The symmetry between internal marketing and external marketing communications has been of interest in the Integrated Marketing Communications literature for some time. Kliatchko (2008) states that the culture of marketing needs to be communicated internally at all levels of the organsation including areas outside of the marketing domain such as HR and Finance. Fill (2009) talks about employees 'living the brand'. The purpose of this is to ensure that an organisation is communicating the same values and culture internally and externally (Luck and Moffatt, 2009). However Laurie and Mortimer (2011) discovered that one of the main differences between IMC theory and practice was that practitioners placed less emphasis on the role of internal communications. The purpose of this study is to examine how corporate personality and culture is managed internally and externally in the UK communications industry. This industry is currently going through fundamental changes due to the influence of digital media and the development of integrated marketing communications (KeyNote, 2012). Although much is written about the industry and how it is changing in publications such as Campaign and Brand Republic, the author is unaware of any studies that have applied the academic theories of corporate personality and corporate identity to this particular industry. Such a study is worthwhile in that, not only does it provide an insight into how corporate personality is utilised in a highly competitive industry to achieve differentiation, but it also provides a picture of how these agencies may approach this issue when working with clients. Do they "practice what they preach", in terms of IMC, or say one thing to clients and do another themselves.


Summary The Corncrake Crex crex breeds in the Palearctic but overwinters in central and southern Africa. While some information had previously been gathered about the Corncrake's African wintering distribution, we here analyse a much more comprehensive database of 1,284 records based on a five-year desk study completed in January 2011 and use those records selected for spatiotemporal accuracy to build a continental distribution model. Our model was based mostly on climatic variables and predicts a high suitability for most eastern Africa countries south of the equator, but none of the western African countries with the exception of Angola and Namibia. Both the actual number of records as well as the distribution model thus indicates that the vast majority of Corncrakes migrate through and overwinter in the eastern parts of Africa. Because large parts of Angola, Mozambique, north-eastern Namibia, and Tanzania are predicted as suitable but have yielded very few actual records so far, they should be targeted for future field work. A very small number of Corncrakes may oversummer in Africa but such individuals are possibly unable to migrate due to sickness or injury, or may be first-year birds that are not ready to breed. An analysis of habitat and population density data indicates that, within the continental distribution, Corncrakes are mostly concentrated within grass-dominated habitats, mirroring their habitat preferences in the breeding areas. Corncrakes reach their wintering distribution mostly through an eastern migration route, but some individuals or subpopulations from the Western breeding population also use a western migration route. We also document the food choices, weights, and causes of injury and death within Africa. Because habitat conversion is accelerating all across Africa, we recommend constant monitoring of habitat availability and population densities within the Corncrake's wintering distribution.


The advent of mesoporous silicas such as MCM-41 has provided new opportunities for research into supported metal catalysis. The loading of metals into framework structures and particularly into the pores of porous molecular sieves, has long been of interest because of their potential catalytic activity. The larger pore sizes of mesoporous silicas allow for the possibility of preparing dispersions of metal/metal oxide particles within the pores while still allowing access by reagent molecule. In standard fabrication processes, metal particle size is not well controlled. Most studies of metal/metal oxide loaded mesoporous silicas report metal/metal oxide particles larger than the pore diameter. In the present work, new methods of preparing metal loaded systems have been developed to facilitate a more even dispersion of the metal. The metals were loaded as readily decomposed organometallic complexes so the chemistry involved in forming the metal/metal oxide particles minimized possible sintering effects. New synthetic routes were developed to facilitate loading into the pores or the framework of the silica matrix. An optimised acid synthetic route for preparing MCM-41 was used throughout. The acid concentration, surfactant concentration, reaction time and stirring rate, all of which have strong influence on the morphology and structure of the mesoporous materials under acidic synthetic conditions, were optimised to give systems of maximum surface area while exhibiting regular pore structures and good stability. The refined reaction conditions of high stirring speeds, low surfactant concentration, high acid concentrations and short reactions times developed in the present work represent important improvements in synthetic methodology giving stable, well ordered, small pore, thick walled and high surface area products. Single metal and mixed metal organometallic complexes were loaded into the preformed mesoporous supports by a modified imbibing method and then decomposed to prepare metal and mixed metal nanoparticles within the structures. However, loading by this method caused disordering and destruction of the MCM-41 porous supports, the broadening of the XRD diffraction lines, and the significant reduction of pore size, pore volume and specific surface area. A major contribution of the current work has been the development of two methods for controlling the loading of metals into the structures during synthesis. These methods offer the significant advantages of loading without structural effects and yielding producing systems where surface area increased rather than decreased with loading. By the M method, a hydrophobic organometallic complex was incorporated within the micelle system formed by the surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. This micelle system containing the organometallic complex forms the template for the pores during the sol-gel formation of the mesoporous solids. Incorporation of the metal within the micelle facilitates the dispersion of the metal throughout the surfactant phase filling the pores of final precursor material. Calcining to remove the organic material favours leaving the metal or metal oxide in the form of small particles widely and uniformly dispersed in the mesoporous channels. By the T method, organometallic molecules are dissolved in the Si(OEt)4 of the synthesis mixture. Calcining the organic material from the resulting precursor favours leaving the metal or metal oxide in a widely and uniformly dispersed state in the walls of mesopores. The synthetic methods developed were extended to prepare mixed metal nanoparticles of defined composition using single-source mixed metal organometallic compounds. In this way novel mixed metal (Mo/Fe and Mo/Co) phases with compositions determined by the stoichiometry of the initial mixed metal complex were produced and characterised. The nature of the metal/metal oxide particles was studied by XRD and TEM. At the metal loadings obtained (ranging up to 4%) crystalline metal and metal oxide particles should be readily detected. The absence of well defined XRD peaks characteristic of the metal or metal oxides in any of the samples provided evidence that the metals after calcining were well dispersed, with particles sizes less than a few nm and too small to give diffraction signals. TEM studies revealed a clearly defined hexagonal pore structure with pore diameters of approximately 2 nm but gave no evidence of metal particles larger than the resolving power of the instrument (approximately 1 nm).


The evapotranspiration estimation has great importance to crop productivity and agricultural water management. In this study, evapotranspiration is analyzed in a coffee (Coffea arabica L.) crop located in Piracicaba, state of Sao Paulo (Brazil) using a numerical method based on the simulation of both water flow and crop activity in the unsaturated zone of the soil. Actual evapotranspiration is estimated from potential evapotranspiration using water stress functions, meteorological data, soil hydraulic parameters, crop coefficients and leaf area index values. Crop transpiration and soil evaporation are individually quantified improving the analysis of the evapotranspiration process. The numerical procedure can predict periods of crop water stress and becomes an attractive tool to analyze the effect of non-standard conditions on coffee crops and to design efficient irrigation schedules. Simulated evapotranspiration values are in good agreement with experimental values determined in the study site.


Classical liberalism failed when philosophical thought turned away from the Scottish School toward the German school. The solution is to look back, not to Kant as a starting point in an effort to move forward, but to some of Kant's contemporaries, those that the criticisms of Kant and other German school philosophers eventually silenced and banished from consideration. I propose that the Enlightenment went wrong when we eventually abandoned the Scottish School for the German School. Over the last two hundred plus years, philosophy has progressively elaborated upon ideas that were flawed, slightly at first, at the start into what now might be simply called absurdity.

Furthermore, I propose that the acceptance of Neoplatonic ideas of Thomas Hobbes by the Federalist, and their eventual total victory in United States domestic politics and interpretation of law, combined with other factors such as passions of the Transcendental generation and a progressive increase in bad philosophical ideas in the form of ideologies, completed the destruction of Classical Liberalism/Republicanism and lead to absurdity in economic thought and policy, as well as political theory and politics. These factors affect not only policy and history in the United States but have come to shape geopolitics and history.


Integrated Product Development (IPD) is comprehensively discussed in literature. The human-centered approach offers a parallelized set of work activities in interdisciplinary teams. Due to the rapid globalization of IPD activities in the companies, project members are often obliged to work remotely in teams and through virtual means of communication. However, with the recent shift towards working remotely in IPD teams new challenges have emerged that might adversely affect the success of IPD projects. The objective of the paper is to outline the key factors strengthening and weakening the IPD process in a remote multidisciplinary team environment. To fulfill the objective, a case study on an international multidisciplinary team of postgraduate students working on a design project with an IPD approach, was conducted. The results highlight key success factors and their contributions to the project success in a remote multidisciplinary team environment. Additionally, key weaknesses of such approach and their negative impacts are also indicated.


Many methods have been proposed to identify informative subsets of genes in microarray studies in order to focus the research. For instance, the recently proposed binarization of consensus partition matrices (Bi-CoPaM) method has, amongst its various features, the ability to generate tight clusters of genes while leaving many genes unassigned from all clusters. We propose exploiting this particular feature by applying the Bi-CoPaM over genome-wide microarray data from multiple datasets to generate more clusters than required. Then, these clusters are tightened so that most of their genes are left unassigned from all clusters, and most of the clusters are left totally empty. The tightened clusters, which are still not empty, include those genes that are consistently co-expressed in multiple datasets when examined by various clustering methods. An example of this is demonstrated in this paper for cyclic and acyclic genes as well as for genes that are highly expressed and that are not. Thus, the results of our proposed approach cannot be reproduced by other methods of genes' periodicity identification or by other methods of clustering.


