The literature on the relationship between work-related psychosocial factors and the development of ischemic heart disease (IHD) was systematically reviewed: 33 articles presented 51 analyses of studies involving male participants, 18 analyses involving female participants, and 8 analyses with both genders. Twenty of the studies originated in the Nordic countries, and the major dimensions of the Demand-Control Model were the focus of 23 articles. A balanced evaluation of the studies indicates moderate evidence that high psychologic demands, lack of social support, and iso-strain are risk factors for IHD among men. Studies performed during recent years have not shown evidence for lack of control as a risk factor for IHD. Several studies have shown that job strain is a risk factor, but in the more recent ones, these associations can be fully explained by the association between demands and disease risk. Insufficient evidence was found for a relationship between IHD and effort-reward imbalance, injustice, job insecurity, or long working hours. Studies involving women are too few to draw any conclusion concerning women, work stress, and IHD.


Evolutionary psychology is an emerging paradigm for the social sciences that offers a powerful metatheoretical framework for personality psychology and, as I attempt to demonstrate in this article, for the psychology of religion as well. I argue that religion is not an evolved adaptation; rather, the diverse range of beliefs, behavior, and experience that we collectively refer to as religion emerge as byproducts of numerous, domain-specific psychological mechanisms that evolved to solve other (mundane) adaptive problems. These include mechanisms for reasoning about the natural world (naive physics and biology), about other people' minds (naive psychology), and about specific kinds of interpersonal relationships (attachment, kinship, social exchange, coalitions, status hierarchies).


Context
Camera trapping is a widely used monitoring tool for a broad range of species across most habitat types. Camera trapping has some major advantages over other trapping methods, such as pitfall traps, because cameras can be left in the field for extended periods of time. However, there is still a need to compare traditional trapping methods with newer techniques.

Aims
To compare trap rates, species richness and community composition of small mammals and reptiles by using passive, unbaited camera traps and pitfall traps.

Methods
We directly compared pitfall trapping (20-L buried buckets) with downward-facing infrared-camera traps (Reconyx) to survey small reptiles and mammals at 16 sites within a forested habitat in south-western Australia. We compared species captured using each method, as well as the costs associated with each.

Key results
Overall, we recorded 228 reptiles, 16 mammals and 1 frog across 640 pitfall trap-nights (38.3 animal captures per 100 trap-nights) compared to 271 reptiles and 265 mammals (for species likely to be captured in pitfall traps) across 2572 camera trap nights (20.8 animal captures per 100 trap-nights). When trap effort is taken into account, camera trapping was only 23% as efficient as pitfall trapping for small reptiles (mostly Scincidae), but was five times more efficient for surveying small mammals (Dasyuridae). Comparing only those species that were likely to be captured in pitfall traps, 13 species were recorded by camera trapping compared with 20 species recorded from pitfall trapping; however, we found significant (P<0.001) differences in community composition between the methods. In terms of cost efficacy, camera trapping was the more expensive method for our short, 4-month survey when taking the cost of cameras into consideration.

Conclusions
Applicability of camera trapping is dependent on the specific aims of the intended research. Camera trapping is beneficial where community responses to ecosystem disturbance are being tested. Live capture of small reptiles via pitfall trapping allows for positive species identification, morphological assessment, and collection of reference photos to help identify species from camera photos.

Implications
As stand-alone techniques, both survey methods under-represent the available species present in a region. The use of more than one survey method improves the scope of fauna community assessments.


The ability to decode neural activity into meaningful control signals for prosthetic devices is critical to the development of clinically useful brain– machine interfaces (BMIs). Such systems require input from tens to hundreds of brain-implanted recording electrodes in order to deliver robust and accurate performance; in serving that primary function they should also minimize power dissipation in order to avoid damaging neural tissue; and they should transmit data wirelessly in order to minimize the risk of infection associated with chronic, transcutaneous implants. Electronic architectures for brain– machine interfaces must therefore minimize size and power consumption, while maximizing the ability to compress data to be transmitted over limited-bandwidth wireless channels. Here we present a system of extremely low computational complexity, designed for real-time decoding of neural signals, and suited for highly scalable implantable systems. Our programmable architecture is an explicit implementation of a universal computing machine emulating the dynamics of a network of integrate-and-fire neurons; it requires no arithmetic operations except for counting, and decodes neural signals using only computationally inexpensive logic operations. The simplicity of this architecture does not compromise its ability to compress raw neural data by factors greater than . We describe a set of decoding algorithms based on this computational architecture, one designed to operate within an implanted system, minimizing its power consumption and data transmission bandwidth; and a complementary set of algorithms for learning, programming the decoder, and postprocessing the decoded output, designed to operate in an external, nonimplanted unit. The implementation of the implantable portion is estimated to require fewer than 5000 operations per second. A proof-of-concept, 32-channel field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation of this portion is consequently energy efficient. We validate the performance of our overall system by decoding electrophysiologic data from a behaving rodent.


This special issue examines how the fluid historicity of peripheral sexualities are driven by their dynamic transformations, displacements, and reformulations throughout history, having been produced, interrogated by, and represented through discourses of colonialism, slavery, imperialism, and more recently are shaped by the forces of globalization and migration, among other influences. Scholars foster new critical dialogues on the artistic, literary, and linguistic forms through which these sexualities have been articulated and on the new centers that peripheral sexualities often establish in the evolution of human sexuality, societal norms, and creative uses of language. The studies demonstrate how intersections of sexualities and ideologies form critiques of normativity, whether that normativity be heteronormativity, homonationalism(s), or other orthodoxies linguistically tied to sexualities. Central to the explorations in this volume is an attention to how language is deployed in multiple media and genres, from visual and performance pieces that disrupt and reaffirm traditional colonial relationships, to politically engaged literature that grapples with questions of identity, agency, and memory, to subversive films that question revolutionary paradigms or reimagine them for a postnational world. These studies focus on examples from Spain, Peru, Cuba, Bolivia, and Puerto Rico that engage the dynamics of periphery and center, national and transnational, and the liminal spaces mediating between these polarities, all spaces constituted by language and sexuality.


Orientation: Extra role behaviours, also known as organisational citizenship behaviours, are very important for an organisation's success. Organisational objectives can be efficiently achieved when employees are willing to do work that is beyond their job description. Organisations with employees with high organisational citizenship behaviour have a competitive advantage and are highly productive Research purpose: The study investigated the influence of compensation and training and development on organisational citizenship behaviour amongst academic staff at a rural-based South African institution of higher learning. Motivation for the study: Research on the influence of compensation and training and development on organisational citizenship behaviour is not new. However, the studies were carried out in different sectors outside South Africa. There is still scant information known about citizenship behaviour in the higher education sector in general and in South African rural-based institutions of higher learning in particular. Research approach/design and method: The study was based on a quantitative approach, which used a cross-sectional research design. A sample of 152 academic staff participated in this study. Data were gathered using a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple regression analysis technique were conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0. Main findings: The findings revealed a significant relationship between compensation and organisational citizenship behaviour. A significant correlation was also found between training and development and organisational citizenship behaviour. However, in multiple regression analysis, compensation was found to be the only predictor of organisational citizenship behaviour. Moreover, no significant difference in levels of organisational citizenship behaviour between men and women was found. Practical/managerial implications: The management of the institution should continuously review its compensation or rewards policies to enhance organisational citizenship behaviour amongst the academic staff. Institutions of higher learning should also compensate their employees and develop them fairly regardless of gender in order to promote organisational citizenship behaviour. Contribution/value-add: The study's findings will assist the university management in making strategic decisions on compensation systems and staff development that will enhance the citizenship behaviour of the academic staff.


Abstract Communication is an indispensable part of international cooperation and it requires managing different cultures. Being prepared to see and understand different values, trying to understand contrasting views in a consortium, can decrease the potential of misperception which otherwise may act as a real barrier to cooperation. This is why international cooperation necessitates negotiation across cultures. In the case of collaboration, parties come together for a joint work which itself may create common values/understanding, besides the set goals. This is because collaboration requires strong we-feeling and commitment. The purpose of this paper is to focus on cross-cultural communication and collaboration in the area of Open and Distance Learning (ODL), concentrating on the communication processes in project management. Cross-cultural studies point to different communicative behaviours of individuals in multinational work environments e.g. the cultural characteristics affect the preferences towards the use of the media. For the purposes of this paper, the authors make a phenomenological-oriented case study of project management based on interviews with partners of a multilateral Grundtvig (adult learning) project, affiliated with distance education institutions in eight different countries. The authors test their assumptions for constructive and cooperative communication in e-Learning projects; delineating the effects of different cultures as regards the expectations from (1) international projects and (2) communication media.


Less than 5% of breast cancers are hereditary, but over 90% of hereditary breast cancers are caused by a mutation of either BRCA1 or BRCA2. The mutation may be inherited from either the maternal or the paternal side of the family. Clinicians should consider specific criteria in the family history to determine when a patient may benefit from counselling and appropriate testing. Testing is generally offered only to patients who are at high risk and is currently estimated to have a sensitivity of about 85%. Test protocols are primarily oriented to detecting frameshift and nonsense mutations that cause premature protein truncations. Missense mutations also occur, but they are less common and sometimes not clearly of clinical significance. Laboratory results need to be correlated with the clinical picture, and genetic counselling is a critical component in maximizing the benefits of testing. In the future, application of more refined clinical criteria, as well as expected improvements in laboratory techniques, will undoubtedly lead to significantly better outcomes and options in surveillance and management for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndromes caused by mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2.


