I am Amanda Couch, an artist and senior lecturer in Fine Art at the University for the Creative Arts (UCA) Farnham. In 2011, I completed a Post-Graduate Certificate in Teaching (PGC) at UCA. Over two years the course invaded my time and completely transformed me; the way I approached my art making, writing and teaching, and introduced to me the notion of artist-researcher with all the issues and problems that go with it.

During the course, my research projects explored embodied knowledge, phenomenology, the personal, and the body, and in particular my digestive system which acted as a metaphor for critical reflection. But when I finished the PGC, with all this new learning, I was lost. I was adrift in the woods and overwhelmed by words. I looked back along the path I had come hoping to find a trail of breadcrumbs that would take me back to my art practice. But there were no crumbs. I couldn't see the way back to it. It wasn't where I'd left it.

My presentation for 'The Artist as Researcher' seminar, 'Searching and Re-Searching for a Practice: An Appetite' explored the new place I found myself in after the PGC. It referred to what started as a year-long ethnographic research project funded by the Teaching and Learning department at UCA to navigate my new terrain: I find myself the edges of things and of identities: artist, teacher, practitioner, researcher; of territories: fine art, performance, social science, biological science, art practice, cooking, artistic research, qualitative research, linguistic, visual, spatial, embodied, and phenomenological ways of knowing.

My presentation explored some of what happened as a result and where I am now; what it means for my art practice; how it might be framed as research; and how this all impacts on my identity as an artist.


News of a forthcoming 'Denis Kevans Memorial Concert Fundraiser for Chemical Warfare Victims of the Vietnam War' (Sydney, 23 August 2015) brought back memories, and because Denis was never far away from both the making and study of history, a few notes seem appropriate....... Denis Kevans (1939-2005) was a songwriter, folk singer, public servant, labourer on building sites, trade unionist, teacher, journalist, but mostly he was a poet. We met in 1965, and I published a couple of his now classic anti-war poems in the Sydney University student newspaper honi soit. Our association continued thereafter until his death from complications arising from heart surgery.


In Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, the Supreme Court replaced the trimester framework, first articulated nineteen years earlier in Roe v. Wade, with a new test for determining the constitutionality of abortion regulations — the "undue burden standard." The Court's 2007 decision in Gonzales v. Carhart was its most recent occasion to use the undue burden standard, as the Court was called upon to ascertain the constitutionality of the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, a federal statute proscribing certain methods of performing second- and third-trimester abortions. A majority of the Court held that the regulation was constitutionally permissible, finding that it did not impose an undue burden on a woman's right to terminate her pregnancy. In order to determine why it is that the undue burden standard has been incapable of striking down laws that limit a woman's ability to elect an abortion, this Article conducts a close reading of Carhart. The close reading reveals Carhart to be, at base, a logically sound opinion; however, its primary and fundamental weakness is that it proceeds from a highly problematic and disputed assumption — namely, that the fetus is a morally – consequential entity. It is this magnificently undecided presupposition that forms the basis of the Carhart majority's argument that abortion harms women, a contention for which the decision has gained notoriety. Furthermore, the undue burden standard has come to reflect this presupposition inasmuch as the standard, too, presupposes the inherent "life" and moral value of the fetus. As such, this Article argues that the undue burden standard has become ineffective because, built into it at present, are assumptions about the always already valuable "life" of the fetus that, in any given instance, overdetermine the questions that the Court asks when weighing the constitutionality of a regulation that limits abortion by protecting fetal "life." When the standard presupposes the existence of a valuable fetal "life," it is likely that any legislation aimed at protecting that "life" will pass constitutional muster. The Article attempts to rehabilitate the standard by proposing an "agnostic undue burden standard" — that is, an undue burden standard that proceeds from the assumption that the moral status of the fetus is not known. The agnostic undue burden standard would ensure that the state corrupts neither the pregnant woman's ability to contemplate the moral status of the fetus that she carries nor her ability to contemplate whether the moral status so accorded should affect her decision to continue her pregnancy. If reconceptualized in the way that this Article proposes, an undue burden might be thought to reference those measures that impose upon the woman a conception of the inherent, moral value of fetal life — in derogation of her own personal views concerning fetal life, or in derogation of whether she believes that those views should determine the trajectory that her pregnancy takes.


The importance of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) assessment in epilepsy is justified by potential adverse drug reactions and disease-related psychosocial impacts. This study aims 1) to compare HRQoL outcomes between single and multiple drug regimen and 2) to determine the correlation of HRQoL domain and Total QoL Score. Twenty-two out of 30 eligible out-patients were recruited from a Malaysian public hospital (response rate = 73.3.%). Following written consents, the Malay Quality of Life In Epilepsy -31 (QOLIE-31) instrument was administered (domains: Seizure Worry, Overall Qol, Emotional Well-Being, Energy/Fatigue, Cognitive Functioning, Medication Effects and Social Functioning). Respondents ranged from 18-49 years (mean age= 30; male=9; unmarried-16, jobless = 12). The most commonly-prescribed epilepsy medications were carbamazepine (n=14), sodium valproate (n=ll) and lamotrigine (n=7). Nine participants were on a single drug (Group A) while 11 patients were prescribed > 1 drug (Group B) (missing=2). Results showed that Group A patients produced better scores in all HRQoL domains (except Seizure Worry and Social Functioning) compared to Group B (significant for Emotional Well- Being; p=0.041). The Cognitive Functioning domain correlated ignificantly strongest with Total QoL Score (rs = 0.844). These outcomes indicate that prescribing multiple drugs for epilepsy do not necessarily improve HRQoL and patients strongly associated their cognitive functioning to total QoL. Such information would enhance healthcare professionals' awareness towards HRQoL and could guide prescribing pattern for epilepsy drugs. Nevertheless, other confounding variables required consideration and a larger sample size is needed to generate a more concrete conclusion in future.


Transitivity and Aspect in Sahidic Coptic consists of three studies united by the common topic of voice alternations in Sahidic. Having established that the Coptic verbal system is based on split causativity (for the term see Kulikov L.I., "Split causativity: remarks on correlations between transitivity, aspect, and tense"), the work introduces the concept of an aspect-transitivity grid, in which the unmarked infinitival form is ascribed the voice-aspect meaning according to the conjugation pattern it appears in. The work establishes a correlation between the morphosyntactic properties of verbs and their semantic properties, such as lexical aspect and agentivity. Chapter 2 explores the formal and semantic properties of the periphrastic circumstantial construction. Voice marking phenomena in Greek-origin verbs are examined in chapter 3. The results obtained in this study may be further used in language contact research, as well as in general and typological linguistics.


The efficient use of combined heat and power (CHP) systems in buildings presents a control challenge due to their simultaneous production of thermal and electrical energy. The use of thermal energy storage coupled with a CHP engine provides an interesting solution to the problem—the electrical demands of the building can be matched by the CHP engine, while the resulting thermal energy can be regulated by the thermal energy store. Based on the thermal energy demands of the building the thermal store can provide extra thermal energy or absorb surplus thermal energy production. This paper presents a multi-input multi-output inverse-dynamics-based control strategy that will minimise the electrical grid utilisation of a building, while simultaneously maintaining a defined operative temperature. Electrical demands from lighting and appliances within the building are considered. In order to assess the performance of the control strategy, a European Standard validated simplified dynamic building physics model is presented that provides verified heating demands. Internal heat gains from solar radiation and internal loads are included within the model. Results indicate the control strategy is effective in minimising the electrical grid use and maximising the utilisation of the available energy when compared with conventional heating systems.


Plant cell walls are one of the great engineering feats of nature, providing immense structural strength and durability. The core components of plant cell walls (pectin, hemicellulose, and cellulose) can occur in different proportions and vary in their structure and assembly, thus allowing cell walls to be tailored for specific purposes. To achieve this variability, construction of plant cell walls requires a complex set of enzymatic machinery. Our knowledge of this machinery, particularly the function of members of the expanded cellulose synthase (CESA) and cellulose synthase like (CSL) gene families, remains highly fragmented. However, continued research is revealing, brick by brick, how each enzyme contributes to building the components of cell walls. The function of members of the CSLD clade has been associated with the polarized cell wall deposition of tip growing cells across the plant kingdom. In both root hairs of Arabidopsis thaliana and rhizoids of Marchantia polymorpha, loss of CSLD isoforms severely inhibited elongation and led to cytoplasmic leakage, suggesting a compromised cell wall (Wang et al., 2001; Honkanen et al., 2016). However, it was unclear which type of polysaccharides members of the CSLD clade were producing. Now, Yang et al. (2020) have confirmed the biochemical role of one cell wall builder, CSLD3, by determining its catalytic activity as a β-1,4-glucan synthase. To characterize the function of Arabidopsis CSLD3, the authors synthesized chimeric versions of CSLD3 and Arabidopsis CESA6, which is a known cellulose synthase. Park et al. (2011) observed that expressing a chimeric CSLD3 protein containing the CESA6 catalytic domain rescued the csld3 tip growth phenotype in Arabidopsis. This suggested that the catalytic domain of CSLD3 mirrored that of CESA6, which produces β-1,4-glucan. Now, the reciprocal approach has been taken by creating a CESA6 chimera containing the CSLD3 catalytic domain (Yang et al., 2020). Expression of this chimeric protein under the endogenous CESA6 promoter rescued the cesa6 (prc1-1) root and hypocotyl elongation phenotype, which results from reduced cellulose content in Arabidopsis (Figure). Furthermore, use of a catalytically inactive CSLD3 domain could not rescue the cesa6 phenotype, confirming that the CSLD3 active site was responsible for the rescued cellulose deficiency phenotype. The catalytic activity of CSLD3 was confirmed by in vitro enzyme assays using Arabidopsis CSLD3 and CESA6 expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and reconstituted into proteoliposomes. Both CSLD3 and CESA6 utilized UDP-glucose but not GDPmannose as a substrate and displayed similar substrate saturation kinetics. To confirm the nature of the polysaccharide product, radiolabeled UDP-glucose was used as a substrate. Reactions with CESA6 and CSLD3 both resulted in the time-dependent production of a radiolabeled polysaccharide that could only be digested by β-1,4-specific glucanase activity. Therefore, both enzymes produced β-1,4-glucan, the polysaccharide composing cellulose. The fact that the catalytic domains are interchangeable begs the question of what is functionally different about the enzyme subunits. One possibility is that β-1,4-glucans produced by CESA proteins coalesce into microfibril bundles of 18-24 polymer strands because CESA6's subunits organize into higher order cellulose synthase complexes. However, when the authors resolved active CESA6 and CSLD3 by size exclusion chromatography, both enzymes eluted as similarly large, approximately 700 kDa complexes. Visualization of both of these enzyme complexes with electron microscopy revealed similar 10-12nm particle with threefold symmetry reminiscent of other previously characterized CESA complexes. Given the similar kinetic properties and complex formation of both CESA6 and CSLD3, the authors hypothesized that a functional difference between the enzymes may arise from differing associations with cortical microtubules. Deposition of cellulose microfibrils by CESAs is often oriented according to an underlying array of microtubules. Future studies must determine whether it is the absence of cortical microtubules at the apical plasma membrane of tip growing cells, where CSLD3 activity is present, that leads to production of a β-1,4glucan polymer that is more randomly organized than other cellulose microfibrils and better suited to tip expansion.


