In this paper, the challenges and benefits of creating D 4 AR – 4 dimensional augmented reality– models and their applicability and usefulness for automated and visual monitoring of construction progress, safety and quality issues on typical housing projects are presented. D 4 AR models are generated by superimposing two emerging sources of information: (1) Building Information Models (BIM), and (2) daily construction photographs and videos. Using these two emerging and already available sources of information, the D 4 AR models extend the application of BIM which is primarily used for design coordination, system clash prevention and constructability analysis, to the construction phase of a project. These models automatically measure physical progress and visualize performance deviations by superimposing color-coded BIM elements over unordered and uncalibrated daily site imagery in a common 3D environment. In this study, the applicability and usefulness of these models and the prototype software developed by Golparvar-Fard et al. (2010) is tested and validated on the Bicocca housing project in Milan, Italy. The granularity of the underlying BIM and the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) for an accurate construction monitoring and control is studied. Furthermore, it is examined how the D 4 AR models can help practitioners to remotely and easily find schedule deviations, safety issues and quality inconsistencies, resolve such issues in a timely manner, inform stakeholders of the most updated status of a project on a regular basis, and engage project participants early in the revision process to minimize the negative impacts of schedule delay and cost overrun. The challenges and benefits of generating and using the D 4 AR models, the requirements for the granularity of the BIM and WBS for planning and scheduling are presented and their applicability and usefulness based on the research conducted on the Milano Bicocca housing project are further discussed.


The task of consistently and reliably replicating data is fundamental in distributed systems, and numerous existing protocols are able to achieve such replication efficiently. When called on to build a large-scale enterprise storage system with built-in replication, we were therefore surprised to discover that no existing protocols met our requirements. As a result, we designed and deployed a new replication protocol called Niobe. Niobe is in the primary-backup family of protocols, and shares many similarities with other protocols in this family. But we believe Niobe is significantly more practical for large-scale enterprise storage than previously published protocols. In particular, Niobe is simple, flexible, has rigorously proven yet simply stated consistency guarantees, and exhibits excellent performance. Niobe has been deployed as the backend for a commercial Internet service; its consistency properties have been proved formally from first principles, and further verified using the TLA + specification language. We describe the protocol itself, the system built to deploy it, and some of our experiences in doing so.


Panel discussion recorded at Critical Conversations: The Art and Science of Diversity - Provost's Diversity Research Forum Feb 9-11, 2011


Routine laboratory procedures measure effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) and exchangeable acidity (EA) using separate extractants. This study assessed the suitability of a one-step BaCl 2 extraction for the analysis of both ECEC and EA on organic and mineral soils by comparing results to those of a multi-step BaCl 2 extraction already in use by Europe's International Cooperative Programme (ICP)-Forest program. The proposed one-step BaCl 2 extraction procedure saves time and resources by analyzing both with a single extractant. In both methods, ECEC was calculated by summing base and acid cations, including H + determined by titration, and EA was determined by a second titration of the same BaCl 2 extracts. The effect of the different solution/soil ratios of the one-step BaCl 2 method was also evaluated. For organic soils, despite the greater solution/soil ratio of the one-step procedure, the multi-step procedure extracted more Al and Fe. For mineral soils, increasing the solution/soil ratio of the one-step method from 10:1 to 20:1 extracted more K, Al, H + , and EA. Adding the rinsing steps of the multi-step procedure (resulting in a solution/soil ratio of 40:1) not only extracted more of these cations, but also extracted more Ca, Fe, and Mn. The acid cations Al, Fe, and H + were the most significantly affected cations resulting in 30 to 68% more EA and 11 to 41% greater ECEC obtained by the multi-step procedure. The one-step BaCl 2 method offers a simpler, more efficient way to analyze these routinely tested parameters.


Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare disease associated with either a quantitative or qualitative deficiency in C1‐inhibitor (C1‐INH) or normal C1‐INH. HAE with normal C1‐INH is associated in 20% of cases with mutations in the gene for factor XII (FXII) or FXII‐HAE. A recent review described 41 families, including 14 German and 15 Spanish families. We have constructed a register of French patients and their characteristics. A national survey was launched through the French National Center of Reference for Angioedema (CREAK) to study the clinical, biological and therapeutic characteristics of patients with HAE linked to a mutation of FXII gene. Fifty‐seven patients were identified from 24 different families. In most cases they were young women (mean age at diagnosis: 31 years, mean age at first symptom: 21 years, female/male ratio: 76%). Twenty‐one per cent of the patients experienced angioedema attacks only during pregnancy or when on oestrogen contraception. Sixty‐three per cent had attacks at all times, but they were more severe during these same periods. Male carriers of the mutation were more frequently asymptomatic than females (P = 0·003). C1‐INH concentrate and icatibant were both effective for treating attacks. The prophylactic use of tranexamic acid led to a 64% decrease in the number of attacks. This is one of the largest series reported of HAE patients with FXII mutation. The therapeutic management appeared to be identical to that of HAE with C1‐INH deficiency.


This thesis investigates the issue of side effects and how they may act as a barrier to the use of modern contraceptive methods among women in Ghana. Three papers are presented each addressing the issue using different sources of data and different methodologies. The disparate nature of the data sources and techniques used provides each paper with its own perspective on the research question and each paper gives a unique insight into the topic. The aim of the first paper is to use a qualitative focus group methodology to explore in-depth the way individuals perceive information about family planning. The study seeks to better define what is meant by the term fear of side effect in this particular social context and to determine on what information and from what sources is this fear constructed. Overall the findings of this study show that fear of side effects does act as a significant barrier to the use of temporary methods and these fears result mainly from a large amount of negative information regarding side effects being passed through the social network. However the events being recounted cannot be dismissed as myth or rumour as they are most often based in real experiences. The second paper uses monthly data on contraceptive use and the experience of side effects from the calendar section of a longitudinal survey of women in Southern Ghana. Using life tables and a multi-level logistic discrete-time hazards model this study analyses contraceptive discontinuation and how it relates to the concurrent self-reported experience of side effects. The results show that experiencing side effects is associated with a higher probability of discontinuation of the method and that counselling from health workers is extremely important in minimizing discontinuation rates. The third paper uses a sub-sample of women who are not current contraceptive users from the 2003 GDHS. The study uses multiple logistic regression to determine the association between exposure to family planning information, through mass media and interpersonal channels, and the probability that a respondent will cite fear of side effects as their main reason for not intending to use a contraceptive method in the future. The results show that the only family planning communication variable which does have a significant effect is receiving a message from a health worker which increases the odds of fear of side effects being the main reason for not intending to use a method in the future. Overall the socio-economic characteristics of those not intending to use a method in the future due to a fear of side effects is more similar to current users than to those who are not intending to use in the future for other reasons.


Maternal mortality is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration of the pregnancy, from any cause aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes. In Ghana, the estimated maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is 350, while the number of maternal deaths stands at 2700. MMR for the Sub-Saharan countries is 500 with maternal deaths of 162,000. The estimates for global MMR are 210, with 28700 as the number of deaths. Though the Tamale Teaching Hospital recorded a 74% reduction of maternal mortality in 2011, it is argued that this institutional figure represents an insignificant number of women who deliver at the hospital and that the majority of births in the region occurs at home are not captured. The contribution of socio-cultural beliefs and practices to maternal mortality is incalculable. It prevents pregnant women from attending hospitals for ANC and delivery and even from taken certain food that can help improve pregnant women's health. This paper elaborates on the question of maternal mortality, it interrogates the overemphasis on medical explanation to the maternal mortality and how that alone is not helping the situation. It delves into the issue of sociocultural beliefs and practices as contributing factors to maternal mortality in Tolon district and the need to address these cultural beliefs and practices to pave the way for achieving the MDG 5and safe maternal delivery. The paper contributes to the ongoing debate on achieving the MDGs as the benchmark of 2014 is just around the corner. It also sensitizes the policy makers, the Ministry of Health and the public on the need to recast their efforts and focus on socio-cultural beliefs and practices to reduce maternal mortality in Ghana.


The state of Qatar has a strategic location within the heart of the Arabian Gulf, the richest oil area in the world. Its extensive coastline (700 km) is experiencing some of the most radical environmental conditions in the world's oceans including extreme temperature, high UV irradiance as well as high evaporations. These extreme conditions are pushing many marine biota to function close to their physiological limits. On the top of the extreme natural hydrographic conditions, there are tremendous stress exerted by oil exploration, production and transportation and probably any remnants from the largest oil spills in history, during the Gulf war in 1991. The present study is the first comprehensive study in the Gulf that is designed to assess the spatial and temporal variability of levels of Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of the Qatari coastal water and their bioaccumulation by dominant benthic invertebrates. Sediments and dominants benthic organisms samples were collected seasonally from thirteen locations in the coastal water of Qatar starting in the winter of 2014 and for four consequent seasons. Ten abundant benthic invertebrate species representing different trophic levels were selected to assess the spatial and temporal variability of PAHs in the Qatar costal water. These species have limited or no mobility, a major criteria for selecting benthic organisms in bio-monitoring programs. These species included gastropods, bivalves, and crustaceans with different trophic positions including carnivores, omnivores, herbivores and detritivores. Samples were analyzed for 16 parent PAHs including low molecular weight parent PAHs (LPAHS) and high molecular weight parent PAHs (HPAHs), 18 alkyl homologs and dibenzothiophenes. The results of the present study will be used for ecological risks assessment. Levels of PAHs in sediments and tissue residues are found to be significantly variable with species, locations, seasons and also with distance from shore (P < 0.05). PAHs concentrations in sediments is negatively correlated with the water temperature (r = − 0.65) indicating the impact of temperature and probably levels of UV radiations on the fate of PAHs. Levels of PAHs in sediments indicated the presence of few moderately contaminated sites near point sources. Concentrations of PAHs in sediments showed wide spatial and temporal range (5 8.5%) presenting a range of trophic levels including carnivores and filter feeders. Significant correlations (P < 0.05) were found between PAHs tissue residues concentrations and signatures of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes emphasizing the roles of trophic pathways on the uptake and bioaccumulation levels of individual PAHs in marine invertebrates. The present results are to be supported by more samples from two more seasons. The knowledge from this study intended to assist PAHs monitoring and identification of potential sources to guide management decisions. The outcome of the study is expected to help the regulatory agency (Qatar Ministry of Environment) as well as Gulf organizations such as ROPME to improve environmental laws and set standards based on these studies. Acknowledgements: This Research was supported by a grant (NPRP-6-442-1-087) from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation) to Yousria Soliman, Ebrahima Al Ansari, Terry Wade, and Jose Sericano.


