INTRODUCTION Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive lesion of the developing central nervous system that affects the development of posture and motor control [1]. The Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) is a clinical tool used to categorize children with CP based on their functional competence. It consists of five levels indicating increasing functional disability. Due to the wide range of motor outcomes in CP, some children may not fit the mould of one of the levels and the classification becomes subjective. Biomechanics provides a quantitative approach that may allow for more specific functional classification [2]. Quantifying biomechanics adaptations may support patient-specific clinical disability classification, and inform longitudinal assessment of the efficacy of therapy intervention. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between GMFCS levels and subject-specific gait biomechanics in children with CP. It was hypothesized that joint angles and moments differ between participants with GMFCS levels 1 and 2. METHODS Gait biomechanics of 24 children with hemiplegic or diplegic CP were analyzed as part of a secondary data analysis approved by the local ethics committee. Participants were classified according to GMFCS: Level 1 (n=12) - 12.2±1.9 yrs, 1.54±0.07 m, 46.4±12.5 kg; Level 2 (n=12) - 13.6±1.6 yrs, 1.56±0.03 m, 47.8±10.5 kg. All data were collected as part of a clinical consult over the past seven years. The participants had reflective markers placed according to the Helen-Hayes set up while they walked barefoot at their preferred speed on a raised wooden walkway. Data were processed in Visual 3D (C-Motion, USA) using subject-specific lower limb models. These models created local coordinate systems for each of the segments, which were then used to calculate the kinematics (segment motions) and kinetics (forces and moments) for the hip, knee, and ankle joints. Joint angle and moment time curves for the left leg were computed using standard approaches. All data were normalized to stance phase from heel-strike to toe-off (101 data points).  Joint moments were normalized to body mass. Statistical analyses of kinematic and kinetic waveforms were conducted in MATLAB (MathWorks, USA) using statistical parametric mapping (spm1d.org). This analysis method performs statistical tests over a range of values to determine where two sets of waveforms are different from each other. Differences in gait velocity were assessed using Student's t-test in SPSS (IBM, USA). RESULTS Figure 1. Left hip adductor/abductor moment. The x-axis represents the stance phase from heel strike (HS) to toe off (TO) and the y-axis is the moment in Nm/kg. The blue lines represent GMFCS Level I participants (12) and red are Level II (12).  The thin lines indicate individual participants and the thick lines denote the mean of the corresponding GMFCS level. In examining the three lower extremity joints biomechanics, two significant differences in hip joint moments were identified with respect to GMFCS levels. GMFCS level 1 participants displayed significantly greater hip abductor (p=0.002, t-test, Figure 1) and hip internal rotation (p=0.047, t-test) moments between 17-26% and 18-21% of stance phase respectively. No significant differences were observed for the knee or ankle kinetics. The kinematics showed no significant differences in any of the three joints. Further, Level 1 participants walked significantly faster (p=0.009, Student's t-test, level 1 1.1±0.1ms -1 , level 2 0.9±0.2 ms -1 ). DISCUSSION The results of this investigation partially supported the hypothesis, demonstrating few between-group differences in gait biomechanics. The differences found in the hip abductor and internal rotation moments could be due to a number of contributing factors. They could be related to greater abductor muscle weakness in participants with lower functional competence, the differences in walking speeds found, or due to the effects of performing movements with spasticity. Spasticity is commonly seen in children with CP and is increased muscle tone that causes resistance to movement. Its influence on the resulting kinematics and kinetics of the participants in this study has not been determined. Implications Interestingly, most kinematic and kinetic measures in the lower extremities are not significantly different according to GMFCS levels.  The lack of differences may be explained by the substantial variability of biomechanical measures across GMFCS groups. The variability of biomechanics outcomes between participants supports the view that GMFCS classification is likely not sensitive to child-specific function. Future Directions In order to address this shortcoming, further research will be conducted to determine the relationship between biomechanical outcomes and alternative clinical measures of functional capacity (e.g., spasticity and fatigue). Research questions to address in future research include: What is the association of spasticity and gait biomechanics abnormality? Do children with CP display distinct biomechanical clusters? Non-supervised machine-learning may be used to identify associations of biomechanical and clinical data to explore the second question. Such groupings may be beneficial for use as clinical diagnostics and therapy progression monitoring. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The NSERC Undergraduate Student Research Award provided funding support for this project.  Funding is acknowledged from the Vi Riddell Pediatric Rehabilitation Research Program, (Alberta Children's Hospital Foundation) and Alberta Innovates Technology Futures. REFERENCES Palisano et al. DMCN 1997; 39 :214-223. Dziuba et al. Acta Bioeng Biomech 2013; Vol. 15 , No. 2.


The theoretical structure prediction for a series of 4,4-connected copper paddle-wheel metal–organic frameworks has been performed by using the reverse topological approach, starting from the nbo-b topology. Since the rectangular-shaped tetracarboxylate linkers have a lower symmetry than the square vertices in nbo-b, two alternative insertion modes are possible for each linker. This leads, in principle, to the formation of multiple isoreticular isomers, which have been screened by a genetic global minimum search algorithm, using the first principles parameterized force field MOF-FF for structure optimization and ranking. It is found that isoreticular isomerism does, in this case, not lead to disorder but to a number of well-defined but structurally distinct phases, which all share the same network topology but have substantially different pore shapes and properties. In all cases, the experimentally observed structure is correctly predicted, but in addition a number of other slightly less stable phases are observed. Only one of these phases has been synthesized yet. The theoretical analysis of the molecular model systems of the pore cages revealed the reasons for the trends in conformational energy. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that screening of isoreticular isomerism using an efficient but accurate force field allows prediction of the atomistic structure of even complex and flexible frameworks.


Objectives: (1) To study both cross-sectional and prospective relationships between work–family conflict and sickness absence from work; (2) to explore the direction of the relationships between the different types of conflict (work–home interference and home–work interference) and sickness absence; and (3) to explore gender differences in the above relationships. Methods: Data from the Maastricht Cohort Study were used with six months of follow up (5072 men and 1015 women at T6). Work–family conflict was measured with the Survey Work–Home Interference Nijmegen (SWING). Sickness absence was assessed objectively through individual record linkage with the company registers on sickness absence. Results: In the cross-sectional analyses, high levels of work–family conflict, work–home interference, and home–work interference were all associated with a higher odds of being absent at the time of completing the questionnaire, after controlling for age and long term disease. Differences in average number of absent days between cases and non-cases of work–home interference were significant for men and most pronounced in women, where the average number of absent days over six months follow up was almost four days higher in women with high versus low–medium work–home interference. Conclusions: A clear relation between work–family conflict and sickness absence was shown. Additionally, the direction of work–family conflict was associated with a different sickness absence pattern. Sickness absence should be added to the list of adverse outcomes for employees struggling to combine their work and family life.


With more than 100 different families and 40,000 individual species, spiders are among the most successful creatures on Earth. Highly adaptable, they live almost everywhere, from equatorial rainforest to Arctic tundra. And they come in a huge range of shapes and sizes, from the tiny Patu digua, measuring less than half a millimeter, to the immense bird-eating tarantula, which can reach a span of eleven inches. In "The Private Life of Spiders", spider expert Paul Hillyard takes the reader on a fascinating and richly illustrated tour of the lives of some of the world's most remarkable spiders. "The Private Life of Spiders" reveals the intriguing behaviors of these complex creatures, from their extraordinary web-spinning skills and hunting strategies to their courtship displays and devoted care for their young.The book also describes other surprising skills of some spiders, such as the ability to cross vast stretches of open water. Written in an engaging style, "The Private Life of Spiders" also looks at why people are scared of spiders, explains why such fear is generally misplaced, and shows why more needs to be done to protect endangered spiders. This title: features spiders from a vast range of habitats around the world; includes more than 100 stunning color photographs that capture the beauty and diversity of spiders; and, covers spider anatomy, behavior, reproduction, social organization, and hunting and web construction techniques.


Introduction Arthritis is a chronic, progressive, inflammatory disease; it is known as the leading cause of chronic pain in North America. Researchers identified cigarette smoking as a major preventable risk factor for arthritis, and sex as a non-modifiable risk factor for arthritis. Objective To determine the association between a smoking–sex interaction, and the prevalence of arthritis among obese Canadians. Methods Using data from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), cycle 4.0, interaction variables were created to demonstrate the effect of smoking, the effect of sex, and the joint effect of smoking and sex in relation to the prevalence of arthritis. The association between exposures of interest, smoking and sex, and health outcome of interest, prevalence of arthritis, was examined using multiple logistic regression and log binomial regression modelling. Measures of additive interaction (relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion due to interaction (AP), synergy index (S)) using both additive and multiplicative models were calculated and assessed. Results The prevalence of the health outcome of interest was common; 29.7% of the study population reported having arthritis. The OR of arthritis was: 1.285 (1.148, 1.439) for male smokers; 1.606 (1.431, 1.802) for female non-smokers; and 2.240 (1.997, 2.513) female smokers compared with male non-smokers. All ORs were statistically significant, with the exception of individuals with some postsecondary education compared with individuals with less than secondary school education (OR=0.866 (0.747, 1.005)). Using logistic regression, measures of assumed additive interaction implied statistical significance of a biological interaction (RERI: 0.349 (0.142, 0.556), AP: 0.156 (0.065, 0.247), S 1.391 (1.102, 1.756)). The relative risk of arthritis was: 1.19263 (1.10369, 1.29105) for male smokers; 1.38933 (1.28697, 1.50282) female non-smokers; 1.61469 (1.49868, 1.74350) for female smokers compared with male non-smokers. Using log binomial regression, measures of additive interaction implied no statistical significance of a biological interaction (RERI: 0.033 (−0.072, 0.137), AP: 0.020 (−0.045, 0.085), S: 1.056 (0.879, 1.269)). Conclusions Although it appears that a synergistic smoking–sex interaction was present when using a multiplicative model, the additive model did not confirm this synergistic effect. Given that the additive model reports more accurate risk for a common outcome such as arthritis, this leads us to believe that smoking and sex do not have a synergistic effect on the prevalence of arthritis among obese Canadians.


