ABSTRACT Studies of Indigenous connections to the environment highlight that reciprocal relationships between humans and the nonhuman world are known to significantly influence human health and wellbeing. This paper builds upon existing approaches to understanding Country from Indigenous and more-than-human geographies, in order to explore the Yuin concept of oneness – an ontological view of relationships which acknowledges the co-creation of wellbeing between trees and people. Attributing sentience and autonomy to plants has been part of diverse Indigenous traditions for millennia, and yet within Western knowledge frameworks, the personification and anthropomorphism in such traditions continues to be viewed as limiting. Taking a decolonising approach, we set aside this deficit model in order to learn and then share what is gained by yarning with trees. We document a journey of the self and the rekindling of the lead authors' Aboriginal identity whereby Yuin knowledge and respectful ways of researching are placed at the centre of knowledge exploration and production. Through a personal journey focused on wellbeing, we show how trees communicate and how they are seen within the self. Accordingly, we demonstrate how the Yuin ontology of oneness transformed an individual's wellbeing, and provides opportunities to heal personal relations with the more-than-human world.


Ashraf Jamal's Love Themes for the Wilderness (1996) is a prime exemplar of celebratory queer novels in post-apartheid South Africa. This picaresque novel is also a state-of-the-nation novel, although it avoids laboured commentary on issues of race and gender, focusing instead on art and sexuality as gauges of the body politic. The novel is threaded through with references to a historic art and queer party, the Locker Room Project, which subverts national idolatry of the male-dominated arena of sport, alters a complacent Cape Town, and ripples out into South Africa and the entire Southern Africa region, countering the public homophobia of public figures such as Robert Mugabe. Using theoretical lenses of Queer Nation, camp and the carnivalesque, I offer a critique of the representation of sexuality and power in Love Themes for the Wilderness.


FETI-DP is a dual iterative, nonoverlapping domain decomposition method. By a Schur complement procedure, the solution of a boundary value problem is reduced to solving a symmetric and positive definite dual problem in which the variables are directly related to the continuity of the solution across the interface between the subdomains. The dual problem is solved by the conjugate gradient method with a Dirichlet preconditioner. In each iteration step a relatively small number of continuity constraints are enforced by the solution of a coarse level problem. Some numerical experiments are provided for the FETI-DP method applied to a 2- and 3-dimensional Poisson problem, as well as to a 3-dimensional Navier-Stokes problem.


STUDENT GOVERNANCE: A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF LEADERSHIP IN A STUDENT GOVERNMENT ASSOCIATION by Walter P. May Student governance has been in existence as an integral part of higher education almost since the founding of the first college in colonial America. However, little is understood about the lived experience of students involved in student governance, and specifically those who participate in leadership positions within student government organizations such as the student government president. Therefore, the primary purposes of this study are to highlight experiences of students who served as presidents of a liberal arts college's student government association and to examine the meanings these individuals construct out of their leadership experiences. This study employed qualitative methods, which included in-depth, open-ended, semi-structured interviews and journaling. The sample was made up of six students who served as student government association presidents at a small, private, liberal-arts college. From the data derived through the interview and journaling processes, an overall picture of the experiences of the participants and the meanings that the participants construct of their experiences was drawn. Based on the results, several themes regarding the participants' experiences as student government presidents emerged from the data, which include: positive and negative facets of their presidencies, stress as a substantial element during their time in office, dissimilar experiences of women and minority students, varied experiences regarding relationships and conflicts with members of the campus community, the multiple roles required of a student government president, and personal approaches to leadership that a student government president must possess and hone. Conclusions based on the data were included and implications for student affairs practitioners were discussed as well as recommendations for further study were made. STUDENT GOVERNANCE: A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF LEADERSHIP IN A STUDENT GOVERNMENT ASSOCIATION by Walter P. May


Plan-ahead becomes necessary for those movements which are over-and-done in less time than it takes for the feedback loop to operate. Natural selection for one of the ballistic movements (hammering, clubbing, and throwing) could evolve a plan-ahead serial buffer for hand-arm commands that would benefit the other ballistic movements as well. This same circuitry may also sequence other muscles (children learning handwriting often screw up their faces and tongues) and so novel oral-facial sequences may also benefit (as might kicking and dancing). An elaborated version of the sequencer may constitute a Darwin Machine that spins scenarios, evolves sentences, and facilitates insight by offline simulation. An example is given of an evolutionary scenario from an apelike ancestor, demonstrating the transition behaviors and growth curve considerations that any such theory needs to have; this particular scenario (involving throwing improvements) also suggests an explanation for the puzzling design of the Acheulean "handaxe."


Biologically based dose-response (BBDR) models comprise one way to incorporate mechanistic information into a dose-response assessment to be used for risk assessments. The chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has been used as a prototypic compound for the construction of a BBDR model for developmental toxicity. Previous work has provided data and a general mechanistic framework for the developmental toxicity of 5-FU when it was administered to pregnant rats subcutaneously on gestation day 14. In this paper, a mathematical model relating maternally administered treatment with 5-FU to embryonal thymidylate synthetase inhibition and thymidylate synthetase inhibition to various measures of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) pool perturbation is developed, and parameters are estimated using the data collected. The strategy used was to develop semi-empirical submodels for each of the intervening steps, and to estimate model parameters from previously described data. The models developed predict that there is no practical threshold for dNTP pool perturbation; that is, even minimal doses of 5-FU should result in some perturbation of dNTP pools. In particular, the relationship between dNTP pool perturbation and fetal weight deficit suggests that if there is a biological threshold for the effect of 5-FU on fetal weight, the responsible repair or compensation mechanism must be downstream of dNTP pool perturbation, and saturable at 5-FU doses lower than 10 mg/kg (the lowest dose examined for developmental effects in these studies).


Language Learning with Technology is for teachers interested in integrating technology into their classroom practice. The book contains 150 classroom activities for beginner to advanced level learners, incorporating a wide range of up-to-date technologies, such as mobile technologies and social networking. It puts pedagogy first, with the content organised around areas of language learning rather than technology types. Chapters cover language skills and the language areas of grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary, as well as project work and assessment and evaluation.


We introduce an approximate search algorithm for fast maximum a posteriori probability estimation in probabilistic programs, which we call Bayesian ascent Monte Carlo (BaMC). Probabilistic programs represent probabilistic models with varying number of mutually dependent finite, countable, and continuous random variables. BaMC is an anytime MAP search algorithm applicable to any combination of random variables and dependencies. We compare BaMC to other MAP estimation algorithms and show that BaMC is faster and more robust on a range of probabilistic models.


This research monograph discusses the understudied and often misunderstood aspects of West African culture and religion especially that of the Yoruba people and their "Book of Enlightenment" (Ife-Ifa) together with its metaphysical importance to the Yoruba as a source of philosophy, religion and literature. Coverage includes chapters on Yoruba origins and ancestry as described in the "Ile-Ife", the cultural and trading centers, the advent of Sacred Literature, referring to the importance of the oral literature. Next, ethical values are discussed and contemporary African anthropological and social science research is analyzed as a tool to describe Yoruba ethical values. "The Royal Scrolls" are discussed and their role in developing a written language and a school of philosophy is investigated. Material on naming [Olodumare and other divinities], family life, and the dispersal of the oral tradition to other neighboring regions conclude the work.


Surveys of Turkish speaking people in London found 74% of men and 45% of women were smokers, and knowledge of the health effects of smoking was low. Camden and Islington Health Authority has a substantial Turkish community. We report an economic evaluation of a community smoking cessation intervention, aimed at the Turkish community, undertaken by Camden and Islington Health Promotion Agency. The intervention aimed to highlight the dangers of smoking, and to reduce the amount smoked and the number of current smokers. It included a play, a poster and media campaign, and purpose-designed leaflets. A panel survey of the Turkish population determined smoking habits, attitudes to smoking and knowledge about the health effects at baseline and 12 months. The intervention effect was estimated from the changes between baseline and final surveys. To allow for the non-response to the second survey we analysed effectiveness in two ways: first by assuming that the responders represented the true situation, and secondly by making a more pessimistic assumption that there was no change in the non-responders. Fifty-seven per cent of the Turkish population were smokers at baseline, compared with 39% in the general population of Camden and Islington. Levels were particularly high in younger women. At follow-up there was a net reduction in smokers of 6.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0-13.6%] in responders. When all study subjects were included the net reduction was 2.9% (CI 0-6.3%). Most quitters were light smokers to start with. At follow-up, 51% of respondents recognized at least one of the Turkish language interventions. The estimated cost-effectiveness of this intervention was 105 pound (range 33-391 pound) per life year gained. Campaigns targeted at groups with high smoking prevalence may be more cost-effective than general population campaigns.


Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) is a ternary extraction system that consists of an extraction solvent, dispersing solvent and an aqueous sample containing the analyte of interest. DLLME is a powerful, miniaturised extraction technique that can increase an analytes concentration and achieve high enrichment factors (EFs) which makes it ideal for trace analysis. DLLME consists of injecting the binary mixture of extraction/dispersing solvent into the sample. This creates a very large surface area of fine extraction droplets. It is these droplets that analytes enrich, almost instantaneously into. Given the speed of the extraction, DLLME is a very attractive procedure that can increase sample throughput whilst lowering solvent consumption, waste and associated costs.
Several organic acids were identified as common constituents in milk and dairy produce. Organic acids appear in milk and dairy produce due to natural biochemical processes within the animal, bacterial activity, as preservatives and due to adulteration [1–3]. Levels of organic acids in milk and dairy produce vary drastically due to a number of factors such as: breed of animal, time of year, geography, diet, age, health, stage of lactation and starter culture type [4–9]. Organic acids are important in areas such as flavour studies, cheese ripening, human nutrition, monitoring the health of the animal and monitoring the quality of the product prior to sale to the consumer [10–12].
Milk and dairy produce consists of several components such as proteins, peptides, amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and lipids that require removal prior to analysis. These interferences were removed by mixing two solutions, carrez 1 (zinc acetate) and carrez 2 (potassium hexaferrocyanate) with the sample, followed by centrifugation. This left the sample in an aqueous matrix, which is ideal for DLLME.
A number of chromatographic techniques were investigated during the course of the project, those being: high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CE). The technique most appropriate to the use of DLLME and the separation of organic acids was found to be GC.
The optimised GC method consisted of injecting 1 μL of extraction solvent using a 10:1 split ratio then separating on a gradient method in 10 minutes using an Altech AT-100 polyethyleneglycol (PEG) column (15 m x 530 μm i.d. x 1.2 μm) . The method was validated for the analysis of six organic acids. Those acids were acetic, propionic, iso-butyric, n-butyric, iso-valeric and n-valeric acid. The method gave retention times of 8.79, 10.06, 10.67, 11.18, 11.68 and 12.49 minutes, respectively and %RSD of: < 0.06%. Peak area was also assessed and gave %RSD of < 0.0%. Coefficients of determination (R2) were all ≥ 0.999. LODs for acetic, propionic, iso-butyric, n-butyric, iso-valeric and n-valeric acid were estimated to be: 21.88, 67.25, 8.04, 6.86, 39.38 and 21.68 μg/mL, respectively and LOQs were: 66.32, 203.79, 24.38, 20.82, 119.36 and 65.71 μg/mL, respectively.
The optimised extraction consisted of injecting a mixture of 100 μL chloroform (extraction solvent) and 700 μL acetone (dispersing solvent) into a 10-mL sample containing 20% w/v NaCl and pH adjusted to 2.50. This produced EFs up to ~ 45 times more concentrated than in the original sample. The optimised and validated method was then applied to real samples of milk and dairy produce, the following results were obtained: cow's milk: acetic: (NQ); n-butyric: 10.41 μg/mL. Buttermilk: acetic: (NQ); n-butyric: 14.38 μg/mL; iso-valeric: 12.22 μg/mL; n-valeric: 12.78 μg/mL. Goat's milk: acetic acid (NQ); iso-butyric: 13.23 μg/mL; n-butyric: 16.46 μg/mL; iso-valeric: 13.12 μg/mL; n-valeric: 12.72 μg/mL. Cottage cheese: acetic acid (NQ); n-butyric: 4.04 μg/g. Brie cheese: acetic acid (NQ); n-butyric: 42.31 μg/g; iso-valeric: 0.39 μg/g; n-valeric: 0.72 μg/g. Probiotic yogurt: acetic acid (NQ); iso-butyric: 6.13 μg/g; n-butyric: 6.90 μg/g; iso-valeric: 5.91 μg/g; n-valeric: 6.06 μg/g. Greek yogurt: acetic acid (NQ); n-butyric: 11.00 μg/g.
Due to DLLME's ease of use, the quickness of the extraction procedure, large EFs, and the ability to carry out an extraction using readily available consumables within any laboratory (centrifuge tube, syringe and syringe needle), DLLME is the ideal extraction procedure for high throughput laboratories that are looking to minimise cost and labour while preserving the quality of results. Further to this, no method could be found at the time of writing that utilised DLLME to extract the highly volatile organic acids mentioned above from milk and dairy produce which lends to the novelty of this body of work.


In Landscape with Human Figure, his fourth and most compelling collection of poetry, Rafael Campo confirms his status as one of America's most important poets. Like his predecessor William Carlos Williams, who was also a physician, Campo plumbs the depths of our capacity for empathy. Campo writes stunning, candid poems from outside the academy, poems that arise with equal beauty from a bleak Boston tenement or a moonlit Spanish plaza, poems that remain unafraid to explore and to celebrate his identity as a doctor and Cuban American gay man. Yet no matter what their unexpected and inspired sources, Campo's poems insistently remind us of the necessity of poetry itself in our increasingly fractured society; his writing brings us together—just as did the incantations of humankind's earliest healers—into the warm circle of community and connectedness. In this heart-wrenching, haunting, and ultimately humane work, Rafael Campo has painted as if in blood and breath a gorgeously complex world, in which every one of us can be found.


This essay examines two oppositional figures in Paul Beatty's debut novel, The White Boy Shuffle (1996), and most recent novel, The Sellout (2015): the exalted race leader and the excoriated race traitor. Positioned at extreme ends of the spectrum of exceptionalism, these figures function to perpetuate a phenomenon that the essay's author terms the necropolitics of black exceptionalism, the paradox of justifying the violent oppression of the majority of black people by celebrating or censuring a single black figure. In exploring the absurd dimensions of these extreme figures through the lens of satire, both novels denounce black exceptionalism as a necropolitical tool of oppression that entrenches the social death and civic exclusion of black people in a modern US society that purports to be color-blind and postracial. Emerging within the postmodern turn of the African American literary tradition, these novels take on a nihilistic tone to raise questions about how the black community might effectively (if at all) achieve civil progress in the contemporary age. Ultimately, these satirical novels reimagine historically necropolitical spaces, such as the basketball court, the plantation, and the segregated urban neighborhood, as potential, albeit vexed sites of black agency, empowerment, and community building.


Observations of the vertical structure of atmospheric temperature changes over the past three decades show that while the global-average lower atmosphere has warmed, the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere have cooled. While these changes may be due to observed anthropogenic increases of greenhouse gases, decreases of lower stratospheric ozone, and increases of tropospheric aerosols, the changes may also have been caused by natural unforced internal fluctuations of the climate system. Here we use the results of a 1000-year simulation from a mathematical model of the coupled ocean-atmosphere-land system performed without any changes in external forcing, so that we may consider its variations as a surrogate for free, internally-generated, natural fluctuations of the climate system. When the global mean surface air temperature is warm in the model, the lower troposphere, upper troposphere and lower stratosphere are also warm over most of the Earth, in contrast to the observations of the last three decades and to model simulations of the forced climate response due to increased greenhouse gases. The observed temperature change of the past three decades is therefore unlikely to have been caused solely by natural internal variations of the climate system, thereby strengthening the argument that these changes can at least partly be attributed to anthropogenic activities.


Abstract : Experts estimate that websites maintained by various Islamic extremists have increased to hundreds in recent years. Innovative operational capabilities enabled by Internet technology certainly pose serious challenges to U.S. counter-terrorism efforts. However, greater attention must be given to Islamic organizations that wage information campaigns, perpetuating resentment and discredit against the United States and her allies. While these sites may not openly call for violence, the sharing of common causes and goals with extremist organizations is worrisome. The repudiation of Western systems and global Islamization under the Shariah systems is often a transparent theme. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the effectiveness of these websites at attracting and engaging audiences to promote their cause by applying a web performance methodology commonly accepted in the commercial industry.


The effective construction of teaching basic state database in colleges and universities has huge influence on the scientific work of university evaluation, and makes positive contribution to the rising social cognition for colleges and universities. In the exploration of this study, firstly, the design objective of the teaching basic state database system has been effectively studied, and the main function of basic status of database construction has also been corresponding explored. Secondly, the system framework and data flow design has been further explored, in which the system framework selection, the system overall structure and the system data procedure have been discussed specifically. After that the design of system database has been conducted overall research, making the construction process of the relevant model more scientific and reasonable. Finally, effectively design process of the system function structure has been carried out to further explore the systemÂ's existing function, making the construction of college teaching basic state database more fully and laying a solid foundation on improving its application value. This is the subject train of thought in the process of research and discussion, and meanwhile the institute's main research objectives and corresponding research value are also reflected. The research process of this study can also reflect the scientific nature and rationality of this study, providing strong theoretical support for promoting the social development of colleges and universities.


The Cyclades archipelago in the Aegean Sea is an important study area for subduction-related metamorphism and the exhumation of high-pressure/low-temperature rocks. Of special importance for interpretation of the general tectonic development in the central Aegean region are tectonic windows that expose the rock sequences below the Cycladic Blueschist Unit (CBU). Previous work suggested that the lowermost dolomite-phyllite-quartzite sequence on Tinos Island represents such a tectonic sub- unit with a metamorphic and deformational history that is different to the overlying blueschist- and greenschist-facies rocks. The tectonic contact was interpreted as a thrust fault. A re-evaluation of the arguments used to support this interpretation suggests that this conclusion is questionable. Previous studies inferred that the basal sequences only underwent greenschist-facies metamor- phism and were not affected by a high-pressure event. However, mineral assemblage and phengite composition in the basal phyl- lites cannot be distinguished from those of overlying rock sequences, which undoubtedly have experienced high-pressure met- amorphism and a pervasive greenschist-facies overprint. Rb - Sr geochronology of phyllites and quartzites (phengite - whole rock pairs), previously interpreted to belong to the lower plate, yielded dates that are indistinguishable from values obtained for strongly overprinted rocks collected at higher lithostratigraphic levels. It can also be shown that sedimentary structures are pre- served in many places within the CBU. The presumed absence of such features was originally interpreted as a major contrast to the fossil-bearing basal sequences, indicative for different deformational styles. We postulate that the para-autochthonous basal unit beneath the CBU is not exposed on Tinos Island. Field observations, petrological and geochronological data of the Panormos area are fully compatible with the interpretation that the dolomite-phyllite-quartzite succession is an integral part of the CBU, as originally suggested by Melidonis (1980).