After thermal curing a composite plate or component, it is expected to have residual stresses which might affect the fabrication quality and the mechanical performance of the composite. In the present work, a distributed optical fibre sensor (DOFS) was embedded in a carbon fibre panel, measuring the development of residual stresses by monitoring in real-time the manufacturing process, from the resin infusion to the curing cycle, and the changes experienced within. An optical sensor interrogator detects and measures changes in strain and temperature along the DOFS with high precision and accuracy, making it possible to obtain a full strain/temperature profile. Data acquired from the embedded sensor led to track and characterise the strain profile at every stage of the manufacturing process. doi: 10.12783/SHM2015/16


Individual reference values for 2D echocardiographic measurements. The Stockholm-Umeå Study. Access to the published version may require subscription. Objectives: Improved reference values for 2D echocardiographic measurements are required, even when more recent echocardiographic technology is employed. In addition, it may be preferable to individualize reference values from age, gender and body characteristics of any subject. Design: A material of 180 healthy subjects was collected and investigated, aiming for an even distribution of sex and age (from 20 to 80 years of age; the Stock-holm material). For atrial areas, material from another 216 healthy subjects with similar sex and age distribution was added (the Umeå material). The 2D measures determined were the left and right ventricular diameters in diastole, the left ven-tricular diameter in systole, the thickness of septum and posterior wall, the diameters of the aortic root (sinotubular junction) and the left atrium (all in parasternal view), together with the left and right ventricular diameters in diastole and left and right atrial areas in end-systole (apical four-chamber view). The width of the inferior vena cava (from subcostal view) was also determined. Results: Confidence intervals for females and males are presented for each of these measures. Multiple linear regression analyses with age, sex and measures of body characteristics as predictors were also performed, and for eight of the 12 measurements , such equations are presented. Conclusions: It is possible to obtain more highly individualized reference values for these cardiac dimensions, which may clinically be a better way of distinguishing pathological states from normal states.


When a digital TV system is operating far in excess of the operational threshold, there is no discernible advantage to either the user or broadcaster due to the hard failure characteristics of digital TV. In a digital network, this threshold can vary due to changes in the propagation medium and user receiving equipment, necessitating a transmit power margin sufficient to cover all propagation and equipment variations. Hence if the system could be adaptively tuned to operate at just above the threshold, then significant energy savings could be made. A spatially adaptive system was evaluated through hardware-in-the-loop analysis; here a channel emulator was used to physically model array gain and fading conditions, and feedback nodes were constructed allowing broadcast powers to be manipulated based on evaluating user feedback. The effects of such a system on the U.K. Digital terrestrial television (DTT) network were evaluated and the advantages highlighted potential power savings of up to 2.1 dB being obtainable. This equates to an electricity reduction of between 33 million and 58 million kWh per year, saving between £3.5 million and £6.1 million ($4.4 million and $7.6 million) and reducing carbon emissions by between 13.7 million and 24 million CO2e. This paper thus illustrates the potential energy savings for a DTT network, using the U.K. as a worked example.


My research has been on the development of concurrent algorithms for shared memory systems that provide guarantees of progress. Research into such algorithms is important to developers implementing applications on mission critical and time sensitive systems. These guarantees of progress provide safety properties and freedom from many hazards, such as dead-lock, live-lock, and thread starvation. In addition to the safety concerns, the fine-grained synchronization used in implementing these algorithms promises to provide scalable performance in massively parallel systems. My research has resulted in the development of wait-free versions of the stack, hash map, ring buffer, vector, and a multi-word compare-and-swap algorithms. Through this experience, I have learned and developed new techniques and methodologies for implementing non-blocking and wait-free algorithms. I have worked with and refined existing techniques to improve their practicality and applicability. In the creation of the aforementioned algorithms, I have developed an association model for use with descriptor-based operations. This model, originally developed for the multi-word compare-and-swap algorithm, has been applied to the design of the vector and ring buffer algorithms. To unify these algorithms and techniques, I have released Tervel, a wait-free library of common algorithms and containers. This library includes a framework that simplifies and improves the design of non-blocking algorithms. I have reimplemented several algorithms using this framework and the resulting implementation exhibits less code duplication and fewer perceivable states. When reimplementing algorithms, I have adapted their Application Programming Interface (API) specification to remove ambiguity and non-deterministic behavior found when using a sequential API in a concurrent environment.


Lively and anecdotal, "Viva Baseball!" chronicles the struggles of Latin American professional baseball players in the United States from the late 1800s to the present. Even as "Fernandomania" raged in 1981, most Latin players felt lonely, shunned, and forgotten. Samuel O. Regalado reveals the shocking racism faced by these immigrant athletes in a white culture. In addition to mining the National Baseball Library in Cooperstown, New York, and the Sporting News archives, Regalado conducted interviews with some twenty-five Latin baseball stars, including Felipe Alou, Orlando Cepeda, and Tony Oliva.


Fluidized bed technology is used for thermal conversion of solid fuels (combustion and gasification) and is especially suitable for conversion of low-rank fuels such as biomass and waste. The performance of fluidized bed units depends on the fuel mixing and fuel-gas contact. Thus, it is important to understand these two phenomena in order to develop models for reliable design and scale up of fluidized bed units. This work investigates, under conditions representative for industrial fluidized bed units, the lateral fuel mixing (in a unit with a cross section of 1.44 m2 both at hot and cold conditions) and the bubble flow distribution (in a 1.2 m-wide 2-dimensional unit).

The work confirms previous findings on the formation of preferred bubble paths and shows that these bubble paths are enhanced by lowering the fluidization velocity, increasing the dense bed height and reducing the pressure drop across the gas distributor.

From the fuel mixing experiments, an estimation of the lateral effective dispersion coefficient to values in the order of 10-3 m2/s is obtained under both hot and cold conditions. The experiments under cold conditions give additional qualitative information on the fuel mixing patterns such as flotsam/jetsam tendencies. The camera probe developed for fuel tracking under hot conditions enables to study the fuel dispersion under real operation at relevant industrial scales.

Based on the characteristics of the bubble path flow, a model for the horizontal fuel dispersion on a macroscopic scale is formulated, which is able to give a good description of the experimental data. As opposed to the commonly applied diffusion-type modeling of the lateral solids dispersion, the proposed model facilitates integration with models of the bubble flow. Thus, the present modeling work is a step to provide a modeling of the fuel dispersion, which uses as inputs only the main operational parameters of the fluidized bed.


Although often dismissed as a minor offshoot of the better-known German movement, expressionism on the American stage represents a critical phase in the development of American dramatic modernism. Situating expressionism within the context of early twentieth-century American culture, Walker demonstrates how playwrights who wrote in this mode were responding both to new communications technologies and to the perceived threat they posed to the embodied act of meaning. At a time when mute bodies gesticulated on the silver screen, ghostly voices emanated from tin horns, and inked words stamped out the personality of the hand that composed them, expressionist playwrights began to represent these new cultural experiences by disarticulating the theatrical languages of bodies, voices, and words. In doing so, they not only innovated a new dramatic form, but redefined playwriting from a theatrical craft to a literary art form, heralding the birth of American dramatic modernism.


In recent times, the question of whether transitional justice can and should ameliorate structural inequalities has been taken up with increased interest by scholars and policy makers. This has led to more 'transformative' understandings of transitional justice, which seek to inter alia broaden its conception of justice to include both restorative and redistributive agendas. The Colombian restitution program explicitly adopts a transformative concept of reparations and thus provides an opportunity to consider how a broader conception of justice could be translated into practice through transitional justice mechanisms. While recognising that both restorative and distributive justice can contribute to the reparative needs of victims, this article argues that a transformative approach does not adequately consider the genuine tensions between these dimensions. In addition to this theoretical obstacle, the difficulties of implementation suggest that it creates unrealistic expectations of what reparations can accomplish in practice.


Patient satisfaction and understanding is an essential factor in the psychological well being of individuals with, or suspected of having, lung cancer. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of patients attending the Rapid Access Lung Clinic at University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool. A telephone survey of 47 patients was conducted using a structured questionnaire scored on a scale of 1 to 5. Seven main themes were identified: referral to hospital form primary care; patient involving in management (empowerment); information regarding treatment; written information; care during treatment; delays in service, and care from specialist team. Supplementary questions bases on each theme were also completed on specific aspects of the service. High satisfaction scoring (87%) was recorded in 5 of the 7 main themes. Referral to hospital from primary care and delays in overall service showed a reduced high satisfaction score of 66% and 70% respectively. The supplementary questions offered additional insight to promote greater patient satisfaction. Despite rapid access for diagnosis and treatment patients identified potential delays in the service and in some cases the need for greater information regarding treatment options to enable patient empowerment. This survey highlights the important role and skills possessed by a lung cancer specialist team in promoting support, guidance, and information to patients with, in most cases, a terminal disease.


This article from the January 2018 issue of the European Respiratory Journal was originally published with errors in figure 1. The numbers of subjects for each institute indicated in the box headed "Centre distribution" should have been Dr Josep Trueta Hospital (n=37) and Vall d'Hebron Hospital (n=7) and in the box headed "Allocated to placebo (n=22)" should have been Received allocated intervention (n=22) Dr Josep Trueta Hospital (n=19) and Vall d'Hebron Hospital (n=3) The corrected figure is presented below, and the original article has been corrected and republished online. No further changes to the body text of the article were needed to address the error.


