Copy number variation in the human genome is prevalent but relatively little is known about the dynamics of DNA rearrangement. We therefore used the duplicated γ-globin genes as a simple system to explore de novo copy number changes. Rearrangements that changed gene number were seen in both germline and somatic DNA, and mainly arose by unequal sister chromatid exchange between homologous sequences, with evidence from recurrent mosaic rearrangements that many, if not all, of these events in sperm arise before meiosis. Unequal exchange frequencies are apparently controlled primarily by the degree of sequence identity shared by the duplicate genes, leading to substantial variation between haplotypes in copy number instability. Additional, more complex rearrangements generated by mechanisms not involving homologous recombination, and in some cases showing DNA transfer between chromosomes, were also detected but were rare. Sequence changes were also seen in γ-globin DNA molecules, with strong evidence that some were genuine de novo base substitutions. They were present in sperm at a frequency far higher than predicted from current estimates of germline mutation rates, raising interesting questions about base mutation dynamics in the male germline.


: Purpose: The aim of the research is to indicate the essence of strategic air transport management in the direction of security. Approach/Methodology/Design: The analysis of the literature review, the "case study" method, expert interviews and statistical analysis of the obtained data were used in order to formulate generalized conclusions that will be used to build reliability and safety models, and then to develop the concept of an IT support system. Findings: The problem of managing the transport of strategic goods is poorly recognized. The outsourcing of transport services to military entities takes place regularly and is an effective strategy to support PAF in the field of specialists and means of transport, Studies have found that PAF has a large number of errors. Companies that provide transportation services to military entities should be also prepared for securing side quests. As a result of the research, the strategy implementation procedures transport of goods, including procedures for commissioning transport from a civil carrier were founded. The frequency of adverse events that affect safety. The implementation of transport processes were also identified. Practical Implications: The conducted research will allow in the next stage to develop a detailed model management of the transport of strategic goods in the context of its safety. They will also make it possible to estimate the level of risk in particular phases model and allow us to develop organizational solutions that eliminate or limit frequency of adverse events. Originality/Value: The variety of research methods used and a comprehensive overview of interature allows us to clearly confirm the originality of the study.


The Langmuir-Blodgett {LB) technique provides an excellent method of depositing thin, uniform, insulating films of accurately defined thickness. They can therefore be used effectively in the investigation of metal/thin insulator/ semiconductor electroluminescent structures where the insulator requirements are good dielectric properties allied to uniformity and an accurately defined thickness. The insertion of a fatty acid LB film into the gold/n-type GaP system produces an increase in the effective barrier height of the device and also enables electroluminescence to be observed. The electroluminescent efficiency is shown to depend on the thickness of the organic film whereas the increase in the effective barrier height is relatively independent of this parameter. The optimum efficiency is obtained for a film thickness of approximately 27 mm, well above that predicted on the basis of direct quantum mechanical tunnelling, The increase in the effective barrier height is shown not to be due to an increased band bending in the semiconductor and a simple energy band model, which accounts for most of the experimental observations, is proposed. Measurements made on the diodes under illumination both support the proposed model and provide information about the mechanism of minority carrier injection. Diodes fabricated using phthalocyanine as the LB film exhibit very different characteristics, in particular the optimum thickness for EL efficiency is approximately 5.6 mm and the diodes appear to conform to the conventional tunnel injection theory. The prospects for commercial exploitation are quite promising in the case of the phthalocyanine-based diodes, particularly if the system can be extended to incorporate an efficient II-VI phosphor as the luminescent material. The results of preliminary experiments using ZnSe as the semiconductor are encouraging in this respect. Preliminary results for two other potential applications of LB films in metal/insulator/semiconductor devices are also described. The first of these concerns an attempt to invert the surface of p-type GaAs, with a view to producing an n-channel inversion mode field effect transistor, and the second describes the high field injection of charge into silicon dioxide, which has potential applications in the field of semiconductor memory devices.


In the area of international environmental law this thesis proposes the formulation of one-step planning and permitting regulation for the integrated utilisation of new surface mines as depositories for municipal solid waste. Additionally, the utilisation of abandoned and currently operated surface mines is proposed as solid waste landfills as an integral step in their reclamation. Existing laws, litigation and issues in the United Kingdom, the U.S. and Canada are discussed because of their common legal system, language and heritage. The critical shortage of approved space for disposal of solid waste has caused an urgent and growing problem for both the waste disposal industry and society. Surface mining can serve three important environmental and societal functions inuring to the health and welfare of the public: (1) providing basic minerals for goods and construction; (20 sequentially, to provide critically needed, safe burial sites for society's wastes, and (3) to conserve land by dual purpose use and to restore derelict land to beneficial surface use. Currently, the first two functions are treated environmentally, and in regulation, as two different siting problems, yet they both are earth-disturbing and excavating industries requiring surface restoration. The processes are largely duplicative and should be combined for better efficiency, less earth disturbance, conservation of land, and for fuller and better reclamation of completed surface mines returning the surfaces to greater utility than present mined land reclamation procedures. While both industries are viewed by a developed society and its communities as "bad neighbours", they remain essential and critical for mankind's existence and welfare. The study offers successful examples of the integrated process in each country. The study argues that most non-fuel surface mine openings, if not already safe, can economically, through present containment technology, be made environmentally safe for use as solid waste landfills. Simultaneously, the procedure safeguards and monitors protection of ground and surface waters from landfill contamination.


The soil adsorption behaviour of atrazine and its photodegradation intermediate 4,6-diamino-2-chloro-1,3,5s-triazine (I), was evaluated by measuring partition coefficients on five representative European topsoils using classical batch experiments. From this study, (I) appears to be less immobilised than atrazine itself, especially for typical agricultural soils. Consequently, (I) has a higher tendency to reach the saturated zones, and hence, the groundwater. In order to remove atrazine and its degradation products from groundwater prior to making it drinkable, photocatalytic degradation onto membranes immobilizing 30±3 wt.% TiO 2 has been investigated as a possible technology to mineralize these waters satisfactorily. For this purpose, experiments have been carried out using a pilot-plant facility, with 0.02 - 0.10 mmol L -1 solutions of atrazine, as well as of compound (I) and of 2,4,6-trihydroxy-1,3,5- s-triazine (II). When employing an excess of hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing agent, the monitoring of chemical oxygen demand (COD), as well as control by HPLC, showed that (II) was a photostable degradation product, owing to its resistance to attack by hydroxyl radicals. On the other hand, when kinetic runs were carried out onto membranes in the presence of dissolved oxygen only or of sub-stoichiometric quantities of H 2 O 2 , (II) could be quantitatively mineralized. A mechanism has been proposed, based on the possible direct involvement of holes in the irradiated semiconductor surface, together with superoxide anions, these latter being produced by the reaction of conduction band electrons with dissolved oxygen. This mechanism, which is inhibited by an excess of hydrogen peroxide, owing to its reaction yielding hydroxyl radicals by any route, is also substantiated by previous experiments, carried out in the presence of ozone, with and without photocatalytic promoters.


Abstract Species of Amansia and Melanamansia from the tropical Pacific region have been re-examined, and compared with material from the Indian Ocean, Japan, Taiwan and the Philippines. All specimens examined from the Pacific region (except Hawaii and some from New Caledonia and Fiji) lack pseudo-pericentral cells, thus placing them in Amansia. Melanamansia glomerata is only reported from Hawaii, New Caledonia, Fiji, the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia and for the first time in the Indian Ocean from Kenya. Type material of Amansia rhodantha (Harvey) J. Agardh from Mauritius was compared and found not significantly different from the Pacific Amansia material (including type and isotype material of Amansia paloloensis South et Skelton from Samoa, which is reduced to synonymy), thus extending the distribution range of A. rhodantha as a pan-tropical entity.


Radar cross sections (RCS) of mesospheric layers at 50 MHz observed at Jicamarca, Peru, range from 10 18 to 10 16 m 1 , three orders of magnitudes smaller than cross sections reported for polar mesospheric winter echoes during solar proton events and six orders of magnitude smaller than polar mesospheric summer echoes. Large RCS are found in thick layers around 70 km that also show wide radar spec- tra, which is interpreted as turbulent broadening. For typi- cal atmospheric and ionospheric conditions, volume scatter- ing RCS for stationary, homogeneous, isotropic turbulence at 3 m are also in the range 10 18 to 10 16 m 1 , in reason- able agreement with measurements. Moreover, theory pre- dicts maximum cross sections around 70 km, also in agree- ment with observations. Theoretical values are still a matter of order-of-magnitude estimation, since the Bragg scale of 3 m is near or inside the viscous subrange, where the form of the turbulence spectrum is not well known. In addition, steep electron density gradients can increase cross-sections signif- icantly. For thin layers with large RCS and narrow spectra, isotropic turbulence theory fails and scattering or reflection from anisotropic irregularities may gain relevance.


BACKGROUND
Adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette subfamily A member 3 (ABCA3) gene variants, which cause severe respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in term newborns, can cause death, especially due to the lack of congenital surfactant protein. The relationship between the types, pathophysiology and effects of ABCA3 gene variants on surfactant metabolism and the clinical phenotype have not yet been fully clarified, but the ABCA3 genotype is known to affect clinical severity.

CASE
In our study, in a term newborn with a diagnosis of RDS resulting in death, we detected the c.3677 T > C (p.Leu1226Pro) variant homozygous variant in the ABCA3 gene according to the NM_001089.3 transcript, which, to our knowledge, was identified for the first time in the literature.

