According to perceptual symbol systems, sensorimotor simulations underlie the representation of concepts. It follows that sensorimotor phenomena should arise in conceptual processing. Previous studies have shown that switching from one modality to another during perceptual processing incurs a processing cost. If perceptual simulation underlies conceptual processing, then verifying the properties of concepts should exhibit a switching cost as well. For example, verifying a property in the auditory modality (e.g., BLENDER-loud) should be slower after verifying a property in a different modality (e.g., CRANBERRIES-tart) than after verifying a property in the same modality (e.g., LEAVES-rustling). Only words were presented to subjects, and there were no instructions to use imagery. Nevertheless, switching modalities incurred a cost, analogous to the cost of switching modalities in perception. A second experiment showed that this effect was not due to associative priming between properties in the same modality. These results support the hypothesis that perceptual simulation underlies conceptual processing.


Immunohistochemistry by using monoclonal antibodies named A5 and B2, which specifically recognize cell surface proteins the neuropilin and the plexin, respectively, revealed that olfactory axons in Xenopus tadpoles were classified into several subgroups by virtue of the expression levels of these two cell surface molecules. The vomeronasal axons expressed the plexin but not the neuropilin. The plexin-positive and neuropilin-negative vomeronasal axons form a discrete fiber bundle, even after they joined with the principal olfactory axons. However, the principal olfactory axons were divided into at least two subclasses; the neuropilin-predominant axons which expressed high levels of the neuropilin and low levels of the plexin, and the plexin-predominant axons which expressed high levels of the plexin and low levels of the neuropilin. Within the olfactory nerve the pathways for these two principal olfactory axon subclasses were initially intermingled with each other, but were gradually segregated throughout their courses from the nose to the cerebrum. Eventually, the neuropilin-predominant and the plexin-predominant principal olfactory axon subclasses projected to specified glomeruli in topographically related regions within the main olfactory bulb. Neuroanatomical tracings of the olfactory projection also confirmed the gradual segregation of the pathways for the principal olfactory axons. These results allow us to speculate that both the neuropilin and the plexin are involved in axon interactions, and play roles in the organization of the precise patterns of the olfactory pathway and projection.


Nowadays there is a big effort toward improving the low pressure turbine efficiency even to the extent of penalising other relevant design parameters. LP turbine efficiency influences SFC more than other modules in the engine. Most of the research has been oriented to reduce profile losses, modifying the suction surface, the pressure surface or the three-dimensional regions of the flow. To date, the pressure surface has received very little attention. The dependence of the profile losses on the behaviour of both pressure and suction surfaces has been investigated for the case of a high lift design that is representative of a modern civil engine LP turbine. The experimental work described in this paper consists on two different sets of experiments: the first one concluded an improved pressure surface definition and the second set was oriented to achieve further improvement in losses modifying the profile suction surface. Three profiles were designed and tested over a range of conditions. The first profile is a thin-solid design. This profile has a large pressure side separation bubble extending from near the leading edge to mid-chord. The second profile is a hollow design with the same suction surface as the first one but avoiding pressure surface separation. The third one is also a hollow design with the same pressure surface as the second profile but more aft loaded suction surface. The study is part of a wider on-going research programme covering the effects of the different design parameters on losses. The paper describes the experiments conducted in a lowspeed linear cascade facility. It gathers together steady and unsteady loss measurements by wake traverse and surface pressure distributions for all the profiles. It is shown that thick profiles generates only around 90% of the losses of a thinsolid profile with the same suction surface. The results support the idea of an optimum position axial position for the peak Mach number. Caution is recommended as profile aft loading would not be a completely secure method for reducing losses. NOMENCLATURE α1 Inlet flow angle. α2 Outlet flow angle. Cax Axial chord. I Incidence.


Background. Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a major complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) the immunopathogenesis of which is not well understood. Humoral and cellular immunity are both implicated, patients express a range of autoantibodies, but the targets of cellular immunity are not well defined. Autologous human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-derived peptides constitute a significant proportion of the repertoire. Methods. We have investigated the response to HLA-derived peptides after allogeneic BMT using &ggr;-interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT). We also studied the release of this &ggr;-interferon by flow cytometry in a subgroup of responsive patients. Results. The peripheral blood mononuclear cell response was assessed by &ggr;-interferon ELISPOT in 42 BMT recipients (21 with cGVHD) and 30 healthy donors. Thirteen of 21 patients diagnosed with cGVHD responded to at least one HLA-derived peptide compared with 1 of 21 patients without cGVHD (62% vs. 5%, P<10−4) and 1 of 30 healthy donors. In all but one patient these peptides correspond with the sequences of autologous HLA. The median single peptide–specific response in ELISPOT was 43/106 peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In a subgroup studied by flow cytometry, &ggr;-interferon production to individual peptides occurred in 0.04% to 0.18% of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Conclusion. These observations identify HLA-derived peptides as targets of a cellular immune response in cGVHD.