We consider the classical problem of sequential probability assignment under logarithmic loss while competing against an arbitrary, potentially nonparametric class of experts. We obtain improved bounds on the minimax regret via a new approach that exploits the self-concordance property of the logarithmic loss. We show that for any expert class with (sequential) metric entropy $\mathcal{O}(\gamma^{-p})$ at scale $\gamma$, the minimax regret is $\mathcal{O}(n^{\frac{p}{p+1}})$, and that this rate cannot be improved without additional assumptions on the expert class under consideration. As an application of our techniques, we resolve the minimax regret for nonparametric Lipschitz classes of experts.


Gravitationally lensed quasars can be used to map the mass distribution in lensing galaxies and to estimate the Hubble constant H-0 by measuring the time delays between the quasar images. Here we report the measurement of two independent time delays in the quadruply imaged quasar WFI J2033-4723 (z = 1.66). Our data consist of R-band images obtained with the Swiss 1.2 m EULER telescope located at La Silla and with the 1.3 m SMARTS telescope located at Cerro Tololo. The light curves have 218 independent epochs spanning 3 full years of monitoring between March 2004 and May 2007, with a mean temporal sampling of one observation every 4th day. We measure the time delays using three different techniques, and we obtain Delta t(B-A) = 35.5 +/- 1.4 days (3.8%) and Delta t(B-C) = 62.6(-2.3)(+4.1) days ((+6.5%)(-3.7%)), where A is a composite of the close, merging image pair. After correcting for the time delays, we find R-band flux ratios of F-A/F-B = 2.88 +/- 0.04, F-A/F-C = 3.38 +/- 0.06, and F-A1/F-A2 = 1.37 +/- 0.05 with no evidence for microlensing variability over a time scale of three years. However, these flux ratios do not agree with those measured in the quasar emission lines, suggesting that longer term microlensing is present. Our estimate of H-0 agrees with the concordance value: non-parametric modeling of the lensing galaxy predicts H-0 = 67(-10)(+13) km s(-1) Mpc(-1), while the Single Isothermal Sphere model yields H-0 = 63(-3)(+7) km s(-1) Mpc(-1) (68% confidence level). More complex lens models using a composite de Vaucouleurs plus NFW galaxy mass profile show twisting of the mass isocontours in the lensing galaxy, as do the non-parametric models. As all models also require a significant external shear, this suggests that the lens is a member of the group of galaxies seen in field of view of WFI J2033-4723.


The Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol, Version 3 (L2TPv3) defines an
extensible tunneling protocol to transport layer 2 services over IP
networks. This document describes the specifics of how to use the L2TP
control plane for Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Pseudowires and
provides guidelines for transporting various ATM services over an IP
network. [STANDARDS-TRACK]


What can employers learn from personality tests when job applicants have incentives to misrepresent themselves? Using a within-subject, laboratory experiment, we compare personality measures with and without incentives for misrepresentation. Incentivized personality measures are weakly to moderately correlated with non-incentivized measures in most treatments but are correlated with intelligence when test-takers have information about desired personalities or are warned that responses may be verified. We document that actual job ads provide information about desired personalities and that employers in the UK who administer personality tests are also likely to administer intelligence tests despite the potential for substitution between the tests.


The prevalence of obesity and overweight presents one of the most serious health challenges for the UK and the rest of the developed world. According to recent figures about a quarter of adults in the UK are obese. Children are becoming obese at a younger age and they remain obese for longer, a third of children between the ages of 2 and 15 are either overweight or obese. Reports suggest that we spend more each year on the treatment of obesity and diabetes than we do on the police, fire service, and judicial system combined. Therefore, the cost of the obesity epidemic is high and the associated societal burden substantial.

Obesity is a multi-factorial disorder with a wide range of biological, psychological and social contributors. However, at the root of obesity is the energy imbalance caused by taking in more calories through food than expending through activity, in other words overeating. Recommended non-medical solutions include behavioural interventions, controlled calorie intake, and regular exercise. So far, these approaches to tackling obesity have been largely ineffective. The lack of efficacy of conventional treatments to date highlights the need to explore alternative avenues and look for novel solutions to the problem. The focus of this thesis is to investigate the possibility of utilising music in the ongoing effort to curb obesity and overweight.

Listening to music is a pleasurable activity that is cognitively undemanding and its implementation does not require much effort. Music is also easily accessible, customizable, portable, and relatively inexpensive. The ability of music to influence arousal and the mood of individuals has made listening to music one of the favourite emotion regulation strategies across all age groups. Music has been used as a successful motivational tool in exercise and this represents its main contribution to the obesity effort so far. However, the vast potential of music to directly influence eating behaviours and consequently eating outcomes remains largely untapped.

This thesis develops and tests the notion that listening to music can provide an alternative or complementary treatment to support weight loss programs and special eating regimes. In addition, it investigates the experiences of eating in the general population in order to tap into the meanings, connotations, and associations related to these experiences. These narratives should provide additional insights whether and how music could be utilized best in the context of eating, particularly in relation to food-taste, food-pleasantness, and emotional eating.

A mixed-method approach was undertaken. Three studies were conducted - two quantitative laboratory studies, and one qualitative study comprising interviews. The first laboratory study investigates the influence of music on the perception of taste. The existence of cross-modal correspondences between different senses allows music to exert an influence on the perception of taste. The potentiality of music to modify perceptions of taste of more bland-tasting, healthy foods could be advantageous when adhering to specific diets; low sugar in particular. The second laboratory study investigates the effect of the speed of music on the rate of mastication. The influence of music on the levels of arousal and consequently the speed of chewing could lead to slower eating thus reducing the incidents of overeating which are often a consequence of eating too fast. The third study consists of four largely unstructured interviews which explore the lived experience of eating. The aim of the study was to investigate the "experience of eating" as understood and narrated by participants to ascertain whether a basis and adequate conditions for utilization of applied music exist in their day-to-day lives.

The findings of the first experiment suggest that taste congruent music has a significant effect on both the perception of food-taste and hedonic ratings for sweet as well as bland-tasting-healthy food items. The results of the second experiment indicate that the speed of music (slow, moderate and fast) has a significant effect on the rate of mastication e.g. slow music is related to a lower number of bites per minute. The interviews highlighted important and interesting insights about what eating means to individuals and how often they rely on food and eating as a way to improve/change the way they feel. It is conceivable that utilizing music as an alternative/additional coping strategy could reduce the need to rely on food to the same effect. Findings also suggest that food-taste is a significant factor in day-to-day food selection and food consumption. Applied music could be used to modify the perception of food-taste and its desirability and in so doing influence food choices. The limitations of the study, methodological issues and future research directions are discussed. Overall, this thesis posits that music might be a promising line of enquiry in a continuing search for appropriate and cost-effective solutions to the current obesity crises.


Excerpt] In what follows we present a systems model of discrimination at the level of the organization. We elaborate the model shown in Figure 1 and illustrate the ways in which aspects of organizations – including formal and informal structure, organizational culture, leadership, strategy, human resource systems, and organizational climates – may contribute to or attenuate discrimination. As depicted in Figure 1 and as discussed in detail in previous chapters, the relationship between these organizational-level processes and actual levels of discrimination is necessarily mediated by individual cognitions and interpersonal behaviors. Furthermore, we recognize that organizations do not exist in a vacuum but rather they exchange resources and information with the environment. To fully attend to the implications of this point, we utilize an open-systems model of organizations (Katz & Kahn, 1978) to briefly discuss inputs from the environment and organizational outputs to the environment. Thus, we begin below with a brief overview of environmental factors such as the legal, economic, and social environment that serve as inputs into the organization that are relevant to the phenomenon of discrimination. Then, the major section of the chapter is devoted to a detailed analysis of the existing literature on discrimination at the level of the organization. This exploration is accomplished through examination of six different organizational throughputs: organizational structure, organizational culture, leadership, strategy, HR systems, and organizational climate. We then briefly discuss some of the outcomes associated with organizational discrimination and the ways in which these outputs are then fed back into the environment in which organizations function. Finally, we conclude with future directions for the study of discrimination at the organizational level. Disciplines Human Resources Management Comments Suggested Citation Gelfand, M. J., Nishii, L. H., Raver, J. L. & Schneider, B. (2007). Discrimination in organizations: An organizational-level systems perspective (CAHRS Working Paper #07-08). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies. http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cahrswp/470 This article is available at DigitalCommons@ILR: http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cahrswp/470 W O R K I N G P A P E R S E R I E S Discrimination In Organizations: An Organizational-Level Systems Perspective Michele J. Gelfand Lisa H. Nishii Jana L. Raver Benjamin Schneider Working Paper 07 – 08 CAHRS at Cornell University Room 615B Ives Hall Ithaca, NY 14853-3901 USA Tel. 607 255-9358 www.ilr.cornell.edu/CAHRS Discrimination in Organizations CAHRS WP07-08 Page 2 of 35 Discrimination In Organizations: An Organizational-Level Systems Perspective Michele J. Gelfand Department of Psychology University of Maryland Lisa H. Nishii Human Resource Studies School of Industrial and Labor Relations Cornell University Jana L. Raver University of Maryland Personnel Research Associates, Inc. Benjamin Schneider


Data mining is described as a process of discover or extracting interesting knowledge from large amounts of data stored in multiple data sources such as file systems, databases, data warehouses etc. Data mining tools predict future trends and behaviors, allowing businesses to make proactive, knowledge-driven decisions. Powerful systems for collecting data and managing it in large databases are already in place in most large and mid-range companies. However the bottleneck of turning this data into your success is the difficulty of extracting knowledge about the system that you study from the collected data. Data mining and its techniques can be extremely beneficial in many areas such as industry, commerce, government, education, and agriculture, healthcare and so on .data mining tools can analyze massive databases to deliver answers to questions such as, Which clients most likely to respond to my next promotional mailing, and why? Data mining have many advantages but still data mining systems face lot of problems and pitfalls. The purpose of this paper is to discuss Role of data mining, its application and various challenges and issues related to it.