CONCLUSIONS
We consider that this case report contributes to the literature on RDS by showing the presence of c.3677 T > C (p.Leu1226Pro), a new homozygous variant of ABCA3 in our patient.


Abstract The objective of the Spanish national project TECNO_FUS is to generate a conceptual design of a DCLL (Dual-Coolant Lithium-Lead) blanket for the DEMO fusion reactor. The dually-cooled breeding zone is composed of He/Pb-15.7 6Li and SiC as liquid metal flow channel inserts. Structural materials are ferritic-martensitic steel (Eurofer-97) for the blanket and austenitic steel (316LN) for the Vacuum Vessel (VV). The goal of this work is to analyze the radioactive waste production by the neutron-induced activation and the back-end of the blanket and the VV (SS316LN) materials (Eurofer, SiC, LiPb, and SS316LN). Furthermore, the radioactive waste production in the cryostat (SS316LN) and the bioshielding (concrete) has been estimated. Following the current approach to the back-end of the materials in fusion facilities, the radioactive waste has been subdivided according to the activity-level classification (EW, exempted waste, LILW, low and intermediate level waste, and HLW, high level waste) and according to the radiological complexity of operations (handling and cooling). The activation calculations have been carried out with the ACAB code.


This report describes our research on transportation planning and scheduling supported by the ARPA/Rome Lab Planning Initiative (ARPI). The main goal of this project was to develop generic tools to support the construction of exible, high-performance planning and scheduling software. Our technical approach is based on program transformation technology which allows machine-supported development of software from requirement speciications. The development process produces code that is correct by construction and which can be highly eecient. We have used KIDS (Kestrel Interactive Development System) to derive extremely fast and accurate transportation schedulers from formal speciications. As test data we use strategic transportation plans which are generated by U.S. government planners. A typical problem, with 10,000 movement requirements, takes the derived scheduler 1 { 3 minutes to solve, compared with 2.5 hours for a deployed feasibility es-timator (JFAST) and 36 hours for deployed sched-ulers (FLOGEN, ADANS). The computed schedules use relatively few resources and satisfy all speciied constraints. The speed of this scheduler is due to the synthesis of strong constraint checking and constraint propagation code.


This Article describes a cybersurveillance nonintrusion test under the Fourth Amendment that is grounded in evolving customary law to replace the reasonable expectation of privacy test formulated in Katz v. United States. To illustrate how customary law norms are shaping modern Fourth Amendment jurisprudence, this Article examines the recurrence of judicial references to George Orwell's novel, 1984, within the Fourth Amendment context when federal courts have assessed the constitutionality of modern surveillance methods. The Supreme Court has indicated that the Fourth Amendment privacy doctrine must now evolve to impose meaningful limitations on the intrusiveness of new surveillance technologies.
A cybersurveillance nonintrusion test implicitly suggested by the Supreme Court in United States v. Jones first shifts the vantage point of the Fourth Amendment analysis from an individual-based tangible harm inquiry to an inquiry of a society-wide intangible harm — whether the modern surveillance method creates a "1984 problem" for society. A cybersurveillance nonintrusion test requires the government to justify the intrusion of the surveillance on society. A new test would remediate increasingly ineffective Fourth Amendment jurisprudence currently grounded in property and tort law. The Article argues that the adoption of a cybersurveillance nonintrusion test and the abandonment of the current privacy test is not only required; but, in practice, is already used by the federal courts.


OBJECTIVES--To examine the mortality pattern and the cancer incidence in a cohort of long term smelter workers exposed to lead. METHODS--The cohort consists of 664 male lead battery workers, employed for at least three months in 1942-87. From 1969 the values of all blood lead samples repeatedly obtained from these workers every two to three months, have been collected in a database. The expected mortality and morbidity 1969-89 was estimated from the county rates, specified for cause, sex, five-year age groups, and calendar year. Individual exposure matrices have been calculated and used for dose-response analyses. RESULTS--The total cohort showed an increased overall mortality (standardised mortality ratio (SMR) 1.44; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.16-1.79), an increased mortality from ischaemic heart diseases (SMR 1.72; 95% CI 1.20-2.42) and all malignant neoplasms (SMR 1.65; 95% CI 1.09-2.44). These risk estimates were unaffected or slightly decreased when applying a latency period of 15 years, and no dose-response pattern was shown. The non-significantly raised cancer incidence in the gastrointestinal tract (11 malignancies) in the total cohort, increased to a barely significant level in the quartile with the highest cumulative lead exposure (standardised incidence ratio (SIR) 2.34, 95% CI 1.07-4.45). No clear dose response pattern was evident when further subdividing the data into those first employed up to 1969 v those first employed after 1969 when the blood lead monitoring programme started. The risk estimate for malignancies in the gastrointestinal tract was not related to latency time. The cancer incidence was not increased at other sites. CONCLUSIONS--A slightly increased incidence of gastrointestinal cancers was found in workers exposed to lead and employed before 1970. The lead cohort also showed an increased mortality from ischaemic heart diseases. These risk estimates did not show a dose-response pattern and were not associated with latency time. The results must also be interpreted with caution because of limited numbers, and lack of dietary and smoking data.


Nowadays, software plays a crucial role in the development of embedded products. The product's design and development process can be significantly simplified by relying on reusable software components and modern general-purpose hardware. However, such off-the-shelf components are typically not able to provide real-time support required in the industry. To address this limitation, different approaches were presented in the past to enable the use of high-level software while retaining precise timings during the interaction with the physical environment. For example, real-time capable Linux running on general-purpose hardware is widely used in industrial automation today. Furthermore, Linux-based platforms like Android are continuously gaining popularity in all sectors of the market. Due to its intuitive user interface and a wide range of supported hardware, Android is already broadly deployed in different industrial use cases. However, Android devices used in embedded products are still restricted to serving the purpose of pure data visualization and handling of the user input. To extend Android's field of application to time-critical domains, this work presents a holistic approach for combining the performance of modern general-purpose off-the-shelf hardware with predictability and determinism of a real-time capable operating system. Instead of adopting common methods for limiting the real-time support to the Linux kernel and native applications, it provides a global perspective on Android's architecture including the Linux kernel, main high-level components and their interaction in time-critical scenarios. The first part of this dissertation covers enhancements for minimizing the process scheduling latency using the PREEMPT RT patch. Since Android is built upon Linux, introducing a fully preemptible kernel and a high-resolution timer enables a more precise process management. This approach allows Android to achieve bounded scheduling deviations in the same order of magnitude as industrial Linux-based systems. In the second part, it is shown that Android's original memory management may cause unpredictable suspensions of running applications or even automatically terminate long-term background processes. To address this issue, the platform is extended with a real-time capable garbage collector based on reference counting. The new collector operates concurrently to real-time threads in a non-blocking incremental manner, avoiding undesired interferences. Furthermore, the proposed modifications provide additional protection for persistent background services. Finally, this thesis implements enhanced methods for data exchange between separate Android applications. Being seamlessly integrated into the platform, new mechanisms allow predictable communication and bounded delays for delivering arbitrary messages across process boundaries. A detailed evaluation of the introduced platform changes highlights the effectiveness and scalability of the presented approach. The resulting system performs better in terms of responsiveness and determinism, while staying fully compatible with standard Android components and third-party applications. By combining powerful general-purpose hardware and high-level programming paradigms, Android applications are now able to additionally fulfill strict timing requirements. This allows utilizing the advantages of Android in industrial use cases, which facilitates the development of easily extendable and less complex embedded products with intuitive user interfaces.


THE COMMENT BY EDWARDS AND MCGUIRK (2004) HAS numerous significant flaws. These include: (1) an incomplete understanding of the paper by Chang and Ram (2000), (2) lack of familiarity with development data sets and the vast literature on cross-country studies of inequality and growth, and (3) an inadequate grasp of the basics of econometric model specification and the elementary principles of generating predicted values from regression estimates. We first briefly note a few aspects that might not be considered major, and then explain the fatal flaw that renders its main conclusion inaccurate.


The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC or Commission) appears to be on the verge of requiring investment advisers to undergo third party examinations. One justification for the rulemaking is that the Commission lacks sufficient resources to examine advisers frequently enough. Another is to create indirectly a self-regulatory organization (SRO) for investments advisers. Both may leave a rulemaking particularly vulnerable to challenge as arbitrary and capricious under the Administrative Procedures Act. This Article considers three novel grounds on which a rulemaking may be successfully challenged. Congress has repeatedly rejected SEC requests to provide additional funding for examinations or to create an adviser SRO. This Article speculates that the rulemaking could be successfully challenged on the grounds that it usurps Congress's power of the purse by imposing an unauthorized tax on investment advisers, and/or Congress's authority to authorize the creation of an adviser SRO. On firmer ground, the Article discusses the risk that Section 206(4) of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, under which a third party examination rule would likely be adopted, does not authorize such broad rulemaking. Such a challenge could not only defeat the rulemaking, but also undermine the viability of other rules adopted under Section 206(4). This Article also considers some of the numerous examples of third party examiners that could provide useful models for a third party examination rule for advisers. It surveys seven types of third party examiners in order to provide a framework for thinking about how a third party compliance rule might be designed: nationally recognized statistical rating organizations, proxy firm advisors, the CFA Institute, public company auditors, compliance consultants, chief compliance officers, and surprise and internal controls auditors. Each examiner serves a distinctly different third party examination role and their regulation is equally varied, if not always consistent.