Atomic-scale surface diffusion in graphene is of recent interest to determine the viability of single-atom catalysts in functionalized graphene materials. To model such behavior, we study the random walk behavior of an atom in graphene using mean square displacement (MSD). Without the presence of a driving force, the atom performing a random walk on the graphene lattice would expect to follow linear Brownian motion. We confirm this linear behavior by measuring its mean square displacement (MSD). As the atom was given a driving force, the relationship between MSD and time steps begin to follow the properties of anomalous diffusion. The highest values of α was obtained when the atom was restricted to the first six nearest neighbors while the highest diffusion coeffcient Dα was obtained when the atom is free to move to all lattice sites. The power-law relationship between MSD and time step can be controlled and serve as a precursor in understanding how the metal atom diffuses on graphene-oxide support.


Inhibition of the receptor tyrosine kinase AXL, a key molecular driver of ovarian cancer, has recently been highlighted as promising therapeutic strategy. In this issue of EMBO Reports, Antony et al have identified a novel mechanism of inhibition of AXL, wherein the GPI‐anchored tumour suppressor OPCML sequesters AXL into specialised plasma membrane domains where the phosphatase PTPRG is located, therefore facilitating AXL dephosphorylation. This attenuation of AXL signalling has translational implications for the design of synergistic therapies, to target the kinase for this aggressive malignancy.


Dissipation of charges built up near the surface of insulators due to space environment interaction is central to understanding spacecraft charging. Conductivity of insulating materials is key to determine how accumulated charge will distribute across the spacecraft and how rapidly charge imbalance will dissipate. To understand these processes requires knowledge of how charge is deposited within the insulator, the mechanisms for charge trapping and charge transport within the insulator, and how the profile of trapped charge affects the transport and emission of charges from insulators. One must consider generation of mobile electrons and holes, their trapping, thermal de-trapping, mobility and recombination. Conductivity is more appropriately measured for spacecraft charging applications as the "decay" of charge deposited on the surface of an insulator, rather than by flow of current across two electrodes around the sample. We have found that conductivity determined from charge storage decay methods is 102 to 104 smaller than values obtained from classical ASTM and IEC methods for a variety of thin film insulating samples. For typical spacecraft charging conditions, classical conductivity predicts decay times on the order of minutes to hours (less than typical orbit periods); however, the higher charge storage conductivities predict decay times on the order of weeks to months leading to accumulation of charge with subsequent orbits. We found experimental evidence that penetration profiles of radiation and light are exceedingly important, and that internal electric fields due to charge profiles and high-field conduction by trapped electrons must be considered for space applications. We have also studied whether the decay constants depend on incident voltage and flux or on internal charge distributions and electric fields; light-activated discharge of surface charge to distinguish among differing charge trapping centers; and radiation-induced conductivity. Our experiments also show that "Malter" electron emission occurs for hours after turning off the electron beam. This Malter emission similar to emission due to negative electron affinity in semiconductors is a result of the prior radiation or optical excitations of valence electrons and their slow drift among traps towards the surface where they are subsequently emitted. This work is supported through funding from the NASA Space Environments and Effects Program.


Earrings. Pair of earrings for pierced ears. Each earring is composed of an inner and outer circular hoop. A single flat silver pendant is suspended within the inner hoop, while a fringe of 7 pendants of a bugle bead and a silver sphere hang from the inner hoop. From the outer hoop hang a long triangular pendant fringe of 13 graduated strands with bugle beads, terminating in flat silver teardrop forms.


The objective of this study was to develop an efficient protocol for adventitious shoot regeneration for Plectranthus barbatus Andrews using leaf explants. The explants were cultured on MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) medium containing various concentration of kinetin (KN), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and thidiazuron (TDZ) (0.5 to 3.0 mg/l) or in combination with a-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) for shoot development. The highest adventitious shoot regeneration percentage (80%) and average maximum number of 19.7 ± 2.08 shoots per explants was observed on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/l KN followed by 2.0 mg/l BAP with 1.0 mg/l NAA (15.0 ± 2.20 shoots per explants). The shoots were excised and the residual explants were transferred to fresh medium where again they developed shoots. The shoots were elongated when they were cultured on half strength MS medium supplemented with 0.6 mg/l gibberellic acid (GA3) and 0.5 mg/l KN. The in vitro developed shoots produced roots when transferred to half strength MS medium augmented with 1.5 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The in vitro raised plantlets were successfully transferred to mixture of river sand, garden soil and saw dust (1:1:1) and was hardened in controlled environment. Hardened plantlets were transferred to soil in greenhouse. Key words : Plectranthus barbatus, Lamiaceae, medicinal plant, leaf explants, direct organogenesis, in vitro, plant growth regulators.


