The pre-colonial traditional societies in Western Serengeti were physically and spiritually connected to animal species and plants in their surrounding environments. This link contributed to sustainable use and harmonious coexistence. The religious affiliation and local management structures sanctioned some destructive behaviours and designated some species and habitats as sacred. Additionally, low human population and primitive technology posed low pressure on resources. Colonial regime interrupted the coexistence through introduction of new management structures. The exclusive, prohibitive and punitive actions perpetrated by colonial regime under "fences and fines" conservation approach fomented conflicts and local resentment towards conservation policies. However, despite local resentment and conflicts, the economic and political reasons forced the post-colonial government to inherit these policies uncritically.While the idiom "Serengeti shall not die" has been a popular motto and ambition for decades, some forces had been working against it. These forces include: inefficient state-led enforcementn (due to shrinkage of government budgets in 1970s and 1980s); human population growth; rural poverty; globalisation of markets in animal products (e.g. rhino horns and ivory) and; local resentment towards the conservation policies. The reduction of the wildlife populations and habitats as a result of these forces, ruled out the efficacy of "fences and fines" approach in conserving wildlife. This prompted a need to search for alternative approach that would end this crisis.The community conservation (CC) initiative, which emerged as a major paradigm of conservation work in late 1980s, was the most appealing option. Through provision of tangible economic benefits, CC sought to motivate local people to align their behaviours with conservation goals. This prescription was applied to Serengeti where two CC initiatives, Serengeti Regional Conservation Project (SRCP) and Community Conservation Service (CCS) were launched. Findings from this study indicate that the benefit based approaches implemented under these initiatives are fundamentally flawed, a scenario that precludes their possibility to contribute significantly to conservation objectives.Although attitudinal survey indicated that the benefit-based strategy increase acceptability towards conservation, this may not necessarily imply a change in behaviour. Poaching was still rampant in the villages under the projects. However, even if the strategy could lead to a change of behaviour among the beneficiaries, its impact to conservation would still be insignificant since only a small fraction of the communities benefit (i.e. 14 out of 126 villages). Furthermore, even within the project villages the minimal benefits granted are inequitably distributed and monopolised by local elites. The poorest members of the society are unable to enjoy these benefits because cash is required to access them (e.g. game meat, medical services). Along with the benefits, the results indicated that the costs inflicted by wildlife to local people and some socio-demographic factors (education, wealth) have potential role in shaping conservation attitudes. Local communities experiencing fewer costs from wildlife conservation and those most educated were less likely to support protected areas. Those with more livestock were more negative, probably because the costs of prohibition from access to water and pasture in protected areas were more obvious to them. Conservation attitudes were more positive to Serengeti National Park than to the adjacent Game Reserves, a scenario that can be attributed to history and the age of the park. It was created some 50 years when population was low and land was still available. Furthermore, the majority of the villagers were, either too young, or were not even born when the Park came to existence. Therefore, they did not feel the pain of eviction, if there was any.


The EU Copyright Directive (EUCD) entered into force on June 22, 2001. The directive is aimed at harmonizing the divergent European copyright regimes and at transposing the WIPO treaties. EU member states were granted 18 months to transpose the provisions of the EUCD into their national laws. However, several member states have not yet implemented the EUCD over one and a half years after the process should have been completed. This paper asks whether and why Genie is stuck in the bottle. It starts with an overview of the current state of implementation of the European Copyright Directive (EUCD) and then focuses on the ways in which EU member states have transposed the EUCD's provisions on the protection of technological measures into national law. First, the analysis reveals that uncertainty over provisions aimed at protecting technological measures as well as the definition of crucial terms (such as 'effective measures') persists - even at a basic level. The question, for instance, as to what extent access control mechanisms fall under the definition of technological protection measures has been contested in some member states. Second, the study explores different ways in which national implementations have addressed the problem of privately applied technological protection measures vis-a-vis the traditional exceptions to copyright. The authors argue that incumbent member states have not made broad use of private copying exceptions and have diverged as far as the implementation of the public policy exceptions are concerned. Third, a brief analysis of some approaches to sanctions and remedies taken by EU member states suggests that member states have interpreted the relevant provisions of the EUCD in different ways. Differences remain with regard to criminal sanctions in particular. The study concludes that the EU member states are leaving both the fine-tuning of new legislation and resolution of rather fundamental issues related to the EUCD to the national courts and, ultimately, to the European Court of Justice. The paper suggests that the EUCD has led to a certain level of harmonization of member states' laws, but also identifies and maps significant differences among member states in the field of anti-circumvention laws.


Real estate is among the most strategic of businesses. Each property class has both independent and linked economic, demographic, and political constituents. Moreover, there are dozens of parties involved that influence the real estate project's final outcome. At every stage of a given project, the participants learn new information that affects their plan. Developers learn about the market, local government actions, and tenant decisions, while tenants learn about consumers and competitors. The nature of the business requires and rewards flexibility. This paper focuses on flexibility and its value in real estate dealings. Specifically, it applies the concept of optionality as considered in corporate finance to address the true value of flexible strategies to real estate practitioners. In recent decades, real estate has evolved in terms of complexity. It has adopted concepts related to valuation from the research-rich field of finance. This trend will logically continue as the real estate industry becomes more efficient and institutionalized. This paper explores the mechanics of real estate optionality and applies the discussed concepts to practical examples. The types of option agreements covered include the following: • Option to purchase developable land • Option to renew a commercial lease • Option to terminate a commercial lease Industry examples are used to provide impactful applications of these topics to developers, investors, and tenants. In the first section concerning land options, a seller faces a decision on choosing between two unique offers from independent developers. The optimal choice is determined by recognizing the financial market value of an option embedded in one of the offers. In the second and third sections of this paper, the renewal and termination options are considered from the eyes of commercial retail tenants and landlords. Unique cases are presented, and the value of each option is demonstrated using advanced, yet applicable, option pricing methods. Additionally, the renewal option is covered with respect to its value dependants, as well as its worth across U.S. markets.


The mass graves from our long human history of genocide, massacres, and violent conflict form an underground map of atrocity that stretches across the planet's surface. In the past few decades, due to rapidly developing technologies and a powerful global human rights movement, the scientific study of those graves has become a standard facet of post-conflict international assistance. Digging for the Disappeared provides readers with a window into this growing but little-understood form of human rights work, including the dangers and sometimes unexpected complications that arise as evidence is gathered and the dead are named.Adam Rosenblatt examines the ethical, political, and historical foundations of the rapidly growing field of forensic investigation, from the graves of the "disappeared" in Latin America to genocides in Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia to post-Saddam Hussein Iraq. In the process, he illustrates how forensic teams strive to balance the needs of war crimes tribunals, transitional governments, and the families of the missing in post-conflict nations. Digging for the Disappeared draws on interviews with key players in the field to present a new way to analyze and value the work forensic experts do at mass graves, shifting the discussion from an exclusive focus on the rights of the living to a rigorous analysis of the care of the dead. Rosenblatt tackles these heady, hard topics in order to extend human rights scholarship into the realm of the dead and the limited but powerful forms of repair available for victims of atrocity.


This paper addresses some methodological issues concerning traditional linear approaches and shows the need for a paradigm shift in education research towards the Complexity and Nonlinear Dynamical Systems (NDS) framework. It presents a quantitative piece of research aiming to test the nonlinear dynamical hypothesis in education. It applies catastrophe theory and demonstrates that students' achievements in science education could be described by a cusp model, where two cognitive variables are implemented as controls - the logical thinking as the asymmetry and the field dependence/independence as the bifurcation respectively. The results support the nonlinear hypothesis by providing the empirical evidence for bifurcation and hysteresis effects in students' performance. Interpretation of the model is provided and implications and fundamental epistemological issues are discussed.


Triangle zone plays are common in the Potwar area of Pakistan. The Potwar Basin (Figure 1) is one of the oldest oil provinces. It is located in the western foothills of the Himalayas in northern Pakistan. It includes the Potwar Plateau, the Salt Range, and the Jhelum Plain. The Khairi Murat thrust-Dhurnal backthrust triangle zone in the northern Potwar deformed zone (NPDZ) and the Joya Mair triangle zone in the southern Potwar platform zone (SPPZ) are also well documented today. These tectonic settings hold several billion barrels of reserves, and significant amounts of hydrocarbons are being produced. We interpreted the Domeli-Dil Jabba triangle zone geometry which is the result of Tertiary Himalayan collision between Indian and Eurasian plates. The thrust and backthrust phases in the eastern Potwar are the result of a northwest-southeast Himalayan compression. This is the regional triangle zone in the eastern edge of Potwar which is the result of large, regionally extensive convergent thrust sheets.


