The publication by Servaas van der Berg and his colleagues at the University of Stellenbosch last year of a set of estimates of poverty headcounts and gaps, pointed to substantial success in the battle against poverty in South Africa in the period 2000-2004, an improvement attributable mainly to massive increases in social grants. The present paper takes issue with the van der Berg et al headcount of 15.4 million in 2004, arguing that a more likely figure is in the region of 18-20 million. This difference is far too large to be ignored by policymakers. Using household survey data from Statistics South Africa (as opposed to the All Media and Products Survey data used by van der Berg et al), the paper develops a method for dealing with under-reporting by specifying limits to the size of the corrections that can be applied to income estimates without straying beyond the bounds of the plausible. The paper questions the uncritical assignment of all disability grant payouts to poverty alleviation. Although it concentrates on estimating the headcount and poverty gap in 2004, the paper does offer a tentative comparison of its results with those made by other researchers for the year 2000. The paper ends with recommendations for a series of changes that need to be made to the General Household and Labour Force Surveys conducted by Statistics South Africa, if these surveys are to fulfil their potential role as suppliers of information about poverty.


A common by-product of multibeam surveys is a measure of the backscattered acoustic intensity from the seafloor. These data are of immense interest to geologists and geoscientists since maps of the acoustic backscatter strength can be used to infer physical properties of the sea bottom, such as impedance, roughness and volume inhomogeneity. Before such maps can be created from multibeam acoustic backscatter data, however, two tasks must be performed: 1. The data must be geographically registered using the bathymetric profile collected by the multibeam (which accounts for full orientation and refraction), as opposed to using the traditional flat-seafloor assumption. This allows us to additionally calculate the true grazing angle. 2. The signal intensities must be reduced to as close a measure of the backscatter strength of the seafloor as possible by radiometrically correcting the data on a ping-by-ping basis for variables such as transmission power, beam pattern, receiver gain, and pulse length. The purpose of this research project is to develop software tools to perform the above corrections for a massive backlog of RESON SeaBat 8101 multibeam data, as collected by the NOAA ship Rainier. While the backscatter logged by the multibeam systems is not of prime importance to NOAA's hydrographic charting mandate, they recognize the potential value of this data to the work of other sister agencies such as the U.S. Geological Survey (who is funding this project). The particular problems encountered with these data are that: Up to the end of 2001 field season, the backscatter data acquired by this system were collected from dedicated receiver beams, separate from those used for bathymetry. This receive beam is broad in the elevation plane (similar to a sidescan sonar) so that the variation in elevation angle with time must be indirectly inferred from the corresponding bathymetric profile. As some backscatter data are collected from slant-ranges beyond which bathymetric data are acquired, for that case the imaging geometry must be either inferred using a simple slope model, or derived from neighbouring swaths. Results of the application of full geometric and radiometric corrections will be presented.


Purpose Clinical trials have demonstrated that standardized voice treatment programs are effective for some patients, but identifying the unique individual treatment ingredients specifically responsible for observed improvements remains elusive. To address this problem, the authors used a taxonomy of voice therapy, the Rehabilitation Treatment Specification System (RTSS), and a Delphi process to develop the RTSS-Voice (expert consensus categories of measurable and unique voice treatment ingredients and targets). Method Initial targets and ingredients were derived from a taxonomy of voice therapy. Through six Delphi Rounds, 10 vocal rehabilitation experts rated the measurability and uniqueness of individual treatment targets and ingredients. After each round, revisions (guided by the experts' feedback) were finalized among a primary reader (a voice therapy expert) and two external readers (rehabilitation experts outside the field of voice). Consensus was established when the label and definition of an ingredient or target reached a supramajority threshold (≥ 8 of 10 expert agreement). Results Thirty-five target and 19 ingredient categories were agreed to be measurable, unique, and accurate reflections of the rules and terminology of the RTSS. Operational definitions for each category included differences in the way ingredients are delivered and the way individual targets are modified by those ingredients. Conclusions The consensus labels and operationalized ingredients and targets making up the RTSS-Voice have potential to improve voice therapy research, practice, and education/training. The methods used to develop these lists may be useful for other speech, language, and hearing treatment specifications. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.15243357.


The seam effect is an artifact of panel surveys in which respondents are interviewed every few months (for example) and asked for data about each of the intervening months. The effect is defined by small changes in responses between adjacent months within a reference period (i.e., within an interview) relative to large changes between adjacent months across reference periods (i.e., across interviews). In the present studies, we used an experimental method to examine the seam effect for quantitative questions about dollar amounts. The studies produced robust seam effects, accompanied by forgetting of correct amounts and constant responding (no change between months) within the reference periods. The results also showed decreases in the seam effect when questions about the same topic appeared in different parts of the interview. In some conditions, dependent interviewing (providing respondents with their earlier answers) also reduced the size of the seam effect. Neither manipulation, however, improved the overall accuracy of responses. Dependent feedback may encourage respondents to make less drastic changes at the seam. But since the earlier answers may themselves contain error, dependent interviewing can also perpetuate the same incorrect response from one reference period to the next.


Computer vision has benefited from initializing multiple deep layers with weights pretrained on large supervised training sets like ImageNet. Natural language processing (NLP) typically sees initialization of only the lowest layer of deep models with pretrained word vectors. In this paper, we use a deep LSTM encoder from an attentional sequence-to-sequence model trained for machine translation (MT) to contextualize word vectors. We show that adding these context vectors (CoVe) improves performance over using only unsupervised word and character vectors on a wide variety of common NLP tasks: sentiment analysis (SST, IMDb), question classification (TREC), entailment (SNLI), and question answering (SQuAD). For fine-grained sentiment analysis and entailment, CoVe improves performance of our baseline models to the state of the art.


This exploratory study aimed to examine why some bullied workers submitted compensable injury claims for psychological injury after they had made a workplace bullying grievance, and others did not. This study was carried out using a mixed methodology. Forty-four participants who had complained about bullying at work completed a survey about their experiences, and 31 were interviewed. A thematic analysis of the interview data was undertaken. Those participants who submitted workers' compensation claims were found to be significantly more depressed than those who did not submit workers' compensation claims, although no significant differences were found between the anxiety and stress scores of all participants. Results also indicated that participants who submitted a workers' compensation claim perceived less organisational justice in the way their complaint of bullying was managed than those participants who did not submit a claim. These results were endorsed by the qualitative aspects of the study where themes of frustration and unfairness were closely linked with the decision to submit a workers' compensation claim. This is one of the few studies that have examined the effect of an organisation's response to workplace bullying allegations on an employee's decision to claim workers' compensation for psychological injury.


textabstractCyclic Railway Timetable Optimization describes mathematical models
and solution methods for constructing high quality cyclic railway timetables.
In a cyclic timetable, a train for a certain destination leaves
a certain station at the same time every cycle time, say every half an
hour, every hour, or every two hours. Cyclic timetables are widely used
in European railways. They offer a clear and transparant product to the
railway customers, who only need to memorize the minutes of the hour
at which their regular trains depart. Because of the important role of
timetable planning for railway operators and railway infrastructure
managers, models and methods for optimizing cyclic railway timetables
provide a valuable tool for these organizations. The thesis presents
a mathematical model for optimizing cyclic railway timetables, and
studies the theoretical aspects behind the model. The investigated
aspects include cyclic sequencing, periodic tensions, cycles in graphs,
cycle bases of graphs, algorithms for constructing cycle bases, and
cutting planes for the model. The developed theoretical ideas are
tested on some real-life cyclic railway timetabling instances. The thesis
further develops several extensions of the basic model.


Developed by a distinguished editorial board, the Perinatal Continuing Education Program (PCEP) is a comprehensive, self-paced education program in four volumes.
 This popular resource features step-by-step skill instruction, and practice-focused exercises covering maternal and fetal evaluaton and immediate newborn care.
 The PCEP workbooks feature leading-edge procedures and techniques, and are filled with clear explanations, step-by-step skill instruction, and practice-focused exercises.
 Book IV includes 6 units dealing with complex neonatal therapies, such as assisted ventilation, as well as a unit on continuing care for at-risk babies and those with special problems following intensive care.
 Contents include:
 Unit 1: Direct Blood Pressure Measurement
 Skills Units: Transducer Blood Pressure Monitoring
 Unit 2: Exchange, Reduction, and Direct Transfusions
 Part 1: Respiratory Distress
 Skills Unit: Exchange Transfusions
 Unit 3: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
 Skills Unit: Delivery of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
 Unit 4: Assisted Ventilation With Mechanical Ventilators
 Skills Unit: Endotracheal Tubes
 Unit 5: Surfactant Therapy
 Skills Unit: Surfactant Administration
 Unit 6: Continuing Care for At-Risk Babies


Copyright starts with the written word as its model, then tries to fit everything else into the literary mode. It oscillates between two positions on non-textual creative works such as images - they are either transparent, or they are opaque. When courts treat images as transparent, they deny that interpretation is necessary, claiming that the meaning of an image is so obvious as to admit of no serious debate and that the image is a mere representation of reality. When they treat images as opaque, they deny that interpretation is possible, pretending that images are so far from being able to be discussed and analyzed using words that there is no point in trying. This oscillation between opacity and transparency has been the source of much bad law. This article explores the ungovernability of images in copyright, beginning with an overview of the power of images in the law more generally. The article then turns to persistent difficulties assessing copyrightability and infringement for visual works. In assessing copyrightability, courts draw lines between artistic choice and mere reproduction of reality, but also treat the artist as a person with a special connection to reality, a way of seeing that ordinary mortals lack. Infringement analysis repeats this doubling, using the representation/reality divide to separate protected elements of a specific work from unprotected ones while simultaneously insisting that works are indivisible gestalts. Current doctrine makes impossible, self-contradictory demands on fact-finders. It should be replaced with a true "reproduction" right against exact or near-exact copying.Despite this radical proposal, much of my argument is critical and diagnostic. I therefore turn to more specific problems in authorship questions for multimedia works and fair use that highlight the instabilities in current approaches to non-textual works. Greater epistemic humility, recognizing that images make multiple meanings in multiple ways, could combat the judicial tendency to presume that images are nothing more than what they seem.