These profiles complement the analysis presented in the Trade and Integration Monitor 2014: Facing Headwinds: Policies to Support a Trade Recovery in the Post-Crisis Era. The country profiles present an overview of international trade and trade policies of twenty-six IDB borrowing member countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. The performance and structure of international trade are shown through export and import indicators, highlighting the principal trading partners and the degree of concentration of exports, both in terms of products and trading partners. Additionally, a sectorial breakdown and a technological content analysis of exports are presented. Regarding trade policies, the profiles show information for each country in the multilateral and regional scopes, summarizing the non-preferential tariffs, comparing the evolution of preferential vs. non-preferential trade flows, and the degree of liberalization under FTAs as of 2014.


Abstract The Acoustic Localization Positioning System is the outcome of several years of participatory development with musicians and artists having a stake in sonic arts, collaboratively aiming for nonobtrusive tracking and indoors positioning technology that facilitates spatial interaction and immersion. Based on previous work on application scenarios for spatial reproduction of moving sound sources and the conception of the kinaesthetic interface, a tracking system for spatially interactive sonic arts is presented here. It is an open-source implementation in the form of a stand-alone application and associated Max patches. The implementation uses off-the-shelf, ubiquitous technology. Based on the findings of tests and experiments conducted in extensive creative workshops, we show how the approach addresses several technical problems and overcomes some typical obstacles to immersion in spatially interactive applications in sonic arts.


The capability to provide automated, onboard Position, Navigation and Timing (PNT) data compliant with the accuracy, integrity, continuity and availability requirements in accordance to the different phases of vessel navigation is considered as one core element of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) e-Navigation strategy. This capability, known as resilience of the system, is fundamental for any system supporting safety of live critical maritime applications. In order to achieve the resilience, satellite based, shipside and landside components should be fused by an "integrated PNT system". However, the heterogeneity of the ship sensors together with the long life-cycles of vessels constitutes a practical challenge for the design of an onboard PNT module.
Therefore the German Aerospace Center (DLR) promotes an open and scalable architecture for the shipborne "PNT Module", which serves as a front-end between an integrated PNT system and shipside applications like Integrated Navigation Systems (INS), the Automatic Identification System (AIS) and the Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS). As the core component of a PNT Module, the PNT Unit processes and integrates the data of radio navigation systems and services as well as shipborne sensors (like speed log, gyro compass). The goal of the PNT Module is the provision of PNT information and associated integrity information in accordance with changing performance requirements during berth to berth navigation, taking into account the different grades of ships navigational sensors. The application of data fusion techniques within the PNT Unit improves the resilience of PNT information and enables the accuracy estimation by integrity monitoring functions. In order to fulfill these objectives, the redundancy of PNT parameters should be provided by taking redundant sensors or by applying different measuring techniques.

In a first development phase of the PNT Unit, following sensors and GNSS services are taken into consideration, including three GNSS receivers, non-dedicated GNSS compass composed of distributed antennas, code- and phase based differential GNSS (DGNSS) services, Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and other ship sensors.
To perform a robust and efficient data fusion, two fundamental architectures can be considered. The first consists in the fusion of all the available data using a centralized filter. This method yields the optimality in the mathematic aspect. However, a modeling failure of a single sensor might fail the entire system. The other approach is a multi-channel architecture, where each channel is also a filter and fuses the data of a subset of sensors. Different channels are running independently, so that a sensor failure might only affect its own channel rather than the entire system. Considering that the sensors might have individual outages or synchronization problems, the multi-channel approach provides not only a higher resilience but also the simplicity in the algorithm design. Furthermore this architecture has the advantage being adaptable for different grades of ships navigational sensors, to support the scalability of carriage requirements, and to enable a stepwise rollout into the maritime traffic system.

This paper focuses on the multi-channel system architecture of the PNT Unit. The minimal task of each channel is to provide position and velocity information regarding the consistent common reference point (CCRP). The attitude information is needed in order to transfer the position from its measuring point onto CCRP. Similar to that, the angular rate information is needed for the transformation of velocity information. Based on these requirements, following channels are implemented at the first stage:

Channel type 1: Single GNSS + GNSS compass. This is the basic configuration. Although a single GNSS (main GNSS antenna) allows the position and velocity estimation, multiple distributed GNSS antennas will construct the backup system in case that the main GNSS antenna does not work properly.

Channel type 2: Single GNSS +IMU+GNSS compass, where the integration of single GNSS and IMU is made with a tightly-coupled architecture and the attitude information from GNSS compass is integrated in a loosely-coupled architecture. This channel can work in almost any maritime operation area. The use of IMU will, at one hand, smooth the results from single GNSS, and on the other hand, enable the error detection in the GNSS measurement domain. Considering the long antenna baseline on the ship, the attitude estimation based on GNSS compass and IMU will provide more accurate attitude estimation than the conventional GNSS/IMU integration.

Channel type 3: IALA Beacon DGNSS+ IMU+ GNSS compass. This configuration can be applied if the correction data from an IALA Beacon DGNSS station are available. The DGNSS results are integrated with IMU output in a loosely-coupled architecture together with the attitude information from GNSS compass.

Channel type 4: Phase based (RTK) DGNSS+ IMU+ GNSS compass. This configuration yields the highest accuracy in the sub dm regime, but of cause requires data from a RTK reference station. The RTK results are integrated with the IMU output in a loosely-coupled architecture together with the attitude information from GNSS compass.

This paper is structured as follows. Firstly, an overview of the multichannel architecture is given. Secondly each of the applied channels will be described in detail and investigated regarding its advantages and disadvantages. For this purposes test data are used, collected during a measuring trip, which was carried with the vessel "Baltic Taucher II" in the Baltic Sea. Based on the data analysis from this measurement campaign, we will present the results from different channels and show how the entire system can benefit from the multichannel approach.


Herein we present an unusual phosphine-free method to fabricate water soluble CdSeS nanocrystals in cubic structure. In this method, glycerin was used as a stabilizing agent replacing tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO). Water solution of Na2SeO3 in polyethylene glycol was utilized as Se source. 3-Mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) provides S source. The phosphine-free Se and S sources were found to be highly reactive and suitable for the synthesis of CdSeS nanocrystals. XRD and HRTEM images confirm the formation of CdSeS nanocrystals in zinc blende structure. The absorption peaks on UV-vis spectra of as-prepared CdSeS nanocrystals are tunable from 330 nm to 440 nm, which blue shifts to shorter wavelength side in comparison with that of pure CdSe nanocrystals. The cubic CdSeS nanocrystals demonstrate narrow PL emissions spectra between 464 and 615 nm. Transmission electron microscopy images show the uniformity for the size distribution of the ternary QDs. Series water soluble CdSe1–xSx (x = 0∼1) nanocrystals have also been synthesized using Na2SeO3 and Na2S solution as the Se-S co-sources. Tunable band gap energies of CdSe1–xSx (x = 0∼1) nanocrystals upon chemical composition x have been achieved, the gap ranges from 290 nm to 558 nm.


This Article proposes a new approach to monitoring executive compensation. While the public seems convinced that executives at public corporations are paid too much, so far attempts to rein in executive compensation have met with little success. Several approaches have been tried – requiring large pay packages to consist predominantly of incentive pay, new procedures for approving pay, mobilization of public outrage at giant compensation packages. None, however, has stemmed the growth of executive compensation, or convinced opponents of large pay packages that such pay is either fair or deserved. Here we suggest a new approach, one that turns to an unlikely agency to oversee executive compensation: the courts. Foes of high executive compensation have generally dismissed the courts as ineffective allies in curbing executive compensation, reasoning that courts have never wished to become involved in pay decisions. We show, however, that at several points over the last century, courts have proven surprisingly willing to second-guess decisions on executive compensation. These courts ultimately retreated from activist approaches to executive compensation not because of complacency but because they did not wish to become entangled in setting pay. Recent developments in corporate law point a way out of this impasse. Last year, in Gantler v. Stephens, Delaware's Supreme Court resolved a major unanswered issue in corporation law when it held that a corporation's officers owe the same fiduciary duty to the corporation and its shareholders as do its directors. Gantler opens the door for courts to monitor executive compensation by scrutinizing rigorously officers' actions in negotiating their own compensation agreements. The Delaware Chancery Court has already taken up this invitation by holding that corporate officers are bound by their duty of loyalty to negotiate employment contracts in an arm's-length, adversarial manner. If the officers do not do so, but instead try to manipulate the process, they will open themselves up to shareholder lawsuits and judicial scrutiny of compensation agreements via their negotiations. This approach should be welcomed by the courts, which will not be required to determine whether compensation packages are fair or merited, but will instead be asked to engage in a familiar task, examining whether proper procedures were followed in setting compensation. This approach also promises to break an impasse between the two major academic approaches to executive compensation. Advocates of "Board Capture" theory have long argued that senior executives so dominate their boards that they can effectively set their own pay. "Optimal contracting" theorists doubt this, contending that, given legal and economic constraints, executive compensation agreements are likely to be pretty good and benefit shareholders. The approach advocated here should, surprisingly, please both camps. To Board Capture theorists, it offers to cast light on pay negotiations they believe are largely a sham; to Optimal Contracting theorists, it offers a way to improve the already adequate negotiating environment.