1) While it is possible only one type of second-degree AV block exists electrophysiologically, the available data do not justify such a conclusion and it would seem more appropriate to remain a "splitter," and advocate separation and definition of multiple mechanisms, than to be a "lumper," and embrace a unitary concept. 2) The clinical classification of type I and type II AV block, based on present scalar electrocardiographic criteria, for the most part accurately differentiates clinically important categories of patients. Such a classification is descriptive, but serves a useful function and should be preserved, taking into account the caveats mentioned above. The site of block generally determines the clinical course for the patient. For most examples of AV block, the type I and type II classification in present use is based on the site of block. Because block in the His-Purkinje system is preceded by small or nonmeasurable increments, it is called type II AV block; but the very fact that it is preceded by small increments is because it occurs in the His-Purkinje system. Similar logic can be applied to type I AV block in the AV node. Exceptions do occur. If the site of AV block cannot be distinguished with certainity from the scalar ECG, an electrophysiologic study will generally reveal the answer.


We introduce a low‐cost and compact spectral imaging camera design based on unmodified consumer cameras and a custom camera objective. The device can be used in a high‐resolution configuration that measures the spectrum of a column of an imaged scene with up to 0.8 nm spectral resolution, rivalling commercial non‐imaging spectrometers, and a mid‐resolution hyper spectral mode that allows the spectral measurement of a whole image, with up to 5 nm spectral resolution and 120×120 spatial resolution. We develop the necessary calibration methods based on halogen/fluorescent lamps and laser pointers to acquire all necessary information about the optical system. We also derive the mathematical methods to interpret and reconstruct spectra directly from the Bayer array images of a standard RGGB camera. This objective design introduces accurate spectral remote sensing to computational photography, with numerous applications in color theory, colorimetry, vision and rendering, making the acquisition of a spectral image as simple as taking a high‐dynamic‐range image.


The continued drive for increased efficiency, performance and reduced costs for aircraft and industrial gas turbines demands extended use of high temperature materials, such as single crystal nickel based superalloys. The cost for hot section components used in those applications is a primary factor driving a growing need for advanced blade repair procedures, which address the problem of recuparating damaged parts. In previous research at EPFL, it has been shown that single crystal deposition for turbine blade repair is possible by an Epitaxial Laser Metal Forming (E-LMF) technique. In this process, metal powder is injected into a molten pool formed by controlled laser heating with the aim of producing a single crystal deposit on a single crystal substrate. It is a near net-shape process for rapid prototyping or repair engineering of single crystal high pressure/high temperature gas turbine blades. Single crystal repair using E-LMF requires controlled solidification conditions in order to prevent the nucleation and growth of crystals ahead of the columnar dendritic front, i.e. to ensure epitaxial growth and to avoid the columnar to equiaxed transition. The feasability of the E-LMF process has been demonstrated in the laboratory on simple geometry substrates and platforms of turbine blades. Significant efforts are still required to up-scale this process for the repair of real, complex shaped parts on an industrial scale as solidification defects are often encountered when non-ideal processing conditions are used. Epitaxial laser treatment of single crystal nickel-base superalloys The aim of the present research is to study the microstucture development during the laser assisted deposition of Ni-based superalloys on single crystal substrates with the same composition and to gain an understanding of defect formation mechanisms, this in view of a complete control of the E-LMF process. As a follow-up to previous research, particular emphasis is placed on non ideal conditions by taking into account important aspects of dendritic solidification. In particular, the major defects encountered during single crystal laser deposition, i.e. loss of the crystal orientation of the substrate, are described taking into account the following aspects : off-axis heat flux dendritic growth, fragmentation, grain growth competition, and loss of epitaxy due to branching difficulties of cellular-dendritic structures. In this work, critical parameters, which affect epitaxy, the nucleation of spurious grains and grain structure, will be discussed and new results, which are fundamental to the full process control of E-LMF, will be presented. By contributing to the understanding of the phenomena which are responsible for loss of single crystallinity and through the definition of proper processing windows for single crystal generation and repair by laser deposition, this work will constitute a sound basis to guide future industrial practice.


Demanding regional autonomy regional governments to further optimize the potential to be developed as a sector owned potential . Rokan Hilir regency as one division has a big opportunity in developing the potential of the area owned in order to support the economic development of Rokan Hilir. This study aims to determine the base sector, competitive and growth profile Rokan Hilir area. This study uses secondary data Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) from the central statistical agency of Riau Province. The analysis used in this study is the analysis of location quotient, shift share analysis, and analysis of growth profiles. The results of this study indicate that the dominant sector in the sector that has the criteria base, the competitive sector, and the sector forward and growing rapidly, that is fisheries sub-sector at constant prices data with the oil and gas, as well as trade, plantation crops sub-sector and sub-sector and the large trade retail at constant price data without gas. Keywords : Competitive sector , growth profile and sector base


In an aging population with a changing demographic structure, the government aims to ensure that elderly people receive care. In the concept of lifelong learning, education opportunities are available to senior learners, not just children and young people. The sustainable development for senior learners becomes a very important issue because it promotes a variety of learning activities for senior learners. Many universities have started to offer education for senior learners in Taiwan. Positive experiences for senior learners in senior universities can be fostered by ensuring the sustainable development of senior education. In this paper, a study on sustainable development for senior learners is proposed. This study aims to explore potential tools or approaches in evaluating the sustainable development for senior learners for decision making. In this study, two approaches are applied to analyze the sustainable development for senior learners. The first is a statistical analysis, and the second is the random forest model. The methodology of statistical analysis focuses on three aspects such as social assistance, inspiration, and the learning fulfillment for senior learners in senior universities. The random forest model is used to generate decision rules to support decision making. The random forest in this study obtained 22 decision rules. The results suggest that the items in the questionnaire and the decision rules from random forest could provide useful information that allows decision-makers to analyze the sustainable development of senior learners.


The avoidance of surface waters by crustacean zooplankton is a common phenomenon both in marine and freshwaters. The contemporary paradigm interprets such behavior as an antipredator strategy. However, the phenomenon has also been reported in predator‐free environments, which suggests that other variables may contribute to this depth‐selection behavior. We investigated the possibility that ultraviolet radiation (UVR) could influence the avoidance of surface waters in three interconnected lakes differing in their transparency. Each lake was sampled 17 or 18 times. In the two most transparent lakes, the percentage of the population occurring in the surface layer decreased during spring and summer, but this pattern was not observed in the less transparent lake. Such differences in the patterns of surface‐water avoidance were unrelated to the abundance and vertical distribution of the dominant planktivores (early stages of galaxiid fishes) as well as to temperature and food availability. They were inversely related, however, to the average UVR levels within the surface layer. A UV avoidance strategy was predicted for the copepod Boeckella gracilipes, on account of its low UV tolerance and lack of photoprotective compounds. Our results support this prediction and strongly suggest that surface avoidance by freshwater Patagonian zooplankton is not just a byproduct benefit of an antipredator behavior but is a direct response to high UVR levels.


Binding of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) to its specific cell surface receptor, N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR), triggers different cascades of biochemical events, eventually leading to cellular activation. However, the physiological role of fMLP and FPR during differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells is unknown. In this study, we attempted to determine whether fMLP regulates differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow. Analysis by quantitative-PCR and flow cytometry showed significantly increased expression of FPR1, but not FPR2 and FPR3, during osteoblastic differentiation. fMLP, a specific ligand of FPR1, promotes osteoblastic commitment and suppresses adipogenic commitment under differentiation conditions. Remarkably, fMLP-stimulated osteogenesis is associated with increased expression of osteogenic markers and mineralization, which were blocked by cyclosporine H, a selective FPR1 antagonist. In addition, fMLP inhibited expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ1, a major regulator of adipocytic differentiation. fMLP-stimulated osteogenic differentiation was mediated via FPR1-phospholipase C/phospholipase D-Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent kinase II-ERK-CREB signaling pathways. Finally, fMLP promoted bone formation in zebrafish and rabbits, suggesting its physiological relevance in vivo. Collectively, our findings provide novel insight into the functional role of fMLP in bone biology, with important implications for its potential use as a therapeutic agent for treatment of bone-related disorders.