Objective Test for a dose dependent relationship between cumulative sub-concussive head trauma loading and localised changes of brain white matter in college athletes. Design Prospective cohort study Setting NCAA Division I Women's Soccer Participants 10 players were monitored for head impacts throughout a soccer season using wearable sensors. Linear and rotational accelerations recorded during impacts were processed to calculate the cumulative impact power. Diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) data were acquired at season start and at 3 additional intervals. 11 age and gender matched control data sets were acquired. Intervention One athlete suffered a concussion, was removed from play for neurocognitive testing, and entered a supervised return-to-play protocol. Outcome measures Cumulative impact power was used as a measure of the head trauma load accumulated prior to each MRI. Multi-dimensional anisotropy (MDA) values assessed localised severity of white matter changes. Session specific differences between each player's MDA values and those of the control population were used to relate cumulative impact power and the severity of white matter changes. Main results Highly significant clusters of abnormal voxels were observed in athletes with no diagnosed concussion symptoms. Injury severity correlated with cumulative head impact power and demonstrated a pronounced threshold behaviour. MDA diffusion changes were located mainly within the frontal and occipital cortex at the gray-white boundary, and to a lesser degree in deep subcortical areas where there is a higher proportion of crossing fibres. Conclusions This cohort demonstrates dose dependent changes in white matter integrity as a function of cumulative sub-concussive head trauma. Competing interests SG is supported, in part, by a research grant from X2 Biosystems and a General Electric-National Football League Head Health Challenge award.


We address the study of interpersonal perception in social conversational video based on multifaceted impressions collected from short video-watching. First, we crowdsourced the annotation of personality, attractiveness, and mood impressions for a dataset of YouTube vloggers, generating a corpora that has potential to develop automatic techniques for vlogger characterization. Then, we provide an analysis of the crowdsourced annotations focusing on the level of agreement among annotators, as well as the interplay between different impressions. Overall, this work provides interesting new insights on vlogger impressions and the use of crowdsourcing to collect behavioral annotations from multimodal data.


The aim of this thesis was to describe the development of motion analysis protocols for applications on upper and lower limb extremities, by using inertial sensors-based systems. Inertial sensors-based systems are relatively recent. Knowledge and development of methods and algorithms for the use of such systems for clinical purposes is therefore limited if compared with stereophotogrammetry. However, their advantages in terms of low cost, portability, small size, are a valid reason to follow this direction. When developing motion analysis protocols based on inertial sensors, attention must be given to several aspects, like the accuracy of inertial sensors-based systems and their reliability. The need to develop specific algorithms/methods and software for using these systems for specific applications, is as much important as the development of motion analysis protocols based on them.
For this reason, the goal of the 3-years research project described in this thesis was achieved first of all trying to correctly design the protocols based on inertial sensors, in terms of exploring and developing which features were suitable for the specific application of the protocols. The use of optoelectronic systems was necessary because they provided a gold standard and accurate measurement, which was used as a reference for the validation of the protocols based on inertial sensors.
The protocols described in this thesis can be particularly helpful for rehabilitation centers in which the high cost of instrumentation or the limited working areas do not allow the use of stereophotogrammetry.
Moreover, many applications requiring upper and lower limb motion analysis to be performed outside the laboratories will benefit from these protocols, for example performing gait analysis along the corridors. Out of the buildings, the condition of steady-state walking or the behavior of the prosthetic devices when encountering slopes or obstacles during walking can also be assessed.
The application of inertial sensors on lower limb amputees presents conditions which are challenging for magnetometer-based systems, due to ferromagnetic material commonly adopted for the construction of idraulic components or motors. INAIL Prostheses Centre stimulated and, together with Xsens Technologies B.V. supported the development of additional methods for improving the accuracy of MTx in measuring the 3D kinematics for lower limb prostheses, with the results provided in this thesis.
In the author's opinion, this thesis and the motion analysis protocols based on inertial sensors here described, are a demonstration of how a strict collaboration between the industry, the clinical centers, the research laboratories, can improve the knowledge, exchange know-how, with the common goal to develop new application-oriented systems.


In this paper, a novel technique to generate a high resolution and high precision Orthorectified Road Imagery (ORI) by using spatial information acquired from a Mobile Mapping System (MMS) is introduced. The MMS was equipped with multiple sensors such as GPS, IMU, odometer, 2-6 digital cameras and 2-4 laser scanners. In this study, a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) based approach, similar to general aerial photogrammetry, was adopted to build a terrain model in order to generate ORI with high resolution and high geometric precision. Compared to aerial photogrammetry, there are several issues that are needed to be addressed. ORI is generated by merging multiple time sequence images of a short section. Hence, the influence of occlusion due to stationary objects, such as telephone poles, trees, footbridges, or moving objects, such as vehicles, pedestrians are very significant. Moreover, influences of light falloff at the edges of cameras, tone adjustment among images captured from different cameras or a round trip data acquisition of the same path, and time lag between image exposure and laser point acquisition also need to be addressed properly. The proposed method was applied to generate ORI with 1 cm resolution, from the actual MMS data sets. The ORI generated by the proposed technique was more clear, occlusion free and with higher resolution compared to the conventional orthorectified coloured point cloud imagery. Moreover, the visual interpretation of road features from the ORI was much easier. In addition, the experimental results also validated the effectiveness of proposed radiometric corrections. In occluded regions, the ORI was compensated by using other images captured from different angles. The validity of the image masking process, in the occluded regions, was also ascertained.


Online grooming is an activity that leads to sexual abuse of children. For this reason a number of pieces of legislation governing grooming have been created on international and national levels. The present paper discusses a specific case that has received a lot of public attention and been regarded as a high-profile grooming case in Sweden. This particular case is of special interest for the purpose of this paper since it caused the creation of the Swedish so called grooming offence that was implemented 2009. It discusses the English and Swedish legal interpretations of this case in order to then engage in a critical discussion of the legislation. Drawing on the concept of critical research, the paper builds on the ideas of ideology critique and boundary critique to show how such seemingly clear-cut issues as the prevention of sexual abuse of children still require careful attention to underlying assumptions and beliefs. The paper makes an important contribution to the understanding of information and communication technology as a means of behaving in unacceptable way. It makes theoretical and practical contributions to current debates surrounding use and governance of such technologies.


Saudi Arabia's Council of Ministers approved an ambitious National Transformation Programme (NTP) in June 2016 with the aim of carrying out a complete restructuring of the economy. The implementation of Vision 2030 has major implications for the structure of Saudi Arabia's labour market with the creation of 1.2 million non-oil private sector jobs, most of which are expected to be taken up by citizens. Official data shows the labour market has a number of distinctive features which will challenge the implementation of Vision 2030: an overreliance on expatriate labour; a preference by nationals for public sector jobs; a gender imbalance; persisting structural unemployment and problems in balancing labour supply and demand. The government is attempting to change the operation and structure of the labour market by a set of policies involving quotas, subsidies, taxes, penalties and the provision of information services, but for a number of reasons change is unlikely to proceed smoothly in the next few years.


The morphological kinship of Madagascar to its immediate neighbors on the west (African continent) and east (Indian subcontinent) during the Early and middle Cretaceous has been debated for the past two decades on the basis of available geologic, tectonic, and paleomagnetic information. Most of the paleoreconstructions of Madagascar have shown its attachment to the east African continent. We present magnetic satelite and gravity data, and morphological, geophysical, and geotectonic similarities to hypothesize that in the period before the breakup of Gondwana, Madagascar was a continental fragment of the paleo-super Dharwar craton of India.