: A major question for contemporary organizations is how to support business processes with ICT. One way to do so is by the adoption of a standardized software package such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. However, this demands that either the system is adjusted to existing business processes or that the business processes are adjusted to the system's inherited processes, often described as an alignment problem. This paper suggests that instead of alignment, organization-technology synchronization would be better, since an organization's business processes as well as the technology used is continuously evolving. The question is then how synchronization could be achieved and if any tools exists that could support this. Our suggestion is that enterprise architecture (EA) could be seen as a tool to increase organization-technology synchronization. We investigated a role based approach for developing ERP systems and analyze how it is related to EA approaches. The conclusion from this is that EA definitely could be a way of supporting synchronization. However, more research is needed to support the statement.


This study is a product of the Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (AICD), a project designed to expand the world's knowledge of physical infrastructure in Africa. The AICD provides a baseline against which future improvements in infrastructure services can be measured, making it possible to monitor the results achieved from donor support. It also offers a more solid empirical foundation for prioritizing investments and designing policy reforms in the infrastructure sectors in Africa. The book draws upon a number of background papers that were prepared by World Bank staff and consultants, under the auspices of the AICD. The main findings were synthesized in a flagship report titled Africa's infrastructure: A time for transformation, published in November 2009. Meant for policy makers, that report necessarily focused on the high-level conclusions. It attracted widespread media coverage feeding directly into discussions at the 2009 African union commission heads of state summit on infrastructure.


OBJECTIVE
Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT), one of the several genes recently discovered in familial glucocorticoid deficiencies (FGD), is involved in reactive oxygen species detoxification, suggesting that extra-adrenal manifestations may occur, due to the sensitivity to oxidative stress of other organs rich in mitochondria. Here, we sought to identify NNT mutations in a large cohort of patients with primary congenital adrenal insufficiency without molecular etiology and evaluate the degree of adrenal insufficiency and onset of extra-adrenal damages.

METHODS
Sanger or massive parallel sequencing of NNT and patient monitoring.

RESULTS
Homozygous or compound heterozygous NNT mutations occurred frequently (26%, 13 unrelated families, 18 patients) in our cohort. Seven new mutations were identified: p.Met337Val, p.Ala863Glu, c.3G>A (p.Met1?), p.Arg129*, p.Arg379*, p.Val665Profs*29 and p.Ala704Serfs*19. The most frequent mutation, p.Arg129*, was found recurrently in patients from Algeria. Most patients were diagnosed belatedly (8-18 months) after presenting severe hypoglycemia; others experiencing stress conditions were diagnosed earlier. Five patients also had mineralocorticoid deficiency at onset. One patient had congenital hypothyroidism and two cryptorchidism. In follow-up, we noticed gonadotropic and genitalia impairments (precocious puberty, testicular inclusions, interstitial Leydig cell adenoma, azoospermia), hypothyroidism and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Intrafamilial phenotype heterogeneity was also observed.

CONCLUSIONS
NNT should be sequenced, not only in FGD, but also in all primary adrenal insufficiencies for which the most frequent etiologies have been ruled out. As NNT is involved in oxidative stress, careful follow-up is needed to evaluate mineralocorticoid biosynthesis extent, and gonadal, heart and thyroid function.


The purpose of this study was to explore the attitude of teachers towards teaching life skills education as a way of developing the practice of morality through secondary schools in Kenya. To achieve this the researchers used researcher objectives with the aim of establishing the extent to which life skills education was being taught in secondary school, how life skills education training had equipped teacher to teach it in schools and to identify challenges teachers were facing in implementing life skills education. In addition to recommend measures to be undertaken to improve practice of morality in secondary schools.The researchers sampled 12 public secondary schools which constitute 30% of all public secondary schools Thika West District. Four mixed secondary school, four girls boarding secondary schools and four boys boarding secondary schools. The target population was the head teachers and teachers. Purposive sampling technique was used to sample teachers and a total number of 60 respondents were sampled.Data for the study was collected using questionnaires which had both open and closed question.The data collected was then analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative techniques. The research findings revealed that majority of secondary schools in Thika West District were offering life skills education butallocating a single lesson in a week.This implied that very little time was spent on it and thus the coverage wasvery little.The conclusion was thatthe learners are not well prepared and equipped with psychosocial competencies that would help them to manage their social-moral lives in a healthy and productive manner.The research findings also revealed that some schools had no time allocation for the subject and had to teach it after regular classes or any other available time. The conclusion then was that life skills education was not given enough attention as it should to equip the learners with adaptive skills that would enable them to deal effectively with the demands of everyday life. According to the majority of the teachers, this was due to heavy workloads due to understaffing and had to make good mean score and therefore utilized the lesson to teach other examinablesubjects. The implication was that thelearners were inadequately prepared to deal with demands and challenges of every day's life. This could be the reason why most secondary schools students are resorting to risky behaviors such as drug abuse, riot, violence, student's dropout and pre-marital sex among others.The study recommends that the government through the Ministry of Education to put strategies for effective implementation of theprogramme in secondary schools in Kenya. This should include in-servicing teachers who are the programmeimplementersin schools. In additionthe government through the Kenya Institute of Education should avail all the necessary teaching and learning materials for effective implementation of the subject. The teachers service commission (TSC) also needs to employ adequateteachers to ease the workload. More so monitoring and evaluation of theprogramme to be carried out to determine its effectiveness at all levels and identify areas that could be improved. Keywords: Attitude, life skills, developing, practice, morality, secondary schools, KiambuCounty, Thika.


The increasing availability of large digital corpora of cross-linguistic data is revolutionizing many branches of linguistics. Overall, it has triggered a shift of attention from detailed questions about individual features to more global patterns amenable to rigorous, but statistical, analyses. This engenders an approach based on successive approximations where models with simplified assumptions result in frameworks that can then be systematically refined, always keeping explicit the methodological commitments and the assumed prior knowledge. Therefore, they can resolve disputes between competing frameworks quantitatively by separating the support provided by the data from the underlying assumptions. These methods, though, often appear as a 'black box' to traditional practitioners. In fact, the switch to a statistical view complicates comparison of the results from these newer methods with traditional understanding, sometimes leading to misinterpretation and overly broad claims. We describe here this evolving methodological shift, attributed to the advent of big, but often incomplete and poorly curated data, emphasizing the underlying similarity of the newer quantitative to the traditional comparative methods and discussing when and to what extent the former have advantages over the latter. In this review, we cover briefly both randomization tests for detecting patterns in a largely model-independent fashion and phylolinguistic methods for a more model-based analysis of these patterns. We foresee a fruitful division of labor between the ability to computationally process large volumes of data and the trained linguistic insight identifying worthy prior commitments and interesting hypotheses in need of comparison.


Globalization and the Internet are smothering cultural regionalism, that sense of place that flourished in simpler times. These two villains are also prime suspects in the death of reading. Or so alarming reports about our homogenous and dumbed-down culture would have it. But as "Regionalism and the Reading Class" shows, neither of these claims stands up under scrutiny - quite the contrary. Wendy Griswold draws on cases from Italy, Norway, and the United States to show that fans of books form their own reading class, with a distinctive demographic profile separate from the general public. This reading class is modest in size but intense in its literary practices. Paradoxically, these educated and mobile elites work hard to put down local roots by, among other strategies, exploring regional writing. Ultimately, due to the technological, economic, and political advantages they wield, cosmopolitan readers are able to celebrate, perpetuate, and reinvigorate local culture. Griswold's study will appeal to students of cultural sociology and the history of the book - and her findings will be welcome news to anyone worried about the future of reading or the eclipse of place.


This chapter is intended to provide a comprehensive review of the various theories of social and environmental factors that influence athletes' motivation in sport. In order to achieve this, a short historical review is conducted of the various ways in which motivation has been studied over the past 100 years, culminating in the 'social-cognitive' approach that undergirds several of the current theories of motivation in sport. As an outcome of this brief review, the conceptualisation and measurement of motivation are discussed, with a focus on the manner in which motivation may be influenced by key social agents in sport, such as coaches, parents and peers. This discussion leads to a review of Deci & Ryan's (2000) self-determination theory (SDT), which specifies that environments and contexts which support basic psychological needs (competence, relatedness and autonomy) will produce higher quality motivation than environments which frustrate of exacerbate these needs. The research establishing the ways in which key social agents can support these basic needs is then reviewed, and the review depicts a situation wherein SDT has precipitated a way of studying the socio-environmental influences on motivation that has become quite piecemeal and fragmented. Following this, the motivational climate approach (Ames, 1992) specified in achievement-goals theory (AGT – Nicholls, 1989) is also reviewed. This section reveals a body of research which is highly consistent in its methodology and findings. The following two sections reflect recent debates regarding the nature of achievement goals and the way they are conceptualised (e.g., approach-avoidance goals and social goals), and the implications of this for motivational climate research are discussed. This leads to a section reviewing the current issues and concerns in the study of social and environmental influences on athlete motivation. Finally, future research directions and ideas are proposed to facilitate, precipitate and guide further research into the social and environmental influences on athlete motivation in sport. Recent studies that have attempted to address these issues are reviewed and their contribution is assessed.


