In the present study, an air-liquid interface culture system was optimised for the use of bovine airway epithelial cells. This culture system has been adopted for other species, where a pseudostratified epithelium comprising multiple cell types and resembling the in vivo environment is produced. Several aspects of the epithelial culture process were optimised, including (i) the cell harvesting process and the expansion of cells in submerged culture, (ii) the substrate material used for air-liquid interface culture, the effects of collagen-coating of the substrate, and the substrate porosity, (iii) the oxygen tension (iv) growth factor (retinoic acid and epidermal growth factor) concentration used during culture and (v) the anatomical region of the respiratory tract from which the epithelial cells were harvested. The optimisation of the aforementioned conditions resulted in the production of an in vitro respiratory tract model that was more than 40% ciliated, pseudostratified with a layer of P63-expressing basal cells and capable of mucus and CC10 (Clara cell secretory protein) production. Thus, an in vitro model of the bovine respiratory tract was established to determine the host-pathogen interactions of M. haemolytica with the respiratory epithelium.

A rigorous proteomic characterisation was carried out on the outer membrane of M. haemolytica. The Sarkosyl insoluble fractions of seven M. haemolytica and one M. glucosida isolates, representing a range of serotypes and host species, were prepared in triplicate. Tryptic digests of each sample were prepared using gel-based and gel-free proteomic digests before analysis by LC-MS/MS. Data was searched against the NCBI Uniprot database using MSCOT (Matrix Science). Assembly of the data revealed that a total of 83 unique outer membrane proteins were distributed amongst the eight Mannheimia spp. isolates. Fifty seven of the 83 OMPs were identified using both gel-free and gel-based methodologies with a further 18 and eight identified with a single methodology alone. Several proteins were identified in an isolate specific manner; two OMPs exhibited a strong pattern of serotype-specific identification. The YadA-like trimeric autotransporter was identified with full reproducibility in A2 serotype strains yet not in strains of different serotype. Conversely, the lipoprotein, plpD was identified in at least two replicates of all isolates except those of serotype A2 where it was not identified at all.

The air-liquid interface culture system was used to study the adherence and colonisation of Mannheimia haemolytica to the bovine respiratory tract. In a pilot study, pathogenic bovine and ovine isolates M. haemolytica isolates were studied with bovine and ovine air-liquid interface airway epithelial cells. Bovine and ovine M. haemolytica isolates were found to adhere to the epithelial cells, six hours post-infection in the case of an ovine isolate and 24 hours in the case of a bovine isolate. Bovine isolates of M. haemolytica were predominantly found to invade and adhere to the sub-apical regions of the epithelium with relatively few bacteria found on the apical face. Adherence to the sub-apical epithelium represents the first description of M. haemoyltica causing invasive disease. Microscopic evidence of outer membrane vesicle production and exopolymeric material were also noted for one of the ovine isolates during infection.

Following optimisation of the bovine air-liquid interface culture system, an experiment was conducted that examined the ability of M. haemolytica to adhere and colonise air-liquid interface cultures with epithelial cells derived from different anatomical regions of the respiratory tract. Cells derived from the nasopharynx, the mid-trachea and the secondary/tertiary bronchi were differentiated at ALI and infected with pathogenic and non-pathogenic bovine isolates of M. haemolytica. The non-pathogenic M. haemolytica isolate was found to adhere and colonise the nasopharyngeal derived cells better than either the bronchial or tracheal derived cells. Conversely, the pathogenic M. haemolytica isolate was found to have significantly greater adherence to the bronchial derived epithelial cultures and significantly higher adherence (P>0.0001) than the non-pathogenic isolate. The pathogenic M. haemolytica isolate was also found to colonise the nasopharyngeal-derived epithelial culture albeit with lower frequency than was observed for the bronchial-derived epithelial cells. The results presented herein demonstrate the development of a novel in vitro tool for studying the infection process of respiratory pathogens. The use of this tool to study the infection properties of M. haemolytica in combination with characterisation of the outer membrane proteome provides new insight into the process of colonisation and highlights the protein machinery that likely contributes to the process.


Bullying in schools is now regarded as an important social problem which schools need to address. However, recent evaluations of existing anti-bullying programs have not indicated a high level of success in the reduction of bullying. This article seeks to critically examine the theoretical perspectives that have been adopted in explaining the prevalence of bullying and their implications for the work of schools. Five different theoretical perspectives are identified and examined. Each is shown to have some empirical support and to have influenced the thinking adopted by schools and actions undertaken in addressing bullying. However, none can claim to provide a complete explanation for bullying behaviour in schools, nor form the basis for a comprehensive approach to the problem. It is suggested that educators recognize both the strengths and limitations of existing theoretical perspectives.


This Health Services Research PhD, funded by the Chief Scientist Office (CSO), investigated the psychosocial aspects of obesity in a community sample of men and women aged 30-60 living in deprived and affluent areas of Greater Glasgow. The study incorporated a mixed method design and combined a community health survey and semi-structured interviews with a purposively selected sub-sample of questionnaire respondents.

52% of the participants who completed the questionnaire were either overweight or obese and 16% were defined as obese. Obesity and body image were not significant predictors of poor psychological health. Furthermore, low self-esteem was the most significant predictor of poor psychological health for both men and women.

The quantitative and qualitative findings demonstrate that obese individuals are aware of their current weight status and express a desire to lose weight. Potential motivating factors for weight loss included health concerns, appearance, special occasions and psychological factors such as increased self-esteem and self-confidence.

Participants were knowledgeable about the causes of obesity and had absorbed and understood health promotion messages regarding healthy eating and physical activity. However, they identified a number of barriers, which prevented them from fully implementing health promotion advice.

The qualitative findings suggest the possibility of a cyclical relationship between dieting depression and emotional eating. In addition, the findings demonstrate that weight cycling – losing and regaining weight – was a common experience for the interviewees. As weight cycling is a potentially damaging health problem, it might be more appropriate to encourage obese individuals to maintain a stable weight and improve their health by re-focusing the issue on fitness rather than fatness.


According to a recent article by Alex Ross in the New Yorker, the once defunct art of classical improvisation is in revival mode; his emphasis was not the expected ornamentation-savvy Baroque specialists but the more surprising field of cadenza-updates in the performance of Classical and Romantic works, a field led by Robert Levin (Mozart Piano Concertos), Will Crutchfield (Donizetti arias), and Joshua Bell (Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto). Here Ross could also have included original Mozart violin cadenzas by Leonidas Kavakos and Rachel Barton Pine. Curiously excluded from the immediate context of this revival is Gilles Apap's Mozart, which Ross describes in parentheses as "full-on cadenza craziness." He places it in a separate category along with Schnittke's cadenza for Beethoven's Violin Concerto. What Apap's and Schnittke's cadenzas share that the others do not is explicit intertextual referencing: Schnittke quotes snippets of Violin Concertos by Brahms, Bartok, Berg, and Shostakovich, thereby stepping out of the bounds of Beethoven's musical language, while Apap quotes Mendelssohn and ventures several steps further, out of the bounds of classical music altogether and into other musical styles.


Small-scale genetic heterogeneity in marine broadcast spawners is often attributed either to physical factors that constrain larval dispersal or to stochasticity in reproductive success. In females of the mussel Perna perna, it has been attributed to asymmetrical levels of gene flow between bays and the open coast, with bays acting as sources of propagules. If nearshore currents are an important feature constraining dispersal, then genetic heterogeneity should also be identi- fied in other coastal invertebrates with similar dispersal potential, and the amount of genetic struc- ture in adults and juveniles should be similar, whereas temporal changes in reproductive success should manifest themselves in lower genetic diversity of juveniles. We compared sequence data of female P. perna with that of males, juveniles and 3 sympatric marine invertebrates. Congruent genetic structure was only found in a direct developer, suggesting that the region's oceanography does not have a strong structuring effect on species that, like female P. perna, have a planktonic dispersal phase. Furthermore, lack of genetic structure in male and juvenile P. perna indicates that there are no physical barriers that reduce larval exchange. Stochastic reproductive success is also an unlikely explanation for genetic structure in P. perna because levels of genetic diversity are similar in adults and juveniles. Together with the recent finding that the sex ratio in P. perna is skewed toward males, particularly at exposed coastal sites, these results point to a role for selec- tion in driving genetic structure between bays and coastal habitats by eliminating a large propor- tion of adult females from the open coast.


There have been numerous studies on the relationship between CSR and performance of family businesses. However, academia have yet to come to a consensus regarding the sign and size of the relationship. Neither was there any consistent evidence on the boundary conditions for the relationship between CSR and performance in family businesses. Based on a review of Agency Theory, Stakeholder Theory, Stewardship Theory, Utilitarian Theory and Social Emotional Wealth Theory, this paper addresses the aforementioned research gap based on a systematic review. The study synthesised the literature on performance which is measured in three aspects by the existing literature, namely financial performance, social performance, and innovation. Moreover, the study assessed the empirical literature on the relationship between CSR and the aforementioned three performance measures. The study contributes to the literature by establishing the conceptual foundation for future empirical research.