The glycoside composition and sequence of an extracellular polysaccharide flocculant of Klebsiella pneumoniae H12 was analyzed. GC and HPLC analysis of the acid-hydrolysate identified its constituent monosaccharides as D-Glc, D-Man, D-Gal, and D-GlcA in an approximate molar ratio of 3.9:1.0:2.3:3.6. To analyze the glycoside sequence, the polysaccharide was partially hydrolyzed by acid and enzyme treatment. GC, HPLC, TLC, MALDI-TOF/MS, and 1H- and 13C- NMR spectroscopy characterized the obtained oligosaccharides. The results clarified the partial structure of H12 polysaccharide as a linear polymer of a unit of pentasaccharide with a side chain of one D-GlcA to D-Glc moiety (see below). Although the existence of other sequences or other constituent glycosides could not be fully excluded, H12 polysaccharide must be a novel types as such a complicated unit for a polymer has not so far been reported. The partial structure of a H12 polysaccharide flocculant is also discussed in this report. →4)- α-D-Glcp-(1→2)-α-D-Manp-(1→3)-4,6-Pyr-β-D- 3 Galp-(1→4)-β-D-Galp-(1→ ↓ 1 β-D-GlcpA


Brillouin scattering-based fiber optic sensors are useful to measure strain or temperature in a distributed manner. Since the Brillouin frequency of an optical fiber depends on both the strain and temperature, it is very important to know whether the Brillouin frequency shift is caused by the strain change or temperature change. This article presents a temperature compensation technique of a Brillouin scattering-based fiber optic strain sensor. Both the changes of the Brillouin frequency and the Brillouin gain power is observed for the temperature compensation using a BOTDA sensor system. Experimental results showed that the temperature compensated strain values were highly consistent with actual strain values.


The LHeC and the CLIC Drive Beam share not only the high-current beams that make them prone to show instabilities, but also unconventional lattice topologies and operational schemes in which the time sequence of the bunches varies along the machine. In order to asses the feasibility of these projects, realistic simulations taking into account the most worrisome effects and their interplays, are crucial. These include linear and non-linear optics with time dependent elements, incoherent and coherent synchrotron radiation, short and long-range wakefields, beam-beam effect and ion cloud. In order to investigate multi-bunch effects in recirculating machines, a new version of the tracking code PLACET has been developed from scratch. PLACET2, already integrates most of the effects mentioned before and can easily receive additional physics. Its innovative design allows to describe complex lattices and track one or more bunches accordingly to the machine operation, reproducing the bunch train splitting and recombination to and from multiple beamlines. After some initial testing, PLACET2 has been applied to the LHeC Energy Recovery Linac design in order to complete the first end-to-end tracking simulation. The transport of the beam to the dump has been verified in presence of incoherent synchrotron radiation, wakefields and beam-beam effect. Unexpected high radiation losses have been found in specific sections of the lattice, solutions have been proposed to improve both the machine performance and the beam quality. These include a new design of the spreading sections and return arcs based on combined function magnets. The detector bypass, that was originally missing, have now been designed and integrated in the lattice. Tracking simulations have also been performed for PERLE, which have been developed to validate on a smaller scale the technology and the operation of the LHeC. Its performances have been assessed and the design has been consolidated and improved. The work at CTF3 focused on the Combiner Ring. Its length plays a crucial role in the phase structure of the combined beam and must be carefully tuned. The control of the ring length by means of optics scaling, has been measured on the machine and reproduced with the PLACET2 model. Moreover the code has been used to verify a multi-bunch instability that appeared during the commissioning of the ring.


Title of Document: [RE]THINKING TALL: Cultivating socio Cultural Trends in a West Chelsea Residential High Rise. Lisa Blair Goldsmith, Master of Architecture 2012 Directed By Assistant Professor Luis Diego Quiros Pacheco, Chair Professor Matthew J. Bell, AIA, Professor AIA, Emeritus Ralph D. Bennett, AIA. According to the Census Bureau, American society is experiencing a cultural shift in living trends: city living is slowly replacing its suburban counterpart. As a result, there is a growing need for cities to accommodate people of all demographics. Currently, the western-most part of Chelsea located on the lower west side of Manhattan is failing to do this. Since the mid 1990s Chelsea has been a major center of the New York art world; serving as home to hundreds of local art galleries and studios. With the opening of the High Line in 2006 (a successful adaptive re-use project of former rail lines originally built in the 1880s), West Chelsea has experienced an influx of people interested in living in the district. Currently, expensive luxury housing, loft spaces, and converted luxury apartments dominate the West Chelsea housing market. This dearth of housing options has greatly limited people from varying social, cultural and economic backgrounds and circumstances from moving into West Chelsea. This thesis imagines an apartment complex in West Chelsea that offers a variety of compact housing types while fostering a sense of community in order to bring families, singles, and people of all ages, to the vibrant arts community of West Chelsea. [RE]THINKING TALL: Cultivating Socio-Cultural Trends in a West Chelsea Residential High Rise


Recently, we proposed and developed the context-dependent deep neural network hidden Markov models (CD-DNN-HMMs) for large vocabulary speech recognition and achieved highly promising recognition results including over one third fewer word errors than the discriminatively trained, conventional HMM-based systems on the 300hr Switchboard benchmark task. In this paper, we extend DNNs to deep tensor neural networks (DTNNs) in which one or more layers are double-projection and tensor layers. The basic idea of the DTNN comes from our realization that many factors interact with each other to predict the output. To represent these interactions, we project the input to two nonlinear subspaces through the double-projection layer and model the interactions between these two subspaces and the output neurons through a tensor with three-way connections. Evaluation on 30hr Switchboard task indicates that DTNNs can outperform DNNs with similar number of parameters with 5% relative word error reduction.


Forests account for a large portion of sequestered carbon, much of which is stored as wood in trees. The rate of carbon accumulation in aboveground plant material, or aboveground net primary productivity (aNPP), quantifies annual to decadal variations in forest carbon sequestration. Permanent plots are often used to estimate aNPP but are usually not annually resolved and take many years to develop a long data set. Tree rings are a unique and infrequently used source for measuring aNPP, and benefit from fine spatial (individual trees) and temporal (annual) resolution. Because of this precision, tree rings are complementary to permanent plots and the suite of tools used to study forest productivity. Here we evaluate whether annual estimates of aNPP developed from tree rings approximate estimates derived from colocated permanent plots. We studied a lowland evergreen (Howland, Maine), mixed deciduous (Harvard Forest, Massachusetts), and mixed mesophytic (Fernow, West Virginia) forest in the eastern United States. Permanent plots at the sites cover an area of 2–3 ha, and we use these areas as benchmarks indicative of the forest stand. We simulate random draws of permanent plot subsets to describe the distribution of aNPP estimates given a sampling area size equivalent to the tree-ring plots. Though mean tree-ring aNPP underestimates permanent plot aNPP slightly at Howland and Fernow and overestimates at Harvard Forest when compared with the entire permanent plot, it is within the 95% confidence interval of the random draws of equal-sized sampling area at all sites. To investigate whether tree-ring aNPP can be upscaled to the stand, we conducted a second random draw of permanent plot subsets simulating a twofold increase in sampling area. aNPP estimates from this distribution were not significantly different from results of the initial sampling area, though variance decreased as sampling area approaches stand area. Despite several concerns to consider when using tree rings to reconstruct aNPP (e.g., upscaling, allometric, and sampling uncertainties), the benefits are apparent, and we call for the continued application of tree rings in carbon cycle studies across a broader range of species diversity, productivity, and disturbance histories to fully develop this potential.