This article will present an ongoing Erasmus + Innovative Academic Course on Integrative Interventions for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders, IACIIC-ASD, implemented betweeen 2017/2019 by the West University of Timisoara (WUT) Department of Educational Sciences, in partnership with Universita degli studi di Firenze (UNIFI), Universitatea Lucian Blaga din Sibiu (ULBS) and Sveuciliste u Zagrebu Edukacijsko-Rehabilitacijski Fakultet (ERF). The need for an internationaly developed course in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is high because all of us must stay in tune with curent theoretical and methodological approaches to provide best quality training for the future specialists. The ASD is one of the most researched domain in special education and related fields and the parents and specialists feel a constant need to find new solutions and modern therapeutic methods for best addressing the children needs. By proposing a course that will present the most recent theories and findings in the field and will discuss the best options in educating the children with ASD we aim to train better professionals and increase the future specialists` competence. Also, this course will be accessible via an on-line platform so becoming an open/course for all interested parties. The virtual clinic for ASD will be a virtual scientific environment where students, academics, specialist and parents can exchange knowledge, expertise, experiences and good practices.


An analytical form for the lightwave angular frequency (/spl omega/) dependence of the squared value of the differential group delay in concatenated single-mode optical fiber systems is introduced. We show that the dependence can be described by a combination of cosine functions of rotation angles and their sums and differences of the fiber pieces, which are located between the two end pieces of the concatenated system. Using the analytical expression, the /spl omega/ dependence of real fiber systems can be simulated, providing information about the birefringence configuration of the system. Comparison with experimental data taken on real systems yields good qualitative agreement even if only few concatenations are considered.


This study focuses on the grammaticalization of agreement markers from possessive pronouns, which has two different dimensions: loss of referentiality (function) and loss of morpho-phonological independence (form). I examine the referential potential and formal expression type of possessive person markers in a worldwide sample of 39 languages with an alienability distinction. Referential potential is measured independently of expression type by applying a new typology of person markers. First, I demonstrate that inalienable possessive marking is at least as referential and formally independent as alienable possessive marking, and often less referential and less independent. Unlike explanations in terms of frequency and iconicity, I argue that this asymmetry is essentially semantics-based: the presence of a possessive relationship is inherent to the meaning of the inalienable noun, which is therefore in less need of expressive marking than alienable nouns. Second, I show that loss of referentiality correlates with loss in form, but in a relative rather than an absolute sense: in individual languages, higher referential markers never show a greater degree of bonding with the possessee than lower referential markers. These results suggest that function and form evolve in the same direction, but need not evolve at the same pace.


This book draws together work from across Europe by leading clinical researchers who have been looking into the effectiveness of psychoanalytic interventions. They are mostly time limited, brief, non-intensive ways of working so are applicable in many settings and can therefore be generalised to other clinical teams. The populations worked with are diverse and often present mainstream services with refractory clinical problems, so an applied psychoanalytic approach is well worth trying given the evidence presented in this volume.

There is in addition an excellent theoretical chapter on the issues for such clinical research from Stephen Shirk which merits consideration by those wanting to evaluate their own work.

This book has had a long gestation but it is an important contribution to services for child and adolescent mental health services to ensure the full menu of interventions is retained in these times of financial restraint with increasing family distress and concerns about inadequate parenting, family breakdown and troublesome adolescents.


The eastern master fault of the Siena Graben (central Italy), known as Rapolano Fault, is a place of migration of a large amount of CO2-rich gas from deep geothermal reservoirs. Under particular topographical and meteo-climatic conditions, large emissions of carbon dioxide can represent serious hazards to human and animal life. Carbon dioxide is a carrier gas for radon (Rn), the concentrations of which are high in the soil despite the low U content of the overburden. CO2 pressure also drives the upwelling of thermal waters producing at the surface, in some places, radioactive (226Ra rich) travertine formations, inducing higher soil-gas Rn levels. Three main types of hazards, mechanical, toxicological and radio-ecological, may occur depending on the upwelling fluid phases (gas alone or gas plus water). Gas distribution and partitioning in different micro-environments (e.g., soil pores, groundwater, ground-atmosphere interface) should be taken into account when planning hazard-assessment surveys.


Summary and Conclusions
Observations are reported on a group of nearly 100 patients with sporozoite-inoculated Plasmodium vivax (Chesson strain) treated with chloroquine. Included was the treatment of 83 primary attacks and 101 relapses. Two treatment regimens were used: 1.5 grams base orally or 0.4 gram base intramuscularly. The primary attacks responded rapidly to treatment with either regimen. All cases followed sufficiently long were found to relapse after treatment. Of these, 45 were treated with 1.5 grams and 8 with 0.4 gram; there was no appreciable difference between the two where the treatment-to-relapse interval was concerned. The severity or duration of the primary attack prior to treatment could not be related to the treatment-to-relapse interval, nor could the number of infective bites used to induce the infection.
Relapses were treated as they occurred with one of the two regimens and were followed to further relapse or to conclusion in a number of cases. Treatment-to-relapse intervals were about the same after each attack; there was no difference in intervals after 1.5 or 0.4 grams dosages of drug. Twenty-five of 30 first relapses showed renewed activity after treatment, as did 17 of 19 second relapses, 7 of 10 third relapses, and two of four fourth relapses. One of the fifth relapses showed renewed activity.
Immunes inoculated with sporozoites usually experienced a short clinical course and, after treatment, a single asymptomatic parasite relapse.
Relapses occurred later and less frequently after treatment of extended clinical attacks than was the case in those attacks terminated prior to extensive clinical malaria, as reported by others in experimental work in volunteers.
It is concluded that in the Chesson strain of P. vivax extreme variability in patterns of infection and relapse is the rule in cases of the type considered.


Economic growth is a driving force in reducing poverty, but experience has shown that good governance and pro-poor choices are vitally important in the process of alleviating poverty. This paper explores linkages between governance and pro-poor growth in Pakistan for the period 1996 to 2005. The analysis indicates that governance indicators have low scores and rank at the lowest percentile as compared to other countries. The dimensions of pro-poor growth, which include poverty, inequality, and growth, demonstrate that the poor do not benefit proportionately from economic growth. It is found that poverty and inequality have worsened and the share in income and expenditure for the bottom 20 percent has also decreased, while inflation for this lowestincome group is high as compared to the highest-income group. It is also observed that approximately 25 percent households reported that their economic status was worse than in the previous year, 2004-05. The results of the study show that a strong link exists between governance indicators and pro-poor growth in the country. Econometric analysis shows that there is a strong relationship between good governance and reduction in poverty and inequality. It is concluded that greater voice and accountability, political stability, regulatory quality, and rule of law can control corruption and the pro-poor policies, which ultimately reduce poverty and inequality in the long run. To face the challenge of good governance, Pakistan needs to formulate, and implement effectively, its governance policies to improve the governance dimensions, taking account of both higher growth and the aim of achieving the Millennium Development Goals, which require halving poverty by 2015.


Over the last fifteen years, unpaid internships have become a part of our generation's psyche. You try to get into the best college; then you try to get the best unpaid internship; and finally you try to get the best full-time job. This pattern, however, has raised four primary problems. First, it disadvantages students from the middle and lower class because they can't afford to take unpaid internships, which increases and perpetuates socioeconomic and often racial inequality. Second, when interns are not paid, various federal sexual harassment and discrimination legal protections do not apply, since courts have held that such interns are not classified as employees. Third, the emphasis on having work experience in today's employment market necessitates that already debt-burdened students take unpaid internships, putting themselves into further financial trouble. And fourth, employers are firing full-time employees and replacing them with teams of unpaid interns. Despite these concerns, unpaid internships persist, and as of today, there is little to no case law about them — mainly because interns fear the whistle-blower stigma that would arise from bringing a lawsuit. Recently, however, two class action suits were launched against prominent media and entertainment companies. My Comment seeks to shape the law for these cases of first impression. Using a Supreme Court case from the 1940s, the Fair Labor Standards Act, and the Department of Labor's Fact Sheet #71, I propose a simple test to determine the legality of unpaid internships: if a for-profit employer, ex ante, expects to derive a benefit from the internship, then the intern is an "employee" (not a "volunteer") who deserves at least the minimum wage and also protection from sexual harassment and discrimination.


Zaki Shirazi has arrived back in Lahore, Pakistan, to celebrate the wedding of his childhood friend and elder cousin Samar Api to her long sought-after 'Amitabh' - a stand-in for the Bollywood star she always dreamed of marrying. Amidst the flurry of preparations in the house in which he grew up, Zaki can't help but revisit the past - his childhood as a fatherless boy growing up in a household of outspoken women and his and Samar's intertwined journeys from youth to adulthood. Raised to consider themselves 'part of the same litter', Zaki and Samar watched American television together, memorized dialogues from Bollywood movies and attended dangerous protests with Zaki's campaigning, political journalist mother. But as Zaki becomes drawn into Samar's secret life of romantic schemes and lends her his support in trying to orchestrate the future, they both find themselves suffering the consequences.


Purpose – The purpose of this research is to develop a theoretical understanding of indirect leadership in a severely stressful peacekeeping context, focusing on the perspective of subordinates. Peacekeeping missions in recent decades have led to increased exposure to acute danger.Design/methodology/approach – Retrospective in-depth interviews were carried out with 17 Norwegian officers and soldiers, who were involved in the handling of a violent riot in Kosovo during a peacekeeping mission. The interviews were analyzed using a grounded theory approach.Findings – A model emerged with three categories: Situational Characteristics, Organizational Characteristics, and the Commander's Intent. A related core category was labelled Subordinates' Appraisal or Sensemaking. During the climax of the riot, a strict following of the ordinary chain of command was impractical. Local initiatives at lower organizational levels were needed, but these, in turn, required competence and a trustful organizational environment.Research limitations/implications – Not representative of the entire population. Given the male-dominated military context under consideration, there could be no meaningful analysis of possible gender-related differences. The results related to a general model of indirect leadership and specific stress. Organizational theory-related additions and limitations are suggested.Practical implications – The proposed model may be a practical tool for management education.Originality/value – The study's identification of key aspects of indirect leadership in severely stressful contexts is a useful addition to the literature.