This title helps how to discover and unlock the power of the extraordinary client! What if you could increase your income by decreasing your sales calls? It happens whenever you stop wasting your time on marginal clients and focus all your efforts on your top contacts. This unleashes the repeat business and referrals that help you maximize your income, use your time more effectively, and concentrate on what's most important in your life.In "Clients Forever", nationally recognized speaker and sales trainer Doug Carter shows you how to build your business through solid, long-term relationships with your favorite kind of clients. Packed with dozens of examples from Carter's own sales experience, plus case studies and personal development activities, this powerful career enhancement guide gives you the know-how and confidence to: focus your efforts on the people you most enjoy working with Generate better results with less effort; build relationships with clients as valuable people, not just as potential sales; develop a new approach that accentuates your personal strengths; trust your buyers to control their own informed decisions; and, shift your role from expert consultant to process facilitator.


The subject of this master thesis is the outsourcing of publiclibraries in Sweden. The purpose is to investigate theexperiences and notions that public librarians have of thephenomena of outsourcing public libraries, in relation to theirprofession and professional identity. I also investigate howtheir experiences and notions of the outsourcing of publiclibraries can be understood on a social level using GeirVestheim's theory of the rationalities that influence culturalpolicy. The study is conducted through qualitative interviewswith six public librarians.The questions asked are: what approaches exist among publiclibrarians when it comes to the outsourcing of public libraries?Are there any connections between these approaches to theoutsourcing of public libraries and the public librarians' selfexperienceof their professional identity? And how can theseapproaches and professional identities be understood on asocial level with the help of Vestheim's theory of rationalitiesof cultural policy?My first conclusion is that the debate surrounding theoutsourcing of public libraries in Sweden is reflected in theway that the six interviewed librarians speak of the phenomena,but also that they express greater nuances when discussing it.The issue does not seem to be as binary as the polarized debatewould claim. My second conclusion is that the publiclibrarians' self-experienced professional identity is notdependent on the library's organizational form. Finally, I makethe claim that although the six public librarians have differentoutlooks on the phenomena of outsourcing public libraries, theyall share the same view of the library as an upholder ofdemocratic, cultural and social values.


Abstract:Mexico's 2021 midterm elections occurred amid concerns about the erosion of democratic institutions. Supporters of President López Obrador (AMLO) view his centralization of power in the executive as necessary to make government work for a marginalized majority. But the same state weaknesses that helped to propel AMLO to power constrain his responses to complex governance problems, including poverty and violent crime. This limits AMLO's ability to consolidate a populist supermajority that can overwhelm constitutional checks and balances. State weakness and his increased reliance on the military thus pose a greater threat to Mexico's democracy than a new electoral hegemon.


Objective: A new, simple, rugged, rapid, robust and precise ultra-performance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) method for estimation of Lapatinib in a bulk and tablet dosage form has been developed and validated according to ICH Guidelines. Methods: The chromatographic separation was achieved using BHEL UPLC Column. The mobile phase used was a mixture of 0.1% OPA buffer 300 ml (30%) and 700ml Acetonitrile (70%) at isocratic mode and eluents were monitored at 309 nm using PDA detector. Results: By the method Lapatinib was eluted with retention time of 0.516 mins. The method was continued and validated accordance with ICH guidelines. Validation revealed the method is rapid, specific, accurate, precise, reliable and reproducible. Calibration curve plots were linear over the concentration ranges 10-50 μg/mL for Lapatinib. Limit of detection (LOD) were 0.06 μg/ml and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.18μg/mL for Lapatinib. Conclusion: The statistical analysis was proves the method is suitable for the estimation of Lapatinib as a bulk and tablet dosage form without any interference from the excipients.


Rome's oldest known Latin inscription dates from the sixth century BC; the most recent major specimen was mounted in 2006-a span of more than two and a half millennia. Remarkably, many of these inscriptions are still to be found in situ, on the walls, gates, temples, obelisks, bridges, fountains, and churches of the city. Classicist Tyler Lansford has collected some 400 of these inscriptions and arranged them-with English translations-into fifteen walking tours that trace the physical and historical contours of the city. Each itinerary is prefaced by an in-depth introduction that provides a survey of the history and topography of the relevant area of the city. The Latin texts appear on the left-hand page with English translations on the right. The original texts are equipped with full linguistic annotation, and the translations are supplemented with historical and cultural notes that explain who mounted them and why. This unique guide will prove a fascinating and illuminating companion for both sophisticated visitors to the Eternal City and armchair travelers seeking a novel perspective into Rome's rich history.


In spite of numerous calls for action, e.g., Executive Offi ce of the President (2010), there have been few efforts nationally to promote engineering education in the elementary grades. Of these, hardly any have targeted underrepresented populations (National Academy of Engineering, 2009, p. 74). The collaboration described in this paper is a signifi cant exception, which could provide important lessons for those seeking to broaden the reach and scope of K-5 engineering education. We will argue for an interdisciplinary approach, which integrates engineering, math, science, literacy and art, and that engages a school and a university as equal partners. Neither of these components has been prominent in the literature on K-12 engineering education.


In the European Union (EU) periurban agriculture is under the same agri-environmental policy regime designed for general agriculture. We argue that the specific needs of periurban agriculture may justify ad hoc agri-environmental policy measures. We present results from a Choice Experiment (CE) performed on a sample of 600 people living in the municipality of Milan, which was designed to assess the willingness to pay (WTP) for ecological benefits generated by four agri-environmental practices implementable in the periurban area and already included in the Rural Development Programmes of the Lombardy region. Results suggest that a large population share is willing to pay to support an increase in the use of the agricultural practices studied with an average WTP ranging between 5.6 to 16.3 euro/person/year, according to the type of practice. These results are in contrast with their current low level of adoption. The sub-optimal uptake rate is likely due to an insufficient per hectare compensating payment, which is too low to cover the income foregone consequent to the adoption of sustainable agriculture measures in this area. The mismatch between the low uptake rate and the high social benefits generated by the four agri-environmental agricultural practices sheds light on the need to design agri-environmental policy programmes specifically targeted to periurban areas, where the costs of compliance with AEMs are high and the social benefits of their adoption are large.


Noise-Enabled Observability of Nonlinear Dynamic Systems Using the Empirical Observability Gramian Nathan D. Powel Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Kristi Morgansen Aeronautics & Astronautics While control actuation is well understood to influence the observability of nonlinear dynamical systems, actuation of nonlinear stochastic systems by process noise has received comparatively little attention in terms of the effects on observability. As noise is present in essentially all physically instantiated systems, complete analysis of observability must account for process noise. We approach the problem of process-noise-induced observability through the use of a tool called the empirical observability Gramian. We demonstrate that the empirical observability Gramian can provide a unified approach to observability analysis, by providing sufficient conditions for weak observability of continuous-time nonlinear systems, local weak observability of discrete-time nonlinear systems, and stochastic observability of continuous-time stochastic linear systems with multiplicative noise. The empirical observability Gramian can be used to extend notions of stochastic observability that depend explicitly on linear systems structure to nonlinear stochastic systems. We use Monte Carlo methods to analyze the observability of nonlinear stochastic systems with noise and control actuation.


mangrovei PQ6 is a heterotrophic marine microalga, which was isolated from Phu Quoc Island, Kien Giang province, Vietnam, in 2006-2008. This is a potential strain for multiuse, such as live food for some aquaculture animals, raw material for functional food production, bio-oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 and omega-6 (PUFAs omega-3/6), feedstock for biodiesel production, squalene for pharmacy application. However, basic research on the life cycle of this species has not yet been announced in all over the world as well as in Vietnam. The life cycle of this species is very complex including many stages with diferent cell types. In this article, we present the results of characteristics of cell morphology which were observered in different stages of PQ6 strain's life cycle, such as cell types, type and time of cell division as the basis for classifying species, determine the development stages of cells in order to provide the scientific basis for the proceeding to determine ploidy and the genome size. In the life cycle of alga S.mangrovei PQ6, the development was in three ways as: production of zoospores, amoeboid and cell dividing by style of vegetative cells division. The time that have required for the cycle of cell division under the above styles mentioned was about from 8.5 hours to 10.8 hours, depending on the size and cell status which were selected for the initial observations under our experimental conditions. In addition, the scientific evidences on changes in cell morphology in the life cycle of this alga has provided new additional scientific data for this microalgal species which had identified scientific name of Schizochytrium mangrovei PQ6 based on the morpholigical characteristics and sequence of 18S rRNA gene reported previousely.


Liquid crystals may be classified in two major categories, namely, thermotropic and lyotropic. Thermotropic liquid crystals are commonly prepared by heating organic compounds, whereas lyotropic liquid crystals are made by mixing two or more components. Thermotropic liquid crystals are mainly of interest in this paper. They have been classified as nematic (threadlike) and smectic (soapy). Most commercial applications have focused on thermotropic liquid crystals; however, lyotropic liquid crystals are important in the detergent industry and in living systems. Thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals show polymorphism. The properties and structure of the different polymorphic forms are discussed. The two most-active areas of applications of liquid crystals are nondestructive testing and display media; both are considered. Liquid crystals have been used as solvents in structure determination (nmr) in chromatography and in study of chemical kinetics.


Energy inequalities are derived for an elliptic-hyperbolic operator arising in plasma physics. These inequalities imply the existence of distribution and weak solutions to various closed boundary-value problems. An existence theorem is proven for a related class of Keldysh equations, and the failure of expected methods for obtaining uniqueness is discussed. The proofs use ideas recently introduced by Lupo, Morawetz, and Payne for a generalized Tricomi operator. The existence of strong solutions under open boundary conditions is also proven.


Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies derived Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) for phosphorus. The Panel considered data from balance studies, losses of phosphorus from the body and intestinal absorption for possible use in a factorial approach, and studies on phosphorus intake and long-term health outcomes. The Panel concluded that these data were insufficient for setting DRVs for phosphorus. Data on the calcium to phosphorus ratio in bones of healthy adults, adjusted for the proportion of phosphorus found outside bone, and data on whole-body calcium and phosphorus contents in Caucasian adults indicate that the calcium to phosphorus molar ratio in the body ranges from 1.4:1 to 1.9:1. Although the fractional absorption of phosphorus is higher than that of calcium, the Panel considered that the actual amounts of calcium and phosphorus that are available for absorption from the diet cannot be determined; therefore, the whole-body calcium to phosphorus ratio was used to set DRVs. The data were considered insufficient to derive Average Requirements and Population Reference Intakes. Based on the DRVs for calcium and considering a molar calcium to phosphorus ratio of 1.4:1 to 1.9:1, amounts of phosphorus were calculated. The Panel chose the lower bound of this range (a ratio of 1.4:1, which results in a higher phosphorus intake value) for setting an Adequate Intake (AI), taking into account estimated phosphorus intakes in Western countries, which are considerably higher than the values calculated. The AI is 160 mg/day for infants (7–11 months) and between 250 and 640 mg/day for children. For adults, the AI is 550 mg/day. Taking into consideration adaptive changes in phosphorus metabolism that occur during pregnancy and lactation, it was considered that the AI for adults also applies to pregnant and lactating women. © European Food Safety Authority, 2015


In this paper, we present FastPlace 3.0 - an efficient and scalable multilevel quadratic placement algorithm for large-scale mixed-size designs. The main contributions of our work are: (1) A multilevel global placement framework, by incorporating a two-level clustering scheme within the flat analytical placer FastPlace (Viswanathan and Chu, 2005) and Viswanathan et al., 2006), (2) An efficient and improved iterative local refinement technique that can handle placement blockages and placement congestion constraints. (3) A congestion aware standard-cell legalization technique in the presence of blockages. On the ISPD-2005 placement benchmarks (Nam et al., 2005), our algorithm is 5.12times, 11.52times and 16.92times faster than mPL6, Capo10.2 and APlace2.0 respectively. In terms of wirelength, we are on average, 2% higher as compared to mPL6 and 9% and 3% better as compared to Capo10.2 and APlace2.0 respectively. We also achieve competitive results compared to a number of academic placers on the placement congestion constrained ISPD-2006 placement benchmarks (Nam, 2006).


Artificial intelligence, deep learning and big data analytics are viewed as the technologies of the future, capable of delivering expert intelligence decisions, risk assessments and predictions within milliseconds. In a world of fakes, they promise to deliver 'hard facts' and data-driven 'truth', but their solutions resurrect ideologies of purity, embrace bogus science reminiscent of the likes of anthropometry, and create a deeply paranoid world where the Other is increasingly perceived either as a threat or as a potential imposter, or both. Social sorting in the age of intelligent surveillance acquires a whole new meaning. This article explores the possible effects of algorithmic governance on society through a critical analysis of the figure of the imposter in the age of intelligent surveillance. It links a critical analysis of new technologies of surveillance, policing and border control, to the extreme ethnographic example of paranoia within outlaw motorcycle clubs – organizations that are heavily targeted by new and old modes of policing and surveillance, while themselves increasingly embracing the very same logic and technologies themselves. With profound consequences. The article shows how in the quest for power, order, profit, and control, we are sacrificing critical reason and risk becoming as a society not unlike the paranoid criminal organizations.


Quality adjustment weights for quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) are available with the EQ-5D Instrument, which are based on a survey that quantified the preferences of the British public. However, the extent to which this British value set is applicable to other, especially non-European, countries is yet unclear. The objectives of this study are (a) to compare the valuations obtained in Japan and Britain, and (b) to explore a local Japanese value set. A diminished study design is employed, where 17 hypothetical EQ-5D health states are evaluated as opposed to 42 in the British study. The official Japanese version of the instrument and the Time Trade-Off method are used to interview 543 members of the public. The results are: firstly, the evaluations obtained in Japan and those from Britain differ by 0.24 on average on a [-1, +1] scale, and mean absolute error (MAE) in predicting the Japanese preferences with the British value set is 0.23. Secondly, comparable regressions suggest that the two peoples have systematically different preference structures (p<0.001 for 8 of 12 coefficients; F-test). Thirdly, using alternative models, the predictions are improved so that the local Japanese value set achieves MAE in the order of 0.01.


Counselling psychology in Canada has experienced tremendous growth and greater recognition within the last 30 years. However, there is little empirical research on the practice of counselling psychology in Canada and the characteristics of Canadian counselling psychologists. We administered a 74 item questionnaire to 79 counselling psychologists who were members of the Counselling Psychology Section of the Canadian Psychological Association, achieving a 35.4% response rate. The survey asked various questions organized under the headings of: Background Information, Theoretical Orientations, Professional Activities, Training and Career Experiences, and Future. Overall, these Canadian counselling psychologists seem to see the discipline as moderately different from clinical psychology and from counsellor education, and are largely satisfied with their choice of career in counselling psychology. Results further indicate that independent practice is the most common work-setting and that respondents spend a large share of their time providing individual, non-career related, counselling/psychotherapy of primarily a rehabilitative/treatment-oriented nature. A strengths-focused approach was also highly valued by the sample. The development of the field, distinctive characteristics of Canadian counselling psychology, the place of counselling psychology in the Canadian health care delivery system, credentialing, professional organizations, education and training issues, allied professions, opportunities for the field, and threats to the field are also discussed.


Members of the Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities (CUMU) recognized nearly thirty years ago that institutions of higher education (IHEs) located in urban and metropolitan cities faced a unique set of challenges – but also shared exceptional opportunities – for developing and deploying the vast intellectual capital residing within their halls. They joined forces to share ideas and practices that would, among other things, integrate their colleges and universities more seamlessly and usefully with their surrounding communities. Over time, CUMU members realized they should play an important role as anchor institutions in their communities: "local economic engines and mission-driven organizations inextricably linked to the long-term well-being of their local communities…" (Democracy Collaborative, 2018).
CUMU's 23rd Annual Conference was held in Denver, Colorado in October 2017 with a focus on "The Urban Advantage" (CUMU, 2017). Presentations and conversations explored 21st century challenges created by states decreasing their funding to public higher education and by gentrification of the neighborhoods surrounding CUMU IHEs. They stressed unique learning opportunities for students and faculty studying and working at urban colleges and universities: clearly, an urban setting provides more occasions for students to engage in internships, service learning, volunteering, community-based research, and other pedagogies now known to improve student persistence through to graduation and alumni chances to pursue the careers or post-baccalaureate programs of their choice (AAC&U, n.d.). Scholars and activists called for urban IHEs to consider how they might engage with their surrounding communities more effectively to solve problems, improve the local economy, and educate a professional 21st century-relevant workforce. Finally, they underscored the imperative that metropolitan colleges and universities stay true to their mission of providing the public good of education to achieve social justice, graduate civically engaged alumni, and to be both in and of the community.


Potential for employment as a registered nurse in Canada continues to spark interest in internationally educated nurses (IENs). In Alberta, Mount Royal University (MRU) and the provincial RN regulatory authority work closely to ensure IENs have the preparation to provide safe, ethical and competent care.  The Mount Royal University IEN Assessment Centre has completed over 1200 competency assessments through a Substantially Equivalent Competency (SEC) assessment, designed to determine if an IEN has the appropriate foundational knowledge, skills and attributes for RN practice in Canada.  To maintain the standards of practice between internationally educated nurses and Canadian educated nurses, the SEC assessment provides IENs the opportunity to demonstrate their capacity for Canadian RN practice in a way that complements evidence provided in their paper documentation.  MRU's competency assessment that recognized prior learning and experiences is a critical tool of access to the RN profession for IENs and the professional regulator.  Key words: internationally educated nurses (IENs), international health workers, competency assessment, prior learning, assessment and recognition (PLAR)


This study investigates the low-price effect on the Polish stock market. By adopting sorting, cross-sectional tests and checks of the monotonic relation, we have examined the performance of the portfolios formed on the prices of over 850 companies listed on the Polish stock market within the years 2000-2014. Contrary to the globally prevailing evidence, the expensive stocks have significantly outperformed the cheap stocks. Additional sorts on value, size and momentum may be used further to improve the price-based strategies while the strongest anomaly has been identified among the growth companies. We hypothesize that the reverse character of the low-price anomaly may be explained by the impact of another phenomena: the underperformance of lottery-stocks. With the exception of the growth stocks, the reverse low-price effect is no longer significant after the exclusion of NewConnect companies. Finally, by adopting an alternative methodology, we have provided convincing out-of-sample evidence in support of the hypothesis of Baker et al. (2009) stating that corporate managers cater to investors by splitting their company shares in response to time-varying catering incentives.