At times it is a challenge for any family to balance resources, abilities, and needs. Challenges that tend to be enhanced when a child has an impairment. Family routines must function and be consistent with the family's ecology and be meaningful according to the family's culture. The family's coping with cultural-environmental, psychosocial, and socioeconomic stresses throughout the diverse phases of the family life cycle has been linked to healthy family functioning. Families that function well and experience health manage to find balance between growth vs. change and stability vs. equilibrium in relation to the exchange between the family as a system and its environment. Families of children with impairments are offered service and support through the Child and Youth Habilitation Services (C-YHS). Earlier only the child was the focus of interventions, but with a family centered perspective the whole family's well-being is concerned. The overall aim of the thesis is to explore how families of children with impairments use resources aimed to enhance family functioning in relation to challenges in every-day life. This is examined in the context of the support provided by the Child and Youth Habilitation Services (C-YHS). The specific aims were 1) to investigate professionals' encouragement of parental coping strategies (Study I), 2) to compare the content of issues discussed at the planning meetings with the activities provided by the C-YHS (Study II), 3) to examine the design of a future study focusing on problem solving and how different problem solving styles are related to internal and external resources (Study III) and 4) to explore leisure activities patterns in families of children with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (Study IV). Descriptive and explorative qualitative and quantitative study designs including longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. The main findings were as follows. Coping types and coping strategies (Study I): families used four types of positive coping. The coping type goal-directed problem-focused was used most and this was also the type of coping that was most frequently encouraged by professionals. Families most used coping strategy was values and this was most often related to information and problem solving in professionals responses. Planning meetings and activities implemented (Study II): families concerns and problems raised at planning meetings set the agenda for activities and actions in everyday intervention. Decisions were also made between planning meetings and affected actions and activities performed in everyday intervention. On top of goals decided in planning meetings decisions were related to managing families' everyday activities. Pilot study (Study III): analyses of quality indicators of the Social Problem Solving Inventory indicated that it would be possible to discriminate between different problem-solving styles using the instrument in this sample. Result concerning the strengths and weaknesses of the planned web-based procedures showed that problems can arise when adapting questionnaires to a web-based survey, that it was a prerequisite that the family had an individual plan to answer many of the questions and that a stop function added had serious consequences for access to the survey if not completed at one point in time. Involvement in leisure activities (Study IV): families of children with profound intellectual multiple disabilities (PIMD) were involved in both core and balance family leisure activities, but to a lesser degree than families of children with typical development. The PIMD group showed a proportionally higher involvement in core family leisure activities than in balance activities compared to families of children with typical development. Conclusions are to encounter stressors families need different coping strategies. Families' use of coping strategies is facilitated if they are encouraged by professionals that are aware of the families' values. Families of children with impairments have concerns about the future and problems related to everyday life. When families concerns and problems are considered by professionals and result in actions and activities, the more the problem solving becomes adapted to their actual needs in everyday life. Resources such as coping strategies and problem solving skills are important to make routines function, and also to enhance and enrich leisure activities where the family spends time together. Family functioning is a complex process where internal and external resources are interrelated. In order to guide the process of providing support to family functioning for families of children with impairments there is a further need for comprehensive measurements to capture the complex process of family functioning. In addition research is needed that connects different aspects of the process of support provision to outcomes for the family and child outcomes.


The paper presents the results of an investigation of an asymmetric dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in the air at atmospheric pressure. The discharge system consisted of a plane electrode and semispherical short-radius one, and the both were coated with dielectric. The discharge was excited by a train of almost sinusoidal damped oscillations which was applied to electrodes with a frequency of 1 kHz. It has been found that the preferable to biological applications homogeneous avalanche form of the DBD is always realized in the investigated voltage range 7 – 15 kV, whereas the streamer form of the discharge is excited under identical conditions in the case of a conducting semisphere. It was also established that the positive and negative (according to the voltage sign of the first pulse of the train onto the small electrode) discharge differed greatly in their characteristics. An explanation for this difference has been proposed.


Dredge mining for heavy minerals is carried out on large areas of Spodosol soils in the Georgia-Florida coastal plain. Attempts to return these areas to productive slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliotii) forests have usually failed. This study was conducted to determine if changes in soil moisture regime or extremely low nutrient availability induced by the mining operation were the causes of such failure. Nutrient contents of the mined soils were low, but this did not appear to be the major cause of poor tree growth. Changes in topography and the removal of organic and sesquioxide coatings from the thick spodic horizon caused the mined soils' moisture regimes to be very different from those occurring in the coarse sandy soils prior to mining. Before mining, the soils were fairly uniform, somewhat poorly drained Spodosols. After mining, the soils ranged from Typic to Aquic Quartzipsamments, and only a small proportion of the area retained a moisture regime suitable for vigorous slash pine growth. Plantation failure on these sites could have been mitigated by grading the spoils to nearly level contours and increasing the organic matter content through additions of waste humate from the mining process or sewage sludge, or by planting a variety of tree species onto the various microsites present in the mined landscape.


Aims: To evaluate the effect of alcoholic liver cirrhosis on health of periodontal status. Methods and Material: A total of 120 subjects were included in the study between the age group of 35 to 75 years of age. A total of 60 patients diagnosed as alcoholic liver cirrhosis (based on AST: ALT = ˃2) were included in the study. A control group of 60 subjects were included which do not have alcohol consumption habit and not having any systemic problems. Periodontal parameters included Plaque index, gingival index, Number of missing teeth, Probing depth and Clinical attachment loss. Statistical analysis: Statistical Analysis was performed using statistical software SPSS version 17. A post hoc test was done for intergroup comparison of periodontal parameters between the test and control group. Result: The Plaque Index, gingival index, probing depth and clinical attachment loss has shown a statistically significant difference (p=0.000) when compared between test and control groups. There was no statistically significant difference (p=0.045) found in the number of missing teeth between test and control group. Conclusion: Alcoholic liver cirrhosis can be considered as one of the risk indicator for periodontal diseases which compromises the periodontal health.


Recently, organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites have been proven to be excellent photovoltaic materials, exhibiting outstanding light absorption, high carrier mobility and facile solution processability. Besides the low-cost manufacturing of perovskite thin-films, the power conversion efficiencies demonstrated for this class of materials are already at the same level as those of poly-crystalline silicon. The pursuit of efficiency in the field of metal halide perovskite solar cells has been achieved mainly through the improvement to perovskite deposition processing and optimization of the contact materials. In this chapter, we review the commonly employed perovskite deposition techniques, with special emphasis on the morphological quality of the prepared perovskite films. Films which exhibit the largest grains and highest orientation also achieve the highest performance, as long as full surface coverage is ensured. Here, it is also important to tune the energy levels of the electron and hole acceptors, and several strategies have led to champion devices with open circuit voltages between 1.1 and 1.15 V for state-of-the-art systems. However, most of the organic materials used currently are synthesized using expensive cross-coupling reactions that require stringent reaction conditions and extensive product purification, so that they cannot be produced at a low-cost at present. For perovskite solar cells to be able to enter the photovoltaic market, their cost and stability need to be competitive with current established technologies. The development of new chemistries resulting in simple compound purification, such as those based on azomethine bonds, will be an essential part of future molecular design for perovskite solar cells.


Positive psychology, founded by Martin Seligman in 1998, has established itself very quickly in the international scene as the "new science of well-being". This kind of psychology affirms a general change in relation to the object of clinical psychology. Clinical psychology was traditionally interested in pathology and the deficit. It has been found to be more "effective" by using a theoretical model based on issues such as happiness, personal fulfillment and satisfaction with their own lives. The problem of measurability of these issues has been resolved through the production of a multitude of self-reporting instruments. These instruments have led to the creation of a considerable body of studies and research that has led to the widespread dissemination among government agencies and private institutions. However many dissenting voices highlight some particularly critical aspects, such as: the claim to measure issues that are difficult to define in an operational sense; the adoption of an individualistic and universalistic perspective; membership of epistemological paradigms and methodological assumptions both of which are scarcely able to consider the complexity of the phenomena and the behavior observed since they both have been purged of their contextual dimension. This paper seeks to explore these issues by proposing a critical reflection on the paradigm of positive psychology and its application proposals.


Ponds support a rich biodiversity because the heterogeneity of individual ponds creates, at the landscape scale, a diversity of habitats for wildlife. The distribution of pond animals and plants will be influenced by both the local conditions within a pond and the spatial distribution of ponds across the landscape. Separating out the local from the spatial is difficult because the two are often linked. Pond snails are likely to be affected by both local conditions e.g. water hardness, and spatial patterns e.g. distance between ponds, but studies of snail communities struggle distinguishing between the two. In this study, communities of snails were recorded from 52 ponds in a biogeographically coherent landscape in north-east England. The distribution of snail communities was compared to local environments characterised by the macrophyte communities within each pond and to the spatial pattern of ponds throughout the landscape. Mantel tests were used to partial out the local versus the landscape respective influences. Snail communities became more similar in ponds that were closer together and in ponds with similar macrophyte communities as both the local and the landscape scale were important for this group of animals. Data were collected from several types of pond, including those created on nature reserves specifically for wildlife, old field ponds (at least 150 years old) primarily created for watering livestock and subsidence ponds outside protected areas or amongst coastal dunes. No one pond type supported all the species. Larger, deeper ponds on nature reserves had the highest numbers of species within individual ponds but shallow, temporary sites on farm land supported a distinct temporary water fauna. The conservation of pond snails in this region requires a diversity of pond types rather than one idealised type and ponds scattered throughout the area at a variety of sites, not just concentrated on nature reserves.