The objective of the present study was to increase the post harvest life of mango fruit at ambient temperature during storage to boost export of this very tasty and delicious fruit in the international market. Different combinations of Bee wax with polysaccharide based coatings such as CMC, Guar gum, vegetable oil having CaCl2 as firming agent, fungicide like NaOCL and 2,4,5-T as anti ripening agent were employed on hard green, matured, unripened, and uniform sized of Dushehari, Sindhri and Chaunsa White the three very important commercial varieties of mango. Coated fruit was either packed in export quality carton boxes, polyethylene, and wooden alone or in polyethylene-carton and polyethylene-wooden combinations containing KMnO4 sachet to absorb or remove ethylene. The effect of surface coating and packaging on the keeping quality of mango was investigated after an interval of 3 days at ambient temperature (32-35 oC with 53.6 78.8% RH), (35-44oC with 55.9-69.7% RH) and (28-33 oC with 56.7- 69.7% RH) respectively during storage. The data obtained was statistically analyzed for Analysis of Variance (ANOV A) by using 2-Factorial Complete Randomized Design (CRD) and Duncan,s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was applied to compare the mean values obtained. Results revealed that treatments, storage and their interactions had highly significant effect on keeping quality of mango during storage. It was observed that coating (CMC-WAX + 2,4,5-T+ H3BO3-CaCl2) mixture had shown the best results and maintained 90% green color, firm texture followed by (CMC-W AX + NaOCI), (CMC+ Wax+ KMnO4) and (CMC +Wax + CaCl2 + 2,4,5-T) in which majority of the samples were still green with creamy white pulp even after one month of storage. On the other hand in control sample 70-75% fruit were ripened with full yellow color within a week and blackening of the skin at stem end and rotting in some of the samples was started within 12 days of their storage and due to its unattractive skin, brown pulp color and poor taste fruit was unacceptable after 16 days of storage. Whereas treated fruit without rotting were green even after 21st day of their storage. Therefore, increasing of the storage life of treated Sindhri mango up to 25 days and Chaunsa White more than 30 days is very encouraging as compared to its own original life only 4 to 6 days. It was also investigated that mango packed in polyethylene or coated fruit having with other protective chemicals packed in polyethylene within carton or wooden boxes played a very effective and vital role to control compositional changes by delaying the ripening process and with a minimum quality loss. It was observed that Chaunsa White treated with Wax-CMC coating having ethylene absorbent, fungicide and antiripening agents having NaOCI, KMnO4. 2,4,5-T or 2,4,5-T with CaCl2 and H3BO3 packed in polyethylene or all these combinations along with polyethylene packaged in carton or wooden had lower weight loss, slower increase of TSS, pH, higher retention of acidity, slower increase in AA, RS, TIS, SUC, TS, SAR, or lower score of SKC, FLC, T AS and higher TEX and slower increase of FLA score respectively as compared to fruit packed in carton/wooden box alone or polyethylene packed fruit in carton/wooden without chemical treatments were comparatively less effective.


Calcium-stimulated secretion is a process with many well-characterized players, yet the exact mechanism by which calcium triggers the vesicle fusion process remains under investigation. Synapsins are a family of abundant synaptic phosphoproteins that dynamically associate with synaptic vesicles. Synapsins have sites for phosphorylation by multiple calcium/calmodulin kinases (CaMKs) and protein kinase A (PKA). Chi et al. used green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled synapsin Ia to monitor synapsin localization before, during, and after action potential stimulated secretion in hippocampal neurons. In addition, they monitored synaptic vesicle turnover using the fluorescent dye FM 4-64. Endogenous and GFP-synapsin disperses away from synaptic vesicles into the axon in response to action potential stimulation. Chi et al. were able to measure the rate of synapsin disperson and, using a series of mutants for the various CaMK sites, studied how phosphorylation controlled the kinetics of this process. Analysis of vesicle fusion and synapsin movement in cells expressing wild-type synapsin Ia and phosphorylation mutants of synapsin Ia showed a strong correlation between the rate of synapsin dispersion and the rate of vesicle fusion: The slower the synapsin dispersion, the slower the rate of vesicle turnover. This suggests that synapsin acts as a rate regulator, not an "on-off" switch for vesicle fusion. The analysis of the phosphorylation mutants expressed in wild-type or synapsin I- and II-deficient neurons led to two conclusions. First, the CaMK II phosphorylation sites (sites 2 and 3) appeared to regulate synapsin homo- and heterodimer formation. Second, the CaMK I and IV site (site 1), which is also a PKA phosphorylation site, appeared to regulate a direct interaction between synapsin and the vesicle that is independent of the synapsin-synapsin interaction. These real-time experiments provide "in synapse" verification for a model based on biochemical experiments for synapsin as an inhibitor of vesicle fusion under nonstimulated conditions and the release of synapsin upon calcium-dependent phosphorylation, allowing vesicle fusion to occur (see Murthy). P. Chi, P. Greengard, T. A. Ryan, Synapsin dispersion and reclustering during synaptic activity. Nature Neurosci. 4, 1187-1193 (2001). [Online Journal] V. N. Murthy, Spreading synapsins. Nature Neurosci. 4, 1155-1156 (2001). [Online Journal]


With the pervasive availability of smart phones it becomes for the first time economically feasible to operationalize personalized marketing measures also for physical grocery retailing. A particularly interesting and high value target group in this domain is the one of variety seeking, since this group is most likely to respond positively to new offers and recommendations. However, present methods in identifying variety seekers rely on questionnaires and ignores that variety seeking may differ between product categories. In this paper, we present a model for measuring variety seeking behavior on a high level of granularity, based on a consumer's purchases in individual product categories. Our study has three main contributions. Firstly, we contribute to the customer segmentation research stream by providing a novel way for identifying customers' overall extent of variety seeking as well as their specific variety seeking at a category level. Second, for the most important retail categories we characterize the extent of variety seeking and provide a data-driven approach that is easy to operationalize by practitioners – especially for deploying large-scale personalized marketing measures in social or mobile commerce in physical stores. Finally, we provide a method to reconcile the highly granular category-level results with existing per person typologies.


In recent decades, there has been a widening gap between higher rates of marital insta bility for economically disadvantaged couples and lower rates for nondisadvantaged couples. In addition, out-of-wedlock birth rates have risen, while evidence has grown that children fare bet ter, on average, when raised by both of their parents in stable low-conflict households. All of these trends were important rationales for the development of a federal Healthy Marriage Initia tive (HMI) within the federal Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program. Through grants to a range of state and local agencies, the HMI emphasizes provision of marriage educa tion, a voluntary preventive service aimed at providing interested couples with skills and infor mation that may help them to develop and sustain successful marriages and relationships. In this chapter, we introduce the Supporting Healthy Marriage (SHM) evaluation — the first large-scale, multisite experiment that tests marriage education programs for low-income married couples with children. The SHM conceptual framework recognizes multiple sources of relationship strength and weakness, and the project's program model has followed this frame work closely in adapting the content and delivery of marriage education services for lowincome married parents. Eight sites (with some sites spanning multiple organizations) are oper ating SHM programs around the country. SHM is testing a relatively intensive and comprehen sive form of marriage education designed specifically for low-income families. Its year-long program model packages a series of marriage education workshops with additional family sup port, including case management, supportive services, and referrals to outside services as needed. The evaluation includes two interrelated substudies — one focusing on sites' experi ences in implementing the SHM model and the other measuring program impacts on marital quality and stability, child well-being, and a range of other outcomes.


In many real-world applications, it is common to have uneven number of examples among multiple classes. The data imbalance, however, usually complicates the learning process, especially for the minority classes, and results in deteriorated performance. Boosting methods were proposed to handle the imbalance problem. These methods need elongated training time and require diversity among the classifiers of the ensemble to achieve improved performance. Additionally, extending the boosting method to handle multi-class data sets is not straightforward. Examples of applications that suffer from imbalanced multi-class data can be found in face recognition, where tens of classes exist, and in capsule endoscopy, which suffers massive imbalance between the classes. This dissertation introduces RegBoost, a new boosting framework to address the imbalanced, multi-class problems. This method applies a weighted stratified sampling technique and incorporates a regularization term that accommodates multi-class data sets and automatically determines the error bound of each base classifier. The regularization parameter penalizes the classifier when it misclassifies instances that were correctly classified in the previous iteration. The parameter additionally reduces the bias towards majority classes. Experiments are conducted using 12 diverse data sets with moderate to high imbalance ratios. The results demonstrate superior performance of the proposed method compared to several state-of-the-art algorithms for imbalanced, multi-class classification problems. More importantly, the sensitivity improvement of the minority classes using RegBoost is accompanied with the improvement of the overall accuracy for all classes. With unpredictability regularization, a diverse group of classifiers are created and the maximum accuracy improvement reaches above 24%. Using stratified undersampling, RegBoost exhibits the best efficiency. The reduction in computational cost is significant reaching above 50%. As the volume of training data increase, the gain of efficiency with the proposed method becomes more significant.