Aged dogs demonstrate cognitive decline that is linked to brain aging. The purpose of the present study was to examine if a commercially available nutraceutical supplement that may be neuroprotective and contains phosphatidylserine, Ginkgo biloba, vitamin E, and pyridoxine could improve cognitive function in aged beagles. Nine aged beagles were tested on performance on a delayed-non-matching-to-position task, which is a neuropsychological test of short-term visuospatial memory. All subjects were tested on 5 baseline sessions; then, to assess the supplement, a crossover design was used in which 1 group received the supplement and the other a control substance in the 1st phase, with treatment conditions being reversed in the 2nd phase. Performance accuracy was significantly improved in supplemented dogs compared with control dogs and the effect was long lasting. These findings suggest that the nutraceutical supplement can improve memory in aged dogs.


The popular construct of goal orientation has been widely researched by industrial and organizational psychologists in recent years. Unfortunately there are several issues with the goal orientation framework that have not been properly addressed in the literature. The present research introduced the three-dimensional achievement goal framework as a plausible and less problematic alternative to the three-dimensional goal orientation framework. Hypotheses regarding the interactive effects of each of the three achievement goals and task complexity on task enjoyment, mental focus and exerted effort, were derived and tested. The results indicated that the positive effects of mastery goals on the motivational variables are stronger for more complex tasks, the positive effects of performance-approach goals are stronger for simpler tasks, and the negative effects of performance-avoid goals are less severe for simpler tasks. iii Acknowledgements


Multiagent Reinforcement Learning (RL) solves complex tasks that require coordination with other agents through autonomous exploration of the environment. However, learning a complex task from scratch is impractical due to the huge sample complexity of RL algorithms. For this reason, reusing knowledge that can come from previous experience or other agents is indispensable to scale up multiagent RL algorithms. This survey provides a unifying view of the literature on knowledge reuse in multiagent RL. We define a taxonomy of solutions for the general knowledge reuse problem, providing a comprehensive discussion of recent progress on knowledge reuse in Multiagent Systems (MAS) and of techniques for knowledge reuse across agents (that may be actuating in a shared environment or not). We aim at encouraging the community to work towards reusing all the knowledge sources available in a MAS. For that, we provide an in-depth discussion of current lines of research and open questions.


Abstract. Retrievals of tropospheric NO2 columns from UV–visible observations of reflected sunlight require a priori vertical profiles to account for the variation in sensitivity of the observations to NO2 at different altitudes. These profiles vary in space and time but are usually approximated using models that do not resolve the full details of this variation. Currently, no operational retrieval simulates these a priori profiles at both high spatial and high temporal resolution. Here we examine the additional benefits of daily variations in a priori profiles for retrievals already simulating a priori NO2 profiles at sufficiently high spatial resolution to identify variations of NO2 within urban plumes. We show the effects of introducing daily variation into a priori profiles can be as large as 40 % and 3 × 1015 molec. cm−2 for an individual day and lead to corrections as large as −13 % for a monthly average in a case study of Atlanta, GA, USA. Additionally, we show that NOx emissions estimated from space-based remote sensing using daily, high-spatial-resolution a priori profiles are  ∼ 100 % greater than those of a retrieval using spatially coarse a priori profiles, and 26–40 % less than those of a retrieval using monthly averaged high-spatial-resolution profiles.


Drawing upon Diana Taylor's concept of the repertoire, I propose that the performers' and photographers' use of the female body functions as a meta-language to denounce several types of violence against women. Guatemala offers a unique opportunity for the study of embedded issues of identity, indigeneity, and gender, which are at the core of the same structural ailments that lead to its 36-year armed conflict that influences today. This analysis contributes to the understanding of embodiments of violence and considers the ethical implications of reproducing violence against women. Even though there has been extensive ethnographic work on violence and its manifestations, very few scholars have worked with the new generation of female Guatemalan artists that explore violence through a practice of denunciation. I analyze performance work by Regina José Galindo, Rosa Chávez, and Sandra Monterroso, photography by Verónica Riedel and Rodrigo Abd, street protest by the Spanish Grupo de Autoconciencia Feminista (GAF), and an ethnographic exhibit by the Mesoamerican Regional Research Centre (CIRMA). The thread that unites my analyses is the embodiment of violence as seen through the lenses of what I call body talk. Body talk is the staged use of the performer's body to convey meaning; it is a distinctive practice of non-verbal, non-discursive bodily communication that can be strategically used to promote acts of resistance. I conclude that ethnic and gender violence representations in contemporary Guatemala transcend language limitations and I explore the possibilities for the female body to create alternative spaces. In addition, I explore the impact and the challenges that embodiments of violence pose for distinct spectatorships, especially considering visceral synesthaetic responses. As far as future inquiries, body talk can easily be applied to better understand issues such as body manipulation, alteration and beauty contests related to the politics of indigeneity in Guatemala, and also mass-production, maquiladoras, and neoliberal female exploration in Central America.


In this paper, we propose a novel architecture to estimate external forces applied to a compliantly controlled balancing robot in simulations. We use similar dynamics equations used in the controller to find mismatches in the available sensory data and associate them to an unknown external force. Then by decomposing Jacobians, we search over the surface of all body links in the robot to find the force application point. By approximating link geometries with ellipsoids, we can derive analytic solutions to solve the search problem very fast in real time. The proposed approach is tested on a complex humanoid robot in simulations where it outperforms static estimators over fast dynamic motions. We foresee a lot of applications for this method especially in human-robot interactions where it can serve as a whole body virtual suit of tactile sensors. It can also be very useful in identifying the inertial properties of objects being manipulated or mounted on the robot like a backpack.


Temporal coding is considered with an oscillatory network model that generalizes the Cohen-Grossberg-Hopfield model. It is assumed that the frequency of oscillating units increases with stronger and more coherent input. We refer to this mechanism as acceleration. In the context of Hebbian memory, synchronization and acceleration take complementary roles, and their combined effect on the storage of patterns is profound. Acceleration implies the desynchronization that is needed for self-organized segmention of two overlapping patterns. The superposition problem is thereby solved even without including competition couplings. With respect to brain dynamics, we point to analogies with oscillation spindles in the gamma range and responses to perceptual rivalries.


One of the main aims of current social robotic research is to improve the robots' abilities to interact with humans. In order to achieve an interaction similar to that among humans, robots should be able to communicate in an intuitive and natural way and appropriately interpret human affects during social interactions. Similarly to how humans are able to recognize emotions in other humans, machines are capable of extracting information from the various ways humans convey emotions—including facial expression, speech, gesture or text—and using this information for improved human computer interaction. This can be described as Affective Computing, an interdisciplinary field that expands into otherwise unrelated fields like psychology and cognitive science and involves the research and development of systems that can recognize and interpret human affects. To leverage these emotional capabilities by embedding them in humanoid robots is the foundation of the concept Affective Robots, which has the objective of making robots capable of sensing the user's current mood and personality traits and adapt their behavior in the most appropriate manner based on that. In this paper, the emotion recognition capabilities of the humanoid robot Pepper are experimentally explored, based on the facial expressions for the so-called basic emotions, as well as how it performs in contrast to other state-of-the-art approaches with both expression databases compiled in academic environments and real subjects showing posed expressions as well as spontaneous emotional reactions. The experiments' results show that the detection accuracy amongst the evaluated approaches differs substantially. The introduced experiments offer a general structure and approach for conducting such experimental evaluations. The paper further suggests that the most meaningful results are obtained by conducting experiments with real subjects expressing the emotions as spontaneous reactions. Keywords—Affective computing, emotion recognition, humanoid robot, Human-Robot-Interaction (HRI), social robots.


The international tax system is the result of the interaction of different actors who share the responsibility for its integrity. States and multinational corporations both enjoy to a certain extent freedom of choice with regard to their tax behaviour – which entails moral responsibility. Making, interpreting and using tax rules therefore is inevitably a matter of exercising responsibility. Both should abstain from viewing tax laws as a bunch of technical rules to be used as a tool without any intrinsic moral or legal value. States bear primary responsibility for the integrity of the international tax system. They should become more reticent in their use of tax as regulatory instrument – competing with one another for multinationals' investment. They should also act more responsibly by cooperating to make better rules to prevent aggressive tax planning, which entails a shift in tax payments from very expert taxpayers to other taxpayers. Here, the distributive justice of the tax system and a level playing field should be guaranteed. Multinationals should abstain from putting pressure on states and lobbying for favourable tax rules that disproportionally affect other taxpayers – SMEs and individual taxpayers alike. Multinationals and their tax advisers should avoid irresponsible conduct by not aiming to pay a minimalist amount of (corporate income) taxes – merely staying within the boundaries of the letter of the law. Especially CSR-corporations should assume the responsibility for the integrity of the tax system.


In the conventional approach of interpreting stacked seismic data, it is quite common to rotate the phase of the data to match synthetic correlations and/or to get isolated reflections in the data as close as possible to zero phase. Understanding the phase of the data is extremely important in the interpretation workflow and has significant implications for the final interpretation and drilling of wells. This functionality is available on most interpretation systems today. What is not routine in the normal interpretation process is to phase rotate gathers to determine how this affects the final stacked volume, the analysis of the prestack data, and ultimately the final interpretation of the prospect.


