We investigate the mechanical properties of a doubly clamped, double-layer nanobeam embedded into an electromechanical system. The nanobeam consists of a highly pre-stressed silicon nitride and a superconducting niobium layer. By measuring the mechanical displacement spectral density both in the linear and the nonlinear Duffing regime, we determine the pre-stress and the effective Young's modulus of the nanobeam. An analytical double-layer model quantitatively corroborates the measured values. This suggests that this model can be used to design mechanical multilayer systems for electro- and optomechanical devices, including materials controllable by external parameters such as piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, or in more general multiferroic materials.


Well-defined N,N′-(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate (DMAEA) functionalized polymeric stars have been synthesized via an arm-first approach. Utilizing reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, linear homopolymers (PEGA, PHEA) were chain extended with DMAEA and a divinyl crosslinker to produce a series of crosslinked polymeric stars. These stars were characterized using a range of techniques including NMR, SEC, DLS and TEM analysis. The hydrolytic behavior of the DMAEA when tethered within a micellar core was investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy and was found to be strongly dependent on temperature. At elevated temperatures either a higher crosslinking density or a longer arm length was found to offer greater protection to the amine resulting in slower hydrolysis, with hydrolysis found to level off at a lower final percentage hydrolysis. In contrast, the composition and nature of the arm was found to have little impact on the hydrolysis, with the same trends relating to the effect of temperature and crosslinking density observed with a linear (HEA) and a brush (PEGA) arm. Additionally, the release of DMAE from the polymeric stars was successfully confirmed through the use of an enzymatic assay, producing a concentration of DMAE in good agreement with the theoretical concentration based on the 1H NMR spectroscopic analysis.


Fiber-reinforced plastics are of increasing relevance in a broad variety of engineering applications. Developments in E-Mobility and ever-increasing demands on materials guarantee that this trend will continue. The increasing use and importance of FRP will in turn increase demand for appropriate methodologies for describing the complex mechanical properties of these materials. This thesis contributes to this end to the theoretical development and implementation of damage models. These models build on the so called smeared crack approach, whereby the damage in the material is assumed to have a continuous distribution. With the help of damage models, maximum bearing load computations can be performed and the damage initiation and propagation can be precisely followed. A variety of approaches are used in this thesis: firstly, a macroscopic view of anisotropic damage models is presented. The model utilizes either Hashin's failure criterion or Cuntze's failure mode concept to determine damage initiation. At the onset of damage, a linear degradation model is used, the path of which is determined by the critical energy release rate. In conjunction with the characteristic element length, an accurate calculation of the dissipated energy in the finite element model is assured. A second approach is based on a coupled multi-scaled finite element model. The model presented here is a two-scale model consisting of a micro scale and a macro scale. The distortions in the macro scale are mapped onto the micro scale using appropriate boundary conditions. In the micro scale, the modeling of the damage is carried out separately on the individual fiber and polymer components. The nonlinear micro model is solved by means of Newton-Raphson method before the homogenized stresses and material tangents are delivered to the macro system. This process is repeated until global equilibrium is achieved. The micro scale model utilizes an exponential degradation law, which lacks an elastic initial region and has proven to be especially robust. The multi scale model affects damage at locations where it actually occurs, giving it a significant advantage over macroscopic models. The use of costly failure criterion is spared in this approach. Furthermore, use of the multi scale approach allows detailed observations of the failure in the material, and failure modes such as fiber-polymer separation can easily be implemented. The counter-argument to this approach is the significant computational cost, caused by the necessity of a complete iteration loop in the micro system for every integration point in the global system. However, the structure of the models makes them especially suitable for simultaneous parallel processing, so that it can be expected that they supersede macroscopic models in the mid term future.


The concepts of spirituality and religion were until recently either ignored or avoided in the business world. However, in the last decade, there has been an upsurge of interest in these areas within the academic and practitioner world of business management, as Western and Eastern cultural worldviews collide in a rapidly globalising and chaotic business environment. Writers in the field of management, leadership and organisation behaviour have since begun to leap into the 'soft management' bandwagon where emotions and spirituality in the workplace, are currently hot topics. The work environment, which is central to the existence of most people, is increasingly seen to be a place where people engage in creative activity in search of the fundamental meaning, purpose and value in their lives. In an era of internationalization where business professionals are forced to navigate and negotiate in cultural systems which are significantly different to their own value systems this cross-cultural study was conducted in Australia and Malaysia, to provide some contrast of the two cultures with a focus in the area of spirituality at work. It advances the idea that business management theory and practice which typically embody Western secular value systems may not adequately represent the world views in Eastern cultures where religious and spiritual values hold sway even in work environments. Employing a methodology more commonly used in the fields of psychology and social sciences known as heuristics, this inter-disciplinary study offers a uniquely in-depth and profound investigation into the "inner spaces" and tacit dimensions, which are neither penetrable nor conceivable for empirical examination, with lesser methods of inquiry. Besides this unique methodology, the rigour of this research design also lies in its, longitudinal timeframe spanning over ten years, which allowed for the development of trust and rapport building to collect authentic, insightful, introspective data from fifty over participants in two countries. This research proposes a "new socio-spiritual model" incorporating spiritual dimensions as an underlying tacit force within spiritually-inspired leaders whose outer engagements are steadfastly anchored on an inner spiritual resolve. The study provides evidence to suggest that spiritually-inclined leaders' personal values are consistent to their spiritual ideals and they influence their workplace with a blend of qualities that is deeply inspiring, motivating and meaningful to co-workers. Values such as genuine care, compassion, clarity and integrity in their core personality provides for a magnetic appeal. Co-workers appear to innately intuit and trust the genuine natures of such individuals to willingly cooperate and devotedly assist in the interest of such leadership. These spiritually- inspired individuals impacted their workplaces in two ways. Firstly, the co-workers who worked with spiritually-inspired leaders, displayed high motivation and satisfaction, enjoying a good sense of meaning and purpose at work. Secondly, the workplace environment had an inclusive climate where members experienced high trust and collegiality. The socio-spiritual model, based on tacit dimensions offer an alternative holistic viewpoint, to present a more universal management paradigm that is relevant for the modern era.


Hemes are ubiquitous in biology and carry out a wide range of functions. The heme group is largely invariant across proteins with different functions, although there are a few variations seen in nature. The most common variant is heme c, which is formed by a post-translational modification in which heme is covalently linked to two Cys residues on the polypeptide via thioether bonds. In this Account, the influence of this covalent attachment on heme c properties and function is discussed, and examples of how covalent attachment has been used in selected applications are presented. Proteins that bind heme c are among the most well-characterized proteins in biochemistry. Most of these proteins are cytochromes c (cyts c) that serve as electron carriers in photosynthesis and respiration. Despite the intense study of cyts c, the functional significance of heme covalent attachment has remained elusive. One observation is that heme c reaches a lower reduction potential in nature than its noncovalently linked counterpart, heme b, when comparing proteins with the same axial ligands. Furthermore, covalent attachment is known to enhance protein stability and allow the heme to be relatively solvent exposed. However, an inorganic chemistry perspective on the effects of covalent attachment has been lacking. Spectroscopic measurements and computations on cyts c and model systems reveal a number of effects of covalent attachment on heme electronic structure and reactivity. One is that the predominant nonplanar ruffling distortion seen in heme c lowers heme reduction potential. Another is that covalent attachment influences the interaction of the heme iron with the proximal His ligand. Heme ruffling also has been shown to influence electronic coupling to redox partners and, therefore, electron transfer rates by altering the distribution of the orbital hole on the porphyrin in oxidized cyt c. Another consequence of heme covalent attachment is the strong vibrational coupling seen between the iron and the protein surface as revealed by nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy studies. Finally, heme covalent attachment is proposed to be an important feature supporting multiple roles of cyt c in programmed cell death (apoptosis). Heme covalent attachment is not only vital for the biological functions of cyt c but also provides a useful handle in a number of applications. For one, the engineering of heme c onto an exposed portion of a protein of interest has been shown to provide a visible affinity purification tag. In addition, peptides with covalently attached heme, known as microperoxidases, have been studied as model compounds and oxidation catalysts and, more recently, in applications for energy conversion and storage. The wealth of insight gained about heme c through fundamental studies of cyts c forms a basis for future efforts toward engineering natural and artificial cytochromes for a variety of applications.


The recovery of life after the latest Permian extinction was protracted over Early Triassic time. Detailed geochemistry of marine sections along northwest Pangea indicates that upwelling ceased at the extinction event. Nitrogen stable isotope data suggest that this was associated with progressive increase in nutrient stress throughout the Early Triassic, coincident with a significant decrease in organic carbon content despite pervasive anoxic to euxinic conditions. We argue that the Early Triassic hothouse both reduced marine productivity and deepened the nutricline, reducing the overall rate of nutrient delivery to the photic zone, creating an Early Triassic nutrient gap. When oceans finally cooled by Middle Triassic time, renewed nutrient upwelling and onset of organic-rich shale deposition occurred across northwest Pangea, marking the final return of global marine productivity.


