's role in agriculture would help to achieve more tailored advice. Originality/Value: This study leads the way in assessing the quality of the advice given according to gender. With large datasets, this research should help decision makers and future researchers to contemplate advice delivery according to gender.


Abstract. A comprehensive data driven modeling experiment is presented in a two-part paper. In this first part, an extensive data-driven modeling experiment is proposed. The most important concerns regarding the way data driven modeling (DDM) techniques and data were handled, compared, and evaluated, and the basis on which findings and conclusions were drawn are discussed. A concise review of key articles that presented comparisons among various DDM techniques is presented. Six DDM techniques, namely, neural networks, genetic programming, evolutionary polynomial regression, support vector machines, M5 model trees, and K-nearest neighbors are proposed and explained. Multiple linear regression and naive models are also suggested as baseline for comparison with the various techniques. Five datasets from Canada and Europe representing evapotranspiration, upper and lower layer soil moisture content, and rainfall-runoff process are described and proposed, in the second paper, for the modeling experiment. Twelve different realizations (groups) from each dataset are created by a procedure involving random sampling. Each group contains three subsets; training, cross-validation, and testing. Each modeling technique is proposed to be applied to each of the 12 groups of each dataset. This way, both prediction accuracy and uncertainty of the modeling techniques can be evaluated. The description of the datasets, the implementation of the modeling techniques, results and analysis, and the findings of the modeling experiment are deferred to the second part of this paper.


Suppliers in competitive electricity markets regularly respond to prices that change hour by hour or even more frequently, but most consumers respond to price changes on a very different time scale, i.e., they observe and respond to changes in price as reflected on their monthly bills. In this paper, we examine mixed complementarity programming models of equilibrium that can bridge the speed of response gap between suppliers and consumers yet adhere to the principle of marginal cost pricing of electricity. We develop a computable equilibrium model to estimate ex ante time-of-use (TOU) prices for a retail electricity market. It is intended that the proposed models would be useful 1) for jurisdictions (e.g., Ontario) where consumers' prices are regulated, but suppliers offer into a competitive market, 2) for forecasting forward prices in unregulated markets, and 3) in evaluation and welfare analysis of the policies regarding regulated TOU pricing compared to regulated single pricing


Introduction Sarcomas are rare tumours of connective tissue. The exact overall incidence of sarcomas is unknown due to diagnostic difficulties and the various histological subtypes (over 80 subtypes). However, the apparent increasing incidence of sarcomas suggests environmental causes such as pesticides. Except for some specific factors (ie, ionising radiation, vinyl chloride, dioxin and genetic predispositions) the scientific knowledge on the aetiology of sarcomas is sparse and inconsistent. France is a particularly appropriate country to set up a study investigating the causes of sarcoma occurrence due to the French organisation in treatment and care of sarcoma patients, which is highly structured and revolved around national expert networks. The main objective of the ETIOlogy of SARcomas (ETIOSARC) project is to study the role of lifestyle, environmental and occupational factors in the occurrence of sarcomas among adults from a multicentric population-based case–control study. Methods and analysis Cases will be all incident patients (older than 18 years) prospectively identified in 15 districts of France covered by a general population-based cancer registry and/or a reference centre in sarcoma's patient care over a 3-year period with an inclusion start date ranging from February 2019 to January 2020 and histologically confirmed by a second review of the diagnosis. Two controls will be individually matched by sex, age (5 years group) and districts of residence and randomly selected from electoral rolls. A standardised questionnaire will be administered by a trained interviewer in order to gather information about occupational and residential history, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and lifestyle factors. At the end of the interview, a saliva sample will be systematically proposed. This study will permit to validate or identify already suspected risk factors for sarcomas such as phenoxyherbicides, chlorophenol and to generate new hypothesis to increase our understanding about the genetic and environmental contributions in the carcinogenicity process. Ethics and dissemination The present study is promoted by the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (identification number C17-03). This study received National French Ethic committee (CPP Sud Méditerrannée I) approval (identification number 18-31) and French Data Protection Authority (CNIL) approval (identification number 918171). Results of this study will be published in international peer-reviewed journals. Technical appendix, statistical code and dataset will be available in the Dryad repository when collection data are completed. Trial registration number NCT03670927.


The aim of this capacity building program is to improve the efficiency and positive impact of urban, community-managed water and sanitation schemes. The material is especially relevant for communities who have a relationship with the main water services provider and who are also committed to hiring an operations manager. The operations manager should be a paid employee and his/her performance should be reviewed by the beneficiaries. The manual covers technical issues such as operations and maintenance activities-but also has a strong focus on institutional, managerial and financial issues. The manual also aims to clarify the roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders. The courses in this training manual are based on participatory training methodologies, an important feature of which is to draw on the experiences of all the participants, under the guidance of an experienced facilitator. However, where possible, the trainer should encourage sharing of ideas and experiences throughout the training.