In 2000, the Signaling Transport (SIGTRAN) working group of the IETF defined the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) as a new transport protocol. SCTP is a new multi-purpose reliable transport protocol. Due to its various features and easy extensibility it is a valid option not only for already standardised applications but also in many new application scenarios. SCTP has several advantages over TCP and UDP. The analysis of already standardised as well as potential SCTP application scenarios clearly indicates that secure end-to-end transport is one of the crucial requirements for SCTP in the future. Up to now there exist two standardised SCTP security solutions which are called TLS over SCTP [37] and SCTP over IPSec [12]. The goal of this thesis was to evaluate existing SCTP security solutions and find an optimised and efficient security solution. Several drawbacks of the standardised SCTP security solutions identified during the analysis are mainly related to features distinguishing SCTP from TCP and UDP. To avoid these drawbacks a new security solution for SCTP, called Secure SCTP (S-SCTP), is proposed which integrates the cryptographic functions into SCTP. One main requirement was that S-SCTP should be fully compatible with standard SCTP while additionally providing strong security i.e. data confidentiality, integrity and authentication. This also means that all features, options and extensions available for standard SCTP have to be supported. Furthermore, S-SCTP should have advantages with respect to performance over all parameter ranges of SCTP and be user-friendly. To specify the S-SCTP protocol extension several new control messages and new message parameters have been defined. Furthermore, procedures for initialisation, rekeying, and termination of secure sessions have been specified and modelled in SDL. Based on an SCTP implementation available in our group and an open source implementation of TLS, TLS over SCTP and S-SCTP have been implemented. These implementations as well as an SCTP over IPSec configuration were used to do comparative performance studies in a lab testbed. These experiments show that the S-SCTP concept achieves its design goals. It supports all features and current extensions of SCTP. Furthermore, it avoids the inefficiencies of the other solutions over a wide range of application scenarios and protocol parameter settings.


The organizational environment increasingly requires that information systems are capable of meeting changing business needs. This situation is evidenced in the general cost profile of systems development where the bulk of spending and effort lies in the (evolutionary) maintenance, integration and interoperability of existing systems. This situation provides a challenge to the generally accepted approaches to systems development and, in response, one stream of thought seeks to divorce business issues from the underlying technology platforms by placing 'models' at the heart of systems development. In principle, model-driven approaches see the system development process as consisting only of models and their transformations. A concern for these approaches is that of providing a structure within which models can be developed at the right level of abstraction and can then be transformed into more concrete models. In fundamental terms, however, model-driven development requires significant thinking in relation to both models and the modeling process.


The present study intends to investigate the effect of temperature on cumulative fatigue damage of laminated fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. The effect of temperature on fatigue damage is formulated based on a previously proposed residual stiffness fatigue damage model. The fatigue strength of FRP composite laminates is also formulated to have temperature dependent parameters. The research work is divided into three main parts; the first part reviews the fatigue damage mechanism is fibre-reinforced composites based on stiffness degradation. The recent residual stiffness of Varvani-Shirazi was used as the backbone structure of damage analysis in this thesis. This model is capable of damage assessment while the effects of maximum stress, stress ratio and fibre orientation of FRP composites were recognized. The Varvani-Shirazi damage model was further developed to assess fatigue damage of FRP composites at various temperatures (T). Inputs of the damage model are temperature dependent parameters including Young's modulus (E), ultimate tensile strength(ðult) and fatigue life (Nf). As the next part of the proposed analysis, the temperature dependency of each parameter is formulated, and the relations of E-T and ðult-T are substituted in the Varvani-Shirazi fatigue model. Finally, all terms and equations are evaluated with the experimental data available in the literature. Six sets fatigue data were used in this thesis to evaluate fatigue of FRP specimens. The predicted results were found to be in good agreement with the experimentally obtained data. The proposed fatigue damage model was found promising to predict the fatigue damage of unidirectional (UD) and women FRP composites at different temperatures. Temperature dependant parameters of Young's modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and S-N diagram were also found to be responsive when used of UD, cross-ply, and quasi-isotropic FRP laminates.


"A Day in Lockdown" is a COVID-19 Response four-page comic depicting a day in the life of a family with a child with a disability during the first UK Lockdown in 2020. This comic was developed between February and April 2021 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The comic was co-designed with a print comic book format in mind but intended for free digital distribution as a PDF. Co-designed and edited by Francisco de la Mora, Dr Ernesto Priego and Stuart Scott, with art and story by Francisco de la Mora, "A Day in Lockdown" is part of a series of comics resulting from autoethnographic, participatory narrative co-design methods and produced as an output of the City Interaction Lab, Centre for Human-Computer Interaction Design, City, University of London. A motivation for these COVID-19 Response comics was the April 2020 creative brief from the United Nations, particularly addressing the "Key Messages", including "physical distancing" and "kindness contagion" (United Nations 2020). The work on these COVID-19 Response comics has been led by Dr Ernesto Priego, researcher at the Centre for Human-Computer Interaction Design at City, University of London. As a comic, "A Day in Lockdown" is idiosyncratic and subjective; it is based on the personal experience of a London family during the first lockdown, and it does not intend to represent everyone's experiences nor to make any generalisations. Principles of biographical and documentary comics and autofiction were followed, and ethical guidelines were followed within the iterative participatory design process, including reader-testing and the incorporation of their feedback throughout the life cycle of the project.


Inspired by a candle-lit dinner (not in the romantic sense) this article focuses on South Africa's nuclear energy aspirations and the possible implications of the precautionary principle. It will consist of two parts; the first will focus on the precautionary principle's status in international law and the second on whether, in the light of the principle and other environmental considerations, South Africa's renewed nuclear energy aspirations are justified. In essence the principle precludes a state from undertaking an activity which could have an adverse effect on the environment under certain circumstances.


A planar optical waveguide mode solver is established based on a finite-element (FE) formulation for determining the guided and leaky modes that exist on waveguides made of anisotropic materials with an arbitrary permittivity tensor, for example, with arbitrary optic-axis orientation in the uniaxially anisotropic material case. Correct numerical determination of the complex effective index, especially its imaginary part that gives the modal leakage, is particularly emphasized referring to available analytical solutions. For the situation when the optic axis changes its direction only in the plane parallel to the waveguide interface planes, analytical characteristic equations for solving purely guided and leaky modes are separately derived in a more systematic manner compared with prior analytical formulae reported more than three decades ago, with the obtained complex effective indices agreeing excellently with FE solutions. It is found that in the FE analysis of leaky modes, the thickness of the perfectly matched layer (PML) and the PML theoretical reflection coefficient should be properly chosen. The FE formulation is based on either the three electric-field components or the three magnetic-field components using quadratic nodal bases, resulting in a quadratic eigenvalue equation that is then solved by the shift-and-invert Arnoldi method.


In selective laser melting (SLM) systems, a large portion of powder remains unconsolidated and therefore recycling powder could make SLM more economical. Currently, a lack of literature exists specifically targeted at studying the reusability of powder. Furthermore, the definition of powder reusability is complex since powder degradation depends on many factors. The goal of the current research is to investigate the effects of area fraction and part spacing on the degradation of 304L powder in SLM. An experimental study was conducted where various area fractions and part distances were chosen and powder characterization techniques for determination of particle size distributions, tap and apparent densities, and x-ray diffraction were employed to track evolving powder properties for the purpose of reuse. The results show that the recyclability of 304L powder depends on the utilization of the build area causing varying degrees of particle size coarsening and delta ferrite formation.


A 2D-hydraulic flood propagation models require accurate elevation data. One of the main problems is frequent changes of land use in major cities, where frequent updating of the digital terrain model (DTM) for flood modelling might be needed. On the other hand the assessment should be based on realistic flood hazard indicator that would help to reflect the real impact of urban development on the surrounding areas. This paper presents an example of assessing the impact of flood for future developments in Naga City, the Philippines. The elevation data is constructed through integrating various elevation data derived from many sources. The development impact assessment begins with the detailed observation on
changes in flood characteristics. This is supported by the analyses on the community-based flood risk perception and investigation on changes of flood hazard (based on the flood velocity and depth). In the DTM construction the natural terrain is separated from the man-made terrain. The geostatistical approach is used to investigate the effect of integrating multi-sources of elevation data by evaluating the nugget values. The data sources are prioritized based on the nominal horizontal and vertical accuracy, and form of data. In this paper, there are 4 interpolation methods used, namely Australian National
University's Digital Elevation Model algorithm (ANUDEM), Kriging, Polynomial and Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN). The assessments are based on percentile vertical accuracy assessment, error point's distribution and visual assessment. As a result, the kriging interpolation method has produced the best DTM and it full-filled the requirements for hydrological flood modelling purpose. Finally the Digital Surface Model (DSM) of the study area was constructed by integrating both man-made and natural
terrains. The DSM was also generated to simulate the new developments in Naga City. The 1D2D SOBEK flood model was used to simulate flood events for 2, 5, 10 and 17.5 years return period flood. In addition, the flood depths and flood extent during Supertyphoon Nanmadol were used in flood model calibration. Flood calibration results revealed that the calibrated flood model was able to simulate the real flood event up to 0.35 m accuracy of flood depth. In the development impact assessment, it was found that the impact of the developments is larger for a larger flood magnitude. Furthermore the pattern of the
changes in flood behaviour depends on the location from the main developments. The Almeda Highway acted as a barrier, that obstructs the flood water from go farther. In addition the small scale construction, for instance the Drainage System in Barangay Triangulo had played a major role in changing the flood behaviour, especially in a small magnitude flood. Through this study, it was proved that by simply elevating ground terrain only can solve the flood problem in a particular area. However, the flood
problem is transferred to another area.