For nine years, the Pacific Media Centre research and publication unit at Auckland University of Technology has published journalism with an 'activist' edge to its style of reportage raising issues of social justice in New Zealand's regional backyard. It has achieved this through partnerships with progressive sections of news media and a nonprofit model of critical and challenging assignments for postgraduate students in the context of coups, civil war, climate change, human rights, sustainable development and neo-colonialism.  An earlier Pacific Scoop venture (2009-2015) has morphed into an innovative venture for the digital era, Asia Pacific Report (APR) (http://asiapacificreport.nz/), launched in January 2016. Amid the current global climate of controversy over 'fake news' and a 'war on truth' and declining credibility among some mainstream media, the APR project has demonstrated on many occasions the value of independent niche media questioning and challenging mainstream agendas. In this article, a series of case studies examines how the collective experience of citizen journalism, digital engagement and an innovative public empowerment journalism course can develop a unique online publication. The article traverses some of the region's thorny political and social issues—including the controversial police shootings of students in Papua New Guinea in June 2016.


During fast point-to-point motion, the inherent joint flexibility could be detrimental in terms of residual vibration. Aiming to minimize the vibration, the command shaping method has been developed so as to remove critical energy from the input profile at resonant frequencies. Since this method requires information of a physical model in order to find the target frequencies, the quality of the shaped command profile relies on the accuracy of the model parameter estimation. Therefore, in this work, a system identification method using Instrumental Variables is applied from the literature. Compared with the classic Ordinary Least Square method, the IV approach has successfully improved the estimation of parameters, based on simulation results. The accuracy of parameter estimation influences the command profile, as does the feedback controller. In this work, starting from a mathematical derivation with a mismatch model due to a feedback controller called Computed Torque Control, insight for the closed-loop system is given with regard to the interaction between control gains and the actual resonant frequencies. It is found that the control gain is able to modify the actual resonant frequency curve, and push it into or out of the shaping bounds which are generated from the command shaping method. Further analysis based on the simulation results shows that the overlap area between the shaping bounds and the actual frequencies affects the level of residual vibration. In light of this fact, an optimal control gain exists and is found when the estimation error is in a certain range. At the end, recommendations for choosing the control gains are provided.


The construction industry performance has been analyzed for the past 20 years. There has been no simple answer to the source of the construction industry problems. In 1991, the Construction Industry Structure (CIS) was formulated, and identified that the price based environment was more inefficient than the best value environment. Over the past 18 years, the analysis of the CIS has led to the hypothesis that the price based sector is inefficient because the buyer controls it. The hypothesis has been tested through case studies, and test results show that the owner is the biggest source of project risk and deviations. The dominant information was formed through repeated testing by moving the control to the vendor, and documenting all sources of project deviation. The studies have shown that the use of decision making, management, direction and control of the contractor by the owner increases the project risk. Two longitudinal studies are used to confirm the potential accuracy of the deductive logic. Key words: contractor control, owner releases control, contractor defined scope.


FA 109 | TAX PLANNING FOR A SECURE RETIREMENT | 2 quarter hours (Undergraduate) The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) administers tax laws which affect retirement income. What investment options are sheltered against taxes? What are some of the growth funds that have historically kept pace with economic growth in spite of taxes? These are some of the questions which will be addressed in this course. Students will learn to describe, differentiate, and explain form, function, and variation within functional business processes. More specifically, this course examines: 1. Social security, medicare, defined benefit plans and defined contribution plans. 2. Quantitative methods to determine the amount of retirement money you may need in the future. (2-4 quarter hours)


Objective: Both performances of lymphadenectomy and benefit of adding adjuvant radiotherapy are controversial for patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IB endometrioid type endometrial cancer. We aimed to identify the role of lymphadenectomy and adjuvant radiation therapy as well as clinicopathological prognostic factors for this group of patients.Study Design: Records of all patients (n=132) with stage IB endometrioid endometrial cancer who were referred to or treated in our institution between Jan 1992 and Dec 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Cox Proportional Hazard Regression Analysis was used to determine the effects of lymphadenectomy and adjuvant radiation as well as other clinicopathological factors on disease free survival and overall survival.Results: Mean age was 59.9 years (range, 45-82). Lymphadenectomy didn't perform in 36 (27.3%) patients and 23 (17.4%) patients did not have any kind of adjuvant treatment. Mean lymph node count was 18.8 (range, 3-67). Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics grade, lymphovascular space invasion, lymphadenectomy, receiving adjuvant treatment and type of received adjuvant therapy were not associated with disease free survival and overall survival for the entire cohort. In a subgroup of patients with grade1&2 tumor, 5-year disease free survival rates were 80% and 50% (p=0.4), respectively and overall survival rates were 94.8% and 93.8% (p=0.2), respectively for patients who had or didn't have adjuvant radiotherapy. While performance of lymphadenectomy was not significantly associated with disease free survival in this subgroup (p=0.56), this association was statistically significant for overall survival (97.9% vs. 86.4%, p=0.04) Conclusion: Benefit of adjuvant radiotherapy in regard to prevention of recurrence needs to be confirmed by further studies. Lymphadenectomy had a survival benefit for patients with myometrial invasion greater than a half of myometrial thickness.


Diarrhoea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Although a number of enteric pathogens have been identified in recent years, the causes of many episodes of diarrhea remain undetermined. Cryptosporidium has emerged as an important enteric pathogen but its role in paedriatic diarrhoea among poor communities in Kenya is not clearly understood. Consequently a prospective survey of children aged below 12 years was conducted in Mathare Health Centre from January to May 2006. Stool samples from 401 children were examined by modified acid fast staining. DNA extraction and genotyping were also carried out to confirm Cryptosporidium species. A pretested questionnaire was administered to the respondents to establish the risk factors and symptoms associated with cryptosporidiosis. Results showed an overall Cryptosporidium prevalence rate of 3.2%. The prevalence was highest among the 1-2 year age group with 7.1% and closely followed by the 0-1 year age group, which had a prevalence rate of 6.7%. The other age groups had a prevalence rate of less than 2%. There were no sex differences in the prevalence of Cryptosporidium. Investigation into the nature of enteric diseases prompting ova and cyst examination showed that 86% had recurrent diarrhoea, 75.1% had acute diarrhoea and 17% had chronic diarrhoea. The main symptoms were vomiting (51.1 %) and abdominal pain (87.3%). There were no sex differences in the occurrence of type of diarrhoea or symptoms. However there were statistically significant differences between age and the occurrence of recurrent diarrhoea, acute diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal pain and abdominal swelling. Cryptosporidiosis was significantly associated with vomiting (X2 = 6.032, df = 1, P = 0.014). Genotype analysis based on the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism of the 188 rRNA gene fragment showed that 85% of the Cryptosporidium isolates were C. homonis while C. parvum, and C. felis were also identified from the isolates. Other parasites identified in the stool samples included Entamoeba coli (2.2%), Giardia intestinalis (5.2%), Entamoeba histolytica (1.5%), Trichuris trichiura (1%) Ascaris lumbricoides (3%) hookworm (0.5%) and Hymenolepis nana (0.5%). There was only one co-infection between Cryptosporidium and Giardia intestinalis. A majority of the respondents for the sampled children indicated that tap water was their main source of water. 71.3% of whom indicated that they treat their drinking water through boiling while only 28.7% of the respondents' use chemicals to treat their water. 87% of the respondents for the sampled children indicated that they lived in a single room with two family members. Ninety of the respondents for the sampled children indicated that they use pit latrines as their main feacal waste disposal method while 14 indicated that they use VIP latrine. One hundred and forty seven of the respondents for the sampled children indicated that they kept pets at home. However none of these socioeconomic factors were statistically significant for Cryptosporidium. These results show that Cryptosporidium is an important etiological agent of childhood diarrhoea in the study population and site. These results also suggest that anthroponotic transmission plays an important role in the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in the studied participants. It is recommended that Cryptosporidium should be identified in routine parasitologic tests of diarrhoeal stool samples.


Professor D. V. Ager writes: Concerning K. T. Pickering's paper (1984) of the Helmsdale Boulder Beds of NE Scotland, it should be placed on record that by no means all of the Upper Jurassic shallow water fauna he refers to is comminuted. I have, for example, collected from these beds nearly perfect specimens of the giant and unusual brachiopods Russirhynchia sutherlandi (Davidson) and Rovillieria (?) joassi (Davidson) which are unknown elsewhere. I have earlier suggested (Ager 1965) that their very local occurrence may indicate adaptation to a rocky sea-floor environment where sedimentation did not occur and where, therefore, they are not preserved except in the very special circumstances of the Helmsdale succession. A rocky sea-floor may also be indicated by the oysters and regular echinoids. I suggest that the presence of these forms may imply tsunami or similar water movements, presumably triggered by earthquakes, which transported the benthos from a rocky shelf without necessarily implying any particular sedimentary process. Dr K. T. Pickering replies: I agree with Professor Ager's comment that not all the Upper Jurassic shallow water fauna is 'comminuted', and would point out that on p. 361 I state: 'Fossils are common, mainly as shell detritus,...' and on p. 372: '...the scarcity of possible in situ shell faunas, . . .' thereby suggesting that shell comminution and disarticulation is considerably more prevalent than the occurrence of perfect/near-perfect specimens in the 'Boulder Beds'. Implicit in these statements is the local occurrence of well-preserved shallow water, and deeper water, faunas. With regard