In this path-breaking book, Richard Zerbe introduces a new way to think about the concept of economic efficiency that is both consistent with its historical derivation and more useful than concepts currently used. He establishes an expanded version of Kaldor–Hicks efficiency as an axiomatic system that performs the following tasks: the new approach obviates certain technical and ethical criticisms that have been made of economic efficiency; it answers critics of efficiency; it allows an expanded range for efficiency analysis; it establishes the conditions under which economists can reasonably say that some state of the world is inefficient. He then applies the new analysis to a number of hard and fascinating cases, including the economics of duelling, cannibalism and rape. He develops a new theory of common law efficiency and indicates the circumstances under which the common law will be inefficient.


The ability of low, clinically relevant levels of the chemotherapeutic drugs epirubicin and vinblastine to induce drug resistance was examined in the K562. U937, KG-la and HEL human leukaemia cell lines. Treatment with epirubicin and vinblastine induced the MDR phenotype and P-glycoprotein expression in K562 and U937 cells. However this treatment had no effect on drug resistance in the P-glycoprotein expressing KG-la and HEL cells. In the U937 cells, drug resistant cells were not only MDR but were also resistant to other drugs including cisplatinum and chlorambucil which are not normally associated with MDR. The drug resistant U937 sublines were also sensitised to doxorubicin, cisplatinum and chlorambucil by buthionine sulphoximine (BSO), suggesting that glutathione-related mechanisms also contributed to resistance in these sublines. The U937 sublines also had an increased DNA content and an increased ability to recover from DNA damage, as determined by cell cycle analysis, indicating that the broad cross-resistance exhibited by these cells was due to the co-existence of multiple resistance mechanisms. Drug treatment induced changes in expression of differentiation associated antigens in all four cell lines. Treatment with inducers of differentiation (TPA, sodium butyrate, granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor; GM-CSF). Treatment of K562 and K562/El5B cells with TP A induced megakaryocytic differentiation, with increases in drug resistance, and increased P-glycoprotein expression in the K562/El5B subline. TPA induced monocytic differentiation in the U937 cells but not the U937/E 15 subline, with increased P-glycoprotein expression and function in the U937/El5 cells but not the U937 cells. Staurosporine, an inhibitor of PKC, inhibited differentiation in these cell lines, but did not inhibit increases in P-glycoprotein expression, suggesting drug resistance was not mediated by PKC. Sodium butyrate induced erythroid differentiation, and increased P-glycoprotein expression in the K562/El5B cells. However at a higher concentration (15 mM) this was not accompanied by increased drug resistance. Granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) did not induce differentiation in the K562 cells or K562/El5B subline, although the K562/El5B cells became more drug resistant after treatment with GM-CSF. Treatment with GM-CSF induced differentiation in the U937/El5 subline but did not change drug resistance in either the U937 cells or the U937 /E 15 subline. Therefore the P-glycoprotein expressing K562/E15B and U937/E15 sublines were more responsive to inducers of differentiation than the parental cell lines. Induction of differentiation therefore induced increases in P-glycoprotein expression and drug resistance, suggesting that expression of P-glycoprotein or a multidrug resistance phenotype was associated with differentiation. 11


AIM
This study aimed to examine the extent, range and variety of research in Europe describing healthcare interventions for older people with dementia (PwD) and family caregivers.

METHODS
This was a scoping review and followed the PRISMA Scoping Review guideline. MEDLINE, CINAHL and Cochrane library databases were searched for studies published between 2010 and 2020. Studies reporting healthcare interventions in Europe for PwD over 65 years and their family caregivers were included.

RESULTS
Twenty-one studies from six European countries were included. The types of healthcare intervention identified were categorized as follows: (1) family unit intervention (interventions for both PwD and their family caregiver), (2) individual intervention (separate interventions for PwD or family caregivers) and (3) family caregiver only intervention (interventions for family caregivers only but with outcomes for both PwD and family caregivers).

CONCLUSIONS
This review provides insight into healthcare interventions for older PwD and family caregivers in Europe. More studies are needed that focus on the family as a unit of care in dementia.


The purpose of this paper is to provide a conceptual framework for the study of the relationship between service satisfaction, quality of alternative, investment size and customer loyalty in Indonesian banking industry. Previous studies have looked at factors influencing customer loyalty, but only a few of these studies applied an investment model to predict customer loyalty. The present study intends to fill this gap in the literature by applying the investment model that is originally developed in the psychology literature. The advantage of this model is that this model does not only examine the customer's internal but also investigate customer's external motives for loyalty. In this conceptual paper, a framework is presented on how to study the relationship between investment model and customer loyalty in banking industry in Indonesia. This framework can be used by researchers and practitioners to study and model empirical research into this area in the future.


We use images of high spatial and temporal resolution, obtained using both ground- and space-based instrumentation, to investigate the role magnetic field inclination angles play in the propagation characteristics of running penumbral waves in the solar chromosphere. Analysis of a near-circular sunspot, close to the center of the solar disk, reveals a smooth rise in oscillatory period as a function of distance from the umbral barycenter. However, in one directional quadrant, corresponding to the north direction, a pronounced kink in the period–distance diagram is found. Utilizing a combination of the inversion of magnetic Stokes vectors and force-free field extrapolations, we attribute this behavior to the cut-off frequency imposed by the magnetic field geometry in this location. A rapid, localized inclination of the magnetic field lines in the north direction results in a faster increase in the dominant periodicity due to an accelerated reduction in the cut-off frequency. For the first time, we reveal how the spatial distribution of dominant wave periods, obtained with one of the highest resolution solar instruments currently available, directly reflects the magnetic geometry of the underlying sunspot, thus opening up a wealth of possibilities in future magnetohydrodynamic seismology studies. In addition, the intrinsic relationships we find between the underlying magnetic field geometries connecting the photosphere to the chromosphere, and the characteristics of running penumbral waves observed in the upper chromosphere, directly supports the interpretation that running penumbral wave phenomena are the chromospheric signature of upwardly propagating magneto-acoustic waves generated in the photosphere.


In this study the suitability of a laboratory analogue for coke for studying the reactivity of coke was evaluated. Coke reactivity and strength are closely related, as such, an improved understanding of the kinetics of blast furnace coke reactions can be used to enhance blast furnace performance. However, coke is a complex composite material, with an inherent heterogeneity with respect to oxide phase composition and phase dispersion. The complexity and heterogeneity of coke makes it difficult to isolate the effects of a specific component on coke reactivity. The coke analogue has been developed to address these issues and was used for controlled testing of specific mineral, and to some degree maceral, effects on reactivity. The reaction of coke analogue with CO2 was studied using thermogravimetric analysis to measure the kinetics at temperatures from 850 to 1350°C. The reaction rate behaviour of the analogue is similar to that reported for industrial coke. The gasification rate increased with increasing temperature and three reaction zones corresponding to different kinetic control regimes, as found in industrial coke, have been identified. These findings show that the coke analogue demonstrates similar reaction kinetics to industrial coke indicating its suitability for use in coke kinetic studies.


White Dendrobium (Dendrobium candidum Wall. ex Lindl.) is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb that is used raw or processed for health care products in China (4). It is propagated by tissue-cultured seedlings largely because of its dramatic decrease in the wild from heavy market demand. In July 2011, a wilt disease was observed on 1-year-old seedlings in a cultivated field in Yueqing City, Zhejiang Province, China. Initial symptoms were one to several chlorotic leaves in a cluster of plants. As the disease progressed, leaves wilted before dropping. Vascular discoloration was not observed in infected stems. Individual plants wilted, bent, and rotted starting from the base and eventually all plants in a cluster wilted. Three strains isolated from stem tissues collected at different sites were grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and carnation leaf agar (CLA) under a 12-h alternating cycle of light and dark at a temperature of 25°C. Macroconidia were sparse, three-septate, slightly curved, and ranged from (21.1) 23.9 to 32.7 (36.9) × (2.8) 3.3 to 4.2 (4.8) μm. Microconidia were abundant, unicellular, oval to reniform, and ranged from (5.3) 6.0 to 8.2 (9.4) × (2.2) 2.5 to 3.3 (3.6) μm on PDA. Abundant chlamydospores formed after 3 weeks on CLA. Chlamydospores were single and sometimes in pairs, terminal and intercalary, rough walled, and measured (6.7) 7.6 to 10.2 (11.9) × (5.9) 6.8 to 8.8 (10.4) μm. Strains were identified as Fusarium oxysporum on the basis of morphological features (2). PCR amplification of genomic DNA using the primers ITS6 and ITS4 as well as ef1 and ef2 (translation elongation factor 1-α gene) generated sequences of approximately 500 bp and 670 bp, respectively. ITS sequences were submitted to the NCBI database (Accession Nos. JQ809654, JQ809655, and JQ809656), and were identical to the sequence for F. oxysporum, Accession No. HQ379654 (3). Three sequences of a portion of TEF-1α (Accession Nos. JQ809657, JQ809658, and JQ809659) had 99% similarity with an isolate of F. oxysporum isolate from chickpea (Accession No. HQ731057) (1), thus confirming the identity of the pathogen. The roots of five to seven transplanted seedlings of a cluster grown for 2 months in pasteurized potting media (primarily chipped pine bark) were inoculated with 15 ml of a 107 conidia ml-1 suspension of each isolate. There were 10 replicates for each isolate treatment. Sterile water was used as a negative control. Plants were grown in the greenhouse at 28 ± 2°C. Lateral roots turned brown 15 days after inoculation. Leaves started to turn yellow 1 month after inoculation and the plants began to wilt 2 months after inoculation. Noninoculated controls did not develop disease symptoms. The pathogenic isolates were reisolated from all diseased plants. Isolates have been deposited at the Biotechnology Institute, Zhejiang University (F_01, F_02 and F_03). To the best of our knowledge, this is first record of Fusarium wilt of D. candidum in China. References: (1) D. Jiménez-Fernández et al. Plant Dis. 95:860, 2011. (2) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA, 2006. (3) N. Rajmohan et al. Plant Pathol. 131:631, 2011. (4) J. Z. Zhang et al. Plant Pathol. 57:370, 2008.