One result of the growth in environmental awareness in the latter half of the twentieth century has been the recognition in New Zealand legislation of a public interest in landscape. The focus of environmental and landscape management in New Zealand is the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA91). The stated purpose of the RMA91 is the sustainable management of natural and physical resources, and this includes a concern for aspects of landscape quality. In particular, councils' preparation of district and regional plans under the RMA91 requires, amongst other things, protection of 'outstanding natural features and landscapes' from 'inappropriate subdivision, use and development' (RMA91 s 6(b)). As a consequence, councils have commissioned a large number of regional and district landscape assessments over the past decade, the results of which are now being translated into policy. Significant criticism has been expressed by some stakeholders - specifically landowners - of the outcomes of this process. Assessment of the effects of development on the landscape is also an important part of the resource consent process, and landscape assessment reports are frequently used by the Environment Court in its adjudication of resource consent cases. As a consequence, the practice of landscape assessment has come under increasing public, professional and judicial scrutiny. This article reviews the background to and summarises a recent survey of current practice in New Zealand landscape assessment. Issues in landscape assessment practice are then discussed, drawing on three professional workshops held in late 1998.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of the retrospective correlational analysis was to identify the attributes valued most by students for assessing the overall effectiveness of a teacher.

METHODS
Responses of the students to the two versions of evaluation questionnaires, each attempting to assess 4 and 8 characteristics respectively on a scale of 1-5 were included in the analysis. The third and fourth year students, at the end of each course/module completed a total of 2110 evaluation forms, which were studied.

RESULTS
The over all effectiveness of the teacher showed statistically significant correlation of .914 and .895 with ability to communicate ideas effectively and clarity and organisation of the lectures. Whereas the knowledge of subject and the successful use of teaching aids showed a correlation of .658 and .637 with a statistical significance of P < .01.

CONCLUSION
Students need a basic outline of what they have to learn and guidance to plan their studies.


A simple four-wave-mixing (FWM)-based method for measuring the ratio between the third- and the fourth-order dispersion coefficients (β3/β4) in optical fibers is reported. The FWM interaction involves a low power laser and a low power amplified spontaneous emission noise source. The method is applied in several dispersion-shifted and non-zero-dispersion-shifted fibers with lengths varying from 0.03 to 25km, and we have obtained an error of less than 3% in measuring β3/β4. In highly nonlinear fibers the error has presented a strong dependency with longitudinal variations of the zero-dispersion wavelength (λ0); an error less than 20% could be obtained in most of the tested fibers. Our method also allows for a fast estimation of the distribution of fluctuations of λ0 along the fiber.


The present study investigated the forming limit diagrams (FLDs) of aluminum alloy 6063 sheets using numerical and experimental methods at increased temperatures. In the numerical section, for the first time, the Ayada ductile fracture criterion and the second derivative of the large strain criterion were used. ABAQUS finite element (FE) analysis software was employed for the simulations. In order to determine necking time, after simulation, relevant data such as stress history, principal stresses, equivalent strain history, and large strain were extracted and the conditions for the necking criteria were investigated. To obtain the FLD in the experimental part, a Nakazima format was used. Experiments were conducted at temperatures of 25, 150, 200 and 250 degrees Celsius for the samples with equal lengths and different widths. Ayada criterion had better compatibility with the left side of the FLD (for small negative strains), while the second derivative of the large strain criterion had better compatibility with the right side of the diagrams (for small positive strains). The results also showed that with the increase in temperature, the FLD moved upward and sheet forming was improved. This improvement was almost similar for the temperatures of 150 and 200oC, while the processing temperature of 250oC led to significant improvement in forming, as compared to other temperatures.


India has had two stages of growth, both related to consumption since 1947. The first was based on developing economic self sufficiency; the second on rising disposable income. It is now entering its third period of consumption growth which sees it entering the world stage as one of the largest consumers in the world. This paper explains the factors that are driving this dramatic shift from the emerging middle classes to the patterns of consumption and investment in India today.


In this paper, we consider the problem of designing a scheduling algorithm for input queued switches, that is both fair as well as throughput optimal. Most of the existing literature on input-queued switch fairness criteria concentrates on flow-based fairness. Since a large fraction of network traffic is about "short- flows" there is a need for packet-based fairness criterion. The significant body of literature developed over the past two decades for packet-based scheduling algorithms is primarily concerned with throughput and delay, but not fairness. One of the reasons for such a state of affairs is the lack of a proper definition for packet-based fairness. The difficulty in defining fair stems from the fact that any reasonable notion of fairness must combine the well-known notion of fairness for a single-queue with the scheduling constraint of an input queued switch in an appropriate manner. As one of the main results of this paper, we define a notion of packet-based fair scheduling by identifying it as the selection of a winner in the following ranked election: packets are voters; schedules are candidates and each packet ranks different schedules based on their priorities. Drawing upon the seminal work of Goodman and Markowitz (1952) on ranked elections, we obtain a unique characterization of the fair schedule. Another important contribution of this paper is proving that the thus obtained fair scheduling algorithm is throughput optimal. There is no a priori reason why this should be true, and we introduce some non-standard proof techniques to prove the result. Our results suggest a framework for defining fair scheduling algorithm for a constrained packet network; a nonstandard method to prove throughput stability for algorithms, such as ours, that are not based on queue-sizes.


Counterconditioning (CC, Sherrington, 1947) involves training of a single cue with two different outcomes (i.e., cue-O1 then cue-O2) of opposite valence (e.g., appetitive and aversive). Thus, CC can be conducted in either the aversive-to-appetitive (cue-aversive O1 then cue-appetitive O2) or appetitive-to-aversive (cue-appetitive O1 then cue-aversive O2) direction. While CC effectively changes behavior elicited by the cue, this change is highly susceptible to relapse after a retention interval (i.e., spontaneous recovery) or a change of physical context (i.e., renewal). We compared relapse from appetitive-to-aversive and aversive-to-appetitive CC using a human predictive learning task. Participants made wagers of fictitious money based on the presentation of different cues and subsequently gained (appetitive outcome) or lost (aversive outcome) the value of their wager. In Experiment 1, we successfully demonstrated both appetitive-to-aversive and aversive-to-appetitive CC by pairing the target cue (T) with the loss (Loss-Gain condition) or gain (Gain-Loss condition) outcome during the original training phase and later pairing T with the gain (Loss-Gain condition) or loss (Gain-Loss condition) outcome during the CC phase. In Experiment 2, we observed spontaneous recovery from aversive-to-appetitive CC after both 7 day and 5min retention intervals, but recovery from appetitive-to-aversive CC was observed only after the 7day interval. In Experiment 3, we observed renewal only in the aversive-to-appetitive direction. After appetitive-to-aversive CC, responding at test was consistent with CC training regardless of the test context. Therefore, it appears that relapse is more likely from aversive-toappetitive CC than appetitive-to-aversive CC. We discuss possible explanations to account for this difference.


BACKGROUND
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is used as a preoperative risk-stratification tool for patients undergoing non-cardiopulmonary intra-abdominal surgery. Previous studies indicate that CPET may be beneficial, but research is needed to quantify CPET values protective against poor postoperative outcome [mortality, morbidity, and length of stay (LOS)].

METHODS
This systematic review aimed to assess the ability of CPET to predict postoperative outcome. The following databases were searched: PubMed, EMBASE, PEDro, The Cochrane Library, Cinahl, and AMED. Thirty-seven full-text articles were included. Data extraction included the following: author, patient characteristics, setting, surgery type, postoperative outcome measure, and CPET outcomes.

RESULTS
Surgeries reviewed were hepatic transplant and resection (n=7), abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair (n=5), colorectal (n=6), pancreatic (n=4), renal transplant (n=2), upper gastrointestinal (n=4), bariatric (n=2), and general intra-abdominal surgery (n=12). Cardiopulmonary exercise testing-derived cut-points, peak oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]), and anaerobic threshold (AT) predicted the following postoperative outcomes: 90 day-3 yr survival (AT 9-11 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) and intensive care unit admission (AT <9.9-11 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) after hepatic transplant and resection, 90 day survival after AAA repair ([Formula: see text] 15 ml kg(-1) min(-1)), LOS and morbidity after pancreatic surgery (AT <10-10.1 ml kg(-1) min(-1)), and mortality and morbidity after intra-abdominal surgery (AT 10.9 and <10.1 ml kg(-1) min(-1), respectively).

CONCLUSION
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing is a useful preoperative risk-stratification tool that can predict postoperative outcome. Further research is needed to justify the ability of CPET to predict postoperative outcome in renal transplant, colorectal, upper gastrointestinal, and bariatric surgery.