The present paper reflects on methodological aspects of the data gathering, analysis, and reuse and will present the practical experience from designing a test battery and selecting and approaching the participants, to conducting the experiments. Our project aims to provide a descriptive survey of contact-induced change in two groups of bilingual (L1 Polish) speakers currently living in Germany. The corpus contains written and spoken, elicited and free data that complement each other with regard to investigating morphosyntactic phenomena. This paper gives a description of each part of our tests: selecting the topics, conducting the experiment, and choosing technical equipment needed for recording of the speech data; stimuli presentation and description of the software used for grammaticality judgments; construction of a gapped text, and finally the sociolinguistic questionnaire and self-evaluation tasks.


How did the human brain evolve so that consciousness of art could develop? In The Psychology of Art and the Evolution of the Conscious Brain, Robert Solso describes how a consciousness that evolved for other purposes perceives and creates art. Drawing on his earlier book Cognition and the Visual Arts and ten years of new findings in cognitive research (as well as new ideas in anthropology and art history), Solso shows that consciousness developed gradually, with distinct components that evolved over time. One of these components is an adaptive consciousness that includes the ability to imagine objects that are not present -- an ability that allows us to create (and perceive) visual art. Solso describes the neurological, perceptual, and cognitive sequence that occurs when we view art, and the often inexpressible effect that a work of art has on us. He shows that there are two aspects to viewing art: nativistic perception -- the synchronicity of eye and brain that transforms electromagnetic energy into neuro-chemical codes -- which is "hard-wired" into the sensory-cognitive system; and directed perception, which incorporates personal history and knowledge -- the entire set of our expectations and past experiences. Both forms of perception are part of the appreciation of art, and both are products of the evolution of the conscious brain over hundreds of thousands of years. Solso also investigates the related issues of neurological and artistic perception of the human face, the effects of visual illusions, and the use of perspective. The many works of art used as examples are drawn from a wide range of artistic traditions, from ancient Egypt to Africa and India and the European Renaissance.


With the popular success of the first talkie horror films, Hollywood of the 1930s was anxious to find the next big-screen monster. Surprisingly, the creative efforts of filmmakers lead them not to the usual mythologies of Europe but rather to exotic Caribbean travel literature. Sensational books like William B. Seabrook's The Magic Island of 1929 had begun to draw the American public's attention away from the Old World and toward the New, specifically the island of Haiti. According to Seabrook and other ethnographers, powerful voodoo priests, commanding the knowledge of African mysticism and ritual, were able to kill their enemies and bring them back from the dead as mindless servants. This violation of the taboos of death peaked people's interest in a previously unknown horror: the zombie. It did not take long for this voodoo-based monstrosity to make the jump from folklore to popular entertainment, and the first true zombie movie arrived in 1932: Victor Halperin's White Zombie. Based on the stylistic model of Tod Browning's Dracula (1931), this movie presents audiences with the exoticism of the Caribbean, the fear of domination and subversion, and the perpetuation of the imperialist model of cultural and racial hegemony. White Zombie uses the exotic setting of post-colonial Haiti to entrance eager viewers while accentuating the prevailing stereotypes of the "backwards" natives and western imperialist superiority. In fact, the film emulates the sociopolitical theories and criticisms of Aime Cesaire, Frantz Fanon, and Edward Said, emphasizing a type of Hegelian master/slave dialectic as well as the dominance of one culture (embodied in the voodoo master) over another (that of the zombie slaves). However, casting the native in the position of power over his peers allows a film like White Zombie to present a more complicated view of a postcolonial society, one in which the western model of colonial imperialism has been adopted by the new nation's cultural apparatus. In this light, the film may also be critiqued as cultural discourse through the theoretical lens of Gayatri Spivak, for the new "sub-subaltern" class of the zombie is literally silent, enslaved, and unable to connect with the dominant culture through any liminal space of discourse. For a western white audience, the real threat and source of terror in these films are not the political vagaries of a postcolonial nation or the plights of the enslaved native zombies, but rather the risk that the white protagonists might become zombies themselves. In other words, the true horror in these movies lies in the prospect of a westerner becoming dominated, subjugated, and effectively "colonized" by a native pagan. This new fear-one larger than merely death itself-allowed the voodoo zombie to challenge the pantheon of cinematic monsters from Europe, becoming the first thoroughly postcolonial creature from the New World to appear in popular horror movies.1 Yet in spite of recent critical acclaim from film scholars like Gary D. Rhodes, White Zombie is a fundamentally negative portrayal of race differences and class struggle; the movie ultimately re-presents negative stereotypes of the native by propagating the imperialist paradigms of the West. Historical Context and the Zombie Paradigm As I have discussed at length elsewhere (Bishop 2006), the zombie is a unique Hollywood monster inasmuch as it originated in the folkloric and ritual practices of the New World, specifically in the Republic of Haiti. Because of this distinctive etymology, one must first consider the historical, political, and cultural environment that produced the zombie before making a detailed critique of a film like White Zombie. As a former colonial establishment, Haiti is a complex land of synthesis and hybridity, a liminal space where western Christianity fused (albeit irregularly) with ancient African ritual and mysticism. The resulting religious system came to be known in the West as voodoo? …


Concern about the high costs incurred in Australian
ports has recently been raised at a seminar on 'Shore -
Based Shipping Costs' which was convened by the Bureau of
Transport Economics (BTE). Although many speakers at the
seminar were able to cite factors which have contributed to
the current state of affairs, no general explanation of the
reasons for the poor performance of the ports sector was
advanced. As a reflection of this situation, the Common
wealth Minister for Transport announced after the seminar
that a national Task Force would be established to investigate
 the reasons for high costs and delays in Australia's
ports. If it is clear that the state of knowledge about ports
needs to be advanced, it is not immediately apparent how
this might be achieved. This thesis sets out to assess what
contribution might be provided by productivity studies which
are based upon established economic theory and practice. It
is noted that recent developments in this body of theory
have been applied successfully in other sectors of the
transport industry. This suggests that production theory might also be
applied to good effect in the case of ports. Notwithstanding this, there has been very little previous work carried
out in the topic. Given this background, the aim of the
present study was to explore the relevance of the theory to
ports, and to propose fruitful avenues for further applied
work. The credit for generating my interest in production
theory is due to John Taplin in his capacity as Professor of
Transport Economics and to John Madden at the University of
Tasmania. Subsequently, Associate Professor David Hensher
of Macquarie University has generously given his time as an
external supervisor, and I would like to acknowledge my deep
gratitude for his advice and encouragement. At the
University of Tasmania, assistance has been given by Tony
Hocking and Or Nick Groenewold. Finally, this thesis could
not have been completed without the encouragement of my
wife, Karen, and the forbearance of my children, Saxon,
Chenoa, Dyani and Corwin.


This article is concerned with the question of why economic inequality has increased so dramatically in recent decades and what can be done about it. It suggests that the fundamental cause of the recent rise in economic inequality, underlying all the more proximate factors, is a major process of de-democratisation that has taken place since the 1970s, which has increased the political representation of capital while reducing that of labour. The article pulls together a wide range of research from different disciplines in order to decisively show the ways in which economic governance has been de-democratised in this period. This analysis has important consequences with regard to policy attempts to reduce inequality and suggests that these must focus not on technical issues but on ways to strengthen democracy. And if the dynamics of de-democratisation are fundamentally global, then solutions must also be global. These conclusions are in stark contrast with current academic and policy approaches which tend to focus on technical, rather than political, solutions, and which focus overwhelmingly at the national, rather than the global, level. This article thus calls for a major rethinking of the causes of rising inequality and the policy changes needed to reduce it.


Many disciplines describe themselves as studying 'communication'. However observation of interdisciplinary discussion suggests that 'communication' may be conceptualized in different ways by different disciplines. This paper aims to promote mutual understanding among disciplines, not by proposing a universally valid definition of communication to which all disciplines should subscribe, but by, first, offering a set of questions that can be used to help disciplinary groups communicate their own views on communication to colleagues from other disciplines, and then creating a (preliminary) typology to map out the range of possible positions that can be taken in relation to those questions. Noting that academic disciplines have distinct cultures, the paper presents some concepts of intercultural communication as understood in applied linguistics that may be useful in facilitating interdisciplinary communication about communication.


A 72-year-old woman was referred to our out-of-hospital clinic because of a painful and oedematous left leg in the last few months. Her medical history was unremarkable and she was not on any medication. The dermatologist who recently assessed our patient confirmed that there was no venous insufficiency and the ultrasound of the iliac region did not show any venous obstruction. The pain presented during walking and she had no complaints in the other leg. On examination, the lower left leg and foot were diffusely red and bluish, and the middle of the leg was 4 cm larger in circumference (figure 1).


BACKGROUND
Exposure to hepatitis C virus (HCV) and subsequent infection after renal transplantation lead to significant clinical hepatitis in approximately 50% of graft recipients.

METHODS
One hundred thirty-two consecutive renal allotransplant patients, who underwent transplantation of kidneys from HCV-positive cadaveric donors, were studied to investigate the relationship between donor and recipient HLA type and the risk of developing clinical hepatitis. Specific attention was directed toward the DR3 and DR4 alleles, as these had previously been associated with worse prognoses in autoimmune and viral hepatitis.

RESULTS
Overall, 42% of patients receiving kidneys from donors seropositive for HCV developed clinical hepatitis. This was unrelated to preoperative recipient HCV serum reactivity (P=0.65). Patients receiving kidneys from seropositive donors with HCV RNA as detected by PCR were more likely to develop hepatitis than those receiving kidneys from PCR-negative donors (56% vs. 11%; P=0.005). The presence of the DR3 allele was associated with a significant risk of clinical hepatitis (P=0.025); 80% of DR3-positive recipients (n=34) progressed to hepatitis compared with 42% of DR3-negative patients. No other recipient HLA type was significantly related to prognosis. All patients receiving a donated kidney that expressed the B41 allele developed hepatitis, compared with 55% of recipients of non-B41 grafts (P=0.039). No association between the development of clinical hepatitis and HLA compatibility was found.

CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that both HLA type and viral presence as assayed by polymerase chain reaction, influence the risk of disease progression after transplantation of HCV-positive kidneys. Application of these associations may decrease the relative risk of a recipient contracting HCV hepatitis after cadaveric renal transplantation.


This study examines the influence of Friends groups on public library policy in the
UK, in order to investigate ways of involving Friends groups in library policymaking.
The methodology of a grounded theory, and a semi-structured interview
method, were used for the study. Fifty interviews were carried out with Friends group
members, library staff and managers, and councillors in five councils in England.
There were more respondents who agreed than disagreed with Friends groups being
allowed to influence library policy. The present groups have influenced many policy
areas, such as policy on opening hours, decisions on library closure and building a
new library, and library rules and regulations. They have exerted an influence on
these areas mainly through campaigns or lobbying. However, there were also
respondents who had personal concerns about the strong influence of Friends groups,
particularly through these activities. They did not approve of these activities as being
the ideal method of Friends groups to get involved in library policy. This is because
these activities caused conflicts between Friends groups and library authorities or
councillors. The respondents who had many experiences of such conflicts perceived
Friends groups to be unrepresentative of library users and the community.
Influential groups, which had an impact on library policy, were born as influential
groups. They were formed with unique managerial elements, such as simple and clear
goals, spontaneous establishment, strong leadership, a well-structured and active
committee, and strong membership power, i.e. having many professionals and famous
people as their members, such as politicians, artists, writers, and celebrities.
The majority of the respondents agreed with the establishment of a British National
Friends of Libraries organisation (NFOL), and considered its role in enhancing the
operation of Friends groups, in supporting library services, and in campaigning to the
government. However, many respondents did not recognise the fact that the Library
Campaign (LC) had become a new' British NFOL, and many group members did not
have much information about the LC. Consequently, the study suggests that the LC
publicise itself more actively and that Cilip support the publicity of the LC.
The study revealed that consultation is the most sensible method of getting Friends
groups involved in library policy. Accordingly, the study suggests that Friends
groups, library management, and councillors make guidelines for consultation. The
study concludes that Friends groups could successfully operate and get effectively
involved in library policy, if: together with library management they create some
guidelines for the operation of Friends groups; they invite professionals and famous
people to their group; and they maintain good communication with their members,
the community, library staff, councillors, and also the local media.


Study Design. Cervical spine computed tomograms were evaluated for neural foraminal stenosis in both the standard axial plane and the oblique reformatted plane. Objective. To assess whether oblique reformation of cervical spine computed tomograms reduces interobserver variability in the evaluation of neural foraminal stenosis. Summary of Background Data. Radiographic assessment of neural foraminal stenosis is subjective, may vary among observers, and can affect surgical planning. Methods. The cervical spine images from 19 patients with various degrees of neural foraminal stenosis were reformatted in an oblique plane perpendicular to the long axis of the right and left neural foramens. Seven independent observers graded the degree of foraminal stenosis (none, mild [1–25%], moderate [26–75%], or severe [>75%]) and their confidence level (definite, probable, possible) on both the axial images and the oblique reformations. Results. The ages of the 12 male (mean, 67.5 ± 13.24 years) and 7 female (mean, 62.7 ± 14.79 years) patients ranged from 39 to 83 years. Interobserver variability was assessed with &khgr;2 analysis. Rates of agreement on degree of stenosis (&khgr;2 = 19.94;df = 9;P < 0.02) were significantly higher for oblique reformations. Confidence ratings also were significantly higher for oblique reformations (&khgr;2 = 18.19;df = 7;P < 0.02). Conclusions. Oblique reformation of cervical spine images significantly reduces the degree of interobserver variability and increases observer confidence in the assessment of neural foraminal stenosis. Oblique reformations should be considered in the routine evaluation of neural foraminal stenosis.


Motivation
Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) has brought the study of the transcriptome to higher resolution and makes it possible for scientists to provide answers with more clarity to the question of 'differential expression'. However, most computational methods still stick with the old mentality of viewing differential expression as a simple 'up or down' phenomenon. We advocate that we should fully embrace the features of single cell data, which allows us to observe binary (from Off to On) as well as continuous (the amount of expression) regulations.

Results
We develop a method, termed SC2P, that first identifies the phase of expression a gene is in, by taking into account of both cell- and gene-specific contexts, in a model-based and data-driven fashion. We then identify two forms of transcription regulation: phase transition, and magnitude tuning. We demonstrate that compared with existing methods, SC2P provides substantial improvement in sensitivity without sacrificing the control of false discovery, as well as better robustness. Furthermore, the analysis provides better interpretation of the nature of regulation types in different genes.

Availability and implementation
SC2P is implemented as an open source R package publicly available at https://github.com/haowulab/SC2P.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.


As interest grows in mitigating atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, there is an increasing need to understand the factors that determine fluxes of carbon (C) to and from the atmosphere. This project quantifies the natural and anthropogenic sources and sinks of atmospheric CO2 on a county scale. In collaboration with the Hubbard Brook Research Foundation's (HBRF's) Sciencelinks Carbon Group, a net C budget for Chittenden County, Vermont has been created, with key C sources and sinks categorized in terms of land use. The primary goal of the budget is to provide up-to-date and accurate decisionmaking information to planners and policy-makers in the county, allowing the most tangible benefits to be gained from mitigation efforts. This project creates and tests a methodology that is easily replicable in any county in the United States. This methodology will facilitate the process of developing county-level C balance data beyond Vermont and the Northeast. This study suggests that Chittenden County is a net sink for C; 1.12 Tg C accumulate per year in the county's biomass and soils while 0.418 Tg C are emitted each year through anthropogenic activity within the county. C emitted in the manufacture of imported products is not considered. This work contributes to a larger ongoing study by the HBRF which compares C emissions and sequestration among seven counties representing different patterns of land use.


Pontic is the raison`d'etre of a fixed partial denture. The design of the prosthetic tooth will be dictated by aesthetics, function, ease of cleaning, maintenance of healthy tissue on the edentulous ridge and patient comfort. Proper design is more important for hygiene and good tissue health than the choice of material. An ovate pontic has been recommended to fulfill both aesthetic and functional requirements. The convex design of this pontic was intended to form a concave soft tissue outline in the site of the alveolar ridge mucosa. Clinically healthy conditions can be established at pontic sites if appropriate plaque control is performed. As the ovate pontic suffers from certain disadvantages, the modified ovate pontic design was developed to circumvent the problems encountered with the ovate pontic. A report of two cases will be presented where the modified ovate pontic design was employed for replacing upper anterior teeth.


The purpose of this study was to investigate whether combined capsaicin, green tea, and chicken essence tablets (CCGC) enhance human autonomic nervous activities (ANS) associated with thermogenic sympathetic activity without any adverse effect on the cardiac depolarization-repolarization period. Six healthy males (25.2 +/-1.7 y) volunteered for this experiment. Autonomic nervous activities were examined 5-min at rest per 30-min for total 1.5 h after consuming chicken or CCGC or placebo tablets at random on separate days. Using heart rate variability power spectral analysis, we assessed human autonomic nervous activities. In comparison to chicken essence or placebo tablets, it was observed that the consumption of CCGC significantly increased human autonomic nervous activities [Total power representing over-all ANS activity; CCGC trial 160.2 (50.0) vs. placebo 92.8 (53.3)%, p < 0.05; VLF, very low-frequency power associated with thermogenic sympathetic activity: CCGC trial 235.5 (101.7) vs. chicken 130.5 (52.9)%, p < 0.05; LF, low frequency power representing combined sympatho-vagal activity: CCGC trial 199.8 (59.8) vs. placebo 120.6 (49.2)%, p < 0.05] at 60-min and 90-min. There were no significant differences in heart rate corrected cardiac recovery time (RTc) or QT interval (QTc). In conclusion, the consumption of CCGC enhances thermogenic sympathetic activity compared to that of chicken essence or placebo tablets. Therefore, these results suggest that combined capsaicin, green tea, and chicken essence tablets may be a beneficial food ingredient improving human autonomic nervous activities, particularly thermogenic sympathetic activity as a modulator of energy metabolism without any adverse effects on cardiac electrical stability.


Utah's legal claims to federal land grow out of its statehood enabling act. Since similar statutory language is found throughout the Western states, a successful claim by Utah could fuel more claims and potentially end the public land system as we know it. Utah's claims, like those of its neighbors, are doomed to failure, however. The federal government has absolute control over federal public lands, including the constitutional authority to retain lands in federal ownership. Statutes authorizing Western states to join the Union required those same states to disclaim the right to additional lands and that disclaimer cannot be spun into a federal duty to dispose. Statehood enabling acts' guarantee of equal political rights also cannot be spun into a promise of equal land ownership. Furthermore, though statehood enabling acts guarantee states a share of the proceeds resulting from federal land sales, that guarantee is not an obligation to sell. As a BLM spokeswoman recently said with respect to confrontations over public land management and Utah's antagonistic tone towards the federal government: "It is frustrating as we work to identify the best possible path forward for everyone when some of the entities we are trying to work with consistently feel the need to poke us in the eye and then complain we are not working with them."99 This may be the larger lesson — that the Transfer Movement does more harm than good to the federal-state relationship needed for effective public land management.