The effect of textile effluent was studied with respect to germination and growth of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). In lower concentration the germination ratio and growth are relatively higher than the control, but gradual decrease in the germination of seeds, seedling growth with increase in effluent concentration was observed. The best germination and seedling growth was observed in 25% concentration with growth promoting effect and significantly better than control. Beyond 25% effluent, root and shoot length decreased. Thus the textile mill effluent can be safely used for irrigation purposes with proper treatment a nd dilution at 25%. Disposal of these effluents through proper treatment might have a positive result from the view of producing a sustainable environment. Consequently, farmers who are adjacent to textile industry areas will benefit by using treated efflu ent for production of crops that will minimize the use of fresh underground water for dying and other purposes.


Externally adjustable fluid film bearing has been devised whereby the hydrodynamic conditions can be changed as required in a controlled manner. Principal feature of the bearing is the facility to adjust its radial clearance and circumferential film thickness gradient. Unlike a tilting pad or a conventional partial arc bearing, this bearing has a cantilevered externally adjustable bearing element or pad that can be given an independent and controlled position inputs along the radial direction as well as about its leading edge. Externally adjustable pad bearing will perform as a conventional partial arc bearing when the adjustments are set to zero. This paper deals with the effect of misalignment on steady state characteristics of a centrally loaded 120° single pad externally adjustable fluid film bearing. The bearing has an aspect ratio of one and operates over a wide range of eccentricity ratios, adjustments, adiabatic parameters and degrees of misalignment. Static performance characteristics calculated are presented in terms of load carrying capacity, attitude angle, friction variable and total end leakage. Reynolds equation incorporated with simplified adiabatic model of Pinkus and Bupara is solved using finite difference method. A comparative study predicts that, static performance of the bearing is superior with negative radial and tilt adjustments.


Fewer lawyers are being elected to Nova Scotia's Legislative Assembly in recent years. In this article,
the author traces the decline over the past decades, provides some hypotheses as to why this trend has
occurred, and analyzes what the relative absence of lawyers in a representative legislative body may
mean. He cites the 1970s as a turning point for the decline of MLA-lawyers and suspects the shift from
part-time work to full-time duties as an MLA, the relatively low salary compared to professional fees,
and the poor post-politics job prospects, contributed to making the role less of a draw for practicing
lawyers. The author also highlights skills lawyers may bring to the role of an MLA in terms of writing
legislation and helping constituents with casework. He concludes by examining the Attorney General
and Minister of Justice roles and the potential legal/constitutional questions that may arise if and
when this cabinet position and the deputy minister position are occupied by non-lawyers.


Disease represents a principal tentacle of natural selection and a staple theme of evolutionary medicine. However, it is through a small portal of entry and a very long lineage that disease as sickness entered behavioural spaces and human consciousness. This has a long evolutionary history. Anyone interested in the origins of medicine and psychiatry as social institution has to start with analysis of how mind and body were conceptualised and played out behaviourally following the pongid/hominin split and thereafter. The early evolution of medicine provides a template for clarifying elemental characteristics of mind and minding. Sickness and healing in chimpanzees represents an early manifestation of (ethno) medicine, termed a behavioural tradition, which is found played out in routines of helping, caring, and healing as well as other social behaviours. Chimpanzees seem to know they are sick since they resort to self-medication when exhibiting signs and symptoms of disease. Also, they help those exhibiting physical and cognitive disability. Among hominins, awareness of consequences and implications of sickness and coping with them represented an important feature of human consciousness and a major factor in the origins of vaunted human abilities involving language, cognition, and culture as we know them. A philosophical examination of the early evolution of sickness and healing provides a window into an understanding of evolving human capacities such as self-awareness, awareness and implications of suffering, theory of mind, altruism, conceptual grasp of sickness and healing and morality.


The purpose of this article is verification of model of pseudo-modernization which has been offered earlier and which explains cyclic dynamics of transformation of the countries of " the second echelon " to modernization. Way of verification is operationalisation concepts, their transformation into variables with their subsequent comparison on methods of theoretical history. This way allows to reveal greater or smaller conformity of model of a cycle of etatist mobilization of elites to the chosen episodes of history of Russia. In article concepts for the first time are specified: pseudo-modernization, " servitude coalition ". These concepts are presented as parameters with high, average and low numerical value. Transformation of abstract concepts to concrete parameters has allowed to construct a scale of greater or smaller applicability of these concepts to an empirical material. The measure of applicability of concept of "pseudo-modernization" is named in article by " an index of pseudo-modernization". This index is compared to value of variables for a " servitude coalition ". The purpose of comparison verification of performance of the laws described in offered model of cyclic dynamics of Russia. As result are revealed strong and weaknesses of model of pseudo-modernization which has been offered earlier. High values of parameters « servitude coalition » for a case of Russia in all significant episodes coincide with high values of an index of "pseudo-modernization". It means, that the cycle " from conditional to independent possession of resources of elites " correctly describes effect of "pseudo-modernization". At the same time numerical value of geoeconomic remoteness of Russia not in all cases coincides with value of an index of pseudo-modernization. It means, that the factor of geoeconomic remoteness of the country is not the unique switch from conditional possession of resources to independent.