In this paper, we inspect the performance of regularized linear mixed effect models, as an extension of linear mixed effect model, when multiple confounding factors coexist. We first review its parameter estimation algorithms before we introduce three different methods for multiple confounding factors correction, namely concatenation, sequence, and interpolation. Then we investigate the performance on variable selection task and predictive task on three different data sets, synthetic data set, semi-empirical synthetic data set based on genome sequences and brain wave data set connecting to confused mental states. Our results suggest that sequence multiple confounding factors corrections behave the best when different confounders contribute equally to response variables. On the other hand, when various confounders affect the response variable unevenly, results mainly rely on the degree of how the major confounder is corrected.


The modern First Amendment embodies the idea of freedom as a fundamental good of contemporary American society. The First Amendment protects and promotes everybody's freedom of thought, belief, speech, and religious exercise as basic goods — as given ends of American political and moral life. It does not protect these freedoms for the sake of promoting any particular vision of the virtuous society. It is neutral on that score, setting limits only in those rare cases when the exercise of a First Amendment freedom exacts an intolerable social cost.Something like this collection of views constitutes the conventional account of the First Amendment. This essay offers it two challenges. First, the development of the First Amendment over the past century suggests that freedom is not an American sociopolitical end. It is a means — a gateway out of one kind of political and legal culture and into another with its own distinctive virtues and vices. Freedom is not a social solution but instead gives rise to a social problem — the problem of how to allocate a resource in civically responsible ways, so as to limit freedom's hurtful potential and to make citizens worthy of the freedoms they are granted. Only a somewhat virtuous society can sustain a regime of political liberty without collapsing, as a society, altogether. Thus the First Amendment of the conventional account has not maximized freedom for all people and groups. It has promoted a distinctive set of views about the virtuous legal and political society.Second, the new legal culture promoted and entrenched by the conventional account is increasingly finding that account uncongenial. In fact, the conventional account is positively harmful to its continued flourishing. That is because the new legal culture's core values are not the First Amendment freedoms themselves but the particular conceptions of political and social equality and individual dignity that the conventional account has facilitated and promoted. Proponents of the new legal culture in consequence now argue for aggressive limits on First Amendment freedoms.One prominent group has invented a new legal category: "enumerated rights Lochnerism." These scholars denigrate any First Amendment resistance to multiplying forms of expansive government regulation in the service of egalitarian aims as retrogressively libertarian. Another group argues for novel limits on the First Amendment in the form of balancing tests that would restrict speech that injures the dignity of listeners and religious exercise that results in vaguely defined and vaguely delimited harms to third parties. What unites these critics is the desire to swell features of the Court's post-New Deal Fourteenth Amendment jurisprudence, and particularly the law concerning sex as a civil right, by protecting progressively expansive conceptions of equality and individual dignity. The critics see the conventional account of the First Amendment as an obstacle in the path of progress.Part I of this essay presents the conventional account of the First Amendment in three theses. It then critiques the conventional account in Part II by offering three revised theses, developed through the somewhat unusual route of exploring the First Amendment thought of the late political theorist and constitutional scholar, Walter Berns. Freedom, for Berns, gave rise to a problem — the problem of making men sufficiently virtuous to merit their freedom. It was a problem that he thought had been ignored or even forgotten by defenders of the conventional account of the First Amendment.But the problem of virtue and freedom has been remembered. Part III argues that contemporary defenders of the new legal culture have remembered the problem just as their own cultural and legal mores are ascendant. The new civic virtues — exemplified in multiplying anti-discrimination regulations for the protection of thickening conceptions of equality and individual dignity, particularly as those concepts relate to sexual autonomy — are those that were fostered by the conventional account of the First Amendment in tandem with significant components of the Supreme Court's post-New Deal Fourteenth Amendment jurisprudence. And those civic virtues are already informing new criticisms of the conventional account and arguments about new limitations on the scope of religious freedom and freedom of speech. Berns's arguments about freedom and virtue, it turns out, are highly relevant today since progressive opinion is no longer committed to First Amendment "absolutism."The essay concludes with two speculations. First, it seems we are no longer arguing about whether to restrict freedom, but for what ends. If that is true, then those arguments should neither begin nor end with egalitarian and sexual libertarian fervor. Second, there is no account of the First Amendment that maximizes freedom for everyone — for all persons and groups. There is only the society that America was before the rise of the conventional account of the First Amendment and the society that it is becoming after it.


Canada is at a critical stage in the development of its copyright law: it has not yet ratified the 1996 World Intellectual Property Organization "Internet Treaties," but it is poised to do so. This article analyses the rhetoric of "protection" ubiquitous in Canadian discussions of copyright policy, and identifies among the various uses of the term both a problematic assumption that protection is or should be the primary function of copyright, and overblown claims about copyright's power to protect Canadian culture and creators. These "common sense" ideas, fostered by rights–holder lobbies, emerge out of a peculiar Canadian history of cultural nationalism(s), but they may not promote the interests of Canadians. Ironically, while professing fear for their cultural sovereignty, and following the paths of their own internal political, bureaucratic, and rhetorical culture, Canadians appear to be constructing a copyright policy in complete harmony with the needs of American and international capital. I explore a proposal to license educational Internet use, endorsed by parliamentary committee, as one example of the relationship between protection rhetoric and policy development. By casting the Internet as more of a threat than an opportunity, copyright policy developers in Canada are gravely misunderstanding and threatening Canadians' use of this medium. The participation of Canadians in national and global interaction is crucial to the Canadian public interest, and must not be forgotten in the rush to protection. Beyond its analysis of this specific proposal, this paper calls for a copyright policy in line with the Canadian tradition of balancing private and public interests.


In this paper, an intelligent multi-mode energy-refreshing station for electric vehicles is proposed. It can offer slow charging, fast charging and battery swapping simultaneously to satisfy the various demands of EV owners. In addition, the distributed renewable energy, such as solar power and wind power, and the vehicle-to-grid technology are fully involved to maximum the overall profits and minimize the negative effect on the regional power grid.


This article analyses the role of the main international actors involved in the implementation of police reform in post-conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina, notably that of the UN and the EU. Despite considerable efforts and resources deployed over 17 years, the implementation of police reform remains an 'unfinished business' that demonstrates the slow pace of implementing rule of law reforms in Bosnia's post-conflict setting, yet, in the long-term, remains vital for Bosnia's stability and post-conflict reconstruction process. Starting with a presentation of the status of the police before and after the conflict, UN reforms (1995–2002) are first discussed in order to set the stage for an analysis of the role of the EU in the implementation of police reform. Here, particular emphasis is placed on the institution-building actions of the EU police mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina deployed on the ground for almost a decade (2003-June 2012). The article concludes with an overall assessment of UN and EU efforts in post-conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina, including the remaining challenges encountered by the EU on the ground, as the current leader to police reform implementation efforts. More generally, the article highlights that for police reform to succeed in the long-term, from 2012-onwards, the EU should pay particular attention to the political level, where most of the stumbling blocks for the implementation of police reform lie.


On the basis of the approach-avoid dynamics assumed by reactance theory (S. S. Brehm & J. W. Brehm, 1981) and other models (E. S. Knowles & J. A. Linn, 2004), it was predicted that interpersonal similarity can reduce reactance by increasing compliance and by reducing resistance. A communicator's similarity to the participant was manipulated by identical first names and birthdays (Experiment 1) and by congruent values (Experiment 2). People then read essays in which the communicator did or did not threaten their attitudinal freedom. Threats caused boomerang effects only when the communicator's similarity was low or unknown. When the communicator was highly similar to the participant, people agreed strongly, regardless of threat. Similarity increased the force toward persuasion by increasing liking, and it decreased the force toward resistance by making the message seem less threatening. Implications for reactance theory and for resistance to persuasion are discussed.


Each film preparation technique affects the physical properties of the resulting coating and thus defines its applicability in modern device construction. In this context solvent based spin coated and solvent‐free physical vapor deposited molecular glass photoresist films are systematically investigated for their dissolution behavior, sensitivity, and overall lithographic performance. These investigations demonstrate that the solvent‐free physical vapor deposition leads to a marked increase in sensitivity. This could be explained by the individual molecule by molecule deposition step producing a more homogeneous distribution of the multicomponent resist system, especially the photoacid generator. In addition, this assumption is supported by former published simulations focusing on aggregate formation within thin films. This work demonstrates that the lithographic sensitivity of multicomponent resist system is an intrinsic parameter to investigate molecular material distribution and indicates that the applied film preparation technique is crucial for the corresponding performance and applicability.


The high-order ambiguity function (HAF) was introduced for the estimation of polynomial-phase signals (PPS) embedded in noise. Since the HAF is a nonlinear operator, it suffers from noise-masking effects and from the appearance of undesired cross terms and, possibly, spurious harmonics in the presence of multicomponent (mc) signals. The product HAF (PHAF) was then proposed as a way to improve the performance of the HAF in the presence of noise and to solve the ambiguity problem. In this correspondence we derive a statistical analysis of the PHAF in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) valid for high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and a finite number of data samples. The analysis is carried out in detail for single-component PPS but the multicomponent case is also discussed. Error propagation phenomena implicit in the recursive structure of the PHAF-based estimator are explicitly taken into account. The analysis is validated by simulation results for both single- and multicomponent PPSs.


Sharing data and code for reuse has become increasingly important in scientific work over the past decade. However, in practice, shared data and code may be unusable, or published results obtained from them may be irreproducible. Data repository features and services contribute significantly to the quality, longevity, and reusability of datasets. This paper presents a combination of original and secondary data analysis studies focusing on computational reproducibility, data curation, and gamified design elements that can be employed to indicate and improve the quality of shared data and code. The findings of these studies are sorted into three approaches that can be valuable to data repositories, archives, and other research dissemination platforms.