Traditional semi-supervised learning uses only labeled instances to train a classifier and then this classifier is utilized to classify unlabeled instances, while sometimes there are only positive instances which are elements of the target concept are available in the labeled set. Our research in this paper the design of learning algorithms from positive and unlabeled instances only. Among all the semi-supervised positive and unlabeled learning methods, it is a fundamental step to extract useful information from unlabeled instances. In this paper, we design a novel framework to take advantage of valid information in unlabeled instances. In essence, this framework mainly includes that (1) selects reliable negative instances through the fuzziness of the instances; (2) chooses new positive instances based on the fuzziness of the instances to expand the initial positive set, and we named these new instances as reliable positive instances; (3) uses data editing technique to filter out noise points with high fuzziness. The effectiveness of the presented algorithm is verified by comparative experiments on UCI dataset.


Visual attention is an important skill in driving. Novice drivers have been shown to have significantly poorer visual attention skills in high demand situations. Two hypotheses, situation awareness and cognitive resource limitation, have been proposed to explain this attention deficit. Although support has been shown for both hypotheses, when tested directly situation awareness appears to best explain this deficit. This study aimed firstly to investigate the deficit in novices using a peripheral identification task to measure visual attention and secondly to improve on previous methodology comparing the two hypotheses. 109 participants completed a driving simulation that varied in demand, as measured by drive difficulty, during which they had to identify peripherally presented stimuli. The results confirmed that novices display a visual attention deficit in high demand situations. To investigate what hypothesis best explained this deficit, 59 novice drivers completed an additional drive. Participants were allocated to one of four conditions that varied in amount of cognitive resources utilised. Even when cognitive resources were not being used for vehicle control, novice drivers still have poor visual attention. This finding supports the situation awareness hypothesis. Future research should focus on investigating the parameters of situation awareness in novice drivers to help them overcome this vulnerability.


When a viscous liquid hits a pool of liquid of the same nature, the impact region is hollowed by the shock. Its bottom becomes extremely sharp if increasing the impact velocity, and we report that the curvature at that place increases exponentially with the flow velocity, in agreement with a theory by Jeong and Moffatt. Such a law defines a characteristic velocity for the collapse of the tip, which explains both the cusplike shape of this region, and the instability of the cusp if increasing (slightly) the impact velocity. Then, a film of the upper phase is entrained inside the pool. We characterize the critical velocity of entrainment of this phase and compare our results with recent predictions by Eggers.


This research presents the numerical validation of two different failure test data. These are: (1) suspension insulator failure test and (2) conductor failure test. The first failure scenario deals with the study of the effect of dynamic load on adjacent towers due to a broken suspension insulator; while the second scenario deals with the effect of dynamic load on a tower when the adjacent tower has failed due to conductor rupture. The published data were gathered from full scale as well as scale model tests for model validations. A finite element model of the line was developed using three different element types. Incremental nonlinear dynamic analysis was carried out in the time domain using a commercially available software package. -- Using full-scale test data from broken insulator at the suspension point, a numerical model was developed. Upon validation of the numerical model with the test results, a sensitivity study was carried out for various insulator lengths, ice thicknesses and initial tensions to determine the effects of these parameters on the impact loads on the tower cross arm. Results of the study show that the impact loads are less sensitive to the change in insulator length and initial tension but they do vary significantly when the ice loads are increased. The magnitude of the effect of incremental ice thickness has not been quantified in any previous study. A coordination of strength study showed that a suspension insulator failure can increase the conductor tension considerably thus initiating conductor rupture and therefore, a possible cascade failure in the longitudinal direction. -- Using the scale model test data for broken conductor, a numerical model was developed where a number of towers were allowed to fail (one at a time) in a preferred sequence and the peak forces predicted on the surviving tower. This predicted peak force was compared to the experimental results and a reasonable correlation was established. Results show clearly that by allowing a few structures to fail, the longitudinal peak load on the surviving tower can be reduced significantly. This information can then be used in the design of the anti-cascading tower for proper cascade failure containment. -- The study results show clearly that the analysis of dynamic load assessment on transmission system is possible and is cost effective using commercially available finite element software.