This paper reports on the results of an ethnographic study of a virtual team project in the travel and tourism industry. Key elements that contributed to the team's ability to work effectively and gain benefit are identified and discussed within the context of the case. It was found that the caretaker/gatekeeper role of the project leader made a significant contribution to overcoming problems arising from project complexity. However, the lack of commitment to a range of information technologies heightened the reliance on periodic face-to-face meetings to provide an environment that supported team interactions.


Different metal acetate salts were systematically examined for the catalytic deoxygenation of stearic acid in the absence of H2 and solvent for the first time. Ni(OAc)2 exhibited the highest activity with 62% yield achieved at 350 °C for 4.5 h with only 1 mol% (0.2 wt%) of the catalyst. Even with 0.25 mol% (0.05 wt%) catalyst, around 28% yield was achieved within 2 h at 350 °C with 89% selectivity to C17 hydrocarbons. The activity based on C17 yields per Ni was 14.5 mol mol−1 h−1, considerably higher than that in previous reports. The catalytically active species were identified to be in situ generated Ni nanoparticles (8–10 nm) formed from the decomposition of the metal precursor with stearic acid as a stabilizer. A new reaction pathway of alkane formation from stearic acid via anhydride intermediate decarbonylation under an inert gas atmosphere was proposed. The excellent stability of the catalyst was demonstrated by re-adding a substrate to the system, during which the activity remained constant through four consecutive runs. The novel catalytic system was found to be applicable to a range of fatty acids and triglycerides with varying activities.


Perceptually inspired color correction methods are characterized by human visual system properties. In this paper, we propose a perceptually inspired variational method for uneven intensity correction of remote sensing images. The proposed method shares the same intrinsic scheme as the Retinex theory, but the reflectance in this method is solved directly within the limited dynamic range and is supposed to comply with the gray world assumption. Considering the smoothness of illumination and the complexity of reflectance, the proposed method integrates L2 norm and total variation prior to inflict varying constraints to different components and regions. The minimum of this variational model is calculated using the steepest descent approach. Experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Purpose To segment and quantify three distinct retinal capillary plexuses using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in myopic eyes. Methods We analyzed 96 eyes from 62 subjects with myopia (27.76 ± 7.05 years of age) and evaluated 30 normal eyes from 15 subjects (28.33 ± 3.13 years of age) for controls. En face OCTA images generated by AngioPlex (Carl Zeiss; Oberkochen, Germany) were manually segmented by the progressive matching method into superficial, middle, and deep capillary plexuses (SCPs, MCPs, and DCPs, respectively). Estimated positions for each plexus relative to the reference line were calculated. After strict artifact removal and magnification correction, vessel density (VD) and skeleton density (SD) analyses were performed on each capillary plexus. Results Myopic eyes were divided into three groups according to their degree of myopia. We defined the relative estimated positions of the MCP outer boundary to the retinal pigment epithelium fit layer as MCP = –89.317 – 0.178 (central retinal thickness) – 0.580 (ganglion cell inner plexiform thickness); the DCP outer boundary was 38.48 ± 6.24 µm below the inner plexiform layer. VDs were significantly higher in the super-high myopia group than in the control and moderate myopia groups for the DCP (all P < 0.05). SDs in the SCPs were significantly lower in the high myopia and super-high myopia groups than in the control groups (all P < 0.001). Conclusions With progressive matching, we segmented three capillary plexuses and defined the relative estimated positions of each capillary plexus to the reference line in myopic eyes. The VD of the DCP increased for more myopic eyes. Translational Relevance Our study provides a visual method for OCTA image vascular segmentation for myopic eyes.


E-mail is mandatory tool of communications any business to survive in the 21st century. It is imperative that Information technology (IT) managers monitor and make sure that the e-mail systems are used properly. In order to organize a systematic process for proper use of email an administrator must have an input into the development of appropriate e-mail policies and procedures. IT administrators must develop and understand the policies and procedures for the management of E-mail systems. This research highlights on the importance of e-mail policies and procedures as they relate to employees use of e-mail systems and the responsibility assigned to an e-mail administrator in the management of this usage. This research also addresses liability issues and how the law applies to e-mall management. Keywords: E-mail Management, E-Mall Etiquette, E-Mail liability, Information Overload ********** The nonstop progress of technology has made the local and international businesses to rely more and more on IT. According to Pew Internet & American Life Project Tracking 2004 surveys; Ninety-three percent of all internet users have e-mail. Use of E-mail is an essential constituent of doing business in relation to communication. Whenever businesses initiate e-mail policies, they encounter a variety of issues to make sure that statutory rules and regulations are followed. This study explores the challenges of proper e-mail usage and the law as it relates to companies policies and procedures. What is E-mail Etiquette? If a management fails to regulate the use of company's e-mail systems it can expose companies to variety of legal suits. Information overload represents a state of affairs where an individual's efficiency in using information in their work is hampered by the amount of relevant, and potentially useful, information available to them (Holtham & Courtney, 1999). The information must be of some potential value, and it must be accessible. It is an essential element of e-mail etiquette. All businesses must implement etiquette guidelines for the reasons such as professionalism, efficiency, protection from liability, and information overload. By requiring employees to use appropriate, businesslike language in all electronic communications, employers can limit their liability risks and improve the overall effectiveness of an organization's e-mail and Internet policy in the process. There are some basic rules in regards to e-mail etiquette that should be followed (Caudron, 2000). E-mail etiquette can be enforced in several ways such as creating a written e-mail policy, training employees to understand the importance of e-mail etiquette, and implementing rules that can be monitored by using e-mail management software and e-mail response tools (Angell & Heslop, 1994). E-mail Liability The improper use of e-mail creates for employers an array of legal problems because of three typical e-mail-system features: broadcasting capabilities, perpetual retention, and susceptibility to abuse. These features can give rise to such legal concerns and challenges as; preserving the confidentiality of company information, dealing with e-mails' admissibility into court and their storage during litigation, protecting the company from liability for employees' misuse of e-mail, and handling employee-privacy claims (Mills, Clay, & Mortensen, 2000). Examples of Courts' Use of E-mail in Legal Situations There have been many cases involving e-mail recently that has involved e-mail. Some of the cases include antitrust issues, contract disputes, employee-related litigation, privacy concerns, and trademark issues. The public display of corporate e-mail in United States of America and State of New York et al. v. Microsoft Corporation was the first instance when many companies became aware of the dangers of retained e-mail messages (Mills et al. …


Designing efficient general-purpose contextual bandit algorithms that work with large -- or even continuous -- action spaces would facilitate application to important scenarios such as information retrieval, recommendation systems, and continuous control. While obtaining standard regret guarantees can be hopeless, alternative regret notions have been proposed to tackle the large action setting. We propose a smooth regret notion for contextual bandits, which dominates previously proposed alternatives. We design a statistically and computationally efficient algorithm -- for the proposed smooth regret -- that works with general function approximation under standard supervised oracles. We also present an adaptive algorithm that automatically adapts to any smoothness level. Our algorithms can be used to recover the previous minimax/Pareto optimal guarantees under the standard regret, e.g., in bandit problems with multiple best arms and Lipschitz/H{\"o}lder bandits. We conduct large-scale empirical evaluations demonstrating the efficacy of our proposed algorithms.


An On-Board Diagnostic II (OBD-II) is a standard diagnostic software management
that is installed in a Powertrain Control Module (PCM). It provides some useful data
to the driver. There are four different devices using the OBD-II protocol exists in the
market that can be used as a driver information system. They are personal digital
assistant Dyno/OBD-II scan tool, CarChip Fleet, DriveRight 600, and ScanGauge II.
Each of these four devices has some limitation in term of supporting all features for
live data monitoring, diagnostic trouble code scanning, trip information, and data
logging system. Thus, there is a need for a device that supports all these features
together with scheduled service reminder. This thesis describes the design and
development of a driver information system based on OBD-II protocol. Its hardware
and software systems were designed based on four design considerations: upgrade
capability, high data storage capacity, back-up capability, and user friendly. The
proposed system consists of an 8-bit microcontroller, a buffer memory, a liquid
crystal display, a real time clock, a MultiMediaCard, an OBD-II interpreter unit, and power supply unit. This system was successfully interfaced and tested with the PCM
of Hyundai Getz car.