Previous research has examined the relationship between motives for drinking and alcohol use. However, less research has been conducted on the relationship between motives for marijuana use and marijuana use/problems. This study attempted to examine what predictors of marijuana use and problems are mediated by motives for marijuana use, Prior research has identified several predictors of marijuana use including psychological distress, expectancies, sensation seeking, and various personality factors. In addition, previous studies have suggested that use-related problems are not merely a function of how much of a substance one consumes, but also one's motivation for using that substance. The current study tested a series of path models treating motives for marijuana use as mediators of the relationship between various affect-related and personality variables and marijuana use in a sample of college students who had used marijuana at least once in their lifetime (N =398, 60% female, mean age =19). Results suggested that Coping motives directly predict marijuana-related problems. Also, higher psychological distress and higher Relaxation and Tension Reduction expectancies predicted using marijuana for Coping reasons. Additionally, the relationship between Openness to Experience and marijuana use and between Perceptual and Cognitive Enhancement expectancies and use were mediated by Expansion motives (i.e., using marijuana to expand awareness), Higher levels of Perceived Peer Marijuana Use and Social/Sexual Facilitation expectancies predicted Social and Enhancement motives for


The effects of climate change on Arctic marine ecosystems and their biogeochemical cycles are difficult to predict given the complex physical, biological and chemical interactions among the ecosystem components. We studied benthic biogeochemical fluxes in the Arctic and the influence of short-term (seasonal to annual), long-term (annual to decadal) and other environmental variability on their spatial distribution to provide a baseline for estimates of the impact of future changes. In summer 2009, we measured fluxes of dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, soluble reactive phosphate and silicic acid at the sediment-water interface at eight sites in the southeastern Beaufort Sea at water depths from 45 to 580 m. The spatial pattern of the measured benthic boundary fluxes was heterogeneous. Multivariate analysis of flux data showed that no single or reduced combination of fluxes could explain the majority of spatial variation, indicating that oxygen flux is not representative of other nutrient sink-source dynamics. We tested the influence of eight environmental parameters on single benthic fluxes. Short-term environmental parameters (sinking flux of particulate organic carbon above the bottom, sediment surface Chl a) were most important for explaining oxygen, ammonium and nitrate fluxes. Long- term parameters (porosity, surface manganese and iron concentration, bottom water oxygen concentrations) together with 13 Corg signature explained most of the spatial variation in phosphate, nitrate and nitrite fluxes. Variation in pigments at the sediment surface was most important to explain variation in fluxes of silicic acid. In a model including all fluxes synchronously, the overall spatial distribution could be best explained (57 %) by the combination of sediment Chl a, phaeopigments, 13 Corg, surficial manganese and bottom water oxygen concentration. We conclude that it is necessary to consider long-term environmental variability along with rapidly ongoing environmental changes to predict the flux of oxygen and nutrients across Arctic sediments even at short timescales. Our results contribute to improve ecological models predicting the impact of climate change on the functioning of marine ecosystems.


This paper, based on the case study of job migration from Poland to Ireland, is focused on changes in the international mobility of labour. The study is undertaken with a broad term of reference: (a) to consider factors of changes in the international mobility of labour in a macro-sphere; (b) to examine the social and personal factors which might motivate individuals to migrate; (c) to ascertain socio-demographic characteristics of those who migrate; (d) to document some experience of Polish people working in Ireland, to identify the extent of migration among young emigrants and the nature of their difficulties in Poland.


Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic and cardiovascular disease and although the diagnosis is confirmed on blood glucose levels and anti-diabetic treatment is usually aimed at reducing glucose levels, the major contributor to mortality is, in fact, cardiovascular disease and in particular, coronary artery disease. This article discusses the difference between the lipid profiles of type 1 and type 2 diabetes and gives practical guidelines for pharmacological and lifestyle interventions to reduce cardiovascular mortality and hospitalisations.


www.spectrum.ieee.org Dispatch From Down Under Before the reporters covering the Panasonic World Solar Challenge were released into the wilds of Australia, a safety officer sat them down and delivered a rapid-fire set of instructions: Remember to constantly refuel. (You might find yourself stranded 300 kilometers from the nearest town.) Don't scramble around in the brush. (Australia is home to 12 of the world's deadliest varieties of snakes.) Don't drive at night. (You might hit a kangaroo.) Associate Editor Sandra Upson [above], preparing for her solo trek across the continent, began to wonder whether it was such a good idea after all. Sure, no one knew which of the solar cars would successfully reach Adelaide, 3000 km away. But would she get that far? Mildly terrified, she stopped by a grocery store to pick up a dozen cans of Red Bull. She didn't need them. During her drive through the vast empty spaces of the outback, the sight of a grazing emu or, inexplicably, a crosscountry bicycle rider helped ward off drowsiness. Then there were the dead kangaroos, mostly roadkill, and the large vultures that flapped languidly above the bodies. Travelers who find baby kangaroos, or joeys, in the pouches of their fallen mothers take them to a rescue center run by Chris "Brolga" Barns, in the oasis of Alice Springs. He rears them until they're old enough to return to the wild, supporting the effort with donations from tourists, who line up to hold sleeping kangaroos for AU $5 a hug. As Barns explains it, it's all for the best in this, the harshest of all worlds. Exhaust fumes from cars driving through the arid landscape leave traces of moisture, and those droplets support the growth of vegetation, which in turn attracts animals to the shoulder of the highway. Upon meeting a clan of solar racers, Barns praised their vehicles for their kangaroofriendly lack of emissions. o EditoriAl


Abstract : This educational materials package has been developed for instructors of software engineering and, more specifically, real-time systems. This package will help instructors teach rate monotonic analysis (RMA) to graduate and undergraduate software, computer, and electrical engineering students. The package can also be used to teach RMA to continuing education students. The presentation materials and exercises included have been used by Ruth Ravenel in both graduate and undergraduate courses. These educational materials are intended to be used in conjunction with the videotape, An Introduction to Rate Monotonic Analysis, from SEI Technology Series. (For instructors who have not already obtained the videotape from the SEI, an order form is included in this package.) Real-Time analysis, Rate monotonic analysis


Bolted-joint structures are prone to loosening under vibration, which affect the structural integrity. This paper presents a bolt looseness recognition method based on the subharmonic resonance analysis. The bolted-joint structure is simplified to a nonlinear single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) model, and the multi-scale method is used to explain the phenomenon of the subharmonic resonance. Experiments are performed on a bolted aluminum beam, where the damage is simulated by loosening the bolts. Two surface-bonded piezoelectric transducers are used to generate continuous sinusoidal excitation and receive corresponding wave signals. The experimental results demonstrate subharmonic components would appear in the response spectrum when subjected to the excitation of twice the natural frequency, which can be effective on bolt looseness damage detection. doi: 10.12783/SHM2015/157


This article explores knowledge-sharing tendencies among individuals in a UK project-based organization. While the knowledge management literature extensively considers the significant impact of relationships and trust on sharing knowledge, the underlying reasoning behind individual choices to share knowledge and expertise largely remains an underexplored area. Bourdieu's conception of the habitus is used as an alternative tool to interpret individual dynamics and their propensity for sharing knowledge given their personal relationships. Data are drawn from in-depth interviews conducted across the organization and presented as a narrative indicative of relationship dynamics of individual actors. The findings suggest that individual predisposition towards knowledge sharing is influenced by experiences in sustained relationships, coupled with awareness of knowledge sources, expectations of reciprocity in relationships, and acceptance into social groups. Particularly, the predisposing nature of the habitus serves as guide to location and utilization of knowledge sources as well as on choices to share personal knowledge.


The origin of the peculiar stellar complex in the outskirts of the spiral galaxy NGC 6946 is discussed. The complex hosts a superstar cluster, two dozen smaller bright clusters and many high-luminosity stars 5–30 Myears old. In spite of this, no features in H I or CO are associated with the complex. The most simple explanation is that the complex is a foreground blue compact galaxy, a member of the NGC 6946 group. The arc of high light absorption along the complex rim could then be the result of the ram pressure of the intergalactic medium gas. The existing velocity data cannot prove or disprove this hypothesis.


The shift to more distributed forms of organizations and the prevalence of interorganizational relationships have led to an increase in the transfer of knowledge between parties with asymmetric and incomplete information about each other. Because of this asymmetry and incompleteness, parties seeking knowledge may not be able to identify qualified knowledge providers, and the appropriate experts may fail to be motivated to engage in knowledge transfer.

We propose a sender-receiver framework for studying knowledge transfer under asymmetric and/or incomplete information. We outline four types of information structures for knowledge transfer, and focus on the sender-advantage asymmetric information structure and the symmetric incomplete information structure. We develop formal game-theoretical models, show how information incompleteness and asymmetry may negatively influence knowledge transfer, and propose solutions to alleviate these negative impacts. Implications for knowledge transfer research and practice are also discussed.


Abstract: The Ankara–Erzincan suture zone includes large bodies of ophiolite and ophioliticmelange in northeastern Anatolia. The ophiolitic bodies are (1) Refahiye (Erzincan), (2) S¸ahvelet(Erzurum), (3) Karadag˘ (Erzurum) and (4) Kirdag˘ (Erzurum). The ophiolite-related unitsinclude well-preserved sections of oceanic lithospheric and accretionary melanges with localblueschist assemblages. The ophiolite-related units in NE Anatolia are unconformably overlainby Campanian–Maastrichtian-aged sediments that were later imbricated with the ophioliticrocks. Geochemical data for the individual ophiolite sections indicate a tholeiitic composition,depletion in Nb, enrichment in large ion lithophile elements, parallel to slightly depleted highfield strength element patterns (compared with normal-mid ocean ridge basalt), and slightlylight rare earth element-depleted to parallel rare earth element trends. These features suggest pro-gressive source depletion towards island arc tholeiites and finally boninites. A fore-arc setting isproposed for the generation of the ophiolites. In contrast, the volcanic rocks from the me´langeunits exhibit tholeiitic to alkaline compositions and either depletion or enrichment of rare earthelement and high field strength elements. Seamount-type alkaline and subduction-related tholeiiticbasaltic rocks were apparently juxtaposed during subduction/accretion. Models involving either asingle north-dipping subduction zone or two north-dipping subduction zones may be applicable.Both models involve the generation of supra-subduction zone-type ophiolites in a forearcsetting, an accretionary prism (with blueschists) and a volcanic arc during the Late Cretaceous.The ophiolites, ophiolitic melange and related blueschists were emplaced either northwards ontothe Pontide margin or southwards over the passive margin of the Tauride platform.