This work belongs to the fields of applied analysis and stochastic partial differential equations. We study stochastic versions of two well-known nonlinear partial differential equations, the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert and the Ginzburg-Landau equation. The deterministic prototypes of our equations have many formal features in common and are used to describe similar physical phenomena. We see the mixed Ginzburg-Landau equation as the "light version" of the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation. However, already in the deterministic setting, the two equations are very different in terms of the wellposedness. The Ginzburg-Landau equation has a unique regular global in time solution. For the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation, a regular solution exists only locally in time, and weak solutions are not unique. This difference is related to the fact that the GinzburgLandau equation is semilinear, and the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert is only quasilinear. Due to the difference in the analytic properties, the questions that we address for the two equations in the stochastic framework are also very different. For the stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation, already well-posedness is a challenging problem. The known techniques yield a solution that is not unique and both analytically and stochastically weak. In Chapter 2, we deal at the same time with the non-uniquness of solution and the stochastic sense of solvability. We propose a regularization of the stochastic Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation that is admissible from the physical point of view. We show that the solution of the regularized equation exists in the stochastically strong sense and is unique. This follows from an argument of the Yamada-Watanabe type: For S(P)DE, solvability in the stochastically weak sense and uniqueness in the stochastically strong sense implies solvability in the stochastically strong sense. Accordingly, we first construct a stochastically weak solution and then show that it is unique in the stochastically strong sense. For the Ginzburg-Landau equation, we focus on a more particular question. We are interested in the dynamics of the point singularities of the solution in the presence of random forcing. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to investigate this topic. As a preparation, we consider in Chapter 3 the mixed Ginzburg-Landau equation with deterministic forcing of convective form. For this equation, we derive the effective motion law. The standard toolbox developed for equations of Ginzburg-Landau type suffices at that point. This way, we make sure that the convective forcing impacts the effective dynamics but does not destroy it. In Chapter 4, we study the stochastic parabolic Ginzburg-Landau equation with a multiplicative noise. The noise is again of the convective form. For this equation, existence and uniqueness of a stochastically strong regular solution is obtained rather easily. Our main effort is therefore devoted to the description of the point singularities of the solution. This amounts to finding the correct stochastic counterparts of the tools used for this purpose in the deterministic setting. Consequently, our main result concerns the Jacobians of the solution. We prove that the Jacobians are tight and do correctly locate the set of point singularities, as in the deterministic case. In addition, we consider two special cases. For the vanishing noise, we show that the rescaled energy densities are tight on a space of time-dependent functions. Their limit set corresponds to the trajectories of the point singularities rather than to their positions at fixed time. For a spatially uniform noise, we establish the effective motion law, which is given by a system of stochastic differential equations.


The concepts of intertextuality and appropriation have been of great use, since their introduction by Bakhtin and Kristeva, in a wide range of disciplines. Although the distinction between them remains elusive, both refer to citations – explicit and otherwise; direct or indirect – of texts in other texts. This paper discusses the social and political functions of such references, including, when successful, the achievement of cultural cohesion, but, when unsuccessful, the reverse. Several examples are discussed briefly, and two political cartoons from American popular publications during the 2008 presidential election, one successful and the other not, are analyzed at length and compared and contrasted.


Objectives Extent of systemic sclerosis (SSc)-related interstitial lung disease (ILD) assessed from thoracic high-resolution CT (HRCT) predicts disease course, mortality and treatment response. While quantitative HRCT analyses of extent of lung fibrosis (QLFib) or total interstitial lung disease (QILD) are more sensitive and reproducible than visual HRCT assessments of SSc-ILD, these analyses are not widely available. This study evaluates the relationship between clinical disease parameters and QLFib and QILD scores to identify potential surrogate measures of radiographic extent of ILD. Methods Using baseline data from the Scleroderma Lung Study I (SLS I; N=158), multivariate regression analyses were performed using the best subset selection method to identify one to five variable models that best correlated with QLFib and QILD scores in both whole lung (WL) and the zone of maximal involvement (ZM). These models were subsequently validated using baseline data from SLS II (N=142). Bivariate analyses of the radiographic and clinical variables were also performed using pooled data. SLS I and II did not include patients with clinically significant pulmonary hypertension (PH). Results Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) was the single best predictor of both QLF and QILD in the WL and ZM in all of the best subset models. Adding other disease parameters to the models did not substantially improve model performance. Forced vital capacity (FVC) did not predict QLF or QILD scores in any of the models. Conclusions In the absence of PH, DLCO provides the best overall estimate of HRCT-measured lung disease in patients from two large SSc cohorts. FVC, although commonly used, may not be the best surrogate measure of extent of SSc-ILD at any point in time. Trial registration numbers SLS I: www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT 00000-4563; SLS II: www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT 00883129.


Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is highly dependent on the changes in structural features after pretreatment. Mechanical milling pretreatment is an effective approach to alter the physical structure of biomass and thus improve enzymatic hydrolysis. This study examined the influence of structural characteristics on the enzymatic hydrolysis of micronized wood particles from mechanical milling pretreatment. We have also evaluated the energy efficiency of this processing method. Results indicate that the influence of processing variables on enzymatic hydrolysis of micronized wood relate mainly to the structural properties of particles. Reducing particle size down to ca. 30 μm disintegrates fibers and fiber bundles, while improving the enzymatic hydrolysis of the milled wood to around 40% of theoretical yield. Mechanically disintegrating the fiber cell wall into micronized fragments smaller than 30 μm further increases surface area and disrupts crystalline structure of cellulose, facilitating significant carbohydrate conversion (over 70% of theoretical yield). Empirical prediction of carbohydrate conversion with structural characteristics using a multiple linear regression model indicated that the enzymatic hydrolysis of micronized wood improved as collectively increasing surface area (i.e., reducing particle size and aspect ratio) and decreasing crystallinity during mechanical milling pretreatment. Energy efficiency results demonstrate that using a low-moisture content of the starting material and a multi-step milling process decreases the energy required when producing simple sugars with a mechanical pretreatment. Findings from this study provide new insights for mechanically overcoming biomass recalcitrance and developing cost-effective milling technologies for industrial scale applications in biorefinery.