We rederive the results of our companion paper, for matching space–time and internal signature, by applying in detail the Dirac algorithm to the Palatini action. While the constraint set of the Palatini action contains second class constraints, by an appeal to the method of gauge unfixing, we map the second class system to an equivalent first class system which turns out to be identical to the first class constraint system obtained via the extension of the ADM phase space performed in our companion paper. Central to our analysis is again the appropriate treatment of the simplicity constraint. Remarkably, the simplicity constraint invariant extension of the Hamiltonian constraint, that is a necessary step in the gauge unfixing procedure, involves a correction term which is precisely the one found in the companion paper and which makes sure that the Hamiltonian constraint derived from the Palatini Lagrangian coincides with the ADM Hamiltonian constraint when Gauß and simplicity constraints are satisfied. We therefore have rederived our new connection formulation of general relativity from an independent starting point, thus confirming the consistency of this framework.


The vertebrate heart is unique among the blood pumps described in metazoans. In contrast to the myoepithelial tubes found in most animal phyla, the vertebrate heart is made up of multilayered myocardial cells surrounded by connective tissue derived from epicardium and endocardium, and endowed with complex valvular, coronary vessel and conduction systems. Despite these profound differences, a common genetic program seems to underlie the specification and differentiation of all the cardiac tissues. In this article, we will review the similarities in the transcriptional networks and signalling mechanisms regulating cardiac development in different animals, as well as the origin of the main differences existing between vertebrate and invertebrate hearts. We will pay special attention to the hypotheses concerning the evolutionary origin of the endothelium and the epicardium from ancestral blood cells and pronephric progenitors, respectively. We can summarize the transition between the invertebrate and the vertebrate heart as the result of the thickening of the primarily myoepithelial cardiac tube which was concomitant with: 1) an inner lining by an endothelium with the ability to transform into mesenchyme; 2) an outer lining derived from an ancestral pronephric glomerular primordium with vasculogenic potential; 3) a neural crest cell population which reaches the heart from the pharyngeal region; 4) the incorporation of new myocardium at both ends from a second heart field and 5) the formation of specialized chambers. The complex interactions between all these elements originated an exceptionally powerful blood pump which allowed vertebrates to reach their characteristically large size and activity.


The National HE STEM programme is dedicated to developing a closer relationship between schools,
colleges, higher education (HE) institutions and industry.

After all, in today's competitive workplace, it's more important than ever that graduates have the skills to succeed in industry. Unfortunately, all too often, undergraduate learners are ll-equipped to make this transition smoothly and effectively.

This is an issue that was highlighted in the Lambert Review, which exposed the difficult interface between academia and industry. It's particularly relevant to Yorkshire & Humberside (Y&H) where only six per cent of employers have
any contact with higher education.

Succeeding in Tomorrow's Engineering World of Work is an HE STEM strand focused on creating a pipeline for students in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines to progress successfully into the world of work. By enhancing the curriculum to include transferable skills, Succeeding in Tomorrow's Engineering
World of Work is improving graduates' professional readiness. It's adding to the knowledge they require to play an active and valuable role in the workplace.

Involving collaborative partnership working, the Project has analysed, designed and evaluated a STEM-specific approach to learner/employer engagement. This has resulted in a robust, impact evaluation model from which other HE institutions can benefit.

This brochure outlines the general approach to this ambitious project and celebrates the successful outcomes for the students, graduates and employers involved.

Foreword by Dr Pam Murrell, ICME


Few Americans, black or white, recognize the degree to which early African American history is a maritime history. W. Jeffrey Bolster shatters the myth that black seafaring in the age of sail was limited to the Middle Passage. Seafaring was one of the most significant occupations among both enslaved and free black men between 1740 and 1865. Tens of thousands of black seamen sailed on lofty clippers and modest coasters. They sailed in whalers, warships, and privateers. Some were slaves, forced to work at sea, but by 1800 most were free men, seeking liberty and economic opportunity aboard ship. Bolster brings an intimate understanding of the sea to this extraordinary chapter in the formation of black America. Because of their unusual mobility, sailors were the eyes and ears to worlds beyond the limited horizon of black communities ashore. Sometimes helping to smuggle slaves to freedom, they were more often a unique conduit for news and information of concern to blacks. But for all its opportunities, life at sea was difficult. Blacks actively contributed to the Atlantic maritime culture shared by all seamen, but were often outsiders within it. Capturing that tension, "Black Jacks" examines not only how common experiences drew black and white sailors together--even as deeply internalized prejudices drove them apart--but also how the meaning of race aboard ship changed with time. Bolster traces the story to the end of the Civil War, when emancipated blacks began to be systematically excluded from maritime work. Rescuing African American seamen from obscurity, this stirring account reveals the critical role sailors played in helping forge new identities for black people in America. An epic tale of the rise and fall of black seafaring, "Black Jacks" is African Americans' freedom story presented from a fresh perspective.


A major challenge in the application of block copolymer directed self-assembly (DSA) to advanced lithography is the exploration of large design spaces, including the selection of confinement shape and size, surface chemistry to affect wetting conditions, copolymer chain length and block fraction. To sweep such large spaces, a computational model is ideally both fast and accurate. In this study, we investigate various incarnations of the density functional theory (DFT) approach and evaluate their suitability to DSA applications. We introduce a new optimization scheme to capitalize on the speed advantages of DFT, while minimizing loss of accuracy relative to the benchmark of self-consistent field theory (SCFT). Although current DFT models afford a 100-fold reduction in computational complexity over SCFT, even the best optimized models fail to match SCFT density profiles and make extremely poor predictions of commensurability windows and defect energetics. These limitations suggest that SCFT will remain the gold standard for DSA simulations in the near future.


"Health is the greatest possession". Various techniques are drawn for the better treatment of health of society. As the technology is reaching its peak, it is emerging in medical treatments quickly and fruitfully giving birth to "telemedicine" - invention of technology in medicine. Earlier slow and erroneous processes are replaced by precise and faultless methods involving fast internet services. These techniques allow real-time data accessibility with proper authentication. The idea is based on cloud-computing and real time streaming of videos. The information is made available on the WEB in a suitable format, from where, it can be accessed by authorized medical staff. Cloud computing has a revolutionary effect on telemedicine. Many medical professionals are already using advance telehealth application of cloud computing. According to various specialists and researchers, cloud computing can improve healthcare services to an undoubtedly large extent. This paper discusses the advancement in utilization of cloud computing in field of telehealth. It can contribute to improve health scenario all over the world.


We present a computational method to increase the effective NA of a holographic microscopy system operating in air. Our optical system employs a reflection Mach-Zender architecture and computational reconstruction of the full complex (phase and amplitude) wavefront. Based on fundamental diffraction principles, different angles of incident illumination result in different diffracted orders of the object wave being imaged. We record, store, and computationally recombine these object waves to expand the spatial frequency response. Experimental results demonstrate an improvement in the effective NA of our system from 0.59 to 0.78.


The heat and mass transfer of deformable droplets in turbulent flows is crucial to a wide range of applications, such as cloud dynamics and internal combustion engines. This study investigates a single droplet undergoing phase change in isotropic turbulence using numerical simulations with a hybrid lattice Boltzmann scheme. Phase separation is controlled by a non-ideal equation of state and density contrast is taken into consideration. Droplet deformation is caused by pressure and shear stress at the droplet interface. The statistics of thermodynamic variables are quantified and averaged over both the liquid and vapour phases. The occurrence of evaporation and condensation is correlated to temperature fluctuations, surface tension variation and turbulence intensity. The temporal spectra of droplet deformations are analysed and related to the droplet surface area. Different modes of oscillation are clearly identified from the deformation power spectrum for low Taylor Reynolds number $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$ , whereas nonlinearities are produced with the increase of $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}}$ , as intermediate frequencies are seen to overlap. As an outcome, a continuous spectrum is observed, which shows a decrease in the power spectrum that scales as ${\sim}f^{-3}$ . Correlations between the droplet Weber number, deformation parameter, fluctuations of the droplet volume and thermodynamic variables are also developed.


In this paper, we present a critical survey on homogenization theory and related techniques applied to micromechanics. The validation of homogenization results, the characterization of composite materials and the optimal design of complex structures are issues of great technological importance and are viewed here as a combination of mathematical and mechanical homogenization. The mathematical tools for modeling sequentially layered composites are explained. The influence of initial and boundary conditions on the effective properties in nonlinear problems is clarified and the notion of stability by homogenization is analyzed. Multiscale micromechanics methods are outlined and the classical as well as the emerging analytical and computational techniques are presented. Computation of effective static and dynamical properties of materials with linear or nonlinear constitutive equations is closely related to the development of generalized theories such as the strain-gradient mechanics. Selected applications of these techniques are outlined. Moreover, the extension of kinetic techniques in homogenization and the related inverse imaging problem are presented.