The objective of this work was to estimate the iron oxide contents (hematite and goethite) and to characterize the color and the spectral and magnetic signatures of Cerrado soils in the state of Goias, Brazil. Six Oxisols and one Inceptisol were studied. Spectral and magnetic signatures were determined by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and magnetic susceptibility, respectively. Then, the spectral curves and the second derivative calculations were used to determine hematite and goethite contents, as well as soil color after conversion into tristimulus values. Hematite and goethite contents were also obtained by x-ray diffractometry, and soil color was also defined in the field (Munsell color chart). The values for the isomorphic substitution of iron by aluminum and the degree of redness were also determined. DRS can be used to estimate hematite and goethite contents, as well as the color of Cerrado soils in the state of Goias. The spectral signature can point out the main soil properties related to the contents of organic matter, iron oxides, kaolinite, and gibbsite. The magnetic signature, characteristic of soils rich in iron oxides (hematite and goethite), shows the predominance of pedogenic minerals.


Gaussian graphical models (GGMs) are widely used for statistical modeling, because of ease of inference and the ubiquitous use of the normal distribution in practical approximations. However, they are also known for their limited modeling abilities, due to the Gaussian assumption. In this paper, we introduce a novel variant of GGMs, which relaxes the Gaussian restriction and yet admits efficient inference. Specifically, we impose a bipartite structure on the GGM and govern the hidden variables by truncated normal distributions. The nonlinearity of the model is revealed by its connection to rectified linear unit (ReLU) neural networks. Meanwhile, thanks to the bipartite structure and appealing properties of truncated normals, we are able to train the models efficiently using contrastive divergence. We consider three output constructs, accounting for real-valued, binary and count data. We further extend the model to deep constructions and show that deep models can be used for unsupervised pre-training of rectifier neural networks. Extensive experimental results are provided to validate the proposed models and demonstrate their superiority over competing models.


Abstract. Soil texture is important for many environmental processes. In this paper, we study the classification of soil texture based on hyperspectral data. We develop and implement three 1-dimensional (1D) convolutional neural networks (CNN): the LucasCNN, the LucasResNet which contains an identity block as residual network, and the LucasCoordConv with an additional coordinates layer. Furthermore, we modify two existing 1D CNN approaches for the presented classification task. The code of all five CNN approaches is available on GitHub (Riese, 2019). We evaluate the performance of the CNN approaches and compare them to a random forest classifier. Thereby, we rely on the freely available LUCAS topsoil dataset. The CNN approach with the least depth turns out to be the best performing classifier. The LucasCoordConv achieves the best performance regarding the average accuracy. In future work, we can further enhance the introduced LucasCNN, LucasResNet and LucasCoordConv and include additional variables of the rich LUCAS dataset.


We present results from the OP3 campaign in Sabah during 2008 that allow us to study the impact of local emission changes over Borneo on atmospheric composition at the regional and wider scale. OP3 constituent data provide an important constraint on model performance. Treatment of boundary layer processes is highlighted as an important area of model uncertainty. Model studies of land-use change confirm earlier work, indicating that further changes to intensive oil palm agriculture in South East Asia, and the tropics in general, could have important impacts on air quality, with the biggest factor being the concomitant changes in NOx emissions. With the model scenarios used here, local increases in ozone of around 50 per cent could occur. We also report measurements of short-lived brominated compounds around Sabah suggesting that oceanic (and, especially, coastal) emission sources dominate locally. The concentration of bromine in short-lived halocarbons measured at the surface during OP3 amounted to about 7 ppt, setting an upper limit on the amount of these species that can reach the lower stratosphere.


A previous molecular study has revealed that the Mediterranean reef building vermetid gastropod Dendropoma petraeum conforms a complex of at least four cryptic species with non-overlapping distribution areas. Once detected specific genetic differences, ' a posteriori' searching for phenotypic characters has been undertaken to differentiate cryptic species and to formally describe and name them. The name D. petraeum (Monterosato, 1884) should be restricted to the species of this complex distributed around the Central Mediterranean (type locality in Sicily). In the present work we redescribe this taxon under the older valid name D. cristatum (Biondi, 1857), and we describe the new species of this complex distributed in the western Mediterranean. These descriptions are based on a comparative study focusing on the protoconch, teleoconch, external and internal anatomy. Both species can be only distinguished on the basis of non-easily visible anatomical features. Further, protoconchs differ in size and sculpture. On the other hand, some differences between both species are evidenced in features of the intracapsular larval development: the number and size of the egg capsules brooded per female at the same time, the number of egg/embryos per egg capsule, egg diameter and type of intracapsular nutrition.


The thalamus receives input from multiple brain systems and has an essential role in controlling brain state. This is thought to occur primarily because of its connectivity with the forebrain. Here, we provide evidence for an additional mechanism. By calcium imaging of larval zebrafish, we show that two stimuli, light and darkness, trigger distinct activity patterns in the habenula. Responses appear first in a neuropil that is innervated by retino-recipient thalamic nuclei. Thalamic responses to light and darkness resemble habenula responses, and the thalamus appears to be the only source of GABAergic afferents that would underlie the inhibitory component of light-evoked activity. These data establish that the thalamus directly controls the habenula, a regulator of many broadly acting neuromodulators. We thus propose that the thalamus influences brain state via a pathway to the habenula, which can act in parallel with projections to the forebrain.


The Pictet-Spengler reaction, which yields either a beta-carboline or a tetrahydroquinoline product from an aromatic amine and an aldehyde, is widely utilized in plant alkaloid biosynthesis. Here we deconvolute the role that the biosynthetic enzyme strictosidine synthase plays in catalyzing the stereoselective synthesis of a beta-carboline product. Notably, the rate-controlling step of the enzyme mechanism, as identified by the appearance of a primary kinetic isotope effect (KIE), is the rearomatization of a positively charged intermediate. The KIE of a nonenzymatic Pictet-Spengler reaction indicates that rearomatization is also rate-controlling in solution, suggesting that the enzyme does not significantly change the mechanism of the reaction. Additionally, the pH dependence of the solution and enzymatic reactions provides evidence for a sequence of acid-base catalysis steps that catalyze the Pictet-Spengler reaction. An additional acid-catalyzed step, most likely protonation of a carbinolamine intermediate, is also significantly rate controlling. We propose that this step is efficiently catalyzed by the enzyme. Structural analysis of a bisubstrate inhibitor bound to the enzyme suggests that the active site is exquisitely tuned to correctly orient the iminium intermediate for productive cyclization to form the diastereoselective product. Furthermore, ab initio calculations suggest the structures of possible productive transition states involved in the mechanism. Importantly, these calculations suggest that a spiroindolenine intermediate, often invoked in the Pictet-Spengler mechanism, does not occur. A detailed mechanism for enzymatic catalysis of the beta-carboline product is proposed from these data.


The Medial Axis Transform (MAT) was defined by Blum in the sixties as an alternate description of the shape of an object Since then, its potential applicability in a wide range of engineering domains has been acknowledged. However, this potential has never quite been realized, except recently in two dimensions. One reason is the difficulty in defining algorithms for finding the MAT, especially in three dimensions. Another reason is the lack of incentive for modeling designs directly in MAT's. Given this impasse, some lateral thinking appears to be in order. Perhaps the MAT per se is not the only skeleton which can be used. Are there other, more easily derived skeletons, which share those properties of the MAT which are of interest in engineering design? In this work, we identify a set of properties of the MAT which, we argue, are of primary interest. Briefly, these properties are dimensional reduction (in the sense of having no interior), topological equivalence, and invertibility. For the restricted class of discrete objects, we define an algorithm for identifying a point set, generically called a skeleton, which shares these properties with the MAT. The algorithm will be defined for two dimensions, and a proof will be outlined. The true focus of our work, however, lies in the extension of this to three dimensions. We present ideas on how the 2D algorithm can be extended to 3D objects, and also present a line of argument which should extend the proofs of the 2D algorithm to three dimensions. *In alphabetical order ^e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com. phone (412) 268-5214 1 An NSF Engineering Research Center at Carnegie Mellon University


A 5G mobile network has evolved from a cell centric radio access network to a user centric one. A user-centric no-cell (UCNC) framework has been proposed, which enables physical layer coordination over a large number of transmission and reception points for each mobile user to always experience cell-center-like communications. This paper presents some key technologies in the UCNC framework. The focus is on proof of concept of UL grant-free transmissions in the UCNC architecture. Massive connectivity supporting a huge number of devices is one of the three important scenarios in 5G networks. The challenges to support massive connectivity lie in the cost of signaling overhead and transmission latency. An uplink grant-free transmission based on sparse code multiple access (SCMA) design is proposed. The proposed scheme can provide different levels of overloading to efficiently meet the massive connectivity requirements. Grant-free transmission conducted in RRC connected state can reduce signaling overhead, while in energy conserved operation (ECO) state, it can significantly reduce the user plane transmission latency. Extensive laboratory testing has been conducted in a collaborative project of Huawei and Telefonica to verify the performance matrices. Taking LTE as a baseline for comparison purposes, it is shown that the signaling overhead by using uplink grant-free transmission can be reduced by around 80% and the user plane transmission latency in ECO state can be reduced by around 93%. Moreover, massive connectivity is efficiently supported with the SCMA scheme that yields around 230% gain over OFDMA in terms of supported active users.


PURPOSE
To evaluate intraocular pressure (IOP) and extraocular orbital vessels with color Doppler ultrasound (CDU) and investigate the effects of obesity on retrobulbar blood flow.

METHODS
Fifty-nine patients were included in this prospective study. Patients were divided into two groups according to body mass index: Group 1 (31 obese patients) and Group 2 (28 non-obese patients). IOP was measured with a Goldmann applanation tonometer, and CDU was used to evaluate the retrobulbar vessels.