In the past few years, model-driven software engineering (MDSE) and domain-specific modeling languages (DSMLs) have received a lot of attention from both research and industry. The main goal of MDSE is generating software from models that describe systems on a high level of abstraction. DSMLs are languages specifically designed to create such models. High-level models are refined into models on lower levels of abstraction by means of model transformations. The ability to model systems on a high level of abstraction using graphical diagrams partially explains the popularity of the informal modeling language UML. However, even designing simple software systems using such graphical diagrams can lead to large models that are cumbersome to create. To deal with this problem, we investigated the integration of textual languages into large, existing modeling languages by comparing two approaches and designed a DSML with a concrete syntax consisting of both graphical and textual elements. The DSML, called the Simple Language of Communicating Objects (SLCO), is aimed at modeling the structure and behavior of concurrent, communicating objects and is used as a case study throughout this thesis. During the design of this language, we also designed and implemented a number of transformations to various other modeling languages, leading to an iterative evolution of the DSML, which was influenced by the problem domain, the target platforms, model quality, and model transformation quality. Traditionally, the state-space explosion problem in model checking is handled by applying abstractions and simplifications to the model that needs to be verified. As an alternative, we demonstrate a model-driven engineering approach that works the other way around using SLCO. Instead of making a concrete model more abstract, we refine abstract models by transformation to make them more concrete, aiming at the verification of models that are as close to the implementation as possible. The results show that it is possible to validate more concrete models when fine-grained transformations are applied instead of coarse-grained transformations. Semantics are a crucial part of the definition of a language, and to verify the correctness of model transformations, the semantics of both the input and the output language must be formalized. For these reasons, we implemented an executable prototype of the semantics of SLCO that can be used to transform SLCO models to labeled transition systems (LTSs), allowing us to apply existing tools for visualization and verification of LTSs to SLCO models. For given input models, we can use the prototype in combination with these tools to show, for each transformation that refines SLCO models, that the input and output models exhibit the same observable behavior. This, however, does not prove the correctness of these transformations in general. To prove this, we first formalized the semantics of SLCO in the form of structural operational semantics (SOS), based on the aforementioned prototype. Then, equivalence relations between LTSs were defined based on each transformation, and finally, these relations were shown to be either strong bisimulations or branching bisimulations. In addition to this approach, we studied property preservation of model transformations without restricting ourselves to a fixed set of transformations. Our technique takes a property and a transformation, and checks whether the transformation preserves the property. If a property holds for the initial model, which is often small and easy to analyze, and the property is preserved, then the refined model does not need to be analyzed too. Combining the MDSE techniques discussed in this thesis enables generating reliable and correct software by means of refining model transformations from concise, formal models specified on a high level of abstraction using DSMLs.


Speaking to Smith College seniors in 1979, Adrienne Rich asked, "What does a woman need to know to become a self-conscious, self-- defining human being?" In response, Rich passionately and cogently argued for the rationale and purpose still served by women's studies today: Doesn't she need a knowledge of her own history, of her much-politicized female body, of the creative genius of the past-the skills and crafts and techniques and visions possessed by women in other times and cultures and how they have been rendered anonymous, censured, interrupted, devalued? ... Without such education, women have lived and continue to live in ignorance of our collective context, vulnerable to the projections of men's fantasies about us as they appear in art, in literature, in the sciences, in the media, in the socalled humanistic studies. (1-2) Students reap the most durable effects, such as the learning that Rich describes, after spending not just one semester exploring subject matter from a feminist perspective; rather, the greatest gains come with longer term, in-depth examinations of women's historical accomplishments, feminine socialization and cultural images, gender bias as it intersects with other forms of social prejudice, and the male-centeredness of traditional constructs of knowledge (Porter and Eileenchild 33; Rothenberg 18; Stimpson 35). Readily available testimony speaks to students' personal and intellectual growth under the continuing tutelage of women's studies faculty (Brush et al.; Butler; Castellano; Culley et al.; Hoffman; hooks; Omolade; Russell). One might well question, therefore, why community colleges in particular-where adult female students often constitute a significant majority-would not more commonly provide support for women's studies as a permanent academic offering that helps students supplant stereotypes and ignorance with informed, farreaching feminist analyses and perspectives. Yet, among the eight hundred-plus programs offering concentrations or degrees in women's studies nationwide, only a handful of community colleges are represented.1 More often than not, feminist educators working at community colleges engage students in women's studies without the backing of a visible, sequenced curriculum; without the continuity that even a modest budget line would provide; without structures for collaborating with like-minded colleagues equally committed to advancing feminist learning and empowerment. Florence Howe's early study, Seven Years Later, documents what is minimally necessary for women's studies to achieve legitimacy as an academic discipline. Howe reports that it must have "some formal relationship, including a line budget, a paid administrator, and a curriculum which moves through committees into an official catalogue" (21). As one among many who teach women's studies without these foundational blocks in place, I borrow from Adrienne Rich to ask, What does a women's studies teacher and scholar-one who tries to facilitate feminist education without a women's studies program in place-- need to keep in mind to sustain her efforts? Like most of us, what I do best as an academic brings together the work that I know well and most love. Having earned my undergraduate and graduate degrees in the fields of women's studies and literary studies (B.A., 1974, from the State University of New York at Binghamton, the first granted there in women's studies), I have attempted to make contributions in these areas sans a women's studies program that would help nurture my passions and goals. To hold my grounding daily, I find myself referring to the following maxims, which may be useful to others in similar situations. Start Where You Are but Look Beyond Present Limits: Use Successes in Sister-Institutions as a Guide Where I am: At City University of New York's Hostos Community College, located in the South Bronx; our students range in age from late adolescence to retirement. …


The inner-city areas of this country are confronting a number of issues which require innovative problem-solving techniques. One approach which has been effective in involving people in the renovation of their neighborhoods is the development of community garden programs. Although much anecdotal information exists regarding the benefits such programs provide, there could be found no quantitative data measuring the impacts to a neighborhood and its residents. This study is an attempt to discover if such data can be found. The Southside Community Land Trust, located in Providence, Rhode Island since 1981, has established eleven gardens in low-income sections of the city. In order to determine the impacts such a program might have on the surrounding neighborhood four streets, each the site of a Land Trust garden, were evaluated using several indicators of change. These included construction and demolition permits, crime rates and the installation of street trees. Results of this study showed no direct, measurable impacts to the individual neighborhoods. This may be due to the relatively short time frame the study encompassed. Data was not available for a sufficient length of time to detect changing conditions and emerging trends. It is possible that quantitative results could still be shown utilizing a longer time span


This historical-institutionalist study explores the mechanisms behind the increasing presence of religiously motivated civil society associations (RMAs) in the realm of welfare provision. The focus of the study is an in-depth analysis that compares the case of Turkey to four European countries: Britain, France, Germany, and Sweden. Through an analysis of these cases, the study demonstrates that neither the common sociology of religion argument that religion is returning to the public sphere nor the widespread claim of welfare retrenchment is sufficient to explain the increasing emphasis on RMAs in various countries. The leading argument of the dissertation presents different institutional histories as the main reason behind different degrees of change present in each respective realm of social policy. The two mechanisms that are focused to understand change are: (1) shifts in state-society relationships/transformations of welfare state structures; and (2) shifts in state-religion relationships/rearrangement of institutional structures between the state and various religious communities.
The comparison between Turkey and the four western European countries demonstrates that in countries with immature welfare states the rise of RMAs has more serious implications for social rights and democratic citizenship. In contrast to low level of change in France and Germany, and medium level of change in Britain and Sweden, Turkey is defined as a case of high level of change because both the state-society and state-religion relationships have undergone major transformations in the post-1980s. The presence of long-standing institutional arrangements in either the state-society or state-religion area is the main reason that Britain, France, Germany and Sweden have enjoyed relative stability by comparison.
The thesis, in addition to the historical-institutionalist analysis of the four European cases, includes a comprehensive study of the Turkish case. The historical analysis of the state-society and state-religion relations in Turkey since the early twentieth century shows that the specific secularization history of this country, coupled with the relatively immature characteristics of its welfare state, created a larger space for the rise of RMAs. The empirical research, on the aims, motivations and organizational structures of the RMAs and their connections to state, business and civil society networks, shed light on how social policy arena transforms with the increasing presence of these associations in the welfare mix.


In a cooperative exchange, the size of a partner's contribution is likely to depend both on the partner's ability to supply help and on the partner's need for help in return. Referring to such needs and abilities as aspects of partner quality, it follows that variation in the amount of help offered in a relationship could transmit information about partner quality. A plausible behaviour might then be to vary the investment in a partner according to available information about partner quality and to invest little in a partner who offers little in return. Thus, regulation of a relationship through communication of partner quality would tend to follow the principle of reciprocity. In an analysis of an iterated game where players have private information about their needs and abilities, I verify this possibility by describing an evolutionarily stable state space strategy, referred to as 'state–dependent reciprocity', entailing communication of partner quality. Although the evolution of cooperation has been studied in great detail, there has been no previous analysis of communication of needs and abilities in a relationship. It may well be that such communication is of major importance for the evolution of cooperative behaviour in nature.


Objectives:
This survey primarily investigated the dietary fat knowledge and intake of 17-year-olds.

 Design:
Cross-sectional descriptive survey.

 Setting and subjects:
A random sample of 168 learners (89% response rate) attending public schools in the Bellville/Durbanville area participated with parental consent after the area manager of the Department of Education and the school headmasters granted approval to conduct the survey.

 Outcome measures:
Both the test and the food frequency screener selected to assess learner dietary fat knowledge and intake respectively was pilot tested.

 Results:
The learners mostly obtained average (46%) as well as below average (52%) dietary fat knowledge scores and mostly (61%) followed diets that were categorised as typically Western, quite high in fat. The learners' interest in nutrition and their source of nutritional information, which was a subject presented at school, were positively associated with their dietary fat knowledge (p Conclusions:
These mid-adolescents lack knowledge of dietary fat and are not consuming fats sparingly. However, their interest in nutrition, reliable nutritional information and dietary fat knowledge positively affected their fat intake. Interest in nutrition through nutrition and health education intervention initiatives should be cultivated among adolescents as it was identified as positively affecting both the dietary fat knowledge and intake of these adolescents.