Aim: To share our experience of doing tubularized incised plate urethroplasty with modifications. Materials and Methods: This is a single surgeon personal series from 2004 to 2009. One hundred patients of distal hypospadias were subjected for Snodgrass urethroplasty with preputioplasty. The age range was 1 to 5 year with mean age of 2.7 years. Selection criteria were good urethral plate, without chordee and torsion needing complete degloving. Main technical modification from original Snodgrass procedure was spongioplasty, preputioplasty, and dorsal slit when inability to retract prepuce during surgery. Results: Average follow-up period is 23 months. Seven (7%) patients developed fistula and one patient had complete preputial dehiscence. Phimosis developed in three (3%) patients and required circumcision. Dorsal slit was required in seven patients. One patient developed meatal stenosis in postoperative period. All other patients are passing single urinary stream and have cosmesis that is acceptable. Conclusions: Modified tubularized incised plate urethroplasty with preputioplasty effectively gives cosmetically normal looking penis with low complications.


Issue Mapping for an Ageing Europe is a seminal guide to mapping social and political issues with digital methods. The issue at stake concerns the imminent crisis of an ageing Europe and its impact on the contemporary welfare state. The book brings together three leading approaches to issue mapping: Bruno Latour's social cartography, Ulrich Beck's risk cartography and Jeremy Crampton's critical neo-cartography. These modes of inquiry are put into practice with digital methods for mapping the ageing agenda, including debates surrounding so-called 'old age', cultural philosophies of ageing, itinerant care workers, not to mention European anti-ageing cuisine. Issue Mapping for an Ageing Europe addresses an urgent social issue with new media research tools.


Abstract: Taking feminist relational psychoanalyst Jessica Benjamin's ideas of "mutual recognition" as foundation, and studying the female relationships—mothers and daughters and friends—in Toni Morrison's Sula, I trace the complexities of the psychological development of Nel and Sula and the subsequent damage done to their relationship as a result of the various factors inhibiting their ability to form a relationship based on intersubjectivity. Bonded together and in many ways fused in girlhood, Sula and Nel cannot maintain a friendship beyond adolescence because of the ways in which the racist, patriarchal society in which they are raised and are living denies them and their mothers the ability to see themselves and each other as full subjects. Furthermore, locating Morrison's novel of female friendship alongside debates regarding whether feminist initiatives should favor women's commonalities or sustain attention to women's differences, I contend that the kinds of problematic attachments illustrated in the novel undermine feminism as well when exuberant and sentimental fantasies about difference-defeating "sisterhood" obfuscate the recognition of other, separate subjects.


With pervasive applications of medical imaging in health-care, biomedical image segmentation plays a central role in quantitative analysis, clinical diagnosis, and medical intervention. Since manual annotation suffers limited reproducibility, arduous efforts, and excessive time, automatic segmentation is desired to process increasingly larger scale histopathological data. Recently, deep neural networks (DNNs), particularly fully convolutional networks (FCNs), have been widely applied to biomedical image segmentation, attaining much improved performance. At the same time, quantization of DNNs has become an active research topic, which aims to represent weights with less memory (precision) to considerably reduce memory and computation requirements of DNNs while maintaining acceptable accuracy. In this paper, we apply quantization techniques to FCNs for accurate biomedical image segmentation. Unlike existing literatures on quantization which primarily targets memory and computation complexity reduction, we apply quantization as a method to reduce overfitting in FCNs for better accuracy. Specifically, we focus on a state-of-the-art segmentation framework, suggestive annotation [26], which judiciously extracts representative annotation samples from the original training dataset, obtaining an effective small-sized balanced training dataset. We develop two new quantization processes for this framework: (1) suggestive annotation with quantization for highly representative training samples, and (2) network training with quantization for high accuracy. Extensive experiments on the MICCAI Gland dataset show that both quantization processes can improve the segmentation performance, and our proposed method exceeds the current state-of-the-art performance by up to 1%. In addition, our method has a reduction of up to 6.4x on memory usage.


Voltage stability and voltage collapse issues have in recent years begun to constitute an unpleasant warning to the operational security of power systems. Many techniques have been investigated in order to predict the point of voltage collapse. However, there are still several restrictions due to the insufficiency of current system state information. Accompanied by the commencement of the Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) evolving technology, it donates a solution to enhance the existing power system state estimation. In consequence, the significances to develop preferable methods that would provide a preliminary warning before the voltage collapse had grabbed the attention. This study covers the forming of real-time system monitoring methods that able to provide a timely warning in the power system. The algorithms used to estimate the points of collapse are according to the theory that voltage instability is approximately linked to the maximum load ability of a transmission network. As a result, the critical operating conditions (peak of maximum deliverable power) come when the system Thevenin impedance is equal to the load impedance. This study focuses specifically on research about the motivation and the application of different Kalman filter implementations such as Discrete Kalman Filter (DKF), Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) are used to track the Thevenin parameters. Therefore, the implications of this research paper are to determine the robustness and reliability of the proposed tracking methods. As compared to previous studies, the tracking process is just mainly focused on DKF method only, while the novelty throughout this study is to compare the performances and efficiencies of different Kalman filters in determining the maximum load ability on the 2 different types of test systems. Accompanying, the parameters are utilized in real-time voltage instability estimator to discover the current system's condition. In this study, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms is assessed under a large number of random operating conditions on the Malaysia's power system 132 kV, 2-bus and 10-bus systems. Eventually, the results are differentiated by using the early-warning index of voltage collapse. All through the test cases, EKF method shows the best ability to track the Thevenin parameters as compared to DKF and UKF. Last but not least, the earlywarning index acted as a pioneer implication in estimating the maximum load power ability of the power system right before load shedding methods are being executed.


The dissolution of the Soviet Union brought to the fore claims of linguistic minorities which had been ignored far too long. In almost all of the former Soviet republics language became an impetus to national revival and an important instrument in consolidating the newly independent states. At times excessively accentuated and overly politicized, the language issue demanded immediate reaction. It was not, therefore, surprising, that almost all of the former Soviet republics rejected to various degrees the legal dogmas which had been created in the Soviet Union and moved towards the weakening of the bonds within the former USSR, the lowering of the status of the Russian language as a symbol of long-term oppression and, as a consequence, the strengthening of the position of the titular language. Belarus has somewhat stood aloof in the process. With Russian being the de facto main language, and Belarusian playing largely a symbolic function, the position of other languages spoken by minority groups residing within the territory of Belarus seems indeed precarious. The present paper seeks to identify the main tendencies in the development of language legislation in the area of education, which has traditionally been considered as determinant for the survival of the language, in Belarus. It investigates the place of the Belarusian legislation in the field of education reserved for the language rights of the titular nation and those of national minorities.


The present study was aimed to improve the quality of Shami goat semen diluted with Tris diluent by adding bovine serum albumin. In the current study, six male goats were used. Semen was collected using artificial vagina of one ejaculate per week of every male included in this study. This study was performed during the breeding season from 1 \ 10 \ 2012 to 1 \ 12 \ 2012. In this study, two semen diluents were use first; Trisfructoseegg yolk 2.5% and second Tris fructose 2.5% egg yolk with 1% of bovine serum albumin. Diluted semen samples were cooled gradually and stored at 5 ° C. Cooled diluted semen samples were examined every 24 h of storage to 144 h. These tests includes the proportion of live sperm and the percentage of secondary abnormalities of the sperm, the percentage of sperm acrosomal defects and percentage of progressive motility using a computer-aided sperm analysis. These results showed that the addition of bovine serum albumin with egg yolk to semen of male goats led to improved qualities of semen significantly (P<0.05) including the proportion of live sperm and the percentage of secondary abnormalities of the sperm, the percentage of sperm acrosomal defects and percentage of progressive motility. It could be concluded from the results of the current study, the possibility of storing goat semen for more than six days with alive sperm of more than 50% and the percentage of the progressive motility of more than 40% when adding bovine albumin serum to dilute goat semen at 1% level and this result has not reached by any previous study. Available online at http://www.vetmedmosul.org/ijvs دلجملا ،ةيرطيبلا مولعلل ةيقارعلا ةلجملا ٢٨ ددعلا ، ١ ، ٢٠١٤ ) ٦٣ ٦٧ (


A 32-bit coprocessor designed as one VLSI (very large-scale integrated) circuit that is based on microprogrammed architecture is described. The most innovative aspect of this project is the fully dedicated microarchitecture of the execution unit. A detailed analysis was carried out by considering two execution techniques, 'interpreted' and 'compiled', and the computational model and its implementation were simulated to support the final design decisions. A description is given of compiled execution, which was selected for the final design. The simulations trace the actual behavior of the execution model and point out the performance that can be obtained using different architectural solutions. The results permit the selection of an optimal architecture within the technological constraints of VLSI implementations.<<ETX>>


James McCawley (1938-1999) was one of the most significant linguists of the latter half of the twentieth century. His legacy to a generation of linguists encompasses not only his work in phonology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and the philosophy of language but also his emphasis on bridging research in linguistics with that in other disciplines, from anthropology and psychology to physics and biology. This book, written by his former students -- all now scholars in their own right -- pays tribute to McCawley by pursuing questions about language that engaged him during his career. The variety of perspectives in these essays reflects McCawley's eclecticism as well his belief that what is important in scholarly work is not the analytic framework used but the insights reached.The book considers topics in phonology; syntax, with several essays on Indic languages (in which McCawley had a special interest) as well as one on African-American English; tense, aspect, and mood; semantics and pragmatics, with essays in these areas grouped together to reflect the intertwining of McCawley's work on these subjects; knowledge of language; and the treatment of language, with its implicit colonial biases, in the 11th edition of Encyclopedia Britannica.