In the Introduction to this paper, following French Marxist Louis Althusser, I briefly examine the roles of the Repressive State Apparatuses (RSAs), and the Ideological State Apparatuses (ISAs) in forging consensus to capitalist norms and values. The paper is divided into three parts. In the first part, I discuss the role of what I have described as the Governmental/Political RSA/ISA in the UK in promoting neo-liberal global capitalism and imperialism and forestalling social revolutionary change. In the first part I also make a few observations on the special role of the UK Monarchy. Next I consider to what extent the Educational ISA is the dominant ISA. In the final section of Part 1, I address Althusser's concept of the interpellation of subjects. In the second part of the paper, as a contrast to the political and economic 'consensus' which has been engineered in the UK, I look at current developments in Venezuela at social democracy in action, and socialism in embryo. I also pose the question: is there a need to amend Althusser's RSA/ISA thesis in the light of these developments. In the third part of the paper, I make some suggestions as to how three important strands in the UK National Curriculum might be used to break 'the last taboo', how they might facilitate the creation of spaces for discussions in schools of the alternative to global neo-liberal capitalism – world socialism.


In addition to considerable sanctions, criminal and civil securities enforcement actions trigger an array of collateral consequences. This Article studies automatic "bad actor" and "ineligible issuer" disqualifications, which bar disqualified firms from relying on relaxed disclosure and reporting requirements when raising external capital. First adopted in 1940, the disqualifications were primarily intended to reduce the risk of future violations related to the sale of securities. The SEC has the authority to waive disqualifications on showing of good cause, in particular where the defendant poses low risk of fraud in a disqualified offering. This Article reviews the population of 201 bad actor and ineligible issuer waivers granted between July 2003 and December 2014, and identifies three significant trends in the SEC's exercise of waiver authority. First, large financial firms received a large majority of waivers, 81.6 percent. Smaller financial firms and nonfinancial companies rarely received waivers. The relative share of waivers issued to large financial firms is not necessarily a reason for concern if such firms are less likely to commit securities fraud than smaller and nonfinancial firms. This could be due to alternative risk-reduction mechanisms such as external oversight or superior self-policing. Second, the study finds that the SEC has developed unwritten criteria for granting waiver requests but has lacked transparency. Most significantly, firms charged with accounting fraud rarely receive a waiver, regardless of their size. But large firms charged with fraud related to structured mortgage securities do tend to receive waivers, even though such misconduct signals fraud risk. Moreover, waivers are often granted to repeat violators whose track record suggests problems with legal compliance. And third, the study reveals a shift in waiver practices over time. The number of granted waivers has declined since 2010, as scrutiny of the SEC's waiver practices has increased. Also, the SEC recently shifted from granting waivers in full to limited and conditional waivers, a practice that is consistent with the purpose of disqualifications.This Article proposes that automatic disqualifications can be useful tools if deployed consistently and transparently. The SEC should articulate clear and justifiable criteria for automatic disqualifications based on indicators for future fraud. It should make principled and transparent decisions on whether, when, and under what conditions to grant waivers. Disqualifications can be blunt instruments. Rather than waive disqualifications in full, the SEC should expand its practice of granting limited and conditional waivers where waiver denial would be excessive.


Plants are extremely versatile organisms that respond to the environment in which they find themselves, but a large part of their development is under genetic regulation. The links between developmental parameters and yield are poorly understood in oilseed rape; understanding this relationship will help growers to predict their yields more accurately and breeders to focus on traits that may lead to yield improvements. To determine the relationship between seed yield and other agronomic traits, we investigated the natural variation that already exists with regards to resource allocation in 37 lines of the crop species Brassica napus. Over 130 different traits were assessed; they included seed yield parameters, seed composition, leaf mineral analysis, rates of pod and leaf senescence and plant architecture traits. A stepwise regression analysis was used to model statistically the measured traits with seed yield per plant. Above-ground biomass and protein content together accounted for 94.36% of the recorded variation. The primary raceme area, which was highly correlated with yield parameters (0.65), provides an early indicator of potential yield. The pod and leaf photosynthetic and senescence parameters measured had only a limited influence on seed yield and were not correlated with each other, indicating that reproductive development is not necessarily driving the senescence process within field-grown B. napus. Assessing the diversity that exists within the B. napus gene pool has highlighted architectural, seed and mineral composition traits that should be targeted in breeding programmes through the development of linked markers to improve crop yields.


Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)-based bimetallic sulfides have drawn increasing research attention because of their unique structures and properties. Herein, a one-pot hydrothermal synthesis method is proposed to grow a series of bimetallic sulfides on carbon cloth (M-Mo-S/CC, M = Co, Ni, Fe) using Anderson-type polyoxometalates (POMs) as bimetallic sources for the first time. An ideal model of M-Mo-S/CC was used to study the growth process through the nucleation-doping competition mechanism. It is proved for the first time that M-Mo-S/CC possess certain compositions of bimetallic sulfides rather than metal doped MoS2 structures because the nucleation reaction is predominant in the nucleation-doping competition. Moreover, the nucleation rates of different metals can be compared to study the different morphologies of M-Mo-S/CC because Anderson-type POMs have fixed bimetal proportions and precise structures. Co-Mo-S and Ni-Mo-S show spherical heterostructures with CoS2 or NiS mainly inside and interconnected MoS2 nanosheets outside, while Fe-Mo-S exhibits uniform nanosheet morphology without stacking. As electrodes for alkaline water electrolysis, M-Mo-S/CC with different compositions and morphologies exhibit a variety of activities. Particularly, among the M-Mo-S/CC samples, Co-Mo-S/CC achieves the best performance for hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction and overall water splitting. This study presents a facile strategy of using POMs as bimetallic precursors for studying the growth mechanism as well as the water electrolysis performances of MoS2-based bimetallic sulfides.

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This edited research volume explores the development of what can be described as the 'critical turn' in intercultural communication pedagogy, with a particular focus on modern/foreign language education. The main aim is to trace the realisations of this critical turn against a background of unequal power relations, and to illuminate the role that radical culture educators can play in the making of a more democratic and egalitarian social order. The volume takes as a starting point the idea that criticality draws on a number of intellectual traditions, which do not always focus on social and political critique, and argues that because ideological hegemony impacts on the meanings that people create and share, intercultural communication pedagogy ought to locate itself within wider socio-political contexts. With reference points drawn from critical and transnational social theory, critical pedagogy and intercultural theory, contributors to this volume provide readers with powerful ways that show how this can be achieved, and together assess the impact that their understanding of criticality can make on modern/foreign language education. The volume is divided into three major parts, namely: 'theorising critically', 'researching critically' and 'teaching critically'.


Some blind humans have developed echolocation, as a method of navigation in space. Echolocation is a truly active sense because subjects analyze echoes of dedicated, self-generated sounds to assess space around them. Using a special virtual space technique, we assess how humans perceive enclosed spaces through echolocation, thereby revealing the interplay between sensory and vocal-motor neural activity while humans perform this task. Sighted subjects were trained to detect small changes in virtual-room size analyzing real-time generated echoes of their vocalizations. Individual differences in performance were related to the type and number of vocalizations produced. We then asked subjects to estimate virtual-room size with either active or passive sounds while measuring their brain activity with fMRI. Subjects were better at estimating room size when actively vocalizing. This was reflected in the hemodynamic activity of vocal-motor cortices, even after individual motor and sensory components were removed. Activity in these areas also varied with perceived room size, although the vocal-motor output was unchanged. In addition, thalamic and auditory-midbrain activity was correlated with perceived room size; a likely result of top-down auditory pathways for human echolocation, comparable with those described in echolocating bats. Our data provide evidence that human echolocation is supported by active sensing, both behaviorally and in terms of brain activity. The neural sensory-motor coupling complements the fundamental acoustic motor-sensory coupling via the environment in echolocation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Passive listening is the predominant method for examining brain activity during echolocation, the auditory analysis of self-generated sounds. We show that sighted humans perform better when they actively vocalize than during passive listening. Correspondingly, vocal motor and cerebellar activity is greater during active echolocation than vocalization alone. Motor and subcortical auditory brain activity covaries with the auditory percept, although motor output is unchanged. Our results reveal behaviorally relevant neural sensory-motor coupling during echolocation.


Abstract China's export competition has decreased the total export value of Finnish firms' products, primarily through price cuts. Firm-level analysis shows that the export competition with China leads to substantial price cuts to retain market shares, especially for homogeneous products. Price cuts to maintain market shares as competition intensifies do not seem to be as relevant for differentiated (heterogeneous) products. On the other hand, firms respond to the increased level of Chinese export competition by dropping their marginal product exports. The study highlights the importance of export competition with China for developed countries, as China's production climbs higher on the value chain ladder. It is important that policy measures will focus on supporting the growth of production and export of specified products. The continuing support of R&D investments in both companies and in public sector is one of the most important policy actions that will generate new competitive high-skill export products.


In a secure roaming scenario, a user U travels to a foreign network and communicates with a foreign server V securely so that no one other than U and V can obtain the messages exchanged between them. U may also want to travel anonymously so that no one including V can find out its identity or trace its whereabouts except its home server H. There have been many key establishment protocols proposed for secure roaming. A typical application of these protocols is the mobile roaming service which may be deployed to interconnected WLAN and 3G networks. Despite the importance of these protocols, most of the protocols are analyzed heuristically. They are lack of formal security treatment. In this paper, we propose a formal key exchange definition and formalize secure roam- ing under the Canetti-Krawczyk (CK) model. We also propose a formal model for capturing the notions of user anonymity and untraceability. By using the modular ap- proach supported by the CK-model, we construct an efficient key exchange protocol for roaming and then extend it to support user anonymity and untraceability. The protocols are efficient and each of them requires only four message flows among the three parties U , H and V. For building our protocols, we construct a one-pass counter based MT-authenticator and show its security under the assumption of a conventional MAC secure against chosen message attack.