The tetrapod faunas from the terrestrial Middle–Late Triassic basins of Africa and South America are among the richest in the world, especially in non‐mammalian cynodonts. Despite the great abundance of cynodont specimens found in these basins, there are few known taxa that exhibit interbasinal distributions. Here we describe a new species of traversodontid cynodont of the genus Scalenodon from the Triassic Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone of the Santa Maria Supersequence, from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Scalenodon ribeiroae sp. nov. is based on a partial skull that possesses a combination of features not observed in any other South American traversodontid: ellipsoid upper postcanines with the transverse crest formed by three cusps, lacking a mesiobuccal accessory cusp, and with lingual cusp projected lingually creating a concave lingual surface on the upper postcanines; the paracanine fossa is positioned medially to the upper canine, and jugal lacks a suborbital process. A phylogenetic analysis places the new taxon in a basal position within the Family Traversodontidae, with the African Scalenodon angustifrons as sister‐taxon. The new specimen of Scalenodon represents the first record of this genus outside of the Manda Beds of Tanzania, and reinforces the biostratigraphical and biogeographical connection between Gondwanan Middle–Late Triassic tetrapod faunas. Although recent advances have been made, our current knowledge of these faunas is limited by the lack of absolute dates for most units and by uncertainties in the taxonomy and stratigraphical provenance of key fossils.


Since the end of World War II Wiesenthal has dedicated his life to bringing Nazis to justice. In this book he describes his activities, the men, such as Eichmann and Mengele, he has pursued, the Nazi escape organization, Odessa, but also some of the heroism that the horrors produced. The book asks questions about the function of punishment and the possibility of rehabilitation in such extreme cases of criminality. He shows that many of the most sadistic persecutors of the Nazi regime found it all too easy to merge into normal society and assume a cloak of decency. Wiesenthal's aim has been to expose to the fullest possible extent the hypocritical sham of this normalization which, he believes, incubates the anti-semitism of which the Nazi regime was the most barbaric manifestation.


Significance People naturally understand that emotions predict actions: angry people aggress, tired people rest, and so forth. Emotions also predict future emotions: for example, tired people become frustrated and guilty people become ashamed. Here we examined whether people understand these regularities in emotion transitions. Comparing participants' ratings of transition likelihood to others' experienced transitions, we found that raters' have accurate mental models of emotion transitions. These models could allow perceivers to predict others' emotions up to two transitions into the future with above-chance accuracy. We also identified factors that inform—but do not fully determine—these mental models: egocentric bias, the conceptual properties of valence, social impact, and rationality, and the similarity and co-occurrence between different emotions. Successful social interactions depend on people's ability to predict others' future actions and emotions. People possess many mechanisms for perceiving others' current emotional states, but how might they use this information to predict others' future states? We hypothesized that people might capitalize on an overlooked aspect of affective experience: current emotions predict future emotions. By attending to regularities in emotion transitions, perceivers might develop accurate mental models of others' emotional dynamics. People could then use these mental models of emotion transitions to predict others' future emotions from currently observable emotions. To test this hypothesis, studies 1–3 used data from three extant experience-sampling datasets to establish the actual rates of emotional transitions. We then collected three parallel datasets in which participants rated the transition likelihoods between the same set of emotions. Participants' ratings of emotion transitions predicted others' experienced transitional likelihoods with high accuracy. Study 4 demonstrated that four conceptual dimensions of mental state representation—valence, social impact, rationality, and human mind—inform participants' mental models. Study 5 used 2 million emotion reports on the Experience Project to replicate both of these findings: again people reported accurate models of emotion transitions, and these models were informed by the same four conceptual dimensions. Importantly, neither these conceptual dimensions nor holistic similarity could fully explain participants' accuracy, suggesting that their mental models contain accurate information about emotion dynamics above and beyond what might be predicted by static emotion knowledge alone.


This volume focuses on word formation processes in smaller and so far underrepresented indigenous languages of South America. The data for the analyses have been mainly collected in the field by the authors. The several language families described here, among them Arawakan, Takanan, and Guaycuruan, as well as language isolates, such as Yurakare and Cholon, reflect the linguistic diversity of South America. Equally diverse are the topics addressed, relating to word formation processes like reduplication, nominal and verbal compounding, clitic compounding, and incorporation. The traditional notions of the processes are discussed critically with respect to their implementation in minor indigenous languages. The book is therefore not only of interest to readers with an Amerindian background but also to typologists and historical linguists, and it is a supplement to more theory-driven approaches to language and linguistics.


DNA motifs include repeat elements, promoter elements and gene regulator elements, and play a critical role in the human genome. This thesis describes a genome-wide computational study on two groups of motifs: tandem repeats and core promoter elements. Tandem repeats in DNA sequences are extremely relevant in biological phenomena and diagnostic tools. Computational programs that discover tandem repeats generate a huge volume of data, which can be difficult to decipher without further organization. A new method is presented here to organize and rank detected tandem repeats through clustering and classification. Our work presents multiple ways of expressing tandem repeats using the n-gram model with different clustering distance measures. Analysis of the clusters for the tandem repeats in the human genome shows that the method yields a well-defined grouping in which similarity among repeats is apparent. Our new, alignment-free method facilitates the analysis of the myriad of tandem repeats replete in the human genome. We believe that this work will lead to new discoveries on the roles, origins, and significance of tandem repeats. As with tandem repeats, promoter sequences of genes contain binding sites for proteins that play critical roles in mediating expression levels. Promoter region binding proteins and their co-factors influence timing and context of transcription. Despite the critical regulatory role of these non-coding sequences, computational methods to identify and predict DNA binding sites are extremely limited. The work reported here analyzes the relative occurrence of core promoter elements (CPEs) in and around transcription start sites. We found that out of all the data sets 49%-63% upstream regions have either TATA box or DPE elements. Our results suggest the possibility of predicting transcription start sites through combining CPEs signals with other promoter signals such as CpG islands and clusters of specific transcription binding sites.


Information systems researchers that apply critical social perspectives frequently emphasize the potential for information technology to serve as a mechanism for increased rationalization, domination, and control. Such theorists often overlook or discount the liberating aspects of information systems. In this study, we apply the ideal of rational discourse developed by Jürgen Habermas to the phenomenon of Wikipedia in an effort to explore empirically the emancipatory potential of information systems. We contend that Wikipedia embodies an approximation of the necessary conditions for rational discourse. While several challenges persist, the example of Wikipedia illustrates the positive potential of information systems in supporting the emergence of more emancipatory forms of communication. The corresponding implications for researchers and design professionals alike are discussed.


The Semantic Web and its technology are increasingly becoming a central element of many activities in computer science. More and more people are interested and would like to enhance their skills thereon. This demand leads to the idea of introducing a joint master's program on the Semantic Web, the , the "European Academy for Semantic web Education" (EASE). This program shall attract people with a bachelor's degree from computer science, artificial intelligence, or related areas. It is split among leading European universities, all known for excellence in the field of Semantic Web. They are currently already cooperating in the network of excellence "Knowledge Web" of the European Union. Within the twoyear program prospective students will study up-to-date developments in the Semantic Web area. Courses will cover web infrastructure, Semantic Web technologies, the formal foundations of knowledge representation, information and knowledge systems, and advanced modules. Goal of the program is to build a new generation of Semantic Web experts – and upskill the European workforce with ideas that point to the future. In this deliverable we report on the work towards such a shared master program. We elaborate on the work towards a joint Semantic Web curriculum and show how currently existing courses offered by participating partners from Knowledge Web fit into the curriculum.


The purpose of the dissertation is to study, describe and analyses which comparative measurement activities preschool children construct and use, and how they solve problems and communicate when they use the comparative measurement activities whilst playing with Lego ("the Lego play"). The measurement activities chosen are length/height, quantity and time.The empirical material is based on data from two preschool classes with children aged 2 – 5 year, It was collected through participant observation (video captures) of the children's Lego play. The theoretical starting points in this study are grounded in childhood sociology and the sociocultural perspective. The study assumes the childhood sociology perspective by viewing the children as competent and active in creating meaning as well as controlling and influencing their own and others' social environment. The sociocultural perspective gives prominence to development and learning, and its related tools and concepts are used to analyses the results of the study. That is, the Lego play is studied in a social context from the child's perspective, and the sociocultural perspective describes and analyses the child's use of mathematics and the acquisition of knowledge in the Lego play in a sociocultural context.The results show that children measuring length/height and quantity explored a store of measurement tools in order to make comparisons, and adapted these to the context in question. These were own body, other body, artefacts, numbers and counting. The measurements were used individually and with others, and the solving of the own or shared problems constituted a large share of the time spent constructing models during Lego play. By contrast, the time concept was used mainly as a tool when the children played with their finished Lego models. Thus, a time perspective was added to the child's finished model, which inspired thoughts and reflections about time used in the Lego play. The children used the time concepts of the present, the past and the future, and also considered the concept of velocity in the context of the timescale. The children's communication had a large impact on the Lego play, and they expressed their ideas verbally, physically and through action. The children's use of mathematics was prominent and meaningful during the Lego play.


Catharanthus roseus (periwinkle) is a medicinal plant commonly known for its wide biological activity. In many countries different parts of this plant are used for the treatment of diabetes, hypertension and for menstrual regulation. Due to the ability of production of alkaloids, which can be applied in cancer therapy, is still extensively investigated. Two, the most valuable alkaloids (vincristine and vinblastine) are present in C. roseus in very low concentrations. Micropropagation is promising technique used to enhance the level of important secondary metabolites. The main objective of present study was alkaloids extraction from plants cultivated conventionally and derived from in vitro cultures. In this order the aerial parts of periwinkle were extracted with 96% ethanol at room temperature (method I) and heated with 96% ethanol at 55 °C for 90 minutes (method II). The obtained mixtures of different indole alkaloids were analyzed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Analysis revealed the presence of 15 alkaloids, among which vindoline,vindorosine,isovindolinine and ajmalicine were the most abundant. The obtained results indicated that the propagation method had a significant effect on the percentage content of alkaloids in C. roseus herb. Plants derived from in vitro cultures were richer in vindorosine and vindoline, while conventionally cultivated – in tetrahydroalstonine and ajmalicine. Moreover, in case of isovindolinine, vindolinine and ajmalicine, extraction at 55 °C was more effective, while for pericyclivine – maceration at room temperature. Interestingly, the pericyclivine was not detected in the mixture of alkaloids obtained from periwinkle herb by the extraction at 55 °C.