With the current trend of densification of cities and the threats of pollution and increasing
precipitation due to climate change, stormwater management is becoming increasingly
important. Traditionally, this has been done through leading the stormwater in mixed sewage
pipes to a wastewater treatment plant, or in separate pipes directly to a water recipient. The
consequences of these approaches can be combined sewage overflows when the pipe capacity
is reached, or that water recipients are polluted by untreated stormwater. Therefore,
stormwater best management practices recommend solutions using soil infiltration and plant
mechanisms as alternatives. By adding values like biodiversity and human well-being, such
ecosystem service-based solutions provide a multifunctional use of space that is highly
relevant for dense city areas.
This master's thesis applies a broad perspective on the issue of implementing ecosystem
service-based solutions for stormwater management in Gothenburg, focusing on an existing,
dense city area. Three research questions were asked:
 Which solutions exist that could be suitable?
 How can space be found to implement them?
 What are the main barriers for implementation?
The research was done in the form of a case study in Linnestaden, Gothenburg. Drawing on
backcasting methodology, explorative interviews and a workshop with researchers and
professionals in stormwater management from the public and private sectors were held. The
findings were then used to produce a vision for transformation of the case study area and to
recommend which barriers to address in moving forward.
The study shows that there are many solutions, such as rain gardens and grass infiltration,
already existing that could be tested in Gothenburg. In the developed vision, these solutions
are used for stormwater treatment and flow control together with a resurfaced creek in the
middle of the street. A major finding is that the solutions should be considered as part of a
complex system where existing infrastructure, topography, municipal responsibilities and
many more parameters are included. Such a holistic perspective will be a key to maximizing
the efficiency and acceptance of ecosystem service-based solutions. Finding the space
required to place those solutions is a matter of restructuring streets in a more integrative way.
Today, large areas are used for traffic and parking, which limits the freedom of action for
other services. Three main themes are presented as the main gaps to address to overcome the
barriers. Legitimacy refers to convincing all the stakeholders that stormwater is an urgent
problem. It is identified that more research is still needed about the economical aspect of
ecosystem services and local stormwater impact. Lastly, the city of Gothenburg would benefit
from a structure that redefines responsibilities and facilitate interaction between stakeholders.


We analyze the theoretical moments of a nonlinear approximation to a model of business cycles and asset pricing with stochastic volatility and recursive preferences. We find that heteroskedastic volatility operationalizes a time-varying risk adjustment channel that induces variability in conditional asset pricing measures and assigns a substantial portion of the variance of macroeconomic variables to variations in precautionary behavior, both while leaving its ability to match key macroeconomic and asset pricing facts untouched. Our method decomposes moments into contributions from realized shocks and differing orders of approximation and from shifts in the distribution of future shocks, enabling us to identify the common channel through which stochastic volatility in isolation operates and through which conditional asset pricing measures vary.


This unique commentary allows the interpretation of Isaiah 1-39 to be guided by the final form of the book. It focuses on the theological aspect of the book of Isaiah, giving special attention to the role of literary context. Christopher Seitz explores structural and organizational concerns as clues to the editorial intention of the final form of the material, which he argues is both intelligible and an intended result of the efforts of those who gave shape to the present form of the book.Interpretation: A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching is a distinctive resource for those who interpret the Bible in the church. Planned and written specifically for teaching and preaching needs, this critically acclaimed biblical commentary is a major contribution to scholarship and ministry.


This paper presents the preliminary investigation of the research aiming at creating a competency framework for senior logistics managers in clothing manufacturing firms in Egypt. The purpose of this framework is to describe the knowledge and skills elements that are necessary to perform the most important tasks and functions of logistics managers in clothing manufacturing firms. The preliminary investigation described in this paper aimed at determining the skills and knowledge elements that structure the logistics manager's competency. A content analysis of relevant published texts and interviews revealed 53 elements that relate to the skills and knowledge required for logistics managers. The frequency of these elements was recorded to examine the acknowledged skill and knowledge elements related to the logistics profession in the literature.


Abstract Sesterterpenoids are a relatively rare class of plant terpenes. Sesterterpene synthase (STS)‐mediated cyclization of the linear C25 isoprenoid precursor geranylfarnesyl diphosphate (GFPP) defines sesterterpene scaffolds. So far only a very limited number of STSs have been characterized. The discovery of three new plant STSs is reported that produce a suite of sesterterpenes with unprecedented 6/11/5 and 6/6/7/5 fused ring systems when transiently co‐expressed with a GFPP synthase in Nicotiana benthamiana. Structural elucidation, feeding experiments, and quantum chemical calculations suggest that these STSs catalyze an unusual cyclization path involving reprotonation, intramolecular 1,6 proton transfer, and concerted but asynchronous bicyclization events. The cyclization is diverted from those catalyzed by the characterized plant STSs by forming unified 15/5 bicyclic sesterterpene intermediates. Mutagenesis further revealed a conserved amino acid residue implicated in reprotonation.


Objectives: To critically review current knowledge on the positive and negative predictive value of blood biomarkers for concussion; to illustrate the clinical and biological contexts that help evaluate the use of these markers in sport-related traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). Methods: This systematic review was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. We reviewed the measurement, clinical utility, endpoint, and biological significance of blood biomarkers in concussion. Results: A total of 4352 publications were identified. Twenty-six articles relating to blood biomarkers were included in the review. Four common blood biomarkers, namely S100B, tau, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), were examined. Overall, the studies showed S100B measurement and use, either acutely or at several time points, can distinguish injured from noninjured patients with an uncertain degree of utility in predicting mortality. At present, S100B has largely become an acceptable biomarker of TBI; however, studies have begun to highlight the need to incorporate clinical symptoms instead of S100B concentration in isolation on the basis of inconsistent results and lack of specificity across published studies. Further research is needed to evaluate and validate the use of tau, NSE, and GFAP as a diagnostic aid in the management of concussion and TBI. Conclusions: At present, blood biomarkers have only a limited role in the evaluation and management of concussion. Although several biomarkers of brain injury have been identified, continued research is required. S100B holds promise as the most clinically useful diagnostic biomarker. Blood biomarkers, in combination with other clinical data, such as head computed tomography, would maximize the diagnostic accuracy. The methodological limitations evident in blood biomarker research results in the need for the clinical utility of blood biomarker use in concussion to be further explored.


A new ligand, 1,5-bis( para methoxyphenyl)-3- ethyl-1,4-pantaazadiene has been synthesized by reaction of the 4-methoxyaniline (p-anisidine) with ethylamine. The mixture was stirred in an ice bath for 30 min. The structure of the synthesized compound resulted from the IR and 1HNMR and 13CNMR. Afterwards, a carbon paste electrode modified with this new ligand was developed for the silver determination at nanomolar level concentration. The electerochemical properties of this modified electrode was investigated by employing cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods in an acetate buffer solution (pH=4.8). The effect of pH, scan rate, percentage of modifier and buffer as supporting electrolyte on the electrode process were investigated. The oxidation peak of Ag+ was observed at about 0.4- 0.5 V. The resulting electrode demonstrated linear response across a 10-9 to 10-8 mol.L-1 of silver concentration range with a detection limit value of 1.61×10-10mol.L-1, on the basis of a signal to noise ratio of 3. Relative Standard deviation (RSD%) of the electrode performance was 2.41%. This MCPE, were showed high sensitivity and selectivity to Ag+ ions in aqueous samples.


It is a cherished belief among Thai people that their country was never colonized. Yet politicians, scholars, and other media fi gures chronically inveigh against Western colonialism and the imperialist theft of Thai territory. Thai historians insist that the country adapted to the Western-dominated world order more successfully than other Southeast Asian kingdoms and celebrate their proud history of independence. But many Thai leaders view the West as a threat and portray Thailand as a victim. Clearly ThailandAEs relationship with the West is ambivalent. The Lost Territories explores this conundrum by examining two important and contrasting strands of Thai historiography: the well-known Royal-Nationalist ideology, which celebrates ThailandAEs long history of uninterrupted independence; and what the author terms oNational Humiliation discourse,o its mirror image. Shane Strate examines the origins and consequences of National Humiliation discourse, showing how the modern Thai state has used the idea of national humiliation to sponsor a form of anti-Western nationalism. Unlike triumphalist Royal-Nationalist narratives, National Humiliation history depicts Thailand as a victim of Western imperialist bullying. Focusing on key themes such as extraterritoriality, trade imbalances, and territorial loss, National Humiliation history maintains that the West impeded ThailandAEs development even while professing its support and cooperation. Although the state remains the hero in this narrative,it is a tragic heroism defined by suffering and foreign oppression. Through his insightful analysis of state and media sources, Strate demonstrates how Thai politicians have deployed National Humiliation imagery in support of ethnic chauvinism and military expansion. He shows how the discourse became the ideological foundation of ThailandAEs irredentist strategy, the stateAEs anti-Catholic campaign, and its acceptance of pan-Asianism during World War II; and how the ostate as victimo narrative has been used by politicians to redefine Thai identity and elevate the military into the role of national savior. The Lost Territories will be of particular interest to historians and political scientists for the light it sheds on many episodes of Thai foreign policy, including the contemporary dispute over Preah Vihear. The bookAEs analysis of the manipulation of historical memory will interest academics exploring similar phenomena worldwide.


n engl j med 359;6 www.nejm.org august 7, 2008 e7 A 26-year-old man who smoked and had a long history of poorly controlled asthma and severe environmental allergies was admitted for an exacerbation of asthma. He reported no recent hospitalizations or exposure to tuberculosis and for more than a year had not been taking any medications. A computed tomographic scan was obtained to elucidate multilobar infiltrates that were seen on chest radiographs. Areas of tubular (Panel A, arrows) and cystic (Panel A, arrowhead) bronchiectasis, predominantly in the upper lobes, and bilateral mucous plugging (Panel B, arrows) were seen, along with mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy. His white-cell count was 8000 per cubic millimeter with 8% eosinophils, and his IgE level was 21,494 IU per milliliter (normal range, 0 to 150). A test for human immunodeficiency virus was negative. Genetic testing for cystic fibrosis was negative for the 103 most common mutations. A sputum culture grew Aspergillus fumigatus. Serum aspergillus precipitins were positive, with an index of IgE to A. fumigatus of 9.6 (normal, <2) and an index of IgG to A. fumigatus of 2.4 (normal, <2). Taken together, these findings were consistent with a diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Clinical improvement was seen after a taper of glucocorticoids over a period of 2 months. Subsequently, the patient was lost to follow-up.