C.H. Itle The arsenic maximum contaminant level (MCL) for drinking water is likely to be lowered sometime in 2001 or 2002. If the MCL is lowered, it is speculated that there will be stricter limits imposed on the disposal and handling of arsenic-containing residuals. The purpose of this study is to determine the properties of drinking water residuals, including the chemical characteristics, the amount of arsenic that leaches in common residual handling and dewatering processes, and the hazardous potential of the residuals. Residual samples were collected from seven utilities with high arsenic concentrations in their raw water. Included in the study were four plants that coagulate with ferric chloride, two with aluminum hydroxide, and one softening plant. The residuals from each facility were acid digested and chemically characterized using ICP-AES to determine the total arsenic, aluminum and iron present. TCLP and California WET were performed to verify if the residuals were hazardous. Simulated lagoons were set up and monitored over a six-month period to determine the amount of arsenic that was leached to the liquid portion over time. Toxicity testing was performed on the residuals at 20% and 100% after two months and six months of storage. Bench-scale sand drying beds were used to dewater residuals, and the leachates were analyzed to determine if arsenic leached from residuals. The residuals were found to contain high levels of arsenic during the chemical characterization. However, all of the facilities passed the current TCLP limit of 5 mg/L. For all residuals, the California WET values were much higher than the TCLP values. In the lagoon study, redox potentials decreased and the arsenic and iron concentrations in the liquid portions increased. In the sand drying beds, very little arsenic leached; arsenic concentrations in the leachate were less than 10 ppb. Lagoon storage may not be a safe alternative for residuals containing arsenic. However, sand drying does not appear to present any threats. There were differences between the toxicity tests performed at 100% solids and 20% solids in the lagoon study. Some of the values increased and others decreased. Additionally, toxicity testing conducted after lagoon aging differed from earlier toxicity testing, due to the changing soluble arsenic. These discrepancies suggest that the test results can be affected by the percent solids and age of the residuals, and specific instructions should be given for consistent residuals testing. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


A multicode variable-weight (MCVW) technique is proposed for generalized multiprotocol label switching (GMPLS) optical networks in order to support multirate and integrated multimedia services. Under this technique, the number of simultaneously assigned codewords to each user is a function of the data rate of the service class, while quality-of-service differentiation is achieved using variable-weight codewords for each service class. The traffic behavior of the network is modeled using a multiservice loss model, and the probability density functions of the number of busy codes in the fiber link are obtained by the Kaufman-Roberts algorithm. In order to analyze the performance of the proposed multiservice multicode GMPLS optical network, several measures are derived and investigated, specifically, the bit-error rate, probability of degradation, blocking probability, and steady-state throughput. These performance measures are obtained for two different receiver structures, namely, correlation receivers with and without hard limiters. The performance of our optical GMPLS network, based on the multicode switching path, is compared with that of traditional optical GMPLS networks, based on the label switching path. The results show the superiority of the proposed technique when compared to traditional ones.


Kevin L Garrison EXPLORATION OF MULTIPLE PATHWAYS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL REALITY ENVIRONMENTS 2008 Dr. Shreekanth Mandayam Master of Science in Engineering (Electrical Engineering) The focus of this thesis is the study and recommendation of optimal techniques for developing immersive virtual environments for generic applications. The overarching objective is to ensure that virtual environments can be created and deployed, rapidly and accurately, using commercial off-the-shelf software. Specific subjective and objective criteria have been employed to determine trade-offs between multiple pathways for designing such environments and specific recommendations are made for the applicability of each. The efficacy of the techniques developed as part of this research work has been demonstrated by applying them to three widely differing areas visualizing arbitrary 2D surface data, synthesis of particle aggregate models from computed tomography and simulation of NASA rocket engine test stands. The objectives of this thesis were obtained by an examination of the current algorithms and software in use for the development of virtual environments. From these currently used methods, general methods were defined. The expansion of these general methods to include the inputs and situations of common applications, allowed for the development of methods for real-world examples. Results were obtained by evaluating ii these methods against defined measurement criteria. These criteria measured the effectiveness of these methods for increasing the value of virtual reality, while reducing the cost. In this thesis, two virtual environment platforms (vGeo® and Vizard®) were used to develop three applications. These applications were a surface plot, particle visualizations and test stand simulations. In most cases, the results found the open-ended Vizard® to be the better platform. vGeo®, a platform designed for data visualization, worked well for basic data visualization, but was not as effective as Vizard® for developing more complex visualization. This thesis found that in most cases, an openended development platform, with functionality for rapid development is ideal. These methods and evaluations can be applied to a more diverse set of application and datasets to build development platforms that are even more efficient.


s paper frames walkability as a performance indicator for urban spaces and critically addresses some of the existing evaluation methods. It introduces alternative strategies and tools for enabling the collective evaluation of walkability and discusses how experiences of the citizens can possibly lead to a social construct of walkability. This discussion is elaborated by a pilot study which includes exploratory research, social-geographic web services and heat maps. Using these tools and methods, it was possible to derive various experiential and environmental spatial qualities, extract problems and identify problematic areas. From these we have learned that walkability may serve as a fruitful conversation framework and a participatory research concept. Furthermore, we were able to develop ideas for solutions to design and planning problems.


This essay explores the cultural translation of the Chinese classic, the Book of Changes or Yijing (易經) through a reflection on my own attempts to adapt, use and misuse the text in literary form. My own engagement with the Yijing began when I set out to write a novel of sorts based on the Chinese classic. The process of writing this novel, Sixty-Four Chance Pieces: A Book of Changes (Earnshaw Books, 2015), has required not only that I culturally translate the Yijing, but that I allow myself to be culturally translated in turn by this text. By combining theoretical approaches from China and the West, and by crossing between theoretical reflection and storytelling, this essay explores the complexity of this double cultural translation of readers and texts by asking what it might mean to understand, misunderstand or fail to understand a text as it is transmitted between often divergent contexts.


Copyright law, which promotes the creation of cultural and artistic works by protecting these works from being copied, excuses infringement that is deemed to be a fair use. Whether an otherwise infringing work is a fair use is determined by courts weighing at least four factors, one of which is the effect of the otherwise infringing work on the market for the copyrighted work. The Supreme Court's decision just over twenty years ago in Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., opened the door to a laudable analytical framework for the bearing of market effects on fair use. First, Campbell supports a more full-bodied investigation of the market effects — both harms and benefits — of defendants' works on plaintiffs' copyrighted works. Courts can eliminate conclusory reasoning by appreciating that both market harms and benefits can matter in assessing fair use. In so doing, courts avoid weighing only the mere possibility that a licensing market does or could exist for a copyrighted work as a reflection of market harm and ignoring the possibility that a use of a copyrighted work might confer benefits on the copyright holder. Second, Campbell implied two important ways to divide relevant from irrelevant market effects. One ought to exclude market effects from consideration if they are empirically unlikely or if there are effects unrelated to the protectable aspects of the copyrighted work, such as its ideas or the societal value attributed to the work. This analytical framework for market effects bearing on fair use advances copyright's goal of promoting the creation of artistic and cultural works from which society can benefit.


The i-th local cohomology module of a finitely generated graded module M over a standard positively graded commutative Noetherian ring R, with respect to the irrelevant ideal R+ , is itself graded; all its graded components are finitely generated modules over R0 , the component of R of degree 0. It is known that the n-th component Hi R+ (M )n of this local cohomology module Hi R+ (M ) is zero for all n >> 0. This paper is concerned with the asymptotic behaviour of AssR 0 (Hi R+ (M )n ) as n → −∞.
The smallest i for which such study is interesting is the finiteness dimension f of M relative to R+ , defined as the least integer j for which Hj R+ (M ) is not finitely generated. Brodmann and Hellus have shown that AssR 0 (H f R+ (M )n ) is constant for all n << 0 (that is, in their terminology, AssR 0 (H f R+ (M )n ) is asymptotically stable for n → −∞). The first main aim of this paper is to identify the ultimate constant value (under the mild assumption that R is a homomorphic image of a regular ring): our answer is precisely the set of contractions to R0 of certain relevant primes of R whose existence is confirmed by Grothendieck's Finiteness Theorem for local cohomology.
Brodmann and Hellus raised various questions about such asymptotic behaviour when i > f . They noted that Singh's study of a particular example (in which f = 2) shows that AssR 0 (H3 R+ (R)n ) need not be asymptotically stable for n → −∞. The second main aim of this paper is to determine, for Singh's example, AssR 0 (H3 R+ (R)n ) quite precisely for every integer n, and, thereby, answer one of the questions raised by Brodmann and Hellus.


The elucidation of the complex machinery used by the human brain to segregate and integrate information while performing high cognitive functions is a subject of imminent future consequences. The most significant contributions to date in this field, known as cognitive neuroscience, have been achieved by using innovative neuroimaging techniques, such as electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which measure variations in both the time and the space of some interpretable physical magnitudes. Extraordinary maps of cerebral activation involving function-restricted brain areas, as well as graphs of the functional connectivity between them, have been obtained from EEG and fMRI data by solving some spatio-temporal inverse problems, which constitutes a top-down approach. However, in many cases, a natural bridge between these maps/graphs and the causal physiological processes is lacking, leading to some misunderstandings in their interpretation. Recent advances in the comprehension of the underlying physiological mechanisms associated with different cerebral scales have provided researchers with an excellent scenario to develop sophisticated biophysical models that permit an integration of these neuroimage modalities, which must share a common aetiology. This paper proposes a bottom-up approach, involving physiological parameters in a specific mesoscopic dynamic equations system. Further observation equations encapsulating the relationship between the mesostates and the EEG/fMRI data are obtained on the basis of the physical foundations of these techniques. A methodology for the estimation of parameters from fused EEG/fMRI data is also presented. In this context, the concepts of activation and effective connectivity are carefully revised. This new approach permits us to examine and discuss some future prospects for the integration of multimodal neuroimages.