Phytoremediation of contaminated calcareous desert land in the United Arab Emirates has been investigated. Soils from 12 northern UAE sites, suspected of metal contamination, were acid-extracted and analyzed by ICP-OES for Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn. Twenty-two plants naturally growing at contaminated sites were sampled and analyzed for their uptake of Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn and eight commercially available plants, grown under controlled conditions, were also studied for their phytoextraction capabilities. The concentration of available Cr was found to be 1300 ± 150 mg/kg in the soil of the Ajman Industrial Zone and 80 ± 10 mg/kg of Pb was found at Bithna. Among the plants investigated, Portulaca oleracea and Iresine herbstii showed potential for Cr(VI) and Pb(II) accumulation, respectively, with bioconcentration factors (BCF) greater than unity. Atriplex halimus accumulated Co(II), Cr(III), and Cu(II) each with a BCF > 1.


Seeking to ensure the necessary social welfare services for the families and their individual members in the modern societies, a special attention has been made on a social partnership of governmental agencies and communities and non-governmental organizations. Although non-governmental organizations are becoming an important actor in the field, filling gaps left by the state in ensuring family welfare, most of the responsibility and the expectations of the lay publics still rests with the State, its institutions and bodies. This article aims to analyze the ways in which the social partnership of the non-governmental organizations and local government takes place, and what are the most effective cooperation models for ensuring the well-being of the families. The empirical results show that the non-governmental sector uses a broader concept of social services than the public sector. The data show that most non-governmental organizations and public institutions are complementary in providing social services for families. They often use different measures however these measures are aimed at solving the same problems.


Previous observations suggest that static magnetic field (SMF)-exposure acts on living organisms partly through reactive oxygen species (ROS) reactions. In this study, we aimed to define the impact of SMF-exposure on ragweed pollen extract (RWPE)-induced allergic inflammation closely associated with oxidative stress. Inhomogeneous SMF was generated with an apparatus validated previously providing a peak-to-peak magnetic induction of the dominant SMF component 389 mT by 39 T m−1 lateral gradient in the in vivo and in vitro experiments, and 192 mT by 19 T m−1 in the human study at the 3 mm target distance. Effects of SMF-exposure were studied in a murine model of allergic inflammation and also in human provoked skin allergy. We found that even a single 30-min exposure of mice to SMF immediately following intranasal RWPE challenge significantly lowered the increase in the total antioxidant capacity of the airways and decreased allergic inflammation. Repeated (on 3 consecutive days) or prolonged (60 min) exposure to SMF after RWPE challenge decreased the severity of allergic responses more efficiently than a single 30-min treatment. SMF-exposure did not alter ROS production by RWPE under cell-free conditions, while diminished RWPE-induced increase in the ROS levels in A549 epithelial cells. Results of the human skin prick tests indicated that SMF-exposure had no significant direct effect on provoked mast cell degranulation. The observed beneficial effects of SMF are likely owing to the mobilization of cellular ROS-eliminating mechanisms rather than direct modulation of ROS production by pollen NAD(P)H oxidases.


In this paper, we synthesize information presented at the 2nd Fishery Dependent Information (FDI) Conference, held in Rome, Italy, from 2 to 6 March 2014. We review current issues and advances in the collection, interpretation and application of fishery-dependent data, and highlight emergent findings in the field. Key issues include (i) the design and collection of data associated with commercial and recreational fisheries and the use of these data to support conventional and novel approaches to fisheries science and management and (ii) the role of fishers in co-management and policy setting. We noted that since the 2010 FDI conference a paradigm shift towards full engagement of key stakeholders started to take place. It also became evident that trust between stakeholders, managers, and scientists is necessary to develop efficient fishery monitoring programmes. While building such trust among key players often begins in informal settings, eventually one must evolve structured, formalized, and agreed processes for such interactions. We also conclude that because of the diversity of fisheries any determination of "best practices" may be difficult. Instead, we provide a list of "best principles" emerged from the conference.


Everything a company needs to know to plan, organize, and perform an SAP implementation in one book!This is the only book available that shows the reader how to actually plan an SAP Data Center, install mySAP components, and set up the tools and processes necessary to monitor and manage a productive SAP system. It covers how to perform a Total Cost of Ownership analysis to help refine your SAP Solution Vision, and then how to leverage SAPi¾?s technology partners to work through the SAP system landscape sizing process. Staffing the project, from the SAP Steering Committee all the way down to the primary SAP basis and computer operations teams, is covered as well. It also covers building high availability and disaster recoverability into your solutions, addressing critical training required by the SAP support team as well as end users, and how to use SAP-provided and a host of other 3rd party tools to manage your mySAP landscape. Finally, this is the only book that covers in detail how to address both functional and stress testing of your solution prior to going live.Throughout the book, knowledge and processes are provided that will help you hit the ground running and help you save money. The book is written by an SAP Technical Certified Consultant with seven years of experience in SAP design and implementation who offers tried and proven approaches, scripts, and tools similar to those used by new and existing SAP customer sites. The accompanying CD of documents, presentations, scripts, checklists, and various tools valued at $50,000 saves time and makes the reader productive fast.Coverage includes notated screen shots of real productive systems; custom checklists, how-to procedures, organization charts that can be leveraged immediately for staffing teams; PowerPoint presentations that can be used by management to sell, present, and provide status updates on their mySAP projects internally; tools, utilities, and XLS spreadsheets used to design, size, and understand SAP system architectures; actual Microsoft Project plans and implementation schedules to get the customer and 3rd party Project Manager's started quickly; and documentation templates and approaches that may be used at once.