Objectives: Anxiety disorders (AD) are common comorbid conditions with acne vulgaris (AV). Oxidative mechanisms play roles in the pathogenesis of both AV and AD. We aimed to evaluate the oxidativeantioxidative status in patients diagnosed with AD and AV.
Methods: A total of 126 adolescents (11-17 years old) diagnosed with AV were recruited. Individuals (n=95) who met the inclusion criteria were assessed by the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children (K-SADS) and Global Acne Severity Scale. The subjects were divided into a study group (AV plus AD, n=35) and an acne control group (AV only, n=37), and compared with a healthy control group (n=35). From venous blood, total antioxidant score (TAS), total oxidant score (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were calculated.
Results: The average age of the subjects (n=95; 53.6% female) was 14.8 ± 1.6 years. Comorbid AD was observed in 36.8% of the subjects. The study and acne control groups were similar in age, gender, acne duration and severity. The TOS and OSI were the highest and the TAS was lowest in the study group, although the differences did not reach statistical significance.
Discussion: We found that AD is common in adolescents with AV, but it seems to have some negligible effects in redox reactions. Further studies are needed to show the relationship between AD and AV in terms of oxidative stress. Nevertheless careful psychiatric assessment and measurement of oxidativeantioxidative levels may be helpful for planning treatment modalities for adolescents with AV and AD.


In order to elucidate the genotoxicity and oxidative damage exerted by coke plant wastewater, we investigated the effect of coke plant wastewater over a concentration gradient of CODCr 40-640mg/L on the micronucleus formation in the roots and the antioxidant enzyme activities in the roots and the leaves of Vicia faba. The results suggest that coke plant wastewater can cause genotoxicity and oxidative damage on Vicia faba. And the increases of micronucleus (MCN) frequencies and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the tested tissue were induced by the wastewater in a concentration-dependent manner. These results also support the hypothesis that coke plant wastewater might induce toxicity in plants by the mechanism of free-radical-damage.


The Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory (HartRAO) in South Africa is developing an observational system capable of ranging picosecond laser pulses to the retro-reflectors on the Moon, a technique called Lunar Laser Ranger (LLR). The new LLR station in the Southern Hemisphere to be installed at Matjiesfontein in the Karoo, will contribute towards a better understanding of the dynamics of the Earth-Moon system. One of the most fundamental applications of the LLR system is to determine the Earth-Moon orbit parameters at high accuracy levels. As the observable of the LLR technique is the time-of-flight of the laser photons to and from the Moon, a picosecond level (1 picosecond = 10 −12 second) accuracy timing system is one of the key design considerations required for the new LLR system. Here were present preliminary results of an integrated design of the timing sub-system for the HartRAO LLR station. All sub-systems that directly affect the timing system performance are described, including operational and environmental conditions. Based on the specifications of the equipment under consideration, preliminary results indicate that the timing sub-system will achieve a sub-picosecond Allan deviation at 1 s, phase noise of −113 dBc at 1 Hz, and a drift rate of 5 × 10 −11 per month (free run). Furthermore, the cumulative RMS noise from the proposed system is estimated to be 21 mm per pulse. This noise level will require the station to range to the Moon for a longer period (at a rate of 5 photons per minute) in order to collect adequate photons to statistically achieve millimetre precision for normal point calculation. The current design specifications present a promising future for millimetre ranging at HartRAO.


Father–son relationships can be tricky, often fraught with tension or bogged down in painful shared histories. Writing about these relationships is similarly tricky, and fraught with various tensions. As an accidental ethnographer who follows the organic flow of my own emergent writing—and who wholeheartedly embraces writing into and through communication problems—I have written my way into some messy little corners while writing about others. But I have also stumbled into some intriguing, deep, and powerful relational turning points. In this essay, I stumble into writing my relationship with my father, and thus toward re-writing the terms of our relationship.


In 2008 the author designed and built the UK's first EPC (Energy Performance Certificate) 'A+ rated' dwelling known as 'The House that Kevin Built' (THTKB). It was also the UK's first low energy dwelling constructed predominately from locally sourced organic material: a compostable house that 'locked' carbon rather than burning it. The project was almost completely constructed off-site i.e. it was prefabricated, and consequently the construction process produced zero waste on site. It proved that the UK construction industry did not have to waste up to 20% of all material arriving on site (source Waste & Resources Action Programme (WRAP)) as is the norm.  The project took just six days to construct. It was filmed every day and aired each evening on UK TV as a 'live' version of UK Channel 4's popular programme 'Grand Designs'. Approximately five million viewers an evening viewed the construction process. However, post-completion THTKB was disassembled and put into storage. The original plan was to rebuild THTKB at the BRE (Building Research Establishment) in Watford UK. This did not happen. However Baker-Brown was keen to rebuild THTKB within the grounds on the University of the Brighton's College of Arts & Humanities where he taught, and to slow down the build to six months and to allow the construction process to involve architecture, design and construction students, and finally to ensure that this inclusive process became an innovative and effective pedagogic tool.
By 2011 Baker-Brown had supervised design programmes with undergraduate architecture & interior architecture students considering themes addressed by THTKB, assembled the beginnings of a delivery team to support the student construction team, and he had been gifted the land to support the rebuild project. However the original building fabric and systems had been returned to their suppliers. This gave Baker-Brown the opportunity to re-consider the project. Would he re-build THTKB as before, or focus on other issues to use as a vehicle for design enquiry?
This paper will discuss the issues that convinced Baker-Brown during the Summer 2012 to completely change the emphasis of THTKB collaborative rebuild project from a focus on locking carbon and reducing waste on site to zero, to developing a construction project that considered issues associated with emerging ideas within the subject area of 'The Circular Economy' and to perhaps prove that "there is no such thing as waste, just stuff in the wrong place!": In other words to move the issues address by the rebuilding of THTKB from zero waste to the re-use of waste.


This contribution describes and evaluates an experimental combination of a spiral and discipline-oriented curriculum implemented in the bachelor's and master's program in Medicine and Technology. The implementation in the master's program is in the form of a study line in Medical Imaging and Radiation Physics containing three disciplines: Imaging modalities, Radiation therapy and Image processing. The two imaging courses in the bachelor's program and the first imaging course in the master's program follow a spiral curriculum in which most disciplines are encountered in all courses, but in a gradually more advanced manner. The remaining courses in the master's program follow a discipline-oriented curriculum. From a practical point of view, the spiral course portfolio works well in an undergraduate environment, where the courses involved are to be taken by all students and in the order planned. However, in the master's program, such a tight schedule is impractical since students are likely to seek specialization. From a pedagogical point of view, the spiral curriculum is advantageous to use in the initial semesters where the teaching can be conducted so that the students can build on their intuitive understanding of the subject. The program was evaluated in terms of the progression in scientific demands in exam from course to course and in terms of the pattern of course selection by the students. The analysis was based on 96 students. The pattern of course selection was found to follow the intentions of the program, thus demonstrating high fulfillment of the learning outcomes.


In our paper, we aim at pointing out the way the most relevant institutional actors currently define the security agenda for the Milanese metropolitan area, which kind of goals they try to pursue, upon which instruments and resources they can rely, which division of labour and forms of cooperation they try to putting into practices. We draw from an analyses of both official documents by the main public institutions involved in the governance of security in Milan and semi-structured interviews to all the members of the Comitato provinciale per l'ordine pubblico e la sicurezza – a board that gather the president of the province, the mayor of the province capital (plus mayors of other cities and towns of the province who can be involved on an ad hoc basis), the representative of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Prefetto), the District Attorney and the chiefs of all the national police forces – as well as to politicians, civil servants and commissioners of the local police of the city of Milan. We illustrate how discourses and practices of in/security have contributed to the construction of the city as place exposed to a multiplicity of risks that local authorities and police forces are expected to manage. Furthermore, we highlight how the diffusion and legitimization of an 'ideology of safety' has turned the demand to live in safe communities into an attempt to legitimize exclusionary practices insofar as discourses on security were strictly interconnected with discourses on cultural identity and, focusing on both the (imagined) community repertoire and the us/them opposition, ended up legitimizing a racialized urban governance of inclusion and exclusion. Finally, we try to show that a recent attempt, by the new centre-left government, to modify such an approach is generating ambiguous and controversial results and is paradoxically promoting an even stronger securitization of urban policies, spaces and life through more democratically oriented governmental practices.


Because of the mathematical difficulties which are inherent in problems involving the practical application of the theory of elasticity, a numerical approach towards the solution of these problems has been resorted to. In this paper a method is presented whereby a continuous structure under study is replaced by a lattice structure of equivalent stiffness. The lattice structure is composed of elastic linear members with prescribed stiffnesses, and arranged in specified patterns, according to equations derived by equating the stiffnesses of a lattice element to those of an element of the continuum. The analogue may then be analysed by any large frame computer program; and the results are interpreted to give the stress resultants acting in the continuous structure.