The IETF makes heavy use of email lists to conduct its work. This
often involves accessing the archived history of those email lists.
Participants would like to have the ability to browse and search those
archives using standard IMAP clients. This memo captures the
requirements for providing a service that would allow such browsing
and searching, and it is intended as input to a later activity for the
design and development of such a service.


Spatial (river site) and temporal (seasonal/diel) variations in the relative abundance of native and introduced Gammarus spp. (amphipods) compared to all other macroinvertebrates in the benthos, drift and gut contents of resident salmonids, were investigated in eight Northern Ireland rivers. Despite marked seasonal and diel changes in salmonid diets, Gammarus was a minor prey item, representing <5 % of all prey items in stomachs at 7 sites dominated by the native species Gammarus duebeni celticus. In these sites, larval Baetis spp. (Ephemeroptera) and Chironomidae (Diptera) represented the main components of fish diets. In contrast, in a site where the introduced species G. pulex dominated, it formed between 75 and 98 % of 1+ and 2+ trout stomach samples. The fish of this site also had consistently lower dietary diversities than fish at all other sites, reflecting a lower diversity in the macroinvertebrate community. Salmonids rarely showed distinct preferences for Gammarus, except in the site dominated by G. pulex. Indeed, there was an avoidance of Gammarus by fish in many rivers. Therefore, the relative abundance of Gammarus spp. in salmonid diets may ultimately depend on its availability' in the environment and the range of alternative prey species present. This study also highlights the ambiguous nature of the outcomes of attempting to manipulate fish diets by introducing new prey species.


This study uses multivariate regression to isolate determinants of per capita VMT in California from the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), as well as a Chow Test to identify structural change between the 2001 and 2009 NHTS. Results across the 2001 and 2009 NHTS data sets indicate certain determinant variables have emerged over time and others have changed in strength of impact. Our findings support mixed methods VMT reduction strategies to achieve near- and longterm GHG targets.


Persistent scatterers (PSs) are coherent measurement points obtained from time series of satellite radar images, which are used to detect and estimate millimeter-scale displacements of the terrain or man-made structures. However, associating these measurement points with specific physical objects is not straightforward, which hampers the exploitation of the full potential of the data. We have investigated the potential for predicting the occurrence and location of PSs using generic 3-D city models and ray-tracing methods, and proposed a methodology to match PSs to the pointlike scatterers predicted using RaySAR, a ray-tracing synthetic aperture radar simulator. We also investigate the impact of the level of detail (LOD) of the city models. For our test area in Rotterdam, we find that 10% and 37% of the PSs detected in a stack of TerraSAR-X data can be matched with point scatterers identified by ray tracing using LOD1 and LOD2 models, respectively. In the LOD1 case, most matched scatterers are at street level while LOD2 allows the identification of many scatterers on the buildings. Over half of the identified scatterers easily correspond to identify double or triple-bounce scatterers. However, a significant fraction corresponds to higher bounce levels, with approximately 25% being fivefold-bounce scatterers.


The Jurassic to Holocene record of black shale deposition in the Tethys‐Mediterranean region is unrivalled by that of any other ocean basin, either in land sections or drill cores. The term 'black shale' is used here broadly for sediments with elevated organic carbon concentrations (> 1%), including the Pliocene to Recent sapropels. Most of the black shales are devoid of benthonic organisms, are laminated, and were deposited in distinct rhythms during periods when the deep waters of the ocean basins were anoxic or dysoxic. The Tethyan black shale records have become essential in studies of the transfer of organic carbon into the sediment record and for astronomical tuning and geological time scales. These records have been central in understanding climate control on ocean dynamics and biogeochemical cycles. The Mesozoic black shales were deposited within well‐defined time envelopes of around 0·5 to 1 Myr. These black shales, which were confined to certain chronostratigraphic intervals in the Jurassic and Cretaceous, were recognized as expressions of global Oceanic Anoxic Events in the mid‐1970s and subsequently named after prominent researchers (Bonarelli, Selli, Goguel). The black shale episodes were dated by biostratigraphic methods and by high‐resolution chemostratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy. Mesozoic black shales are now interpreted as the oceanographic expression of major perturbations of the global carbon cycle and climate. Research into younger (Pliocene to Pleistocene) sedimentary cycles (including black shales, termed sapropels) exposed in land sections, or found in pelagic and hemipelagic marine sediment cores of Late Quaternary age, started in the 1950s. Main threads pursued from this end of the record were the climatic control of oceanic processes that permitted the development of highly detailed and precise time scales tuned to the astronomical clock of insolation changes, palaeoclimate evolution of the circum‐Mediterranean area and biogeochemical dynamics in anoxic basins. After 50 years of intensive research, the Tethyan and Mediterranean black shales remain subjects of fascination in Earth Science. Tracing the origins and building upon recent progress, the current hypotheses on their formation are reviewed here. It is a panorama of complex interplays between global and regional tectonics, climate dynamics during both Ice House and Greenhouse states of global and regional climate, oceanographic responses to these climate changes, and biogeochemical adaptations that were all needed to shape an extraordinary archive of global change in the absence of human activity.


In the late 1980s/early 1990s the concept of leadership was introduced in the study of international regimes to describe the role negotiating parties some-times would take on to craft agreement. The concept seemed to grasp an essential feature of multilateral cooperative efforts: that parties can be differentiated by the extent to which they are capable of, and willing to, take on a particular responsibility of guiding other parties in directions that could lead to joint solutions. The concept of leadership has only to a small extent been subjected to critical analytical and conceptual discussion. In this article we revisit the concept by asking: What are the characteristic features of leadership in international negotiations? Our analysis shows that current conceptualizations of leadership are associated with significant ambiguities that make it hard to distinguish leadership behavior from other types of bargaining behavior and that these problems are reproduced in empirical identifications of this mode of bargaining behavior.


Abstract. Australia and Southeast Asia are hotspots of global diversity in the fruit-fly genus Bactrocera. Although a great diversity of species has been long recognised, evolutionary relationships are poorly understood, largely because previous sequencing techniques have provided insufficient historical signal for phylogenetic reconstruction. Poorly understood biogeographic history in Bactrocera has prevented a deeper understanding of migratory patterns in this economically important pest group. Using representatives from Australia and Malaysia, we tested the utility of a genome-reduction approach that generates thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms for phylogenetic reconstructions. This approach has high utility for species identification because of the ease of sample addition over time, and the species-level specificity able to be achieved with the markers. These data have provided a strongly supported phylogenetic tree congruent with topologies generated using more intensive sequencing approaches. In addition, our results do not support taxonomic assignments to species complex for a number of species, such as B. endiandrae in the dorsalis complex, yet find a close relationship between B. pallida and the dorsalis species. Our data have further validated non-monophyletic evolution of male response to primary attractants. We also showed at least two diversification events between Australia and Southeast Asia, indicating trans-regional dispersal in important pest species.


Uncertainty quantification in risk analysis has become a key application. In this context, computing the diagonal of inverse covariance matrices is of paramount importance. Standard techniques, that employ matrix factorizations, incur a cubic cost which quickly becomes intractable with the current explosion of data sizes. In this work we reduce this complexity to quadratic with the synergy of two algorithms that gracefully complement each other and lead to a radically different approach. First, we turned to stochastic estimation of the diagonal. This allowed us to cast the problem as a linear system with a relatively small number of multiple right hand sides. Second, for this linear system we developed a novel, mixed precision, iterative refinement scheme, which uses iterative solvers instead of matrix factorizations. We demonstrate that the new framework not only achieves the much needed quadratic cost but in addition offers excellent opportunities for scaling at massively parallel environments. We based our implementation on BLAS 3 kernels that ensure very high processor performance. We achieved a peak performance of 730 TFlops on 72 BG/P racks, with a sustained performance 73% of theoretical peak. We stress that the techniques presented in this work are quite general and applicable to several other important applications.


