David Ley and Heather Smith Vancouver Centre of Excellence for Research on Immigration and Integration in the Metropolis (RIIM), www.riim.metropolis.globalx.net Department of Geography, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2 For decades the abiding immigrant narrative in Canada and the other major receiving nations, including the United States and Australia, has been one of upward social mobility over time. This story has been registered by a large number of studies that have chronicled immigrant earnings, or more generally income (for reviews, Sloan and Vaillancourt 1994; Li 1996). While typically immigrants face an initial penalty in personal earnings, after a decade or so earnings move close to the national norm, though with certain important variations. When other controls are in place, immigrant men are penalised more than women relative to the national average, while some visible minorities face a considerable earnings shortfall (Pendakur and Pendakur 1996). At the same time there is some evidence of worsening economic fortunes for immigrants in recent years, leading to the spectre of `diminishing returns' to the immigration programme in both Canada and the United States (DeVoretz 1995; Borjas 1995). At what point in this apparently deteriorating trajectory do immigrants then become a significant part of the growing poverty population in Canada with its accompanying burdens of deprivation, homelessness and welfare dependency? The American evidence is that immigrants are disproportionately taking up welfare payments, but that this experience has not been observed in Canada, at least not up to 1990 (Baker and Benjamin 1995). More recent and as yet unpublished analysis of taxpayer files linked to immigrant landing records, however, is once again suggesting a deterioration in the economic circumstances of immigrants who landed in the 1990-1994 period (Benson 1998). A first objective of this paper is to consider to what extent immigrants are associated with the distribution of poverty in urban Canada. There is a second relevant consideration to add. Recent work on urban poverty, particularly in the United States, has heavily emphasised its spatiality, and the potential role that geographical concentration plays in the perpetuation of poverty conditions and, arguably, the development of a poverty sub-culture (Wilson 1987; Massey and Denton 1993; Jargowski 1996). While it has taken some time for this spatial emphasis to be taken up by Canadian research, the spatiality of Canadian poverty is a growing theme. Davis and Murdie (1993) pointed to the variable incidence of poverty across the Canadian urban system, while Hajnal (1995) in a preliminary comparative study argues that there are relatively more persons living in spatially concentrated urban poverty in Canada than in the United States, and that further there is a distinctive inter-metropolitan geography to deep poverty in Canada, with Montreal showing particularly alarming levels. This spatial initiative is spreading to an examination of intra-urban patterns of poverty, particularly in Toronto (Bourne 1993, 1997) and Montreal (Seguin 1997). But Hajda has little to say about intra-urban distributions, or indeed about poverty's relation to immigrants. So too, in its primary focus upon Afro-American poverty, the American literature emphasising spatial concentration has paid scant attention to the immigrant connection. In Chicago, for example, the site of a number of the American studies, it seems as if new immigrants have tended to by-pass former inner city reception areas in favour of inner suburban districts beyond the reach of the deepest poverty (Greene 1997). Indeed one current typology of neighbourhoods in Chicago noted that the foreign-born accounted for less than three percent of the population of putatively `underclass' districts (Morenoff and Tienda 1997). In contrast, European discussions of spatially concentrated poverty have typically identified immigrants as a population at risk. …


OBJECTIVE: We examined factors associated with in-hospital death among children with tuberculosis (TB). We hypothesized that a negative response to tuberculin skin testing (TST) would predict decreased survival. METHODS: This retrospective cohort comprised 2392 children ages 0 to 14 years hospitalized with TB at a Peruvian referral hospital over the 25-year study period. Detailed chart abstraction captured clinical history including TB contacts, physical examination findings, diagnostic data, treatment regimen, and hospitalization outcome. We used Cox proportional hazards regression analyses to determine risk factors for mortality. RESULTS: Of 2392 children, 2 (0.1%) were known to be HIV-positive, 5 (0.2%) had documented multidrug-resistant TB, and 266 (11%) died. The median time from hospitalization to death was 16 days (interquartile range: 4–44 days). Reaction of <5 mm induration on TST predicted death in a multivariable analysis (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.01; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.15–4.21; P < .0001). Younger age, period of admission, alteration of mental status (HR: 3.25; 95% CI: 2.48–4.27; P < .0001), respiratory distress (HR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.07–1.83; P = .01), peripheral edema (HR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.42–2.73; P < .0001), and hemoptysis (HR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.32–1.00; P = .05) were associated with mortality. Treatment regimens that contained rifampicin (HR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.33–0.68; P < .0001) were associated with improved survival. CONCLUSIONS: Negative reaction to TST is highly predictive of death among children with active TB. In children with clinical and radiographic findings suggestive of TB, a negative TST should not preclude or delay anti-TB therapy.


Using a space-dependent rate-equation model and considering the effect of pump beam quality, the optimum pump condition for a fiber-coupled diode end-pumped neodymium yttrium aluminum borate laser has been determined. Under optimum pump conditions, greater than 10% optical-to-optical conversion efficiency was obtained when the laser was pumped by a fiber-coupled laser diode with good beam quality. The influence of pump beam quality on the conversion efficiency is also discussed.


The aim of this study has been to create a future scenario of what archiving might look like in the future. The main theory used in the study comes from future studies, but also a theory about the social impact of technology on work were used. The questions that were analysed were about the tasks of the archivist, the appearance of the archival institution, collaboration with other LAM institutions, knowledge requirements for the archivist and the amount of archivist positions. The method used in the study was scenario writing, which derives from future studies. The source material consisted among other things of regulations and laws related to archiving together with some archival manuals. The tasks of the future archivist will probably consist of the same tasks as those of present archivists who work with digital archiving, even though archivists probably forever also will have to work a little with paper records. The future archival institution will probably retain its paper records and keep its digital records on digital storage media. The digital records will probably be accessed on the Internet. The cooperation between archives, libraries and museums will probably be more developed in the future, even though they won't grow together totally. Archival education in the future will probably consist of two year master's programs. There are not much suggesting that the amount of archival jobs would decline in the future. This is a two years master's thesis in archival science.


Ethnic conflict is a pervasive feature of the modern world, yet while there are many studies of the social construction of difference, there are few that deal with the emotional content of ethnic violence. Drawing on sociological and psychoanalytic theory and using comparative examples from other parts of the world, Michael Johnson examines the history of confessional or ethnic identity in Lebanon and the civil wars of the 1970s and 1980s. He demonstrates that far from being residues of a traditional society, the values of ethnic honor and shame are peculiarly modern phenomena. He explains the horrors of ethnic warfare in terms of social threats to patriarchal authority in sexually repressive families. These threats fuel a style of violence in which shame acquires its own dynamics.


Are menopausal women happier if they have hormone replacement therapy? Does testosterone make men more aggressive than women? Are hormones responsible for homosexuality? Is fatness caused by hormones? Hormones - the very word conjures images of distraught women suffering from premenstrual tension or menopausal instability. Can a man blame his behavior on the fact that he's a man - 'the testosterone made me do it'. The belief that our hormones control how we behave runs deep in both scientific and popular culture. Now Gail Vines examines this enduring belief, and her timely study illuminates the differences in the perceived role of hormones in women and men's lives. Sexual deviance, stress, athletic prowess, criminal behavior, eating disorders - these and other conditions are commonly linked to the effects of hormones. Circadian rhythms, light, sleep, as well as social environment, can influence the intricate chemical flow within our bodies. Vines looks at the many ways that hormones are now being used to gain control over our lives. She discusses hormone replacement therapy for menopausal women and the current notions that homosexuals are born with a 'hormonally imprinted gay brain'. Being at the mercy of certain hormones, and thus potentially out of control, is part of the popular image of 'being a woman'. The issue of control and the anxieties surrounding difference and equality form the leitmotif of "Raging Hormones". In questioning the easy promise of a 'hormonal fix', Gail Vines alerts us to one of the most challenging arenas of contemporary social and scientific debate.


This paper, which is borne out of the need to address scarcity of evidence-based studies on barangay financing, analyzes and evaluates key issues on financing of devolved functions at the barangay level, with particular focus on fund utilization and program allocation, and proposes some policy options addressing the issues. Its key findings include : (i) there is a mismatch between financial capabilities and devolved functions owing to limited funds being spent mostly on personal services, with little money left to finance these functions; (ii) different priorities of barangays mean different utilization of their Barangay Development Fund (BDF), with some of them failing to spend on important basic services such as education and health, as well as on economic development sector; (iii) like other barangays, those in the study areas in Agusan del Sur and Dumaguete City are found to be highly IRA- dependent, with IRA comprising 85 to 97 percent of total income; (iv) barangays are not addressing the misalignment of revenue and expenditure assignment, as well as the counter-equalizing and disincentive effects of IRA, by not raising enough own-source revenues in their localities and optimizing their use of corporate powers (as evidenced by zero percentage on borrowings, for example). As a policy intervention strategy to help barangays financially and eventually matter in local service delivery, this paper proposes three major options, namely : (i) giving the barangays the option of allowing the higher LGUs to deliver the development-enhancing services such as education and health that they themselves cannot deliver effectively and sustainably; (ii) making a paradigm shift in understanding and practicing barangay economic development by spending their BDF mostly on economic-enhancing activities aimed at increasing their coffers which would eventually enable them to fund other sectoral responsibilities; and (iii) giving incentives to barangays that excel in their own-source revenue performance and creative use of corporate powers.