Mindfulness meditation is increasingly promoted as a tool to foster more inclusive and tolerant societies and, accordingly, meditation practice has been adopted in a number of public institutions including schools and legislatures. Here, we provide the first empirical test of the effects of mindfulness meditation on political and societal attitudes by examining whether completion in a 15-minute mindfulness meditation increases tolerance towards disliked groups relative to relevant control conditions. Analyses of data from a pilot experiment (N = 54) and a pre-registered experiment (N = 171) provides no evidence that mindfulness meditation increases political tolerance. Furthermore, exploratory analyses show that individual differences in trait mindfulness is not associated with differences in tolerance. These results suggest that there is reason to pause recommending mindfulness meditation as a way to achieve democratically desirable outcomes or, at least, that short-term meditation is not sufficient to generate these.


Importance
Poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitor and anti-programmed death receptor-1 inhibitor monotherapy have shown limited clinical activity in patients with advanced triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC).

Objective
To evaluate the clinical activity (primary) and safety (secondary) of combination treatment with niraparib and pembrolizumab in patients with advanced or metastatic TNBC.

Design, Setting, and Participants
This open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study enrolled 55 eligible patients with advanced or metastatic TNBC irrespective of BRCA mutation status or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression at 34 US sites. Data were collected from January 3, 2017, through October 29, 2018, and analyzed from October 29, 2018, through February 27, 2019.

Interventions
Patients were administered 200 mg of oral niraparib once daily in combination with 200 mg of intravenous pembrolizumab on day 1 of each 21-day cycle.

Main Outcomes and Measures
The primary end point was objective response rate (ORR) per the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, version 1.1. Secondary end points were safety, disease control rate (DCR; complete response plus partial response plus stable disease), duration of response (DOR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival.

Results
Within the full study population of 55 women (median age, 54 years [range, 32-90 years]), 5 patients had confirmed complete responses, 5 had confirmed partial responses, 13 had stable disease, and 24 had progressive disease. In the efficacy-evaluable population (n = 47), ORR included 10 patients (21%; 90% CI, 12%-33%) and DCR included 23 (49%; 90% CI, 36%-62%). Median DOR was not reached at the time of the data cutoff, with 7 patients still receiving treatment at the time of analysis. In 15 evaluable patients with tumor BRCA mutations, ORR included 7 patients(47%; 90% CI, 24%-70%), DCR included 12 (80%; 90% CI, 56%-94%), and median PFS was 8.3 months (95% CI, 2.1 months to not estimable). In 27 evaluable patients with BRCA wild-type tumors, ORR included 3 patients (11%; 90% CI, 3%-26%), DCR included 9 (33%; 90% CI, 19%-51%), and median PFS was 2.1 months (95% CI, 1.4-2.5 months). The most common treatment-related adverse events of grade 3 or higher were anemia (10 [18%]), thrombocytopenia (8 [15%]), and fatigue (4 [7%]). Immune-related adverse events were reported in 8 patients (15%) and were grade 3 in 2 patients (4%); no new safety signals were detected.

Conclusions and Relevance
Combination niraparib plus pembrolizumab provides promising antitumor activity in patients with advanced or metastatic TNBC, with numerically higher response rates in those with tumor BRCA mutations. The combination therapy was safe with a tolerable safety profile, warranting further investigation.

Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02657889.


For many years safety officials and public health authorities have discouraged use of the word "accident" when it refers to injuries or the events that produce them. An accident is often understood to be unpredictable—a chance occurrence or an "act of God"—and therefore unavoidable. However, most injuries and their precipitating events are predictable and preventable.1–3 That is why the BMJ has decided to ban the word accident.

In an editorial in the BMJ in 1993 Evans explained why "motor vehicle crash" is an appropriate expression but "motor vehicle accident" is not: "The word crash indicates in a simple factual way what is observed, while accident seems to suggest in addition a general explanation of why it occurred without any evidence to support such an explanation."4 Evans also argued that "accident" is inappropriate in reference to medical errors (as in medical accidents) and that "its use in medical settings continues to mislead."4

Eight years later "accident" continues to be misused in medical circles—and on the pages of the BMJ . An online search for "accident" in the BMJ for the period January 1996 to December 2000 indicated that it has been used in the title or …


The article offers an explanation of the effects of music on children within a hospital setting and points up the multifaceted nature of this experience. The nature of the client group allows the musical experience to work on many different levels, such as modifying the child's perception of pain and reducing stress, whilst at the same time having an integral educational element that supports musical development. The evidence base is drawn from an extensive review of the music/medicine literature, interfaced with the first author's experience over many years as a participant musician in a paediatric oncology ward.


Abstract For years, the U.S. government has been waging counterterrorism campaigns against al-Qaida and other armed groups in safe havens and weak states. What explains the effectiveness of such campaigns? The variation in effectiveness may result from differences in select tactical, organizational, and technological capabilities of the counterterrorism state and its local partner, captured by the concept of the Legibility and Speed-of-Exploitation System (L&S). Empirical studies, including novel fieldwork data, on the U.S. drone war in Pakistan's Waziristan region from 2004 to 2014 reveal the influence of the L&S on targeted groups. From 2004 to 2007, a lack of U.S. counterterrorism capabilities aligning with the L&S allowed both al-Qaida and the Pakistan Taliban to build their operational infrastructure, expand their bases, engage in extensive recruitment drives, and broker important local alliances. In contrast, as the United States made substantial improvements in the L&S from 2008 to 2014, the campaigns against both groups became increasingly effective. Both al-Qaida and the Pakistan Taliban experienced sustained reductions in operational capabilities, losses of bases, and high desertion rates; they also faced growing political challenges, including from within their own organizations. These findings contrast with the view that counterterrorism offers short-term gains at best and is counterproductive at worst.


The electrical resistivity of liquid hydrogen has been measured at the high dynamic pressures, densities and temperatures that can be achieved with a reverberating shock wave. The resulting data are most naturally interpreted in terms of a continuous transition from a semiconducting to a metallic largely diatomic fluid, the latter at 140 GPa (nine–fold compression) and 3000 K. While the fluid at these conditions resembles common liquid metals by the scale of its resistivity of 500 μΩ cm, it differs by retaining a strong pairing character, and the precise mechanism by which a metallic state might be attained is still a matter of debate. Some evident possibilities include: (i) physics of a largely one–body character, such as a band–overlap transition; (ii) physics of a strong–coupling or many–body character, such as a Mott–Hubbard transition; and (iii) processes in which structural changes are paramount.


The study of media coverage of emerging technologies constitutes an important field in Science and Technology Studies. Nanotechnology is one of these emerging technologies. Traditionally, research has focused on media coverage in developed countries, especially English-speaking ones - the United States, Canada and United Kingdom. This thesis breaks with this tradition. It is an attempt to "de-westernize" this area of research by moving the focus towards Sweden, Poland and Iran – countries that differ considerably from each other in terms of economy, culture, religion, technological development or socio-political system. More importantly, these countries have never been studied in this context before. Qualitative content analysis of the articles published between 2004 and 2009 in seven Swedish, Polish and Iranian daily newspapers has been conducted in order to determine cross-national differences in the debates on nanotechnology, in terms of frames, themes, metaphors or sources. A parallel aim was to assess how socio-political differences may influence media reporting on nanotechnology or how the discussion of nanotechnology reflects socio-political differences. The results shows that although media coverage of nanotechnology in Sweden, Poland and Iran largely followed the patterns observed in other countries, there are elements that are characteristic of Poland, Sweden or Iran alone. The most specific one is the use of nanotechnology in order to promote a country's image, enhance its international reputation externally or strengthen national pride internally. Additionally, this research suggests improvements to some of the earlier approaches used in the studies of media coverage of emerging technologies. Considering the current discussions around the importance of 'nano communication', this thesis contributes not only to the study of media coverage and public perceptions of emerging technologies within Science and Technology Studies but also to particular areas of other disciplines such as culture and media studies and philology.


Moisture-induced degradation in perovskite solar cells was thoroughly investigated by structural (SEM, EDS, XRD and XPS) and device characterization (impedance and intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy) techniques. Both the influence of the perovskite composition and the nature of the hole selective material were analyzed. The degradation rate was found to be significantly slower for mixed perovskites and P3HT-based devices. However, for a fixed degradation degree (defined as a 50% drop from the initial photocurrent), all configurations show similar features in small-perturbation analysis. Thus, a new mid-frequency signal appears in the impedance response, which seems to be related to charge accumulation at the interfaces. In addition, faster recombination, with a more important surface contribution, and slower transport were clearly inferred from our results. Both features can be associated with the deterioration of the contacts and the formation of a higher number of grain boundaries.


Conducting methodological defensible, logistically feasible and affordable large-scale national surveys of migrants is a serious challenge. Based on the experience of running a multi-year Migrant Rights Monitoring Project (MRMP) in South Africa, this paper outlines the pros and cons of working with and through NGOs which provide services to migrants (including asylum seekers, refugees and undocumented migrants) in order to conduct a national longitudinal survey on migrant access to basic public services. From a narrowly defined, formal methodological perspective, this access method clearly does not result in a sample which is representative of a total national population of migrants. Some of the resulting limitations are outlined in the paper, including urban bias, nationality bias, documentation bias, gender bias, and vulnerability bias, as well as effects relating to respondent duplication, strategic responses and intermediary quality and interests. The paper argues that these biases are problematic and we need to be aware of them, but that they are not significantly greater than for migration surveys which attempt to use more representative sampling methods. Furthermore, there are strong benefits of such an NGO-linked methodology. Recognising these benefits requires a wider reference point than formal methodology, namely the overall purpose of the research. Apart from making larger and more longitudinal surveys logistically and financially possible in the first place, such benefits include the formation of active and collaborative networks among organisations in the migrant rights sector; capacity building within this sector around research and the use and meaning of empirical data; and the direct integration of empirical data into local and national advocacy work.