A recent study has demonstrated that adiponectin inhibited hypertrophic signaling in the myocardium of mice, implying that a decrease in the blood adiponectin level could cause cardiac muscle hypertrophy. We hypothesized that a relationship might exist between the serum adiponectin level and electrocardiographically diagnosed left ventricular hypertrophy (ECG-LVH), and we examined this hypothesis by epidemiological study of 2839 Japanese male workers who were not taking medications for hypertension. ECG-LVH was defined as meeting Sokolow–Lyon voltage criteria and/or Cornell voltage-duration product. The subjects were categorized by tertiles of serum adiponectin level, and a multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted relating left ventricular hypertrophy to adiponectin tertiles adjusting for potential confounding factors. Prevalence of ECG-LVH in the studied sample was 16.7%. Adiponectin ranged from 1.0 to 5.0 &mgr;g/mL in the lowest category and from 7.4 to 30.6 &mgr;g/mL in the highest. Compared with subjects in the highest adiponectin category, those in the lowest one had a significantly higher prevalence of ECG-LVH independent of age, body mass index, and systolic blood pressure with an odds ratio of 1.50 and a 95% CI of 1.16 to 1.94. Further adjustment for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and insulin resistance did not change the association (odds ratio: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.28 to 2.21; P<0.001). Similar results were obtained when different criteria for ECG-LVH were used or when subjects were stratified by blood pressure or body mass index. Adiponectin concentration was inversely and independently associated with ECG-LVH in Japanese men.


Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore Chilean higher education English as a foreign language (EFL) students' perceptions toward components of their fully online learning experience and their computer self-efficacy during the CoVID-19 pandemic and assess how these variables are influenced by age, gender, and language proficiency. Method: Participants of the study were 236 undergraduate students (110 males and 126 females) who took a fully online EFL course in a professional institute in Chile. Likert-scale questionnaires were used to gather data on perceptions toward fully online language learning components (online participation, collaborative group work, instructional materials, and learning strategies and styles) and computer self-efficacy (CSE). Findings: Participants held overall positive views toward fully online language learning components but had negative views toward online participation. Findings revealed significant relationships between computer self-efficacy and perceptions toward fully online language learning components. The perceptions that learners held toward fully online courses seem to be unaffected by gender and proficiency level, although gender did impact CSE. Implications for Theory and Practice: Feeling disconnected from peers and the learning experience in general can lead to negative attitudes toward online learning as well as feelings of isolation. Learners may feel unmotivated, frustrated, and discouraged to continue participating in the course. Teachers can nurture a sense of community in the classroom by facilitating dialogue, providing timely feedback, moderating student discussions, and building social networks around learners. It is also important to promote healthy levels of computer self-efficacy that can positively influence perceptions toward group work and learning strategies. Conclusion: Emergency remote teaching can have a negative impact on online participation. As more educational institutions provide their students with online options for attending classes, teachers should focus on increasing peer collaboration and interaction.


Considering a range of recent BBC TV programme anniversaries, this article analyses how the BBC has utilised different modes or zones of 'liveness' to promote the value of public service television via 'event' TV. Such anniversary events strategically collapse together the 'hyper-ephemeral' (having to be there) with the 'anti-ephemeral' (commemorating TV history), as longer term audience memories of public service television's trustworthiness and durability are evoked. Contra scholarly debates which have positioned media anniversaries simply as a matter of (hyper-)commodification, I address Doctor Who's 50th, Casualty's 30th, Match of the Day's 50th and EastEnders' 30th anniversary as each shaping a sense of remembered 'public service ephemera'. Through this process, audiences' recollections of past programmes, and their integration with memories of everyday life, are articulated with emotional attachments to the BBC, thus making an affective case for the British Broadcasting Corporation's cultural legitimation. Very different types of TV that we might not usually think to analyse side-by-side – flagship, returning, and soap dramas, along with sports coverage – can all work coherently as programme brands to defend the BBC's cultural standing, without surrendering to what's been termed 'BBC nostalgia', and while simultaneously bidding to colonise second-screen 'digital flows' circulating around TV premieres.


1 Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plastica, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Introduction: Quality of life questionnaires have been shown to be useful to confer greater objectivity to the evaluation of treatment outcomes. In turn, the internationalization of these instruments allows the comparison of different populations, although it requires a specific methodology to avoid misinterpretations due to translation errors or cultural differences. The Facial Outcome Evaluation (FOE) questionnaire, translated to English, is an instrument that is easy to apply and is based on objective questions; therefore, it is highly relevant for this purpose. The questionnaire has already been tested in relation to its reliability, validity, and responsiveness. Objectives: To translate and culturally adapt to the Brazilian Portuguese version of the FOE questionnaire. Methods: The questionnaire was translated and culturally adapted to Portuguese, according to the methodology proposed by Beaton et al., based on the following 5 phases: phase 1, translation by two native Portuguese speakers; phase 2, generation of a synthetic version; phase 3, reverse translation by two native English speakers; phase 4, review by an evaluation committee; and phase 5, application to a population of 20 people. Results: The questionnaire was translated and successfully adapted, without comprehension problems in the final population. ■ ABSTRACT


GALL (Google Assisted Language Learning) refers to Google as a collaborative and communicative tool that supports online and blended language learning. This research paper presents an overview of previous studies on using Google Apps in the process of learning and teaching of English language. A systematic search on ERIC digital library and Google Scholar reviewed the previous studies published during the last ten years. There were one hundred seventy-eight articles, and thirty-four studies were sorted and analyzed using NVivo software. This systematic review showed that using some Google Applications, resulted in developing English language learning and teaching. The writing was the most language skill investigated. Translation practices have changed due to using machine translation with the help of Google Translate web site. Besides, more studies with concern for reading skills, speaking skills, oral reading, and the Google speech recognition system emerged as a promising field for further research.


It is natural to turn to the richness of panel data to improve the precision of estimated tourism demand elasticities. However, the likely presence of common shocks shared across the underlying macroeconomic variables and across regions in the panel has so far been neglected in the tourism literature. We deal with the effects of cross-sectional dependence by applying Pesaran's (2006) common correlated effects estimator, which is consistent under a wide range of conditions and is relatively simple to implement. We study the extent to which tourist arrivals from the US Mainland to Hawaii are driven by fundamentals such as real personal income and travel costs, and we demonstrate that ignoring cross-sectional dependence leads to spurious results.


On its surface, Jesus' Parable of the Talents is a simple story with four key plot elements: (1) A master is leaving on a long trip and entrusts substantial assets to three servants to manage during his absence. (2) Two of the servants invested the assets profitably, earning substantial returns, but a third servant — frightened of his master's reputation as a hard taskmaster — put the money away for safekeeping and failed even to earn interest on it. (3) The master returns and demands an accounting from the servants. (4) The two servants who invested wisely were rewarded, but the servant who failed to do so is punished. Neither the master nor any of the servants make any appeal to legal standards, but it seems improbable that there was no background set of rules against which the story plays out. To the legal mind, the Parable thus raises some interesting questions: What was the relationship between the master and the servant? What were the servants' duties? How do the likely answers to those questions map to modern relations, such as those of principal and agent? Curiously, however, there are almost no detailed analyses of these questions in Anglo-American legal scholarship. This project seeks to fill that gap.


We consider an economy where a finite set of agents can trade on one of two asset markets. Due to endogenous participation the markets may differ in the liquidity they provide. Traders have idiosyncratic preferences for the markets, e.g. due to differential time preferences for maturity dates of futures contracts. For a broad range of parameters we find that no trade, trade on both markets (individualization) as well as trade on one market only (standardization) is supported by a Nash equilibrium. By contrast, whenever the number of traders becomes large, the evolutionary process selects a unique stochastically stable state which corresponds to the equilibrium with two active markets and coincides with the welfare maximizing market structure.


Better Living Through Economics consists of twelve case studies that demonstrate how economic research has improved economic and social conditions over the past half century by influencing public policy decisions. Economists were obviously instrumental in revising the consumer price index and in devising auctions for allocating spectrum rights to cell phone providers in the 1990s. But perhaps more surprisingly, economists built the foundation for eliminating the military draft in favor of an all-volunteer army in 1973, for passing the Earned Income Tax Credit in 1975, for deregulating airlines in 1978, for adopting the welfare-to-work reforms during the Clinton administration, and for implementing the Pension Reform Act of 2006 that allowed employers to automatically enroll employees in a 401(k). Other important policy changes resulting from economists' research include a new approach to monetary policy that resulted in moderated economic fluctuations (at least until 2008!), the reduction of trade impediments that allows countries to better exploit their natural advantages, a revision of antitrust policy to focus on those market characteristics that affect competition, an improved method of placing new physicians in hospital residencies that is more likely to keep married couples in the same city, and the adoption of tradable emissions rights which has improved our environment at minimum cost.