Different types of organic doublet radicals have been investigated in isotropic, nematic, and smectic phases of liquid crystals by performing electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), general TRIPLE and special TRIPLE experiments. For this purpose phenalenyls (perinaphthenyls), galvinoxyl, tetra-tert.-butylcarbazolyl, and bis(biphenylenyl)propenyl radicals have been chosen including some partially deuterated and 13C-labeled compounds. Anisotropic hyperfine interactions and deuterium quadrupole couplings could be determined. Smectic A phases have proved to be advantageous as compared to nematic phases in these studies. Detailed information about the orientation of the radicals within the liquid-crystalline solvent and about the conformations of the radicals could be obtained.


The American genera of Cetoniini (Coleoptera: Cetoniinae) are analyzed. Fifty-eight morphological characters of seventy two taxa, including Cetoniini from the entire world and other representative tribes of Cetoniinae, were included in a phylogenetic analysis and studied under the parsimony criterion. The Cetoniini, a tribe including species from all continents, is monophyletic and appears supported by two homoplastic characters: the elytra-thorax articulation in a glove-like shape and the mesosternal process basally compressed and apically expanded in shape. No clade supporting a hypothesis of common ancestry for the American species was found. Of the traditionally defined genera in the American continents only Chlorixanthe was monophyletic and positioned basal to the Cetoniini clade. Stephanucha and Euphoriopsis are paraphyletic with respect to Euphoria and are transferred to this genus. Euphoria holochrolis is resurrected, considered a valid species and sister to the fulgida group. Euphoria represents a poorly defined polyphyletic genus with a great degree of variability, with some species closer to European and African lineages rather than those within Euphoria.


Older workers represent an increasingly important source of labour for organisations. Irrespective of age, a worker needs the appropriate skills and knowledge to be productive and to help the organisation achieve its strategic objectives. However, in many organisations, older workers are less likely to be offered training opportunities than their younger compatriots. This is due, in part, to negative stereotypical assumptions about older workers by managers. Learning and training are influenced by an individual's career span and motivation. As a person ages, their work-related needs will change. There is a shift from growing and developing their career to a focus on security, maintenance, emotional satisfaction and mastery. Cognitive change takes place during a person's life, and a gradual decline in primary mental abilities can be expected, but the notions of general decline are simplistic and misleading. A person is able to learn at any age and the older worker is capable of adjusting to changes in work. Many people assume that older workers are homogeneous but this is not the case. There are significant differences between older workers and these differences need to be acknowledged and understood. The organisational culture will affect learning and training opportunities for older workers, as will the attitudes of managers to older employees. Learning and training for older workers will also be influenced by the national culture and, in this chapter, selected Asian countries are discussed. The chapter concludes by offering recommendations regarding learning and training for older workers in organisations.


I filter the 25-frames-per-second STATS/SportVu optical tracking data of 233 regular and post season 2011-2012 NBA games for half-court situations that begin when the last player crosses half-court and end when possession changes, resulting in a universe of more than 30,000 basketball plays, or about 130 per game. To categorize the plays algorithmically, I describe the requirements a suitable dynamic language must have to be both more concise and more precise than standard X's and O's chalk diagrams. The language specifies for each player their initial starting spots, trajectories, and timing, with iteration as needed. A key component is acceleration. To determine optimal starting spots, I compute burst locations on the court where players tend to accelerate or decelerate more than usual. Cluster analysis on those burst points compared to all points reveals a difference in which areas of the court see more intense action. The primary burst clusters appear to be the paint, the top of the key, and the extended elbow and wing area. I document the most frequently accelerating players, positions, and teams, as well as the likelihoods of acceleration and co-acceleration during a set play and other components intended to collectively lead to an algorithmic taxonomy.


Unlike many of their North African and West African compatriots who reunified with family and settled in France in the 1970s and 80s, the decision of migrant worker hostel residents not to return definitively to places of origin at retirement is puzzling. Firstly, it calls into question the assumptions of the 'myth of return' literature, which explains non-return on the basis of family localisation. In the case of 'geographically-single' hostel residents, however, the grounds for non-return cannot be family localisation, since the men's families remain in places of origin. Secondly, older hostel residents also remain unmoved by the financial incentives of a return homewards, where their French state pensions would have far greater purchasing power. Instead of definitive return, the overwhelming preference of hostel residents is for back-and-forth migration, between the hostel in France and communities of origin. The aim of this dissertation is to resolve this puzzle, by asking: What explains the hostel residents' preference for back-and-forth mobility over definitive return at retirement? In order to make sense of these mobility decisions, several theories of migration are presented and evaluated against qualitative data from a multi-sited research design incorporating ethnography, life story and semi-structured interviews, and archive material. This fieldwork was carried out across France, Morocco and Senegal. Although no one theory adequately accounts for all the phenomena observed, the added value of each theory becomes most apparent when levels of analysis are kept distinct: at the household level as regards remittances; at the kinship/village level as regards re-integration in the home context; at the meso-level of ethnic communities in terms of migrants' transnational ties; and at the macro-level of social systems concerning inclusion in healthcare and administrative organisations. Widening the focus beyond the puzzle/dilemma of late-in-life mobility, the thesis concludes by questioning what 'home' can mean for the retired hostel residents. An innovative way of theorising home – building on conventional conceptions of home based on territory and community – is outlined, arguing that to be 'at home' can also mean to be 'included' in different 'social systems'. With this argument the thesis aims to contribute to broader debates on what it means for immigrants to belong and achieve inclusion in society. The candidate declares (a) that the thesis has been composed by the candidate alone, and (b) that the work is the candidate's own, and (c) that the work has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. Signed (the candidate)


Dendrites are classically regarded as the brain's "listeners," while neuronal output is thought to be the exclusive privilege of the axon. Although we now appreciate the complexity of dendritic integration, the role of dendrites as output structures has received less attention. This is becoming an increasingly important topic, as the list of cell types with release competent dendrites continues to grow. One boon of coupling dendritic activity to dendritic release is that outputs from a single neuron - typically thought to occur from fixed sites with stereotyped dynamics - may occur for signals of varying spatial extent, timecourse, and release efficacy. In essence, dendritic output may "inherit" the same diversity characteristic of events in excitable dendrites. Here I studied dendritic transmitter output and its modulation in cells of the accessory olfactory bulb - a CNS structure critical for processing species-specific chemical signals called pheromones. Because of the stereotypy of its inputs, the prevalence of dendritic transmitter release from its cells, and its well-defined outputs, the AOB offers a superb model system for studying the integrative and output properties of dendrites. I first characterized basic excitable properties of the apical dendrites of mitral cells (the principal AOB neurons), and observed that they conduct non-decremental action potentials (APs). In addition to APs, these dendrites were also found to support compartmentalized, synaptically-evoked calcium spikes. Both APs and local spikes were triggers of dendritic glutamate release and feedback inhibition, suggesting that neuronal output can be flexibly routed to particular populations of postysynaptic cells. I next asked whether the relative efficacy of particular dendritic events as triggers of transmitter release can be altered, as this could provide an additional level of control over single neuron output. I found that metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) play a key role in controlling dendritic output from AOB mitral cells and an obligatory role in concomitant feedback inhibition. This work culminates with the demonstration of a new principle of neuronal signaling: the ability of mGluRs to gate a transition between phasic and tonic dendritic transmitter release. Taken in total, these results extend our understanding of how the outputs from single neurons are controlled.


In previous work we found cytoplasmic dynein to be a complex of two catalytic heavy chains and at least seven co-purifying polypeptides of unknown function. The most prominent of these is a 74-kD electrophoretic species which can be resolved as two to three bands by SDS-PAGE. We have now selected a series of overlapping rat brain cDNAs encoding the 74-kD species. The deduced sequence of a full-length cDNA predicts a 72,753 D polypeptide which includes the amino acid sequences of nine peptides determined by NH2-terminal microsequencing. PCR performed on first strand rat brain cDNA together with the sequence of a partially matching tryptic peptide indicated the existence of at least three isoforms of the 74-kD cytoplasmic dynein subunit. Comparison with known sequences revealed that the carboxyl-terminal half of the polypeptide is 26.4% identical and 47.7% similar to the product of the Chlamydomonas ODA6 gene, a 70-kD intermediate chain of flagellar outer arm dynein. Immunoblot analysis with a monoclonal antibody to the 74-kD species indicated a widespread tissue distribution, as expected for a cytoplasmic dynein subunit. Nonetheless, the antibody recognized a 67-kD species in ram sperm flagella and pig tracheal cilia, supporting the existence of distinct but related cytoplasmic and axonemal polypeptides in mammals. In view of evidence for a role for the ODA6 gene product in anchoring flagellar dynein to the A subfiber microtubule in the axoneme, we predict an analogous role for the 74-kD polypeptide, perhaps in mediating the interaction of cytoplasmic dynein with membranous organelles and kinetochores.


Elizabeth Gaskell9s North and South was composed from the Nightingale family residence even as the war being fought in the Crimea (from 1854 to 1856) was making Florence Nightingale into a national heroine. Reading the novel in the context of the Crimean War and of Gaskell9s involvement with Nightingale helps both to historicize the book more precisely and to illuminate the moment of its production. North and South occludes the foreign con�ict even as it takes advantage of aspects of that con�ict in order to tell its story of the "civil wars" at home: those between North and South, masters and men, past and present, and men and women. The reading culminates in an analysis of the relationship between Margaret Hale and Florence Nightingale. To consider the "thread of dark-red blood" that trickles down Margaret9s face in the climactic riot scene of North and South as a replacement for the "thin red line" made famous as a symbol of heroism at Balaclava is to recognize the Crimean War as a part of the Condition of England.