As expected for years, nanotechnology has revolutionized engineering, biology, chemistry, physics and medicine of today. These disciplines are evolving thanks to the ongoing development of new materials and applications. Nanomedicine, as application of nanotechnology in the field of health care, has undergone unprecedented development. Some of these changes have real applications as, for example, the use of nanoparticles in MRI imaging, in hyperthermia, in immunotherapy, or to improve the bioavailability of drugs, among others [1]-[3].

 When a drug is administered to a patient, the blood distributes it throughout the body. In the case of very localized diseases (i.e. tumors), only a small fraction of the drug reaches the target. Chemotherapy is one of the most aggressive treatment options used in some types of cancer, and is usually administered intravenously. In this type of therapy, the drug circulates throughout the body, reaching and destroying healthy and cancerous tissues, producing side effects throughout the body, sometimes with serious consequences for the health of the patient (nephrotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, anemia, etc.). Among the many applications of nanotechnology, the fabrication of nanostructures capable of safely transporting these drugs is seen as a strategy for reducing these side effects. Nanoparticles are able to carry and release the drug in the right place and with the required dose, greatly reducing the problems associated with direct treatment with these drugs.

 In recent years, there have been continuous improvements in the design and development of new tailor-made drug delivery systems [4], including hollow magnetic nanoparticles, liposomal structures, dendrimers, nanoporous silicon, etc. These structures can be obtained with different molecular weights (in the case of polymers), structures, shapes, and even with the appropriate functional groups for interaction at the desired positions. However, a great effort is still required to solve many of the current problems [5], including toxicity, aggregation, solubility and stability in the human body, physiological processes of elimination, identification of targets by highly specific receptors, controlled drug release over time, etc.


Weakly-coupled models for the 750 GeV diphoton resonance often invoke new particles carrying both color and/or electric charges to mediate loop-induced couplings of the resonance to two gluons and two photons. The new colored particles may not be stable and could decay into final states containing standard model particles. We consider an electroweak doublet of vector-like quarks (VLQs) carrying electric charges of 5/3 and 2/3, respectively, which mediate the loop-induced couplings of the 750 GeV resonance. If the VLQ has a mass at around 1 TeV, it naturally gives rise to the observed diphoton signal strength while all couplings remain perturbative up to a high scale. At the same time, if the charge-5/3 VLQ decays into final states containing top quark and W boson, it would contribute to the multilepton excesses observed in both Run 1 and Run 2 data. It is also possible to incorporate a dark matter candidate in the decay final states to explain the observed relic density.


Purpose – This paper investigates the stalled adoption of a supplier park at Bridgend Engine Plant in the UK. It starts from the position that not all firms can or should implement the same set of practices. Design/methodology/approach – Critical Incident Technique and semi-structured interviews over 5 years were used to understand the influence of institutional and strategic choices during the implementation of a supplier park. A conceptual framework was developed to incorporate practices broadly associated with parks i.e. improving supply stability, supply coordination, redefining the OEM/supplier boundary and enhancing interaction between co-located firms. Findings – The findings demonstrate a limited implementation of supply practices at Bridgend with only one component supplier brought onto the site. The original plan was to create a supplier park that would 'grow' to an industrial park, creating an automotive sector in the area. However, a combination of operational, processual, and contextual factors have conspired against the plan. Research limitations/implications – The combination of a broad range of theoretical and practical elements means there are associated discussions that could be more fully explored. Condensing the interview notes has resulted in the researchers own interpretation of events becoming a significant reality filter. Whilst single case studies raise inevitable concerns over comparability, our focus is on theoretical generalizability through richness of empirical data. Originality/value of the paper – As firms continue to use best practice as a core ingredient of strategy, researchers must respond with robust theoretical concepts explaining adoption and implementation. This paper integrates disparate perspectives across multiple levels in order to build a richer and more believable picture of a stalled initiative. Three key conclusions can be drawn: the contingent nature of 'bundles of practice', implications of political ambiguity over the efficiency argument and the effect of isomorphic or bandwagon responses by firms.


Objective: To compare the functional outcomes of patients with anoxic brain injury (ABI) due to cardiac and non-cardiac aetiologies. Design: Retrospective chart review over 4 years. Setting: Freestanding rehabilitation hospital. Participants: Thirteen patients with cardiac ABI and 13 patients with non-cardiac ABI. Intervention: Comprehensive, multi-disciplinary inpatient rehabilitation services. Main outcome measures: Rehabilitation hospital length of stay (LOS) and cost; Functional Independence Measure (FIM) scores and its various sub-sets on admission and discharge; FIM efficiency and change; and discharge disposition. Results: Patients with cardiac ABI were similar in gender and ethnicity when compared to patients with non-cardiac ABI but were older (average age 52 vs 42) with a higher percentage of cardiac patients married (77% vs 39%). No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups on all sub-sets of the FIM on admission and discharge as well as the different FIM efficiencies. However, there was a trend for the cardiac ABI patients to have a greater efficiency in improving mobility during rehabilitation when compared to non-cardiac ABI patients. The rehabilitation hospital LOS was ∼28 days less for patients with cardiac ABI (41.49 vs 69.84 days), but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.26). The mean rehabilitation cost for patients with cardiac ABI was ∼ $14 000 less than that for those with non-cardiac ABI ($44 181 vs $58 187). This difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.15). Cardiac ABI patients were more likely to be discharged directly to home from rehabilitation when compared to non-cardiac ABI patients (p = 0.06). Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrates some differences in the recovery patterns of patients with ABI who had a cardiac aetiology and those who had non-cardiac aetiologies. While both groups experienced similar progress during rehabilitation, those with cardiac ABI made gains with a shorter LOS and less rehabilitation costs when compared to non-cardiac ABI patients. These data suggest a trend towards greater cost and length of stay for patients with ABI who had non-cardiac aetiologies.


Individuals with Parkinson's disease have trouble walking and show pronounced hand tremor because the movement-controlling servomechanism in the brain loses the dopamine-containing cells of the subtantia nigra. Luo et al. now suggest a possible compensatory approach to therapy for this disease. The authors injected viral vectors containing the genes for glutamic acid decarboxylase (the enzyme that makes the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) into the subthalamic nucleus of rats with artificially created Parkinson's symptoms. The overexcitatory cells in this nucleus also produced inhibition and so reduced the abnormal excitatory drive to the substantia nigra. The rats showed improvement in their Parkinson's-like disorder, and their dopamine-containing cells were protected from damage caused by further insult. J. Luo, M. G. Kaplitt, H. L. Fitzsimons, D. S. Zuzga, Y. Liu, M. L. Oshinsky, M. J. During, Subthalamic GAD gene therapy in a Parkinson's disease rat model. Science 298, 425-429 (2002). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Interoperable distributed energy resources (DER), including photovoltaic (PV) inverters, are capable of providing a number of grid services by receiving commands from grid operators, aggregators, or other third parties. In many control scenarios, the grid operator must determine the operating mode and parameters for the devices to achieve a specific control objective. In this paper, we experimentally validate a distributed technique to achieve optimal DER reactive power operating points for distribution circuit voltage regulation using extremum seeking control. The method is demonstrated with physical and virtual DER connected to multiple hardware-in-the-loop distribution circuit simulations. This paper demonstrates PV inverters with realistic communication interfaces can receive real-time control signals from an aggregator and adjusting their reactive power to minimize voltage deviations. Simulations were conducted with fixed and variable solar irradiance to demonstrate the robustness of the approach.


Regional impact studies of the effects of future climate change are necessary because projected changes in meteorological variables vary regionally, and different hydrological systems can react in various ways to the same changes. In this study the effects of climate change on groundwater recharge, storage, and discharge to streams are compared in two geologically and climatologically different regions in Denmark. Outputs are used for the periods 1961 to 1990 and 2071 to 2100 from a regional climate model representing the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios A2 and B2. A physically based, distributed hydrological model simulates changes in groundwater head, recharge, and discharge. Precipitation, temperature, and reference evapotranspiration increased for both the A2 and B2 scenarios. This results in a significant increase in mean annual net precipitation, but with decreased values in the summer months. The magnitude of the hydrological response to the simulated climate change is highly dependent on the geological setting of the model area. In the Jylland area, characterized by sandy top soils and large interconnected aquifers, groundwater recharge increased significantly, resulting in higher groundwater levels and increasing groundwater–river interaction. On Sjaelland, where the topsoil is dominated by low‐permeability soils and the aquifers are protected by thick clay layers of regional extent, only minor changes in groundwater levels are predicted. The primary effect in this area is the change in stream discharge, caused by changes in drain flow and overland flow, with up to 50% increase in winter and 50% decrease in summer. This study shows the added value of studying different climate scenarios and hydrological systems, so that the simulated effects can be compared both qualitatively and quantitatively.