This note examines Schwartz and Pritchard's critique of Donchin and Lindsley's study of the ERPs and retroactive masking. The critique is seen to be an example of the Dissociationist posture in which the failure to confirm a reported relationship between performance and ERPs is reported. The Dissociationist treats psychophysiology as an attempt to establish universally applicable correlations between performance measures and physiological measures. Such universality seems to be the necessary attribute of "physiological correlates" of psychological constructs. To demonstrate that ERPs are not correlates of perception, Schwartz and Pritchard try to show that the correlation reported by Donchin and Lindsley does not hold for U-shaped masking functions.

Donchin and Lindsley did not, however, attempt to establish a universal correlation. Rather, they attempted to utilize the parallelism between ERPs and two-flash interactions to test models proposed to account for retroactive masking and enhancement. That the relationship is not universal, in that there are masking phenomena wherein the correlation fails, is quite irrelevant to the purpose. The methodology used by Schwartz and Pritchard is also questioned here. Specifically, it is noted that they err in combining in one curve, data obtained with a single stimulus with data obtained with two stimuli. They are thus led by focusing on a product, the d', to the unwarranted assumption that the underlying processes are uniform.


PURPOSE
To evaluate the performance and interobserver agreement of qualitative dynamic contrast material enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging curve analysis as described in the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) for the differentiation of prostate cancer (PCa) from healthy prostatic tissue in the peripheral zone (PZ).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant institutional review board-approved retrospective analysis included 120 consecutive pretreatment dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MR imaging PCa examinations. Regions of interest (ROIs) were placed in 251 spots, including 95 (37.8%) in healthy PZ tissue and 156 (62.2%) in PCa, by using detailed histologic-multiparametric MR correlation review. Three radiologists reviewed the DCE time curves and assessed qualitative curve types as described in PI-RADS: type 1 (progressive), type 2 (plateau), or type 3 (washout). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to assess accuracy in differentiating PCa from healthy tissue on the basis of curve type, and κ was calculated to assess interobserver agreement.

RESULTS
Receiver operating characteristic curves were similar for all observers, but mean areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were poor (0.58 ± 0.04 [standard deviation] to 0.63 ± 0.04). No differences in accuracy were seen for varying DCE time resolution and imaging length. Observer agreement in assessment of type 3 versus types 1 or 2 curves was substantial (0.66 < κ < 0.79), better for PCa ROIs than for healthy-tissue ROIs. The agreement between type 1 and type 2 curves was moderate to substantial (0.49 < κ < 0.78).

CONCLUSION
Qualitative DCE MR imaging time-curve-type analysis performs poorly for differentiation of PCa from healthy prostatic tissue. Interobserver agreement is excellent in assessment of type 3 curves but only moderate for type 1 and 2 curves.


Given the fact that the child and custodial parent generally share a living standard, there is some tension between the traditional rule excluding marital status altogether as a consideration in setting child support levels, and the traditional American rule making marriage an absolute requirement in claims by one spouse against the other for support (traditionally, 'alimony') for herself. How should that tension be resolved? This paper is part of a larger project investigating how ordinary citizens resolve such policy problems, by asking them to decide a series of cases that systematically vary critical facts so as to reveal the underlying principles animating their views. This study extends the authors' prior child support studies by (a) expanding the range of paternal incomes presented to respondents, and (b) examining the effect of the parents' marital status and relational duration. We replicate our prior findings on the impact of parental incomes, and the disparity between them, across the expanded income range, and our finding that, overall, citizens favour higher support amounts than the law provides when custodial parent income is low, but lower support amounts when the custodial parent income is higher. We also now find that our respondents would increase support awards for low income mothers (over current levels) by larger amounts when parents had married than when they had cohabited, and would give the lowest awards to mothers who had had no relationship at all with the father beyond the single sexual act leading to the child's conception. We explain why the pattern of their support awards suggests that in setting child support levels our respondents give more weight than current American law to the children's interests.


Linnell, J. D. C. 2005. Spatial aspects of managing natural resources and conserving biodiversity. Integrating the global and the local NINA Report 62. 38 pp. The issue of scale has recently attracted much importance in ecology. It is also of crucial importance in the context of managing nature. The question that constantly appears is "at what level should we manage our natural resources?" From the point of view of the social sciences, there is a trend to move resource management to the local level, to satisfy objectives such as the desire for social equity, social justice and local empowerment. However, from the point of view of ecology, the recent development of ecosystem thinking calls for management to be moved up to larger spatial scales such that holism can be maintained. This apparent contradiction of the "local ecosystem" is actually imbedded in the Convention on Biological Diversity's Malawi principles. Finding ways to include both the local and the global is clearly a key need for improving natural resource management. The first part of the report presents some concrete analyses where the importance of scale issues for Norwegian natural resource management is highlighted. The examples include (1) an analysis of the various spatial scales at which ecological processes operate, (2) using data on movement of radiocollared lynx to improve national level monitoring, (3) using data on wolf dispersal and Baltic sea ice conditions to explore the potential for wolves having re-colonised Scandinavia from Finland on their own, (4) drawing up principles for the spatial aspects of planning large carnivore recovery in Norway that combine both ecological, administrative and social aspects, and (5) a set of analyses to see to what extent scale varies within and between species, and the identification of ways of predicting scale. The main message from this section is that all scales need to be considered. At least when it comes to large carnivores, where each individual uses several municipalities, "local" management must be considered on scale of 10s or 100s of square kilometres. The second part of the report is a review of the scientific literature dealing with the issues of scale and resource management from the viewpoints of many different disciplines. We firstly look at the experience with community based conservation, various decentralization or devolution projects, and co-management systems especially those that have been conducted in tropical countries and the arctic. The experiences from these attempts to pass greater resource management responsibility to the local level are mixed. Many of those from tropical countries are negative, with the comanagement tradition from the arctic offering the most optimistic outcomes. Problems with lack of capacity, elite capture, and corruption often led to a decline in the sustainability of resource use, and often a decrease in equity as well. Secondly, we examined the literature dealing with democracy and environmental justice, which provided many insights into the issue of scale, NIMBYism (Not In My Back Yard) and decision making within the context of public goods and local costs. Again, the experience at the local level is poor, especially when the costs and benefits of resource conservation are felt at different scales. Thirdly we look at some of the characteristics of different resources in light of how suitable they might be for more local – or less local – level management, and develop some guiding principles. Finally, we attempted to gather these various inputs together and come up with a conceptual framework for future thinking. It is apparent that resource management cannot be conducted at a single scale – be it local or national or global or someplace in between. There is a need to consider all scales – with different decisions being appropriate for different scales. Management should be viewed as a nested hierarchy, where upper levels set general frameworks of guidelines and principles, and the lower levels make increasingly detailed, and locally adapted, decisions, within the framework set by the upper levels. This approach should in principle allow "freedom within limits", and follows the principle of subsidarity. The challenge for the future is to ensure the effective coordination of management at multiple scales and to ensure democratic representation of the lower (local) levels in the upper level decision making processes. John D. C. Linnell, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Tungasletta 2, N-7485 Trondheim, Norway. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


We have used positron emission tomography (PET) to identify the neural substrate of two major cognitive components of working memory (WM), maintenance and manipulation of a single elementary visual attribute, i.e., the orientation of a grating presented in central vision. This approach allowed us to equate difficulty across tasks and prevented subjects from using verbal strategies or vestibular cues. Maintenance of orientations involved a distributed fronto-parietal network, that is, left and right lateral superior frontal sulcus (SFSl), bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC), bilateral precuneus, and right superior parietal lobe (SPL). A more medial superior frontal sulcus region (SFSm) was identified as being instrumental in the manipulative operation of updating orientations retained in the WM. Functional connectivity analysis revealed that orientation WM relies on a coordinated interaction between frontal and parietal regions. In general, the current findings confirm the distinction between maintenance and manipulative processes, highlight the functional heterogeneity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), and suggest a more dynamic view of WM as a process requiring the coordinated interaction of anatomically distinct brain areas.


Objective: Neovascularization of injured tendons prolongs the proliferative phase of healing, but prolonged neovascularization may cause improper healing and pain. Currently, ultrasound Doppler imaging is used for measuring the neovascularization of injured tendons (e.g., Achilles tendon). However, the resolution of state-of-the-art clinical ultrasound machines is insufficient for visualizing the neovascularization in finger tendons. In this study, a high-frequency micro-Doppler imaging (HFμDI) based on 40-MHz ultrafast ultrasound imaging was proposed for visualizing the neovascularization in injured finger tendons during multiple rehabilitation phases. Method: The vessel visibility was enhanced through a block-wise singular value decomposition filter and several curvilinear structure enhancement strategies, including the bowler-hat transform and Hessian-based vessel enhancement filtering. HFμDI was verified through small animal kidney and spleen imaging because the related vessel structure patterns of mice are well studied. Five patients with finger tendon injuries underwent HFμDI examination at various rehabilitation phases after surgery (weeks 11–56), and finger function evaluations were performed for comparisons. Results: The results of small animal experiments revealed that the proposed HFμDI provides excellent microvasculature imaging performance; the contrast-to-noise ratio of HFμDI was approximately 15 dB higher than that of the conventional singular value decomposition filter, and the minimum detectable vessel size for mouse kidney was 35 μm without the use of contrast agent. In the human study, neovascularization was clearly observed in injured finger tendons during the early phase of healing (weeks 11–21), but it regressed from week 52 to 56. Finger rehabilitation appears to help reduce neovascularization; neovascular density decreased by approximately 1.8%–8.0% in participants after 4 weeks of rehabilitation. Conclusion: The experimental results verified the performance of HFμDI for microvasculature imaging and its potential for injured finger tendon evaluations.