This paper focused on the assessment of governance risks and its effects to employee retention of service-based businesses in Laguna, Philippines. The study exclusively adopted the governance risks from LaConte's Strategic Risks Model and Job Embeddedness' Theory for employee retention. Descriptive research and purposive sampling were employed with 360 retrieved questionnaires. The questionnaire used in this study were subjected to reliability testing with acceptable to good internal consistency. Data were evaluated using statistical tools of frequency, rank, mean, weighted mean and ANOVA. The highest governance risks experienced by business owners during the pandemic in relation to planning is the suspended implementation of goals and objectives while in terms of monitoring and control, unpreparedness on future risks was ranked first. Management support to the professional needs of its employees is significant for reduced turnover of employee retention. Moreover, for the employee productivity, involvement of the employees to the business planning got the highest mean. Planning, and monitoring and control have strong significant difference when grouped according to service sector while under employee retention, reduced turnover is significantly different when grouped according to profile factor. However, the employee productivity showed only strong significant difference in service sector. The study suggested that LGUs may develop a program for governance management and employee empowerment program to aid the recovery programs for service-based businesses.


Scholarly entities, such as articles, journals, authors and institutions, are now mostly ranked according to expert opinion and citation data. The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation funded MESUR project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory is developing metrics of scholarly impact that can rank a wide range of scholarly entities on the basis of their usage. The MESUR project starts with the creation of a semantic network model of the scholarly community that integrates bibliographic, citation, and usage data collected from publishers and repositories world-wide. It is estimated that this scholarly semantic network will include approximately 50 million articles, 1 million authors, 10,000 journals and conference proceedings, 500 million citations, and 1 billion usage-related events; the largest scholarly semantic network ever created. The developed scholarly semantic network will then serve as a standardized platform for the definition and validation of new metrics of scholarly impact. This poster describes the MESUR project's data aggregation and processing techniques including the OWL scholarly ontology that was developed to model the scholarly communication process.


The synthesis of enantioenriched, air-stable secondary alkylmetallic reagents has gained much attention over the past few years; however, competition between product-forming reductive elimination and β-hydride elimination has hindered their efficient cross-coupling. The paradigm of employing a hemilabile ligand to favor reductive elimination has been extended to include an array of amides and benzylic ethers. The synthesis of protected secondary benzylic alcohols through a cross-coupling reaction was explored. Potassium 1-(benzyloxy)alkyltrifluoroborates, synthesized through a diboration of aldehydes, serve as nucleophilic partners in a stereospecific Suzuki-Miyaura reaction, where the benzyl group serves as a stabilizing group to prevent β-hydride elimination. ^ An improved synthesis of potassium β-trifluoroboratoamides utilizing tetrahydroxydiboron and tetrakis(dimethylamino)diboron as greener, more atom-economical dibora sources was explored. Enantioenriched potassium β-trifluoroboratoamides were cross-coupled with aryl chlorides to afford β-arylated amines. In this coupling, the carbonyl of the amide serves as a stabilizing group to prevent βhydride elimination. ^ The replacement of a C=C bond with an isoelectronic B-N unit within an aromatic system results in azaborines, a class of compounds with stability and aromaticity similar to the all-carbon parent. Based on the potential of azaborines in the fields of medicinal chemistry and materials science, methods for the synthesis and functionalization of azaborines could have an impact by increasing structural diversity and creating new chemical space. A convergent, modular synthesis of 2,1-borazaronaphthalenes was developed from 2-aminostyrenes and potassium organotrifluoroborates, providing a transition metal-free route to elaborated azaborines. ^ Functionalization of 2,1-borazaronaphthalenes was envisioned to build molecular complexity and demonstrate the stability of azaborines to various transformations. The first general method for the SuzukiMiyaura cross-coupling of brominated azaborine with potassium (hetero)aryltrifluoroborates was developed to afford 3-(hetero)arylated-2,1-borazaronaphthalenes in high yield. ^ Whereas 3-bromo-2-aryl-2,1-borazaronaphthalenes undergo cross-coupling with an aryltrifluoroborate, 1-alkyl-2-aryl-3-bromo-2,1-borazaronaphthalenes undergo a self-arylation, in which the azaborine serves as both the electrophilic and nucleophilic species in the cross-coupling. A Kumada coupling with Grignard reagents provides access to the 1,2,3-trisubstituted 2,1-borazaronaphthalenes. ^ A nickel-catalyzed reductive coupling was explored with brominated 2,1-borazaronaphthalenes and alkyl iodides. This method demonstrates the inherent stability of azaborines to transition-metal catalysis and provides the first examples of C3 alkylated 2,1-borazaronaphthalenes. ^ ^Please refer to dissertation for diagrams. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Chemistry This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1501 First Advisor Gary A. Molander Subject Categories Chemistry | Organic Chemistry This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1501 POTASSIUM ORGANOTRIFLUOROBORATES: RELIABLE CROSS-COUPLING PARTNERS AND STEPPING STONES TO FUNCTIONALIZED AZABORINE CORES Steven R. Wisniewski A DISSERTATION in Chemistry Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy


Objective: Homelessness has been identified as an important risk factor for suicide death, but there is limited research characterising homeless people who die by suicide. The goal of this study is to identify personal, clinical, and suicide method-related factors that distinguish homeless and precariously housed people who die from suicide from those who are not homeless at the time of suicide. Methods: Coroner records were reviewed for all suicide deaths in Toronto from 1998 to 2012. Data abstracted included housing status as well as other demographics, clinical variables such as the presence of mental illness, and suicide method. Results: Of 3319 suicide deaths, 60 (1.8%) were homeless and 230 (6.9%) were precariously housed. Homeless and precariously housed people were each younger than nonhomeless people (P < 0.0001). Compared with nonhomeless, homeless people were more likely to be male and less likely to be married, to have interpersonal conflict, or to leave a suicide note. Homeless people and precariously housed were more likely to have died by fall/jump than nonhomeless people (62%, 57%, and 29%, respectively). Conclusions: Homeless and precariously housed people are overrepresented among suicide deaths in a large urban center and differ demographically, clinically, and in their suicide method from nonhomeless people who die by suicide. Targeted suicide prevention strategies should aim to address factors specific to homeless people.


As reforms to China's health care system have raised costs to users in recent decades, studies suggest that ill health has become intimately tied to social stratification as both a precipitant and a consequence of poverty. The problem may be particularly pronounced in China's poorest rural populations. Focusing on Gansu Province, one of China's poorest, this paper investigates the possibility that the ill health of adults also carries cross-generational consequences, through interfering with the education of children.

Analyzing a survey of children in 100 rural villages, we find that parental illness is experienced disproportionately by the most economically vulnerable children. Moreover, parental illness can be linked to children's educational access and experience in several ways. Children with an ill father are less likely to be enrolled than others; prior parental ill health is associated with lower household educational spending; and ill parents are more likely to report borrowing for their children's education. Children with ill mothers are more likely to be absent and to work longer in the household. Children with ill mothers perform more poorly in math, and those with ill mothers and ill fathers are more likely to work for wages, on average, but these effects are accounted for by the deeper impoverishment of households with ill parents, compared to other households.

Results suggest that ill health may have a 'spillover' effect on the long-term educational (and thus economic) prospects of the next generation. A change in this situation depends heavily on the success of new government initiatives to reduce health care and education cost burdens on the poor.


The thermal shock fracture mechanism of metal/ceramic functionally graded materials was studied by burner heating test. Dependence of thermal shock crack initiation and propagation on controlled compositional gradients was virtually shown and discussions were made on the basis of fracture mechanics with special reference to the effect of compositional profile on crack extension behavior. Three types of FGMs, having the same thickness of graded layer with different compositional profiles, were fabricated by powder metallurgical process. The fracture toughness of each composition was determined by newly devised repeated vickers indentation method directly on FGM specimens. The fracture toughness increased with, increase in the metal phase content, owing to toughening mechanisms of thermal-strain-misfit and crack deflection. The FGMs were joined on cooling substrates and used for burner heating test. The crack formation was always observed on the ceramic surface during cooling due to large residual tensile stresses. By comparison between the fracture toughness and mode I stress intensity factor, vertical cracks in convex-profile FGMs were deflected toward the direction parallel to the surface. The depth of the parallel cracks beneath the surface may correspond well to a location of mode II stress intensity being equal to zero. On the other hand, initiated vertical cracks in concave-profile FGMs were considered to arrest without deflection.


LAW schools are in trouble with their students. They are not able to interest, inspire, or even hold on to many of their best college graduates. It is true that for most students the first year is exciting. The fresh incisiveness of approach, the active classroom, the impatience with fuzzy college ways are a great experience. But after the first year the excitement fades. Students cannot find courses they want to take. Having caught on to the classroom method, they drowse through increasingly obvious repetitions. They try to find new interest outside the classroom in legal aid, practice trials or law journal work. All too often law school ends with students merely marking time. Law schools are also no longer attracting as many of the best and most imaginative college graduates. College students today valuethe intellectual life more than their predecessors. They like courses which are searching and speculative; law seems to them to require a narrow confinement of the intellect. College graduates are increasingly idealistic, and increasingly skeptical about the commercial society in which they have grown up. They regard the legal profession as an adjunct of business, and lawyers as hired special pleaders for the established values. Moreover, students reject a role as a gun for hire a secondary being. Many come to law school with no real intention of practicing law, hoping that they can find a career in public service or teaching; some of the top students will not even interview the large firms. Doubt and self-criticism are certainly not new to the law schools. But the doubt and self-criticism have not been deep enough, and the many attempts at reform have not succeeded. Law schools must keep seeking new answers, or see their position of leadership gradually lost.