Background
The spread of resistance to SP across Africa threatens the usefulness of intermittent
preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) in West Africa. There is need for an alternative drug for IPTp or an alternative strategy for delivery of drug-based prevention of MiP. This trial, investigated, whether
screening pregnant women for malaria using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) at antenatal clinic and treating those with positive results with artemether-lumefantrine (Intermittent Screening and Treatment) is as effective and as safe as IPTp-SP.
Methods: Between October 2013 and November 2014, 460 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in Calabar Southeast Nigeria were randomised to either IPTp-SP or intermittent screening and treatment with artemether-lumefantrine (ISTp-AL). All women received a long-lasting insecticide-treated net at enrolment. Study women had a maximum of four scheduled visits following enrolment. Haemoglobin concentration and peripheral parasitaemia were assessed in the third trimester (36-40 weeks gestation). Birth weights were measured at delivery or within six days for babies delivered at home. In addition, the prevalence of molecular markers of resistance to SP among pregnant women was established.
Results: In the third trimester, the overall prevalence of severe anaemia (Hb<8 g/dl) and
moderate anaemia (8 -10.9 g/dl) was 0.8% and 27.7% respectively and was similar in both groups (p=0.204). The risk of severe anaemia did not differ significantly between both groups (risk difference -1.75% [95% CI; -4.16 to 0.66]. The risk of parasitaemia was considerably lower in the ISTp-AL arm (risk difference -3.96% [95% CI -7.76 to -0.16]). The risk of low birthweight was significantly lower in the ISTp-AL arm after controlling for maternal age, gravidity and baseline parasitaemia (risk difference -1.53% [95% CI; -1.54 to -1.51]). Complaints of fever were more frequent in the ISTp-AL arm (p=0.022). The prevalence of the triple Pfdhfr mutation
and the A437G/A581G mutations were very high among malaria positive women.
Conclusions: The trial results suggest that in this area of high and perennial malaria transmission with moderate sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance, ISTp with AL may be an
effective strategy for controlling malaria in pregnancy.


Anyone who has been reading the Editor's Letters for the last several issues has heard me wonder how the financial markets could be so calm when elsewhere in the world, crises and catastrophes seemed to loom on all sides. Well, as of the beginning of August, it appears that the missing financial volatility has been located. It was first discovered hiding among sub-prime mortgages, but it has been rapidly extending outwards through the credit market and the stock market. Sorry I asked! This issue of The Journal of Derivatives starts off with an article exploring the interface between models and the market for swaptions. Swaption values depend on the dynamics of the underlying interest rates. Term structure models have gotten more and more complicated these days, since they need to be constructed to exclude embedded arbitrage opportunities for any security but to allow the yield curve to evolve with multiple degrees of freedom. Theoretically, the number of stochastic factors in a term structure model can be very large—as many as the number of future swap payment dates, for example. But a model that will be used in practice needs to be computationally efficient enough to support trading activity in real time, which limits the number of factors that can reasonably be used. Fan, Gupta and Ritchken ask, and answer, the question of how many factors are really needed for an adequate swaption model. Their answer is that for pricing a swaption, a single factor model is actually okay, but hedging performance can be significantly enhanced using 3 or 4 factors. Derivatives theory and practice also interact with regard to the well-known property that an option's value depends on the volatility of the underlying asset, but not on its expected return. In the basic Black-Scholes framework, the drift of the underlying stock is just assumed to be a constant parameter m, but mean reversion is a more plausible assumption for many kinds of underlyings. The problem is that expected return is irrelevant for option pricing and one only needs to know the volatility, but you have to take proper account of the drift process in order to estimate the volatility from market returns. Lo and Wang discussed this problem in the context of pricing an option on a single asset; in our second article Korn and Uhrig-Homburg extend the analysis to estimating correlations, where it is compounded by leads and lags in the price dynamics of the two correlated instruments. Extracting parameters from market prices is at the heart of the third article, too. Several of the newest derivatives are based on nonstorable underlyings, electricity being a prime example. Pricing must be done off of a forward curve, rather than off the price in the spot market. But actively traded electricity derivatives have Asian-style payoffs, based on the average price of the underlying over some time interval, and this is compounded by strong seasonality. Extracting a smooth implied forward curve from market prices of electricity derivatives presents a considerable challenge, that the authors are able to solve. The fourth article, by Jin, et al, also deals with implementation of an interest rate model. Mean-reversion in the rate and time-varying volatility are implemented as discrete jumps in the lattice, which can lead to computational difficulties. Jin, et al, show how to avoid them using an approach based on Ehrenfest functions. Our final article looks at flexible chooser caps. A cap contract is composed of a number of options, one caplet for each repricing date. A "flexible chooser cap" gives fewer caplets, but allows the holder the option of choosing when to exercise them, which significantly increases the optionality. Ohnishi and Tamba show how to sort through the optimal exercise strategy and the resulting valuation for the flexible chooser cap. It is the "dog days" of August right now, and much of the world has scattered to their favorite vacation, or at least


The emission of NOx in the atmosphere causes a series of significant evironmental problems such as acid rains, photochemical smog, ozone depletion and green house effect. Roughly three quarters of the global production of NOx is due to anthropogenic activity of which combustion of fossil fuels account for more than half. Combustion of fossil fuels is in general used to free energy for the propulsion of cars, trucks, trains, boats, airplanes and to generate electricity in power plants or heat for industrial processes. During combustion NOx can be formed by oxidation of nitrogen containing organic compounds, oxidation of HCN or oxidation of N2 present in the air (Thermal NOx). Nitrogen can efficiently be removed from organic fuels by hydro-treating while HCN is only formed in fuel rich flames leaving the oxidation of N2 as the major source of NOx. To achieve reduction of NOx emissions governments world wide have installed restrictive legislations such as in 1971 the 'clean air act' in the USA and the Euro I-V norms in Europe which initiated the development of NOx reducing technologies. The development of the NH3-SCR process in the 70's enables the efficient reduction of NOx from stationary sources. Thermal NOx can efficiently be reduced by CO and H2 (three-way catalyst) in car exhausts containing stoichiometric O2 levels. Exhausts of Diesel and Lean burn engines contain excess of O2 and thus is the development of new technologies required. The use of hydrocarbons for the reduction of NOx appears a promising technique and a wealth on research results on this topic has been reported in the last 20 years what until today did not result in a satisfactory solution.


Background Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and fluoride (F) are pharmacological agents widely used in oral medicine and dental practice due to their anti-microbial/anti-cavity properties. However, risks associated with the co-exposure of local cells and tissues to these xenobiotics are not clear. Therefore, we have evaluated the effects of AgNPs and F co-exposure on human gingival fibroblast cells. Methods Human gingival fibroblast cells (CRL-2014) were exposed to AgNPs and/or F at different concentrations for up to 24 hours. Cellular uptake of AgNPs was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Downstream inflammatory effects and oxidative stress were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis were measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and real-time quantitative PCR and flow cytometry, respectively. Finally, the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) was studied using Western blot. Results We found that AgNPs penetrated the cell membrane and localized inside the mitochondria. Co-incubation experiments resulted in increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. In addition, we found that co-exposure to both xenobiotics phosphorylated MAPK, particularly p42/44 MAPK. Conclusion A combined exposure of human fibroblasts to AgNPs and F results in increased cellular damage. Further studies are needed in order to evaluate pharmacological and potentially toxicological effects of AgNPs and F on oral health.


In this study, the influence of the replacement of cow milk by goat cheese whey on some quality aspects of meat and on some aspects of carcass composition of suckling kids Three cross (½ Anglonubiana x ¼ Pardo-Alpina x ¼ Moxoto) was evaluated. The replacements goat cheese whey levels were: 0% (treatment 1); 20% (treatment 2); 40% (treatment 3); 60% (treatment 4). The values of live weight for all were statistically similar (10.88 to 13.42kg); the same happened to the carcass yield which ranged from 44.62 to 47.86% and to the Longissimus dorsi area (9.55 to 10.80cm2). The treatment 2 showed the highest contents of muscular tissue (48.37%). Proximal composition of the meat showed mean values ranging from 76.78 to 77.62% for moisture; 20.39 to 21.43% for protein; 4.86 to 6.59% for fat and 1.06 to 1.14% for ash. There was no significant difference among treatments. For mineral composition mean values ranged from 16.77 to 35.68mg/100g for calcium; 110.33 to 153.90mg/100g for phosphorus; 1.29 to 2.17mg/100g for iron; 0.72 to 1.30mg/100g for magnesium; 128.86 to 165.94mg/100g for sodium and 404.88 to 504.73mg/100g for potassium. It was concluded that the whey levels used in this study, did not influence in the parameters analyzed (P<0,05). It can be indicated a replacement of up to 60% of whey on the animal diets without affecting their corporal performance and meat quality.