Hyperbranched polyglycerol (hPG) with two different molecular weights (hPG2400 and hPG8000) was used as a macroinitiator for the polymerization of lactide. Thereby, amphiphilic linear-dendritic multiarm star copolymers (MSCs) were prepared and investigated with regard to their ability to encapsulate and transport guest molecules. Various ratios of monomer to hydroxy functional end groups ([LA]/[OH]) were used for the preparation of linear-dendritic multiarm copolymers with different degrees of polymerization (DP), molecular weight, and arm multiplicity. At high molecular weights almost all of the hydroxy groups of hPG were reacted with the lactide monomer and the number of arms was equal to the number of hydroxy functional groups. The ability of the synthesized MSCs to encapsulate and transport small guest molecules was examined. The transport capacity (TC) of all nanocarriers under different conditions was investigated using the model dye Congo red as well as the model drug 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA). With both hPG2400 and hPG8000 cores, the TC increased along with an increasing number and length of the arms. The dependence of the TC on the concentration of MSCs was also investigated and found to deteriorate with increasing polymer concentration. Finally the ability of the synthesized nanocarriers to penetrate into the skin and transport Nile red through this barrier was successfully investigated.


The multidisciplinary field of quantum computing strives to exploit some of the uncanny aspects of quantum mechanics to expand our computational horizons. Quantum Computing for Computer Scientists takes readers on a tour of this fascinating area of cutting-edge research. Written in an accessible yet rigorous fashion, this book employs ideas and techniques familiar to every student of computer science. The reader is not expected to have any advanced mathematics or physics background. After presenting the necessary prerequisites, the material is organized to look at different aspects of quantum computing from the specific standpoint of computer science. There are chapters on computer architecture, algorithms, programming languages, theoretical computer science, cryptography, information theory, and hardware. The text has step-by-step examples, more than two hundred exercises with solutions, and programming drills that bring the ideas of quantum computing alive for today's computer science students and researchers.


By the sixteenth century the church had developed almost all of our present chant repertoire, from the simplest forms--litanies, sequences, and hymns--to the most ornate forms--graduals and alleluias of the Mass and the great responsories of the Divine Office. From the thirteenth to the sixteenth century, as polyphonic music developed, the rhythm of the chant was almost certainly affected; many of the subtleties of the original neumatic notation by this time had been forgotten. But following the Council of Trent and as a result of certain directives of the council's final sessions concerning liturgical music, a much more dramatic reform of Gregorian chant would soon commence. Indeed, this beautiful edifice of chant repertoire, which had been evolved and developed, was about to be tarnished over the next few centuries by well-meaning and otherwise well-respected and talented musicians. What was lacking? Why was the chant repertoire perceived to be deficient and even decadent by the church fathers of the sixteenth century? THE COUNCIL OF TRENT During the twenty-five sessions of the Council of Trent, which took place over a span of eighteen years (1545-1563), sacred music did not receive precedence; the mind of the church, in reaction to the spread of Protestantism, was preoccupied with points of theology and morality more than on matters pertaining to sacred music. As a result, issues pertaining to music were not discussed until sessions XXII, XXIII, and XXIV, which encompassed the last one and one-half years of the council. In these sessions on music, several "abuses" in the church were discussed: the infiltration of popular songs and dances; unnecessary verbose elaborations in the profusion of tropes, prosae, and sequences; poor declamation of the words in Gregorian chant; confusion of the text in polyphony due to complex counterpoint; disturbing differences between liturgical books found in various nations, provinces, and cathedrals. The concern for proper declamation of Gregorian chant, as perceived by the council fathers, resulted in a reform so as to bring the church's chant in line with contemporary aesthetic values. Methods recommended to reform the chant include: cutting the melismas on unaccented syllables, "correcting" the rhythmic declamation of the text according to classical principles, applying major-minor tonality in the chant melodies, and other alterations according to contemporary standards. The texts were also challenged, and partially rewritten, to follow the classical rules of Latin prosody and versification. THE AESTHETIC OF SECULAR HUMANISM Secular humanism was a consequence of scholarly interest in Greek and Roman antiquity during the Renaissance period. Theoreticians, like Gioseffo Zarlino and Nicola Vicentino, and humanist prelates, like Cardinal Sileto and Bishop Cirillo Franco, questioned the aesthetic value of Gregorian chant because it ignored the rules of prosody, meter, and Latin versification. (1) Even before the Council of Trent, Zarlino, in his Le istitutioni harmoniche, insisted on proper declamation in Gregorian chant. He stated, "the chants are generally heard with greatest pleasure when the words are properly declaimed." (2) Giulio Caccini in his Le nuove musiche also discusses the importance of expressing the text in a musical setting: the intelligence of the idea of the words, and the taste and imitation of this idea, by the use of expressive notes, and a plain interpretation of sentiment are more useful than counterpoint. (3) This further dimension of expressivity and emotion, along with the best comprehension of the text, amplifies the secular attitudes that most influenced the reform of Gregorian chant. The emphasis on verbal declamation and subjective expressiveness encouraged a more rhythmic and accentual declamation of Gregorian chant; in fact, efforts would soon be made to rewrite the chant with measured rhythm. …


We revisit the well-known decomposition of the Gini coefficient into between-groups, within-groups and overlap terms in the context of two groups in which the incomes in one group may be scaled and that groupÂ's population weight modified. In this more general setting than usual, we focus on the properties of the overlap term, proving inter alia that overlap unambiguously reduces as a result of a within-group progressive transfer, and is increased by scaling up the incomes in the group with the lower mean, reaching a maximum when the two means become the same. In the case of a socially heterogeneous population and equivalized incomes, the effect on the Gini overlap of changing the income unit is determined, along with that of adjusting the equivalence scale deflator in case the income unit is the equivalent adult (such adjustment simultaneously changing the weighting of income units). Relationships of the findings to existing literature are thoroughly explored.


Purpose Favourable small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) survival outcomes have been reported in patients with paraneoplastic neurological disorders (PNDs) associated with neuronal antibodies (Neur-Abs), but the presence of a PND might have expedited diagnosis. Our aim was to establish whether neuronal antibodies, independent of clinical neurological features, correlate with SCLC survival. Experimental Design 262 consecutive SCLC patients were examined: of these, 24 with neurological disease were excluded from this study. The remaining 238 were tested for a broad array of Neur-Abs at the time of cancer diagnosis; survival time was established from follow-up clinical data. Results Median survival of the non-PND cohort (n = 238) was 9.5 months. 103 patients (43%) had one or more antigen-defined Neur-Abs. We found significantly longer median survival in 23 patients (10%) with HuD/anti-neuronal nuclear antibody type 1 (ANNA-1, 13.0 months P = 0.037), but not with any of the other antigen-defined antibodies, including the PND-related SOX2 (n = 56, 24%). An additional 28 patients (12%) had uncharacterised anti-neuronal nuclear antibodies (ANNA-U); their median survival time was longer still (15.0 months, P = 0.0048), contrasting with the survival time in patients with non-neuronal anti-nuclear antibodies (detected using HEp-2 cells, n = 23 (10%), 9.25 months). In multivariate analyses, both ANNA-1 and ANNA-U independently reduced the mortality hazard by a ratio of 0.532 (P = 0.01) and 0.430 (P<0.001) respectively. Conclusions ANNAs, including the newly described ANNA-U, may be key components of the SCLC immunome and have a potential role in predicting SCLC survival; screening for them could add prognostic value that is similar in magnitude to that of limited staging at diagnosis.


University students increasingly access computer-based materials (CBMs) beyond the classroom, in Resource Centres (RCs) – where the facilities are usually only available to students studying a specific academic discipline, in college and university libraries – where the facilities are available to all students, as well as at home and in internet cafes; and there is an increasing expectation that such materials are, at times at least, being used for self-study purposes. The pedagogical advantage of using a number of particular CBMs in both classroom-based situations and beyond is well documented. Surprisingly, however, few studies have been conducted which look at the choices that students make where a wide range of CBMs are available, as in self-study contexts, and the extent to which students view such CBMs as actually helping their learning. This paper reports on a languages-based study, which employs a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methodologies in order to examine such issues. It asks the following questions: Which CBMs do non-native speakers (NNS) of the English language make use of and why? Where access is available in a range of locations, where do students choose to work and what might the implications of this be for RCs? To what extent do students consider a variety of CBMs as actually helping with their language studies? What might the answers to these questions imply for our understanding of computer-assisted language learning (CALL)? Although this study is based in languages, its findings arguably have implications for educational practice across academic disciplines. Several themes arise out of this work; firstly, the physical location of an RC is important even when most CBMs are available elsewhere - it is suggested here that where the physical and the virtual worlds meet is a significant factor and one which warrants further investigation. Secondly, from the learners' perspective, a wide-range of CBMs are viewed as helping with learning, irrespective of whether they fulfill a direct and obvious teaching role. Thirdly, world wide web-based delivery is the preferred to networked, and sometimes more sophisticated, commercially available multi-media CD ROM packages. Finally, live computer-mediated-communication (CMC) appears to be a considerably underused resource. These findings suggest that the validity of some of the long-established frameworks for conceptualising CALL need to be questioned.