This paper presents the project called "Vetrosvet" that has been carried out in Tomsk region by students of Tomsk Polytechnic University. This project has a great value as it is focused on popularizing green energy and renewable sources in Russia and, mainly, in the Tomsk region. Tomsk region is known as a center of innovation technology. That is why the region has been chosen for caring out the project. Moreover, the usage of wind turbines is more effective than solar panels in this region. It can be explained by the small amount of sunny days in Siberian region. The wind turbines are put together in the development laboratory at Tomsk Polytechnic University. The results of this project are presented in


Integrins are metazoan heterodimeric receptors for cell adhesion and interaction with extracellular matrix. Nowadays 18 integrin alpha chains and 8 beta chains are known in human cells, forming 24 different heterodimers specific for wide array of ligands, including collagens, laminins, and fibronectin. Dynamic assembly and disassembly of ligand-bound integrins as well as rearrangement of unengaged integrins on a cell surface depends on the intracellular trafficking. It is crucial for the processes related to cell adhesion, spreading, and migration, such as neutrophil migration or metastasis development in cancer.
Number of studies addressed endocytosis and recycling of integrins, yet, the comprehensive model of integrin trafficking is still missing as the pathways of integrin retrograde trafficking can differ depending on the integrin activation status, binding to the ligand, growth factors presence. An additional level of complexity dealt in the integrin trafficking studies is a certain promiscuity in integrin α and β chain interactions, therefore the knowledge on the specificity of a trafficking pathway for a certain heterodimer is often lacking.
This study focused on internalization regulators of integrin α2β1, which is a ubiquitously expressed receptor of collagens, mainly collagen I, one of the most abundant extracellular matrix proteins, which is known as a metastasis suppressor in human cancer. Studies on α2β1 endocytosis are sparse and mostly focused so far on the trafficking of α2β1 clustered by addition of virus or ligand.
To identify and characterize novel regulators of internalization of non-clustered integrin α2β1, we established a quantitative fluorescent-microscopy-based integrin α2 internalization assay. We demonstrated that bulk internalization of endogenously expressed non-clustered integrin α2 in HeLa cells is dependent on both clathrin and caveolin1, and occurs via Rab5-, Rab4- and Rab11-positive endosomes. Next, we used RNAi to screen 386 cytoskeleton and cytoskeleton-associated genes for their involvement in integrin α2 internalization. We identified 122 primary screening hits as potential regulators of integrin α2 trafficking, number of which were previously known as regulators of endocytosis, focal adhesion formation, and cell migration, and as direct interactors of integrins. In the validation assays we could reproduce the results of the primary screening for 43% of expressed hits in the two groups of hits selected for validation (14 molecules that were targeted by multiple siRNAs in the primary screening, and 12 kinesin molecular motors).
Three validated kinesin hits have never previously been associated with endocytic trafficking events. To get an insight in the function of kinesins in integrin internalization, we further characterized the role of KIF15 in the trafficking of integrin α2. It was identified as a strong inhibitor of the early steps of integrin α2 endocytosis, but not transferrin or EGF. We demonstrated that knock-down of KIF15 lead in re-location of the integrin-specific clathrin adaptor Dab2 from the plasma membrane, which is likely to be the reason for the block of integrin α2 internalization.
Taken together, this study establishes the methods to address the internalization of non-clustered integrin α2β1, identifies the number of novel regulators of integrin trafficking, and provides insight into the role of KIF15 molecular motor in the integrin α2 internalization.


The anemic pace of the recovery of the U.S. economy from the Great Recession has frequently been blamed on heightened uncertainty, much of which concerns the nation's fiscal policy. Intuition suggests that increased policy uncertainty likely has different impacts on industries with different exposure to government actions. Such heterogeneity can help identify the effect of shocks due to policy uncertainty. This study uses industry data to explore whether policy uncertainty indeed affects the dynamics of employment during this recovery, and particularly whether it has a differential impact on employment across industries. This analysis focuses on heterogeneity across industries in terms of the fraction of their product demand that can ultimately be attributed to federal government expenditures. The estimation results reveal that policy uncertainty indeed retards employment growth more in industries that rely more heavily on federal government demand: the growth rate in the number of production employees in these industries appears to have been four-tenths of a percentage point lower during the quarters in recent years when policy uncertainty spiked. A similar impact is found for the growth of total employment, which also includes nonproduction employees. In addition, the evidence suggests that increased policy uncertainty renders firms more reluctant to adjust the number of employees in response to changes in output, a contributing factor to the sluggish recovery in employment. Moreover, this damping effect is stronger for industries with higher shares of output sold directly and indirectly to the federal government. By comparison, the adverse effect of heightened policy uncertainty on average weekly hours differs little across industries.


Several commentators have argued that financial "reform" legislation enacted after a market crash is invariably flawed, results in "quack corporate governance" and "bubble laws," and should be discouraged. This criticism has been specifically directed at both the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the Dodd-Frank Act. This article presents a rival perspective. Investors, it argues, are naturally dispersed and poorly organized and so constitute a classic "latent group" (in Mancur Olson's terminology). Such latent groups tend to be dominated by smaller, but more cohesive and better funded special interest groups in the competition to shape legislation and influence regulatory policy. This domination is interrupted, however, by major crises, which encourage "political entrepreneurs" to bear the transaction costs of organizing latent interest groups to take effective action. But such republican triumphs prove temporary, because, after the crisis subsides, the hegemony of the better organized interest groups is restored.As a result, a persistent cycle that this article calls the "Regulatory Sine Curve" can be observed: the legislative success of the latent investor group is followed by increasingly equivocal implementation of the new legislation, tepid enforcement, and eventual legislative erosion. This article traces that pattern with respect to both the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the ongoing implementation of the Dodd-Frank Act.This article does not deny that "reform" legislation often contains flaws (as does much deregulatory legislation). But these are usually quickly eliminated in the latter half of the cycle. The greater dilemma is instead whether the problem of systemic risk can be satisfactorily addressed in the presence of the Regulatory Sine Curve.


Nonuniform plant spacing within the row in corn (Zea mays L.) may reduce grain yield. To investigate the response of corn to plant spacing variability, experiments were conducted at two locations in south-central Ontario during 2000 and 2001. Six plant spacing treatments, 6.7 to 16.2 cm in standard deviations (SD), were established by planting Roundup Ready corn with increasing proportions of conventional corn seeds and then removing the conventional corn using glyphosate before three-leaf stage. Using SD as well as short gap, long gap, double, and cluster as an index of plant spacing variability, effects of plant spacing variability on corn growth and grain yield were investigated. Averaged across locations and years, grain yield was not significantly affected by plant spacing variability. Plant spacing variability also had no significant effect on leaf number, plant height, leaf area index, and harvest index. There were no correlations between plant spacing variability and stalk lodging and barren or double ears. The lack of strong correlations among plant growth, grain yield, and plant spacing variability indicates that spacing uniformity within the range used in this study is not a significant factor in determining grain yield under commercial conditions and common plant densities used in Ontario.


Noncollinear second harmonic generation from a Bacteriorhodopsin (BR) oriented multilayer film was systematically investigated by varying the polarization state of both fundamental beams. Both experimental results and theoretical simulations, show that the resulting polarization mapping is an useful tool to put in evidence the optical chirality of the investigated film as well as the corresponding multipolar contributions to the nonlinear.


Felony sentencing courts have discretion to increase punishment based on un-cross-examined testimonial statements about several categories of uncharged, dismissed, or otherwise unproven criminal conduct. Denying defendants an opportunity to cross-examine these categories of sentencing evidence undermines a core principle of natural law as adopted in the Sixth Amendment: those accused of felony crimes have the right to confront adversarial witnesses. This Article contributes to the scholarship surrounding confrontation rights at felony sentencing by cautioning against continued adherence to the most historic Supreme Court case on this issue, Williams v. New York. This Article does so for reasons beyond the unacknowledged dark racial undercurrent that permeated the facts and circumstances of that case. Instead, this Article challenges the Williams Court's assumption that judicial authority existed in pre-Founding felony cases to consider un-cross-examined testimony for purposes of fixing the punishment. This Article also examines whether recent Court decisions requiring cross-examination of testimonial statements at trial should cause the Court to reconsider its current understanding of confrontation rights at sentencing. Furthermore, this Article addresses the growing importance of sentencing hearings given the prevelance of guilty pleas in the modern U.S. criminal justice system. This work advances the discussion on this issue by proposing a framework to distinguish between testimonial statements that should be cross-examined and those that should not. It concludes that, in some circumstances, confrontation is the right call at felony sentencing and advocates a balanced and practical application of this vital right.