Deep Impact? On 15 February 2013, the Russian district of Chelyabinsk, with a population of more than 1 million, suffered the impact and atmospheric explosion of a 20-meter-wide asteroid—the largest impact on Earth by an asteroid since 1908. Popova et al. (p. 1069, published online 7 November; see the Perspective by Chapman) provide a comprehensive description of this event and of the body that caused it, including detailed information on the asteroid orbit and atmospheric trajectory, damage assessment, and meteorite recovery and characterization. A detailed study of a recent asteroid impact provides an opportunity to calibrate the damage caused by these rare events. [Also see Perspective by Chapman] The asteroid impact near the Russian city of Chelyabinsk on 15 February 2013 was the largest airburst on Earth since the 1908 Tunguska event, causing a natural disaster in an area with a population exceeding one million. Because it occurred in an era with modern consumer electronics, field sensors, and laboratory techniques, unprecedented measurements were made of the impact event and the meteoroid that caused it. Here, we document the account of what happened, as understood now, using comprehensive data obtained from astronomy, planetary science, geophysics, meteorology, meteoritics, and cosmochemistry and from social science surveys. A good understanding of the Chelyabinsk incident provides an opportunity to calibrate the event, with implications for the study of near-Earth objects and developing hazard mitigation strategies for planetary protection.


The Rap Guide to Evolution, brainchild of the Canadian rap artist Baba Brinkman, is a series of 10 music videos produced with support from the Wellcome Trust. Brinkman also did a rap version of the Canterbury Tales. I liked the off-Broadway performance of this self-described "hip-hop tour of evolutionary biology." Teachers may present science in surprising contexts in order to captivate a non-science-major or those with a border line interest. A high point of my intro genetics lecture on Mendel is the YouTube video of rapping "monks," cassocks swirling, dervishlike ("Peas, brothers"). Teachers may also be familiar with Pete Weatherall's songs on DNA and cell division. Brinkman's energetic performance videos, containing clever lyrics, engaging animations, choreography, and splashy graphics, may be used as hooks to spark interest in a genetics or science history lesson. The menu-selectable videos include " Natural Selection," "Artificial Selection," "I'm a African," "Creationist Cousins," "Survival of the Fittest," and six others. Some selections are suitable only for adult audiences: "Hypnotize," "Darwin's Acid," "Worst Comes to Worst," and "DNA" include images, lyrics, or graphics of a sexual nature. Students will sing along with parts of "Natural Selection," when the chorus intones the principle of natural selection: "The weak and the strong, Darwin got it goin' on... whoever leaves the most spawn," as the bearded rapper Darwin gyrates and twirls. A copy of the lyrics could be provided by the teacher in order to facilitate this singalong. In "Artificial Selection," Brinkman describes Darwin as "the first to translate his amazement at the wonder of life into a way to explain it." My favorite video, and the best produced, is "I'm a African," in which Brinkman raps the origins of mankind: "Africa is where my momma got her mitochondria" accompanied by wild graphics. Don't expect to hear the word "mitochondria" in a 50 Cent or Jay-Z rap. I've been humming "The fossil record has gaps but no contradictions" all morning. In "Performance, Feedback, Revision," Professor Baba compares the process of writing a rap with evolution and natural selection, showing how random changes due to mutations alter the text or performance piece (the genetic code). The altered text sees the light of day in the organism's phenotype (the performance), which is accepted or rejected by natural selection (or the audience), feeding back on the endless creative cycle of life. The songs can be downloaded at http://bababrinkman.bandcamp.com/album/ the-rap-guide-to-evolution. Roberta Batorsky Department Editor


This study investigates popular nude fund-raising calendars (naked charitj')
which are renowned for presenting non-idealised bodies of women that do not
conform to the Classical standard. This tactic results in inordinate public
curiosity, and, in some instances, astonishing fund-raising success. Though naked
charity is apparently transgressive in its celebration of non-idealised bodies, I
argue that it ultimately operates as a law-enforcement mechanism. That is, naked
charity reinstalls strict discursive codes governing both what is acceptable, and
what is not, in terms of the female nude in normative contexts.
It is my contention that the code and message (the logic) intrinsic to successful
naked charity is controlled by three deterministic conventions. These
conventions ultimately ridicule and debase the bodies of women in the name of
good causes. While, on the one hand, naked charity is presented as innocent fun,
at the same time, perhaps unwittingly, it remains within paternalistic boundaries
connoting powerlessness in association with the bodies of women.


Many years of research have demonstrated that instead of the total concentration of metals in soil, bioavailability is the key to understand the environmental risk derived by metals, since adverse effects are related only to the biologically available forms of these elements. The knowledge of bioavailability can decrease the uncertainties in evaluating exposure in human and ecological risk assessment. At the same time, the efficiency of remediation treatments could be greatly influenced by availability of the contaminants. Consideration of the bioavailability processes at contaminated sites could be useful in site-specific risk assessment: the fraction of mobile metals, instead of total content should be provided as estimates of metal exposure. Moreover, knowledge of the chemical forms of heavy metals in soils is a critical component in the evaluation of applicability of different remediation technologies such as phytoremdiation or soil washing.


Here, even if I had a thousand dollar in my pocket, I know of no sight which could arouse in me the feeling of ecstasy'. Looking back to Henry Miller's bohemian life in 1930s Paris, when he was an obscure, penniless writer, Quiet Days in Clichy is a love letter to a city. As he describes nocturnal wanderings through shabby Montmartre streets, cafes and bars, sexual liaisons and volatile love affairs, Miller brilliantly evokes a period that would shape his entire life and oeuvre. "His writing is flamboyant, torrential, chaotic, treacherous, and dangerous." (Anais Nin).


This paper, as the title indicates, charts the development of the Youth Service in Mauritius since the pre-independence era. With the growing importance attached to the youth by the government nowadays, there is an urgent need to review the functioning of youth cadres at the Ministry of Youth and Sports (MYS) and see how best to reskill them to assist the youth in coping with the challenges they face so that they develop and mature into a responsible
While the Diploma in Social Work served its purpose at one time, this is no longer tenable. A bespoke programme with a more flexible delivery mechanism is more consonant with contemporary requirements.
Furthermore, since youth officers in full-time / part-time attendance on courses jeopardise the smooth running of the MYS while also straining the purse strings of the Ministry, more cost-effective means have to be resorted to.
The Diploma that the Indira Ghandi National Open University (IGNOU) offers is therefore a reasonable alternative. The mid-term evaluation carried out by the Secretariat of the Commonwealth Youth Programme in 2002 highlights some weaknesses in the delivery of the Diploma in other countries of the region.
As the Division of Distance Education at the MCA has mechanisms in place for the quality management and delivery of flexible learning programmes, this paper also focuses on how the Diploma is going to be delivered to the Youth Officers. The deadlines have already been set for the implementation of the project.


The influence of environmental variability on body form and tissue structure of Cinachyrella australiensis is reported for populations from three sites within Darwin Harbour, Northern Territory, Australia, that varied considerably in hydrological conditions. External morphology of these sponges differed among sites ranging from typical spherical shapes to flattened forms. A large proportion of dry weight consisted of inorganic matter, i.e. silica spicules, varying between 62.9% and 78.2%. Sites with highest water velocity and sediment size were significantly correlated with sponge populations having the greatest inorganic content and lowest organic cellular content and the thickest oxea. Thicker oxea may in part account for the higher structural content of sponges at these sites. There was no significant difference in oxea length among sites. It is concluded that sponges subjected to highly perturbed environs with large water flow and sedimentation regimes may devote more energy to spicule reinforcement relative to organic content. These robust sponges have the potential to make an important structural contribution to their habitats.


Prostitution is low‐skill, labor intensive, female, and well paid. This paper proposes a marriage market explanation to this puzzle. If a prostitute compromises her marriage market prospects, she will have to be compensated for forgone marriage market opportunities. We discuss the link between poverty and prostitution and show that prostitution may decrease with male income if wives and prostitutes are drawn from the same pool of women. We point to the role of male sex ratios, and males in transit, in sustaining high levels of prostitution, and we discuss possible reasons for its low reputation and implications for marriage patterns.


In an era of heightened concern about injustice in relations of identity and difference, political theorists often prescribe equal recognition as a remedy for the ills of subordination. Drawing on the philosophy of Hegel, they envision a system of reciprocal knowledge and esteem, in which the affirming glance of others lets everyone be who they really are. This book challenges the equation of recognition with justice. Patchen Markell mines neglected strands of the concept's genealogy and reconstructs an unorthodox interpretation of Hegel, who, in the unexpected company of Sophocles, Aristotle, Arendt, and others, reveals why recognition's promised satisfactions are bound to disappoint, and even to stifle. Written with exceptional clarity, the book develops an alternative account of the nature and sources of identity-based injustice in which the pursuit of recognition is part of the problem rather than the solution. And it articulates an alternative conception of justice rooted not in the recognition of identity of the other but in the acknowledgment of our own finitude in the face of a future thick with surprise. Moving deftly among contemporary political philosophers (including Taylor and Kymlicka), the close interpretation of ancient and modern texts (Hegel's Phenomenology, Aristotle's Poetics, and more), and the exploration of rich case studies drawn from literature (Antigone), history (Jewish emancipation in nineteenth-century Prussia), and modern politics (official multiculturalism), Bound by Recognition is at once a sustained treatment of the problem of recognition and a sequence of virtuoso studies.