The aim of this paper is to examine the possible contribution from renewables from several perspectives – (a) meeting the oft-stated slogan that today the contribution is about 2 % and the aim to raise it to 10 % from several enthusiasts of renewable energy including the ministry of non-conventional energy sources (b) ignoring it in favor of conventional fossil fuel energy through large power stations, since these are really the only substantive ones most people in power are familiar (c) examining how small industrial units with energy cost contribution to product is large, can survive with rising fuel prices, (d) how to combine the above objectives despite the devastating lack of awareness of most men in power – be it in politics, bureaucracy or industry – leaders and followers alike, about how to overcome the serious situation that the country is in through short and long term strategies and (e) how to convert the difficulties into blessings by large scale renewable energy generation by synergising and benefiting from global aims of green house gas reduction plans. It will be argued that if the aim is to add MW and MWh to the country's electric supply, it is necessary to move away from "uniform support to all renewables" model to "selective appropriate support" model. Minihydel and Biomass based power generation are identified for adding MWs with good plant load factor; wind power generation follows next at relatively low plant load factor. Encouraging solar water heating systems will help conserve electrical energy used for heating in urban areas. Support for solar photovoltaic power should be based on considerations of impossibility of others for the specific application. Rural energy servicing for heating/cooking calls for newer technological interventions. A careful study by NCAER on the "improved Chula" program of MNES over the earlier five years showed significant move towards fuel wood from agro-residues for many reasons including impropriety of the stoves for the use of agro-residues. A new approach to stove design for multi-fuel option will also be discussed.


An investigation was conducted to determine the fatigue strength of a new type of all metal sandwich panel structure, designed and furnished by Western Engineering Associates of Los Angeles. This structure consisted basically of a new type of embossed core attached by spot welding to one or more smooth sheets of the same metal. Specimens tested were all of the single core, single skin type. Metal used was 24ST aluminum alloy of 0.032 inch thickness. This construction affords high structural rigidity for its weight. Two patterns of the embossed core were tested. One of the specimens had its core embossed with a triangular pattern, the other with a square pattern.

The specimens were tested by utilizing them as simply supported beams, loaded in the center by a sinusoidally varying load of constant maximum magnitude. This load was applied by means of loading bars one on the top of the specimen, the other on the bottom. These bars had flat, one inch wide surfaces, contacting the specimen. To prevent the sharp edges of the bars from causing local failures of the specimens, a layer of one-eighth inch thick koroseal was used between the bars and the specimen. Specimens tested had a length between end supports of 16.7 inches. Their width was 9 inches.

The loading obtained was a combination of bending and shear. The shear stress was of such a low magnitude, however, that it could be neglected.

Failure of the specimens was deemed as occurring at the time the first crack appeared. A method was devised for crack detection that consisted of laying down a conducting strip over a thin insulating layer in a network fashion, covering all saddle points of the core in the central area, since previous testing had disclosed the fact that failure occurred at these points first. Any crack in one of these saddles caused a break in the conducting strip which changed the bias on the controlling electronic tube to a cut off value. This tube was part of an Eccles-Jordan Trigger circuit which with associated tubes allowed current flow through a thyratron relay circuit opening the starting circuit of the testing machine, causing it to stop.

The data shows that for the specimens oriented in a normal fashion, that is, with one of the sides of the square or triangle of the core parallel to the loading bar, which was the situation for most of the tests, the square pattern is vastly superior to the triangular one, as regards fatigue strength. For specimens oriented in this way the square pattern withstood a bending moment of 13.45 inch pounds per inch of width; whereas the triangular pattern withstood only 9.28. Two tests conducted with the square core having the sides of the squares at an angle of forty-five degrees to the loading bars gave results about midway between. However, the effective EI for this configuration was considerably reduced, and consequently actual failure stress was probably about equal to that for the ease where the sides were parallel to the loading bar.

The triangular pattern was actually much worse than the curve shows. At the higher loads cracks occurred with very few cycles of loading. Automatic cut-off feature was not in use for these tests. In service it is highly possible that overloads of short duration might cause small cracks which would become focal points of fatigue failure, thus reducing the fatigue strength well below the design point. This weakness of the triangular pattern arises from the fact that smooth fillets or saddles, joining depressed and elevated portions of the core, are harder to obtain in this pattern than in the square one. Wrinkles and tool marks were present in almost every one of the triangular specimens tested.


This technical report describes the discourse representation structures (DRS) derived from texts written in version 5 of Attempto Controlled English (ACE 5). Among other things, ACE 5 supports modal statements, negation as failure, and sentence subordination. These features require an extended form of discourse representation structures. The discourse representation structure itself uses a reified, or 'flat' notation, meaning that its atomic conditions are built from a small number of predefined predicates that take constants standing for words of the ACE text as their arguments. Furthermore, each logical atom gets an index relating it to the sentence of the ACE text from which it was derived.


'Border' and 'Tehran 2006' are two related parts of a photographic project on Iran dealing with hardship and isolation on both sides of the border. 'Border' comprises twelve photographs (size 4'x6'). 'Tehran 2006' is one panoramic image (size 4'x10') which combines ten images. 'Border' focuses on untold stories of Iranians in exile. Using the codes of documentary, yet avoiding the usual generic approach,

'Border' combines fact and fiction. Reminiscent of movie posters, the work concentrates on the fantasy of return, using Beckett's

notion of waiting in 'Waiting for Godot' as a metaphor for the bleak situation facing Iranians today.

Set against the cityscape of post–revolution Iran, 'Tehran 2006' focuses on the reality of the ordinary in extraordinary times. The

project eschews the usual representations of Iran such as social documentary, abstract photography, or exotica. Instead, it

echoes contemporary Iranian cinema, using non- actors and focusing on an apparently 'small' subject, treated allegorically to

allude to wider social issues.

Together, the projects deal with hardship and isolation on both sides of the border, challenging the fantasies Iranians have of

both East and West. Those living in Iran idealize life in the West; those living outside long for 'home'. But both groups share the

will to survive - evident in the stories participants told Tabrizian - seeing survival as a strategy of resistance.

These are large-scale productions akin to film shoots, with high production values and meticulous research. Tabrizian is creative

author and director, assisted by Golding (lighting) and Nava (producer).

Both projects were funded by AHRC (Small Grants and Research Leave) and ACE (total £6000). 'Tehran 2006' was purchased

for Moderna Museet's permanent collection, auctioned at Christies, Dubai (November 2007), and will show at Tate Modern

2008. Both projects were discussed at Tate Modern conference 'Global Photography Now' (Sept 2006). Images and related

essays were published in Portfolio No 44 ('Border' alongside Hamid Naficy essay); Next Level, No.2 Vol 5 ('Tehran' alongside

Tabrizian essay); New Formations, No. 62 (forthcoming)


This paper deals with the surface development of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites, so called organic sheets, during processing. To investigate the effect of the textile parameters on the surface development organic sheets with different steel wire fabrics and a polycarbonate matrix were manufactured using a laboratory press. The fabrics differed in fiber diameter and mesh size. The results showed that both textile parameters have a significant influence on the characteristic surface waviness of the FRPC. Increasing fiber diameters and mesh sizes lead to higher maximum waviness. Organic sheets with a fiber diameter of the reinforcement less or equal 50 μm could not be differentiated anymore and had no visible waviness. Based on the equation for linear thermal expansion a thermo rheological process model was developed to predict the surface waviness. The model describes the waviness creation including a pressure induced compensating polymer flow. A waviness comparison of experimental data with calculated results shows a good agreement.


This paper describes environmental considerations in the licensing and permitting of the Moose River Hydroelectric Project, a 12.2 MW development in Central New York State. It illustrates the breadth of concerns for a 'small' hydropower project, the institutional means for identifying and addressing the potential impacts during the licensing process, how open consultation with agencies successfully addressed these concerns, and the impact of the adopted mitigation measures on project design and operation. The issues discussed include: aesthetics, involving siting and design of the project; historic, involving documentation of a pre-existing mill complex on the site; fisheries/water quality, involving a target species, minimum flows and temperature considerations; wildlife, involving wetlands; and recreation, involving whitewater preservation, picnicking and hiking.


Over the past two decades of refinement and application of instream flow evaluations, we have examined the hydraulic habitat of aquatic macroinvertebrates in a variety of conditions, along with the role of these macroinvertebrates in sustaining ecosystem integrity. Instream flow analyses assume that predictable changes in channel flow characteristics can, in turn, be used to predict the change in the density or distribution of lotic species or, more appropriately, the availability of useable habitat for those species. Five major hydraulic conditions most affect the distribution and ecological success of lotic biota: suspended load, bedload movement, and water column effects, such as turbulence, velocity profile, and substratum interactions (near-bed hydraulics). The interactions of these hydraulic conditions upon the morphology and behavior of the individual organisms govern the distribution of aquatic biota. Historically, management decisions employing the Physical Habitat Simulation (PHABSIM) have focused upon prediction of available habitat for life stages of target fish species. Regulatory agencies have rarely included evaluation of benthos for flow reservations. Although taxonomic discomfort' may be cited for the reluctant use or creation of benthic criteria, we suggest that a basic misunderstanding of the links between benthic macroinvertebrate and the fish communities is still a problem. This is derived from the lack of a perceived value' that can be assigned to macroinvertebrate species. With the exception of endangered mussel species (for which PHABSIM analysis is probably inappropriate), this is understandable. However, it appears that there is a greater ability to predict macroinvertebrate distribution (that is, a response to the change in habitat quality or location) and diversity without complex population models. Also, habitat suitability criteria for water quality indicator taxa (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera; the so-called EPTs') may also provide additional management options to stream regulators. The greatest application for macroinvertebrate criteria will be in low-order streams where a more immediate link to fish communities can be established. We present an example from Queens Creek, in North Carolina, USA, in which monthly allocations required to preserve the integrity of the benthic macroinvertebrate community were significantly higher than for the target benthic fish species, Cottus bairdi. In the months when both Cottus and community diversity of macroinvertebrates were the bottleneck' life stages, preservation of only fish species could result in an additional 5-25% loss in macroinvertebrate habitat. We suggest that, as there becomes an increased emphasis on maintaining macroinvertebrates as monitors of stream health, there will be a concurrent emphasis on incorporating hydraulic habitat conditions as a part of bioassessment.