Waterborne diarrhoeal pathogens are considered a re-emerging threat and are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. The objective of this study was to determine bacteriological quality, biochemical oxygen demand and presence of diarrhoeagenic pathogens in water samples collected from River Njoro and Nakuru Municipal water. A total of 432 samples were tested, 216 from River Njoro and 216 from Nakuru Municipal water. Bacteria indicator numbers (arithmetic mean MPN/ml) varied from 24.4 (source) to >2700.0 (midstream) for total coliforms and 3.6 (source) to 1880.0 (midsream) for faecal coliforms in River Njoro. There was a consistent increase in bacteria loading as the river flowed from the source (Nessuit) to downstream sites. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) ranged from 2.0 mg/L at the source of the river to 44.0 mg/L at Njoro bridge. The frequency of enteropathogenic bacteria isolated in 216 samples collected from River Njoro were; Aeromonas hydrophila 52%, Hafnia alvei 29.2%, Salmonella typhimurium 18%, Salmonella typhi 17%,Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli 9.2%, Necrotoxigenic E. coli 7.4%  and Enteropathogenic E. coli 3.2%. Only H. alvei 4.6% and A. hydrophila 6.5% were isolated from Nakuru Municipality water and no enteropathogens were detected at Nakuru town centre, Kiti and Milimani estates. River Njoro has been found to be heavily contaminated with indicator bacteria, organic material and diarrhoegenic pathogens. This suggests need to educate people regarding good health practices, proper waste disposal, boiling drinking water and seek alternative sources of drinking water in the study area.

 Key words: Biochemical oxygen demand, coliforms, diarrhoea.


Problem statement: Air pollution in Kazakhstan is significant environmental problem. The
air pollution level of cities and industrial centers remains rather high. The highest level of air pollution
is registered in Ridder, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Almaty, Zyryanovsk, Aktau, Atyrau, Shymkent, Taraz,
Petropavlovsk and Temirtau. The enterprises of the Rudnyi Altay, Pavlodar Oblast and enterprises of
oil and gas complex in West-Kazakhstan, Atyrau and Mangistau Oblasts play the negative role in air
pollution. About one third of industrial enterprises have no sanitary protective zones of standard sizes.
A considerable part of the population of industrial centers live in the zone of a direct impact of harmful
industrial factors emissions of polluting substances into the air, noise, vibration, electrical magnet
fields and other physical factors (Dahl et al., 2001; Kaiser and Pulsipher, 2007; Farmer and Farmer,
2000). Under the conditions of the air polluter impact there is high morbidity and mortality from
cardio-vascular diseases, respiratory disease, nervous system and sensory organ disturbances,
gastrointestinal disease and circulatory disease. Poor air quality has been cited as a factor in these
conditions (Jensena et al., 1997; Namazbaeva et al., 2010). Then we provide details a correlation
between the level of disease of malignant tumors and the emissions from stationary sources in Rudnyi
Altay industrial area. To reveal the quantitative relationship between the disease of malignant tumors and
the change in the quantity of emissions was carried out regression analysis and model. Regression
analysis and model confirms a significant direct correlation between the incidence of malignant tumors
and the amount of emissions from stationary sources (correlation coefficient R = 0,6). Analysis of vital
statistics revealed the increased disease rate. Conclusion: Health status of the populations is negatively
affected by the unfavorable environmental situation, emissions in general and technogenic hotspots. Airpollution-
related health effects can be reduced through policies that curb emissions. Among measures that
can be undertaken to achieve these reductions is the use technology in industry and programs to increase
public awareness. However Kazakhstani society is more concerned about social problems; government
does not want to disturb people, because environmental problems are far from a positive decision.


Microatolls of coralline algal encrustations were discovered during a reconnaissance study of environments around Cozumel Island, 14 mi off the NE. coast of the Yucatan Peninsula. In one small area along the northeastern shore 166 of them were counted in a belt approximately 100 ft wide, 150 yd offshore, and parallel to shore. The microatolls are roughly circular with diameters of 12-25 ft. The outer margin of each is outlined by an algal ridge several inches wide and a few inches above sea level. This rim, enclosing a shallow lagoon, is especially because it supports a luxuriant growth prominent of upright, noncalcareous algae. Many of the microatolls are within 15 ft of one another; the deepest passages observed between them are 14 ft deep. The microatolls form the upper rims of cylindrical structures with vertical to slightly overhanging sides. The sides are covered by coralline algae including Goniolithon solubile, Archaeolithothamnium episporum, Lithothamnium sejunctum, Epilithon membranaceum, Lithophyllum sp., and Lithoporella sp. Living coral colonies cover only a small percent of the vertical sides, but most samples show coral beneath the algal encrustation. The origin of the microatoll foundations is speculative.


Understanding the socio-psychological mechanisms that determine the public acceptability of road pricing could be a key for its implementation in urban environments where this is a viable scenario. Studying the attitudes of older people is of particular importance due to the aging of the populations in the industrialized democracies, the high political engagement of older people, and their vulnerability to transport-related social exclusion. Research by the present authors had previously identified that older people's beliefs about what is the normal, acceptable, or even expected choice in a particular social context ("social norms") and their tendency to favor, more than any other age group, what is positively valued by society ("pro-social value orientation") affect their attitudes to road pricing. The present paper aims to develop an in-depth understanding of these attitude-shaping determinants drawing on the findings of focus groups conducted in Bristol, UK. The findings suggest that there are three distinctive expressions of pro-sociality: pro-environmental values and generativity on the one hand, these two being drivers of support for road pricing, and pro-equity values on the other, which tend to drive opposition. Social norms have two particular expressions: subjective norms (i.e. norms reflecting people's immediate social environment) and norms referring to others and society in general. Furthermore, a theory-driven thematic analysis indicates that trust in the integrity of the concept and older age as a life stage associated with aging, retirement, lower income, mobility barriers and deteriorating health are important in how attitudes reflecting and affecting public acceptability to road pricing form.


It is relatively easy to generate a complete single contact fault detection test set Tc for a PLA. However such a test set may fail to detect all multiple faults due to the phenomenon of masking. In previous papers attempting to quantitatively predict the multiple fault coverage capability of a single fault detection test set Tc in PLA's, it was proved that every multiple contact fault in an irredundant PLA is detected by Tc if the multiple fault does not contain any four-way masking cycle. In this correspondence, the masking relations are studied in detail and it is shown that Tc in fact detects a signifilcant percentage of faults with four-way masking. Based on these results more realistic bounds of the coverage capability of Tc are determined. It is shown that the multiple fault coverage ratio of Tc increases with the increasing number m of rows of a PLA and for m = 24 Tc detects 99 percent of all contact faults of size 8 or less.


A field survey of 103 private herbicide applicators was conducted during the spring of 1986 in 12 central and eastern Nebraska counties. The results showed that only 30% of the cooperators were applying herbicides within 5% of their intended application rate. Twenty-six percent of the cooperators over-applied herbicides during a single application, with an average cost due to misapplication of $3.11/ha ($1.26/a). If these values were extended over Nebraska, $4.26 million are expended for extra herbicides which were not necessary. The average cost of over application was in excess of $570 per application. Forty-four percent of the cooperators under-applied herbicides spending $3.06/ha ($1.24/a) less than anticipated. However, neither of these values include the potential cost of crop or environmental damages, or possible crop yield reductions due to improper rate of herbicide application.


We present results obtained from modeling the septum assessment experiments of the JET MkIIGB divertor with the B2‐Eirene code package. Similar L‐mode discharges have been performed with and without septum, varying density and gas puffing location. High and low inner wall clearance simulations are also compared, as this parameter has been shown experimentally to play an important role in the final density limit. According to the simulations, the neutrals ionization pattern is not affected by the septum, consistent with experiment. The septum does improve the pumped particle flux in the outer divertor, the inner divertor results depending on plasma‐wall clearance, but this only concerns a small fraction of the recycling flux at the targets (less than 2%) and does not influence the overall divertor plasma very much. Comparison between inner and outer gas fuelling with a moderate gas puff rate shows no difference in the simulations without septum, while a slight asymmetry is observed in the simulations with septum, showing that the septum allows acting separately on the inner and outer divertor. We conclude that a neutral flow exists linking outer and inner divertors with particles travelling around the plasma in the main chamber. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


I propose that the way to become your best self is, paradoxically, to become more selfless. I want to make the case that, in a world of cut-throat competition, the best strategy to survive and prosper for individuals and societies is to give our best in serving each other. In psychological terms, this way of life is called self- transcendence (ST). ST sounds paradoxical and counter-intuitive and may not make sense at first glance because in this individualistic consumer society, self-interest always seems front and centre in our consciousness. From parenting to education, we are ingrained with the idea of "looking out for number one." Most self-help books and success seminars focus on how to develop skills and strategies to be winners. May I suggest that you entertain the following ideas, which represent an alternative way for personal growth: You need to lose yourself in order to find yourself; it is more blessed to give than to receive; do not ask what you can get from life, but ask what you can give to ; and you must be willing to deny yourself in order to serve something greater than yourself. I hope that at the end of my presentation, you may discover that ST is not only an inevitable part of all of us, but also an essential condition for survival and flourishing as individuals and as a species.


The role of social media, in particular microblogging platforms such as Twitter, as a conduit for actionable and tactical information during disasters is increasingly acknowledged. However, time-critical analysis of big crisis data on social media streams brings challenges to machine learning techniques, especially the ones that use supervised learning. The Scarcity of labeled data, particularly in the early hours of a crisis, delays the machine learning process. The current state-of-the-art classification methods require a significant amount of labeled data specific to a particular event for training plus a lot of feature engineering to achieve best results. In this work, we introduce neural network based classification methods for binary and multi-class tweet classification task. We show that neural network based models do not require any feature engineering and perform better than state-of-the-art methods. In the early hours of a disaster when no labeled data is available, our proposed method makes the best use of the out-of-event data and achieves good results.