High-resolution core-level photoemission spectroscopy and temperature-programmed reaction experiments together with density functional theory calculations were used to elucidate on the atomic scale the chlorination mechanism of ruthenium dioxide RuO2(110) by hydrogen chloride exposure. The surface-selective chlorination accounts for the extraordinary stability of the RuO2 catalyst in the Sumitomo process-the heterogeneously catalyzed oxidation of hydrogen chloride by oxygen. The selective replacement of bridging oxygen atoms by chlorine atoms depends on the formation of water molecules serving as leaving groups. Water is produced by the chlorine-assisted recombination of two neighboring surface hydroxyl groups at around 450 K, a temperature where water instantaneously leaves the surface. Finally, the bridging vacancy is rapidly filled in by chlorine atoms, thereby forming bridging chlorine atoms. Preadsorbed hydrogen has shown to facilitate the chlorination process for stoichiometry reasons. The general strategy of transforming bridging O atoms into a good leaving group has been corroborated by the chlorination of RuO2(110) via CO pretreatment with CO2 as the leaving group and subsequent Cl-2 exposure. (Less)


Designers and engineers that plan and manufacture technological systems imprint their values and practices onto these systems, without fully realizing that inconsistencies in cultural dimensions between developers and users may result in poor implementation of the new system due to resistance to change, among other causes. Therefore, manager's awareness of cultural differences is a necessary condition in formulating GIS policies for implementation in different organizational settings across countries. The paper offers detailed examples of cultural differences between countries and their relations to the different stages of technology implementation, which may serve as a guideline for engineers, vendors, consultants, and managers of GIS interventions in formulating mechanisms for global implementation. Implementation managers are advised to adapt GIS to their own set of beliefs through the establishment of joint global and local teams, which represents all parties in the process. In this manner, rather than a cultural conflict, GIS implementation becomes a cultural exchange that reduces resistance to change.


Stress is a prevalent condition in the Western world. In the Netherlands, a recent study reported the costs of stress to be around 4 billion euro per year, only factoring in work-related stress. In addition, the societal and individual impact of stress is high: the same study estimated that every year 150.000 to 300.000 people are unable to work, and one out of seven people who receive WAO (dispensation for people who are incapacitated for work) is estimated to be in that position due to stress. It is therefore relevant and beneficial to our society to perform research into stress. Research enables us to determine the factors causing stress and the systems underlying our responses to these factors, providing insights for developing prevention and therapies for stress. Therefore, we performed a series of research into the human physiological stress system. Starting point of our research was the recognition of three general requirements that must be fulfilled in stress research, in order to adequately interpret and compare the obtained results. These are: standardization of the methods used, precision of the stressor definition and control of the stress status of the human subject. To aid in fulfilling these requirements, we developed a novel application: the Generic Automated Stress Induction and Control Application (GASICA). In this application we utilized a digital game as a stressor. Moreover, a set of measurements devices and a feedback loop were used to control the stressor characteristics, and in turn the stress status of the subject. Validation of GASICA showed that the application was able to induce both acute and more chronic stress responses and was able to significantly predict the physiological response for the majority of the presented stressors. With respect to control, GASICA was found to correctly predict around 20% of the responses using individually fitted models. We concluded, however, that this is insufficient for an adequate control of the stress status. The application of GASICA as a research tool revealed fundamental insights into the working of physiological stress response system. We found that, in general, the cardiovascular system responds more specific to presented stressors than the sympathetic nervous system. We also found that the acute electrodermal response is significantly higher for non-symbolic stressors compared to symbolic stressors, and that the acute heart rate response for females is higher to visual stressors compared to auditory stressors. Finally, we found indications that the height of the acute response to a stressor combination is a linear function of the amount of stressors presented simultaneously. These insights could provide starting points for further research and potential interventions. To improve our application, we propose several development steps, such as improving the user friendliness of the application, in order to allow GASICA to be adopted as a novel standard for stress induction and control. Future use of GASICA in several fields is envisioned, for example by examining whether the individually fitted models can be used for diagnosing and/or predicting stress related illnesses. Given our findings, we believe that GASICA has potential as a standard for ecological valid research of the human physiological stress system in various research, training and therapeutic situations.


Social Security and other public policies can be viewed as a series of cash in and outflows that depend on parameters such as the age distribution of the population and the retirement age. Given forecasts of these parameters, policies can be designed to be financially stable, i.e., to terminate with a zero balance. If reality deviates from the forecasts, policies normally terminate with a surplus or a deficit. We derive constraints on the cash flows of robust policies that terminate with zero balance even in the presence of forecasting errors. Social Security and most similar policies are not robust. We show that non-trivial robust policies exist and provide a recipe for constructing robust extensions of non-robust policies. An example illustrates our results.


A survey was administered using questionnaires to obtain the local frontliners'
opinions on ecotourism institutional arrangement for resource protection in Kuala
Tahan, Taman Negara Pahang. The survey was conducted to 103 respondents
comprising the personnel of the Taman Negara management and local entrepreneurs,
including guides, boat operators, floating restaurants owners and chalet operators
and resort's staffs. The questionnaires cover the frontliners' perception regarding
tourism impacts on natural resources, local-level institutional arrangement, and the
socio-demographic backgrounds. Descriptive, x2 test, factor analysis, and
regression analysis were applied to analyse the data.
The results of the study showed that most of the respondent perceived the impacts of
ecotourism to be not serious. Further analysis showed that there were significant
differences in perception among the various income groups in relation to she impacts
on the resources. The results showed that there were significant differences in terms
of their perceptions on loss of ground cover plants, wildlife displacement. number of
wildlife reduced. loss of Park's resources (for example, taking of plants and rocks
for souvenirs), littering, and water pollution. Here, the frontliners who received
higher income (above RM2000) were more concerned about the resource condition.
In addition, there were significant differences between frontliners of park
management and non-park management on their perception toward impacts on
wildlife.
The results of factor analysis indicated that the local-level institutional arrangement
factors in Taman Negara as perceived by local frontliners were joint management
operation (eigenvalue of 4.399), sharing of technical skills (2.528), adoption of best
practices (2.088) and intellectual forum (1.062), which should be recognised by both
parties. Based on the eigenvalues, a conceptual framework for local-level
institutional arrangement was developed and discussed to show how different
frontliners could involve in the arrangement.
The results of regression analysis showed that socio-demographical backgrounds of
frontliners did not influent the agreement upon this institutional arrangement with
the exception of age. Older frontliners had better understanding upon the benefits of
this type of involvement or participation and able to accept this arrangement that
eventually helps to protect the park's resources. In other words, through years of
personal learning and experience in ecotourism, it is expected that the frontliners are
willing to accept this initiative in which they will gain direct benefits through the
participation of ecotourism activities.


JVRB, 10(2013), no. 7. - When depicting both virtual and physical worlds, the viewer's impression of presence in these worlds
is strongly linked to camera motion. Plausible and artist-controlled camera movement can substantially
increase scene immersion. While physical camera motion exhibits subtle details of position, rotation,
and acceleration, these details are often missing for virtual camera motion. In this work, we analyze camera movement using signal theory. Our system allows us to stylize a smooth user-defined virtual base camera motion
 by enriching it with plausible details. A key component of our system is a database of videos filmed by physical
 cameras. These videos are analyzed with a camera-motion estimation algorithm (structure-from-motion) and labeled
 manually with a specific style. By considering spectral properties of location, orientation and acceleration, our
 solution learns camera motion details. Consequently, an arbitrary virtual base motion, defined in any conventional
 animation package, can be automatically modified according to a user-selected style. In an animation package
 the camera motion base path is typically defined by the user via function curves. Another possibility is to obtain
 the camera path by using a mixed reality camera in motion capturing studio. As shown in our experiments, the
 resulting shots are still fully artist-controlled, but appear richer and more physically plausible.


Limited access to or receipt of liver transplantation (LT) may jeopardize survival of patients with end-stage liver diseases. Taiwan launched its National Health Insurance (NHI) program in 1995, which essentially removes financial barriers to health care. This study aims to investigate where there are still demographic and urbanization disparities of LT after 15 years of NHI program implementation. Data analyzed in this study were retrieved from Taiwan's NHI inpatient claims. A total of 3020 people aged ≥18 years received LT between 2000 and 2013. We calculated crude and adjusted prevalence rate of LT according to secular year, age, sex, and urbanization. The multiple Poisson regression model was further employed to assess the independent effects of demographics and urbanization on prevalence of LT. The biennial number of people receiving LT substantially increased from 56 in 2000–2001 to 880 in 2012–2013, representing a prevalence rate of 1.63 and 18.58 per 106, respectively. Such increasing secular trend was independent of sex. The prevalence was consistently higher in men than in women. The prevalence also increased with age in people <65 years, but dropped sharply in the elderly (≥65 years) people. We noted a significant disparity of LT in areas with different levels of urbanization. Compared to urban areas, satellite (prevalence rate ratio (PRR), 0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.57–0.69) and rural (PRR, 0.76, 95% CI, 0.69–0.83) areas were both associated with a significantly lower prevalence of LT. There are still significant demographic and urbanization disparities in LT after 15 years of NHI program implementation. Given the predominance of living donor liver transplantation in Taiwan, further studies should be conducted to investigate factors associated with having a potential living donor for LT.