The primary purpose of this current investigation was to determine if a variation of Pivotal Response Training (PRT) can be effectively implemented by a preschool autism teacher in a classroom setting. The secondary purpose was to measure changes in spontaneous prompted and echoic expressive language (i.e. words and phrases) in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This study included three preschool children with an educational diagnosis of autism and one classroom teacher. A multiple baseline design across participants was utilized in which the three children engaged in baseline teacher training PRT treatment and generalization phases. During the baseline phase the children engaged in teacher lesson activities teacher play activities and peer play activities to measure teacher and child behaviors in their existing state. During the teacher training phase the teacher learned to utilize PRT through a collaborative consultation model. More specifically the teacher read PRT strategy manuals discussed PRT strategies with the primary investigator and the primary investigator modeled and role played with the teacher in order to effectively implement the PRT strategies. During the treatment phase the teacher independently implemented PRT strategies during the teacher lesson activities. In the generalization phase children engaged in teacher play and peer play activities (presented in the same manner as found in the baseline phase) to determine if behavior changes (teacher and child) generalized into nontargeted activities. Throughout the course of this investigation two child measures and one teacher measure were obtained during the investigation. The first child measure reflected spontaneous prompted and echoic expressive language to determine language improvement as a result of teacher implemented PRT. The second child measure reflected the child's play behaviors to determine behavior improvement in nontargeted activities (peer play teacher play) as a result of teacher implemented PRT. The one teacher measure reflected if the classroom teacher effectively implemented PRT during the teacher lesson and teacher play.  Findings from this investigation revealed several improvements relative to teacher and child behaviors. Relative to the teacher behavior the classroom teacher effectively learned how to appropriately implement all PRT strategies during the teacher lesson activities for all three children. By engaging the teacher in a collaborative consultation model the teacher's behavior systematically improved. Additionally results documented that the teacher generalized some but not all of the PRT strategies to the teacher play activities (nontargeted activities). More specifically the teacher significantly improved implementation of the following PRT strategies into teacher play activities: Child attending (Child 3) providing clear opportunities (Child 1 2 3) providing contingent reinforcement (Child 1 2 3) providing contingent reinforcement for attempts (Child 1 2 3) providing social reinforcement (child 2) maintenance tasks (approaching statistical significance for Child 3) following the child's lead (Child 1 and 2) turn taking (Child 2 3) and child's choice (Child 2). These results are promising in that the teacher effectively implemented PRT in a new setting where no direct instruction of how to utilize PRT was provided. Findings related to the child's behaviors indicated that expressive language improvements were evidenced for all three children. More specifically improvements in spontaneous words (Child 1 2 3) prompted words (Child 1 2 3) and echoic words (Child 1 2) were noted during the teacher lesson activities. Additionally improvements in spontaneous phrases (Child 1 2) prompted phrases (Child 1) and echoic phrases (Child 1 2) were evidenced during the teacher lesson activities. Findings indicate that language improvements in all three children were a direct result of teacher implemented PRT during the teacher lesson.  In addition to documented language improvements during teacher lesson activities expressive language improvements were noted for Child 3 in the areas of prompted words and spontaneous phrases during teacher play activities. Generalization of expressive language skills (i.e. prompted words spontaneous phrases) from the teacher lesson activities to the teacher play activities suggest that improvements may be due to the fact that some of the PRT strategies were incorporated into the teacher play activities thus eliciting more communication from Child 3. Improvements in child play behaviors during peer and teacher play activities also evidenced. During peer play activities it was found that Child 2 and 3 demonstrated significant improvements for appropriate play and functional play. During teacher play activities Child 1 exhibited significant improvements for symbolic play whereas Child 3 demonstrated significant improvements in the areas of joint attention eye contact appropriate play and functional play and decreases in inappropriate play. Improved play skills may be a result of utilization of educational materials and toys by the teacher that were of interest to the children as well as improved manipulation of play materials by the children which generalized into play activities. These improvements suggest that the children developed play scripts and used toys more appropriately. Furthermore these increases may have motivated the children to interact and share toys with other individuals as a result of teacher implemented PRT during the teacher lesson activities.


This paper evaluates the role of regional cluster composition in the economic performance of industries, clusters and regions. On the one hand, diminishing returns to specialization in a location can result in a convergence effect: the growth rate of an industry within a region may be declining in the level of activity of that industry. At the same time, positive spillovers across complementary economic activities provide an impetus for agglomeration: the growth rate of an industry within a region may be increasing in the size and "strength" (i.e., relative presence) of related economic sectors. Building on Porter (1998, 2003), we develop a systematic empirical framework to identify the role of regional clusters – groups of closely related and complementary industries operating within a particular region – in regional economic performance. We exploit newly available data from the US Cluster Mapping Project to disentangle the impact of convergence at the region-industry level from agglomeration within clusters. We find that, after controlling for the impact of convergence at the narrowest unit of analysis, there is significant evidence for cluster-driven agglomeration. Industries participating in a strong cluster register higher employment growth as well as higher growth of wages, number of establishments, and patenting. Industry and cluster level growth also increases with the strength of related clusters in the region and with the strength of similar clusters in adjacent regions. Importantly, we find evidence that new regional industries emerge where there is a strong cluster environment. Our analysis also suggests that the presence of strong clusters in a region enhances growth opportunities in other industries and clusters. Overall, these findings highlight the important role of cluster-based agglomeration in regional economic performance.


In order to cooperate effectively with human players, characters need to infer the tasks players are pursuing and select contextually appropriate responses. This process of parsing a serial input stream of observations to infer a hierarchical task structure is much like the process of compiling source code. We draw an analogy between compiling source code and compiling behavior, and propose modeling the cognitive system of a character as a compiler, which tokenizes observations and infers a hierarchical task structure. An evaluation comparing automatically compiled behavior to human annotation demonstrates the potential for this approach to enable AI characters to understand the behavior and infer the tasks of human partners.


This week's articles highlight the molecular mechanisms in the brain that prevent overeating, mechanisms in the gut that limit systemic inflammation, and how a specialized chemosensory cell controls gut parasites. FEEDING BEHAVIOR When enough isn't enough An enzyme in the mouse brain hypothalamic nucleus prevents overeating. O. Lagerlöf, J. E. Slocomb, I. Hong, Y. Aponte, S. Blackshaw, G. W. Hart, R. L. Huganir, The nutrient sensor OGT in PVN neurons regulates feeding. Science 351, 1293–1296 (2016). [Abstract] G. J. Schwartz, A satiating signal.Science 351, 1268–1269 (2016). [Abstract] INFLAMMATION A prostaglandin barrier to inflammation Prostaglandin E2 prevents systemic inflammation by maintaining gut barrier integrity. R. Duffin, R. A. O'Connor, S. Crittenden, T. Forster, C. Yu, X. Zheng, D. Smyth, C. T. Robb, F. Rossi, C. Skouras, S. Tang, J. Richards, A. Pellicoro, R. B. Weller, R. M. Breyer, D. J. Mole, J. P. Iredale, S. M. Anderton, S. Narumiya, R. M. Maizels, P. Ghazal, S. E. Howie, A. G. Rossi, C. Yao, Prostaglandin E2 constrains systemic inflammation through an innate lymphoid cell–IL-22 axis. Science 351, 1333–1338 (2016). [Abstract] MUCOSAL IMMUNITY Tuft cells help contain parasites Gut epithelial tuft cells are key players in mucosal immune responses against parasites. M. R. Howitt, S. Lavoie, M. Michaud, A. M. Blum, S. V. Tran, J. V. Weinstock, C. A. Gallini, K. Redding, R. F. Margolskee, L. C. Osborne, D. Artis, W. S. Garrett, Tuft cells, taste-chemosensory cells, orchestrate parasite type 2 immunity in the gut. Science 351, 1329–1333 (2016). [Abstract] N. Harris, The enigmatic tuft cell in immunity. Science 351, 1264–1265 (2016). [Abstract]


In this paper, we present an approach for fast subspace integration of reduced-coordinate nonlinear deformable models that is suitable for interactive applications in computer graphics and haptics. Our approach exploits dimensional model reduction to build reduced-coordinate deformable models for objects with complex geometry. We exploit the fact that model reduction on large deformation models with linear materials (as commonly used in graphics) result in internal force models that are simply cubic polynomials in reduced coordinates. Coefficients of these polynomials can be precomputed, for efficient runtime evaluation. This allows simulation of nonlinear dynamics using fast implicit Newmark subspace integrators, with subspace integration costs independent of geometric complexity. We present two useful approaches for generating low-dimensional subspace bases: modal derivatives and an interactive sketching technique. Mass-scaled principal component analysis (mass-PCA) is suggested for dimensionality reduction. Finally, several examples are given from computer animation to illustrate high performance, including force-feedback haptic rendering of a complicated object undergoing large deformations.


Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) exhibits significant biological and transcriptional heterogeneity which is conferred, in part, by pathologic modulation of lineage-specific and growth-associated master regulatory transcription factors (TF). Chromatin associated with TF binding sites is markedly enriched in histone proteins that are post-translationally modified by lysine side-chain acetylation. This mark facilitates the opening of chromatin and recruits a class of co-activators which recognize e-acetyl lysine through a bromodomain. The sub-family of bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) co-activators (BRD2, BRD3 and BRD4) are appealing, in part, because transgenic expression of BRD2 caused a DLBCL-like neoplasm in mice. We recently developed the first BET inhibitor, JQ1, and now explore the role of BET bromodomains in oncogenic transcription and assess BET family members as therapeutic targets in DLBCL. Nanomolar doses of JQ1 and 3 structurally dissimilar BET bromodomain inhibitors decreased the cellular proliferation of a broad panel of DLBCL cell lines of all transcriptionally defined types whereas the inactive enantiomer, JQ1R, had no effect. BRD2 and BRD4 depletion similarly decreased the proliferation of multiple DLBCL cell lines. We next explored the therapeutic potential of BET inhibition in two independent DLBCL xenotransplantation models, Ly1 and Toledo. In the first xenograft model, JQ1-treated mice had a prolongation of overall survival (p = 0.003). In the second model, JQ1-treated animals had significantly delayed tumor progression and decreased lymphomatous infiltration of spleen and bone marrow. To define the transcriptional pathways regulated by BET bromodomain proteins, we performed transcriptional profiling of multiple vehicle and JQ1-treated DLBCL cell lines. Following JQ1 treatment, we observed downregulation of multiple MYD88/TLR and BCR signaling pathway components and functionally validated MYC and E2F target gene sets. BET inhibition decreased MYC transcripts and protein in the DLBCL cell line panel suggesting that BET bromodomains directly modulate MYC transcription. In contrast, JQ1 treatment did not measurably alter E2F1 transcript or protein abundance suggesting a co-activator role of the BET bromodomains for E2F1. To explore the role of BET bromodomains in oncogenic E2F1 transcriptional signaling, we performed ChIPSeq experiments in Ly1 cells, using a chemical genetic approach. Rank-ordering of all transcriptionally active promoters based on H3K4me3 enrichment and RNA Pol II occupancy identifies pervasive binding and spatial colocalization of BRD4 and E2F1 to active promoter elements. We identified a JQ1-mediated transcriptional elongation defect across E2F1-bound promoters, responsible for the downregulation of E2F1 targets. As oncogenic TFs may signal to RNA Pol II through distal enhancer elements, we also characterized the genome-wide localization of BRD4 to enhancers in the Ly1 DLBCL cell line. Rank-ordering of enhancer regions by H3K27ac enrichment reveals that BRD4 binds to the vast majority of active enhancers in the Ly1 genome. Strikingly, the BRD4 load is asymmetrically distributed throughout the genome at enhancer sites with only a small subset of BRD-loaded "super enhancers (SE)", 285/18330 (1.6%), accounting for 32% of all BRD4 enhancer binding in the cell. The POU2AF1 locus emerged as the most BRD4-overloaded enhancer in Ly1. BET inhibition reduced RNA Pol II elongation of POU2AF1, with a concomitant increase in promoter-paused RNA Pol II near the transcriptional start site. Accordingly, JQ1 treatment decreased POU2AF1 transcript abundance and protein expression and reduced the expression of a POU2AF1 target gene set. POU2AF1 depletion with independent shRNAs significantly decreased the proliferation of Ly1 and enforced POU2AF1 expression decreased the sensitivity of Ly1 cells to JQ1 treatment. Additional super enhancer-driven genes that were sensitive to JQ1 treatment include ones which promote and maintain the B-cell gene expression program and limit plasma cell differentiation. Our data suggest that BET inhibition limits the growth of DLBCLs by at least two complementary activities: a specific effect on genes that define a given cell type by high BRD4 loading at enhancers and the selective suppression of transcription at E2F- and MYC- driven target genes. + Contributed equally Disclosures: Qi: Patent for JQ1: holds patent for JQ1, holds patent for JQ1 Patents & Royalties. Young:Syros Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Enzon Pharmaceuticals: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Bradner:Tensha Therapeutics: Equity Ownership, Scientific founder of Tensha which is translating drug-like derivatives of the JQ1 chemical probe of BET bromodomains used in this study, as cancer therpeutics. As such, the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Dr. Bradner have been granted minority equity. Other; Syros Pharmaceuticals: Equity Ownership, Scientific founder of Syros which is discovering Super Enhancers as a new class of gene control elements. As such, the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Dr. Bradner have been granted minority equity., Scientific founder of Syros which is discovering Super Enhancers as a new class of gene control elements. As such, the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Dr. Bradner have been granted minority equity. Other.


Over the last decade or so, an increasing degree of sophistication has been devoted to the projects of theorising ?social movements? and ?the voluntary sector?, two approaches which clearly overlap in subject matter, but rarely in theory. Despite dramatic changes in the organisation of politics from below in recent years, these parallel projects have been primarily a matter of developing and ?synthesising? previously existing approaches, rather than asking after their ultimate value and purpose. The net effect has been the reproduction of prior assumptions which remain within the given boundaries of would-be subdisciplines. Most importantly, these involve a definition of what is relevant in terms of its relationship to the state; a tendency to ahistorical definitions of ?fields?, and methodological individualism.
In this paper, we use the case of community politics - one of the largest forms of voluntary or movement activity in Ireland, as in Latin America - to illustrate the weaknesses of both ?problematics?. We contrast the approaches of these two literatures with the perspective of working-class community activists in Ireland as a starting-point towards identifying other ways of thinking about these issues. These we find particularly within Marxist traditions of thinking about working-class self-activity. In these terms, the intersection with the state, while important, is by no means the central aspect of community politics. The ?fields? defined by the movement and its organisations are subject to large-scale historical changes. Finally, participants? own theorising rejects comprehensively any form of methodological individualism in favour of interactive and developmental understandings of collective needs.
The conclusion discusses some of the methodological problems we?ve encountered in trying to theorise this movement in conventional terms, and asks after their theoretical implications. In particular, what appears as relevant is a conflict between the ?colonisation? of movements by the state on the one hand and the reassertion of human needs in new forms on the other. In this context, the ?hidden discourses? of movement participants become as important as their public engagement in the process of negotiation over language and institutions, and form part of the ?political economy of labour?, which appears as opposed to conventional theory?s implicit identification with the state?s viewpoint, its acceptance of existing institutional organisation as definitive, and its collusion with capitalism?s positing of individuals as originally isolated and self-seeking.
Martin Geoghegan, Dept. of Applied Social Studies, University College Cork
Laurence Cox, Dept. of Sociology, NUI Maynooth


Th is article raises issues related to the gendered representation in the print media, particularly English-language newspapers, of girls who use MySpace as foolish innocents who invite sexual predation. It examines the ways in which the stereotyped representation of girls and boys promotes the hegemonic discourses that construct girlhood as a time of helplessness and lack of control, and that blame the technology itself, in this case MySpace, for a multitude of cultural problems. Ultimately, these discourses portray MySpace as a dangerous place where adolescent girls fl aunt sexuality, where sexual predators lurk, and where boys commit violence, thus creating and reinforcing a moral panic and extending stereotypes about girls and boys, and about technology.


This thesis explores the use of Alasdair MacIntyre's tradition based model of ethics as a heuristic tool in analysing the contextualisation of Christian ethics. Ethical contextualisation is thus understood as the interaction and synthesis of particular Christian moral traditions with the moral traditions they encountered in the different cultures where the Christian faith was established. This study focuses on the interaction of the Methodist moral tradition with that of the Fanti people of Ghana. The argument begins with the contention that morality in African cultures may be better understood as discrete traditions in the light of MacIntyre's model. This claim is substantiated by a reconstruction of the Fanti (Akan) moral tradition in terms of its practices, virtues and ends. A detailed historical study of the interaction of the Methodist and Fanti moral traditions within Ghana indicates that a synthesis between these traditions has occurred at the level of leadership practice and virtue. The findings of field research conducted among Fanti traditional rulers and Methodist ministers suggests this synthesis is continuing, and probably extends to other areas of moral practice, and even to the heart of each moral tradition. Taken together historical and empirical research provide credible evidence that a Fanti-Methodist moral tradition is emerging out of the encounter between the two traditions.


It is due to the success of the trade union movement in the national liberation movement that the colonial government suppressed prominent trade unions and attacked TU leaders like Makhan Singh, Fred Kubai, Pio Gama Pinto and Bildad Kaggia. It also passed on colonial laws to the independent Kenya government so as to ensure that future trade unions were forced to take the non-radical approach to meet worker needs. They thus created imperialist-oriented and led trade unions that bedevil working class politics to this day.

There are valuable lessons to be learnt from the history of the militant trade unions in Kenya and also from understanding how colonialism and imperialism enforced changes that made the trade unions ineffective after independence. The selections in this book recall relevant events in the history of the militant trade union movement in Kenya and record the contribution that the trade union movement made to Mau Mau and to Kenya's war of independence.

The Kenya Resists Series covers different aspects of resistance by people of Kenya to colonialism and imperialism. It reproduces material from books, unpublished reports, research and oral or visual testimonies. The three aspects chosen for the first three publications in the Series ? Mau Mau, Trade Unions and People's Resistance ? make up the three pillars of resistance of the people of Kenya.


OBJECT
Although numerous studies have analyzed the role of stereotactic radiosurgery for intracranial meningiomas, few studies have assessed outcomes of posterior fossa meningiomas after stereotactic radiosurgery. In this study, the authors evaluate the outcomes of posterior fossa meningiomas treated with Gamma Knife surgery (GKS). The authors also assess factors predictive of new postoperative neurological deficits and tumor progression.

METHODS
A retrospective review was performed of a prospectively compiled database documenting the outcomes of 152 patients with posterior fossa meningiomas treated at the University of Virginia from 1990 to 2006. All patients had a minimum follow-up of 24 months. There were 30 males and 122 females, with a median age of 58 years (range 12-82 years). Seventy-five patients were treated with radiosurgery initially, and 77 patients were treated with GKS after resection. Patients were assessed clinically and radiographically at routine intervals following GKS. Factors predictive of new neurological deficit following GKS were assessed via univariate and multivariate analysis, and Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox multivariate regression analysis were used to assess factors predictive of tumor progression.