We describe an optical parametric oscillator based on aperiodically poled lithium niobate that generates nearly transform-limited 53-fs duration pulses at a center wavelength of 3mum, corresponding to only 5 optical cycles. Results are presented illustrating the effect of pump- and grating-period chirp on the idler pulses, and a configuration capable of producing idler bandwidths in excess of 700 nm is discussed.


1. Continuous intravenous noradrenaline infusion for 1 week into rats by osmotic minipumps significantly increased blood pressure and left ventricular weight. 2. Concomitant alpha-receptor-blockade infusion significantly lowered blood pressure and the aortic weight without significant reduction in left ventricular weight. 3. Two beta-receptor-blocking agents in noradrenaline-infused rats normalized left ventricular weight and significantly reduced the aortic weight, although blood pressure was still higher than control non-infused rats. 4. In 7-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats, propranolol (perorally for 2 weeks) did not lower blood pressure but reduced significantly cardiovascular protein synthesis ([14C]lysine and [3H]uridine incorporation into non-collagen protein and RNA respectively) in both left ventricle and aorta. This effect was in contrast to hydralazine, which normalized blood pressure but did not reduce cardiovascular protein synthesis. 5. Results suggest that beta-receptors play a modulating role in the structural cardiovascular response to blood pressure.


We analyze properties of decimetric spike bursts occurring simultaneously with microwave gyrosynchrotron continuum bursts. We found that all of the accompanying microwave bursts were highly polarized in the optically thin range. The sense of polarization of the spike clusters is typically the same as that of the optically thin gyrosynchrotron emission, implying preferential extraordinary wave-mode spike polarization. Optically thick spectral indices of the continuum in spike-producing events were not observed to be larger than 2.5, suggesting low or absent Razin suppression. This implies that the plasma frequency-to-gyrofrequency ratio is systematically lower in the spike-producing bursts than in other bursts. The spike cluster flux density is found to be tightly correlated with the high-frequency spectral index of the microwave continuum for each event, while the flux-to-flux correlation may not be present. We discovered strong evidence that the trapped fast electrons producing the microwave gyrosynchrotron continuum have an anisotropic pitch-angle distribution of the loss cone type in the spike-producing bursts. The spike clusters are mainly generated when the trapped electrons have the hardest and the most anisotropic distributions. The new properties are discussed against the currently available ideas about emission processes and models for spike generation. We conclude that the findings strongly support the electron cyclotron maser mechanism of spike emission, with characteristics agreeing with expectations from the local-trap model.


OBJECTIVE:Previously, we demonstrated that a recombinant Listeria monocytogenes (rLM) vector encoding the melanoma-associated antigen, tyrosinase related protein (TRP)-2, could successfully treat subcutaneous B16 melanomas. The purpose of the present study was twofold: 1) to test whether this rLM-nucleoprotein (NP)/TRP-2 could generate antitumor immunity to a B16 tumor challenge in the immunologically privileged central nervous system (CNS) and 2) to develop a noninvasive imaging modality to monitor tumor progression in the brain after immunotherapy. METHODS:Mice were vaccinated with either a control rLM strain expressing only a viral antigen (rLM-NP) or a strain expressing both the viral epitope and TRP-2 (rLM-NP/TRP-2). These mice were then analyzed for their ability to mount tumor-specific T-cell responses, to generate protective antitumor immunity to a CNS tumor challenge, and for the localization of T cells at the tumor site. To noninvasively measure tumor growth within the CNS in vivo, we developed a B16 cell line expressing firefly luciferase that could be readily detected via bioluminescent imaging. RESULTS:Vaccination with rLM-NP/TRP-2 induced a robust, tumor-specific CD8+ T-cell response to the dominant cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope of TRP-2 and selective interferon-&ggr; secretion when cocultured with B16 melanoma cells in vitro. Significant decreases in CNS tumor sizes were easily visualized in mice vaccinated with rLM-NP/TRP-2 compared with mice that received a control rLM expressing the NP epitope alone (rLM-NP). The subsequent decreased tumor size and extension of survival induced by rLM-NP/TRP-2 was similarly associated with an early increase of tumor infiltrating T cells. CONCLUSION:The ability to treat tumors arising within the CNS is difficult because of the nature of the anatomic confines of the brain and a microenvironment that may not promote immune responsiveness. These studies describe an in vivo bioluminescent imaging system to monitor CNS tumor growth in mice, which we successfully used to document decreased intracranial tumor progression and size after vaccination with rLM-NP/TRP-2. The results suggest that metastatic tumors in the CNS can be targeted immunotherapeutically without overt autoimmune toxicity.


AIM
The aim of this study was to make a synthesis of three studies that deal with the following research question: 'How does clinical nursing supervision enhance nurses' experiences of well-being in relation to their psychosocial work environment?'

BACKGROUND
Clinical nursing supervision is one way to support nurses in coping with their stressful work situation.

METHOD
A hermeneutic approach was used to reflect and interpret nurses' experiences of well-being in relation to clinical nursing supervision and psychosocial work environment.

RESULTS
The findings suggest that clinical nursing supervision has an influence on nurses' experiences of well-being and in relation to their psychosocial work environment. Nurses attending clinical nursing supervision reported increased satisfaction with their psychosocial work environment.

CONCLUSIONS
The significance of caring and nursing becomes evident when nurses realize and understand that clinical nursing supervision positively influences their existence and well-being. The value of work becomes clear when nurses reflect on themselves as professionals and as authentic human beings in clinical nursing supervision. This will lead to the emergence of self-recognition.


We present an overview of high-resolution quiet Sun
observations, from disk center to the limb, obtained with the Atacama Large millimeter and sub-millimeter Array (ALMA) at 3 mm. Seven quiet-Sun regions were observed at a resolution of up to 2.5″ by 4.5″. We produced both average and snapshot images by self-calibrating the ALMA visibilities and combining the interferometric images with full-disk solar images. The images show well the chromospheric network, which, based on the unique segregation method we used, is brighter than the average over the fields of view of the observed regions by ∼305 K while the intranetwork is less bright by ∼280 K, with a slight decrease of the network/intranetwork contrast toward the limb. At 3 mm the network is very similar to the 1600 Å images, with somewhat larger size. We detect, for the first time, spicular structures, rising up to 15″ above the limb with a width down to the image resolution and brightness temperature of ∼1800 K above the local background. No trace of spicules, either in emission or absorption, is found on the disk. Our results highlight the potential of ALMA for the study of the quiet chromosphere.


Kimberlite and lamproite exploration programmes have traditionally been underpinned by systematic sampling programmes, aimed at identifying anomalous concentrations of kimberlite indicator minerals (KIMs) proximal to the host rocks. These "pathfinders", which typically include one or more of the phases ilmenite, eclogitic and peridotitic garnets, chromite, Cr-rich diopside, occasionally olivine, and sometimes diamond, tend to concentrate as a lag halo around the source rocks because of their relatively high densities compared to more abundant crustal minerals such as quartz and feldspar.. Dispersion of the KIMs away from the parent rocks by processes such as fluvial and glacial transport, and longshore currents in lacustrine or marine environments, typically results in decreasing concentrations away from the source. However, distal re-concentration of pathfinder minerals may occur in geomorphic settings which act as traps or sinks for relatively dense phases. It is important to distinguish between proximal and distal pathfinder concentrations at an early stage, not only because of the time and cost associated with sampling programmes, but also with the view to planning ongoing exploration to locate the ultimate source rocks. This study highlights some of the typical characteristics of distal KIM anomalies within the Kalahari environment with reference to a major kimberlitic garnet anomaly located in the southwestern Makgadikgadi basin in northern Botswana.


Background District general hospital emergency departments may refer patients to a tertiary center depending on the information available to a generalist clinician in discussion with a specialist team. If there is uncertainty, the lowest-risk strategy is often to transfer the patient. Video consultation allowing the specialist team to see and talk to the patient and local clinician while still in the emergency department could improve decision-making for patient transfer. Objective The aim of this study is to assess the potential benefit of real-time video consultation between remote specialists and emergency department patients and clinicians across all specialties. Methods Detailed patient data were collected prospectively for 6 months (between January 16, 2012, and July 15, 2012) on all patients presenting to a district general hospital emergency department who required input from a specialist team at the nearest tertiary care center. These patients were discussed retrospectively with the specialist teams to determine whether videoconferencing could have benefited their management. The logistics for the use of videoconferencing were explored. Results A total of 18,799 patients were seen in the emergency department during the study period. Among the 18,799 patients, 413 referrals (2.2%) were made to the tertiary center specialist teams. A review of the patients transferred indicated that 193 (46.7%) of the 413 patients who were referred might have benefited from video consultation (193/18,799, 1% of all patients). If the specialist team could be accessed via videoconferencing only while a senior member was available in the hospital (8:00 AM-10:00 PM), then a maximum of 5 patients per week across all specialties would use the equipment. If 24-hour specialist access was available, this would increase to 7 patients per week. Conclusions In regions where there is direct transportation of patients by ambulance to specialist centers and there is a regional picture archiving and communication system in place, video consultation between emergency department patients and specialists has limited potential to improve patient management.