The recent discovery of a methane seep with diverse microhabitats and abundant groundfish in the San Diego Trough (1020 m) off the coast of Del Mar, California raised questions about the role of seep ecosystem functions and services in relation to continental margins. We used multicorer and ROV grab samples and an ROV survey to characterize macrofaunal structure, diversity, and trophic patterns in soft sediments and authigenic carbonates; seep microhabitats and taxa observed; and the abundance and spatial patterns of fishery-relevant species. Biogenic microhabitats near the Del Mar Seep included microbially precipitated carbonate boulders, bacterial mats, vesicomyid clam beds, frenulate and ampharetid beds, vestimentiferan tubeworm clumps, and fields of Bathysiphon filiformis tubes. Macrofaunal abundance increased and mean faunal δ13C signatures decreased in multicorer samples nearer the seep, suggesting that chemosynthetic production enhanced animal densities outside the seep center. Polychaetes dominated sediments, and ampharetids became especially abundant near microbial mats, while gastropods, hydroids, and sponges dominated carbonate rocks. A wide range of stable isotopic signatures reflected the diversity of microhabitats, and methane-derived carbon was the most prevalent source of nutrition for several taxa, especially those associated with carbonates. Megafaunal species living near the seep included longspine thornyhead (Sebastolobus altivelis), Pacific dover sole (Microstomus pacificus), and lithodid crabs (Paralomis verrilli), which represent targets for demersal fisheries. Sebastolobus altivelis was especially abundant (6.5–8.2 fish·100 m−2) and appeared to aggregate near the most active seep microhabitats. The Del Mar Methane Seep, like many others along the world's continental margins, exhibits diverse ecosystem functions and enhances regional diversity. Seeps such as this one may also contribute ecosystem services if they provide habitat for fishery species, export production to support margin food webs, and serve as sinks for methane-derived carbon.


At physiological oxygen concentrations ([O2]) hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is
constantly hydroxylated and thus prepared for proteosomal degradation through the
action of the prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) (Jiang et al., 1996). In hypoxia, however, the
oxygen-sensitive PHDs are inhibited and HIF-1α is stabilised. Other agents, including
cytokines and growth factors have been shown to stabilise HIF-1α at physiological [O2]
through different mechanisms such as activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
(PI3K) or mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways (Semenza, 2003). Increased
production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during hypoxia have also been claimed to
stabilise HIF-1α (Chandel et al., 1998) and we have now investigated the effect of
endogenous ROS on HIF-1α stabilisation.
HIF-1α stabilisation and ROS production in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293T)
cells were determined by immunoblotting and the use of fluorescent probes,
respectively. γGlutamyl cysteine synthetase (γGCS) is the rate limiting enzyme of
glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis and therefore a crucial antioxidant. We used small
interfering RNA (siRNA) to silence this enzyme and thus impair the capacity of the
cells to detoxify ROS.
In order to determine whether mitochondria are a major source of ROS we used cells
depleted of mitochondrial DNA (Rho0); these were characterised in vitro by monitoring
oxygen consumption. RT-PCR was used to determine mitochondrial DNA content and
immunoblotting to assess mitochondrial-encoded protein expression. The effects of a
Rho0 phenotype were then assessed in relation to HIF-1α stabilisation and ROS
production.
HIF-1α is stabilised in an oxygen-dependent manner. HIF-1α stabilisation at low [O2]
(3%), but not at 0.5% O2 is prevented by treatment with antioxidants. Silencing γGCS
augmented free radical production in HEK 293T cells. This was associated with HIF-1α
stabilisation at ambient [O2] (21%) and could be prevented by treatment with
antioxidants. Rho0 cells produced less ROS than wild-type cells and did not stabilise
HIF-1α either at low [O2] (3%) in wild-type cells or at 21% O2 in γGCS silenced cells.
The data suggest that HIF-1α can be stabilised by ROS generated by the mitochondria.


Immigration scholars have traditionally focused on the role of national borders and the significance of nation-state citizenship. At the same time, local government scholars have called attention to the significance of local boundaries, the consequence of municipal residency, and the influence of the two on the fragmentation of American society. This paper explores the interplay between these two mechanisms of spatial and community controls. Emphasizing their doctrinal and historic commonalities, this article suggests that the legal structure responsible for local fragmentation can be understood as second-order immigration regulation. It is a mechanism that allows for finer regulatory control than the crude boundary and membership regulations at the national level. It also serves as a means by which, in the absence of a national consensus, the competing interests surrounding immigration can still be negotiated and reconciled on the ground. Not only does this framework provide a conceptual bridge that unifies boundary and membership controls that, until now, have been perceived as disparate and unconnected areas of law, but it also raises important questions about policies at the heart of today's immigration debates.


Drilling fluid selection plays a key role in preventing major problems encountered during drilling operations such as hole pack-off, stuck pipe and loss circulation. Mud contamination which results from the overtreatment of the mud system with additives or foreign material entering the mud system during drilling operations causes unwanted changes in the properties of the mud. This makes the mud system inefficient in performing its major roles. This research studies the effects of monovalent and divalent salts namely Potassium Chloride, Calcium Chloride, and Magnesium Chloride on the rheological properties of water-based mud system which is most vulnerable to contamination.Sixteen mud samples were formulated of which fifteen were contaminated each with different concentrations (0.75 g, 1.50 g, 2.50 g, 3.50 g, and 5.0 g) of the various salts at ambient temperature.The results showed that the rheological properties such as plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity and yield point of the mud samples decreased as the concentrations of various salts increase.It was concluded that increase in the concentration of the salts resulted in a decrease in the rheological properties of the mud samples. This indicates that with the monovalent and divalent salt contamination, there is a significant decline in the performance of drilling mud since the salts affect the dispersion, hydration and flocculation behaviour of the particles. The effect was more profound with CaCl2 and MgCl2 salts than the KCl salt.


Advances in our understanding of the genetics of type 2 diabetes have been astronomical over the past decade with more than 100 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with modest increases in diabetes risk and differences in related traits such as fasting glucose (1,2). However, these SNPs have contributed more to elucidating biologic pathways than predicting diabetes risk (3). Nonetheless, the most promising work suggests that we are on the cusp of being able to use genetic information to individualize treatment for type 2 diabetes prevention and management (4,5). The promise of pharmacogenetics is predicated on the existence of known individual variation in response to interventions and the strong biologic basis for genetic variation as a primary, immutable difference between individuals.

rs13266634 is one of the most consistently replicated diabetes risk variants (odds ratio of 1.14 for the R allele) (6). This SNP encodes a C→T base substitution in the SLC30A8 gene, resulting in a change in the coded protein (Arg325Trp or R325W). The frequency of the diabetes risk R allele is 91.5%, 71.7%, and 56.7% in Africans, Europeans, and Asians, respectively (1,000 Genomes).

The SLC30A8 gene encodes zinc transporter-8 (ZnT8). This transporter is specific to pancreatic islets and is …


ABSTRACT The different crises which have affected the European Union (EU) since 2008, have triggered a major politicisation of European integration. This dynamic makes it of utmost importance to understand how parties act within the European Parliament (EP), in order to gauge whether it is possible to identify a parliamentary opposition which is Eurocritical but not Eurosceptic. For this purpose, three parties are considered: Syriza (Synaspismos Rizospastikis Aristeras, Coalition of the Radical Left), Podemos (We Can) and the Movimento Cinque Stelle (Five Star Movement). These parties' positions on the EU are either unclear and/or critical, but also hard to classify as hostile to European integration. The empirical analysis highlights a significant degree of commonality in the voting behaviour of these parties and a high level of disagreement with the Eurosceptic bloc, thus pointing to a more complex political confrontation in the EP structured around: pro-EU/majority parties, Eurocritical/'loyal' opposition parties and Eurosceptic/anti-system parties.


The Red blood cell (RBC) membrane is naturally endowed with a variety of membrane transporters, mainly geared to optimize the respiratory function and to maintain cell homeostasis at minimal metabolic cost. Therefore, to survive within a red blood cell, the malaria parasite must alter the permeability of the host's plasma membrane by up-regulation of existing carriers or by creation of new permeation pathways (NPP).These pathways, indispensable for parasite growth, could be possible antimalarial targets for selective inhibition, as well as routes for drug delivery. Electrophysiological techniques, such as the patch clamp, are ideal for the study of channels that are permeable to charged solutes, even though the NPP are also used for transport of electroneutral and organic osmolytes in malaria infected RBCs. Red blood cells have proven to be extremely useful as a model system to study the different membrane transport pathways, and there is a plethora of publications aimed at a detailed description of pumps, cotransporters, and specific carriers in the red blood cell membrane. In the cell-attached and excised configurations, Plasmodium falciparum-infected RBCs show a very different pattern of channel activity from uninfected cells. It has been suggested that NPP could be used as therapeutic targets. However, the exact nature of the NPP remains to be resolved; part of the present confusion, due to discrepant results, comes from the lack of background information on the channels present in noninfected red blood cell membranes.