RESULTS
Patients had meningiomas centered over the tentorium (35 patients, 23%), cerebellopontine angle (43 patients, 28%), petroclival region (28 patients, 18%), petrous region (6 patients, 4%), and clivus (40 patients, 26%). The median follow-up was 7 years (range 2-16 years). The mean preradiosurgical tumor volume was 5.7 cm(3) (range 0.3-33 cm(3)), and mean postradiosurgical tumor volume was 4.9 cm(3) (range 0.1-33 cm(3)). At last follow-up, 55 patients (36%) displayed no change in tumor volume, 78 (51%) displayed a decrease in volume, and 19 (13%) displayed an increase in volume. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated radiographic progression-free survival at 3, 5, and 10 years to be 98%, 96%, and 78%, respectively. In Cox multivariable analysis, pre-GKS covariates associated with tumor progression included age greater than 65 years (hazard ratio [HR] 3.24, 95% CI 1.12-9.37; p = 0.03) and a low dose to the tumor margin (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.60-0.97; p = 0.03), and post-GKS covariates included shunt-dependent hydrocephalus (HR 25.0, 95% CI 3.72-100.0; p = 0.001). At last clinical follow-up, 139 patients (91%) demonstrated no change or improvement in their neurological condition, and 13 patients showed symptom deterioration (9%). In multivariate analysis, the only factors predictive of new or worsening symptoms were clival or petrous location (OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.1-13.7; p = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS
Gamma Knife surgery offers an acceptable rate of tumor control for posterior fossa meningiomas and accomplishes this with a low incidence of neurological deficits. In patients selected for GKS, tumor progression is associated with age greater than 65 years and decreasing dose to the tumor margin. Clival- or petrous-based locations are predictive of an increased risk of new or worsening neurological deficit following GKS.


William Golding was born in 1911 and educated at his local grammar school and Brasenose College, Oxford. He published a volume of poems in 1934 and during the war served in the Royal Navy. Afterwards he returned to being a schoolmaster in Salisbury. "Lord of the Flies", his first novel, was an immediate success, and was followed by a series of remarkable novels, including "The Inheritors", "Pincher Martin", and "The Spire". He won the Booker Prize for "Rites of Passage" in 1980, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1983, and was knighted in 1988. He died in 1993.


Extending John Bowlby's hypothesis that dysfunctional anger is a predictable outcome of insecure attachments to parents, this study investigated the relationship between current parent-adolescent attachment and both the experience and expression of anger. Participants included 776 students (379 boys and 397 girls) in grades 8-12. As predicted by attachment theory, results of structural equation modeling analyses indicated that adolescents' self-reported attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance toward both mother and father figures were positively related to the adolescents' greater levels of self-reported anger intensity. In turn, greater intensity of anger was associated with higher levels of both internalizing (anger-in) and externalizing (anger-out) expressions. In addition, there was a direct effect of attachment anxiety on internalized but not externalized anger. This study highlights the importance of differentiating anger dimensions and the critical role of anger intensity as a mediator of the relationship between insecure attachment and anger expressions.


Tubulo-interstitial fibrosis is a common, destructive endpoint for a variety of kidney diseases. Fibrosis is well correlated with the loss of kidney function in both humans and rodents. The identification of modulators of fibrosis could provide novel therapeutic approaches to reducing disease progression or severity. Here, we show that the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 is an important molecular contributor that facilitates renal fibrosis in a well-characterized animal model. While wild-type mice fed a high phosphate diet (HPD) for 8–12 weeks developed calcium deposition, macrophage infiltration and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation in the kidney interstitium, Pin1 null mice showed significantly less pathology. The serum Pi in both WT and KO mice were significantly increased by the HPD, but the serum Ca was slightly decreased in KO compared to WT. In addition, both WT and KO HPD mice had less weight gain but exhibited normal organ mass (kidney, lung, spleen, liver and heart). Unexpectedly, renal function was not initially impaired in either genotype irrespective of the HPD. Our results suggest that diet containing high Pi induces rapid renal fibrosis before a significant impact on renal function and that Pin1 plays an important role in the fibrotic process.


We study linear approximate value iteration (LAVI) with a generative model. While linear models may accurately represent the optimal value function using a few parameters, several empirical and theoretical studies show the combination of least-squares projection with the Bellman operator may be expansive, thus leading LAVI to amplify errors over iterations and eventually diverge. We introduce an algorithm that approximates value functions by combining Q-values estimated at a set of \textit{anchor} states. Our algorithm tries to balance the generalization and compactness of linear methods with the small amplification of errors typical of interpolation methods. We prove that if the features at any state can be represented as a convex combination of features at the anchor points, then errors are propagated linearly over iterations (instead of exponentially) and our method achieves a polynomial sample complexity bound in the horizon and the number of anchor points. These findings are confirmed in preliminary simulations in a number of simple problems where a traditional least-square LAVI method diverges.


The author first introduces the strategy called "short-against-the-box," as one which was frequently used, prior to the implementation of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, by investors who held concentrated equity positions, as a means of hedging and monetizing that position in a tax-advantage manner. Though these transactions were often marketed and described as "perfect hedges" with minor, if any, cost to the investor, the author questions that view. He points to the fact that investor's heirs lose their ability to receive a step-up in the basis upon transference of the shares at the death of the investor and that the investor faced an increasing cost to maintain the position if the stock that was hedged appreciated in price. He then shows why an investor who entered into a short-against-the-box prior to June 1997 on a stock that has continued to appreciate may well be better off unwinding it re-hedging using a different hedging strategy – a variable pre-paid forward. He points to three potential benefits: regain the step-up the basis upon transference to heirs; sell a certain number of shares at the current market price tax-free; and regain the ability to participate in upward price movement on some of the underlying stock.


This article discusses the significance of cultural assumptions in work with groups experiencing social exclusion. Psychologists, counselors and social workers, as cultural beings, hold certain cultural assumptions, attitudes and norms, which sometimes can impede their work with clients from diverse social and cultural backgrounds, especially from socially excluded groups. This problem, particularly if considered from the inclusive multicultural perspective, is relevant for a society like Lithuania - with high levels of perceived internal homogeneity. The article looks into particular examples, how unreflected cultural assumptions are reproduced in social and psychological services and policies. Theoretical models and research explaining the impact of cultural assumptions on assistance practices are reviewed. Models applied for developing multicultural competencies of professional social and psychological service providers are discussed.


Full ColorCode samples appear as they do in Visual Studio and Expression Blend!Printed entirely in color, with helpful figures and syntax coloring to make code samples appear as they do in Visual Studio and Expression Blend!Silverlight is a lightweight but powerful plug-in for multiple web browsers on multiple operating systems that makes it easier than ever to create rich web-based content, applications, and controls. With support for vector graphics, animations, full-screen high-definition video, and more, Silverlight gives you the ability to create more compelling content than you dreamed possible for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. Silverlight provides much of the power of Windows Presentation Foundation, but with less overhead and easy integration with HTML and AJAX-style applications. Silverlight 1.0 Unleashed is the authoritative book that covers the technology in a practical and approachable fashion, authored by Silverlight guru and Microsoft developer Adam Nathan. Covers everything you need to know about Extensible Application Markup Language (XAML) in Silverlight Examines the Silverlight feature areas in depth: graphics, text, audio, video, animation, ink, events, and more Demonstrates how to create reusable controls and perform common tasks (such as drag-and-drop) using basic building blocks Explains how to download assets asynchronously to maximize your user experience Demonstrates how to create hybrid applications that mix Silverlight content with HTML or Flash content Highlights features scheduled for future versions of Silverlight while showing how to achieve your desired results with the current version Introduction 1Part Ii¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ Fundamentals1i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ Getting Started 92i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ XAML 39Part IIi¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ Creating Static Content3i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ Shapes, Lines, and Curves 614i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ Text 835i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ Brushes and Images 996i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ Positioning and Transforming Elements 117Part IIIi¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ Making Your Content Come to Life7i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ Responding to Input Events 1438i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ Downloading Content on Demand 1799i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ i¾ Animation 19110i¾ i¾ i¾ Audio and Video 219


The solution of animal problems that occur on the farm requires a holistic and multidisciplinary orientation and analysis, as well as the acquisition of new investigatory tools by both veterinarians and animal scientists. Field studies may be modeled under more controlled laboratory conditions, but the most relevant investigations must take place on the farm, and the first level of analysis should be ethological. Domestic animal behavior can be monitored and quantified like any other factor in the animals' environment; yet it has been virtually ignored in the development of new livestock husbandry systems. The relationships between husbandry systems, disease problems, and behavioral factors are extremely complex but are known to be interrelated and interdependent. It is postulated that severely constricting husbandry practices can generate anomalous behaviora phenomenon termed ethostasis. Applied ethology now has a vital and central role to play in investigating the problems that have been created by modern intensive livestock production. The purpose of this overview, therefore, is to delineate some of the husbandry factors that can give rise to behavioral anomalies, and to describe various categories of anomalous behavior that are of diagnostic value in clinical appraisals of stressful husbandry. Ready identification may facilitate recognition and correction of problems that may lead to lowered productivity, diseases, and economic losses; it may also foster concern for the animals' welfare from an ethical, as well as an economic, perspective. These circumstances highlight some of the contemporary animal husbandry problems that warrant further research and quantitative analysis.


Knowledge of the partitioning behavior of sulfur between molten metals and silicates is of interest for understanding processes in the early solar system and in the deep Earth at the mantle/core boundary, but also in technical applications such as the production and purification of steel. Thermodynamic aspects relevant to processes in the Earth and in the early solar system are presented by Baker and Moretti (2011) and Ebel (2011) of this review volume. Here we focus on interactions between molten metals and slags which are the basis for desulfurization of molten metals during steel production.