RESULTS
The mean IOP was 18 ± 6.68 mmHg in the obese group and 13.71 ± 1.60 mmHg in the control group (p<0.001). When the CDU values for the central retinal artery were compared between the groups, the pulsatility index was found to be significantly lower in the obese group than in the control group (p<0.001). When the CDU values for the ophthalmic artery (OA) were compared between the groups, the peak systolic velocity (p<0.001) and end-diastolic velocity (p=0.002) values were found to be significantly lower in the obese group than in the control group.

CONCLUSIONS
Obese patients have a higher mean IOP and lower flow velocity than non-obese patients. Increased IOP together with decreased retrobulbar blood flow, particularly in obese individuals, may increase the risk of glaucoma development.


We develop the quantum-jump statistical tools required to analyze the probe response in three-level systems where the probe and driving lasers have arbitrary intensities and detunings. We apply these tools to investigate the appearance of two inversionless amplification sidebands in the probe spectrum as the driving laser intensity increases.


As our clients demand greater and greater accountability, we as professionals are increasingly being challenged to meet rising expectations. This is translating into an emphasis across professions and borders on the continual improvement of practice by individuals, employers, regulatory bodies, and governments. This editorial sets out to describe the changes to the nursing re-registration process happening in both Canada and the UK, and the increased emphasis on lifelong, self directed learning as the mechanism for ensuring continued competence in practice. In particular, we will describe how resources such as Evidence-Based Nursing and the Cochrane Library can help with the process of continuing professional development (CPD) and registration.

Most nurses undergo a basic training that lasts for 3 or 4 years. This training equips them with basic competencies and prepares them for a 30 or 40 year career in which most of their learning will take place. Historically, payment of an annual fee was the only requirement for maintaining registration as a nurse, but there have long been concerns that this is no safeguard against outdated knowledge and an unthinking approach to practice. Whereas CPD was once viewed as a desirable option, it is now a prerequisite for periodic re-registration.

In Canada, each province regulates nursing independently under different legislation, although there is considerable interprovincial communication about issues of concern to all, such as labour mobility and cross provincial registration. In Ontario, responsive legislation in the form of the Ontario-specific Regulated Health Professions' Act (1991) requires that all 23 of the health professions create programmes that "assure the quality of the practice of the profession and promote continuing competence among the members."1 The College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO), the provincial regulatory body for registered nurses and registered practical nurses, has designed and begun to implement a programme that requires …


In this paper, a discrete extension of the (G′/G)-expansion method is applied to a relativistic Toda lattice system and a discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equation in order to obtain discrete traveling wave solutions. Closed form solutions with more arbitrary parameters, which reduce to solitary and periodic waves, are exhibited. New rational solutions are also obtained. The method is straightforward and concise, and its applications in physical sciences are promising.


Introduction: Most serious patients among the poorest of the poor class are treated in the hospitals attached to medical colleges. Although there are senior and experienced doctors available, there is no denying the fact that resident doctors are the backbone of medical care. We cannot even dream of running these hospitals without them especially when coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is spreading like a wildfire across the globe. As far as the mental health of the resident doctors is concerned, often there are complaints of burnouts, depression, medical error, suicidal ideation, and leaving the course halfway, among them. We carried out a small questionnaire-based study to find out the viewpoint of the residents. Materials and Methods: An anonymous survey in respect of work hours and call schedules was administered to 50 junior residents. The results were analyzed. The faculty viewpoint, regulations in different countries, and regulatory bodies were also taken into account to present a balanced view and recommendations. Results: A total of 50 residents were surveyed. 64% of the residents worked for around 81–100h per week. 58%residents get 6h of uninterrupted sleep per day. 86% of the residents felt that extended working hours do not improve patient care. 82% of residents felt that there is no gain of skills with extended working hours; also, it does not leave them any spare time to study. 64% of the residents (mostly first-year postgraduate [PG] students) felt that most of their time is used for paperwork, which has no bearing on their skill development or knowledge. 16%–24% of residents felt that the extended working hours are affecting their mental health. Some of the residents felt that their relationship with coresident also affects their work. 74% of the residents admitted that they were asked to work more than 24h continuously quite often. 84% of the residents felt that they should get more time for leisure activities. Conclusion: There is a need to formalize working hours and to reduce paperwork for the residents to keep them in good mental health. A structured and supervised work schedule for the residents especially for the first-year PG students is the need of the hour. We need to balance education, patient care, and health of the young resident doctors while considering their work schedule.


Legislative efforts to reduce the incidence of babies born low-birth weight is tangled in race and class profiling, which detracts from an evidence-based approach to reduce fetal health harm. On inspection, prescription drug use, domestic violence, and assisted reproductive technology measure significantly in the incidence of fetal health harm and the dramatic rise in neonatology treatments and costs. Goodwin's article provides an empirical counter narrative to the provocative legislative assumptions about fetal health harm.


The finite-state Markov channel (FSMC) is a time-varying channel having states that are characterized by a finite-state Markov chain. These channels have infinite memory, which complicates their capacity analysis. We develop a new method to characterize the capacity of these channels based on Lyapunov exponents. Specifically, we show that the input, output, and conditional entropies for this channel are equivalent to the largest Lyapunov exponents for a particular class of random matrix products. We then show that the Lyapunov exponents can be expressed as expectations with respect to the stationary distributions of a class of continuous-state space Markov chains. This class of Markov chains, which is closely related to the prediction filter in hidden Markov models, is shown to be nonirreducible. Hence, much of the standard theory for continuous state-space Markov chains cannot be applied to establish the existence and uniqueness of stationary distributions, nor do we have direct access to a central limit theorem (CLT). In order to address these shortcomings, we utilize several results from the theory of random matrix products and Lyapunov exponents. The stationary distributions for this class of Markov chains are shown to be unique and continuous functions of the input symbol probabilities, provided that the input sequence has finite memory. These properties allow us to express mutual information and channel capacity in terms of Lyapunov exponents. We then leverage this connection between entropy and Lyapunov exponents to develop a rigorous theory for computing or approximating entropy and mutual information for finite-state channels with dependent inputs. We develop a method for directly computing entropy of finite-state channels that does not rely on simulation and establish its convergence. We also obtain a new asymptotically tight lower bound for entropy based on norms of random matrix products. In addition, we prove a new functional CLT for sample entropy and apply this theorem to characterize the error in simulated estimates of entropy. Finally, we present numerical examples of mutual information computation for intersymbol interference (ISI) channels and observe the capacity benefits of adding memory to the input sequence for such channels


The MAGIC collaboration observed SN2014J, the nearest supernova (SN) explosion in 10 years, located in the galaxy M82. The MAGIC observations started 6 days after the first detection by the UCL Observatory (CBET #3792) and amounted to a total of 5.4 hours. This Ia-type SN is unique and follow-up observations in all wavelengths have been pursued (i.e. ATel #5835, #5809, #5812, #5851). The SN was observed with the MAGIC telescopes from January 27 to 29 under moderate moonlight conditions and on February 1 and 2 under dark-night conditions. The preliminary analysis of these data resulted in an integral flux upper limit of 1.6e-12 cm-2 s-1 above the energy 300 GeV at 95% c.l. (this corresponds to ~1.3% of the Crab Nebula flux ; for energies above 700 GeV the corresponding limit is ~2%), assuming a Crab-like spectral index. The daily flux upper limits (~1h observation per day) vary from 1.8e-12 to 18.e-12 cm-2 s-1 (E>300 GeV, 95% c.l.), due to different observational conditions. The VHE flux contribution from the host galaxy M82 was previously measured by VERITAS (Nature, 462, 700) at the level of 0.9% of the Crab flux for E>700 GeV. The MAGIC observations covered the maximum of the SN brightening (on Jan 31, mag=10.5 AAVSO data: PSN J09554214+6940260). MAGIC is a system of two 17m-diameter Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes located at the Canary island of La Palma, Spain, and designed to perform gamma-ray astronomy in the energy range from 50 GeV to greater than 50 TeV.


Inflorescence structures result from the activities of meristems, which coordinate both the renewal of stem cells in the center and organ formation at the periphery. The fate of a meristem is specified at its initiation and changes as the plant develops. During rice inflorescence development, newly formed meristems acquire a branch meristem (BM) identity, and can generate further meristems or terminate as spikelets. Thus, the form of rice inflorescence is determined by a reiterative pattern of decisions made at the meristems. In the dominant gain-of-function mutant tawawa1-D, the activity of the inflorescence meristem (IM) is extended and spikelet specification is delayed, resulting in prolonged branch formation and increased numbers of spikelets. In contrast, reductions in TAWAWA1 (TAW1) activity cause precocious IM abortion and spikelet formation, resulting in the generation of small inflorescences. TAW1 encodes a nuclear protein of unknown function and shows high levels of expression in the shoot apical meristem, the IM, and the BMs. TAW1 expression disappears from incipient spikelet meristems (SMs). We also demonstrate that members of the SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE subfamily of MADS-box genes function downstream of TAW1. We thus propose that TAW1 is a unique regulator of meristem activity in rice and regulates inflorescence development through the promotion of IM activity and suppression of the phase change to SM identity.