A shell-concentrated sandstone bed (50–53 cm thick), containing sporadic vesicomyid and thyasirid shells up to 10 cm in diameter, occurs in the Lower Pleistocene Nojima Formation, which is a forearc basin fill on the Miura Peninsula, Pacific side of central Japan. The sandstone bed consists of three units (in ascending order): Unit 1, a cm-thick reverse-graded, coarse-grained to pebbly coarse-grained sandstone; Unit 2, a 25-cm-thick normally graded, pebbly coarsegrained to fine-grained sandstone; and Unit 3, a 10-cm-thick parallellaminated, fine-grained sandstone. Units 1 and 2 contain abundant small molluscan shells, commonly with a maximum length of less than 1 cm and including a wide variety of shallowto deep-water species, whereas molluscan shells are rare in Unit 3. Vesicomyid and thyasirid shells occur mainly in Unit 2, and rarely in Unit 3. The molluscan shells throughout bed are commonly fragmented and abraded. We measured the shell orientations of bivalves and gastropods in units 1 and 2, excluding shell fragments. In Unit 1, the axes of the gastropod shells and the commissure planes of the bivalve shells are randomly oriented, but those in Unit 2 commonly dip southward. We interpreted the sandstone bed as having been deposited by both a debris flow (Unit 1) and a turbidity current (Units 2 and 3) occurring in sequence during a single gravity flow event with a northward flow direction. This sediment gravity flow originated in shallow-water sediments containing shallow-water molluscan shells and subsequently entrained mollusks living in a wide variety of environments, including a cold seep site where vesicomyids and thyasirids flourished. These results indicate the existence of active cold seepage not at the study exposure, but south of the exposure, at the time of the sediment gravity flow event.


Inferring topological and geometrical information from data can offer an alternative perspective on machine learning problems. Methods from topological data analysis, e.g., persistent homology, enable us to obtain such information, typically in the form of summary representations of topological features. However, such topological signatures often come with an unusual structure (e.g., multisets of intervals) that is highly impractical for most machine learning techniques. While many strategies have been proposed to map these topological signatures into machine learning compatible representations, they suffer from being agnostic to the target learning task. In contrast, we propose a technique that enables us to input topological signatures to deep neural networks and learn a task-optimal representation during training. Our approach is realized as a novel input layer with favorable theoretical properties. Classification experiments on 2D object shapes and social network graphs demonstrate the versatility of the approach and, in case of the latter, we even outperform the state-of-the-art by a large margin.


The authors incorporate the processes of erosion and deposition in a numerical model to predict the stratal geometries and facies patterns produced during episodic thrusting in a nonmarine foreland basin. The resultant stratigraphic record is characterized by a stairstepped facies package in which each retrogradation of facies (toward the thrust) marks the onset of a thrusting event. The retrogradation of facies coincides with the migration of the forebulge toward the thrust and the generation of an erosional unconformity. In the past, changes in basin wavelength during basin evolution have been interpreted to record viscoelastic relaxation of the lithosphere. This model suggests that changes in basin wavelength are a natural consequence of the interplay between thrust and sediment loading on an elastic lithosphere.


Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the stakeholder management system, within the real estate industry, and in light of the theories on negotiations and decision-making processes. Design/Methodology/Approach: This article critically reviews research from real estate and management literatures to systematize what we already know about stakeholder management within real estate development projects. Findings: The literature has indicated analysis as an external stakeholder should follow the following steps: i) identify the external stakeholders, ii) estimate their needs and interests, iii) analyse the potential impact these can have on decisions about the project, iv) evaluate solutions for the implementation of the project while respecting the interests of the stakeholders. Originality/value: The influence of these subjects on real estate development projects is increasingly crucial to the success of the project itself. Therefore, it is important to identify additional management tools that allow the real estate firms to reduce problems and disputes arising from the injury of the interests of the external stakeholders. The paper is developed through a critical recognition of the literature. Discussion of literature review's results and implications for future research follow. Finally, a theoretical model for a systemic stakeholders' management is developed.


Consider a group of nodes connected through multiple-access channels and the only observable feedback on the channel is a binary value: either one or more nodes have transmitted (busy), or no node has transmitted (idle). The channel model thus described is called Beeping Model and captures computation in hardware using a group of sequential circuit modules connected by a logic-OR gate. It has also been used to study chemical signaling mechanisms between biological cells and carrier-sensing based wireless communication. In this paper, we study the distributed complexity of two fundamental problems in the Beeping Model. In both problems, there is a set of nodes each with a unique identifier i ∈ {1, 2, . . . , n}. A subset of the nodes A ⊆ {1, 2, . . . , n} is called active nodes. In the Membership Problem, every node needs to find out the identifiers of all active nodes. In the Conflict Resolution Problem, the goal is to let every active node use the channel alone (without collision) at least once. We derive two results that characterize the distributed complexity of these problems. First, we prove that in the Beeping Model the two above problems are equally hard. This is in stark contrast to traditional channel models with ternary feedback in which the membership problem is strictly harder than conflict resolution. The equivalence result also leads to a randomized lower bound for conflict resolution, which shows a relative powerlessness of randomization in the beeping model. On the other hand, we observe that parallelization could be particularly powerful in Beeping Model, and our second result is to propose a novel deterministic parallel algorithm that takes significantly less time than previous solutions using a reasonable number of parallel channels.


A two-dimensional (2D) / three-dimensional (3D) convertible display system based on integral imaging is proposed to adopt a novel switchable point light source array, which is implemented using the polarization modulator and the polarization selective scattering film that transmits or scatters the incident light due to its polarization direction. The 2D and the 3D display modes of the proposed system can be modulated by controlling the polarization direction of back light using the polarization modulator. We explain the basic principles of the proposed system and verify the feasibility of the system through preliminary experiments.


In 2009, the General Teaching Council for England (GTCE) introduced a revised Code of Conduct and Practice (2009) for registered teachers. The code also applies to all trainee teachers who are provisionally registered with the GTCE and who could be liable to a charge of misconduct during their periods of teaching practice. This paper presents the results of a small-scale piece of research that utilises Q-methodology to ascertain trainee teacher alignment with the code. Our research concludes that trainee teachers in the sample have a high degree of homogeneity in relation to prioritising specific areas of the code, namely those pertaining to ethical behaviours. They do not prioritise those areas of the code relating to classroom-based skills which they have yet to develop. The paper questions the efficacy of a code which represents an aggregate of a code of conduct, a code of ethics and a set of standards for practice.


The Invisible Bicycle brings together different insights into the social, cultural and economic history of the bicycle and cycling in historical eras of ubiquitous bicycle use that have remained relatively invisible in bicycle history. It revisits the typical timeline of cycling's decline in the 1950s and 1960s and the renaissance beginning in the 1970s by bringing forth the large national and local variations, varying uses and images of the bicycle, and different bicycle cultures as well as their historical background and motivations. To understand the role, possibilities and challenges of the bicycle today, it is necessary to know the history that has formed them. Therefore The Invisible Bicycle is recommended also to present-day practitioners and planners of bicycle mobility.


The role and training of graduate primary care mental health workers (GMHWs) are being developed to enable them to contribute effectively to the provision of primary care mental health services. An important role for GMHWs is to provide direct, safe and effective evidence-based interventions. Concern has been expressed about the level and type of client work possible for these newly qualified graduates with no previous training and no professional group to ensure regulation. This paper describes a framework for safe and effective client work, provided by GMHWs during their training, for clients with anxiety and depression. The approach of facilitated self-help using the cognitive behavioural therapy model, is illustrated with four case studies. The client work was provided as part of a training programme, which enabled the development of generic therapeutic skills and skills specific to facilitated self-help. This equipped the GMHWs with the skills to provide more accessible primary care interventions in the future.


INTRODUCTION
Taking as a premise that the study concerning the morbimortality of migrant populations may make a contribution to a better understanding of the epidemiology of diseases, mainly the chronic-degenerative ones and their related risk factors, the aim of this study is an analysis of the mortality experience of a population of migrants born in Japan, but living in the State of Paraná, Brazil, and a comparison of their pattern of mortality with those of Japan and Paraná.

METHODS
The population studied was composed of the Japanese migrants - Issei - living in the State of Parana, Brazil, of more than 50 years of age, identified in the X General Brazilian Census of 1st September, 1991. Information on deaths which occurred between 1st March 1990 and 28th February, 1993, was obtained through the Ministry of Health data base. The main causes of death were analysed after the calculation of the age-adjusted death rates, using the world standard population older than 50 years old, for each sex, for the Issei, the inhabitants in Japan and in Paraná. Standardized Risk Ratio - SRR - and respective 95% confidence interval were estimated for selected causes among Issei versus the population living in Japan and Issei versus persons living in Paraná.

RESULTS
Among the main results, it was observed that the female Issei mortality rate was in an intermediary position when compared to Japan's and Paraná's rates, while men showed figures quite close to the Japanese rates. Concerning the specific causes, it was observed that among male Issei, when compared to the Japanese population, the rates were significantly lower for stomach, but higher for diabetes and ischaemic heart diseases. Regarding the female Issei aged 50 or more years old, only the death rate for lung cancer was itself significantly lower than that of Japanese women. When compared to the Paraná pattern, the male Issei rates were lower regarding ischaemic heart and cerebrovascular diseases. Concerning stomach and lung cancer, there was no statistical difference. The female Issei rates were lower for lung cancer and ischaemic heart diseases. Regarding diabetes and cerebrovascular diseases, no significant difference among rates was detected.

CONCLUSIONS
The results obtained make it possible to assert a deviation in the Issei pattern of mortality from that of their country of origin (Japan) and a perseptible approximation to the pattern of their new homeland (Paraná). Such observations suggest the influence of socio-cultural factors, mainly dietary habits, on their morbi-mortality.