Desulfurization is an important step in the refining of high-quality steels for various applications. The production of liquid steel can be described schematically as follows. Steel can be produced directly from iron ore which is reduced to hot metal in a blast furnace (BF) or by melting scraps in an electric arc furnace (EAF). The hot metal is transformed into steel by oxidizing dissolved carbon in a basic oxygen furnace (BOF). During this process, the phosphorus content is reduced as well. Before the BOF operations, a first desulfurization is performed in the transfer vessel from BF to BOF. After scrap melting or refining in the BOF, steel is "tapped" in a ladle for secondary steelmaking operations, i.e., further decarburization (especially for Ultra-Low Carbon steels), deoxidation (to reduce the oxygen content), alloying (to reach the target composition) and further desulfurization, if needed.

In solid steel, sulfur is mainly present as manganese sulfide (MnS) inclusions. MnS inclusions affect the processing and properties of steel. Their volume fraction, size, shape and distribution depend on many factors. The most important factors are the S-content, the solidification rate, the degree of hot and cold deformation and the hot working temperatures. Since the inclusions are more plastic than steel, they act …


We present a new algorithm for efficient occlusion culling using hardware occlusion queries. The algorithm significantly improves on previous techniques by making better use of temporal and spatial coherence of visibility. This is achieved by using adaptive visibility prediction and query batching. As a result of the new optimizations the number of issued occlusion queries and the number of rendering state changes are significantly reduced. We also propose a simple method for determining tighter bounding volumes for occlusion queries and a method which further reduces the pipeline stalls. The proposed method provides up to an order of magnitude speedup over the previous state of the art. The new technique is simple to implement, does not rely on hardware calibration and integrates well with modern game engines.


Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) encompass a heterogeneous group of rare autoimmune diseases characterised by muscle weakness and inflammation, but in antisynthetase syndrome arthritis and interstitial lung disease are more frequent and often inaugurate the disease. Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) have been proposed for IIMs, but they are sparse and heterogeneous. This work aimed at identifying: i) current available CPGs for IIMs, ii) patients ' and clinicians' unmet needs not covered by CPGs. It has been performed in the framework of the European Reference Network on rare and complex connective tissue and musculoskeletal diseases (ReCONNET), a network of centre of expertise and patients funded by the European Union's Health Programme. Fourteen original CPGs were identified, notably recommending that: i) extra-muscular involvements should be assessed; ii) corticosteroids and methotrexate or azathioprine are first-line therapies of IIMs. ii) IVIG is a treatment of resistant-DM that may be also used in other resistant-IIMs; iii) physical therapy and sun protection (in DM patients) are part of the treatment; v) tumour screening for patients with DM include imaging of chest, abdomen, pelvis and breast (in woman) along with colonoscopy (in patients over 50 years); vi) disease activity and damages should be monitor using standardised and validated tools. Yet, only half of these CPGs were evidence-based. Crucial unmet needs were identified both by patients and clinicians. In particular, there was a lack of large multidisciplinary working group and of patients ' preferences. The following fields were not or inappropriately targeted: diagnosis; management of extra-muscular involvements other than skin; co-morbidities and severe manifestations.


The University College London Lahun (Middle Kingdom) papyri constitute one of the most remarkable harvests of papyri of any age. This volume communicates the content of the surviving letters and letter fragments from the Petrie excavations at Lahun in an accessible and affordable format. The letters and fragments are from original letters: model letters, letter copies, and reports are reserved for future publications. The volume is intended not only for Egyptological researchers, but also for learners in higher and further education. This mass of writing calls for a more nuanced appreciation of the roles of writing and reading, and the social reach of the written culture across the different classes, ages, genders inhabiting this architecture and landscape. (The reader will find three means of access to the original content: Printed pages with transcriptions, transliterations, and translations: A printed index: The entire collection of papyri on an accompanying CD.)


The role of digitalisation in open innovation activities is increasingly attracting organisations. Digital platforms seem to enable multiple partners to co-create better services and customer outcomes, i.e., service innovations. However, it seems that organisations are facing challenges in adopting digital open innovation activities. This research aims to better understand the use of digital open innovation and co-creation activities. In this research, altogether 47 semi-structured interviews were accomplished in 8 service organisations. Early results of this research indicate that the organisations are aiming to increase digital open innovation and co-creation activities, and there seems to be certain enablers such as the need to effectively develop new services and barriers such as inadequate operating models. The final objective of this research project is to build a gamified roadmap that would support organisations in transforming their innovation models toward digital open innovation platforms enabling co-creation.


Providing learning opportunities, based on social interaction and shared knowledge in the pursuit of a common goal, is a transcendental aspect in the field of training. In this sense, in contemporary education, the analysis of social learning becomes relevant and, consequently, it is necessary to identify a strategy to show how its evaluation is being carried out. Hence, the purpose of this article was to identify the organizational methods that have been used for the evaluation of social learning. For this purpose, a systematic review was conducted based on sixty studies, located between 2017 and 2021, by searching the Scopus and WoS databases with the keywords: methods, evaluation and social learning. Threemajor themes were defined to establish seven research questions that guided the search for information: characteristics of the studies, methodological design and findings. The results show that the greatest scientific production on the subject is found in the United States; in addition, participatory methods and peer support are essential to strengthen social interaction; furthermore, greater innovation is identified, in terms of new knowledge and areas of opportunity are detected for research on methods involving new processes and new services for the evaluation of social learning; there is greater evidence of this evaluation in the educational context related to higher education and in the social context directed towards professional training; with respect to the organizational methods of evaluation, these are focused on shared experiences through networks, co-creation and shared research; finally, opportunities for future research are evident in the analysis of methods involving social capital and peer education.


Abstract. One of four main focus areas of the PEEX initiative is to establish and sustain long-term, continuous, and comprehensive ground-based, airborne, and seaborne observation infrastructure together with satellite data. The Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) aboard ENVISAT is used to observe the Earth in dual view. The AATSR data can be used to retrieve aerosol optical depth (AOD) over both land and ocean, which is an important parameter in the characterization of aerosol properties. In recent years, aerosol retrieval algorithms have been developed both over land and ocean, taking advantage of the features of dual view, which can help eliminate the contribution of Earth's surface to top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance. The Aerosol_cci project, as a part of the Climate Change Initiative (CCI), provides users with three AOD retrieval algorithms for AATSR data, including the Swansea algorithm (SU), the ATSR-2ATSR dual-view aerosol retrieval algorithm (ADV), and the Oxford-RAL Retrieval of Aerosol and Cloud algorithm (ORAC). The validation team of the Aerosol-CCI project has validated AOD (both Level 2 and Level 3 products) and AE (Angstrom Exponent) (Level 2 product only) against the AERONET data in a round-robin evaluation using the validation tool of the AeroCOM (Aerosol Comparison between Observations and Models) project. For the purpose of evaluating different performances of these three algorithms in calculating AODs over mainland China, we introduce ground-based data from CARSNET (China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network), which was designed for aerosol observations in China. Because China is vast in territory and has great differences in terms of land surfaces, the combination of the AERONET and CARSNET data can validate the L2 AOD products more comprehensively. The validation results show different performances of these products in 2007, 2008, and 2010. The SU algorithm performs very well over sites with different surface conditions in mainland China from March to October, but it slightly underestimates AOD over barren or sparsely vegetated surfaces in western China, with mean bias error (MBE) ranging from 0.05 to 0.10. The ADV product has the same precision with a low root mean square error (RMSE) smaller than 0.2 over most sites and the same error distribution as the SU product. The main limits of the ADV algorithm are underestimation and applicability; underestimation is particularly obvious over the sites of Datong, Lanzhou, and Urumchi, where the dominant land cover is grassland, with an MBE larger than 0.2, and the main aerosol sources are coal combustion and dust. The ORAC algorithm has the ability to retrieve AOD at different ranges, including high AOD (larger than 1.0); however, the stability deceases significantly with increasing AOD, especially when AOD > 1.0. In addition, the ORAC product is consistent with the CARSNET product in winter (December, January, and February), whereas other validation results lack matches during winter.


In Public Goods, Public Gains, Link and Scott discuss the systematic application of alternative evaluation methods to estimate the social benefits of publicly-financed research and development (R&D). The authors argue that economic theory should be the guiding criterion for any method of program evaluation because it focuses attention on the value and the opportunity costs of the program. The evaluation methods discussed and illustrated are both economics and, for comparison, non-economics based. The book is motivated by four foundation chapters that discuss government's role in innovation from the perspective of economic theory, review public accountability issues from both a constitutional and an historical perspective, overview systematic approaches to program evaluation, and describe the evaluation metrics typically used. Four case studies illustrate the four alternative evaluation approached discussed. These case studies are for the U.S. Advanced Technology Program's intramural research awards program, the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology's research on wavelength references for optical fiber communications, the U.S. Malcolm Balridge National Quality Award, and the Advanced Technology Program's focused program on the integration of manufacturing applications. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/economicsfinance/9780199729685/toc.html


In this paper, we examine the determinants of low-wage employment in Portugal. For this purpose, we use a data file of the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) for the years 1998 and 1999. In order to take into account unobserved heterogeneity in the data, a random-parameter logit model is used to analyse the probability of a worker receiving a low wage. The results indicate that the consideration that the effects of the explanatory variables are the same across all individuals, such as is assumed in most of the literature may be misleading. From the policy perspective, this implies that the use of a single instrument in order to combat low-wage employment is inappropriate to satisfy the whole population. In view of this, policies tailored by clusters would be more appropriate.