Single crystal x-ray diffraction methods have been used to characterize numerous oligonucleotide structures, providing valuable information on the fine structure of DNA, oligonucleotide hydration, interactions with small molecule ligands and proteins. There has been a particular focus on nonstandard base associations and a number of groups have sought to characterize different non-Watson-Crick base pairs to further the understanding of their influence on the structure of duplex DNA and RNA, and to investigate which structural features might be utilized by enzymes in recognition and repair of these errors in DNA. Bases that have been chemically damaged by mutagenic or carcinogenic agents have distinctive modified hydrogen-bonding patterns and these have been investigated. The structure determination of a series of nonduplex DNA structures including examples of a triplex, quadruplexes, and a novel DNA loop have recently been published. In this article we survey the structures of a series of non-Watson-Crick base associations in duplex DNA and RNA. We show how nonstandard base pairs, base triads, and tetrads play an important role in stabilizing nonduplex structures. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 44: 91–103, 1997


This document reproduces the Host/Host Protocol developed by the ARPA
Network Working Group during 1969, 1970, and 1971. It describes a
protocol used to manage communication between processes residing on
independent Hosts. It addresses issues of multiplexing multiple
streams of communication (including addressing, flow control,
connection establishment/disestablishment, and other signaling) over a
single hardware interface. It was the official protocol of the ARPA
Network from January 1972 until the switch to TCP/IP in January 1983.
It is offered as an RFC at this late date to help complete the
historical record available through the RFC series. This document is
not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for the
historical record.


Efforts to integrate and exclude disabled people in mainstream settings raise questions about the appropriateness of integration. This paper explores problematic aspects of the integration of disabled and able-bodied people in the mainstream, and structural conditions affecting the quality of such integration. In particular, it uses a case study of a partially sighted boy's experiences in different mainstream sport settings to show how integration efforts can be complicated by the ambiguity of an invisible impairment, by the pressures on disabled persons and their families to ignore or deny impairment and disability, and by a mismatching of structural aspects of sports and the abilities of participants with disabilities.


In this paper we advance arguments in favor of a vocabulary-insertion-only program for non-lexicalist realizational models of morphology, Distributed Morphology (Halle & Marantz 1993) in particular. We claim that this end can be achieved through relatively simple and well-motivated proposals. We suggest that the vast majority of non-syntactic mechanisms can be obviated by the adoption of non-terminal insertion (Radkevich 2010; Svenonius 2012; Merchant 2013; Starke 2009; Caha 2009; see Embick & Marantz 2008 for a contrary argument)– specifically post-linearization spanning . We restrict our discussion here to whether weak suppletion must be the output of phonological processes (see e.g. Marantz 1997; Embick & Halle 2005; Harley & Tubino Blanco 2013) or simply listed (see, e.g., Bermudez-Otero 2013), and whether the containment prediction (Embick & Marantz 2008; Embick 2012) is indeed fatal for non-terminal insertion. We also propose here that Siddiqi's (2009) feature blocking system can be co-opted for the tasks typical of impoverishment.


Secure computation on encrypted data stored on untrusted clouds is an important goal. Existing secure arithmetic computation techniques, such as fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) and somewhat homomorphic encryption (SWH), have prohibitive performance and/or storage costs for the majority of practical applications. In this work, we investigate a new secure arithmetic computation primitive called switchable homomorphic encryption (or SHE) that securely switches between existing inexpensive partially homomorphic encryption techniques to evaluate arbitrary arithmetic circuits over integers. SHE is suited for use in a two-cloud model that is practical, but which makes stronger assumptions than the standard single-cloud server model. The security of our SHE solution relies on two non-colluding parties, in which security holds as long as one of them is honest. We benchmark SHE directly against existing secure arithmetic computation techniques—FHE and SWH—on real clouds (Amazon and Rackspace) using microbenchmarks involving fundamental operations utilized in many privacy-preserving computation applications. Experimentally, we find that SHE offers a new design point for computing on large data—it has reasonable ciphertext and key sizes, and is consistently faster by several (2–3) orders of magnitude compared to FHE and SWH on circuits involving long chain of multiplications. SHE exhibits slower performance only in certain cases, when batch (or parallel) homomorphic evaluation is possible, only against SWH schemes (which have limited expressiveness and potentially high ciphertext and key storage costs).