We developed a scientific proposal on spectral absorption in remote sensing and a new image-processing method that is purely based on multispectral satellite image spectra to map ultramafic lamprophyre and carbonatite occurrences. The proposed method provides a simple, yet efficient, tool that will help exploration geologists. In this proposal, in which the spectral absorption is applicable to all satellite images obtained in visible, reflected infrared, and thermal infrared spectral wavelength regions, we found that the carbonatites appear white in colour on a greyscale or RGB thermal infrared image obtained in the thermal infrared wavelength region (3–15 μm) due to molecular emission of thermal energy by such carbonate content, particularly the wavelength recorded by the sensor and that the variation of absorption in spectral bands of an outcrop is due to the differences in percentage of carbonate content or the spectral, spatial, radiometric, or temporal resolution of satellite data or the occurrences of carbonatites to incident energy. The results were confirmed by studying the spectral absorption characteristics of carbonatites in selected world occurrences including parts of Batain Nappe, Oman; Fuerteventura (Canary Islands), Spain; Mount Homa, Kenya; Ol Doinyo Lengai, Tanzania; Mount Weld region, (Laverton), Australia, and Phalaborwa region, South Africa, using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite data. A subsequent study of visible near-infrared (VNIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) ASTER spectral bands of Early Cretaceous alkaline ultramafic rocks of Batain Nappe, along the northeastern margin of Oman to map for the occurrences of carbonatite and aillikite (ultramafic lamprophyres) dikes and plugs, showed their detection mainly by the diagnostic CO3 absorption (2.31–2.33 μm) in ASTER SWIR band 8. The results of image interpretations were verified and confirmed in the field and were validated through the study of laboratory analyses. A few more carbonatite dike occurrences were interpreted directly over the greyscale image of ASTER bands and true-colour interpretations of a Google Earth image along this margin. The carbonatites and aillikite occurrences of the area are rich in apatite, iron oxide, phlogopite, and REE-rich minerals and warrant new exploration projects.


Monoclonal gammopathy is a condition characterized by the abnormal proliferation of a single clone of plasma cells, which produces a homogeneous monoclonal protein. It has been reported to occur in association with urticaria in the context of Schnitzler's syndrome and also has been observed to occur in angioedema with acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency. We report 11 cases of monoclonal gammopathy presenting to practicing allergists (>2.5% of those screened) primarily in association with dermatologic disorders, i.e., urticaria, angioedema, and nonspecific dermatitis, but also with allergic respiratory disorders, i.e., allergic rhinitis, chronic sinusitis, and asthma. Most of the patients with dermatologic manifestations had respiratory disorders as well, three with chronic sinusitis. To our knowledge, these are the only such cases reported in patients with urticaria or angioedema in the absence of Schnitzler's syndrome or C1 inhibitor deficiency or in association with chronic sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, or asthma. Monoclonal gammopathy, angioedema, urticaria, allergic respiratory disorders, and sinusitis could be linked through antigenic stimulation as a trigger, either infectious, as in chronic sinusitis; self-antigens, as in autoimmunity; or the monoclonal gammopathy itself, causing idiotype-anti-idiotype immune complexes and inflammatory disease. The allergist, dermatologist, otolaryngologist, and primary care physician should all maintain a high index of suspicion for the occurrence of monoclonal gammopathy in the "allergic" population. Serum protein electrophoresis and/or serum immunofixation are useful screening tools. When monoclonal gammopathy is found, the presence of light chains in the urine should be assessed and the patient should be referred for prompt hematology-oncology evaluation with periodic monitoring for the development of plasma cell dyscrasias. Additional prospective study is necessary to determine the true prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy in the population presenting to the practicing allergist.


This essay endeavors to show that the politics of community-based legal action is a remedy too often out of the reach of liberal lawyers, even when their springboard is the work of John Hart Ely in Gideon v. Wainwright. Part I describes the history of Gideon v. Wainwright, documenting Gideon's personal background and the procedural contours of the litigation. It chronicles Ely's participation in the litigation and its continuing hold on his legal imagination. Part II uncovers the jurisprudential roots of Ely's vision of lawyering in a legal process conception of political access rights and minority equality rights developed through his writings on civil rights, constitutional law, and criminal procedure. It explores how Ely's process vision was enlarged by the civil rights movement and at the same time tempered by separation of powers considerations of role competence, institutional function, and political legitimacy. Part III exposes the legal process underpinnings of client-centered lawyering models erected in defense of the unrepresented. It demonstrates that these liberal-lawyering models of representation in the fields of poverty law and criminal justice focus on adversarial rights and material outcomes at the expense of democratic empowerment and minority collaboration. Part IV examines Ely's work for lessons of clinical legal education, criminal defense practice, and poverty law advocacy in impoverished communities of color. It seeks to discern in Ely's work a core set of democratic norms and narratives of political access and minority equality generalizable to multicultural clients and communities. Further, it sketches community-centered guidelines for lawyers laboring to advance the legal, political, and economic interests of unrepresented individuals and groups.


New nanomaterials of bio-origin with improved mechanical properties are in demand for biomedical application. Therefore, we propose to design and fabricate bioactive nano-matrices with good mechanical strength using polyesteramides derived from linseed oil. Polyesteramide was synthesized from linseed oil and blended with poly(L-lactide) and human serum albumin to enhance the mechanical strength, biodegradation, biocompatibility and hydrophilicity. The various blend solutions with and without drugs (triclosan and metronidazole) were electrospun into non-woven nano-matrices. The morphology of the nano-matrices represented smooth and fine nanofibers with the diameter ranging from 300 to 400 nm. Drug binding efficiency, cytotoxicity, hydrophilicity, thermal and mechanical studies indicated their suitability as biomaterials. To demonstrate their utility, the drug release kinetics and antibacterial properties were evaluated. The metronidazole loaded nano-matrices showed drug release up to 8 h, beyond which no release was observed until 72 h. Antibacterial studies were done using the drugs triclosan and metronidazole. The antibacterial activity of the drug loaded nanofiber mats increased with the increase in drug concentration. The uniqueness of the developed nano-matrices of polyesteramide blends is that their mechanical strength is 3-fold higher than that of the nano-matrices of poly(L-lactide), which is one of the essential features of these nano-matrices to be used as a biomaterial for biomedical applications.


In February and March 2014 Ukraine was literally overrun by a chain of events that eventually led to an incorporation of Crimea into Russian territory. A joint endeavor by Crimean and Russian authorities used the internal conflict in Ukraine to deprive the Ukrainian government of its control over Crimea, to hold a referendum, and to declare the independence of Crimea. Already on the day after the declaration of independence Russia formally recognized Crimea as an independent state, and the Crimean parliament requested Crimea to be admitted to Russia. Soon after that, the accession treaty was signed and within only a few more days all Russian constitutional requirements for an accession of Crimea to Russia were fulfilled.All parties to the conflict refer to international law to justify their positions. The Crimean authorities and Russia claim a legal basis for a Russian intervention in Crimea and a right to secession while the majority of states rejects that claim. How, after all, do the actions towards Crimea's secession have to be qualified under international law? To which extent has Russia violated international law and what is the current status of Crimea?In order to address these questions, this paper starts with a brief introduction into the background of the current escalation (I.) and then reviews the legal obligations between Ukraine and Russia regarding their territorial integrity and the prohibition of the use and threat of force (II.). Third, it discusses the legality of the Russian intervention in Crimea (III.), and, fourth, the Crimean secession from Ukraine (IV.). Answers to the questions raised will then be provided in the Conclusion (V.).


The evolution of rotating stars with zero-age main-sequence (ZAMS) masses in the range 8-25 M☉ is followed through all stages of stable evolution. The initial angular momentum is chosen such that the star's equatorial rotational velocity on the ZAMS ranges from zero to ~ 70% of breakup. The stars rotate rigidly on the ZAMS as a consequence of angular momentum redistribution during the pre-main-sequence evolution. Redistribution of angular momentum and chemical species are then followed as a consequence of Eddington-Sweet circulation, Solberg-Høiland instability, the Goldreich-Schubert-Fricke instability, and secular and dynamic shear instability. The effects of the centrifugal force on the stellar structure are included. Convectively unstable zones are assumed to tend toward rigid rotation, and uncertain mixing efficiencies are gauged by observations. We find, as noted in previous work, that rotation increases the helium core masses and enriches the stellar envelopes with products of hydrogen burning. We determine, for the first time, the angular momentum distribution in typical presupernova stars along with their detailed chemical structure. Angular momentum loss due to (nonmagnetic) stellar winds and the redistribution of angular momentum during core hydrogen burning are of crucial importance for the specific angular momentum of the core. Neglecting magnetic fields, we find angular momentum transport from the core to the envelope to be unimportant after core helium burning. We obtain specific angular momenta for the iron core and overlying material of 1016-1017 cm2 s-1. These values are insensitive to the initial angular momentum and to uncertainties in the efficiencies of rotational mixing. They are small enough to avoid triaxial deformations of the iron core before it collapses, but could lead to neutron stars which rotate close to breakup. They are also in the range required for the collapsar model of gamma-ray bursts. The apparent discrepancy with the measured rotation rates of young pulsars is discussed.