LinkWayS2, the mesh IP satellite communications system for the Army's Warfighter Information Network-Tactical (WIN-T) and Marine's Support Wide Area Network (SWAN) program, has proven itself over the last decade to be the fastest and most flexible mesh MF-TDMA modem available. Traditionally utilized predominantly in fixed or At-The Halt (ATH) applications, new improvements in the LinkWayS2 waveform make ground-mobile and even airborne mesh communications using LinkWayS2 possible. High-speed mesh communications with a manned ISR aircraft was demonstrated in a mesh MF-TDMA network which combined At-the-Halt (ATH), ground mobile, and an airborne SATCOM terminal in a single, hubless tactical LinkWayS2 meshed IP network. In two separate exercises using the LinkWayS2 mesh MF-TDMA modem, high-definition (HD), high-speed ISR video was transmitted from a King Air manned ISR aircraft to 2.4m aperture ATH terminals while the aircraft simultaneously participated in IP video teleconferences (VTCs) with the ATH terminals. Operating on a 10 Msps Mesh TDMA carrier, ISR HD video rates exceeding 6 Mbps, and VTC rates exceeding 1 Mbps, were transmitted and received without error while the aircraft performed evasive maneuvers at airspeed in excess of 230 mph. The ground mobile SATCOM terminals communicated with the ATH terminals simultaneous with the airborne terminal operation, and, for the first time, direct mesh communication between an airborne terminal and a ground mobile terminal. These exercises were the first demonstrations of airborne mesh satellite communications, achieved the highest speed TDMA operation from any mobile terminal (10 Msps) to date, and are the first networks to combine airborne and ground mobile terminals is a single mesh MF-TDMA network. These exercises conclusively demonstrate that high-speed mesh satellite communications-on-the-move (COTM) is possible using LinkWayS2 without requiring a large hub infrastructure and is being deployed today.


The primary focus of this issue brief is legislative action in the 108th Congress with respect to abortion. However, discussion of those legislative proposals necessarily involves a brief discussion of the leading U.S. Supreme Court decisions concerning a woman's right
to choose whether to terminate her pregnancy. For a more detailed discussion of the relevant case law, see CRS Report 95-724, Abortion Law Development: A Brief Overview.


This paper emphasizes the basic modeling approach of general in-patient flow in a major hospital in the East Coast region. Simulation was used to analyze the inpatient flow. The first objective of this study was to determine the bottlenecks for in-in-patient flow. In order to understand the general in-patient flow, some emphasis was also given to the other units such as Medical-Surgical, Telemetry, Intensive Care Units (ICU), etc. Second objective was to study the impact of bed availability on the waiting time of admitted patients in ED before being transferred to assigned beds in other units of the hospital. A preliminary model was developed and validated based on the data collected for the selected time periods (busy four months). Different "what-if" scenarios were studied. This paper presents the basic model and its results. Key Words: simulation, in-patient flow, health science


We describe a methodology for linking aliases belonging to the same individual based on a user's writing style (stylometric features extracted from the user generated content) and her time patterns (time-based features extracted from the publishing times of the user generated content). While most previous research on social media identity linkage relies on matching usernames, our methodology can also be used for users who actively try to choose dissimilar usernames when creating their aliases. In our experiments on a discussion forum dataset and a Twitter dataset, we evaluate the performance of three different classifiers. We use the best classifier (AdaBoost) to evaluate how well it works on different datasets using different features. Experiments show that combining stylometric and time-based features yield good results on our synthetic datasets and a small-scale evaluation on real-world blog data confirm these results, yielding a precision over 95%. The use of emotion-related and Twitter-related features yield no significant impact on the results.


The question is not whether to use new data sources but how Digital epidemiology—the use of data generated outside the public health system for disease surveillance—has been in use for more than a quarter century [see supplementary materials (SM)]. But several countries have taken digital epidemiology to the next level in responding to COVID-19. Focusing on core public health functions of case detection, contact tracing, and isolation and quarantine, we explore ethical concerns raised by digital technologies and new data sources in public health surveillance during epidemics. For example, some have voiced concern that trust and participation in such approaches may be unevenly distributed across society; others have raised privacy concerns. Yet counterbalancing such concerns is the argument that "sometimes it is unethical not to use available data" (1); some trade-offs may be not only ethically justifiable but ethically obligatory. The question is not whether to use new data sources—such as cellphones, wearables, video surveillance, social media, internet searches and news, and crowd-sourced symptom self-reports—but how.


We report on the measurement of the scattering properties of ultracold 174Yb bosons in a three-dimensional optical lattice. Site occupancy in an atomic Mott insulator is resolved with high-precision spectroscopy on an ultranarrow, metrological optical clock transition. Scattering lengths and loss rate coefficients for 174Yb atoms in different collisional channels involving the ground state 1S0 and the metastable 3P0 states are derived. These studies set important constraints for future experimental studies of two-electron atoms for quantum-technological applications.


Using an extensive array of primary and secondary data, this paper constructs, and then uses water-use-input-output (WIO) models to look at the way in which different types of economic growth affect (a) the incomes and employment of Indigenous and non-Indigenous households and (b) consumptive water demand in both the Daly River (NT), and the Mitchell River (QLD) catchments of northern Australia. Expansion of a sector generally creates larger employment and income benefits for non-Indigenous than Indigenous households. Moreover, expansion of the agricultural sector is associated with significant growth in consumptive water demand - a major concern since underground water resources are limited and dry season flows often rely on underground aquifers. Those interested in closing the (income) gap between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous people without placing scarce water resources at risk may thus need to seek development options that do not solely rely upon the expansion of the water intensive agricultural sector.


OBJECTIVE.
The aim of this study was to determine the percentage of symptomatic respiratory (SR) cases, according to the programmatic definition, among people who attend medical offices at first-level health facilities of the Ministry of Health in Lima under normal circumstances. The study also aims at identifying the percentage of patients with tuberculosis among the RS and among coughers over seven days.

MATERIALS AND METHODS.
Cross-sectional study of patients attending consultations at 57 health centers. Patients with cough and phlegm lasting more than seven days and RS were identified and a sputum sample was taken to rule out tuberculosis by smear and culture.

RESULTS.
A total of 10,421 people was surveyed. A 2.7% had cough with phlegm for ≥7 days and only 1.1% were SR; 215 patients were screened for tuberculosis. Seven (5.9%) of the RS and eight (4.8%) of the patients with a 7-14-day cough had tuberculosis.

CONCLUSIONS.
The percentage of RS in the Ministry of Health's health facilities in Lima was less than the expected 5%, ranging from 0.8% in Callao to 1.5% in Lima City. The percentage of tuberculosis among coughers (lasting 7-14 days) and RS is consistent with the findings of other local studies. Consideration should be given to lowering the RS target to less than 5% and expanding tuberculosis screening to patients with cough ≥7 days at the Health Divisions with high tuberculosis incidence.


Productivity of Amorphophallus muelleri is considered low. Thus, pot experiment was conducted at the Cikabayan Experimental Farm, Bogor Indonesia during rainy season November 2007 to July 2008, in order to determine the optimum fertilizer dose for A. muelleri under 50% shading net. Treatments consisted of four doses of nitrogen (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 N) and three doses of potassium (0, 50 and 100 kg ha-1 K2O). The results showed that application of N and K fertilizers significantly increased vegetative growth, i.e., number of leaves, number of leaflets and second leaf size, but did not affect harvesting time. Fresh weight and dry matter content of daughter corm were significantly affected by N and K applications. Combination of 50 kg ha-1 N and 100 kg ha-1 K2O resulted in higher corm weight than other treatments. It is evident that the application of nitrogen and potassium is important in A. muelleri.


The Colorado School of Mines (CSM) is fielding a team comprised of undergraduates in Computer Science or Engineering who are enrolled in the Robotics and AI Minor. The intent is to provide a forum for the students to a) transfer what they have learned in the classroom to a more realistic setting, b) meet with top researchers in the field, c) have an undergraduate research experience, and d) have fun. The students work with the team advisor and graduate students at CSM to integrate and modify code developed for NSF, ARPA, and NASA funded research projects. This will be the fourth year CSM has participated in the competition. The team's platform is Oementine, a Denning-Branch MRV-4 research robot. She has a ring of 24 ultrasonics, a laser navigation system, and supports two cameras. All processing is done onboard by a 75MHz Pentium processor. A SoundBlaster board and speakers provides feedback on the robot's activities. Clementine is used for research in indoor task domains such as the surveillance and maintenance of stockpiles of hazardous materials, site assessment of dangerous environments such as a burning building or a collapsed mine, or security. A custom robot, C2, is used for outdoor environments.


A situation may arise as a consequence of the realisation of the external and/or internal risks of a company in which the net assets of a company no longer comply with the requirements laid down by law. Net assets of a company that are not in compliance with legislation represent a situation where the liabilities of a company exceed its assets. Such a situation may threaten the sustainability of a company and its ability to meet the liabilities to its creditors.According to Estonian legislation, income tax is imposed on the refund of monetary contributions made to cover losses. Income tax is also imposed on the reconstitution of a proprietary loan as a company's liability. Income tax is imposed on both described transactions because of the fact that in the case of these transactions, net assets are brought into compliance with requirements by means of an income statement and income tax is imposed on the later disbursement of any profit distributed.The purpose of the current paper is to compare different methods for bringing a company's net assets into compliance with requirements laid down by law in the fastest and most cost effective way.The use of an additional reserve fund to comply with the requirements established by the company's net assets allows for achieving the desired result within a minimum amount of time. Monetary payments made from additional reserve fund and/or reconversion of liabilities cannot be construed as profit allocations and, therefore, such payments are not subject to income tax.