Silvia BAchli was invited to design the official contribution for the Swiss Pavilion at this yeara (TM)s Biennale in Venice. This book offers a look inside her studio and documents the preparation of her works for the Biennale, illustrating her working process with spatial situations and snapshots that show her trying out various constellations as well as focusing on individual works and groups. The works and pictures from the artista (TM)s studio are combined with photographs of her working stay in Iceland. BAchli has developed her body of drawings over the course of three decades, using varying formats and techniques. Drawing, for her, is a movement of seeing, of gentle deviations and displacements within the gravitational field of an aimless attentiveness to things and dreamlike phenomena that doesna (TM)t really come to rest even in the finished drawing. The result is not just painterly moments; the drawings often seem to capture, as if in film stills, a cinematic look way of looking at bodies and things or their details, at landscapes, gestures, structures, and processes.


Congress enacted the Transmit Clause of the 1976 Copyright Act to resolve the high-stakes tussle between broadcasters and cable providers. But, today, that provision is ill-suited to resolving whether unauthorized streaming infringes on broadcasters' copyright to perform works publicly. Its scope is ambiguous enough that judges across the country were notably divided on whether it reaches online video distribution — that is, until the Supreme Court ruled that it does in a divided opinion last term in ABC v. Aereo. Remarkably, none of the courts to address the question, including the Supreme Court, consulted the interpretations of video distribution law by the agencies to which Congress delegated the broad authority of doing so in closely related statutes. The courts assumed that they alone should interpret the scope of the Transmit Clause in the absence of a specific delegation from Congress to an agency to interpret the provision.This Article argues that courts instead should consult all of the public law that Congress set in motion in the area of video distribution law before resolving novel disputes over the scope of the Transmit Clause. This reform would have purchase when, as is the case today, the Copyright Office and the Federal Communications Commission have authority to regulate overlapping aspects of online video distribution under the Copyright Act and the Communications Act, respectively. Although neither agency has the authority to interpret the Transmit Clause, current administrative law doctrine suggests that those agencies' interpretations of closely related statutes are worthy of respect, if not deference. This Article accordingly argues for a more careful approach to substantive judicial review in this area than the courts have employed.


The trinity of so-called "canonical" wall-bounded turbulent flows, comprising the zero pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer, abbreviated ZPG TBL, turbulent pipe flow, and channel/duct flows has continued to receive intense attention as new and more reliable experimental data have become available. Nevertheless, the debate on whether the logarithmic part of the mean velocity profile, in particular the Karman constant kappa, is identical for these three canonical flows or flow-dependent is still ongoing. In this paper, the asymptotic matching requirement of equal. in the logarithmic overlap layer, which links the inner and outer flow regions, and in the expression for the centerline/free-stream velocity is reiterated and shown to preclude a universal logarithmic overlap layer in the three canonical flows. However, the majority of pipe and channel flowstudies at friction Reynolds numbers Re-tau below approximate to 10(4) extract from near-wall profiles the same kappa of 0.38-0.39 as in the ZPG TBL. This apparent contradiction is resolved by a careful reanalysis of high-quality mean velocity profiles in the Princeton "Superpipe" and other pipes, channels, and ducts, which shows that the mean velocity in a near-wall region extending to around 700 "+" units in channels and ducts and 500 "+" units in pipes is the same as in the ZPG TBL. In other words, all the "canonical" flow profiles contain the lower end of the ZPG TBL log-region, which starts at a wall distance of 150-200 "+" units with a universal kappa of kappa(ZPG) approximate to 0.384. This interior log-region is followed by a second logarithmic region with a flow specific. > kappa(ZPG), which increases monotonically with pressure gradient. This second, exterior log-layer is the actual overlap layer matching up to the outer expansion, which implies equality of the exterior. and kappa(CL) obtained from the evolution of the respective centerline velocity with Reynolds number. The location of the switch-over point implies furthermore that this second log-layer only becomes clearly identifiable, i.e., separated from the wake region, for Re-tau well beyond 10(4) (see Fig. 1). This explains the discrepancies between the Karman constants of 0.38-0.39, extracted from near-wall pipe profiles below Re-tau approximate to 10(4) and the kappa's obtained from the evolution of the centerline velocity with Reynolds number. The same analysis is successfully applied to velocity profiles in channels and ducts even though experiments and numerical simulations have not yet reached Reynolds numbers where the different layers have even started to clearly separate.


The research objective was to analyze the profile of food consumption, iron bioavailability and anemia status of school girls in High School. The cross sectional study was conducted at SMK Pelita in Bogor District. The baseline data was collected from 74 school girls including 2x24 hours food record and hemoglobin (Hb). Du et al. (1999) method was applied to estimate the iron bioavailability from food consumption. The meat and fruits consumption is 68 g/day and 73 g/day respectively. Most of the subjects (83.2%) consume less food compared to the Indonesian Dietary Guidelines. The mean protein, iron and vitamin C intakes are 38.3 g, 10.8 mg, and 25 mg respectively. Compared to the Indonesian's RDA these intakes are low i.e. 76.6%, 41.7%, and 33.4% respectively. The mean iron bioavailability is 1.09 mg or 10.04%, and it's categorized as moderate. Iron bioavailability (mg) is significantly associated with the meat and chicken consumption (r=0.381) and vitamin C intake (r=0.340) (p<0.05). The anemia prevalence is 10.8%, and haemoglobin concentration is significantly related to the intake of vitamin C (r=0.002) and vitamin A (r=0.022) (p<0.05).


TRILL (Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links) uses distribution
trees to deliver multi-destination frames. Multiple trees can be used
by an ingress Routing Bridge (RBridge) for flows, regardless of the
VLAN, Fine-Grained Label (FGL), and/or multicast group of the flow.
Different ingress RBridges may choose different distribution trees for
TRILL Data packets in the same VLAN, FGL, and/or multicast group. To
avoid unnecessary link utilization, distribution trees should be
pruned based on one or more of the following: VLAN, FGL, or multicast
destination address. If any VLAN, FGL, or multicast group can be sent
on any tree, for typical fast-path hardware, the amount of pruning
information is multiplied by the number of trees, but there is limited
hardware capacity for such pruning information. This document
specifies an optional facility to restrict the TRILL Data packets sent
on particular distribution trees by VLAN, FGL, and/or multicast
groups, thus reducing the total amount of pruning information so that
it can more easily be accommodated by fast-path hardware.


The development of the land markets for selected European Countries (B, DK, D-W, F, NL) and the effects of agricultural policy reforms on land prices are analysed in "Part I - Land Markets at the Country Level" of this article. The variables describing the agricultural land markets are land prices, prices for rental land and the share of rented land. Over a longer period of about two decades, the prices for agricultural land have been decreasing in real terms in general (exception NL) while rental prices have been more stable. A regression analysis shows increasing price effects on prices for agricultural land and on rental prices due to the ha-premiums, which were introduced by the Common Agricultural Policy(CAP)-Reforms in 1992. In "Part II - Farm Level Strategies for Land Purchase" the economic effects of changing land ownership are analysed using the data base of Part I. Recommendations for farmers are to find out if long term rental contracts are available to avoid tying up capital. If land market prices are lower than a certain threshold, land can be bought considering the financial liquidity of the enterprise. Selling land could be appropriate to avoid financial liquidity stress, but this should be only temporary and restricted to a marginal amount of land stocks. If profitability of crop production is relatively low or land prices are relative high and rental contracts terminated, an entrepreneur should seek to rent new land, if possible, or find alternative investments which yield higher profits than crop production.


The First Commandment played an important role in the theology of Karl Barth. His personal obedience to this commandment contributed to his realization that one cannot be comfortable with the Liberal theology of the early twentieth century and accept the theological thinking that supported National Socialism. The First Commandment opened his eyes to see the idols, worldviews, ideologies and evil of his lifetime. The First Commandment is always in the background of his theology that concentrates on God's revelation in Jesus Christ. Only two of his lectures specifically concentrated on the First Commandment, only one of which was published. Barth, understood the First Commandment as an axiom of theology. It is self-evident; a cornerstone and critical guideline for any theology that is built upon the biblical message. The article argues that if this aspect of Barth's theology received attention in the Nederduitsch Hervormde Church, we would most probably have been saved from the conflicts concerning the ideology of apartheid and the "people's church".


On-chip antennas are used in a fully integrated phased-array receiver at 77GHz. The complete down-conversion, power-combining, and phase-generation functions are integrated in silicon with no external mm-wave electrical connections. Each of the 4 receiver elements has 41dB of gain with a NF of 8dB with a system BW of 3GHz


In the present paper, we show that in contrast to the diachronic instability that unergatives and transitives present with regard to null and cognate objects, alternating unaccusative verbs constantly appear to meet more restrictions in null and cognate object constructions than the other verbal classes. The restrictions of the null objects with alternating unaccusatives hold irrespective of the structure and the voice morphology of the alternating unaccusatives: alternating unaccusative verbs can be found in causative constructions with null objects only of the most freely used type of null objects (generic null objects); the other verbal classes can appear with deictic null objects in Modern and Ancient Greek or even with referential null objects in Ancient Greek. Cognate objects in Ancient Greek show both argumental and adverbial characteristics: unergatives in Ancient Greek can take cognate objects of argumental or adverbial character, but unaccusatives only take adverbial cognate accusatives. The common complex (causative) template of alternating unaccusatives (in both causative and anticausative uses) can be observed as the cause of the obligatory presence of the patient argument in causative uses of alternating unaccusatives, while the dependence of atelic/telic interpretation in Ancient Greek (especially in Homeric Greek) on an aktionsart/situation type aspect can explain the differences found between the Ancient and the Modern Greek cognate constructions.