A spectre is still haunting historians of nineteenth-century France, the spectre of the bourgeois revolution of 1830, surviving despite the exorcism of revisionists. It is a spector that distorts our image of the liberal opposition to Charles X and of the victors after the July Days. Restoration prefects, moved from department to department with increasing rapidity in Charles X's reign, were content to categorize critics of the Polignac government as bourgeois. In the July Monarchy socialists vilified the elite as an established bourgeoise who robbed the real revolutionaries, the artisans, of their rights.3 Early socialists, including Marx, defined bourgeois broadly, to embrace landowners, but later marxists, writing when France was less of an agrarian state, labelled the bourgeoisie of 1830 as a business and industrial elite. The most recent generation of revisionist historians has shown, by empirical and detailed investigations, that the development of industry and accompanying social change occurred over several centuries and that revolutions, in particular, 1789, were mainly political events and more likely to retard than to facilitate the evolution of bourgeois capitalism. Thus revisionist historians of nineteenth-century France refer to 'notables' and stress the numerical dominance of landowners rather than businessmen in the elite of both the Restoration and the July Monarchy.


There are many test charts and software to determine the intrinsic geometric calibration of a camera including distortion. But all of these setups have a few problems in common. They are limited to finite object distances and require large test charts for calibrations at greater
 distances combined with powerful and uniform illumination. On production lines the workaround for this problem is often times the use of a relay lens which itself introduces geometric distortions and therefore inaccuracies that need to be compensated for.

 A solution to overcome these
 problems and limitations has originally been developed for space applications and has already become a common method for the calibration of satellite cameras. We have now turned the lab setup on an optical bench into a commercially available product that can be used for the calibration of
 a huge variety of cameras for different applications. This solution is based on a diffractive optical element (DOE) that gets illuminated by a plane wave generated with an expanded laser diode beam. In addition to the conventional methods the proposed one also provides the extrinsic orientation
 of the camera and therefore allows the adjustment of cameras to each other.


We propose a novel semantic parsing framework for question answering using a knowledge base. We define a query graph that resembles subgraphs of the knowledge base and can be directly mapped to a logical form. Semantic parsing is reduced to query graph generation, formulated as a staged search problem. Unlike traditional approaches, our method leverages the knowledge base in an early stage to prune the search space and thus simplifies the semantic matching problem. By applying an advanced entity linking system and a deep convolutional neural network model that matches questions and predicate sequences, our system outperforms previous methods substantially, and achieves an F1 measure of 52.5% on the WEBQUESTIONS dataset.


This contribution discusses the experience of the euro, and the extent to which its future is promising. The discussion begins with the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) theoretical framework and policies, and adopted by the European Central Bank (ECB), and the extent to which fiscal policy, pursued by the EMU member countries, and monetary policy, pursued by the ECB, have been successful. The theoretical background of this approach is based on the New Consensus Macroeconomics (NCM), but it differs; and this is elaborated upon and discussed extensively. This discussion inevitably includes the post Global Financial Crisis (GFC), the Great Recession (GR) and the euro-crisis period in an attempt to examine the consistency of the theoretical background and the fiscal and monetary policies pursued. In terms of the future of the euro, the discussion just suggested enables this contribution to conclude that the extent to which the euro would survive requires further economic policies. Such policies, in addition to the current monetary policy, should be especially proper EMU fiscal policy, and other policies as discussed in this contribution. In effect this amounts to the suggestion that political integration is what is required to enable the euro to survive in the future.


Plagiarism, a complex and contested issue related to engaging with texts, has deservedly received considerable research attention in recent times. However, there is more to integrating academic reading into writing than the issue of plagiarism. Through the voices of others, writers negotiate their position in their discourse community, align themselves to the epistemological value systems of discipline(s) and adopt appropriate stances. This has to be done in ways that are acceptable to the discipline and calls for appropriate engagement with previous studies and the reader. A fine balancing act is expected of a doctoral thesis: the right mix of humility with regard to the existing literature and a confident, expert identity with respect to their own research. International students, who use English as an Additional (EAL) language, often report difficulties in meaningfully integrating reading into writing. The present paper draws on a study that aimed at exploring their textual experiences through interviews and textual analysis. I argue on the basis of findings from the study that some of our pedagogy with regard to integration of sources may be reductive if it is focused solely on direct and indirect quotations, punitive views on plagiarism and a mechanistic explication of referencing techniques. The APPRAISAL taxonomy, which enables the analysis of lexical and grammatical choices made for specific rhetorical purposes, is used as a tool to investigate student texts. Aspects of the taxonomy could potentially inform pedagogic initiatives for a nuanced approach to teaching textual incorporation.


Contamination of food with Salmonella is a serious public health concern, and Community legislation on animal health covers the control of salmonella as a food-borne zoonotic agent. However, salmonellosis is a common bacterial disease responsible for major foodborne diarrheal disease in companion animals. For this reason, in some circumstances, the stamping-out policy of Salmonella control is replaced by therapeutic intervention, but the use of antimicrobials is not always recommended. This paper presented the options of treatment in the food-borne diarrheal disease associated with salmonellosis in companion animals (dogs and cats). The actual concept of salmonellosis treatment in companion animals comprise symptomatic and supportive therapy, diet and client education (increasing the quality of life, restrict access to the animal, good hygiene). Diet will be adapted at particularities of each clinical case, and may involve food restriction (1-2 days) and a high digestible, low-fat diet. To increase the quality of life, the microclimate conditions should be reconsidered. Development of a treatment plan for salmonella infections aims to facilitate the application of the best therapy but especially the removal of possible errors. The form of treatment depends on the severity of illness. The symptomatic treatment consists of replacing fluid and electrolyte losses: polyionic isotonic solutions, plasma transfusions, hypertonic glucose solutions. Specific treatment is chosen after culture and susceptibility testing (DST). As a conclusion, therapeutic management of salmonellosis should be approached as a plan, following all goals and using the best antimicrobial therapy in order to control the risk of creating carrier animals.


Fluoroscopic guided procedures are increasingly being performed outside main radiology departments particularly in operation theatres. In some procedures the patient dose per procedure falls in the range of 5 to 30 mSv of effective dose and in some others local radiation is high enough with risks of radiation induced skin injuries. Generally most fluoroscopy machines used in operation theatres do not have protective lead glass screens for operators and other staff and thus there is possibility of higher exposure to staff. There has been general lack of training in radiation protection of doctors performing these procedures. Medical physicists are often asked to provide training or advice in such situations. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has recently finalized a publication under the chairmanship of the presenter which is going to be published as Annals of ICRP 117. It deals with radiological protection aspects in vascular surgery, urology, orthopaedic surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology, gastroenterology, anaesthetics & pain management and sentinel lymph node biopsy. The IAEA has made available training materials as ppt slides on this subject that can be downloaded free and members of AAPM can effectively use. The IAEA has conducted training programs in which specialists from more than 35 countries have participated. The presentation shall review the work of ICRP and IAEA in this area in many countries. Learning Objectives: 1. To understand radiationdoses and risks to patients and staff in fluoroscopic guided procedures performed outside radiology such as in operation theatres 2. To become familiar with recent international resources in this area 3. To understand radiation protection methods as applicable in specific situation of procedures in operating theatres


By measuring the sonogram of an ultrashort pulse with a two-photon detector we have demonstrated a robust and sensitive complete characterization method for 80fs pulses derived from a self-mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser. Acquisition and retrieval rates as high as 0.5 Hz are demonstrated, and the design of a rapid-acquisition configuration is described, where we discuss the use of white-light interferometry to achieve a nearly dispersionless bandpass filter. Excellent agreement is obtained between retrieved pulse data and independent experimental pulse measurements.


An estimated 5.3 million Americans live or work in nature-deprived venues such as prisons, homeless shelters, and mental hospitals. Such removal from nature can result in an "extinction of experience" that can further lead to disinterest or disaffection toward natural settings, or even biophobia (fear of the natural environment). People who infrequently – or never – spend time in nature will be deprived of the numerous physical and emotional benefits that contact with nature affords. We report on the effects of vicarious nature experiences (nature videos) provided to maximum-security prison inmates for one year, and compared their emotions and behaviors to inmates who were not offered such videos. Inmates who watched nature videos reported feeling significantly calmer, less irritable, and more empathetic, and committed 26% fewer violent infractions as compared to those who did not watch the videos. Prison staff corroborated these findings. This research reinforces the value of nature exposure as a powerful tool not only for corrections administrators, but also for urban planners and policy makers, to promote socially desirable behaviors.