Technology has seen a boom over the last few decades, making innovative leaps that border on science fiction. With the most recent technological leap came a new frontier of intellectual property and birthed a new class of criminal: the cyber-pirate. This Article discusses cyber-piracy and its interactions and implications for modern United States copyright law. The Article explains how copyright law, unprepared for the boom, struggled to adapt as courts reconciled the widely physical perceptions of copyright with the digital information being transferred between billions of users instantaneously. The Article also explores how cyber-piracy has made, and continues to make, its mark on copyright enforcement through political movements that vie for reduced copyright protections and support elusive distribution platforms that are nearly impossible to shut down permanently. As technology continues to surge forward, and 3D printers become increasingly available to consumers, copyright law will have to account for a new field of works that may need to be protected in the face of rising political turmoil.


Abstract thesis Ximena Cadima Fuentes (to be defended on 8 Dec 2014): Conserving the genetic diversity of Bolivian wild potatoes The wild relatives of potatoes (Solanum sect. Petota) form the genetic reservoir for the improvement of the cultivated potato. Bolivia harbours 39 wild taxa of these wild potatoes, 21 of which are endemic species. This study aimed to evaluate to what level the current ex situ and in situ management efforts have conserved the genetic diversity of Bolivian wild potato species, and what recommendations can be formulated for improvement. The current conservation status of Bolivian endemic wild potato species was assessed using both the globally accepted IUCN criteria and a methodology developed within the framework of the UNEP/GEF-Crop Wild Relative Project (CWR Project). These two methods led to different estimates of threat status for some of the species. Spatial analysis allowed to distinguish eight priority areas for in situ conservation of the 21 Bolivian endemic wild potato species. These areas represent a high concentration of endemic species and have a relatively low level of threat, but only one of them has a conservation status. This is a first step to direct the conservation efforts for wild potato species. The genetic stability and diversity of material from different species under ex situ management was evaluated using microsatellite markers. The analysis was performed on accessions that went through a process of seed regeneration and multiplication during ex situ conservation. Genetic changes between different generations of ex situ germplasm were observed for the majority, but not all, of the investigated species. Potential causes of these changes include genetic drift and contamination resulting from human error during regeneration. The populations generated under ex situ conditions were also compared with re-collected in situ populations from the same location or area as the original collection. The results showed highly significant differences in all cases. Potential causes for these differences are changes during ex situ maintenance, sampling effects during collecting and in situ genetic change over time. The integrated conservation of Bolivian wild potatoes requires a combination of in situ and ex situ activities. The principle recommendation for the in situ conservation is to move from a passive to an active approach, where conservation areas are prioritized, conservation plans are designed according to the type of area (protected area or agro-ecosystem) and local stake holders are involved. To make sure that ex situ material provides a good representation of the in situ genetic variability, regular re-collecting of species with few accessions (and therefore less variability), endangered in situ, and with known or potential favorable traits is necessary. Gene bank management procedures should follow the FAO gene bank standards and this should be monitored by a national body responsible for genetic resources. And finally, periodic monitoring of the genetic integrity should be implemented as part of good practices during regeneration procedures in order to detect possible changes and to help combat human errors.


A review of debonding problems reported nationwide was carried out at the start of this project. A new adhesion test was then developed to evaluate the adhesion of waterproof membranes to both concrete and asphalt. This test, the blister test, enables adhesion to be measured directly at any of the different interfaces that make up a waterproof membrane system for bridge decks. Previous test methods have been less direct and limited to measuring only the overall behaviour of the whole system. Using the test, the effect of concrete type, texture and age has been investigated as well as the effect of screeds and concrete curing agents. The durability of the full waterproof system with asphalt has been studied for weathering periods of up to 2.5 years. Some other aspects of membrane adhesion have also been studied, namely asphalt (sand carpet type) and bitumen temperatures, the effect on adhesion of moisture and natural weathering of membranes prior to asphalt application. The results of this study have shown that with good quality concrete the age and type of concrete have little effect and the adhesion at the concrete to membrane interface is good and remains durable throughout the period studied. Deterioration in adhesion of the membrane to the asphalt was however discovered after about 1.5 years and this seemed to be due to a combination of changes in the asphalt itself and weakening of adhesion at the membrane to asphalt interface. In the final part of the project a prototype site test was developed to enable non-destructive evaluations of membrane adhesion to be made on a bridge deck prior to the application of asphalt.


Letter from Capt. H. H. Boggess to Capt. H. K. Redway, in Wheeling, West Virginia, informing him of Private B.F. carpenter's furlough to Cincinnati, Ohio. The document details that Carpenter was part of the "F" company, 1st regiment, and was part of the N. Y. Veterans Cavalry. The private's furlough to Cincinnati would last 15 days and the cost of his transportation to Cincinnati was $1.50, an amount which would be docked from his pay upon his return. The letter also states that Private Carpenter would return for duty to Camp Piatt in West Virginia. A note on the lower left side details that the private was charged on payroll for his furlough on February 28, 1865.


Recent large municipal bankruptcies raise legal and moral questions of the priority in payment of the municipality's pension obligations. Focusing on existing law, we describe the bases on which pension obligations might have priority in bankruptcy. Priority under existing bankruptcy law requires that these obligations be supported by property rights effective outside bankruptcy. Section I identifies and rejects arguments that pension priority can be granted without property rights as part of Chapter 9 reorganization. Section II describes the requirement that pension priority be supported by property rights, identifies how statutory liens or trusts in favor of pensions can create priority, and describes the barriers to using these devices. A conclusion briefly describes revisions to the Bankruptcy Code that would allow pension priority, with or without property rights.


For a transcendental entire function f, we study the set of points BU(f) whose iterates under f neither escape to infinity nor are bounded. We give new results on the connectedness properties of this set and show that, if U is a Fatou component that meets BU(f), then most boundary points of U (in the sense of harmonic measure) lie in BU(f). We prove this using a new result concerning the set of limit points of the iterates of f on the boundary of a wandering domain. Finally, we give some examples to illustrate our results.


We propose a new class of haptic devices that provide haptic sensations by delivering liquid-stimulants to the user's skin; we call this chemical haptics. Upon absorbing these stimulants, which contain safe and small doses of key active ingredients, receptors in the user's skin are chemically triggered, rendering distinct haptic sensations. We identified five chemicals that can render lasting haptic sensations: tingling (sanshool), numbing (lidocaine), stinging (cinnamaldehyde), warming (capsaicin), and cooling (menthol). To enable the application of our novel approach in a variety of settings (such as VR), we engineered a self-contained wearable that can be worn anywhere on the user's skin (e.g., face, arms, legs). Implemented as a soft silicone patch, our device uses micropumps to push the liquid stimulants through channels that are open to the user's skin, enabling topical stimulants to be absorbed by the skin as they pass through. Our approach presents two unique benefits. First, it enables sensations, such as numbing, not possible with existing haptic devices. Second, our approach offers a new pathway, via the skin's chemical receptors, for achieving multiple haptic sensations using a single actuator, which would otherwise require combining multiple actuators (e.g., Peltier, vibration motors, electro-tactile stimulation). We evaluated our approach by means of two studies. In our first study, we characterized the temporal profiles of sensations elicited by each chemical. Using these insights, we designed five interactive VR experiences utilizing chemical haptics, and in our second user study, participants rated these VR experiences with chemical haptics as more immersive than without. Finally, as the first work exploring the use of chemical haptics on the skin, we offer recommendations to designers for how they may employ our approach for their interactive experiences.


Richard Marquis has had an extraordinary influence on the development of contemporary studio glass in America and around the world. Studying at the University of California at Berkeley during the 1960s, he explored ceramics and was introduced to glassblowing. Unsatisfied by the limited techniques practiced in American studio glass at that time, Marquis went to the island of Murano, near Venice, to observe and work with the masters of a glassblowing tradition acknowledged as the best in the world. Freely sharing the techniques he learned in Venice, Marquis has demonstrated and taught throughout the U.S., Europe, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. The effect of Venetian glassblowing techniques on American studio glass enabled glass artists to expand their technical vocabularies and, combined with new and experimental approaches, led to the redefinition of glass as an artistic medium. As an artist, Marquis is admired for his sophisticated understanding of color and form as much as for his humor and willingness to experiment. As a glassblower, he has influenced an entire generation of artists working in glass who aspire to his technical mastery and the originality of his voice. He lives on an island in Puget Sound.


This study attempts to describe and analyze social change
in an upland community in Quezon Province, Philippines, through
the analysis of changing agricultural systems and its effect on
social differentiation and stratification.
Specifically, the objectives of the study are as follows:
1. To analyze and compare the agricultural systems of an
upland community in the early 1970s and 1980s ; and
2. To discuss the allocation of income, power and
privileges as the agricultural systems of an upland
community change. The study was conducted in Barangay San Roque, Catanauan,
Quezon Province. Data were gathered through interviews by
using prepared interview schedules. These were analyzed using frequency counts and percentages.
During the early 1970s to 1980s, San Roque experienced
changing agricultural systems. Farming methods which were
formerly oriented towards subsistence production gradually gave
way to more commercial methods of production. Subsistence
farming with rice, corn and root crops decreased in importance
as farmers learned to cultivate commercial crops such as
bananas, coconut, fruit trees and coffee. An increasing number
of farmers began to practise mixed cropping with perennial
crops.