Study - Executive Summary

In 2002, new corporate governance-related guidelines
were introduced in Switzerland that included recommendations
on the establishment, composition, structure
and processes of audit committees. This study presents new
evidence on audit committee patterns and trends at Swiss
listed companies, as well as on audit committee effectiveness.
The results of this study are important to individuals
and organizations dealing with audit committees, including
audit committee members, board members, internal and
external auditors, and other professional services firms.
This study documents trends in the establishment and composition
of audit committees, as well as regarding external financial
reporting subsequent to the 2002 corporate governance guidelines.
The report shows that Swiss companies that carefully followed
the guidelines were more likely to reap positive effects in
terms of quality of external financial reporting than firms that did
not follow the guidelines.

This Report Presents Four Main Findings

1.Audit committees matter. Over the past years a growing percentage
of Swiss companies have established audit committees.
This study shows that over the period 2002 to 2004, companies
that had established an audit committee were more likely to obtain
a clean audit opinion (at the group and holding company level) in
the year after, and were less likely to be the object of SWX sanctions
in the subsequent year.

2.Audit committee members' independence matters. Over the
period 2002 to 2004, companies that had established an audit
committee with a high ratio of independent directors tended in the
subsequent year to be more likely to obtain a clean audit opinion
(at the group and holding company level), and less likely to be
subject to an official procedure initiated by the SWX Swiss
Exchange.

3. Audit committee members' financial capabilities matter.
Over the period of 2002 to 2004, financial expertise increased the
quality of financial reporting. Audit committees with a higher percentage
of financial expert members were positively associated
with the quality of financial reporting in the subsequent year (significant
at the group level).

4.Audit committee practices vary widely. Swiss companies are
gaining experience with audit committees and best practices have
yet to emerge. Key aspects to note in running the audit committee
are to deliver information well in advance of the next meeting, and
to make sure members know in advance how many days they will
have to prepare the meeting.


The ability to share automatically tracked health and fitness behaviors has yielded benefits ranging from increasing user motivation to providing therapists with greater insight into their patients' progress. While past work on sharing this data has primarily focused on users with typical motor abilities, features are now emerging in mainstream tracking technologies to extend to people with mobility impairments (e.g., tracking wheelchair rolling). This paper explores opportunities specifically for users with mobility impairments to share this automatically tracked data both with peers and with physical, occupational or recreational therapists. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 10 therapists and 10 people with mobility impairments. The interviews focused on current and desired activity-tracking and sharing practices, and included a design probe activity to more concretely assess the perceived utility of sharing tracked fitness data. We report on attitudes and concerns toward sharing fitness data from the perspective of therapists and people with mobility impairments as well as outline design opportunities to explore in future work.


Aims: This study was conducted to find out: (a) the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) in 2–6-year-old children of North East Delhi attending Anganwadis. (b) The association, if any, between known risk factors and ECC. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 4012 to 6-year-old children of North East Delhi attending Anganwadis. Materials and Methods: A total of 401 children were clinically examined and their dental caries status was measured by the decayed, missing, filled surface (dmfs) index for deciduous teeth given by the WHO, Oral Health Surveys, Basic Method (2013). Structured questionnaires for the mother/caretaker of the children were used to gather information regarding their age, birth weight, feeding habits, oral hygiene practices, etc. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis involved the Chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of ECC and severe ECC was 38.4% and 22.9%, respectively. The mean dmfs was 2.89 ± 5.89. The prevalence of ECC was statistically high in children involved in maternal sharing of utensils (odds ratio = 6.41; 95% confidence interval = 3.61–11.38). Age, increased frequency of between meal snacking, increased frequency of eating sweets and chocolates, low birthweight, and fell asleep with the nipple of milk bottle in the mouth also emerged out as risk indicators for ECC in logistic regression analysis. Conclusions: The prevalence of ECC in Anganwadi children was high and all the dmfs was due to untreated caries. This suggests the paucity of awareness among the studied population. Treatment along with the extensive preventive program in these young children is immensely required.


The author was exhilarated by the opportunity at MIT to work with an extremophile (Clostridium thermocellum). The DNA-based biotechnology revolution is growing, and Cambridge is at the heart. The author's thesis described the regulation of active oxygen production by the fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Her job was to test the biodegradability by mixed bacterial cultures of consumer product ingredients such as those used in fabric softeners, laundry detergents, and diapers. Hydrogen was produced by the Big Bang and is the most abundant element in the universe. The proximal electron donor for life three to four billion years ago on prebiotic earth was iron, which forms the core of earth and other terrestrial planets. The author suspects that it is the ability of nitrogen to form flat, stable aromatic compounds with carbon that is critical to nitrogen's importance; configuration is important to proper alignment of molecules. The theory that eukaryotes arose by endosymbiosis between bacteria and archaeans is tremendously heartening. The rise of different eukaryotic types by the mixing and matching of cell organelles, as described by Margulis, renews the author's faith in probability. The rapid evolution of microorganisms-because of their short generation times-will produce a corollary to the Law of Microbial Infallibility.


It could all have been so different. When matter first formed in the universe, our current theories suggest that it should have been accompanied by an equal amount of antimatter – a conclusion we know must be wrong, because we wouldn't be here if it were true. Now the latest results from a pair of experiments designed to study the behaviour of neutrinos – particles that barely interact with the rest of the universe – could mean we're starting to understand why. [7]


The phase behaviour of aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, is analysed by means of a structural model of the system and a simple statistical-mechanical model based thereupon. The intention is to elucidate the structural questions involved in the water–PEO coupling and to gain some insight in possible consequences of this coupling. The experimental partial molar enthalpy and entropy of water can be reproduced, at least in fairly dilute solutions, if a zone with increased structuring of the water is assumed to exist around the PEO chain. The phase separation that takes place at high temperatures is traced back to the increase in total extension of the zones of enhanced water structure that occurs when the water content is increased. The chain-length dependence of the location of the solubility gap is mainly determined by the combinatorial entropy of the chains. The water solubility of PEO, which is unique in this respect among the polyethers, can be explained in terms of a good strutural fit between the water and the polymer.


Subsurface structure contour maps and cross sections show that the northern Los Angeles basin is underlain by a south facing monocline complicated by secondary faults and folds. The monocline and associated structures form a structural high, the northern Los Angeles shelf, which marks the northern margin of the Los Angeles central trough. Analysis of "growth strata," sediments deposited during structural growth, shows that during the Miocene, the predominant structural style was extension. Growth strata show that at approximately the beginning of the Pliocene (5 Ma), contraction reactivated the Miocene normal faults as reverse faults and formed the monocline, its secondary structures, and the Los Angeles central trough. Lensing-out of earliest Pliocene (Delmontian Stage) growth sandstones onto the flanks of the monocline and secondary structures (the South Salt Lake, the East Beverly Hills, and the Las Cienegas anticlines) indicates that these contractional structures all began to form at this time. All of the secondary structures became largely inactive prior to the deposition of upper Pico member of early Pleistocene age (1.2 Ma). However, thick accumulations of growth strata of the upper Pico member of the Fernando Formation within the Los Angeles central trough attest to continued monoclinal folding after the secondary structures became largely inactive. The growth strata record both vertical and horizontal components of structural growth of the monocline so that the dip of the blind fault zone causing the monocline (the Los Angeles fault) can be calculated. In the East Beverly Hills area, the dip of the Los Angeles fault is 61° and at Las Cienegas, the dip is 62°. These are maximum values based on the assumption that the growth strata bed lengths record all shortening. The Pliocene-Pleistocene average fault slip rates for the Los Angeles fault are 1.1 – 1.3 mm/yr in the East Beverly Hills and 1.3–1.5 mm/yr at Las Cienegas. The resulting Pliocene-Pleistocene horizontal convergence rates are 0.5 – 0.6 mm/yr and 0.6 – 0.7 mm/yr respectively. The Pliocene-Pleistocene growth strata show increased dip with age, indicating that the monocline grew by progressive limb rotation rather than by kink-band migration. Therefore, fault-bend and fault-propagation fold models based on kink-band migration are inadmissible solutions to explain the growth of the monocline. We suggest a basement-involved shear zone to explain the geometry of the northern Los Angeles shelf.


This paper is concerned with the anisotropy effect of DP980 sheets on the fracture strain. The use of advanced highstrength steels (AHSS) for automotive applications gradually increases since AHSS generally has high strength as well as high formability from their high strain hardening capabilities. In sheet metal forming, the anisotropy effect on the fracture strain should be also taken into consideration to reflect the fracture behavior of materials more properly since they show different mechanical behavior resulting from their crystallographic structure and the characteristics of rolling process. In order to investigate the influence of the loading path on the fracture strain, three different types of tests were conducted to the fracture including uniaxial tensile tests on classic dog-bone specimens, pure shear specimens, and plane strain grooved specimens. Each specimen was made along three different orientations: the angle of 0° (rolling direction, RD), 45° (diagonal direction, DD), and 90° (transverse direction, TD) with respect to the rolling direction of sheet metal to consider the anisotropy effect on the fracture strain. The fracture strain was evaluated to vary with the different orientation of sheet metal and each loading path.