The concept of heterogeneous networks and small cells is likely to be a key addition to the fifth generation (5G) wireless communication standard, the prospect of which has motivated 5G researchers to investigate the coverage and integration of various small cells. Heterogeneous networks with small cells offer key benefits such as high frequency reuse, huge data rates and low power consumption for mobile nodes. High frequency reuse is particularly important given the exponential growth of data rates and the looming frequency scarcity problem. Another major consideration for 5G is the energy efficiency as with the exponential growth of demand, power consumption in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector is also expected to significantly increase. While the concept of small cells in heterogeneous networks addresses the frequency scarcity problem to a great extent, unless otherwise carefully managed, a large number of uncoordinated and lightly loaded small cells significantly increase the overall power consumption, contrary to the green communication target of the 5G standard. In this paper, we focus on an energy efficient resource management and planning system that investigates the impact of growing number of small cells in a macro cell. We present an analytical model for calculating the optimum number of small cells that need to be kept awake at various hours of a day for meeting the quality of service demands from all users. Simulation results show significant power consumption improvement than an existing model.


How do for-profit and not-for-profit hospitals differ? We consider one dimension: the shifting of a patient's diagnostic related group (DRG) to one that yields a greater reimbursement from the Medicare system, also known as upcoding. It has played a major role in recent federal lawsuits against hospitals and hospital chains, but more importantly provides a valuable window for understanding how for-profit and not-for-profit hospitals make tradeoffs between pecuniary benefits and reputational or penalty costs. Our empirical work focuses primarily on hospital admissions involving pneumonia and respiratory infections; while the two diagnostic categories are often difficult to distinguish from one another, the latter pays about $2000 more to the hospital. Between 1989 and 1996, the incidence of the most expensive DRG (relative to all DRGs for pneumonia and respiratory infections) rose by 10 percentage points among stable not-for-profit hospitals, 23 percent among stable for-profit hospitals, and 37 percentage points among hospitals that had converted to for-profit status. (Since 1996, the upcoding index has dropped significantly in response to adverse publicity and lawsuits.) There is some evidence that not-for-profit hospitals operating in heavily for-profit markets were almost as likely to upcode as their for-profit brethren, as well as for important regional effects.


A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized in order to specifically extract vinflunine, an anticancer agent, and its metabolite (4-O-deacetylvinflunine) from bovine plasma and artificial urine by solid-phase extraction (SPE). Vinorelbine, a non-fluorinated analogue of vinflunine, was selected as a template for MIP synthesis. The selectivity of MIP versus the template (vinorelbine) and other alkaloids (catharanthine, vinblastine, vincristine, vinflunine and 4-O-deacetylvinflunine) was shown by a SPE protocol carried out with non-aqueous samples. A second protocol was developed for aqueous samples with two consecutive washing steps (AcOH-NH2 OH buffer (pH 7, I=10 mM)-MeOH mixture 95:5 v/v and ACN-AcOH mixture 99:1 v/v) and an elution step (MeOH-AcOH mixture 90:10 v/v). Thus, MIP-SPE of bovine plasma brought high recoveries, 81 and 89% for vinflunine and its metabolite, respectively. This protocol was slightly modified for artificial urine samples in order to obtain a good MIP/NIP selectivity; furthermore, elution recoveries were 73 and 81% for vinflunine and its metabolite, respectively. Repeatability was assessed in both biological matrices and RSD (%) were inferior to 4%. The MIP also showed a suitable linearity (r(2) superior to 0.99), between 0.25 and 10 μg/mL for plasma, and between 1 and 5 μg/mL for artificial urine.


A Library is not just an information distributing machine and reading not its steam as the paradigm of the industrial age has seen it. Even the conception of the Library as Information Agency established in the 20th century does not meet any more the needs of our communities. In the age of data'ism the Library is not about Information as a thing and neutral IT infrastructures. It needs a more critical world view. Instead of data and information a new library science should focus on knowledge and knowing. The communities library serve are the true collections; librarians the weavers of community narratives and understandings.


Among the many questions it raises, Michael Burawoy's article confronted me with the problem of the disciplinary regime and with public sociology as a disciplinary project. Given the present state of the social sciences, should we try to adhere to a logic of fundamental disciplinary distinctions and build borders between disciplines? Or does "publicness" on the contrary take us into a new shared space where science is not anxious about losing its expert status or its claim to expert knowledge? These questions concern our relations with other disciplines (such as economics, political science, anthropology, and history) and other fields (art, mass media), as well as those with "the public," our community, or civil society. Let me dwell on the latter set of relationships in some detail and examine them in the context of Burawoy's model of the four kinds of sociological labor.


A healthy civil society has long been held as vital to a healthy democracy and there is interest in whether the Internet affects this linkage. This paper explores the relationships between offline and online modes of associational life and also analyzes offline and online interactions with local governments in the US context. Based on our empirical analyses of 1,203 respondents, we show that online participation is not simply an extension of offline participation, but can be distinguished in important ways. First, we find that political and community-oriented engagements cluster separately from more private-regarding engagements. Second, participants of online democratic engagement are not characterized by the SES markers associated with offline democratic engagement who are older, have higher incomes, and have lived in the community longer. Finally, we find significant links between democratic engagement with the political system and involvement with political associations (but not social and community-oriented associations).


How is information organized in the brain during natural reading? Where and when do the required processes occur, such as the perception of individual words and the construction of sentence meanings. How are semantics, syntax and higher-level narrative structure represented? Answering these questions is core to understanding how the brain processes language and organizes complex information. However, due to the complexity of language processing, most brain imaging studies focus only on one of these questions using highly controlled stimuli which may not generalize beyond the experimental setting. This thesis proposes an alternative framework to study language processing. We acquire data using a naturalistic reading paradigm, annotate the presented text using natural language processing tools and predict brain activity with machine learning techniques. Finally, statistical testing is used to form rigorous conclusions. We also suggest the use of direct non-parametric hypothesis tests that do not rely on any model assumptions, and therefore do not suffer from model misspecification. Using our framework, we construct a brain reading map from functional magnetic resonance imaging data of subjects reading a chapter of a popular book. This map represents regions that our model reveals to be representing syntactic, semantic, visual and narrative information. Using this single experiment, our approach replicates many results from a wide range of classical studies that each focus on one aspect of language processing. We extend our brain reading map to include temporal dynamics as well as spatial information by using magnetoencephalography. We obtain a spatio-temporal picture of how successive words are processed by the brain. We show the progressive perception of each word in a posterior to anterior fashion. For each region along this pathway we show a differentiation of the word properties that best explain its activity.


Introduction: Tuberculosis is one of the serious healthcare concerns of the world today. The only vaccine available for tuberculosis till date is the BCG vaccine. It is one of the safest vaccine and is less commonly associated with adverse effects. However, recently we have seen an upsurge in number of BCG vaccine associated lymphadenitis in our hospital. Objective: To report the increase in number of BCG associated lymphadenitis cases in our hospital. Materials and methods: A total of ten cases of BCG associated lymphadenitis were seen in our hospital in the past one year. (May 2016 to April 2017) Data related to vaccination and the course of lymphadenitis was collected from the parents. Observations/Results: Out of the ten cases, 3 were vaccinated outside while the remaining infants were vaccinated in our hospital. Three out of the ten infants required intervention and remaining 7 were reassured and followed up, the swelling subsided in most of them. The most probable cause of the increased incidence in our hospital could be because of a particular batch of vaccine containing an altered strain/ change in the number of viable organism. Conclusion: We are reporting the cases as it might lead to an awareness among other practitioners and will also provide a scope for further studies. Increased surveillance and appropriate treatment guidelines for BCG vaccine associated lymphadenitis is the need of the hour. Key words: Tuberculosis, BCG vaccine, lymphadenitis


This article examines the evolving commentary system in the People's
Republic of China that utilizes homophonous pen names to transmit official
Chinese Communist Party (CCP) views and assesses the system's utility as a
credible information source for foreign analysts.
Main Argument
The CCP uses an evolving system of homophonous pen names to write
authoritative commentary that accurately propagates its views. Since
the mid-1990s, this system has been repurposed to circumvent growing
resistance to CCP propaganda by both the Chinese public and the ranks of
the CCP itself. Its commentary covers policy-relevant topics pertaining to
China's most important domestic and foreign affairs, and at times has been
used to issue ominous warning statements to foreign countries over sensitive
areas of dispute. The article concludes that the pen names investigated
within verily represent the views of their superior regime organ. While the
system's effectiveness to achieve its intended purpose seems uncertain, these
commentaries provide a readily exploitable resource for foreign analysts
that can supplement the long-monitored and more authoritative premium
commentary vehicles of the party mouthpiece, the People's Daily.


Catastrophic disasters occurring in 2011 in the United States and worldwide--from the tornado in Joplin, Missouri, to the earthquake and tsunami in Japan, to the earthquake in New Zealand--have demonstrated that even prepared communities can be overwhelmed. In 2009, at the height of the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic, the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response at the Department of Health and Human Services, along with the Department of Veterans Affairs and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, asked the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to convene a committee of experts to develop national guidance for use by state and local public health officials and health-sector agencies and institutions in establishing and implementing standards of care that should apply in disaster situations-both naturally occurring and man-made-under conditions of scarce resources. Building on the work of phase one (which is described in IOM's 2009 letter report, Guidance for Establishing Crisis Standards of Care for Use in Disaster Situations), the committee developed detailed templates enumerating the functions and tasks of the key stakeholder groups involved in crisis standards of care (CSC) planning, implementation, and public engagement-state and local governments, emergency medical services (EMS), hospitals and acute care facilities, and out-of-hospital and alternate care systems. Crisis Standards of Care provides a framework for a systems approach to the development and implementation of CSC plans, and addresses the legal issues and the ethical, palliative care, and mental health issues that agencies and organizations at each level of a disaster response should address. Please note: this report is not intended to be a detailed guide to emergency preparedness or disaster response. What is described in this report is an extrapolation of existing incident management practices and principles. Crisis Standards of Care is a seven-volume set: Volume 1 provides an overview; Volume 2 pertains to state and local governments; Volume 3 pertains to emergency medical services; Volume 4 pertains to hospitals and acute care facilities; Volume 5 pertains to out-of-hospital care and alternate care systems; Volume 6 contains a public engagement toolkit; and Volume 7 contains appendixes with additional resources.