One of the projects within the framework of Inkaba yeAfrica, an earth system science initiative between German and South African research communities, is the Agulhas-Karoo transect. This 800 km north-south off-onshore transect runs from the offshore Agulhas Plateau onto the South African coast, across the Cape Fold Belt, Beattie Magnetic Anomaly, the Karoo Basin, the Great Escarpment and into the Kaapvaal Craton. Among the number of geophysical measurements taken along the transect are two wide-angle on-shore seismic lines collected in April and May 2005. The lines run roughly parallel to each other approximately 200 km apart, starting at Mossel Bay and St. Francis, and running about 200 km north to Fraserburg and Graaf Reinet, respectively. At each line 48 seismic receivers were used to record data from 13 shots. The profiles cross a wide variety of geological terrains, such as the siliciclastic sequences of the Paleozoic – Mesozoic Karoo and Oudtshoorn basins, the lower Paleozoic Cape Fold Belt, and the Eocambrian Kango and Kaaimans inliers. They also cross the Beattie Magnetic Anomaly, a large east-west orientated crustal feature within the upper crust, and more than 1000 km long, first reported almost a century ago, but still not fully understood. The overall quality of seismic data is very good. First (P-wave) arrivals were manually picked on the available traces, and tomographic inversion was done using these travel times. The ray coverage made it possible to create the P-wave velocity model to depths of up to 25 km. We find excellent correlation of the shallow features with surface rock type. Deeper down we can identify both stratigraphic and tectonic contacts between geological groups. These include an inferred possible blind Paleozoic thrust fault, and the unconformity between the Cape Supergroup and the Namaqua-Natal Metamorphic Complex. The normal listric geometry of the Kango and Gamtoos Faults is clearly seen to a minimum depth of 15 km. We also observe a high velocity anomaly within the NNMC at ~10 km depth that we relate to the source of the Beattie Magnetic Anomaly.


From Greene's 'mad and scoffing poet' to Greenblatt's flaunter of his 'society's cherished orthodoxies', Marlowe's putative personality has licensed and informed disparate and often conflicting readings of his writings. This book illustrates and challenges the ways in which the writer has been constructed by the prejudices of readers, critics and directors. Taking nothing on trust, the contributors to this volume review what is known about Marlowe's life, the publication of his plays, conditions in Elizabethan theatre, and his reputation among his contemporaries and late twentieth-century critics. Their essays challenge some preconceptions about Marlowe by tackling major aspects of his dramaturgy, his use of magic, the homoeroticism of the plays, his female characters, twentieth-century performances of his plays, and the radical nature of his narrative poem Hero and Leander. Together they contribute to the critical effort to construct a fuller understanding of the poet and playwright.


In most health professions, there is a clear progression from beginning practitioner to seasoned expert. While such a progression may exist in dietetics, it is not clearly articulated. This ground-breaking reference is designed for clinical dietitians with an interest in elevating their level of practice. Advanced Medical Nutrition Therapy Practice describes a model of advanced practice in medical nutrition therapy and illustrates how dietitians can become advanced-level practitioners through education and training.


textabstractFirst, the non-stationarity properties of the conditional variances in the GARCH(1,1) model are analysed using the concept of infinite persistence of shocks. Given a time sequence of probabilities for increasing/decreasing conditional variances, a theoretical formula for quasi-strict non-stationarity is defined. The resulting conditions for the GARCH(1,1) model are shown to differ from the weak stationarity conditions mainly used in the literature. Bayesian statistical analysis using Monte Carlo integration is applied to analyse both stationarity concepts for the conditional variances of the US 3-month treasury bill rate. Interest rates are known for their weakly non-stationary conditional variances but, using a quasi-strict stationarity measure, it is shown that the conditional variances are likely to be stationary. Second, the level of the treasury bill rate is analysed for non-stationarity using Bayesian unit root methods. The disturbances of the GARCH model for the treasury bill rate are t-distributed. It is shown that the unit root parameter is negatively correlated with the degrees-of-freedom parameter. Imposing normally distributed disturbances leads therefore to underestimation of the non-stationarity in the level of the treasury bill rate.


This study was concerned for steady flow in open canals of different flow conditions that may exist in irrigation system. To achieve this objective, AL-Ibrahim Canal Located South of Iraq has been selected from numerous irrigation systems having deficiencies between demand requirements and actual supply, due to a problematic of distribution and management. The field works consists the measurements of stages at outlets, at upstream, and at downstream head regulators .The study adopted nineteen actual cases of discharge along six months, two or more measurements at each month during the study period, between November 2013 to April 2014.The main objectives of the present study are; analysis the actual operation of irrigation canal and evaluated indicators then the HEC-RAS model was applied to achieve these objectives. The max. stage and discharges measurements at head regulator during the study period was 4.415 m 3 /sec at Jan.2014,where it less than a target discharge , so the outlets along canal should not be operated at the same time especially if the gate of the outlets are fully opened , because for entire operation numerous outlets will take discharge higher than the target. The study has shown that it doesn't operate the channel and access to the standard of performance but several scenarios have been prepared depending on the discharge at head regulator.


On October 29 2008 WHO Technical Consultation on Postpartum and Postnatal Care was held in Geneva Switzerland. This report reflects the discussions proceedings and recommendations for follow-up. The World Health Organization (WHO) is in the process of revising and updating its guidance on postpartum and postnatal care delivered by skilled providers. The purposes of the revision are to encourage and support broader provision of care and to foster a new woman-centred concept of care that promotes health and sustains attention to dangerous complications. This consultation report also discusses follow up activities after the revision of the WHO guidance.


Metal-based electrodes, despite being the most widely used for biomedical applications, are limited by a poor reliable skin-surface interface and patients suffer from comfort issues. The most common problems/inconveniences are caused by stiff electrodes, skin irritation, allergic reaction or corrosion. In order to overcome these problems, we produced and tested flexible electrodes involving biopolymer nanocomposite materials. Conductive polymers have been intensively studied and applied in the field of organic photovoltaics and flexible organic electronics. Recently, the use of conductive biopolymer nanocomposite has also emerged as an interesting and promising material for biomedical applications. In this study, we have designed and characterized electrodes made of a flexible and conductive nanocomposite material using a biocompatible and biodegradable polymeric matrix of poly (3-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA, in particular poly (3-hydroxybutyrate), PHB) containing conductive nanowires. The biopolymer nanocomposites and their electrical conductivities were investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrical four-point probing. The electrical conductivities obtained in the different PHA-polymer nanocomposites containing different concentrations of conductive additives is discussed in relation to the nanocomposite structure at the microscopic level. Finally, our developed biopolymer nanocomposite prototype electrodes have successfully been tested for transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and electrocardiography ECG applications in comparison to conventional electrodes.


Although appealing from a theoretical point of view, empirical assessments of dynamic portfolio optimizations in a mean-variance framework often fail to reach the high expectations set forth by analytical evaluations. A major reason for this shortfall is the imprecise estimation of asset moments and in particular, the expected return. This work levers recent advancements in the field of machine learning and employs three types of artificial neural networks in an attempt to improve the accuracy of the asset return estimation and the expected associated portfolio performances. After an introduction of the dynamic portfolio optimization framework and the artificial neural networks, their suitability for the considered application is analyzed in a two asset universe of a market and a risk-free asset. A comparison of the corresponding risk-return characteristics and those achieved using a more traditional exponentially weighted moving average estimator is subsequently drawn. While outperformance of the artificial neural networks is found for daily and monthly estimated returns, significance can only be established in the latter case, especially in light of trading costs. Multiple robustness checks are performed before an outlook for subsequent research opportunities is given.
Keywords: Portfolio optimization; machine learning; multilayer perceptron; convolutional neural network; long short-term memory.


The present communication deals with community composition, density, richness, evenness and diversity of meiobenthic fauna of Manakudy estuary, west coast of India, during February 2010 to January 2012. Thirty four (30) different species were identified in the present investigation. Foraminiferans are dominated group of all over the estuary and represented by Ammonia beccarii, Lagena semistriata, Rosalina globularis, Eponides repandus and Globigerinoides sp., The second dominated population group of nematodes was represented by Daptonema conicum, Desmoscolex sp., Halalaimus sp., Theristus sp. and Viscosia sp. Third dominated harpacticoids copepods population was represented by Euterpina acutifrons, Macrosetella sp. and Microsetella sp., Ostrocodes population was represented by Cypridina sp. and Cyprideis sp. Abundance of foraminiferans is concentrated at station I, II, III and IV. Organic pollution indicator Daptonema conicum fairly dominated at station I, II and III. The maximum abundance of meio benthic organisms recorded from station III and minimum at the station IV.


"A Rule of Property for Bengal" is a classic work on the history of colonial India. First published in 1963, and long unavailable in this country, it is an essential text in the areas of colonial and postcolonial studies. In this book, Ranajit Guha examines the British establishment of the Permanent Settlement of Bengal the first major administrative intervention by the British in the region and an effort to impose a western notion of private property on the Bengal countryside. Guha s study of the intellectual origins, goals, and implementation of this policy provides an in-depth view of the dynamics of colonialism and reflects on the lasting effect of that dynamic following the formal termination of colonial rule.By proclaiming the Permanent Settlement in 1793, the British hoped to promote a prosperous capitalist agriculture of the kind that had developed in England. The act renounced for all time the state s right to raise the assessment already made upon landowners and thus sought to establish a system of property that was, in the British view, necessary for the creation of a stable government. Guha traces the origins of the Permanent Settlement to the anti-feudal ideas of Phillip Francis and the critique of feudalism provided by physiocratic thought, the precursor of political economy. The central question the book asks is how the Permanent Settlement, founded in anti-feudalism and grafted onto India by the most advanced capitalist power of the day became instrumental in the development of a neo-feudal organization of landed property and in the absorption and reproduction of precapitalist elements in a colonial regime.Guha s examination of the British attempt to mold Bengal to the contours of its own society without an understanding of the traditions and obligations upon which the Indian agrarian system was based is a truly pioneering work. The implications of "A Rule of Property for Bengal" remain rich for the current discussions from the postcolonialist perspective on the meaning of modernity and enlightenment."