Acetazolamide increases cerebral blood flow. The generalized and regional changes in blood flow after administration of acetazolamide were evaluated by the xenon-133 inhalation technique in a series of patients with subacute or chronic focal cerebral ischemia. Acetazolamide augmented interhemispheric asymmetry of cerebral blood flow in patients with unilateral occlusion of major cerebral arteries, whereas no significant side-to-side asymmetry was evident in patients with minor arterial lesions. Low flow areas in relation to computed tomography-verified infarcts tended to be larger after administration of acetazolamide. Hyperfrontality was present at rest and during stimulation with acetazolamide. A decline of cerebral blood flow with advancing age was greater in patients than in normal controls. The vasodilator response to acetazolamide did not change with age. {Stroke 1987;18:887-891)


Infections caused by Vibrio vulnificus were first reported in 1979 by Blake et al. of the US Centers for Disease Control. At that time described as a 'rare, unnamed halophilic lactose-fermenting Vibrio species', V. vulnificus has emerged as the most virulent foodborne pathogen in the United States with a hospitalization rate of 0·910 and a case-fatality rate of 0·390. It is in addition a significant cause of potentially life-threatening wound infections. Infections following ingestion of raw or undercooked seafood, commonly raw oysters, can lead to a primary septicaemia with a fatality rate of 50–60%. An unusual symptom, occurring in 69% of 274 cases reviewed by Oliver, is the development of secondary lesions, typically on the extremities, which are generally severe (often a necrotizing fasciitis) and require tissue debridement or amputation. These cases occur almost exclusively in males over the age of 50 years. Interestingly, this gender specificity has been found to be due to the female hormone oestrogen, which in some manner provides protection against the lethal V. vulnificus endotoxin. Further, most cases occur in persons with certain underlying diseases which are either immunocompromising or which lead to elevated serum iron levels (e.g. liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, haemochromatosis). V. vulnificus infections resulting in primary septicaemia have been extensively studied, and the subject of several reviews. This review concentrates on the wound infections caused by this marine bacterial pathogen, including the more recently described biotypes 2 and 3, with brief discussions of those caused by other marine vibrios, and the increasingly reported wound/skin infections caused by Mycobacterium marinum, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, and Aeromonas hydrophila.


Using a scanning near-field optical microscope, we visualize, in three dimensions, the electromagnetic field distribution near an isolated slit aperture in a thin gold film. At the metal-air interface and for a TM incident polarization, we confirm some recently observed results and show that the slit generates two kinds of surface waves: a slowly decaying surface plasmon polariton and a quasi-cylindrical wave that decreases more rapidly when moving away from the slit. These waves are not generated for a TE incident polarization. In a noncontact mode, we also observe how the transmitted light diverges in free space. At a small distance from the slit (< 2 microm), we find that the emerging light spreads in all directions for TM, forming an electromagnetic cloud, whereas it is concentrated above the slit for TE, forming a more directive light jet. The experimental images are in good agreement with the numerical simulations.


This article examines the domestic and foreign policy responses of the Bush administration to the events of 9/11 and contrasts them with the primary responses of America's democratic allies in Europe. Both sets of responses are understood through the lens of Carl Schmitt's writing on the nature of the state of exception, which in many ways provides a blueprint for contemporary American conceptions of emergency powers while providing a notorious and unsuccessful attempt to justify emergency powers to contemporary Europeans. I argue that the divergence in the standard understandings of two formative historical events help explain European and American differences after 9/11: 1) explanations for the rise of the Nazi state, and 2) reactions to the Cold War. America learned both from the 1930s and again during the Cold War that aggressive responses to incipient threats was the best way to avoid catastrophe. In Europe, the disastrous use of emergency powers in Weimar, Germany cautioned against deploying the state of exception ever again. Instead, the development of international law seemed more promising as a way of preventing future crises. Because of these different understandings of how to respond in a time of crisis, the US turned aggressive, unilateralist and presidentialist after 9/11 while a number of America's European allies saw dangers in the use of military power, in the expansion of executive powers and in the denigration of international law.


The need to restrict global mean temperature to avoid irreversible climate change is supported by scientific evidence. The need became political practice at the Conference of the Parties in 2015, where the participants decided to limit global warming to not more than +2.0 °C compared to pre-industrial times and to rather aim for a limit of +1.5 °C global warming. Nevertheless, a clear picture of what European climate would look like under +1.5 °C, +2.0 °C and +3.0 °C global warming level (GWL) is still missing. In this study, we will fill this gap by assessing selected climate indices related to temperature and precipitation extremes, based on state of the art regional climate information for Europe taken from the European branch of the World Climate Research Program Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (EURO-CORDEX) ensemble. To assess the impact of these indices under climate change, we investigate the spatial extent of the area of the climate change signal in relation to the affected population. This allows us to demonstrate which climate extremes could be avoided when global warming is kept well below +2.0 °C or even +1.5 °C compared to higher GWLs. The European north–south gradient of tropical nights and hot days is projected to be intensified with an increasing global warming level. For precipitation-related indices, an overall increase in precipitation extremes is simulated, especially under +3.0 °C GWL, for mid- and northern Europe, whereas an increase in dry days is projected for many regions in southern Europe. The benefit of staying below +1.5 °C GWL compared to +2.0 °C GWL is the avoidance of an additional increase in tropical nights and hot days parallel to an increase in dry days in parts of southern Europe as well as an increase in heavy precipitation in parts of Scandinavia. Compared to +3.0 °C GWL, the benefit of staying at +1.5 °C GWL is to avoid a substantial increase (i.e., an increase of more than five dry days and ten tropical nights) in dry days and tropical nights in southern European regions, while, in several European regions and especially in northern Europe, a substantial increase (i.e., more than two heavy precipitation days) in heavy precipitation days could be avoided. This study shows that a statistically significant change in the investigated climate indices can be avoided under +1.5 °C GWL compared to the investigated higher GWLs +2.0 °C and +3.0 °C for the majority of the population in almost all regions. Future studies will investigate compound events where the severity of single extreme events is intensified.


We look at Chile's transition to democracy in 1990 to study the persistence of authoritarian politics at the local level. Using new data on the universe of mayors appointed by the Pinochet dictatorship (1973-1990), and leveraging on the arbitrary election rules that characterized the first local election in 1992, we present two main findings. First, dictatorship mayors obtained a vote premium that is larger among the last wave of incumbents and appears partially explained by an increase in local spending. Second, dictatorship mayors who were democratically elected in 1992 brought votes for the parties that collaborated with the dictatorship in subsequent elections held in democracy. These results show that the body of politicians appointed by a dictatorship can contribute to the persistence of elites and institutions.


A research project was completed to develop a dynamic lake water quality management model for Lake Tarpon, a 10.3 km 2 , shallow lake in Central Florida. The model is intended to provide for evaluating lake management alternatives, including stormwater treatment practices in the watershed and operational guidelines for the lake to maintain specific water quality objectives. The model includes two-dimensional hydrodynamic and nutrient budget modeling for the lake, and storm water/water quality modeling for the watershed. A GIS is used to provide all spatial data definition and analysis functions required for the modeling components and provides for output analysis and display. The model makes use of a trophic state index for summarizing the water quality conditions of the lake so that environmental managers could easily interpret results. Output interpretation has been provided in the model that it is simple and effective for evaluating management alternatives.


Rare Sugars: Applications and Enzymatic Production
Medical professionals such as doctors, nurses and paramedics often use headlight to examine or to perform surgical intervention in the patients. However, there are concerns related to its use such as comfort for the user, mobility and asepsis for the cable, availability, and cost effectiveness. The concept of a retrofitted 1-watt sports headlight (adjusted on magnifying loupes) would give quick access to a light source, be available and reliable at any place, save vital funds and would be environmentally friendly as the battery can be replaced.


This article was prepared in conjunction with the Thurgood Marshall School of Law March, 2009 symposium on "Emerging Issues in Estate Planning, Probate & Trust Law." The article examines a relatively new assisted reproduction technique through which the sperm of a man who has recently died is retrieved after his death, cryopreserved, and then later used by a woman (spouse, partner, or other) to produce a child. While much has been written about posthumously-conceived children (children conceived from sperm that were banked by the father while he was alive), there has to date been little examination of the ramifications of post-mortem sperm retrieval. The article explores whether children who are born through use of this technique will be entitled to their father's property or governmental benefits as the father's surviving issue. The article examines in depth the arguments in Vernoff v. Astrue, a case that is currently under consideration by the federal Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The child who is the subject of this case is reportedly the first child who was born using posthumously-retrieved sperm. Her mother has sought Social Security benefits for the child, citing numerous other cases in which the Social Security Administration or the federal courts have granted such benefits to posthumously-conceived children. The article explains how the interaction among state parentage law, state probate law, and the Social Security Act will be used by the court to make a determination in this and subsequent cases.


In the most controversial analysis ever written of the apostle of American liberty, the distinguished constitutional historian Leonard W. Levy examines Jefferson's record on civil liberties and finds it strikingly wanting. Clearing away the saintliness that surrounds the hero, Mr. Levy tries to understand why the "unfamiliar" Jefferson supported loyalty oaths; countenanced internment camps for political suspects; drafted a bill of attainder; urged prosecutions for seditious libel; condoned military despotism; used the Army to enforce laws in time of peace; censored reading; chose professors for their political opinions; and endorsed the doctrine that means, however odious, are justified by ends. "Implicitly," Mr. Levy writes, "this book is a study of libertarian leadership in time of power and time of danger...Jefferson should be seen [by his biographers] as a whole man in the perspective of his times, but my task is to determine the validity of his historical reputation as the apostle of liberty." "Blunt words and blunt facts...an indispensable book."-Commentary.


The transcription factor Myc plays a central role in the control of cellular proliferation. Myc expression is induced by growth factors in a pathway mediated by cellular Src (c-Src), but it is not clear whether Myc induction or activity is required for malignant transformation by activated Src. We introduced v-Src into a c-myc(-/-) derivative of Rat-1 fibroblasts and into 3T9 mouse fibroblasts harboring a conditionally excisable c-myc allele. Expression of activated viral Src in Myc-deficient cells led to loss of actin stress fibers and surface fibronectin, indicating that Myc is dispensable for v-Src-induced morphological transformation. However, v-Src failed to rescue the proliferative defect resulting from the loss of Myc. In Myc-deficient cells, despite its inability to overcome this proliferation block, v-Src was able to regulate the expression of certain Myc transcriptional targets and induce the expression of active cyclin D/Cdk4 and Cdk6 complexes; it also induced the phosphorylation of Rb, albeit at reduced levels. In contrast, however, in the absence of Myc, the level of Cdk2 kinase activity was drastically reduced. This reduction in Cdk2 activity was associated with a decrease in the expression of Cdk7, Cdc25A, and cyclin A. Coexpression of Cdk2 plus cyclin E and/or cyclin A rescued the G1/S block and allowed the cells to enter mitosis. These results indicate that in the absence of Myc, v-Src can activate early G1 cell cycle regulators but fails to activate regulators of the late G1/S transition.