This Special Issue of The Journal of African American History examines the role of African Americans in providing financial and other material resources for the support of public and private schools established in black communities in the United States from the antebellum era to the 1960s. Over the last three decades there have been regular reports in books, magazines, and newspaper articles describing the precarious financial conditions for urban public school systems with a majority of African American and other nonwhite student populations. Urban public school systems are dependent upon state legislators and local politicians for their funding, and as these school systems became majority black, there has been a greater unwillingness to make sure that the educational expenditures are equalized for students in urban and suburban, rich and poor school districts. The failure of state and local judges and other officials to mandate the equalization of funding for urban and suburban public school districts has m eant that public school administrators in financially strapped urban school systems, many of whom are African Americans, have eliminated many academic programs, such as art, music, science, and math programs, and most extracurricular activities; have been unable to introduce the latest forms of educational technology into the classrooms, and have been forced to hire large numbers of uncertified and underqualified teachers. This has resulted in extremely high levels of academic failure, as measured by newly mandated "standardized tests," and consistently high dropout rates, particularly among African Americans and other children of color in financially depressed urban public school systems. (1) The failure of state and local officials to provide equal or even adequate funding for all-black or predominantly black public schools is not a new development in the history of African American education in the United States. In the period from the end of the Civil War to the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954 outlawing legal segregation in public education, white legislators in most of the southern states (and many northern states) also refused to utilize public expenditures to insure the equalization of funding for black and white public schooling. In fact, scholar and educator W. E. B. Du Bois, in the famous Atlanta University Studies devoted to The Negro Common School (1901) and The Common School and the Negro American (1911), pointed out that African Americans in most southern states were paying more in public taxation than they were receiving in state and local funding for separate black public schools. As a result of this situation, in the period from 1890 to 1910, southern b lack taxpayers were in effect providing the funds for the public schooling of white children. Southern white school officials consistently refused to supply adequate funding for black public education until they felt threatened by the possibility of court-mandated public school desegregation in the late 1940s and 1950s. (2) As a result of the discriminatory funding practices of white state officials, African American children throughout the country attended inadequately funded public schools from the Reconstruction era to the 1960s. Many times the resources needed for basic instruction, including blackboards, pencils, books, chairs, desks, even land and buildings, had to be supplied by members of the local black communities. In many instances, southern white public school officials were only willing to provide funds for the salary of the black elementary school teachers, who were paid much less than similarly qualified white teachers. Everything else needed for the instruction of black children had to be supplied by African Americans in the local black communities. In 1988 historian James D. Anderson in The Education of Blacks in the South, 1861-1935 pointed out that since the end of the Reconstruction era, black southerners had adapted to a structure of oppressive education by practicing double taxation. …


Indonesia hosted the 18th Asian Games on 18 August to 2 September 2018. In order to organize the equestrian competitions of these Asian Games, an Equine Disease Free Zone (EDFZ) was set up. EDFZ is a term used by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) for a specific zone in which equestrian competitions can be organized. This system is based on the OIE's concept of compartmentalisation and zoning. A specified area is shown to be free from a defined list of equine diseases that are otherwise present in the country or region. Horses within an EDFZ are protected from diseases that may occur in other parts of the country (OIE 2018).Once the EDFZ is established, implementation of biosecurity management, health certification standards and procedures have to be observed, including the setting up of a Registered Animal Quarantine Installation (RAQI) to prevent the spread of diseases to this EDFZ.Horses that came from countries that have a disease situation equal to the EDFZ with specific health requirement such as vaccination and testing, were taken directly to the EDFZ core zone, which was the venue for the equestrian events at the Jakarta Equestrian Park, Pulomas [DGLAHS, 2018].  Few horses came from countries with a health status not equal to the EDFZ. These horses had to be quarantined in their country of residence for 21-30 days and again in Indonesia for 14-21 days. Based to the regulations of the Indonesian Agriculture Quarantine Agency (IAQA) a RAQI was set up to observe the health status of these horses.General observation of horse health status in the RAQI consisted of inspection for clinical signs of infectious diseases and also a repeat of laboratory testing for specified diseases which, as per requirement of the "Veterinary Certificate for the Temporary Importation of horses into Indonesia to compete in the equestrian events of the 18th Asian Games" (here: Asian Games Health Certificate), had already been tested in the country of residence.The purpose of this paper is to describe the quarantine action for horses in the RAQI at the 18th Asian Games 2018.


The North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program NARCCAP [http://www.narccap.ucar.edu] is an international program to produce high resolution climate change simulations in order to investigate uncertainties in regional scale projections of future climate and generate climate change scenarios for use in impacts research. NARCCAP modelers are running a set of regional climate models (RCMs) driven by a set of atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) over a domain covering the conterminous United States and most of Canada.\n\nThe AOGCMs have been forced with the SRES A2 emissions scenario [http://www.narccap.ucar.edu/about/emissions.html] for the 21st century. Simulations with these models were also produced for the current (historical) period. The RCMs are nested within the AOGCMs for the current period 1971-2000 and for the future period 2041-2070. As a preliminary step to evaluate the performance of the RCMs over North America, the RCMS are driven with NCEP Reanalysis II [http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/wesley/reanalysis2/] data for the period 1979-2004. All the RCMs are run at a spatial resolution of 50 km.\n\nNARCCAP also includes two timeslice experiments at 50 km resolution using the GFDL atmospheric model (AM2.1) and the NCAR CCSM atmospheric model (CAM3). In a timeslice experiment [http://www.narccap.ucar.edu/about/timeslices.html], the atmospheric component of an AOGCM is run using observed sea surface temperatures and sea ice boundaries for the historical run, and those same observations combined with perturbations from the future AOGCM for the scenario run. Omitting the coupled ocean model saves considerable computation and allows the atmospheric model to be run at higher resolution.


In the Sun, the frequencies of the acoustic modes are observed to vary in phase with the magnetic activity level. These frequency variations are expected to be common in solar-type stars and contain information about the activity-related changes that take place in their interiors. The unprecedented duration of Kepler photometric time-series provides a unique opportunity to detect and characterize stellar magnetic cycles through asteroseismology. In this work, we analyze a sample of 87 solar-type stars, measuring their temporal frequency shifts over segments of 90 days. For each segment, the individual frequencies are obtained through a Bayesian peak-bagging tool. The mean frequency shifts are then computed and compared with: ( 1 ) those obtained from a cross-correlation method; ( 2 ) the variation in the mode heights; ( 3 ) a photometric activity proxy; and ( 4 ) the characteristic timescale of the granulation. For each star and 90-day sub-series, we provide mean frequency shifts, mode heights, and characteristic timescales of the granulation. Interestingly, more than 60% of the stars show evidence for ( quasi- ) periodic variations in the frequency shifts. In the majority of the cases, these variations are accompanied by variations in other activity proxies. About 20% of the stars show mode frequencies and heights varying approximately in phase, in opposition to what is observed for the Sun.


Alphonse, a young Walloon officer, is travelling to join his regiment in Madrid in 1739. But he soon finds himself mysteriously detained at a highway inn in the strange and varied company of thieves, brigands, cabbalists, noblemen, coquettes and gypsies, whose stories he records over sixty-six days. The resulting manuscript is discovered some forty years later in a sealed casket, from which tales of characters transformed through disguise, magic and illusion, of honour and cowardice, of hauntings and seductions, leap forth to create a vibrant polyphony of human voices. Jan Potocki (1761-1812) used a range of literary styles - gothic, picaresque, adventure, pastoral, erotica - in his novel of stories-within-stories, which, like the "Decameron" and "Tales from the Thousand and One Nights", provides entertainment on an epic scale.


In this paper, I analyze the ability of monetary policy to stabilize both the macroeconomy and financial markets under two different scenarios: fixed- and variable-rate mortgages. I develop and solve a new Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model (DSGE) that features a housing market and a group of constrained individuals who need housing collateral to obtain loans. A given share of constrained households borrows at a variable rate, whereas the rest borrow at a fixed rate. I consider two alternative ways of introducing a macroprudential approach to enhancing financial stability: one in which monetary policy, using the interest rate as an instrument, responds to credit growth; and a second one in which the macroprudential instrument is instead the loan-to-value ratio (LTV). The results show that when rates are variable, a countercyclical LTV rule performs better in stabilizing financial markets than monetary policy. However, when rates are fixed, even though monetary policy is less effective in stabilizing the macroeconomy, it does a good job in promoting financial stability.