This paper examines the degree of exchange rate pass through to inflation in Uganda with quarterly data over the period 1999Q3 to 2012Q2 using a triangulation of well specified Vector Error Correction (VEC) and Structural Vector Auto-Regression (SVAR) models. The findings show strong and significant association between the exchange rate movements and inflation in Uganda, and that the pass-through to domestic inflation, although incomplete, is modest and persistent with a dynamic exchange rate pass-through elasticity of 0.48. This suggests that exchange rate movements remain a potentially important source of inflation in Uganda. Using variance decomposition, it is found that exchange rate shocks have a modest contribution to inflation variance, although inflation is mainly driven by own shocks especially at shorter horizons. The policy implication arising from these findings is that the monetary authority must be vigilant at exchange rate movements and focus on exchange rate interventions which stem inflation pressure from the external sector.


Background Over two-thirds of Natural American Spirit (NAS) smokers believe their cigarettes might be 'less harmful', but toxicological evidence does not support this belief. We assessed whether standardised packaging could reduce the possibility of erroneous inferences of 'safety' drawn from NAS cigarette packaging. Methods US adult smokers (n=909) were recruited to a between-subject survey experiment (3 brands×3 packaging/labelling styles) through Amazon Mechanical Turk and rated their perception of whether a randomly assigned cigarette package conveyed that the brand was 'safer' on a three-item scale (Cronbach's α=0.92). We assessed whether NAS packs were rated higher on the 'implied safety' scale than two other brands and estimated the effect that plain packaging (ie, all branding replaced with a drab dark brown colour) and Australian-like packaging (ie, all branding replaced with a drab dark brown colour and a graphic image and text on 75% of the pack surface) had on perceptions of the NAS cigarette package. Results Smokers' ratings of the standard NAS pack on the implied safety scale (mean=4.6; SD=2.9) were 1.9 times (P <0.001) higher than smokers' ratings of a Marlboro Red pack (mean=2.4; SD=2.3) and 1.7 times (P <0.001) higher than smokers' ratings of a Newport Menthol pack (mean=2.7; SD=2.4). These perceptions of implied safety were lower when plain packaging was used (Cohen's d=0.66; P <0.001) and much lower when Australian-like packaging was used (Cohen's d=1.56; P <0.001). Conclusion The results suggest that NAS cigarette packaging conveys that its cigarettes are 'safer' and that such perceptions are lower with standardised packaging, both with and without warning images.


Researchers interested in the music of Peter Maxwell Davies have long been aware of a problem relating to the interpretation the precompositional workings and first-draft scores in the available sketch material: the presence of a personal alphabet devised when Davies was in his early teens and used, sporadically, in his compositional workings. It was obvious that some sort of labelling process was being used in the preliminary workings for individual pieces, but its significance unclear, while longer messages, found throughout the sketch material, were completely unintelligible. Sometimes such messages comprised only a few symbols, whereas in other places there were complete lines of symbols. As I have discussed in my article on the sketch material, printed in Tempo 196,1 Davies kept/keeps a diary in this script and in some cases it is said the content refers directly to specific compositions. He has suggested that these diaries will eventually come into the public domain, but only some years after his demise. Clearly it will be important for this script to be understood for the content to be of some use to scholars in the future. It is obvious to the eye that before the First Symphony (1975-76) the appearance of the script on the first-draft scores was particularly sparse, no doubt reflecting the use of the compositional diary. Subsequent scores have contained more or fewer annotations, possibly reflecting the speed of composition and/or the "status" of a work as a principal or a satellite.2 It is also possible that Davies has used the "compositional diary" less in recent years than he did earlier. In this regard the works from the period between the First and Second Symphonies (1976-80) may be significant, and will be the focus of a later study.

1. Richard McGregor, "The Maxwell Davies Sketch material in the British Library," Tempo 196 (April 1996): 9-19 and 197 (July 1996): 20-22.
2. As discussed in Peter Owens, "Revelation and Fallacy: Observations on Compositional Technique in the Music of Peter Maxwell Davies," Music Analysis 13 nos. 2 and 3, (October 1994): 161-202.


Meghnad Desai is Professor Emeritus of Economics at the LSE. He is founder of LSE Global Governance. From 1990-1995 he was Director of LSE's Development Studies Institute and has been at the LSE for over 30 years. In 1991, Meghnad Desai was created Lord Desai of St Clement Danes. His latest book is Marx's Revenge: The Resurgence of Capitalism and the Death of Statist Socialism.

By enabling leading scholars and other public figures to explore the subjects that inspired them and Lord Desai, the publication will offer a fascinating exploration of progress on economics, human rights and development issues. The initiative identifies the continuing contribution made by Lord Desai, and the development of the themes highlighted by his work.
Topics covered include: Econometric modelling, Macro economics and monetary theory, Development, Inequality, poverty and famines, Marx and political economy, Globalisation and global governance, History of economic ideas, and Nationalism in South Asia.

Contributors include: Robert Skidelsky, Charles Goodhart, David Hendry, John Harriss, Purna Sen and others.


Our task in the second OSI convening of the institutional repository workgroup was to propose a way forward for repository and infrastructure solutions: detailing what's needed before action can be taken, what this action should look like, and what actors should be involved. Our main recommendation is directional: repositories must evolve and move toward interoperability and sustainability. Repositories should be diverse, decentralized, interoperable networks across the world. It is time for repository staff to shift focus more towards interoperability (policy-driven, research-relevant, and standards-based) and less on supporting content. The scholarly communication community should be incentivized to make choices related to repositories that are more sustainable. The scope and power of OSI lies in clarifying what this means and coordinating (or suggesting coordination) among existing stakeholders. OSI is not currently able to sustain, support, or itself build the solutions.


In this paper we show that mixed finite element methods for a fairly general second-order elliptic problem with variable coefficients can be given a nonmixed formulation. (Lower-order terms are treated, so our results apply also to parabolic equations.) We define an approximation method by incorporating some projection operators within a standard Galerkin method, which we call a projection finite element method. It is shown that for a given mixed method, if the projection method's finite element space M h satisfies three conditions, then the two approximation methods are equivalent. These three conditions can be simplified for a single element in the case of mixed spaces possessing the usual vector projection operator. We then construct appropriate nonconforming spaces M h for the known triangular and rectangular elements. The lowest-order Raviart-Thomas mixed solution on rectangular finite elements in R 2 and R 3 , on simplices, or on prisms, is then implemented as a nonconforming method modified in a simple and computationally trivial manner. This new nonconforming solution is actually equivalent to a postprocessed version of the mixed solution. A rearrangement of the computation of the mixed method solution through this equivalence allows us to design simple and optimal-order multigrid methods for the solution of the linear system.


Deep neural networks give state-of-the-art accuracy for reconstructing images from few and noisy measurements, a problem arising for example in accelerated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, recent works have raised concerns that deep-learning-based image reconstruction methods are sensitive to perturbations and are less robust than traditional methods: Neural networks (i) may be sensitive to small, yet adversarially-selected perturbations, (ii) may perform poorly under distribution shifts, and (iii) may fail to recover small but important features in an image. In order to understand the sensitivity to such perturbations, in this work, we measure the robustness of different approaches for image reconstruction including trained and un-trained neural networks as well as traditional sparsity-based methods. We find, contrary to prior works, that both trained and un-trained methods are vulnerable to adversarial perturbations. Moreover, both trained and un-trained methods tuned for a particular dataset suffer very similarly from distribution shifts. Finally, we demonstrate that an image reconstruction method that achieves higher reconstruction quality, also performs better in terms of accurately recovering fine details. Our results indicate that the state-of-the-art deep-learning-based image reconstruction methods provide improved performance than traditional methods without compromising robustness.


The Deuteronomy architecture provides a clean separation of transaction functionality (performed in a transaction component, or TC) from data management functionality (performed in a data component, or DC). In prior work we implemented both a TC and DC that achieved modest performance. We recently built a high performance DC (the Bw-tree key value store) that achieves very high performance on modern hardware and is currently shipping as an indexing and storage layer in a number of Microsoft systems. This new DC executes operations more than 100× faster than the TC we previously implemented. This paper describes how we achieved two orders of magnitude speedup in TC performance and shows that a full Deuteronomy stack can achieve very high performance overall. Importantly, the resulting full stack is a system that caches data residing on secondary storage while exhibiting performance on par with main memory systems. Our new prototype TC combined with the previously re-architected DC scales to effectively use 48 hardware threads on our 4 socket NUMA machine and commits more than 1.5 million transactions per second (6 million total operations per second) for a variety of workloads.


Why do immigrants encounter labour market integration difficulties? We propose a model that combines ethnic rankings and occupational rankings to predict who employers are likely to favour for particular occupations (matching hierarchy model). We argue that for jobs that are high on the occupational hierarchy a foreign nationality carries a bad signal due to a high level of social distance. Conversely, at the low end of the occupational hierarchy a Swiss passport conveys a negative signal to employers. We test this model by means of a survey experiment (conjoint analysis) in the hotel sector in Switzerland in 2015. We found that employers' evaluation of non-nationals follow the patterns suggested by social distance but that a non-native background leads to disadvantage foremost in the higher skilled occupation (receptionist). In the low-skilled occupation, instead having a Portuguese background is actually an advantage. We conclude that to understand disadvantage patterns it is important to be aware of contextual factors (here occupational hierarchies) that may change the nature of nationality-based signals.