Polyphenols have increasingly been studied for their influence on cardiometabolic health. Since cacao and chocolate can be a rich source of polyphenols, they too have been investigated for their supposed health benefits. In the first part of this paper the history of the food and medicinal uses of the cacao plant was briefly examined. A particular emphasis has been placed on the analysis of the process of transformation of the cacao seed into chocolate, since many of the processing steps involved have important consequences on the final product's content in polyphenols and flavanols, and hence on the purported beneficial activity of chocolate. This evaluation is also of great importance in interpreting the results of the epidemiological and clinical studies. The relevant literature was surveyed in the second part of the paper, and the results for the consumption of polyphenol-rich chocolate are that it is well correlated to a reduction of the overall cardiovascular risk, and of arterial blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. Less corroborated are the positive effects on vascular endothelial health, on blood lipids and on lipid peroxidation. There are also preliminary but promising results for a positive action on insulin sensitivity, platelet function and inflammation. It remains to be seen whether and how these results can be translated into pragmatic guidelines on the health benefits of the consumption of commercial chocolate bars or products.


Convergence is a subject of controversy in regional studies, no matter if the analysis is carried out across regions of various countries or regions of the same country. Convergence is quite difficult to assess because it can be unconditional, conditional or club convergence. When referring to the impact of migration, the difficulty arises from the distinction made between net and gross migration, between the homogenous or heterogeneous nature of migrants when talking about their human capital endowment and from the issue of spatial dependence between adjacent regions. The present study carries out a cross-provincial analysis of GDP evolution in time and the influence exerted by internal migration. For this, I have used panel data covering the period 1998-2008 and, moreover, I have controlled for human capital content of migrants in order to determine if a brain drain or brain gain process took place in Spain. The appropriate model employed to assess beta-convergence is the spatial Durbin model with province- and period-specific effects. The main results point out at an increasing migration over the years, the existence of both sigma- and beta-convergence, a negative and significant effect of out-migration, significant estimates of spatially lagged GDP growth and GDP level. Unfortunately, because some coefficients returned insignificant values, I cannot pronounce myself in favor of brain drain or brain gain existence.


Recently, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique has been extensively studied for fiber-based optical transmissions in the context of access networks. The adaptive modulation optical (AMO) OFDM system has been proved to be one of the cost-effective solutions. Among adaptive modulation techniques, the Levin-Campello (LC) bit/power loading, which is widely implemented for xDSL systems, is shown to bring excellent performances in unamplified optical intensity modulated/direct detected (IMDD) transmissions. In this paper a novel adaptive discrete Fourier transform precoded OFDM (POFDM) is proposed and investigated. By means of numerical simulation, the proposed modulation scheme is shown to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio of the transmitted OFDM signal up to 2 dB at 10 -3 clipping rate. As a consequence, a smaller input back-off can be applied to the laser-driving current before the power amplifier, resulting in a lower power consumption of the POFDM system when compared to the conventional LC AMOOFDM system. According to simulation results, the energy consumption of the power amplifier is reduced by a factor of two in unamplified optical IMDD transmissions. Moreover, in terms of capacity-versus-reach performance, the proposed system achieves the same performance as the conventional adaptive modulation scheme.


The First World War is a watershed in the intellectual and spiritual history of the modern world. On the one hand, it brought an end to a sense of optimism and decency bred by the prosperity of nineteenth-century Europe. On the other, it brought forth a sense of futility and alienation that has since pervaded European thought. That cataclysmic experience is richly reflected in the work of writers and artists from both sides of the conflict, and this study provides a detailed analysis of two basic themes -- death and degradation -- that mark the literature about the war.From their accounts most men entered the war lightheartedly, filled with ideals of patriotism and glory, but these generous feelings were soon quelled as the war settled into a stalemate, its operations reduced to simply grinding away the opposing forces. In these operations, Alfredo Bonadeo shows, men became mere aggregations thrown against one another, wasted with no appreciable effects or gains, save carnage itself.This cheapening and disregard for human life and being Bonadeo finds rooted not only in the conditions of war but, significantly, in a contempt for the common man prevailing in European political and intellectual circles. This attitude is revealed most plainly in his analysis of the Italian literature, which hitherto has received little note. Italian leaders saw the war as an opportunity to expiate a sense of national guilt, and here the inconclusive campaigns made their futility all the greater.Out of the torn fields of the First World War grew the seeds of a second, greater conflict, but, Professor Bonadeo concludes, the flowering of the seeds was aided by the degradation of man's spirit on those fields. The grim focus of this book, the dead voices it evokes, leads to a new appreciation of the meaning of the Great War.


Systematic studies of alloys based on TiCr{sub 2} have been performed in order to improve the toughness of Laves phase intermetallics. The extent to which alloy compositions and annealing treatments influence the toughness was quantified by Vickers indentation. The single-phase Laves behavior was first established by studying stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric TiCr{sub 2}. Next, alloying effects were investigated with ternary Laves phases based on TiCr{sub 2}. Different microstructures of two-phase alloys consisting of (Ti,Cr)-bcc+TiCr{sub 2} were also examined. Various toughening theories based on vacancies, site-substitutions, crystal structure (C14, C36, or C15) stabilization, and the presence of a second phase were evaluated. The most effective factors improving the toughness of TiCr{sub 2} were determined, and toughening mechanisms are suggested.


A number of families with X linked dilated cardiomyopathy with onset in infancy or childhood have now been described, with varying clinical and biochemical features. Of these, one condition, Barth syndrome (BTHS), can be diagnosed clinically by the characteristic associated features of skeletal myopathy, short stature, and neutropenia, but not all of these features are always present. Molecular genetic studies have delineated the gene for BTHS, which maps to distal Xq28, from the gene for so called X linked dilated cardiomyopathy (XLCM), a teenage onset dilated cardiomyopathy, recently mapped to the 5' portion of the dystrophin locus at Xp21. We report a large family in which male infants have died with congenital dilated cardiomyopathy, and there is a strong family history of unexplained death in infant males over at least four generations. Death always occurred in early infancy, without development of the characteristic features associated with Barth syndrome. Molecular analysis localised the gene in this family to Xq28 with lod scores of 2.3 at theta = 0.0 with dinucleotide repeat markers, p26 and p39, near DXS15 and at F8C. The proximal limit to the localisation of the gene in this family is defined by a recombinant at DXS296, while the distal limit could not be differentiated from the telomere. This localisation is consistent with a hypothesis of allelic and clinical heterogeneity at the BTHS locus in Xq28.


In recent decades game theory—the mathematics of rational decision-making by interacting individuals—has assumed a central place in our understanding of capitalist markets, the evolution of social behavior in animals, and even the ethics of altruism and fairness in human beings. With game theory's ubiquity, however, has come a great deal of misunderstanding. Critics of the contemporary social sciences view it as part of an unwelcome trend toward the marginalization of historicist and interpretive styles of inquiry, and many accuse its proponents of presenting a thin and empirically dubious view of human choice. The World the Game Theorists Made seeks to explain the ascendency of game theory, focusing on the poorly understood period between the publication of John von Neumann and Oscar Morgenstern's seminal Theory of Games and Economic Behavior in 1944 and the theory's revival in economics in the 1980s. Drawing on a diverse collection of institutional archives, personal correspondence and papers, and interviews, Paul Erickson shows how game theory offered social scientists, biologists, military strategists, and others a common, flexible language that could facilitate wide-ranging thought and debate on some of the most critical issues of the day.


Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) and its variants serve as a perfect representation of the data generation model, providing researchers with a large amount of high-quality generated data. They illustrate a promising direction for research with limited data availability. When GAN learns the semantic-rich data distribution from a dataset, the density of the generated distribution tends to concentrate on the training data. Due to the gradient parameters of the deep neural network contain the data distribution of the training samples, they can easily remember the training samples. When GAN is applied to private or sensitive data, for instance, patient medical records, as private information may be leakage. To address this issue, we propose a Privacy-preserving Generative Adversarial Network (PPGAN) model, in which we achieve differential privacy in GANs by adding well-designed noise to the gradient during the model learning procedure. Besides, we introduced the Moments Accountant strategy in the PPGAN training process to improve the stability and compatibility of the model by controlling privacy loss. We also give a mathematical proof of the differential privacy discriminator. Through extensive case studies of the benchmark datasets, we demonstrate that PPGAN can generate high-quality synthetic data while retaining the required data available under a reasonable privacy budget.


Ductile fracture of a polymer plate due to craze growth is characterized by a failure in the front of propagating neck. In this paper, the elastoviscoplastic constitutive equation, that explicitly represents the effect of craze, is rigorously derived. Through a thermodynamic discussion about arguments of craze rate function, a new craze evolution equation is proposed so as to express the craze concentration on the boundary between the oriented molecular region and the glassy one, and the craze annihilation in the oriented region, with a hydrostatic stress criterion of craze generation. Additionally, an evolution law of mean plastic strain affecting the craze growth is numerically identified for a polymer block with some circular holes. A finite element simulation is carried out in order to verify this model. The craze propagation and annihilation are visualized, and the possibility of failure prediction based on this model is also discussed.