Background. The Georgetown University-Albert Einstein College of Medicine breast cancer simulation model (Model GE) has evolved over time in structure and function to reflect advances in knowledge about breast cancer, improvements in early detection and treatment technology, and progress in computing resources. This article describes the model and provides examples of model applications. Methods. The model is a discrete events microsimulation of single-life histories of women from multiple birth cohorts. Events are simulated in the absence of screening and treatment, and interventions are then applied to assess their impact on population breast cancer trends. The model accommodates differences in natural history associated with estrogen receptor (ER) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) biomarkers, as well as conventional breast cancer risk factors. The approach for simulating breast cancer natural history is phenomenological, relying on dates, stage, and age of clinical and screen detection for a tumor molecular subtype without explicitly modeling tumor growth. The inputs to the model are regularly updated to reflect current practice. Numerous technical modifications, including the use of object-oriented programming (C++), and more efficient algorithms, along with hardware advances, have increased program efficiency permitting simulations of large samples. Results. The model results consistently match key temporal trends in US breast cancer incidence and mortality. Conclusion. The model has been used in collaboration with other CISNET models to assess cancer control policies and will be applied to evaluate clinical trial design, recurrence risk, and polygenic risk-based screening.


Ultraviolet light damages genomic material by inducing the formation of covalent bonds between adjacent pyrimidines. Cis-syn cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD)constitute the most abundant primary lesion in DNA. Photolyase, a light-activated enzyme, catalytically repairs these lesions. Although many steps in the photolyase-mediated repair process have been mapped, details of the mechanism remain cryptic. Difference FT-IR spectroscopy was employed to obtain new mechanistic information about photorepair. Purified oligonucleotides, containing a central diuracil, dithymidine, or cyclobutane thymidine dimer, were monitored using vibrational methods. Construction of difference infrared data between undamaged and damaged DNA permitted examination of nucleic acid changes upon formation of the CPD lesion; these experiments indicated that C=O and C-H frequencies can be used as markers for DNA damage. Furthermore, in purified photolyase containing isotopically-labeled aromatic amino acids, we observed that tryptophan residues in photolyase underwent structural changes during photorepair. These data indicate that electron transfer during DNA repair occurs through-bond, and that redox-active, aromatic residues form the pathway for electron transfer.


The Justice Department has made frequent use of deferred and non-prosecution agreements in recent years, a disturbing trend where corporations avoid criminal charges, even for egregious crimes, by entering agreements that previously had been reserved for minor cases involving first-time offenders. The practice is not consistent across the Department: in the Environment and Natural Resources Division and the Antitrust Division, deferred prosecution and non-prosecution agreements are rarely used; in the Criminal Division and some United States Attorney's offices, such agreements have become almost the norm. The terms of the agreements are attractive to the government, because they often provide large penalties, far-reaching corporate compliance programs with outside monitors approved by the Department, and promises of cooperation by the companies involved. But plea agreements — the preferred approach prior to the last decade — can offer the same benefits to the government without making it appear that large companies can buy their way out of criminal prosecution.In this Article, I argue that the use of deferred prosecution and non-prosecution agreements erodes corporate criminal liability and undermines the rule of law. I assert that deferred prosecution and non-prosecution agreements limit the punitive and deterrent value of the government's law enforcement efforts and extinguish the societal condemnation that should accompany criminal prosecution. I side with those within the Justice Department who have resisted the trend toward deferred prosecution and non-prosecution of corporate crime and agree with critics who claim that the Department lacks sufficient policies to ensure that abuse of power does not occur in negotiating such agreements. I conclude that the government does not need the "middle ground" of deferred prosecution and non-prosecution agreements, except for less serious violations where there are no civil or administrative remedies or perhaps in the rare situation where prosecutors can demonstrate that a criminal conviction would cause unacceptable harm to innocent third parties.


A set of practical mathematical tools for creating self correcting, self compensating optical angular encoders is presented. Included is [a] a discussion and proof of the so-called Angular Encoder Theorem, which is the fundamental element of real time self correction based on read head symmetry averaging; [b] a discussion and derivation of the self-compensation equations, which can be used in tandem with the encoder theorem to increase accuracy further; [c] a kinematic model which can be used to simulate realistic operational scenarios; and [d] rules of thumb and implications for the designer. Sample simulation results and sample test results are also presented. These tools enable the designer to work out cost-effective encoder designs to meet different accuracy requirements for different applications. Such encoders automatically retain their accuracy over indefinite periods of time without human intervention of any kind and are thus well suited for challenging robotic applications. These tools can and have been used to construct cost-effective encoders with demonstrated sub-arcsecond accuracy. Finally, sample source code is available online.


"For its intelligence and humanitarian achievements, for its political honesty, for its power and its beauty (there is no other word), this book deserves to be called a masterpiece." --American EthnologistJerome R. Mintz's classic study of the lives of Andalusian campesinos who were swept up by one of the 20th century's pivotal social movements provided a new framework for understanding the tragic events that tilted Spain toward civil war. In a new foreword, James W. Fernandez reflects on the fieldwork that led to the book and its contribution to subsequent developments in the ethnography of Europe and the historiography of modern Spain.


To the Editor,

Most congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is X-linked recessive, and < 10% of congenital NDI cases exhibit autosomal inheritance. Several cases of congenital NDI have been reported in Korea, most of which did not lead to azotemia. Although a few reports have shown that chronic kidney disease can be induced by recurrent dehydration and glomerular embolism, congenital NDI usually does not progress to renal failure if subjects are adequately hydrated. We report a case of NDI that progressed to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) with a brief review of the literature.

A 26-year-old male presented at a local clinic with a 3-month history of weight loss and a 6-month history of general malaise. He was transferred to our hospital with a high creatinine level. He was diagnosed with NDI at the age of 6 years and had been treated for 5 years before this presentation. He had received no treatment thereafter and developed 5 to 6 L polyuria per day. His older brother was healthy without such symptoms. There was no family history of the disease. His vital signs were stable, but a firm mass with an approximate diameter of 8 cm was noted on a physical examination of the abdomen. His laboratory findings were: blood urea nitrogen, 81.0 mg/dL and creatinine, 9.44 mg/L. Blood osmotic concentration was 329 mOsm/kg, and urine osmotic concentration was 170 mOsm/kg. The patient had developed metabolic acidosis; an arterial blood gas analysis revealed pH, 7.326; pCO2, 34.9 mmHg; pO2, 98 mmHg; and HCO3, 17.8 mmol/L. Urinalysis showed specific gravity, 1.015; protein, 3+; occult blood, 2+; and negative white blood cells. Urine volume on a 24-hour urine test was 6,500 mL, protein was 4,834.8 mg/day, and creatinine clearance was 11.74 mL/min, suggesting decreased renal function. Abdominal and pelvic computed tomography scans revealed bilateral atrophied kidneys and markedly dilated pelvis and calyces. The bladder was extended up to the umbilical level and was severely dilated (Fig. 1). No findings indicating a ureteral obstruction were detected. Genomic DNA was extracted, and an AVPR2 gene mutation was identified. An analysis of the base sequences in all exons and adjacent introns indicated a duplicate sequence of nine bases between no. 244 and 252 of exon 2 (Fig. 2). No AQP2 gene mutation was found. The patient is currently on hemodialysis three times per week, which was started during hospitalization due to aggravation of general malaise and the development of uremic symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting.

Figure 1

Abdominal computed tomography scan shows severe degree of hydronephrosis and hydroureter (A) as well as marked distension of the bladder (B).

Figure 2

Polymerase chain reaction sequencing of all coding sequences shows a duplicate sequence of nine bases between nos. 244 and 252 of exon 2 while identifying an AVPR2 mutant allele.

In most cases, congenital NDI is manifested by a variety of clinical features during infancy. Recurrent fever, vomiting, and irritability are manifested within 1 week of birth, and serious sequelae, such as retarded growth or mental disorders, may develop due to recurrent hypernatremia and dehydration. However, the increased thirst is managed by ingesting a large volume of water, which produces unconcentrated urine, leading to hydronephrosis, ureteral dilatation, or mega bladder without an anatomical ureteral obstruction in 15% to 67% of patients [1]. In our case, severe hydronephrosis, ureteral dilatation, and megabladder were observed. Differentiating congenital NDI from the acquired form can be difficult because both diseases are accompanied by polyuria and hydronephrosis. Therefore, a diagnostic methodology other than the clinical findings is mandatory to confirm congenital NDI. Gene analysis has become the best confirmative diagnostic method for congenital NDI. At present, > 150 AVPR2 gene mutations have been reported [2]. Most of these mutations are missense or nonsense AVPR2 or frameshift or inframe deletions. Cheong et al. [3] reported six mutations in the vasopressin V2 receptor gene causing NDI. Among these mutations, one was a short duplication of nine bases (bases 315 to 323), resulting in the insertion of three amino acids (Cys-Leu-Ala) in the transmembrane domain. They explained that the duplicated Cys residue was predicted to cause a conformational change because Cys residues form disulfide bonds. In our case, symptoms occurred only in the patient and not in his family members. Analysis of the base sequence revealed a duplicate sequence of nine bases between no. 244 and 252 of exon 2 (Cys-Leu-Ala). Our results were consistent with those of Cheong et al. [3]. However, we do not know whether the short duplication case of Cheong et al. [3] progressed to ESRD. Our patient was diagnosed with ESRD and currently undergoes hemodialysis treatment three times per week. Although chronic kidney disease rarely develops in a patient with congenital NDI if an adequate volume of water is supplied, it can occur due to recurrent dehydration, glomerular embolus, atrophy of renal parenchymal tissue, long-term hydronephrosis, or ureteral dilatation [4]. A case of NDI in Korea that was inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and subsequently progressed to renal failure was reported in 2004. That patient presented with polyuria and was subsequently diagnosed with congenital NDI as an adult [5]. In our case, the patient was diagnosed with congenital NDI at 6 years of age and intermittently received drugs such as thiazide. However, he did not receive any treatment after the age of 19 years. He was diagnosed with ESRD when he presented to our clinic with fatigue and general malaise.