All countries have felt the impact of the recession, the phase characteristic of negative effects such as slower economic growths (stagnation), high inflation rates and high unemployment rates. The economic crisis that has befallen even the most developed economies of the world is often compared to the crisis that happened in the 1930s, along with the attempts to pin down its causes in order to find the economic policy for its overcoming. Economic policy creators and policy decision-makers have to solve the question of how the crisis is to be overcome. Economic measures that should lead to overcoming the negative economic trends are primarily directed at encouraging aggregate supply, that is, a macroeconomic theory known as Keynesian economics based on the ideas of 30th century British economist John Maynard Keynes that he published during the Depression. Up to this day economies have not faced such a downfall as happened during this crisis, since the crisis brought about not only changes in the economic theory and the end of the so-called classic economic theories, but it also made way for a new scientific discipline based on Keynesian theory. There were changes in economic policies and an active policy of managing aggregate supply was introduced. Aggregate supply was based on monetary and fiscal expansion, that is, the world monetary and financial system. It is expected today that the crisis we are now facing will lead to the change in the dominant macroeconomic paradigm as well as to the creation of a new financial system which will be more transparent and regular.


Elementary basic solutions of the equations of motion of a compressible fluid in the hodograph variables are developed and used to provide a basis for comparison, in the form of velocity correction formulas, of corresponding compressible and incompressible flows. The known approximate results of Chaplygin, Von Karman and Tsien, Temple and Yarwood, and Prandtl and Glauert are unified by means of the analysis of the present paper. Two new types of approximations, obtained from the basic solutions, are introduced; they possess certain desirable features of the other approximations and appear preferable as a basis for extrapolation into the range of high stream Mach numbers and large disturbances to the main stream. Tables and figures giving velocity and pressure-coefficient correction factors are included in order to facilitate the practical application of the results.


Objective
To evaluate the impact of lymph node dissection (LND) on the clinical outcomes during radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) in patients with clinically node-negative upper urinary tract urothelial cancer (UTUC).

Methods
Within the nationwide case series of the Japanese Urological Association, which comprises 1509 patients with UTUC diagnosed in 2005, we identified 823 patients with clinically node-negative UTUC who underwent RNU. The extent of limited LND was defined as the renal hilar region only for renal pelvic cancer and as either the pelvic region or para-aortic/paracaval region only for ureteral cancer, while the extent of wider LND was defined as at least one perilesional LND region in addition to limited LND. Multivariate analysis with a Cox regression hazard model was used to evaluate the survival benefit.

Results
Among the 823 patients, LND was performed in 197 (23.9%) patients, and 26 (13.2%) of them had pathologically node-positive disease. Of 197 patients who underwent LND, limited and wider LND was performed in 119 (60.4%) and 78 (39.6%) patients, respectively. Patients with node-positive disease showed significantly shorter overall survival than those with node-negative disease. No LND-associated survival improvement was observed in a direct comparison between patients with and without LND. In addition, limited or wider LND was not associated with overall survival or cancer-specific survival.

Conclusions
The therapeutic benefit obtained by LND remains unclear regardless of the extent of LND, although LND has diagnostic value with respect to the prediction of a poor prognosis especially in patients with clinically muscle-invasive disease.


This is an overview of different approaches to the study of social networks,
relationships and contacts situated in the context of debates on the
interpretation of the changing nature of 'community'. Three approaches are
considered; a traditional 'community as locality' approach that sees contacts as
bound to a particular geographic location; 'social network analysis' that
considers the 'networked' nature of an individuals' contacts; and the idea that
individuals are connected through 'small worlds' that attempt to understand the
linked nature of different networks (see Larsen et al., 2005).
Implicit in these competing approaches is the link between 'community' and
social networks (though the two are far from mutually exclusive). This is
particularly evident in explanations of how social, spatial and technological
change has altered the ways in which social relations are ordered. Simplified,
this forms a somewhat evolutionary narrative of shifts in the organisation of
social relations from 'face-to-face', to 'place-to-place', to 'person-centred'
contacts and relationships (Wellman, 2001). It is the later, encapsulated in ideas
such as 'networked sociality', that some suggest has had most impact on our
understandings of social networks and community (Wittel, 2001). This is evident
in discussions of how the rise of instantaneous communication technology such
as the internet, e.mail or mobile phones have facilitated the 'death of distance'
and enabled individuals to overcome the problem of time when contacting
others (Cairncross, 2001). As the review goes on to discuss, this does not mean
that the need for embodied travel or face-to-face contact is now redundant. If
anything, some argue that travel has increased in frequency and distance, and
produced more dispersed and flexible social ties which continue to be
maintained through ever complex processes of physical co-presence (Urry, 2002;
2003).
While some present almost utopian claims about networked individualism and
how new travel and communication technologies can empower individuals to
'choose' or create better networks, and therefore better social lives, the review
warns of the dangers of overlooking what, for many, is exclusion from the
ability to engage in such socially enabling networking. Furthermore, the alleged
'death of distance' and freedom from spatial fixity of networked individualism
has not eradicated the relevance of the spatial and temporal contexts of social
networks.


Option way out to the trouble of accessing information in remote areas where wired network are inaccessible is offered by Wireless Networking Technology. Wireless Networking has changed the way people communicate and share information by eliminating the boundaries of distance and location. Although Wireless Networking is regarded as Networking Future but still there are some unsolved issues which is preventing the wide adaption of Wireless Technologies.In this paper we have tried to discusses two latest wireless technologies: Wi-Fi and WiMAX. The objective in this paper is to briefly describe the technologies as well as the benefits and risks involved in their implementation.


The analysis of industrial clusters became a very actual topic for academic debates and for Governments trying to foster economic growth. In Romania, since the end of the 1990's until the present day there have been many researches foccusing on the identification of industrial clusters and on the analysis of triggering factors which stood at their origins. All these studies concluded the fact that Romanian clusters appeared "naturally" through industrial attractiveness for direct foreign investments and in the absence of a regional policy to stimulate the formation of competitive productive agglomerations. On the other hand the regional development policy since the end of the 1990's has led to the development of public clusters. Beginning with 2005, four cluster initiatives were promoted as instruments to grow competitiveness through collective learning.


Extracellular recording of the glucose-induced electrical activity of mouse islets of Langerhans on microelectrode arrays (MEAs) is an innovative and powerful tool to address beta-cell (patho-)physiology. In a dual approach we tested whether this technique can detect concentration-dependent drug effects as well as characterize alterations in beta-cell activity during prolonged culture. First we established conditions that allow long-term investigation of beta-cell function by recording electrical activity. The results provide the first measurements of beta-cell membrane potential oscillations of individual murine islets during long-term culture. Oscillations were recorded for up to 34 days after islet isolation. Importantly, the glucose dependence of electrical activity did not change over a period of one month. Thus we can follow electrophysiological changes of individual islets induced by alterations in the beta-cell environment over weeks. Second, we used the MEA technique to assay beta-cell damage induced by oxidative stress and to evaluate appropriate protection mechanisms. Oxidative stress plays a key role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Examination of the acute effects of H2O2 on electrical activity showed that the oxidant reduced the electrical activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The superoxide dismutase mimetic, tempol, protected against the detrimental effects of H2O2. In conclusion, we demonstrated that MEA recordings can be used to address disease-related mechanisms and protective interventions in beta-cells. In the future, this fundamental work should enable the monitoring of the electrical activity of islets of Langerhans under controlled ex vivo conditions including long-term exposure to oxidative stress, glucolipotoxicity, and other diabetes-inducing agents.


Background: Psychiatric intensive care facilities have previously been poorly defined, with uncertainty existing about the appropriateness of admissions.Aim: To offer the first large-scale systematic survey describing the clinical characteristics of patients admitted to Psychiatric Intensive Care Units.Method: A questionnaire was sent to ward managers of every Psychiatric Intensive Care Unit in London for completion on a chosen census day. Individual demographic and clinical patient characteristics were collected, along with admission and discharge pathways.Results: Of 186 patients on 17 NHS PICUs in London, we obtained data for 172. 80% of patients were male, with a mean age of 33; 50% were Black and all but 2 were involuntarily detained. 66% had a diagnosis of schizophrenia and 55% of admissions were due to physical aggression. 73% of the sample had at least one 'complex need', which was most commonly substance misuse. Black patients were younger, more likely to be male and to have a forensic history (54% vs. 31%) than white patients. A slightly lower percentage (70% vs. 79%) of Black patients were described as having complex needs. White patients were more likely to have a personality disorder or a second diagnosis.Conclusions: Patients admitted to psychiatric intensive care units were most likely to have major psychosis, complex needs and to use illicit substances. Ethnic variations warrant further study.Declaration of Interest: The project was partly funded by the Department of Health.


Background Very few studies have examined the role of school, household and family contexts in youth smoking in middle-income countries. Methods This work describes smoking exposure among 59 992 high school students who took part in the Brazilian Survey of School Health and investigates contextual factors associated with regular smoking, defined as smoking cigarettes at least once in the past 30 days. The explaining variables were grouped into: socio-demographic characteristics, school context, household context and family rapport. Variables independently associated with smoking in each context were identified by multiple logistic regression analysis. Results 53% of the total sample were girls, 89% were aged 13–15 years. 24% had already experimented with cigarettes, 50% before the age of 12 years. The prevalence of regular smoking was 6.3% (95% CI 5.87 to 6.74), with no sex variation. Smoking was not associated with either the mother's education or the index of household assets. In the multivariable analysis, studying at a private school, the possibility of purchasing cigarettes at school and skipping of classes without parents' consent increased the chances of smoking. In the household context, living with both parents was negatively associated with smoking, while having smoking parents and exposure to other people's smoking was positively related to smoking. In the family context, parental unawareness of what the adolescent was doing increased smoking, but having meals with the mother one or more days per week and parents' negative reactions to adolescent smoking reduced the chances of smoking. Conclusion The results reinforce the role of school, household and family contexts in youth smoking behaviours and will help improve public health policies aimed at preventing smoking and health promotion in adolescents.


Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) were initially created to protect the living, non-living, cultural and/or historical values from human activities. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD; Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992) has set a target of protecting 10% of the coastal and marine areas by 2020, which has led to a rapid increase in the creation of MPAs worldwide. Within this context, there is a growing concern regarding the number of efficient MPAs. One of the main issues is that biological or ecological features of marine species as well as ecosystem processes are not taken into account in MPA design. Deciding criteria for species management requires considerable information collected from a number of sources, including morphometric data, genetic data and distributional data. Morphometric tools are useful to study species taxonomy, or to provide information about the morphological variability, size and growth of the species, which is essential for MPA monitoring. Genetic tools can be use to resolve species taxonomy or population structure, allowing to estimate genetic diversity and connectivity of populations at different temporal and spatial scales. Both morphometric and genetic data used in combination provide a powerful tool that should be considered in MPA assessment. However, the accurate interpretation and the integration of this information into marine spatial planning is specially challenging. The aim of this PhD thesis was to develop a protocol for monitoring Marine Protected Areas by studying the morphology and genetics of two closely limpet species (Patella rustica and Patella caerulea) across MPAs in the Western Mediterranean sea. Overall, the results of this thesis provides support the inclusion of the morphological and genetic tools into management plans, and in the guidelines for the monitoring to improve and/or maintain MPA health and effectiveness.


WINNER OF THE 2018 WOLFSON HISTORY PRIZE Centuries on, what the Reformation was and what it accomplished remain deeply contentious. Peter Marshall's sweeping new history-the first major overview for general readers in a generation-argues that sixteenth-century England was a society neither desperate for nor allergic to change, but one open to ideas of "reform" in various competing guises. King Henry VIII wanted an orderly, uniform Reformation, but his actions opened a Pandora's Box from which pluralism and diversity flowed and rooted themselves in English life. With sensitivity to individual experience as well as masterfully synthesizing historical and institutional developments, Marshall frames the perceptions and actions of people great and small, from monarchs and bishops to ordinary families and ecclesiastics, against a backdrop of profound change that altered the meanings of "religion" itself. This engaging history reveals what was really at stake in the overthrow of Catholic culture and the reshaping of the English Church.


Aquaporins (AQPs) are membrane proteins that regulate the selective bidirectional
water and solute transport across biological membranes and are essential for
maintaining cellular integrity. In humans, the AQP family consists of 13 established
members (AQP0-12). AQPs 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9 are collectively known as "cerebral AQPs"
as they are known to be present in the mammalian brain. AQPs are distributed
throughout a wide range of tissues and therefore play a role in a diverse range of
physiologies and pathologies including oedema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus and
cancer. Consequently, AQPs have been highlighted as key drug targets.
AQP4 is the most abundant AQP in the central nervous system (CNS), predominantly in
CNS glial cells, particularly astrocytes and at the blood-brain barrier. Astrocytes are the
most abundant cells in the CNS and are a major site of stroke or traumatic brain injury
(TBI) induced cell swelling during osmotically-driven cytotoxic oedema formation.
Current treatments for cerebral oedema use solutes at high concentrations or surgical
intervention to relieve pressure. Neither works extremely well with having surgery
having significant negative outcomes. AQP4-deficient animals were protected from
early oedema formation but there are no clinically-available inhibitors of the AQP4
water channel. Modulating AQP4 surface localisation and expression rather than direct
blocking of its pore could provide novel therapeutic benefits.
The research in this thesis primarily elucidates the regulatory mechanisms involved in
processes of hypotonicity and hypoxia mediated AQP4 translocation in primary
astrocytes and examines current therapies for cerebral oedema including
hypothermia.
Using confocal microscopy, cell surface biotinylation, mutants and specific inhibitors,
this study showed that AQP4 rapidly relocalised to astrocyte plasma membranes from
intracellular vesicles in a calmodulin- and protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent manner.
PKA is activated by a calmodulin-dependent adenylyl cyclase (AC) in response to
osmotic stress, and calmodulin binds directly to AQP4 mediated by phosphorylation of
AQP4 at S276. Additionally, the mechanisms of hypoxia induced cell swelling have
been shown to be similar to hypotonicity-mediated cellular swelling.
The potential of therapeutic hypothermia for the reduction of early stage (cytotoxic)
oedema following TBI and stroke has been investigated with a focus on the effects on
AQP regulatory mechanisms. Hypothermia increased AQP4 surface expression, but not
total protein expression in primary human astrocyte adding novel insight to previously
known hypothermia induced changes in membrane Na+ and K+ permeability and Na+-H+
antiporter activation. Human primary cortical astrocytes were cultured in hypoxic
conditions, with and without therapeutic hypothermia intervention, at time points that
model TBI and treatment. Hypoxia down-regulated AQP4, at both gene and protein
levels, which then increased significantly with hypothermic intervention. However,
hypoxia also caused a significant increase in AQP4 surface availability that was
significantly reduced after hypothermic intervention. These results show that changes
in AQP4 membrane localisation, rather than protein expression, may provide the
protective effects of hypothermia against hypoxia induced cytotoxic oedema. This relocalisation of AQP4 was shown to involve mechanisms dependent on the transient
receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels, calcium and calmodulin activation.
Investigation into the role of AQP expression and regulation in temporal lobe epilepsy
(TLE) was conducted using transcriptomic (microarray, RT-qPCR) and proteome
profiling of matched human sclerotic (TLE-HS) and non-sclerotic (TLE-NC) patient brain
samples. AQP1 and AQP4 transcript expression was significantly increased, while AQP9
mRNA was significantly reduced in TLE-HS compared to TLE-NC. AQP4 protein
expression was also increased while AQP1 protein remained unchanged and AQP9 was
undetected. The differential expression of the MAPK pathway components p38 and
JNK were revealed in patient samples and ELISA data showed that p38 and JNK
inhibitors decreased AQP4 protein levels in cultured human primary cortical
astrocytes. The components of the MAPK signalling pathway involved in the regulation
of AQP4 expression may provide future TLE drug targets.
The novel findings in this study further the understanding of the physiological
mechanisms of AQP4 translocation, expression and regulation involved in astrocytic
swelling during ischemic stroke or TBI induced cytotoxic oedema and also TLE. These
mechanisms might help in improving the therapeutic effectiveness of hypothermia on
cytotoxic oedema and/or treating other CNS condition such as TLE using
pharmacological disruption of AQP expression and translocation mechanism.


Abstract. We study the relation between surface infiltration and groundwater recharge during managed aquifer recharge (MAR) with desalinated seawater in an infiltration pond, at the Menashe site that overlies the northern part of the Israeli Coastal Aquifer. We monitor infiltration dynamics at multiple scales (up to the scale of the entire pond) by measuring the ponding depth, sediment water content and groundwater levels, using pressure sensors, single-ring infiltrometers, soil sensors, and observation wells. During a month (January 2015) of continuous intensive MAR (2.45  ×  106 m3 discharged to a 10.7 ha area), groundwater level has risen by 17 m attaining full connection with the pond, while average infiltration rates declined by almost 2 orders of magnitude (from  ∼  11 to  ∼  0.4 m d−1). This reduction can be explained solely by the lithology of the unsaturated zone that includes relatively low-permeability sediments. Clogging processes at the pond-surface – abundant in many MAR operations – are negated by the high-quality desalinated seawater (turbidity  ∼  0.2 NTU, total dissolved solids  ∼  120 mg L−1) or negligible compared to the low-permeability layers. Recharge during infiltration was estimated reasonably well by simple analytical models, whereas a numerical model was used for estimating groundwater recharge after the end of infiltration. It was found that a calibrated numerical model with a one-dimensional representative sediment profile is able to capture MAR dynamics, including temporal reduction of infiltration rates, drainage and groundwater recharge. Measured infiltration rates of an independent MAR event (January 2016) fitted well to those calculated by the calibrated numerical model, showing the model validity. The successful quantification methodologies of the temporal groundwater recharge are useful for MAR practitioners and can serve as an input for groundwater flow models.


This article recaptures a now-anachronistic approach to standing law that the Supreme Court followed in the middle decades of the 20th Century and explains how and when it died. It then speculates about why the federal courts retreated from the doctrine when they did. The now-anachronistic view of the permissible scope of standing, which is called here 'standing for the public,' permitted Congress to authorize parties who had no cognizable legal rights to challenge government action, in order to, as the Supreme Court itself said 'represent the public' and bring the government's legal errors before the courts. Ironically, the federal courts retreated from this approach to standing law in the 1960s and 1970s, the very period that is best known for its doctrinal innovations that liberalized standing law. The article tells the (complicated) tale of how the courts erased the standing for the public principle from the case law, places those actions action in context by looking at contemporaneous developments in the legal profession and Congress, and speculates about why this approach to standing law died when it did.