Nanomaterials are finding increasing use for biomedical applications such as imaging, diagnostics, and drug delivery. While it is well understood that nanoparticle (NP) physico-chemical properties can dictate biological responses and interactions, it has been difficult to outline a unifying framework to directly link NP properties to expected in vitro and in vivo outcomes. When introduced to complex biological media containing electrolytes, proteins, lipids, etc., nanoparticles (NPs) are subjected to a range of forces which determine their behavior in this environment. One aspect of NP behavior in biological systems that is often understated or overlooked is aggregation. NP aggregation will significantly alter in vitro behavior (dosimetry, NP uptake, cytotoxicity), as well as in vivo fate (pharmacokinetics, toxicity, biodistribution). Thus, understanding the factors driving NP colloidal stability and aggregation is paramount. Furthermore, studying biological interactions with NPs at the nanoscale level requires an interdisciplinary effort with a robust understanding of multiple characterization techniques. This review examines the factors that determine NP colloidal stability, the various efforts to stabilize NP in biological media, the methods to characterize NP colloidal stability in situ, and provides a discussion regarding NP interactions with cells.


There is an apparent conflict between a key precept of scientific method and an apparent requirement of ethical behaviour, all of the standard scientific procedures result in repeated observations. This may be done by sampling from a large population of people or situations, by making many observations from each individual, or by repeating experiments a number of times. On the other hand, provisions of codes of ethical behaviour, such as that adopted by the Psychological Society of ireland, emphasise the importance, for research psychologists, of minimising the number of participants or the number of times an experiment is carried out. In this papar, some of the justifications for both the `'scientific approach'' and the `'ethical approach'' are outlined, and a way of resolving the apparent paradox is outlined. This resolution depends on research issues being set in their social context, rather than being dealt with in the formulaic manner which is generally used, and on the social and scientific value of a research programme being a conspicuous part of the research design.


The brain uses population codes to form distributed, noise-tolerant representations of sensory and motor variables. Recent work has examined the theoretical optimality of such codes in order to gain insight into the principles governing population codes found in the brain. However, the majority of the population coding literature considers either conditionally independent neurons or neurons with noise governed by a stimulus-independent covariance matrix. Here we analyze population coding under a simple alternative model in which latent "input noise" corrupts the stimulus before it is encoded by the population. This provides a convenient and tractable description for irreducible uncertainty that cannot be overcome by adding neurons, and induces stimulus-dependent correlations that mimic certain aspects of the correlations observed in real populations. We examine prior-dependent, Bayesian optimal coding in such populations using exact analyses of cases in which the posterior is approximately Gaussian. These analyses extend previous results on independent Poisson population codes and yield an analytic expression for squared loss and a tight upper bound for mutual information. We show that, for homogeneous populations that tile the input domain, optimal tuning curve width depends on the prior, the loss function, the resource constraint, and the amount of input noise. This framework provides a practical testbed for examining issues of optimality, noise, correlation, and coding fidelity in realistic neural populations.


Traditionally, search engines have ignored the reading difficulty of documents and the reading proficiency of users in computing a document ranking. This is one reason why Web search engines do a poor job of serving an important segment of the population: children. While there are many important problems in interface design, content filtering, and results presentation related to addressing children's search needs, perhaps the most fundamental challenge is simply that of providing relevant results at the right level of reading difficulty. At the opposite end of the proficiency spectrum, it may also be valuable for technical users to find more advanced material or to filter out material at lower levels of difficulty, such as tutorials and introductory texts. We show how reading level can provide a valuable new relevance signal for both general and personalized Web search. We describe models and algorithms to address the three key problems in improving relevance for search using reading difficulty: estimating user proficiency, estimating result difficulty, and re-ranking based on the difference between user and result reading level profiles. We evaluate our methods on a large volume of Web query traffic and provide a large-scale log analysis that highlights the importance of finding results at an appropriate reading level for the user.


Abstract. The tropical deep convection affects the radiation balance of the atmosphere changing the water vapor mixing ratio and the temperature of the upper troposphere lower stratosphere. The aim of this work is to better understand these processes and to investigate if severe storms leave a significant signature in radio occultation profiles in the tropical tropopause layer. Using tropical cyclone best track database and data from different GPS radio occultation missions (COSMIC, GRACE, CHAMP, SACC and GPSMET), we selected 1194 profiles in a time window of 3 h and a space window of 300 km from the eye of the cyclone. We show that the bending angle anomaly of a GPS radio occultation signal is typically larger than the climatology in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere and that a double tropopause during deep convection can easily be detected using this technique. Comparisons with co-located radiosondes, climatology of tropopause altitudes and GOES analyses are also shown to support the hypothesis that the bending angle anomaly can be used as an indicator of convective towers. The results are discussed in connection to the GPS radio occultation receiver which will be part of the Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES) payload on the International Space Station.


Background: Spinal Cord Schistosomiasis (SCS) is the most disabling ectopic form of Schistosomal infection. It may or may not have clinical manifestations. They include low back pain and/or lower limb pain and weakness, and double incontinence. Early diagnosis and treatment provide a good outcome. Aim: To describe the clinical, radiologic, and therapeutic data of 7 patients with Spinal Schistosomiasis. Patients and Methods: In this retrospective clinical case study, the medical records of 7 patients with spinal cord pathologies admitted to Aswan University Hospital from May 2014 to May 2017 were reviewed. All were male aged from 17 to 30 years old (mean ± SD, 20 ± 9.5 yr.; median 21 yr.), with neurological deficit in the form of lower limb weakness and sphincter disturbance. All were treated by decompressive laminectomy and debulking of the intramedullary lesion followed by medical treatment. Results: The outcome of our patients was good as 4/7 patients (57%) presented a full recovery, 3/7 patients (43%) presented a partial recovery without functional limitations and none presented a partial recovery with limitations or no response. Conclusion: High index of suspicion should be raised in the differential diagnosis of patients with clinical or radiological evidence of Spinal Cord Schistosomiasis, as early diagnosis can guarantee a better prognosis and avoid the occurrence of serious sequels. The association of corticosteroids and antischistosomal drugs is related to the best outcome. The role of surgery is decompression, particularly in the granulomatous or pseudotumoral form, and to obtain material for definite histopathological diagnosis in doubtful cases.


This paper aims to enhance the understanding of China's monetary policy rule since the mid-1990s, focusing on the role of inflation. It investigates the rule followed by the People's Bank of China (PBoC) by considering both the structural economic transformation of China and its evolving monetary policy framework. Our newly constructed monthly composite discrete monetary policy index (MPI), which combines price, quantity and administrative instruments, shows a change in style towards smoother but more contractionary policy moves from 2002 onwards. The estimation of a dynamic discrete-choice model a la Monokroussos (2011) implies that, from this point onwards, the conduct of monetary policy has been characterised by implicit inflation targeting. While the PBoC's behaviour up to 2001 was reminiscent of that in the inflation-accommodating G3 economies of the United States, euro area and Japan up to 1979, it has been characterized since 2002 by a policy rule similar to the post-1979 anti-inflation (forward-looking) policy of the G3. An accurate estimation of the monetary policy rule from 2002 needs to consider China as an open economy, as a result of its rapid liberalisation of trade and finance after its WTO accession. As such, the influence of US interest rates has become increasingly significant for Chinese monetary policy.


In the absence of legislation for a US national climate policy, regulatory responsibility has fallen to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In March 2012, the EPA announced a proposed carbon pollution standard for new power plants. Then in September 2013, the EPA withdrew the proposal upon issuing a revision as part of President Obama's Climate Action Plan. This article analyzes the stringency of the proposed emission standards for new electricity generating units relative to the emission rates of existing, recently constructed, and proposed units in the United States. No coal-fired units would come close to the emission targets unless there are future innovations in carbon capture and storage. While natural gas units designed to meet peak demand are effectively exempt, very few of them would comply on an annual basis. For the baseload natural gas units—that is, combined-cycle gas turbine units—we find that between 90 and 95 percent of the units that began operating in 2006 or later would already meet the proposed targets. Finally, we discuss differences among states regarding the characteristics of recently constructed and planned units as they relate to the proposed standards. (JEL: Q40, Q52, Q58)


We examine the saturation of relative current gain of In0.53Ga0.47As/InP single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) operated in Geiger mode. The punch-through voltage and breakdown voltage of the SPADs can be measured using a simple and accurate method. The analysis method is temperature-independent and can be applied to most SPADs.


Although mastoiditis can be a life threatening disease, clinicians often overlook it because it is uncommon. We reviewed the presentation and management of all children younger than 15 years of age with the discharge diagnosis of mastoiditis in our hospital from January 1994 through December 1999. Nineteen patients that fulfilled the case definition were included. The most common clinical presentation in this series was fever. More specific findings, such as otorrhea, postauricular pain, swelling, and redness of mastoid could be found in less than half of these patients. Only two patients had characteristic physical findings, and mastoiditis was diagnosed in only three patients upon admission. Plain radiographic evidence of mastoiditis was usually not apparent early in the course. In this series, the majority of patients were diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) scans. The present study demonstrates that mastoiditis most commonly presents without a clearly diagnostic set of physical examination and laboratory findings. Mastoiditis should be considered in patients with otitis media or with fever of unknown origin (FUO). The empirical antibiotic treatment should cover organisms commonly found in acute otitis media (AOM), including Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis.