ABSTRACT Aim: Dosing of 6MP has remained empirical in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with leucocyte count and thiopurine methyl transferase (TPMT) being the main determinants. However, TPMT alone cannot predict for marked inter-individual differences. In our experience, adult ALL patients tolerate standard 6- MP doses poorly, resulting in frequent dose interruptions or subtherapeutic doses. To address this issue we are conducting a study to develop pharmacokinetic model (PK) for optimal 6 MP dosing. Herein we report the preliminary data for correlationof PK parameters of 6 MP and its metabolites with toxicity (dose interruptions and dose reduction). Methods: Adult ALL patients (18 years or more) who were receiving 6 MP during interim maintenance (IM)or maintenance (M) phase of MCP841 protocol were enrolled after informed consent. Plasma samples were collected on day 1 for measuring 6-mercaptopurine levels using HPLC. TPMT activity was calculated by measuring 6-mMP (6-methylmercaptopurine) and 6-methyl thioguanine nucleotides (6-mTGN) levels in erythrocytes on day 1.Levels for 6-mMP and 6-TGN were also measured in erythrocytes using HPLC on day 8 and day 22 of the IM and on day 1 of M phase upto 6 months post enrollment. Statistical analysis was performed with receiver operating characteristic curve to assess the discrimination potential of level of 6-mp, 6-mMP (day 8 and day 22), 6-TGN (day 8 and day 22), 6-mMP and 6-mTGN levels (day 1-IM) for toxicity. Mean AUC has been compared for the above parameters using Mann-Whitney test. Binomial logistic regression was performed to assess correlation of various covariates with the toxicity. Results: 29 patients (males-24, females-5) with median age of 28 years (range,16-50) were enrolled.14 patients experienced dose interruptions (median-1, range1-2)) and 10 required dose reduction due to grade 4 cytopenias. OnDay 22 levels, a concentration of 0.315 ug/ml for 6-mMP (AUC = 0.73, p = 0.2) and 0.17 ug/ml for 6-TGN (AUC = 0.92,p value =0.01)in erythrocytes could successfully discriminate between patients who suffered from toxicity. Day 8 levels were not discriminatory. Hemoglobin (p= 0.05) and TPMT activity (p = 0.08) were found to be significant covariates for toxicity. Conclusions: Preliminary data does suggest the value of PK variables on 6 MP toxicity. Disclosure: All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


Fast tomography measurements are still done almost exclusively within the domain of synchrotrons. However, recent progress in radio diagnostic instrumentation has enabled researchers to perform time-lapse computed tomography (4-D CT) even under laboratory conditions with standard X-ray sources. Thus, fast time-dependent processes within materials with relatively high X-ray attenuation can be monitored. This paper describes the in situ tomographic monitoring of crack formation and propagation in a quasi-brittle silicate matrix composite subjected to three-point bending. A 3-D CT volume containing the region of interest in the specimen is imaged over a period of time, while the continuously increasing load causes crack initiation and propagation, creating a dynamic volume data set. An acquisition time of 50 s for one full-angle tomography with 400 projections makes this tomographic system one of the fastest systems in the world. The resulting visualizations provide qualitative information concerning progressive crack propagation within areas of lower material density. Differential images then allow displaying the spatial orientation of the crack over time. The results were further processed for a quantitative analysis of image quality using various methods of beam hardening correction.


ABSTRACT This article reports on the validation of the Training Seminar Assessment Tool-Revised-Second Edition (T-SAT-R-2) instrument designed to measure participants' satisfaction with training seminars and workshops. It was developed from an earlier version, the Training Seminar Assessment Tool-Revised (T-SAT-R), which was distributed following child welfare and social service staff development training sessions. Using confirmatory factor analysis with a sample of 656 trainees, the 25-item T-SAT-R was reduced to 13 items and is now named the T-SAT-R-2. The final model consists of 3 domains: transfer of knowledge, communication, and substance/access. The T-SAT-R-2 is in a user-friendly format and can be scored on each domain or combined to give a total score. The benefits of using the T-SAT-R-2 include that it is only 1 page, the wording is straightforward, and presenters can add additional items based on their specific presentation. Research is presented that shows the connection between satisfaction surveys and behavior change from trainings to be speculative; however, child welfare studies have indicated a link between satisfaction with training and job satisfaction and, possibly, turnover. Additional research on the effects of satisfaction with trainings for child welfare workers is warranted. For the full T-SAT-R-2 instrument, please contact the corresponding author at the listed address.