Mega-events like the Olympic Games are powerful forces that shape cities. In the wake of mega-events, a variety of positive and negative legacies have remained in host cities. In order to bring some theoretical clarity to debates about legacy creation, I introduce the concepts of the mega-event utopia, dystopia and heterotopia. A mega-event utopia is ideal and imaginary urbanism embracing abstract concepts about economies, socio-political systems, spaces, and societies in the host during events. The mega-event utopia (in contrast to other utopian visions other stakeholders may hold) is dictated by the desires of the mega-event owners irrespective of the realities in the event host. In short, a mega-event utopia is the perfect event host from the owner's perspective. Mega-event utopias are suggested as a theoretical model for the systematic transformation of their host cities. As large-scale events progress as ever more powerful transformers into this century, mega-event dystopias have emerged as negatives of these idealistic utopias. As hybrid post-event landscapes, m ega-event heterotopias manifest the temporary mega-event utopia as legacy imprints into the long-term realities in hosting cities. Using the Olympic utopia as an example of a mega-event utopia, I theorize utopian visions around four urban traits: economy, image, infrastructure and society. Through the concept of the mega-event legacy utopia , I also provide some insight toward the operationalization of the four urban traits for a city's economic development, local place marketing, urban development, and public participation.


Research has repeatedly shown that altruism is lower in diverse communities. Can this phenomenon be counteracted by government intervention? To answer this question, this paper introduces diversity to the canonical model of "warm glow" giving. Diversity may have two effects on incentives: it may attenuate individuals' altruistic preferences for public goods, and it may "cool off" the warm glow that individuals get from voluntarism. Either of these effects leads to diverse communities having lower levels of public goods, consistent with prior research. However, these effects have opposite implications for the efficacy of government intervention. I then empirically investigate whether government intervention is more effective in diverse communities. For identification, I exploit the Supreme Court-mandated 1991 expansion of the SSI program. Using a new dataset of United Methodist churches from 1984 to 2000, the results show that the expansion of SSI crowded-out charitable spending by churches. The crowd-out estimate for the average church is reasonably large, but this masks significant differences in crowd-out between communities. Crowd-out occurred almost entirely in relatively homogeneous communities; there is only modest evidence of crowd-out in racially diverse communities. Thus diverse communities, while having the lowest levels of altruism, are in this instance the most amenable to government intervention.


ABSTRACT Studies examining the interpretation that is given to if–then statementstypically use what are referred to as basic conditionals, which give contextless relations between two unrelated concrete terms (If the ball is blue, then the shape is square). However, there is some evidence that basic conditionals require a more abstract form of representation. In order to examine this, we presented participants with truth-table tasks involving either basic conditionals or conditionals referring to imaginary categories (If it is a bori, then it has red wings), and standard conditional inference tasks with abstract and familiar premises. As expected, fewer typical defective conditional interpretations were given to basic conditionals. In addition, partial correlations showed a unique relationship between the interpretation of basic conditionals and abstract inferential reasoning. Results suggest that people process basic conditionals as a form of abstract reasoning, and that the interpretation of conditionals must consider the semantic context.


Schools and school systems across the world are seeking ways of improving student achievement, in response to growing public recognition of the importance of education for individual success and societal progress. School leaders are being challenged to maintain focus on authentic learning in schools while under government pressure for accountability measures linked to student achievement in test scores. In Australia, the introduction of the National Assessment Program for Literacy and Numeracy and the uncertainty of the government use of the results, increases pressure on School leaders to ensure successful student performance under test conditions. Leaders are asking questions about the moral imperative of education and the need to meet increasing government accountabilities. This thesis will report on an exploration of a professional learning program to assist schools and teachers in transforming their teaching and learning practices. The specific purpose of this research is to explore how inferential discussions and critical reflection lead leaders to extrapolate and question the embedded values that underscore decisions and actions in their leadership practices associated with improving learning in the context of their school. The research explored the participants" journey of decision-making through the lens of shared and distributed leadership, reflective pedagogy and authentic learning. It analyses a variety of approaches as to how the moral imperatives of the profession impact on and promote authentic leading. It explores processes of reflection and dialogue in four primary schools as leaders and teachers examine their own practice and develop insights into the characteristics of learning and leading. The epistemological framework of the research is constructivism using the interpretive perspective through symbolic interactionism. A case study methodology was chosen for the research to provide a rich description of the journey taken by the participants. Data was v collected from four Catholic primary schools by examining the personal and professional experiences of participants in the Leaders Transforming Learning and Learners project through the use of semi-structured interviews, focus groups and reflective journals. The process of mind mapping was used to visually represent the transcribed data and to enable in-depth analysis of the data. This research project asked the question "How did the experience of working collaboratively in a school improvement project expand the participants' understanding of the relationship between leading and learning? In this research, principals and teachers engaged in a professional learning experience that provided an opportunity to collaborate and reflect on developing their leadership capacity. The research revealed that collaborating with colleagues on a project that explored the moral imperatives of leading and learning within the specific contextual nature of their school led them to rethink leading and learning. Further, when an ethical framework was provided, leaders were able to reflect on the values that shaped their decision-making and further develop their self-awareness as leaders. A deepening understanding of the complexities of decisionmaking in the educational setting provided the impetus for the development of teacher leaders and fostered a culture of leadership and learning in the schools. These findings are represented graphically in a model of contemporary leadership that captures the relationships of the major components of this linkage between leadership and learning in schools.


The lure of Facebook for university students has grown in recent years, with many defecting from institution provided formal online tuition spaces to student-led, study-focused groups on the social media platform. Various studies (see Tess, 2013) have evaluated the impact of institution-led use of Facebook within the context of formal education. However, only recently have researchers begun to explore learner-driven Facebook use (e.g. Dron and Anderson, 2014; Gardner, 2014; Kent and Leaver, 2014). Our study contributes to this research and is grounded in two stimuli: (1) our previous research into self-educating, online forum and Facebook-based informal learning communities, conducted when developing the public open scholar role (Coughlan and Perryman, 2012); and (2) our background as academic managers with The Open University (OU) UK. The latter led to our becoming aware that many OU students use Facebook groups to support their formal studies. Observing this phenomenon led us to ask: are student-formed Facebook groups really open educational practices and can they facilitate learning and help achieve educational inclusion? To answer these questions we closely analysed 10 student-led OU study-related Facebook groups, with a combined membership of approximately 2600. We first looked for a suitable existing framework for evaluating OEPs, but found none were ideally applicable to Facebook. We therefore adopted a hybrid evaluation strategy drawing on several frameworks as a basis for investigating: · the level of openness in our case study groups; · the degree to which the groups are educational; · the practices that take place in the groups. Our research shows that student-led Facebook groups can be a very valuable form of open educational practice, with university students making a significant contribution to their education through these groups. It is apparent that a combination of peer-provided guidance around academic practices and study skills, extensive emotional support, and discussion of module content in these groups can be a powerful complement to formal tuition. Following Gardner (2014) we suggest such groups feature the student-student interaction component of Anderson's Interaction Equivalency Theorem (Anderson, 2003), sitting alongside top-down teaching and content. Our research has the potential to shift the focus of the open education movement from researching students as co-producers of objects to exploring the ways in which students co-develop educational processes and are partners in the creation of new knowledge. We recommend that universities should consider the extent to which Facebook groups can complement the formal learning experience and that tutors should learn how to use Facebook proficiently and observe a variety of open groups over time in order to better understand the role of Facebook in students' learning. We are hopeful our research will lead to a refinement of the term 'open educational practice' involving a shift of focus from the creation and top-down, educator-led 'distribution' of OER to the collaborative creation of new knowledge and an open culture of peer support.


Most state-of-the-art dictionary learning algorithms (DLAs) are iterative, and must begin with an initial estimate of the dictionary, referred to as the seed. A seed can be generated randomly, but it has been shown that choosing a more intelligent seed often yields a better solution. For example, a seed inferred using data from a related problem, or one handcrafted based on a priori knowledge of the problem at hand can yield better solutions. Seed dictionaries appear to encode valuable a priori information however, most DLAs discard the seed after initialization. This work investigates the questions of whether the information encoded in a good seed can be leveraged further, by potentially using the seed to influence learning after initialization. This is achieved by modifying the popular DLA K-SVD to use the seed as a prior during learning, by penalizing differences between the learned dictionary and the seed. The resulting algorithm, referred to as Seed Shrinkage Dictionary Learning (SSDL), is examined against K-SVD on image denoising experiments using several benchmark images. The results indicate that utilizing the seed as a prior in this way consistently yields improved denoising performance in our experiments. This simple approach motivates the development of more sophisticated approaches that leverage a priori information in useful seeds.


This volume collects some of the leading essays in contemporary democratic theory published in the past thirty years. The anthology presents the work of a select group of contributors (including Peter Singer, Joshua Cohen, Ronald Dworkin, Richard Arneson, and others) and covers many foundational approaches defended by scholars from a range of different disciplines. The chapters address many issues that are central to philosophical reflections on democracy, such as questions pertaining to deliberative and economic approaches, as well as to such topics as intrinsic fairness, the role of equality in relation to minority groups, and the limits of democracy. Covering representative work in economics, political science, legal theory, and philosophy, this comprehensive volume is suited to courses in political theory and political philosophy.