Individuals do escape poverty during periods of overall rise in the poverty rate; they also transit into poverty during periods of overall decline in the poverty rate. A static poverty estimate drawn from independent cross surveys tends to obscure these details because it is unable to provide information on individual poverty experiences across time and space. In this paper, I explore six sweeps of household surveys of Nigeria (1980–2010) in an attempt to address these concerns. In addition, I test, by estimating poverty regressions, whether different processes are at work in determining chronic and transient poverty. Between 1980 and 1985, about 0.11–9.5 percent of Nigeria's population escaped poverty. At the same time, 21.94–32.27 percent moved into poverty. Both transient and chronic poverty were higher in 1996–2010 than in 1980–1992. But transient poverty rose faster as the share of chronic poverty declined to between 3-55 percent from about 90 percent. Chronic poverty is less prevalent in Nigeria's oil producing region and more prevalent in the country's northeast, and poverty increases with household size. About 81 percent of those trapped in poverty farm, and 81.02 percent are from the north. Years of schooling has the strongest negative impact on chronic poverty; 74 percent of those never trapped in poverty have more than a high school level of education. Stepping up girls' education can mitigate teenage pregnancies and consequently address population rise among the poor. In addition, increasing investment in human capital, through government spending, can help break the cycle of poverty in the north.


This correspondence studies the problem of observer-based Hinfin control for time-delay Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy systems. It provides a delay-dependent linear matrix inequality (LMI)-based method for the control design. It is known that the key important problem in the literature, even for delay-independent case, lies in the difficulty of decoupling matrix variables in corresponding matrix inequalities. This correspondence suggests a decoupling technique for solving matrix inequalities with coupled variables, and provides an LMI-based algorithm by adopting the idea of the cone complementarity problem. The derivation relies on the appropriate choice of Lyaponuv-Krasovskii functionals which incorporate the intersections among local systems. Illustrative examples are given to show the effectiveness of the present delay-dependent result.


Jewellery, in all its beauty, intricacy and craftsmanship, forms a unique window on our past. This book presents five thousand years of jewellery from treasured personal possessions to symbols of imperial power. The author, Dr Jack Ogden, is a world authority on the historical development of jewellery and currently the Chief Executive of the Gemmological Association of Great Britain. This book reflects his holistic approach to jewellery studies, blending together art, history and craft. It explains how forms developed, how expanding trade introduced increasing varieties of gems and how technological advances influenced design. The story of jewellery is interwoven with the author's insights into its historical and social context. Guided by the author, "Jewellery" journeys from the earliest Stone Age beads and pendants through the spectacular goldwork of the great ancient civilisations, and looks at the treasures of Ur, Troy and Egypt, the growing sophistication of Greek and Etruscan jewellery, and then the boldness of Roman forms. From there, the book travels across the courts of Medieval Europe, through the splendour of early Islamic goldwork and follows Marco Polo along the Silk Road to the diamond mines of India. The Medieval period blossomed into the Renaissance, dominated by such craftsmen as Cellini and the intrepid navigators who opened up the sea routes to the riches of the East and the long-established civilisations of the Americas. The industrial and social revolutions of the eighteenth century introduced the techniques of mass production that then defined much of the jewellery of the nineteenth century Victorian era - a uniformity counterbalanced by the Arts and Crafts and Art Nouveau movements. By the time the nineteenth century drew to a close diamonds from the abundant South African deposits had become the king of gems and Cartier and other great firms had begum to work with platinum. The book closes with a brief look at modern jewellery, with its new ideas and new materials.


This paper reports on an on-going project, which is investigating the role that location plays in the visibility of information presented on a public display. Spatial measures are presented, derived from the architectural theory of Space Syntax. These are shown to relate to the memorability of words and images presented on different displays. Results show a complex pattern of interactions between the size and shape of spaces in which displays are situated and the memorability of different types of representations depicted. This approach offers a new way to consider the role of space in guiding and constraining interaction in real settings: a growing concern within HCI and Ubicomp.


The aim of this study is to evaluate how industrial approaches to learning can be introduced into logistics/supply chain management (SCM) education programs in a university setting. This issue has been examined through two case studies. The first case study outlines the current state of a bachelor education program in logistics/SCM at the University of Boras in Sweden. The second case study illustrates two education programs for practitioners in an international electronics company from Sweden. The investigated university education program has several practical goals, but few practical learning situations. The industrial case study illustrates how practical learning situations can be incorporated into the education program and this may help to improve skills and confidence of the students. Practical learning situations seem positive, but need consideration to when they are to be included in the education program.


In today's global and highly competitive economy, industries demand that engineering graduates are not only equipped with mastery of knowledge, but also generic or "soft" skills. Engineering educators around the globe are currently pressured to produce graduates who are savvy in both. A blend of both attributes would equip graduating engineers with critical thinking and problem solving skills, continuous self-learning abilities, and teamwork and communication skills. In engineering education, there has been a lot of research and application in active learning, particularly cooperative learning (CL), to help students learn and understand more effectively as well as inculcate generic skills in students. Problem-based learning (PBL) has also been recommended and implemented in engineering, particularly because it promotes deep learning and problem-solving skills. Both methodologies are being wildly used in North America, Europe and other parts of the world to enhance learning and develop generic skills in students. Since these techniques require active participation of students to be successful, can they be as effective in the Malaysian scenario, given our more passive and laid-back culture? To discover the applicability of CL and PBL on local students, a blend of both techniques were implemented in a subject that is labelled as a "killer" subject by Chemical Enngineering undergraduates in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. The subject, Process Dynamics and Control, is considered by many to be difficult because it requires students to combine their knowledge in chemical engineering and mathematics. In a lecture-based class, the number of failures is high and the passing marks are low, no matter who teaches the subject. This paper describes the detailed implementation and the outcome of combining CL and PBL in the Process Dynamics and Control class. Although the lecturers had doubts initially that the techniques might fail because of our culture, these doubts evaporated almost immediately upon implementation. On the part of the students, despite their initial resistance and anxieties, the results showed improvements in both mastery of knowledge and generic skills. which indicates that both CL and PBL can be effective in the Malaysian scene.


We report a passively mode-locked vertical external cavity surface emitting laser (VECSEL) producing 400 fs pulses with 4.35 kW peak power. The average output power was 3.3 W and the VECSEL had a repetition rate of 1.67 GHz at a center wavelength of 1013 nm. A near-antiresonant, substrate-removed, 10 quantum well (QW) gain structure designed to enable femtosecond pulse operation is used. A SESAM which uses fast carrier recombination at the semiconductor surface and the optical Stark effect enables passive mode-locking. When 1 W of the VECSEL output is launched into a 2 m long photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with a 2.2 µm core, a supercontinuum spanning 175 nm, with average power 0.5 W is produced.


Because I am a girl I am less likely to go to school. Because I am a girl I am more likely to suffer from malnutrition. Because I am a girl I am more likely to suffer violence in the home. Because I am a girl I am more likely to marry and start a family before I reach my twenties. Seven authors have visited seven different countries and spoken to young women and girls about their lives, struggles and hopes. The result is an extraordinary collection of writings about prejudice, abuse, and neglect, but also about courage, resilience and changing attitudes. Proceeds from sales of this book will go to PLAN, one of the world's largest child-centered community development organisations.


Introduction Employee satisfaction is considered to be an important component in the promotion of service quality and increased efficiency and effectiveness in the reform plan for a healthcare system. Neglecting this issue could result in a lack of success in achieving the healthcare system's objectives. The healthcare reform plan is being implemented to achieve the objectives of the healthcare system. Thus, given the key role of hospital employees in implementing the reform plan, the aim of this study was to determine the levels of hospital employees' satisfaction with their jobs. Methods This was a qualitative study in 2015 that included thematic analysis, and 138 employees of the Kosar, Rajaii, and Ghods Hospitals participated. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews, and the data were analyzed using content analysis. Results After analyzing the data collected by interviewing the employees, 132 codes were identified. The codes were classified into five general concepts including opinions about 1) the reform plan and its administrative barriers, 2) changes in visits, 3) changes in working conditions, 4) changes in salaries and 5) General satisfaction of personnel. Conclusion Increasing workloads, stagnant salaries, and the shortage of personnel were the main factors that reduced the satisfaction of the hospitals' employees with the administration of the healthcare reform plan.


OBJECTIVE: To determine the biomechanical gait characteristics and quality of life of adults with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and how their gait compares to the gait of healthy controls. METHODS: Gait analyses were performed on 18 participants (9 FAI, 9 control) while walking barefoot in the Wolf Orthopeadic Biomechanics Lab. In addition, FAI participants completed general and region specific quality of life questionnaires. RESULTS: Hip moment (5.2%BW*ht vs. 4.96%BW*ht), toe out angle (12.36° vs. 8.15°), and lateral (3.55° vs. 2.18°) and forward (4.34° vs. 3.93°) pelvic tilt were not statistically different between groups. Trunk lean (1.33° vs. 0.36°), hip flexion angle (25.74° vs. 24.23°), & hip power (1.22W vs. 0.61W; p-value=0.32) were greater in the control group.CONCLUSION: The small sample size of this study does not allow the authors to make conclusions on the abnormalities in gait biomechanics in FAI patients. Further research with larger sample sizes is warranted.