In conclusion, evaluating at-risk infants by monitoring growth and periodically measuring serum sodium concentration to identify unrecognized hyperosmolality and early dehydration, as well as annual renal ultrasonography to monitor for hydronephrosis, are needed as early as possible to allow for a prompt diagnosis and treatment to reduce morbidity. In addition, genetic counseling and an evaluation of high-risk family members, such as prenatal testing, are highly recommended.


Troponin molecules and their T, C and I subtypes have shown significance in early point-of-care assessment of acute myocardial infarction. Other slowly released proteins are Creatine kinase MB, Fatty acid-binding Protein and myoglobin. Conventional antibody-antigen immunoassays do measure these markers and need laboratory setting. So, these are not suitable for point of care. The magnetic particles in immunoassay enhance the utility of immunoassay due to their ability to facilitate the separation of the targeted compounds and their high sensitivity of analyte. The present report presents a innovative idea to explore the possibility of: 1. troponin subtypes by MALDI mass spectrometry technique; 2. developing sandwich magnetic immunoassay using solidphase Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) based on formation of "sandwich" complex of two different antibodies at two binding sites on same target troponin antigen. One antibody was attached with magnetic nanoparticles at on binding site and other antibody with fluorescent marker with glucose at other binding site. The concentration of troponinT in the blood sample was correlated with proportional concentration of glucose measured by glucometer. The application of nanotechnology in troponin analysis minimizes the artifacts of troponin analysis in AMI. Using site-specific agent such as a magnetic nanosphere is novel choice to estimate 1 pico gm/L. In addition, the magnetic nanoparticles enhance the analyte detectibility, sensitivity to analyte with optimal reaction speed. Furthermore, the nanospheres can be localized with use of external magnet. The technique provides simple point of care method. Furthermore, we proposed a simple technique of use of proteomics and magnetic nanoparticles to isolate and quantify AMI marker troponin in the blood sample wih use of glucometer. The MALDI mass spectrometry technique has potential of exploring more AMI sensitive Troponin or other proteins. The proposed magnetic immunoassay of point-of-care method shows potential as rapid reliable cost-effective efficient as cardiac protection device. The technique is simple, user-friendly and costeffective. The nanotechnology based glucometer may provide portable analyzer for quicker point-of-care testing at minimum cost.


This study is motivated by the introduction of mandatory carbon reporting by UK Government under the Companies Act 2006 (Strategic and Directors' Reports). Before the enactment of this regulation, there are several carbon reporting guidance that aim to improve the reporting of carbon emissions by UK companies such as the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), GRI (2013), WBCSD and WRI (2004). This raises the question that why further governmental intervention is initiated in carbon reporting despite of the existing institutionalized reporting guidance. Using a self-constructed disclosure index, this paper attempts to assess the quality of the longitudinal development of corporate carbon emission disclosure, to study to what extent companies disclose their carbon emission information and to examine whether these companies are using carbon emission disclosures as a legitimacy tool in response to the launch of legally binding carbon reduction schemes such as the EU Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and Climate Change Act (CCA). The sample comprises 25 companies from a population of FTSE 100 companies during the period of 2004-2012. In corresponding to institutional legitimacy theory and strategic legitimacy theory, our analysis reveals the gradual improvement in disclosures over the period, which reflects in the achievement of peak disclosures after the enactment of EU ETS and CCA. Companies with carbon trading account are more responsive to these schemes than those without carbon trading account, while the general disclosure improvement rate is lower. Nevertheless, the quality of the disclosure remains low and stakeholders' expectation of corporate carbon disclosure is still unmet, which justify further government intervention of mandating carbon reporting. These findings provide evidence of how corporate carbon disclosure evolves in a specific way to meet the expectation of various stakeholders and have important implications
for the government and top management who are interested in improving corporate carbon disclosure practice and disclosure strategies.


A bank of photocopiable classroom activities based around quizzes, questionnaires and puzzles. Ideal for busy teachers, Quizzes, Questionnaires and Puzzles offers 60 ready-made activities that can be slotted into any lesson with minimal preparation. The activities last from 20 minutes to a full 50-minute lesson and are intended to promote intermediate and advanced level students' speaking and reading skills. Each activity has 1-2 photocopiable pages for the students plus teachers' notes, including useful language, preparation instructions, and a lead-in and a follow-up task.


We have studied the repercussion of the molecular adsorption mechanism on the electronic properties of the interface between model nonmagnetic or magnetic metallic surfaces and metallo-organic phthalocyanines molecules (Pcs). Our intertwined x-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments and computational studies reveal that manganese Pc (MnPc) is physisorbed onto a Cu(001) surface and retains the electronic properties of a free molecule. On the other hand, MnPc is chemisorbed onto Co(001), leading to a dominant direct exchange interaction between the Mn molecular site and the Co substrate. By promoting an interfacial spin-polarized conduction state on the molecule, these interactions reveal an important lever to tailor the spintronic properties of hybrid organic-metallic interfaces.


Modern particle accelerators and storage rings, whether used for high-energy physics, synchrotron light sources or other purposes, require particle beams with the highest possible intensity. In order to achieve this maximum performance, a good understanding of the interaction of the charged particle beams with the surrounding vacuum chamber and other accelerator components is necessary. In the frequency domain, this interaction can be described by impedances, and equivalently by wake fields in the time domain. These need to be known to estimate the thresholds of coherent instabilities, or other collective effects, which limit the achieveable beam current. Such considerations have to be taken into account already during the design of such machines, as they limit the choice of materials and the shapes of components required for their operations. The book explains the basic concepts and the methods which have been used to calculate such impedances and wakes. The emphasis is on circular particle accelerators and storage rings, with which the authors are more familiar, but many of these concepts are equally useful in linear accelerators or colliders. Without any pretense of completeness, the most important accelerator components, such as vacuum chambers with bellows and pumping ports, RF and other cavities, single steps, irises and collimators etc, are described in specialized chapters. Also limitations and restrictions of the impedance and wake field descriptions are discussed. The book is mainly written for physicists working with or on particle accelerators or storage rings, and who want to understand the methods which have been used for such calculations.


Measuring performances of health professionals and health facilities is a difficult task. However, with the appropriate information management tools, a lot of useful information can be collected from routine data registration activities. Situated in the capital of Rwanda, the Central Kigali University Teaching Hospital developed in January 2006 its electronic patient record using both ICD10 and ICPC2 codes for the structured registration of diseases and procedures. In order to enable synoptic data analysis, individual codes have been grouped into a set of 174 disease groups (KHIRI Pathology Group Set –KPGS). To assess the activities and performances of the different clinical departments, outcome data were analyzed following a number of essential criteria: the caseload, the LOS (length of stay) load and the in-hospital mortality load. A total number of 27784 patients were admitted during the study period. On the 27784 patients a total of respectively 30609 and 29447 diagnoses were recorded in ICPC2 and ICD10. The total of hospitalization days was 395256. 2759 patients died over the 3 years study period. Four ICPC classes covered more than 10% of the encodings each: A (general) 5649, D (digestive system) 6040, L (locomotors system) 3297 and R (respiratory system) counted for 4026 registrations. Comparable results could be obtained in the corresponding ICD classes A+B, K, M+S-T and J. Linking ICD10 and ICPC2 codes to global patient data clearly enables the physicians and the hospital management to produce comparable, standardized and internationally valuable evaluations of the hospital activities and trends. It also opens the perspective of fixing objective priorities in patient management and provides an interesting starting point for comparing health professionals' clinical performances in a standardized way.


Materials which form the surface and subcutaneous layers of an extrudate experience large deformations when they traverse the die land. This, when added to the inhomogeneity caused by the dead metal zone, leads to considerable modifications to the deformation parameters when compared to the remainder of the extrusion. The distribution of structure is therefore greatly inhomogeneous. Reference to both empirical and physical models of the recrystallisation process indicates that nucleation and growth will differ at these locations in those aluminium alloys that are usually solution treated and aged subsequent to the deformation process. Since static recrystallisation has a significant influence on many of the properties of the extrudate, it is therefore essential to provide the methodology to predict these variations. In the work presented, a physical model, for AA2024, based on dislocation density, subgrain size and misorientation is modified and integrated into the commercial finite element method (FEM) code, FORGE, to study the microstructure changes. Axi-symmetrical and shape extrusion are presented as examples. The evolution of the substructure influencing static recrystallisation is studied. The predicted results show an agreement with the experimental measurement. The distribution of equivalent strain, temperature compensated strain rate and temperatures are also presented to aid interpretation. Importantly the properties of hard alloys improve as the temperature of the extrusion is raised. This phenomenon is discussed and theoretically justified. This paper also presents some innovative work where the physically based models, and the Cellular Automata (CA) method, are combined to simulate the static recrystallisation process. The FEM is adopted to provide the initial morphology and state variables for the structure models, such as the equivalent strain, the temperature and the equivalent strain rate. The subgrain size, and dislocation densities are calculated from physically based models and are transferred to CA models to construct the data required to define the initial state for recrystallisation. Simulation results are compared with experimental measurements. It is demonstrated that CA integrated with the physically based models is effective in predicting the structural changes by selecting a suitable neighbourhood and reasonable transition rules.