Epilepsy care traditionally focuses on seizures, yet for most epilepsy sufferers, other interictal factors such as mood, cognitive abilities, and treatment adverse effects most influence how they feel and function day to day. Epilepsy and the Interictal State is a practical and comprehensive text that covers quality of life issues, cognition and therapy, adverse effects of epilepsy treatments, mood state and psychiatric co-morbidity and general health aspects of epilepsy. Each chapter employs a standard structure providing background, epidemiology, pathophysiology, etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and further practical advice. From an international team of expert editors and contributors, Epilepsy and the Interictal State is a valuable resource for specialist epileptologists and neurologists, as well as for neurosurgeons, neurology nurses, psychiatrists, family physicians and general practitioners.


Visual STM of simple features is achieved through interactions between retinotopic visual cortex and a set of frontal and parietal regions. In the present fMRI study, we investigated effective connectivity between central nodes in this network during the different task epochs of a modified delayed orientation discrimination task. Our univariate analyses demonstrate that the inferior frontal junction (IFJ) is preferentially involved in memory encoding, whereas activity in the putative FEFs and anterior intraparietal sulcus (aIPS) remains elevated throughout periods of memory maintenance. We have earlier reported, using the same task, that areas in visual cortex sustain information about task-relevant stimulus properties during delay intervals [Sneve, M. H., Alnæs, D., Endestad, T., Greenlee, M. W., & Magnussen, S. Visual short-term memory: Activity supporting encoding and maintenance in retinotopic visual cortex. Neuroimage, 63, 166–178, 2012]. To elucidate the temporal dynamics of the IFJ-FEF-aIPS-visual cortex network during memory operations, we estimated Granger causality effects between these regions with fMRI data representing memory encoding/maintenance as well as during memory retrieval. We also investigated a set of control conditions involving active processing of stimuli not associated with a memory task and passive viewing. In line with the developing understanding of IFJ as a region critical for control processes with a possible initiating role in visual STM operations, we observed influence from IFJ to FEF and aIPS during memory encoding. Furthermore, FEF predicted activity in a set of higher-order visual areas during memory retrieval, a finding consistent with its suggested role in top–down biasing of sensory cortex.


This report presents the findings from a 2015/16 survey of users on the Alps 2 Ocean (A2O) cycle trail. The A2O, running from Aoraki/Mt Cook to Oamaru, is the longest trail in the New Zealand Cycle Trail (NZCT) network. The survey profiled current users (demographics, importance of A2O for area visit) and described their use of the A2O (amount ridden, group size, previous A2O experience, ride logistics, other activities). The survey also measured satisfaction and expectations relating to a variety of A2O amenity and support services. Other questions explored impressions of the A2O more generally and within the context of user experience of other cycle trails in the NZCT network.


Structuring the coupling constant in coupled waveguide arrays opens up a new route towards molding and controlling the flow of light in discrete structures. We show coupled mode theory is a reliable yet very simple and practical tool to design and explore new structures of patterned coupling constant. We validate our simulation and technological choices by successful fabrication of appropriate III-V semiconductor patterned waveguide arrays. We demonstrate confinement of light in designated areas of one-dimensional semi-conductor waveguide arrays.


Review of: Wolmar, Christian (2013). The Great Railroad Revolution: The History of Trains in America. New York, PublicAffairs. Anyone reading the scholarly literature on the "e-government revolution" might be tempted to think that technological change has never affected American government so profoundly as it does today. Christian Wolmar's The Great Railroad Revolution provides an invaluable corrective to this sort of thinking. The advent of the railroad was probably a more important technological shock, and Wolmar's book provides an unusual opportunity to examine how it affected the role and structure of American government. The current fashion is to emphasize the ways in which ideology and institutional inertia constrain the governmental response to such shocks. But Wolmar tells a different story. In the long run, The Great Railroad Revolution suggests, the governmental response to this innovation was pragmatic, hard-headed, and flexible.


Daily maps of snow conditions have been produced in Norway with the seNorge snow model since 2004. The seNorge snow model operates with 1 × 1 km resolution, uses gridded observations of daily temperature and precipitation as its input forcing, and simulates, among others, snow water equivalent (SWE), snow depth (SD), and the snow bulk density (ρ). In this paper the set of equations contained in the seNorge model code is described and a thorough spatiotemporal statistical evaluation of the model performance from 1957–2011 is made using the two major sets of extensive in situ snow measurements that exist for Norway. The evaluation results show that the seNorge model generally overestimates both SWE and ρ, and that the overestimation of SWE increases with elevation throughout the snow season. However, the R 2 -values for model fit are 0.60 for (log-transformed) SWE and 0.45 for ρ, indicating that after removal of the detected systematic model biases (e.g. by recalibrating the model or expressing snow conditions in relative units) the model performs rather well. The seNorge model provides a relatively simple, not very data-demanding, yet nonetheless process-based method to construct snow maps of high spatiotemporal resolution. It is an especially well suited alternative for operational snow mapping in regions with rugged topography and large spatiotemporal variability in snow conditions, as is the case in the mountainous Norway.


SETTING
The rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroprevalence among tuberculosis patients varies between 2% and 53% in Mozambique, depending on the region. Drug resistance surveillance has been performed in only a few cities in Mozambique.

OBJECTIVES
To establish the extent of drug resistance in areas of Mozambique with different levels of HIV prevalence, to estimate the prevalence of HIV among tuberculosis (TB) patients, and to examine the association between drug resistance and HIV infection.

DESIGN
All tuberculosis patients diagnosed at randomly selected health facilities over 9 months (September 1998 to June 1999) were enrolled in the study. Sputum was collected, smeared and cultured, and drug susceptibility tests were performed. Blood was tested for HIV in the respective provinces, and patients received pre-test and post-test counselling.

RESULTS
Of 709 culture-positive cases, 25.5% were HIV-positive. HIV-positive patients were significantly more likely to have a prior history of treatment (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.9-3.6) and resistance to both isoniazid and streptomycin (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.3, 4.5). In patients with no history of prior tuberculosis treatment, the multidrug resistance rate was 3.4% and resistance to isoniazid and streptomycin (HS) was 5.2%. Any drug resistance was significantly more common among those with a history of prior treatment (OR 3.1; 95% CI 2.1-4.7), particularly resistance to HS (OR 4.5; 95% CI 2.6-7.9).

CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates substantial levels of drug resistance in Mozambique. Differences in drug resistance between high and low HIV prevalence areas may be related to prior treatment.


The full waveforms recorded by an array of receivers in a modern full-waveform sonic tool contain secondary arrivals that are reflected from near-borehole structural features. These arrivals are used to form an image of the near-borehole structural features in a manner similar to seismic migration. Possible uses of this technique include horizontal well logging; structural dip and contour determination; fault, salt dome, pinnacle reef, and fracture zone imaging; and EOR steam-flood monitoring. Examples are given for a deviated well penetrating a North Sea reservoir, and for a horizontal well penetrating a thin (10m thick) reservoir. For the horizontal well case, full-waveform sonic data are successfully used to image the reservoir top as the well penetrates into the reservoir and continues near-parallel to the reservoir boundary.


Covering: Up to 2019Phenolic cross-links and phenolic inter-unit linkages result from the oxidative coupling of two hydroxycinnamates or two molecules of tyrosine. Free dimers of hydroxycinnamates, lignans, play important roles in plant defence. Cross-linking of bound phenolics in the plant cell wall affects cell expansion, wall strength, digestibility, degradability, and pathogen resistance. Cross-links mediated by phenolic substituents are particularly important as they confer strength to the wall via the formation of new covalent bonds, and by excluding water from it. Four biopolymer classes are known to be involved in the formation of phenolic cross-links: lignins, extensins, glucuronoarabinoxylans, and side-chains of rhamnogalacturonan-I. Lignins and extensins are ubiquitous in streptophytes whereas aromatic substituents on xylan and pectic side-chains are commonly assumed to be particular features of Poales sensu lato and core Caryophyllales, respectively. Cross-linking of phenolic moieties proceeds via radical formation, is catalyzed by peroxidases and laccases, and involves monolignols, tyrosine in extensins, and ferulate esters on xylan and pectin. Ferulate substituents, on xylan in particular, are thought to be nucleation points for lignin polymerization and are, therefore, of paramount importance to wall architecture in grasses and for the development of technology for wall disassembly, e.g. for the use of grass biomass for production of 2nd generation biofuels. This review summarizes current knowledge on the intra- and extracellular acylation of polysaccharides, and inter- and intra-molecular cross-linking of different constituents. Enzyme mediated lignan in vitro synthesis for pharmaceutical uses are covered as are industrial exploitation of mutant and transgenic approaches to control cell wall cross-linking.


Duncan Pritchard (2010) has developed a theory of extended knowledge based on the notion of extended cognition initially developed by Clark and Chalmers (1998). Pritchard's account gives a central role to the notion of creditability, which requires the following two conditions to be met: (i) beliefs must be attributable to the cognitive ability of the agent; and (ii) the agent must take responsibility for her beliefs. This chapter argues that difficulties arise when this notion of creditability is applied to situations where one's cognition is extended by a second knowing agent rather than by an artifact, like a notebook or telescope. The chapter illustrates this by applying Pritchard's account of extended knowledge to collaborating scientists. The beliefs acquired through collaborative research cannot satisfy both of Pritchard's conditions of creditability. Further, there is evidence that scientists are not prepared to take responsibility for the actions of the scientists with whom they collaborate.