About 6,000 refugees, asylum seekers and torture claimants (collectively "protection claimants") are struggling to survive in Hong Kong. It is undoubted that they are an underprivileged and marginalized group in Hong Kong. Since Hong Kong is not the signatory of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, protection claimants do not enjoy legal status or formal rights to welfare services in Hong Kong. Without the right to work, protection claimants must survive on $1,500 a month for accommodation and bags of food equivalent to $1,200, or they may risk to work illegally in Hong Kong. This thesis examines how Hong Kong refugee policy affects the life of protection claimants in terms of right to work, food assistance and accommodation allowance. These factors are of paramount importance to the life of protection claimants. Drawing on qualitative participant-observations and in-depth interviews with protection claimants, it demonstrates the primary and secondary consequences that caused by the current refugee policy. Additionally, this thesis discovers how protection claimants react to the policy, revealing that the Hong Kong current refugee policy puts protection claimants into dilemma.


Abstract Context. Black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomus ludovicianus) often come into conflict with humans in urban natural areas adjacent to private property by destroying plants and denuding the landscape. There is a diversity of attitudes related to urban prairie dog management in Colorado and interest in non-lethal methods is increasing. Therefore, the development of non-lethal methods that allow the existence of prairie dogs and mitigate damage related to population density is needed. Aims. The efficacy of DiazaCon (20,25-diazacholesterol dihydrochloride, a cholesterol analogue) as an oral contraceptive bait for reducing reproduction in black-tailed prairie dogs was tested. Persistence of DiazaCon in black-tailed prairie dogs 11 months after initial application was also determined. Methods. Prairie dogs were baited with DiazaCon-coated rolled oats or control bait for 10 days over a 20-day period in November 2007 on one control and one treatment site. Sites were randomly assigned to a treatment group. Visual counts were used 8 months post-treatment (June/July 2008) to determine pup : adult ratios on both sites. Prairie dogs on both sites were trapped 11 months post-treatment (September/October 2008) to gather mass and age data to assess juvenile : adult ratios and to collect blood samples for determination of serum cholesterol and desmosterol concentrations. Key results. DiazaCon treatment reduced the number of pups per adult by 95.5% when compared with the control site in June/July 2008 (0.09 ± 0.02, n = 10, number of observation days) versus 2.0 ± 0.2 (n = 10). Free serum cholesterol levels in treated animals (370.7 µg mL–1) were lower than control animal levels (411.6 µg mL–1, P < 0.015), while treated desmosterol levels (14.5 µg mL–1) were higher than controls (0.35 µg mL–1, P < 0.02) 11 months after ingestion of DiazaCon bait. However, these differences would likely not have been sufficient to prevent successful breeding in the upcoming breeding season. Conclusions. DiazaCon is an effective contraceptive in black-tailed prairie dogs. It is probably reversible and will likely affect breeding success for only one breeding season. DiazaCon may provide an additional tool to help manage urban populations of prairie dogs in locations where lethal control is unacceptable. Implications. The need for further research into secondary hazards to non-target animals, such as predators, is discussed. Recommendations for field application are also discussed.


As open sea navigators, green turtles Chelonia mydas have to deal with oceanic currents. These currents may have a mechanical influence, forcing turtles away from their desired course, but they may also provide information to navigating turtles by bringing chemical cues down-current from their target area. In the present paper, we have introduced new path analysis methods, coupling remote-sensing oceanographic data and satellite-tracking data in order to test these hypotheses. These methods were exemplified on the homing routes of 3 green turtles nesting on Europa, an isolated island in the southern part of Mozambique Channel. The turtles, displaced by ship east-southeast from Europa, returned to their nesting island in 13 to 59 d, following long, circuitous routes, and hence apparently displaying poor navigational abilities. Path analysis showed that turtles were unable to compensate for the deflecting action of currents, which moved them away from their intended course and lowered their orientation performance. At large distances from Europa, green turtles did not appear to find navigational information in water masses that had previously been in contact with their target area.


Interpreting policy in automated managers facilitates the dynamic change of behaviour of a distributed management system by simply changing policies. This paper describes a management policy notation which can be used to define both authorisation policies (what activities a manager is permitted to do) and obligation policies (the activities a manager must perform). Some example policy specifications are given to demonstrate the notation and the concepts involved. A graphical policy editor is described which permits high level abstract policies to be refined into lower level, implementable policies and maintains derivation and dependency relationships between the different policies. A policy service which stores policies is outlined and its integration within a domain service for grouping policies is explained Outlines are given of implementations of automated managers for interpreting obligation policies and of an access control mechanism for enforcing authorisation policies.


Supermarkets are currently gaining ground in the agri-food systems of many developing countries. While recent research has analyzed income effects in the small farm sector, impacts on farming efficiency have hardly been studied. Productivity effects in previous studies are also estimated with respect to different frontiers. Using a survey of Kenyan vegetable growers and a meta-frontier approach, we control for self-selection using propensity score matching and show that participation in supermarket channels increases farm productivity by 35-38%. Effects on technical efficiency are, however, insignificant. Supermarket expansion therefore presents opportunities for realizing agricultural growth, thus enhancing poverty alleviation and rural development.


Various kinds of lubricants are utilized in every aspect of manufacturing for mass production. To prolong the life time of tools or dies, much amount of lubricants must be used for mechanical machining or metal forming, resulting in massive emission of wasted lubricants. Dematerialization in the environmentally benign manufacturing requires less use and less emission of lubricants as possible to significantly reduce the environmental burden. For that purpose, dry machining or dry metal forming becomes a challenging issue to be solved. In the present paper, new tribological coating design is proposed to significantly reduce the wear volume and friction coefficient and to minimize the emission of wastes in wear. Titanium nitride coating has been widely used for protection of dies and tools from severe wear. Due to high friction coefficient and less wear endurance, adhesive wear often takes place against the stainless steel or ductile metallic alloy counter parts. Hence, even using this type of protective coating, lubricants are indispensable to reduce the friction coefficient and to be free from metallic sticking. Self-lubrication mechanism can be imprinted into titanium nitride coating only by chlorine implantation into it. Under the presence of chlorine in the wear track, the plastically deforming intermediate oxide film is in-situ formed to sustain low friction and low wearing mode in the relatively wide range of normal pressure and sliding velocity on the contact surface. Through the feasibility study, total amount of chlorine used for this self-lubrication is found to be negligibly small, but the self-lubrication mechanism is sustained to be working until the initial titanium nitride coating is completely worn out from the substrate.


This chapter examines the impact of private and public enforcement of securities regulation on the development of capital markets. After a review of the literature, it considers empirical findings related to private and public enforcement as measured by formal indices and resources, with particular emphasis on the link between enforcement intensity and technical measures of financial market performance. It then analyses the impact of cross-border flows of capital, valuation effects, and cross-listing decisions by corporate issuers before turning to a discussion of whether countries that dedicate more resources to regulatory reform behave differently in some areas of market activities. It also explores the enforcement of banking regulation and its relationship to financial stability and concludes by focusing on direct and indirect, resource-based evidence on the efficacy of the US Securities and Exchange Commission's enforcement actions.


Self similar behavior of the aggregate traffic is a well known issue in the networking area. In this paper, we first study the self similarity of the empirically aggregated VoIP traffic in a heterogeneous wireless network testbed environment and then model it using Fractional Gaussian Noise (fGn). The heterogeneity of the environment is provided by exploiting different wireless technologies in backbone and access networks. The backbone of the testbed is IEEE 802.16d WiMAX whereas the access network is IEEE 802.11b WiFi mesh architecture. We evaluate the self similarity in terms of throughput and packet inter-arrival time using empirically captured VoIP calls generated by softphones in the laboratory. We prove the collected data's self similar characteristics with stochastic analysis using autocorrelation functions. We implement three well-known time domain estimators to obtain Hurst values for both metrics. We also suggest the Fractional Gaussian Noise (fGn) Model for the empirically aggregated VoIP data. The self similarity analysis and modeling performed in this work will motivate new design issues on the quality of service frameworks and resources allocation mechanisms such as buffers in wireless heterogeneous networks.


The Hartmann test has been used with great success to determine figuring errors in large aspherical concave surfaces for telescope mirrors. Here, a mathematical model is presented that allows us to compute the optimum geometrical parameters for this test. It is assumed that the light source is placed near the center of curvature.


This paper considers the effect of low per capita housing stock on labor productivity. Theoretically, a negative effect may be expected. Low per capita housing leads to greater difficulty in finding housing, which in turn leads to reduced labor mobility and a less productive allocation of labor. A dynamic model is developed which displays this relationship and which takes into account inter-regional migratory flows induced by regional labor productivity differentials. The empirical part of the paper focuses on cross-sectional information, using primarily 1989 Polish data aggregated at the regional level. Copyright American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association.