The western flank of the Central Andean Plateau is a crustal‐scale monoclinal fold, expressed in the geomorphology and in the westward tilt of fore‐arc basin strata. Data from three fore‐arc basins quantify the magnitude and time of displacement of the plateau system relative to the fore arc. From 18°30′S to 22°S there is a single monocline strand. There, other authors documented ∼2000 m (±500 m) of early and middle Miocene structural relief growth across small‐scale monoclines, and our data reveal 810 m (±640 m) of ∼11–5 Ma relief growth and 400 m (±170 m) relief growth since ∼5 Ma across a long‐wavelength monoclinal fold limb. This structural relief growth since ∼11 Ma approximates the topographic relief growth between the fore arc and the Altiplano plateau. From 22°S to 24°S there are two subparallel long‐wavelength monoclines. Structural relief on the east side of the fore arc increased by 2840 m (±2510 m) during ∼17–10 Ma and by 2320 m (±1050 m) since ∼10 Ma. Some part of this monoclinal limb rotation led to topographic uplift of the adjacent Puna plateau. Rotation across the western monocline could have increased the altitude of the fore‐arc basins by <900 m since ∼6 Ma and may result from intense heating of the eastern margin of the cold and strong Atacama lithosphere block. Although the wavelengths of the monoclines vary along strike and through time, the monoclinal style of deformation dominated the uplift history of the eastern fore arc of the central Andes throughout the Neogene.


This thesis describes the development of allosteric and bitopic molecular tools for the M₁ muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M₁ mAChR), a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cognitive deficits experienced in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Chapter 1 presents a comprehensive review article that provides a rationale for targeting the M₁ mAChR and an account of the M₁ mAChR-selective allosteric and bitopic ligands that have emerged to date. The perspective at the end of Chapter 1 highlights the ongoing complexities encountered in the advancement of allosteric and bitopic ligand drug discovery. This perspective serves as a basis for the research undertaken in this thesis, as we contend that the development of molecular tools that are able to serve as structural and functional probes may contribute to the resolution of these complexities. Chapters 2 and 3 describe the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a panel of putative irreversible allosteric ligands based on the structure of benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid (BQCA), the first reported orally-bioavailable M₁ mAChR allosteric ligand exhibiting absolute subtype selectivity. From this research, an electrophilic irreversible allosteric ligand MIPS1262 (11, Chapter 2) and a photoactivatable irreversible allosteric ligand MIPS1455 (4, Chapter 3), were developed, affording novel molecular tools for further probing allosteric interactions at the M1 mAChR. Chapter 4 details the development of novel putative bitopic ligands for the M1 mAChR, including the selection of the constituent ligands (iperoxo and BQCA), the design and synthetic incorporation of linkers into their respective structures, and the synthesis and preliminary pharmacology of two putative bitopic ligands (33a and 44, Chapter 4). Such ligands may prove useful in investigating specific structural and functional hypotheses at the M1 mAChR, in addition to presenting as a prospective therapeutic approach for the treatment of cognitive deficits. In Chapter 5, known BQCA analogues exhibiting improved properties compared to the parent molecule were synthesized and subjected to more detailed pharmacological techniques and analysis than have been previously reported. Briefly, we demonstrate that it may be possible to introduce structural modifications into allosteric ligands to specifically 'fine-tune' individual pharmacological properties and use such molecules as in vitro and in vivo tools to delineate the requirements for optimal therapeutic effect without side effects. A diverse toolbox of ligands were synthesized and pharmacologically validated for use in future studies of the M₁ mAChR. A discussion of potential directions for future research is provided in Chapter 6.


We develop local reasoning techniques for message passing concurrent programs based on ideas from separation logics and resource usage analysis. We extend processes with permission- resources and define a reduction semantics for this extended language. This provides a foundation for interpreting separation formulas for message-passing concurrency. We also define a sound proof system permitting us to infer satisfaction compositionally using local, separation-based reasoning.


Objective: To characterize the clinical findings in dogs and cats that sustained blunt trauma and to compare clinical respiratory examination results with post-traumatic thoracic radiography findings.

Design: Retrospective clinical study.

Setting: University small animal teaching hospital.

Animals, interventions and measurements: Case records of 63 dogs and 96 cats presenting with a history of blunt trauma and thoracic radiographs between September 2001 and May 2003 were examined. Clinical signs of respiratory distress (respiratory rate (RR), pulmonary auscultation) and outcome were compared with radiographic signs of blunt trauma.

Results: Forty-nine percent of dogs and 63.5% of cats had radiographic signs attributed to thoracic trauma. Twenty-two percent of dogs and 28% of cats had normal radiographs. Abnormal auscultation results were significantly associated with radiographic signs of thoracic trauma, radiography score and presence and degree of contusions. Seventy-two percent of animals with no other injuries showed signs of thoracic trauma on chest radiographs. No correlation was found between the radiographic findings and outcome, whereas the trauma score at presentation was significantly associated with outcome and with signs of chest trauma but not with the radiography score.

Conclusion: Thoracic trauma is encountered in many blunt trauma patients. The RR of animals with blunt trauma is not useful in predicting thoracic injury, whereas abnormal chest auscultation results are indicative of chest abnormalities. Thorough chest auscultation is, therefore, mandatory in all trauma animals and might help in the assessment of necessity of chest radiographs.


This article examines the quotations of Elizabeth I's iconic portraiture as Virgin Queen in Shekhar Kapur's Elizabeth (1998) and Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007), and their effect on our a posteriori conceptualization of the depicted body of the female sovereign. Using Mieke Bal's concept of preposterous history, I argue that Kapur's transposition of Virgin Queen iconography onto celluloid results in a "(complex) text" that "is both a material object and an effect" (1999: 14). Bal acknowledges that the complexity that lies in the material results of the artistic quotation is not necessarily subversive, as it is dependent on the quoting artist's ideological premise. Indeed, Kapur's intermedial quotation of Elizabethan portraiture imbues the highly complex
body of the female ruler with contemporary heteronormative notions of female
sexuality, thereby reducing it to an object for the male gaze.


This paper describes how Chinese-English bilinguals in Taiwan use their languages in asynchronous computer-mediated communication, specifically, via Bulletin Board System (BBS) and email. The main data includes two types: emails collected from a social network and postings collected from two BBS websites. By examining patterns of language choice and language use in these two types of data, the aim of this research is to investigate how a language contact phenomenon – code-switching (CS) – is realized via different writing systems in online environment The data reveals that there are two levels of CS: CS between languages and CS between writing systems. In terms of CS between languages, three patterns are found: CS between Mandarin and Taiwanese, CS between Mandarin and English, CS between Mandarin, Taiwanese and English. In terms of CS between writing systems, three patterns are also identified: CS between Standard Written Chinese (SWC) and Zhuyin, CS between SWC and English alphabet, and CS between SWC, Zhuyin and English alphabet. This paper presents the two levels of CS by using the examples found in the data and describes the complex relationship between different writing systems and different languages. It is concluded that CS is found to be a common phenomenon on asynchronous CMC, where it fosters multilingualism and multi-orthography.


The case for the Rasch models, that The comparison between two stimuli should be independent of which particular individuals were instrumental for the comparison; and vice versa (Rasch, 1961), does not depend on the models accounting for any data set. This has two distinctive consequences on the data-model relationship for the Rasch models. First, and this was recognized by Rasch, when there are deviations of one sort or another, it turns upside down the question of whether it is the model or the test that has gone wrong (Rasch, 1960). Second, because the invariance of comparisons among stimuli, and vice versa, is built into the model rather than being merely a requirement of data, further implications of this requirement can be derived mathematically. These implications, too, inevitably turn some questions, and their solutions, upside down. It is argued that having to look at these implications upside down produces substantial psychological and intellectual resistance amongst those schooled in looking at them in the traditional way. It is also argued that in turning the question upside down, Rasch had an insight that goes beyond the mathematical derivations, and that to sustain this insight requires a paradigm shift (Kuhn, 1970) in the data-model relationship. Using an illustrative example, it is suggested that to maintain this paradigm shift, even by those who research the Rasch models, requires the same uncompromising consistency and passion that Rasch displayed in maintaining faith in his insight.


Cloud providers and other data center operators are using geo-distributed data centers. But these data centers largely continue to employ the same designs as were appropriate for single data centers. These designs are wasteful because they do not take full advantage of geo-distribution. Geo-redundancy can reduce other redundancy at multiple intermediate layers in individual data centers and decrease costs. We discuss options for changing infrastructure design to realize such savings. Our proposal opens up an exciting and novel area of investigation into the design of software that can effectively leverage such platforms.


The advent of the cloud era has yielded new ways of storing, accessing and managing data. Cloud storage services enable the storage of data in an inexpensive, secure, fast, reliable and highly scalable manner over the internet. Although giant providers such as Amazon and Google have made a great success of their services, many enterprises and scientists are still unable to make the transition into the cloud environment due to often insurmountable issues of privacy, data protection and vendor lock-in. These issues demand that it be possible for anyone to setup or to build their own storage solutions that are independent of commercially available services. However, the question persists as to how to provide an effective cloud storage service with regards to system architecture, resource management mechanisms, data reliability and durability, as well as to provide proper pricing models. The aim of this research is to present an in-depth understanding and analysis of the key features of generic cloud storage services, and of how such services should be constructed and provided. This is achieved through the demonstration of design rationales and the implementation details of a real cloud storage system (CACSS). The method by which different technologies can be combined to provide a single excellent performance, highly scalable and reliable cloud storage system is also detailed. This research serves as a knowledge source for inexperienced cloud providers, giving them the capability of swiftly setting up their own cloud storage services.