The present study proposed and test a model that connects both affective and cognitive factors in cellular service to customers' recommendation behavior. Results of the analysis of data collected through questionnaire from 293 respondents with cellular phones and active account in the Nigerian cellular industry indicate that core cellular service dimensions, service cost (price) and hedonic values are significant determinants of customers' recommendation behavior. In addition, the study found that customer service and utilitarian value exert negative effect on recommendation behavior. It seems that strengthening the performance of service providers on core service attributes, service cost (price) and the entertainment and emotion evoking aspects of cellular service is of more value in partnering with customer to enlarge customer base through recommendation.


Objectives: The aim of the study was twofold; 1) to develop a clinical pharmacist-led 12 month lasting follow-up program for patients with established coronary heart disease (CHD) discharged from the University Hospital of North Norway, and 2) to explore the impact of the program with regards to adherence to a medication assessment tool for secondary prevention of CHD and change in biomedical risk factors. Methods: A total of 102 patients aged 18-82 years were enrolled in a non-blinded randomized controlled trial with an intervention group and a control group. The intervention comprised medication reconciliation, medication review and patient education during three meetings; at discharge, after three months and after twelve months. The control group received standard care from their general practitioner. Primary outcomes were adherence to clinical guideline recommendations concerning prescription, therapy goal achievement and lifestyle education defined in the medication assessment tool for secondary prevention of CHD (MAT-CHDSP). Secondary outcomes included changes in the biomedical risk factors cholesterol, blood pressure and blood glucose. Results: Ninety-four patients completed the trial, 48 intervention group patients and 46 controls. Appropriate prescribing was high, but therapy goal achievement was low in both groups. Overall adherence to MAT-CHDSP criteria increased in both groups and was significantly higher in the intervention group at study end, 78.4% vs. 62.0%, p<0.001. The difference was statistically significant for the documented lifestyle advices in intervention group patients. No significant improvements in biomedical risk factors were observed in favor of the intervention group. Conclusions: The study showed an increased guideline adherence in both study groups. This indicates that attention to clinical practice guideline recommendations in itself increases adherence – which may be a clinical pharmacist task. A larger adequately powered study is needed to show a significant difference in biomedical risk factor improvements in favor of the intervention. Amendments to the follow-up program are suggested before implementation in standard patient care can be recommended.


The Brundtland report and Agenda 21 focus on the global environment and development problems. Though Norway is usually considered a pioneer with respect to sustainable development, analyses have shown that this has not been the case with respect to Local Agenda 21. Still, Norwegian municipalities have strengthened their institutional capacity on environmental policy, and have thereby strengthened their ability to follow up the recommendations in Agenda 21. Through the high-profile government-financed reform programme, Environment in the Municipalities, which ran from 1988 to 1996, a great majority of the municipalities have employed their own environmental officers, and environmental considerations have gradually obtained a footing in municipal planning. So far, however, it is the local environmental problems that have received most attention rather than global environmental and development problems. By the start of the 21st century a crucial question is, therefore, whether the growing number of Local Agenda 21 initiatives in Norway will in fact adopt the global perspectives outlined by the Brundtland report and Agenda 21, or just keep on with a 'business as usual' environmental policy approach. So far national environmental policy in Norway seems to be reluctant to face the global problems, leaving the municipalities with the great challenge of being the 'engine' in steaming up Norwegian environmental politics.


We provide an empirical and theoretical assessment of the value of information sharing in a two-stage supply chain. The value of downstream sales information to the upstream firm stems from improving upstream order fulfillment forecast accuracy. Such an improvement can lead to lower safety stock and better service. Based on the data collected from a consumer packaged goods company, we empirically show that, if the company includes the downstream sales data to forecast orders, the improvement in the mean squared forecast error ranges from 7.1% to 81.1% across all studied products. Theoretical models in the literature, however, suggest that the value of information sharing should be zero for over half of our studied products. To reconcile the gap between the literature and the empirical observations, we develop a new theoretical model. Whereas the literature assumes that the decision maker strictly adheres to a given inventory policy, our model allows him to deviate, accounting for private information held by the decision maker, yet unobservable to the econometrician. This turns out to reconcile our empirical findings with the literature. These "decision deviations" lead to information losses in the order process, resulting in a strictly positive value of downstream information sharing. Furthermore, we empirically quantify and show the significance of the value of operations knowledge-the value of knowing the downstream replenishment policy.

This paper was accepted by Serguei Netessine, operations management.


Mobile Wireless Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is a special kind of network, where all of the nodes move in time. Random movement is the commonly used to model the mobility in this network. Beside as a host, each node is intended to help relaying packets of neighboring nodes using multi-hop routing mechanism in order to solve problem of dead communication. In recent years, a variety of routing protocols have been proposed specially to accommodate this environment followed with its performance evaluations, likes DSDV, DSR, AODV, and extension OSPF. Researches in this network are mostly simulation based. Research efforts haven't focused much in evaluating network performance when applied to variable number of nodes that involving agents and distributed over several network areas. The paper performed simulations using MANET simulator, which carried out based on the extension OSPF routing protocol. The modification of OSPF protocol had intended to suit the OSPF standard mechanisms for operating with high performance over wireless networks characterized by a broadcast-based transmission medium, in which the physical layer connectivity is not fully meshed. Extensive simulation scenarios have been conducted in the simulator with various numbers of nodes, random and uniform movement direction, and different agent's quantity with different size of network areas. In the performance evaluation of successful transmission (data) packets, the OSPF protocol with throughput weighted metric will be tested under different combination conditions of scenarios.


This article investigates the competition for limited attention in a social network with innovation. We consider the case where each piece of information has a fitness as proxy of its quality. The higher is the quality, the higher are the chances of being transmitted. We measure the relationship between the quality of an idea and its likelihood of becoming prevalent at the system level. We find that both information overload and limited attention contribute to a degradation of the system discriminative power. When trust is incorporated into the model and the agents can decide whether or not to accept a meme, we show that both lifetime and popularity distributions have broad powerlaw tails indicating that only a few memes spread virally through the population reproducing perfectly the broad distributions obtained from empirical data. A R T I C L E I N F O : RECEIVED: 17 AUG 2019 REVISED: 20 SEP 2019 ONLINE: 23 SEP 2019 K E Y W O R D S : social networks, influence, competition, limited attention, information load Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0


In the summer of 2008, a conflict that appeared to have begun in the breakaway Georgian territory of South Ossetia rapidly escalated to become the most significant crisis in European security in a decade. The implications of the Russian-Georgian war will be understood differently depending on one's narrative of what transpired and perspective on the broader context. This book is designed to present the facts about the events of August 2008 along with comprehensive coverage of the background to those events. It brings together a wealth of expertise on the South Caucasus and Russian foreign policy, with contributions by Russian, Georgian, European, and American experts on the region.


Atomic layer deposition has proven to be a particularly attractive approach for decorating mesoporous carbon substrates with redox active metal oxides for electrochemical energy storage. This study, for the first time, capitalizes on the cyclic character of atomic layer deposition to obtain highly conformal and atomically controlled decoration of carbon onions with alternating stacks of vanadia and titania. The addition of 25 mass% TiO2 leads to expansion of the VO2 unit cell, thus greatly enhancing lithium intercalation capacity and kinetics. Electrochemical characterization revealed an ultrahigh discharge capacity of up to 382 mA h g 1 of the composite electrode (554 mA h g 1 per metal oxide) with an impressive capacity retention of 82 mA h g 1 (120 mA h g 1 per metal oxide) at a high discharge rate of 20 A g 1 or 52C. Stability benchmarking showed stability over 3000 cycles when discharging to a reduced potential of 1.8 V vs. carbon. These capacity values are among the highest reported for any metal oxide system, while in addition, supercapacitor-like power performance and longevity are achieved. At a device level, high specific energy and power of up to 110 W h kg 1 and 6 kW kg , respectively, were achieved when employing the hybrid material as anode versus activated carbon cathode.


Abstract Reference information, i.e. thesauri and any other kind of authority data, are critical for the intellectual access to the growing heterogeneous digital collections in wide area networks, be it to enhance precision and recall of information retrieval systems or for the manual classification of "non-verbose" objects as museum artifacts, images and music. These data sets become huge semantic networks, which are better produced by multiple experts world-wide in an appropriate CSCW environment. We present the core data structure of such a system, which defines a suitable granularity of information to handle simultaneously multiple versions, opinions and multilingual data structures. Building on the experience from previous work on thesaurus management systems and respective co-operations, we propose an architecture for the overall coordination system. Besides technical issues, questions on required international cooperation practices and standards emerge.


The aims of this paper are to review the current techniques of restorative justice being employed in Barbados for juveniles and, using methods adopted in Uganda, present suggestions on how to further encourage its use. Barbados is viewed as forward thinking and progressive with regards its current use of restorative justice with young people, but it is also acknowledged that more needs to be done in order to fully utilise the method and as such improve its success. Uganda, although by no means a perfect system, encourages the use of traditional, community based measures when dealing with young offenders, and as strong link exist between the Caribbean and Africa, these measures are to be considered in the context of Barbados.