The linguistic development of internationally adopted children has been studied extensively for several decades. Whereas this research has mainly concerned toddlers and pre-school children during their first years after adoption, school-age children, and adolescents, there is currently scarce empirical evidence on the long-term linguistic development in adults with adoption background. While studies of infants and pre-school children generally show fast and positive short-term progress in linguistic development, medium-term studies (4–10 years after adoption) describe adoptees as still "lagging behind" their non-adopted peers. This chapter reviews the studies to date on long-term outcomes in the linguistic development of adoptees. What happens after more than ten years of exposure and into adulthood? From the review, we conclude that slight differences between adopted and non-adopted L1 speakers of a language often remain into adulthood. In addition, the limited evidence that exists to date suggests that adults who at a young age emigrated with their families to the L2 environment, and therefore continued to develop their L1, exhibit similar levels of L2 proficiency as internationally adopted adults. However, more research is required to further substantiate and generalize the conclusions that are made on the basis of our review.


Proper functioning of RFC 1191 path Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)
discovery requires that IP routers have knowledge of the MTU for each
link to which they are connected. As currently specified, the Label
Distribution Protocol (LDP) does not have the ability to signal the
MTU for a Label Switched Path (LSP) to the ingress Label Switching
Router (LSR). In the absence of this functionality, the MTU for each
LSP must be statically configured by network operators or by
equivalent off-line mechanisms. This document specifies experimental
extensions to LDP in support of LSP MTU discovery. This memo defines
an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community.


Outdoor recreation and environmentalism are interlinked phenomena. Historically, they have clear parallels; both emerged at the dawn of the last century, drew inspiration from the Romantic Movement, and were reactions against elements in the modern industrialized and urbanized society. The establishment of the national parks in Sweden (first in Europe) could be seen as one illustration of this linkage; the protected natural areas came to serve as landscapes for the practice of outdoor recreation. From this beginning, outdoor recreation has been a retreat for environmentalists and an expression of "close to nature" ideals but also a source of inspiration for critics of modern society. Within this context, this thesis explores the relationship between outdoor recreation and environmentalism of today. The study focuses on how people who express an environmental commitment relate to, and use, nature and the landscape as a recreational resource in contemporary Sweden and is empirically based upon quantitative and qualitative data, including a case study of the organization Nature and Youth Sweden (Faltbiologerna).


The relationship between leaf physiognomy and precipitation has been explored worldwide in regions under different climate conditions. Unlike the linear relationship established between the percentage of woody dicot species with entire margins and mean annual temperature, precipitation has been reported to correlate to different leaf physiognomic characters depending on the region where the correlation is studied. To investigate if precipitation can be calculated from leaf physiognomic characters on the basis of regional sample sites, data from 50 mesic to humid forests in China were analyzed in this study. With data from Chinese forests, the leaf-area analysis based on linear regression between natural logarithms of leaf size and mean annual precipitation (MAP) shows no significant correlation. Both single and multiple linear regression analyses fail to confirm the correlation between leaf physiognomy and precipitation, which may result from the similarity of modern spatial distribution of temperature and precipitation in China. Our results show that, due to variations in climatic conditions among sampling regions, leaf physiognomic characters that correlate to precipitation are not consistent worldwide, and applications of models without considering regional constraints could mislead our understanding of palaeoclimate. Therefore, when choosing a leaf physiognomic model for palaeoclimate reconstructions, it is important to determine if the leaf physiognomy of the palaeoflora lies within the leaf physiognomic spectrum of the model used.


Heterosis is a solitary means of exploiting hybrid vigor in crop plants. Given its yield advantage and economic importance, several hybrids in rice have been commercialized in more than 40 countries, which has created a huge seed industry worldwide. India has made commendable progress and commercialized 117 three-line indica hybrids for different ecology and duration (115–150 days), which accounted for 6.8% of total rice area in the country. Besides, several indigenous CMS lines developed in diversified genetic and cytoplasmic backgrounds are being utilized in hybrid rice breeding. NRRI, which has been pioneering to start with the technology, has developed three popular rice hybrids, viz., Ajay, Rajalaxmi, and CR Dhan 701 for irrigated-shallow lowland ecosystem. Biotechnological intervention has supplemented immensely in excavating desirable genomic regions and their deployment for further genetic enhancement and sustainability in rice hybrids. Besides, hybrid seed production creates additional job opportunity (100–105 more-man days) and comparatively more net income (70% more than production cost) than HYVs. Hence, this technology has great scope for further enhancement in per se rice productivity and livelihood of the nation.


The Wadi Hafafit Culmination (WHC) can be subdivided into two main units which are separated by Nugrus thrust shear zone. The WHC domes are occupies the southern part of the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt and is cored by five separated gneissic granitoids ranging in composition from tonalite to granodiorite having compositions consistent with hydrous partial melting of a mafic source suggesting subduction-related magmatism. The leucogranites along thrust zones is related to the late phase of metamorphism of Hafafit rocks. The five main domes of the WHC have been labeled A dome occupies the northern part of WHC, B and C domes occupies the central eastern part of WHC, D dome occupies the central western part of WHC and E dome occupies the southern part of WHC. The fourth domes A, B, C and E are affected by more than one deformation event but D dome is affected by one deformation event. The domes not uniform throughout the WHC according radial pattern of stretching lineation but these domes of WHC were subjected and affected by late-orogenic extension that was controlled by the Najd transform faults and that resulted in exhumation of the WHC domes are oriented NW-SE parallel to the trend of the left-lateral shear zones of Najd fault system.


The Cadia East alkalic porphyry Au-Cu deposit, NSW has total resources exceeding 33 million ounces of gold making it the largest porphyry deposit in eastern Australia and the fourth largest globally in terms of contained gold. Cadia East is hosted by the Forest Reefs Volcanics, a subaqueous volcano-sedimentary succession that was deposited in an east-trending sedimentary basin during the Late Ordovician. Systematic fault offsets of two stratigraphic marker horizons that occur in the upper part of the stratigraphy define bounding faults of a local sub-basin. These sub-basin bounding faults were reactivated in the latest Ordovician allowing emplacement of andesitic dykes and sills that represent the final stage in the deposition of the Forest Reefs Volcanics. Further reactivation of the sub-basin bounding faults in the earliest Silurian facilitated the emplacement of monzonite and quartz-monzonite dykes, which dip steeply to the north- and south- and are oriented sub-parallel to the east-trending volcano-sedimentary sub-basin. Gold-and copper mineralization occurred as hydrothermal fluids expelled from these dykes fractured the host rocks at depth (1500 to 500 m below present surface) forming a sheeted array of quartz-sulfide-calcite veins that define a high-grade gold ore zone. These veins trend east- to southeast and dip steeply north and south. A 100 to 200 m thick zone of disseminated low-grade Au-Cu mineralization occurs above this sheeted vein set, restricted to volcanic breccias and bedded units. The two contrasting mineralization styles define an elongated mineralized zone 2.5 km in length, ~0.8 km wide and extending vertically for over 1.5 km. This ore zone geometry is atypical for porphyry deposits and reflects the influence of the stratigraphic and structural architecture of the Cadia East sub-basin on mineralization. Early hydrothermal tourmaline at Cadia East is associated with pervasive calc-potassic alteration within the high-grade ore zone. Tourmaline also occurs in late-stage breccias and veins which are temporally associated with an extensive zone (>200 m thick, 1 km wide and several kilometers in length) of pervasive feldspar-rich alteration that caps the deposit. The total range in the boron isotope composition (δ11B) of tourmaline ranges between -5.2 and +7.7・and the calculated boron isotope composition of fluids in equilibrium with tourmaline range between -1.1 and +10.4・ Although high calculated δ11B values of fluids are commonly attributed to seawater or basinal brine sources, a combination of oxygen, hydrogen and strontium isotope analysis of tourmaline indicate that external fluids, including Ordovician-Silurian seawater and meteoric water, were precluded from the hydrothermal system at Cadia East. Instead, the isotopic composition of tourmaline was controlled by hydrothermal fluids that were derived from alkalic intrusions that may have boiled locally. The range in the δ11B composition of tourmaline at Cadia East is comparable to that documented in porphyry Cu and iron-oxide-copper-gold systems in the central Andes and therefore, suggests a similar magmatic-hydrothermal origin.