Public blockchain protocols face a serious governance crisis. Thus far, blockchain protocols have followed the path of early Internet governance. If the architects of blockchain protocols are not careful, they may suffer a similar fate — increasing governmental control, greater centralization, and decreasing privacy. As blockchain architects begin to consider better governance structures, there is a legal movement underway to impose a fiduciary framework upon open source software developers. If the movement succeeds, the consequences for open source software development could be dire. If arbitrarily imposed upon blockchain communities without consideration of variances among communities or the reality of how such communities operate, the movement may quash the technology before it ever matures. Further, in its present iteration, the argument for imposing fiduciary duties is not limited to the blockchain context and could easily be extended to other open source projects. Such open source projects have not been subject to this fiduciary responsibility scheme and yet have been an important force in industry and society for decades. Instead, this Article argues that blockchain architects should consider adopting contracts that rely upon corporate governance models for inspiration. Such a model would not obliterate the notion of fiduciary responsibilities in blockchain governance, but rather, allocate such responsibility in light of the actual mechanics of the technology. The model also enables a scheme of heightened responsibility for a greater number of actors in the ecosystem under certain circumstances. Furthermore, a contractually based governance system mirroring corporate governance paradigms would offer blockchain protocols an opportunity to adopt governance rules that reflect the unique goals and culture of the protocol and its community while appeasing the regulator's need for a legally recognizable and responsible hierarchy. Although there will be cultural challenges to governing blockchain protocols through a corporate law model, the Article concludes that navigating such challenges is not only possible, but offers and opportunity to encourage new corporate governance structures in more traditional enterprises.


This study aims to provide a practical tool for the prediction and management of dust generated by the activities of an opencast mining operation. The study was conducted on opencast gypsum mines in the semi-arid environment of the Bushmanland, 90 km north of Loeriesfontein in the Northern Cape Province from April 2000 to October 2007. The vertical and horizontal components of wind transported sediment were sampled and a dust settling model was designed to predict the settling pattern of dust generated by opencast mining operations. The model was applied to soil samples collected from an area surrounding a mine. The influence sphere of the mining operation was predicted by the application of the model and then mapped. Once the influence sphere is mapped, the dust influence can be managed with the aid of an onsite weather station. By further applying the predictions based on climatic data, the influence sphere can be modelled. The model is not only applicable to the planning phase of an opencast mine to plan the position of dust sensitive areas like the living quarters, office buildings and workshops etc., but also to indicate the historical impact that a mining operation had once a quarry on an active mine is worked out and rehabilitated or a mine is closed. The model application can also aid with the explanation and visual or graphic representation of the predicted impact of planned mining operations on communities or neighbouring activities to them and thus avoid later penalties.


The human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause a range of cancers as well as genital warts and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in men and women. Most cases can be prevented by vaccination in adolescence. Many countries vaccinate girls and an increasing number, although still a minority, vaccinate both boys and girls. The case for vaccinating boys is based on arguments of public health, equity, ethics and cost-effectiveness. The selective vaccination of females does not protect males sufficiently and provides no protection at all for men who have sex with men. In the United Kingdom (UK), the government's vaccination advisory committee (Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation [JCVI]) began to consider whether boys should be vaccinated as well as girls in 2013 and made clear in draft statements that it considered this not to be cost-effective. A campaign group, HPV Action, was established to advocate gender-neutral vaccination. This group became a coalition of over 50 organisations and used evidence-based arguments, political advocacy and media campaigning to make its case. One of its members initiated legal action against the government on the grounds of sex discrimination. In July 2018, the government agreed that boys in the UK should be vaccinated. The lessons for other campaigns in the men's and public health fields include: be prepared for the long haul, focus on clear and specific goals, build alliances, align the objectives with existing policies, make a financial case for a change of policy, and use all legitimate means to exert pressure.


In the latter part of the 20th century large numbers of Irish emigrants, for the first time, began to return. Who returned? Why? What are their stories? This unique project explores the experiences of 92 emigrants, from all parts of Ireland and all kinds of backgrounds, in their own words collected from 2004 to 2008.The NMR project, funded by the Higher Education Authority North-South Programme, was conducted by Dr Johanne Devlin Trew at the Centre for Migration Studies (Omagh) and School of History, Queen's University Belfast, and Dr Caitriona Ni Laoire based in the Department of Geography (University College Cork). An oral archive of life narratives has been created and will be available to researchers into the future. The archive also includes interviews from a second oral history project entitled Northern Ireland Emigrant Narratives (NIEN), undertaken by Johanne Devlin Trew at the Centre for Migration Studies and Queen's University Belfast, and funded by the Arts & Humanities Research Council (AHRC). This online resource was conceived and principally designed by Dr Johanne Devlin Trew.


Recent aircraft and satellite laser altimeter surveys of the Amundsen Sea sector of West Antarctica show that local glaciers are discharging about 250 cubic kilometers of ice per year to the ocean, almost 60% more than is accumulated within their catchment basins. This discharge is sufficient to raise sea level by more than 0.2 millimeters per year. Glacier thinning rates near the coast during 2002–2003 are much larger than those observed during the 1990s. Most of these glaciers flow into floating ice shelves over bedrock up to hundreds of meters deeper than previous estimates, providing exit routes for ice from further inland if ice-sheet collapse is under way.


Background and Aim
We have previously reported improvement of clinical symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) at 3 and 6 months following three CO2 laser treatments. The current paper presents the results of long term follow up at 12, 15- and 18-months post laser treatment.

Methods
Twenty subjects (mean age 60.65 ± 6.34 years) who had completed the core study participated in follow-up. Subjects were evaluated at 12, 15, and 18 months following final laser therapy. An optional maintenance treatment was offered during Month 12 and Month 15 to those women who failed to increase their Vaginal Health Index Score (VHIS) by more than 34% from their individual baseline, or if the subject desired an additional treatment. At each study visit, VHIS and vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) symptom severity were recorded. Sexual function was assessed using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI).

Results
Fifteen subjects were eligible for a single maintenance treatment (N = 2, at 12 months, and N = 13 at 15 Months). The mean VHIS (± standard deviation) remained significantly improved at 12 months following their last laser treatment (16.3 ± 4.5 vs. Baseline 12.4 ± 4.0; p < 0.05) and at the 15- and 18-months follow up visits as well (16.9 ± 4.6 and 17.1 ± 4.6, respectively; p < 0.05 compared to Baseline). Almost all VVA symptoms were significantly improved at 12 months following the third treatment compared to Baseline and this improvement was sustained at 15 and 18 months. At the 12 Months visit, the total FSFI score increased significantly (N = 15, 24.4 ± 6.9; p < 0.05), and at the 15- and 18-month follow-up visits, the total FSFI remained significantly higher than Baseline (22.2 ± 6.7, 25.8 ± 6.6).

Conclusion
Fractional CO2 laser treatments are effective in alleviating symptoms of VVA and sexual dysfunction in post-menopausal women, and that effects are sustained over the long-term.


The morphology of Goniolithon (Hydrolithon) improceriam Foslie et Howe in Foslie is described from the type and more recent collections of Caribbean material. The species shows a conceptacle development in which the conceptacle is formed before the initiation of sporangia. Certain basal cells within the conceptacle produce spotangial initials as well as cavity cells. The sporangial initials in turn produce more than one tetrasporocyte. Trichocyte/megacyte differentiation as described which has necessitated a redefinition of terminology used for trichocyte differentiation in the Corallinaceae. Attempted placement of Goniolithon improcerum in a number of genera with similar vegetative and reproductive characters, shows, that further investigations of these genera are necessary, before this species can be placed accurately.


How can we estimate the importance of nodes in a knowledge graph (KG)? A KG is a multi-relational graph that has proven valuable for many tasks including question answering and semantic search. In this paper, we present GENI, a method for tackling the problem of estimating node importance in KGs, which enables several downstream applications such as item recommendation and resource allocation. While a number of approaches have been developed to address this problem for general graphs, they do not fully utilize information available in KGs, or lack flexibility needed to model complex relationship between entities and their importance. To address these limitations, we explore supervised machine learning algorithms. In particular, building upon recent advancement of graph neural networks (GNNs), we develop GENI, a GNN-based method designed to deal with distinctive challenges involved with predicting node importance in KGs. Our method performs an aggregation of importance scores instead of aggregating node embeddings via predicate-aware attention mechanism and flexible centrality adjustment. In our evaluation of GENI and existing methods on predicting node importance in real-world KGs with different characteristics, GENI achieves 5-17% higher NDCG@100 than the state of the art.


Introduction Breastfeeding rates for very preterm infants at discharge home vary between European regions. Procedures related to the management of mother's milk may contribute to these differences. Aim To describe policies and practices related to breastfeeding in neonatal units with a focus on the management of mother's milk in three European regions. Methods A qualitative study of four neonatal units in regions with different breastfeeding rates: Ile-de-France (low), Trent (medium) and Lazio (high). Face-to-face, semi-structured interviews were conducted with healthcare providers in 2010. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using a theoretical framework derived from the published literature; this analysis focused on comments related to mother's milk. Results The Ile-de-France region had the most complex practices related to the use of mother's fresh milk, management of human cytomegalovirus-seropositive mothers and bacteriology screening; In Lazio, practices varied by unit, while in Trent there were no specific practices for bacteriology screening or cytomegalovirus (CMV). Informants in all regions felt that the use of fresh milk facilitated breastfeeding because it made more mother's milk available to the infant and enhanced maternal motivation. Respondents in Trent and Lazio expressed concerns about the effects of pasteurization on the nutritional and immunological properties of breast milk. In Ile-de-France respondents were concerned about health risks associated with CMV and bacterial contamination. Conclusion The assessment of the benefits and risks associated with use of fresh human milk for very preterm infants differs in European Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Complex practices for managing mother's milk may constitute a barrier to breastfeeding.