Extensively revised, the Fourth Edition of Athletic Training and Sports Medicine is a multi-purpose, multi-course text that emphasizes the post-injury management techniques used by certified/licensed athletic trainers and physicians in management of orthopaedic injuries. The collaboration of athletic trainers, sports medicine physicians, and physical therapists provides a balanced, in-depth review of common muskuloskeletal injuries, acute treatment, and rehabilitation as well as medical conditions that impact the entire body. In each chapter, following a description of the pathology, considerations are presented for immediate management, surgical/medical interventions, follow-up management (e.g., short-term bracing, immobilization), and factors influencing patient care. Published with the AAOS, this comprehensive guide will benefit anyone who treats orthopaedic injuries, including primary care physicians, sports physical therapists, orthopaedic surgeons, and physician assistants.


abstract Achieving sustained improvements in health outcomes remains a challenge for sub-Saharan Africa, where diarrhoea remains a leading cause of death in children under the age of five. This paper examines the impact of foreign aid to the health sector on diarrhoea mortality in children under five in 47 sub-Saharan African countries, using panel data on the sectoral allocation of official development assistance in conjunction with country-level data on health outcomes. After controlling for fixed effects and the potential endogeneity of health aid, we find that increased health aid and increased public health expenditure are associated with lower diarrhoea mortality in children under five. In addition, health aid increases government spending on health, suggesting that the overall impact of health aid on diarrheal death rates could exceed the direct effect. Furthermore, increased access to improved sources of water and sanitation are important in reducing child mortality from diarrhoea.


The Media and Indigenous Policy Report is an outcome of 'The Australian News Media and Indigenous Policymaking 1988-2008' project, funded by an ARC Discovery Project grant. It  investigated how journalism impacts on the development of Indigenous social policy. Analysis of media and policy texts, and interviews with experts from government, media and Indigenous advocacy organisations provided rich insights into the changing nature of news media reporting and the impact of increasingly 'mediatized' policymaking practice. The project explored the relationships between journalism and Indigenous policymaking in Australia from 1988 to 2008. The researchers investigated the media representation of Indigenous health, education and communication, and the development of Indigenous policies over a 20-year period. Through analyses of policy documents, media releases, speeches and media texts, the researchers mapped the changing nature of Indigenous policy and its representation in public media. They interviewed journalists, public spokespeople and policymakers to examine processes involved in the shifting nature and reporting of Indigenous policy in Australia.


The article analyzes the results of the empirical research of adaptability as a basic characteristic of a personality; it was conducted on a sample of the representatives of different nationalities of African students. The research was made with the use of the capsule version of the blank methods, elaborated by A.I Krupnov, as well as the qualitative analysis of the adaptability components manifestation and the connections between them with the use of the correlation analysis. The qualitative analysis of the manifestation degree of each adaptability component shows that the adaptation index has the highest ranking. This proves that African students can adjust well to the new social and cultural environment while taking classes. However the respondents showed high levels of nostalgia and detachment. These feelings are accompanied by negative emotions (emotional stress) and prevent a normal integration into the new society. The development of the self-confidence and addressing the affective disposition can be regarded as the major resources for compensation and correction of the negative influence of adaptability weaknesses. At the same time there is a connection between nostalgia and adaptation parameters. This phenomenon is the indicative of a positive role of experiencing a painful homesickness in the process of adaptation of the African students. This refers to the two-directional functional ability of nostalgia and its value for the successful integration into a new society.


This paper examines the relationship between fiscal deficit and economic growth for the period 1950-51 to 2014-15 in case of Odisha. The empirical result of Johansen-Juseilius cointegration approach established the long run association between fiscal deficit and economic growth and through VECM model we conclude unidirectional causality that runs from fiscal deficit to economic growth both in the short run and long run. This empirical finding goes in favor of Keynesian school of thought. It is recommended to implement a suitable deficit management policy to achieve sustained economic growth with stability in Odisha.


Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is a neurosurgical emergency. Early medical intervention is axiomatic for minimizing rebleeding and ischemia from vasospasm and achieving optimum results. The purpose of this study was to document the length and causes of the delay in referral which occur in patients following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The case histories of 150 consecutive patients admitted to The University of Iowa with proven ruptured aneurysms were studied. Medical records from The University of Iowa and referring hospitals were reviewed, and patients, families, and referring physicians interviewed. Overall, only 36% were referred within 48 hours of their first clear cut, recognizable sign or symptom of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Median time to referral was 3.6 days. Delay was due to physician diagnostic problems in 37%, delayed referral policy in 23%, unstable patient condition in 7%, failure of patients to recognize severity of illness in 8%, and logistical reasons in 12%. These data suggest that a large proportion of patients have a delay in achieving definitive neurosurgical care following aneurysm rupture, and that for the most part this delay is avoidable. More emphasis must be placed on public health and primary physician education regarding subarachnoid hemorrhage.


LITERATURE SURVEY: THE LANDSCAPE OF CLOUD COMPUTING A recent survey on the status, applications, versatilities, popularities, and opportunities gained by using cloud computing platforms reveals interesting facts as follows: Many banks including ING are testing cloud computing for integrating it into their operations. In a survey of 186 banking technology professionals interested in cloud computing 73 percent of the participants indicated that cloud computing will enable them to meet user demands quickly and achieve scale (Crosman, 2010). Morgan Stanley is another major bank that is planning to integrate cloud computing into its operations. However, security and privacy in cloud computing are among the major concerns (Cohen, 2008). Department of Defense (DoD) is exploring the use of cloud computing in one of the following four categories (Anonymous, 2010): * Use commercially provided cloud services * Deploy cloud computing within DoD networks * Develop a multi-agency cloud computing network for data processing and storage * Develop a combined DoD/commercial provider system Key decision makers believe cloud computing will provide greater agility and flexibility for the DoD, today and in the future. Cloud computing will also increase efficiencies and incur marked cost savings during their life-cycles to alleviate some of the pressure of budget reductions. Once again, security and privacy are major concerns for this deployment (Forbes, 2011, Anonymous, 2011). In addition, experts believe that, the department of defense could run more effectively using cloud technologies. DoD could become a model and show other large organizations how cloud computing applications could be used (Linthicum, 2010d). According to experts it makes no sense for smaller enterprises to operate their own data centers. Cloud computing will be both cost effective and also environmentally safer and cleaner for such organizations (Krill, 2010). Cloud computing platforms clearly support the growing phenomenal of green computing and could help organization to achieve their "green" goals. An executive at global consultancy CSC predicts that half of all IT workloads will become cloud services by 2016 (Knorr, 2011). Despite millisecond delays cross-ocean cloud applications are gaining in popularity because of major cost saving and other advantages (Thibodeau, 2011c). President Barack Obama relies heavily on cloud computing and data center consolidation to keep IT costs under control (Thibodeau, 2011b). The Obama administration aims to cut costs by embracing the cloud in place of in-house, proprietary technology (Samson, 2010). A report published in Techland.time.com in February 2011 indicates that YouTube uses cloud computing infrastructure to split video processing between "hundreds of thousands of machines," allowing them to process video seven times faster than in 2008 (and even four times faster than just six months ago) (McMillan, 2011). Tata Communications will offer cloud computing that includes services for computing, data transfer, and storage (Ribeiro, 2010). Joining Microsoft, Oracle, Google and others, IBM plans to offer a cloud-based office suite (Jackson, 2011). IBM also puts Notes and collaboration in the cloud (Knorr, 2010). China is building a city-sized cloud computing and office complex that will include a mega data center. Cloud computing is among the projects supporting that country's double-digit growth in IT spending (Thibodeau, 2011a). BACKGROUND As reviewed in the previous section, cloud computing is one of the fastest area of application within the information systems field. Most computer and networking companies are trying to either enter into this area or increase their existing market share. Even during the economic down turn, cloud computing related jobs have been in high demand (Linthicum, 2010b). …


Bruce Brooks, an award-winning author of adolescent literature, is most often
classified as a writer of adolescent sports fiction. Critics like Chris Crowe tend to regard
his works as typical of adolescent literature and, therefore, expect Brooks's main
characters to reconcile with authority. Although Brooks does focus on characters who
are in conflict with authority, he does not always show these characters as finally
accepting their prescribed roles. In The Moves Make the Man and What Hearts, Brooks
creates two similar narratives in which his main characters seek to find truth through their
control of discourse. As Roberta Trites says is typical of adolescent literature, both books
depict adolescents who are exploring their ability to exert power. Applying the
philosophical theories of Michel Foucault to The Moves Make the Man and What Hearts
shows that the characters in these novels are conflicted by their desire for power and their
need for freedom. They attempt to attain freedom through confession but find that
freedom is not available without submission. In The Moves Make the Man, narrator
Jerome Foxworthy depends on his use of words to overcome the oppressive authority of
institutional discourses while Bix Rivers exercises control of the discourse through his
silence. Although both boys are searching for freedom, neither is willing to relinquish
authority. While these characters need to exert power, that power is dependent on their
relationships with others. In What Hearts, Asa Hill uses discourse to structure his world
and to create his identity. Asa comes to understand that he must use words and silence;
and he recognizes that while he can assert power, he does not necessarily want to do so.
His final acceptance of a less authoritative role within the institutional discourse of the
family fulfills the established expectation of adolescent literature.