In the infinite-armed bandit problem, each arm's average reward is sampled from an unknown distribution, and each arm can be sampled further to obtain noisy estimates of the average reward of that arm. Prior work focuses on the best arm, i.e., estimating the maximum of the average reward distribution. We consider a general class of distribution functionals beyond the maximum and obtain optimal sample complexities in both the offline and online settings. We show that online estimation, where the learner can sequentially choose whether to sample a new or existing arm, offers no advantage over the offline setting for estimating the mean functional, but significantly reduces the sample complexity for other functionals such as the median, maximum, and trimmed mean. We propose unified meta algorithms for the online and offline settings and derive matching lower bounds using different Wasserstein distances. For the special case of median estimation, we identify a curious thresholding phenomenon on the indistinguishability between Gaussian convolutions with respect to the noise level, which may be of independent interest. convolution. The Wasserstein-based approach to upper bound


Introduction TIPSS has been shown to be an effective treatment for patients with refractory ascites (RA).The majority of TIPSS procedures in the UK are performed in a transplant centre. In 2009, Derby Teaching Hospitals introduced TIPSS service. The aim of our study was to evaluate our experience and assess its impact on the care of this patient group. Methods 56 successful TIPSS procedures were performed between May 2009 and August 2015, 32 for RA were included in this analysis.Data on patient demographics, aetiology of liver disease, inpatient bed days (6 months before and after the procedure), Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores, Child-Pugh score, procedure details, clinical outcomes, mortality and complications were collected retrospectively from our centres clinical results database.Complete response was defined as no further need for paracentesis and partial if frequency reduced to >50%. Results 25/32 (78%) patients were male with a median age of 58 years (range, 39–77 years). 30 patients were Child-Pugh class B, 2 Child-Pugh C, with a median MELD and MELD Na of 11 (range, 6-16) and 14 (range, 6–22) respectively. Alcoholic Liver Disease was most common aetiology of cirrhosis (86.5%) followed by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (6.45%). Pre-TIPSS and post-TIPSS hepatic venous pressure gradients (HVPG) were 20 mmHg (range, 10–30) and 8 mmHg (range, 1–21) respectively. Cumulative mortality at 1, 3, and 12 months was 3%, 9%,and 18% (n = 28) respectively. One early death (within 30 days) was secondary to pneumonia. Ascites resolved completely after the first procedure in 66% and partially in 6% of patients.Cummulative response rate was 24, 62 and 90 percent at 30,60 and 90 days respectively. Five patients (16%) showed no improvement in RA, of whom 2 underwent liver transplantation. 9 patients (28%) developed hepatic encephalopathy (HE), 5 of whom (16%) developed refractory HE, with 3 patients requiring TIPSS reduction. The number of inpatient days reduced from 23 (range, 4-52) days in the 6 months pre-TIPSS to 8 (range 0–48) in the 6 months post TIPSS. The main reason for hospital admission was elective admission for ascites drainage. Conclusion A safe and effective TIPSS service for patients with refractory ascites can be successfully introduced into a comprehensive secondary care liver service by careful patient selection and technical proficiency. Excellent outcomes with acceptable complication rates can be achieved for patients with a significant reduction in resource utilisation (inpatient bed days and paracentesis). An established elective service is an important precursor for the provision of early and rescue TIPSS for variceal bleeding. Disclosure of Interest None Declared


T most important arguments for Social Security privatization are moral, not economic. Privatization would not be justifiable if it were economically beneficial but morally suspect. However, a privatized Social Security system meets moral criteria far better than does our current, bankrupt, pay-as-you-go system. A privatized Social Security system gives individuals more freedom to run their lives, is fairer, provides more security, and creates less antagonism between generations, fostering a greater sense of community. In fact, privatization is defensible not only from the classical liberal or libertarian perspective, based on maximizing individual choice and liberty, but from virtually every perspective in political philosophy. Egalitarians, who frame their arguments in terms of fairness, welfare theorists who frame their arguments in terms of economic security, communitarians who frame their arguments in terms of community, and anyone who frames an argument in terms of whether average citizens understand the institutions or programs which they are asked to support, should all support privatization.


Syntactically-enriched language models (parsers) constitute a promising component in applications such as machine translation and speech-recognition. To maintain a useful level of accuracy, existing parsers are non-incremental and must span a combinatorially growing space of possible structures as every input word is processed. This prohibits their incorporation into standard linear-time decoders. In this paper, we present an incremental, linear-time dependency parser based on Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) and classification techniques. We devise a deterministic transform of CCG-bank canonical derivations into incremental ones, and train our parser on this data. We discover that a cascaded, incremental version provides an appealing balance between efficiency and accuracy.


Even though the goals of Swedish disability-politics are equality, full participation and autonomy, people with disabilities almost every day encounter discrimination and oppression. This thesis deals with the question of the public service-medias role in this discrepancy between political rhetoric and practices. The study of mass media's role is interesting considering its cultural impact and the importance of cultural values in all kinds of communication situations. The focus of the study is on Swedish public service-television and the aim is to investigate the role of SVT in the implementation of the political goals of disability-politics. To what extent do SVT promote these goals and to what extent do they counteract them? The study's ambition is both descriptive and analytical. Theoretically the study takes as its point of departure a social constructionist perspective. The only reality we thus can get in contact with is one that, via our language, has passed through our former knowledge and experiences. Language is therefore the main object of study. Another theoretical point of departure is a normative view on the role of mass media in society. This approach is characterized by the assumption that mass media has a certain usefulness for society as a whole, which in itself is a central purpose for public service-media.The study is based on data consisting of programme descriptions and video copies of programmes from the start of SVT in 1956 until 2 000. Altogether it represents more than2 000 TV-programmes and over 40 000 broadcasting hours. Furthermore, the data consist of official political documents regarding media and disability matters. The data are approached from a discourse-analytical perspective and investigated in three studies. One of the data clusters was used to carry out a quantitative outline of SVT's representations of disability. Another was used in an analysis of the socio-historical context and its changes over time and yet another was an analysis of the contents and narratives of the programmes.The main conclusions are that disabled persons and programmes that deals with disability issues are, and has been, rare in SVT, not more than 1-2 hours per 1 000 broadcast hours. The amount is the same today as it was in 1956. Another conclusion is that even though it seems like SVT is trying to promote the goals of disability-politics the consequences appears to be that SVT instead counteract them. One reason might be that the dominating representation in SVT has been of disability and disabled persons as normal. But because of journalistic practices, the outcome becomes portrays of deviance and The Other. This solution, however, is too simplistic. There is also a problem with the political rhetoric. As long as political goals, formulated in terms of ideals, which by definition are impossible to achieve, there will always be a discrepancy between political rhetoric and practices. The final conclusion therefore, is that reflections need to be done and consciousness needs to be raised in order to discover the discrepancy and from that point, try to create a change.


A potential source of confounding in studies investigating the effect of indoor air pollution on child health is exposure to ambient air pollution. We investigate this relationship pairing city-level air pollution measures with child level data from the National Family Health Survey (2005-06) for six cities in India. We address simultaneity in child health outcomes and potential endogeneity of city-level air pollution by using a bivariate probit regression framework with city fixed effects. Our findings show –1) an increase in ambient air pollution significantly increases child morbidity; 2) the type of cooking fuel used at home (usual measure of indoor pollution) is not a significant determinant of child morbidity once ambient air pollution and other child, household, and city-level covariates are controlled for; and 3) it is important to explicitly account for the correlation in various child health outcomes by modeling them jointly. Our findings suggest that targeted city-wide reductions in ambient air pollution could play an important role in improving child health. Word Count Abstract: 163 words Paper: 1893 words


The article, which follows up on my recently published work, uses the unprecedented disaster in the Gulf of Mexico as an opportunity to critically evaluate the law pertaining to civil liability for oil pollution before and after the enactment of the Oil Pollution Act. This topic is analyzed as a derivative of a more general concern, namely the internal harmony of civil liability regimes. The article unveils a general incongruity in American land-based and maritime tort law that surfaced through the Exxon Valdez litigation, and examines whether subsequent statutory reform has eliminated the problem in the limited context of marine oil pollution, using the Deepwater Horizon incident as a test case.Part I systematically discusses pre-OPA law. Part II explains why pre-OPA maritime law gave rise to incongruity on the justificatory level, delineates the contours of the problem, and proposes a conceptual framework for resolution. Part III examines whether the enactment of the OPA has created a more defensible liability regime.Following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, there have been calls for raising the OPA liability caps, or an even more comprehensive legislative reform. While some of the initiatives seem to have waned, this catastrophic incident, like the earlier Exxon Valdez case, will surely leave its mark. The article, which highlights relevant policy concerns, will undoubtedly serve policymakers in reassessing the limits of civil liability for marine oil pollution.


Single crystal X-ray analysis shows that intermolecular C–S⋯F chalcogen bonds are by far the shortest contacts in the crystal structure of 2,2,4,4-tetrafluoro-1,3-dithietane. Analysis of the molecular surface electrostatic potentials indicates that these contacts result from the attraction between the negative potentials of fluorines and the positive regions resulting from the overlapping of sulfur and carbon positive σ-holes. In contrast, the lattice structure of 2,2,4,4-tetrachloro-1,3-dithietane is controlled by intermolecular C–Cl⋯Cl halogen bonds. The lattices of the two systems are thus controlled by two different σ-hole interactions.


Background and Study Aim: The initial idea for the investigation came from Maki Tsukada's two year observation of the British system, but also after reflection on the London 2012 Olympics and the "coach – athlete" interaction. The wider impact of the study will mean that coaches will have a greater understanding of how to build and work at their relationship with their athletes and understand what the important dynamics are within. The purpose of this study was the knowledge about the "coach – athlete" relationship, to gain a greater understanding into the relationship between female judo athletes and their coach.

Material and Methods: The participants chosen were the Women's Great Britain Judo Squad 2013, the athletes (n = 36) and the National coaches (n = 2). The study explores what is felt as important, the dynamics in the relationship and does the athlete's opinion differ from that of the coach. The athletes participated in a specifically designed questionnaire and the coaches in semi-structured interview.

Results: The findings demonstrate the importance of the relationship and the varying, yet often similar attributes expressed, from both the athletes and coaches.

Conclusions: The significant and fundamental finding was the importance of the "coach – athlete" relationship being recognised by both the athletes and the coaches, with the athletes declaring that they definitely need a coach to develop and improve. In a direct comparison on what is important to the athlete and to the coach in the dynamic of the relationship, the points are very similar.