If you're thinking about migrating to the PostgreSQL open source database system, this guide provides a concise overview to help you quickly understand and use PostgreSQL's unique features. Not only will you learn about the enterprise class features in the 9.2 release, you'll also discover that PostgeSQL is more than just a database system--it's also an impressive application platform. With numerous examples throughout this book, you'll learn how to achieve tasks that are difficult or impossible in other databases. If you're an existing PostgreSQL user, you'll pick up gems you may have missed along the way.


The purpose of this chapter is to discuss design of acute care settings with a focus on the evolution of design practice over the last decade. In particular, ideas around healing environments describe how design is contributing to enhanced health and wellbeing and how recent developments are helping to create better designs. The chapter covers aspects of the theoretical hypothesis explaining the relationship between people, environment and healing with a focus on three elements: how people perceive the environment, social interaction as part of healing and the influence of people's socio-cultural background. The chapter looks at evidence-informed design in the context of acute healthcare settings whilst also covering trends, challenges and opportunities in healthcare design, and how this field is developing. A case study demonstrates elements of a real project on a before and after basis. The chapter concludes with the message that design of acute care settings involves much more than simply providing a space for care services to take place.


Conventional 'normative' theories of public relations have often centred on relationship building, dialogic theory and two-way communication. Despite these theories dominating much of the academic literature, practitioners continue to seek control in relationships to produce 'value outcomes' and meet measurable objectives for the organisations they work for. Public relations workers' ability to influence the influencers has been framed as relationship development, and payment for editorial content or other influence has been seen as unethical. With the rise of social media, the so-called 'new' influencers are now bloggers and Instagrammers. Given that most social media influencers now wish to be compensated with payment or in-kind for any work related to brands, this article discusses the implications for ethical practice and public relations theory. The mask of relationship building in the social media age needs to be removed and the importance of payment to bloggers needs to be acknowledged for the theories of public relations to develop.


Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) provide an abundant source of DNA polymorphisms in a number of eukaryotic species. Information on the frequency, nature, and distribution of SNPs in plant genomes is limited. Thus, our objectives were (1) to determine SNP frequency in coding and noncoding soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) DNA sequence amplified from genomic DNA using PCR primers designed to complete genes, cDNAs, and random genomic sequence; (2) to characterize haplotype variation in these sequences; and (3) to provide initial estimates of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in soybean. Approximately 28.7 kbp of coding sequence, 37.9 kbp of noncoding perigenic DNA, and 9.7 kbp of random noncoding genomic DNA were sequenced in each of 25 diverse soybean genotypes. Over the >76 kbp, mean nucleotide diversity expressed as Watterson's theta was 0.00097. Nucleotide diversity was 0.00053 and 0.00111 in coding and in noncoding perigenic DNA, respectively, lower than estimates in the autogamous model species Arabidopsis thaliana. Haplotype analysis of SNP-containing fragments revealed a deficiency of haplotypes vs. the number that would be anticipated at linkage equilibrium. In 49 fragments with three or more SNPs, five haplotypes were present in one fragment while four or less were present in the remaining 48, thereby supporting the suggestion of relatively limited genetic variation in cultivated soybean. Squared allele-frequency correlations (r(2)) among haplotypes at 54 loci with two or more SNPs indicated low genome-wide LD. The low level of LD and the limited haplotype diversity suggested that the genome of any given soybean accession is a mosaic of three or four haplotypes. To facilitate SNP discovery and the development of a transcript map, subsets of four to six diverse genotypes, whose sequence analysis would permit the discovery of at least 75% of all SNPs present in the 25 genotypes as well as 90% of the common (frequency >0.10) SNPs, were identified.


The formation of surfaces decorated with biomacromolecules such as proteins, glycans or nucleic acids with well-controlled orientations and densities is of critical importance for the design of in vitro models, e.g., synthetic cell membranes, and interaction assays. To this effect, ligand molecules are often functionalized with an anchor that specifically binds to a surface with a high density of binding sites, providing control over the presentation of the molecules. Here, we present a method to robustly and quantitatively control the surface density of one or several types of anchor-bearing molecules by tuning the relative concentrations of target molecules and free anchors in the incubation solution. We provide a theoretical background that relates incubation concentrations to the final surface density of the molecules of interest, and present effective guidelines towards optimizing incubation conditions for the quantitative control of surface densities. Focussing on the biotin anchor, a commonly used anchor for interaction studies, as a salient example, we experimentally demonstrate surface density control over a wide range of densities and target molecule sizes. Conversely, we show how the method can be adapted to quality control the purity of end-grafted biopolymers such as biotinylated glycosaminoglycans by quantifying the amount of residual free biotin reactant in the sample solution.


Aims. We present V and R photometry of the gravitationally lensed quasars WFI 2033-4723 and HE 0047-1756. The data were taken by the MiNDSTEp collaboration with the 1.54 m Danish telescope at the ESO La Silla observatory from 2008 to 2012.

Methods. Differential photometry has been carried out using the image subtraction method as implemented in the HOTPAnTS package, additionally using GALFIT for quasar photometry.

Results. The quasar WFI 2033-4723 showed brightness variations of order 0.5 mag in V and R during the campaign. The two lensed components of quasar HE 0047-1756 varied by 0.2–0.3 mag within five years. We provide, for the first time, an estimate of the time delay of component B with respect to A of Δt = (7.6 ± 1.8) days for this object. We also find evidence for a secular evolution of the magnitude difference between components A and B in both filters, which we explain as due to a long-duration microlensing event. Finally we find that both quasars WFI 2033-4723 and HE 0047-1756 become bluer when brighter, which is consistent with previous studies.


The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the most powerful techniques in molecular biology. In DNA isolation, substances co-extracted from biological samples, such as lipids, polysaccharides, and humic acids, influence amplification of the target gene and act as PCR inhibitors. Here, two instruments were used to measure concentrations and purities of DNA extracted from three species of the family Mullidae (Mullus barbatus, Linnaeus, 1758; Mullus surmuletus, Linnaeus, 1758; Upeneus moluccensis, Bleeker, 1855). In order to investigate PCR amplification differences between these species of goatfishes and to optimize protocols for PCR amplification, two PCR enzymes with different annealing temperatures were tested by amplifying the mitochondrial COI gene. The high lipid level of M. surmuletus species acted as a polymerase chain reaction inhibitor. The findings presented herein will enable other researchers to choose enzymes and primers appropriate for their studies instead of merely adjusting PCR annealing temperatures.


Currently the outstanding problem in muscle contraction is determining the mechanism for the sliding of actin and myosin filaments. This volume contains papers based on lectures presented at the Seventeenth Annual Symposium on Some Mathematical Questions in Biology which was held in conjunction with the Annual Meeting of the AAAS. The six papers deal with overlapping areas of muscle physiology: cross-bridge dynamics (the mechanism currently receiving most attention), as well as distinctions between striated and cardiac muscles and the control of muscular contractions by action potentials.Focusing on both experimental techniques and theoretical underpinnings, the authors present the recent technological advances that provide an improved database for obtaining a better understanding of the biochemical mechanics and developing better mathematical models. In the first article Dr. Hugh E. Huxley reviews current studies of muscle systems which use X-ray diffraction and electron-microscopic analysis.Dr. Even Eisenberg describes how ATP hydrolysis drives muscle contraction via the action of myosin cross-bridges. The next two papers contain mathematical studies of muscle contraction. Dr. Michael Propp uses a thermodynamic formalism to predict the physiological properties of muscle. Drs. H. Michael Lacker and Charles S. Peskin develop a mathematical method for working backwards to determine uniquely microscopic properties of the cross-bridges. Drs. John W. Krueger and Katsuhiko Tsujioka use light diffraction observations to develop a quantitative understanding of cardiac function from properties of the myofibril and elements of the cross-bridge cycle. In the concluding paper, Dr. Robert S. Eisenberg reviews the current work on the electrical control mechanisms in excitation-contraction coupling which lead to muscle contraction.


The Norwegian lay preacher Hans Nielsen Hauge (1771-1824) has been described as a prophet who brought religious, social, economic and political change to nineteenth-century Norway. This thesis examines Hauge's first four texts as prophecy using the paradigm 'prophetic imagination' as an analytical model to provide a comprehensive explanation as to how his speech acted to 'evoke consciousness and perception alternative to the consciousness and perception of the dominant culture' by means of the cooperative action of 'prophetic criticism' and 'prophetic energising' (Brueggemann 2001:13). A formal analysis of Hauge's texts identified idiosyncratic 'framing devices' which act to indicate the presence of prophetic speech at both the general and the specific level. These devices, particularly the prophetic call narratives, were also found to act to legitimate Hauge's prophetic speech. Formal elements of prophetic speech were identified in Hauge's specific prophetic utterances, enabling these to be classified as forms of two major prophetic genres: announcements of judgement (criticising) or announcements of salvation (energising). Apocalyptic, the third major prophetic genre, was identified as playing a greater role in Hauge's early texts than has been previously acknowledged. An analysis of Hauge's apocalyptic thought indicated that his prophetic task was motivated by basic beliefs rooted in this idiosyncratic worldview. The supplementation of Brueggemann's paradigm with Wright's worldview schema permitted the scrutiny of Hauge's use of prophetic narrative against this apocalyptic backdrop (Wright 2001). This subsequently permitted the identification of the symbols which were dismantled by Hauge's prophetic criticism - the personnel, practice and place of institutional religion, and the symbols which were transformed or generated by his prophetic energising - 'true shepherds', 'priests and kings', and membership of 'a prophethood of all believers'. The adoption of these symbols explains the self-confidence expressed by Hauge's followers and their subsequent involvement in all areas of public life.