Payroll processing companies grow by acquiring new clients. Potential clients may base part of their decision on which company to use by evaluating the usability and functionality of its website. It is therefore important for these companies to design the marketing portion of their websites to attract new customers and give the potential customers the confidence that the site will provide a sufficient level of functionality and will have good attributes ofusability. Once the customer engages the services of the company it is likely that the relationship will be based on the marketing portion of the site and likelywill continue. In retail-centric websites such as Amazon.com, there is a more equal balance between the importance of the marketing and the transaction portions of the websites in attracting new customers. This is true because there are very low switching costs for retail websites and if either portion is burdensome, customers will be lost to the competition. As Jakob Nielsen describes it, "Ifyou don't find what you want, the competition is only a mouse-click away." (Nielsen, 2000). The same is not as true for payroll processing. Once clients establish a relationship with a vendor, it can be costly and disruptive to switch providers. New systems must be learned, new software installed and the entire payroll must stop at one company and resume at the next immediately. Each employee's personal informationwill have to be input into the new system. Additionally, the interface portion of the website will be used by those employees that frequently need to communicate data to the payroll company. If the interface has elements that are functional, if somewhat non-user friendly, the users will generally learn the system through a longer learning curve. Once a comfort level with the system is reached, the burden of the learning curve may have the unintended advantage of creating the impression that switching could entail another learning curve. For these reasons a high percentage ofbusiness tends to remain with payroll service providers once the relationship is established. This thesis examines the various websites of the online payroll companies that are operating in the U.S. and seeks to define objective criteria for determining the quality and usability of theirmarketing interfaces from the perspective of a potential customer. I have found that there are specific identifiable elements and heuristics (recognized usability principles) that should be incorporated into the websites of companies in this market segment. Examples ofwebsites that adhere to or fail in the application of the heuristics will be illustrated. I evaluated online payroll processors based on their product offerings (defined as customer goals) and the usability of their websites, applying the Ten UsabilityHeuristics developed by Jakob Nielsen. The methods I used to accomplish this are as follows. An analysis was made of each website to determine whether the essential functions of a payroll service provider were available. The offering of essential services is the basic level of competence that a payroll processing companymust have to be able to serve the needs of customers. Next, a summary of the non-essential services was reviewed. Businesses that properlymake available both groups of services should be better able to obtain new customers. After a need fulfillment analysis of the websites was completed, the study then employed a heuristic evaluation of the marketing interfaces of the companies. The marketing interface generally begins with the company's homepage and provides information regarding services offered, news releases and resources relating to payroll. The client interface is distinguished from the marketing portion of the site in that it is only accessible by clients, usually with a password restricted login. This thesis has evaluated the usability attributes of the marketing portion of the website only. Next, an email response study was conducted to test the responsiveness of the payroll companies to an email sent by a potential customer. Finally, a questionnaire was sent to a sample of the companies to better understand the perceived importance of their websites and the efforts expended on the sites. The result of the procedures undertaken was to define criteria that can be used by a website designer who seeks to improve the marketing interface of a payroll company's website. The conclusions may also help guide amanager who has beenmade responsible for choosing a payroll provider.


Ensuring proper adhesion between energy-curable coatings and non-absorptive substrates has long been a significant challenge. Whether it's high shrinkage seen with the coating itself or low surface energy of the substrate's surface, multiple factors can negatively influence the adhesion properties of a finished formulation. Past solutions to overcome these various hurdles have included the use of pretreated substrates and the addition of solventborne adhesion promoters. However, escalating costs, increased processing times, and regulatory concerns have forced formulators to start looking outside for alternate solutions. This paper discusses the incorporation of specialty co-binder resins to improve adhesion onto difficult plastic substrates. And since these novel adhesion promoters are solvent-free, low viscosity, and widely compatible, formulators can tackle the industry's problem without compromising the performance of their energy-curable coatings.


Let $S_n$ be the group of permutations of $[n]=\{1,\ldots,n\}$. The Bruhat order on $S_n$ is a partial order relation, for which there are several equivalent definitions. Three well-known conditions are based on ascending chains, subwords, and comparison of matrices, respectively. We express the last using fillings of tableaux, and prove that the three equivalent conditions are satisfied in the same number of ways .


The article presents the results of the decomposition of the changes in the age profiles of percentages of disabled people and labor force participation rates (LFPR) using the age-period-cohort (APC) decomposition. The aim of the analysis is the separation of long-term (cohort-specific) and short-term (period-specific) tendencies to verify hypotheses about the positive impact of the increasing human capital of new cohorts in the population on health and LFPRs. Calculations have been made on quasi-panel data constructed from the Polish Labor Force Survey (PLFS) database for the period 1995–2017. The results show that the improving health of people of pre-retirement age was very loosely connected with the gains in their labor force participation. The lower share of people with disability benefits and the improving LFPRs of disabled people have played a relatively minor role in explaining the change in the total LFPR in the economy as the vast majority of the positive changes in the labor supply were due to changes in the behavior of people without disabilities. Finally, the results of the APC decomposition do not confirm the hypothesis about the simultaneous generational changes in LFPRs and disability during the analyzed period.


This research is investigates a possible "Effect of Relationship Marketing of the Future Consumer Behavioral Intention to Use the GIG Technology Holdings Sdn Bhd Services". The main objective is to determine the effect of the relationship marketing toward the future consumer behavioral intention to use the GIG Technology Holdings Sdn Bhd. Then researcher is determining the distribution between relationship marketing and consumer behavioral intention. Lastly, objective is to find the alternatives to improve relationship marketing towards to the GIG Technology Holdings Sdn Bhd. All objectives are consisting of four kinds of relationship marketing those are Trust, Commitment, Retention and Loyalty. About 25 respondents were getting from the research to help for accomplish this research by answering questionnaires had been distributed to them. This research was been used the probability sampling techniques and simple random techniques to get the data that are required. The finding showed questions in every each of relationship must highlight and recommend the company to create a consumer behavioral intention towards to their consumer. In the result, it determines the significant of the loyalty are shows the relationship between GIG Technology Holdings Sdn bhd and the government are more into helping in a sense that they are bumiputra.


Fisheries scientists habitually consider uncertainty in parameter values, but often neglect uncertainty about model structure, an issue of increasing importance as ecosystem models are devised to support the move to an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). This paper sets out pragmatic approaches with which to account for uncertainties in model structure and we review current ways of dealing with this issue in fisheries and other disciplines. All involve considering a set of alternative models representing different structural assumptions, but differ in how those models are used. The models can be asked to identify bounds on possible outcomes, find management actions that will perform adequately irrespective of the true model, find management actions that best achieve one or more objectives given weights assigned to each model, or formalize hypotheses for evaluation through experimentation. Data availability is likely to limit the use of approaches that involve weighting alternative models in an ecosystem setting, and the cost of experimentation is likely to limit its use. Practical implementation of an EAF should therefore be based on management approaches that acknowledge the uncertainty inherent in model predictions and are robust to it. Model results must be presented in ways that represent the risks and trade-offs associated with alternative actions and the degree of uncertainty in predictions. This presentation should not disguise the fact that, in many cases, estimates of model uncertainty may be based on subjective criteria. The problem of model uncertainty is far from unique to fisheries, and a dialogue among fisheries modellers and modellers from other scientific communities will therefore be helpful.


This paper presents an experimental verification of geometrically defined representative volume elements (RVEs) of heterogeneous asphalt concrete mixtures before any significant damage is initiated. A typical dense-graded Superpave mixture (12.5 mm nominal maximum aggregate size) is selected as a representative roadway paving mixture and used in this study to accomplish two parallel approaches: Geometrical analysis of mixture heterogeneity using two-dimensional actual images of asphalt concrete inner structures and experimental evaluation through uniaxial tensile tests of asphalt concrete mixtures incorporated with digital image correlation (DIC) technique. To properly address the significant heterogeneity of asphalt concrete mixtures in defining the RVE, several geometrical factors such as area fraction, gradation, orientation, and the distribution of aggregate particles in asphalt concrete mixtures are considered altogether. For the uniaxial tensile test with the DIC, the mean strains and their standard deviations captured by DIC are analyzed to confirm statistical homogeneity of RVEs evaluated from the geometrical analyses. The two approaches present similar results, indicating that typical dense-graded asphalt mixtures can be characterized for their material properties with an approximate RVE size of 60 mm. Findings from this study further imply that the simple geometrical analysis can be an efficient tool to reasonably determine the RVE of asphalt mixtures and other granular composites where significant heterogeneity is involved.


The tetrad formulation of general relativity allows a non-tensorial decomposition of the gravitational field into two components which have been thought to represent the permanent and inertial parts. It is shown here that this division does not hold for arbitrary motions in a flat space-time, and therefore cannot be expected to hold in more general spaces.