Measurements of the thermal conductivity of aqueous CaI 2 solutions in the temperature range 293-473 K and pressures up to 100 MPa for concentrations between 0 and 25 wt% are described. The accuracy of the derived data is estimated to be within ± 1.6%. A guarded parallel-plate apparatus with a cylindrical thermal conductivity cell was used, with a gap of 301.0 ± 0.1 μm between the plates and temperature differences of 0.9-1.2 K. The effect of temperature, pressure, and concentration on the thermal conductivity behaviour was studied. The pressure and temperature coefficients of the behaviour of the thermal conductivity have been studied with the use of derived experimental thermal conductivity data. A new correlation for thermal conductivity of H 2 O + CaI 2 solutions was developed which incorporates the correct temperature, pressure, and concentration behaviour. The data obtained have been used to test the prediction and estimation techniques developed by other authors. The thermal conductivity shows an almost linear dependence on pressure at all measured isotherms for each concentration. Along each isobar a given concentration shows the thermal conductivity maximum at temperatures between 405 K and 417 K. The effects of pressure and concentration on the thermal conductivity maximum temperatures have been studied.


Clipping of an article, "Oh, my God, they've really thrown him in" by Gary Taylor, published in The Houston Post on September 16, 1977. The article covers hearings regarding accusations that Houston policemen beat Joe Torres and pushed him into Buffalo Bayou. The document includes the front page story as well as the continuation on page 19A.


Abstract. We present time series of equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) measured from the end-of-summer snow line altitude computed using satellite images, for 43 glaciers in the western Alps over the 1984–2010 period. More than 120 satellite images acquired by Landsat, SPOT and ASTER were used. In parallel, changes in climate variables, summer cumulative positive degree days (CPDD) and winter precipitation, were analyzed over the same time period using 22 weather stations located inside and around the study area. Assuming a continuous linear trend over the study period: (1) the average ELA of the 43 glaciers increased by about 170 m; (2) summer CPDD increased by about 150 PDD at 3000 m a.s.l.; and (3) winter precipitation remained rather stationary. Summer CPDD showed homogeneous spatial and temporal variability; winter precipitation showed homogeneous temporal variability, but some stations showed a slightly different spatial pattern. Regarding ELAs, temporal variability between the 43 glaciers was also homogeneous, but spatially, glaciers in the southern part of the study area differed from glaciers in the northern part, mainly due to a different precipitation pattern. A sensitivity analysis of the ELAs to climate and morpho-topographic variables (elevation, aspect, latitude) highlighted the following: (1) the average ELA over the study period of each glacier is strongly controlled by morpho-topographic variables; and (2) the interannual variability of the ELA is strongly controlled by climate variables, with the observed increasing trend mainly driven by increasing temperatures, even if significant nonlinear, low-frequency fluctuations appear to be driven by winter precipitation anomalies. Finally, we used an expansion of Lliboutry's approach to reconstruct fluctuations in the ELA of any glacier of the study area with respect to morpho-topographic and climate variables, by quantifying their respective weight and the related uncertainties in a consistent manner within a hierarchical Bayesian framework. This method was tested and validated using the ELA measured on the satellite images.


The effect of surfactants (cationic, anionic and non-ionic) on the performance of plastic membrane promethazine electrodes was studied. Three electrodes with membranes containing either sodium tetraphenylborate, sodium tetraphenylborate + 18-crown-6, or 18-crown-6 were prepared. The cationic and the anionic surfactants exhibited potential shifts and a super-Nernstian slope of the calibration graphs. The non-ionic surfactant did not cause alterations in the calibration graphs. The effect of surfactants' concentrations was investigated. The performance characteristics of these electrodes were studied. The slopes of the calibration graphs of the 3 electrodes were 54.4, 54.9 and 48.4 mV/decade. The rectilinear ranges were 2 x 10-5-10-2, 1.0 x 10-5-10-2 and 3.2 x 10-5-10-2 M corresponding to the 3 electrodes. The optimum pH range was 2-7. The selectivity coefficient values were calculated for different inorganic cations, amino acids and pharmaceutical amines. Direct potentiometry and potentiometric titration were applied for the determination of promethazine in its pure form or in its pharmaceutical preparation. The recovery range and the relative standard deviation values for potentiometric titration were 98.6%-100.1% and 0.79%-1.96% (4 determinations), respectively. For direct potentiometry, the corresponding recovery values were 98.6% and 99.5%, and the relative standard deviation values were 1.49% and 1.02% (4 determinations).


STUDY OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the usefulness of doing carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic or asymptomatic carotid artery disease.

DESIGN
Synthesis and summarization of data on the untreated course of cerebrovascular disease, and review of selected evidence and expert opinion on the risks and benefits of endarterectomy and medical therapy.

MAIN RESULTS
There is a large body of data related to the untreated course of cerebrovascular disease, the efficacy of aspirin in patients with transient ischemic attacks, and the comparative responsiveness to surgery of symptomatic patients with different presentations. Randomized trials in progress will increase the knowledge about the effects of aspirin in asymptomatic patients, the comparative efficacy of aspirin and endarterectomy in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, and the factors that influence surgical risk. Clinicians and investigators wish to define a more limited and precise set of indications for carotid endarterectomy. In setting standards, attention has properly focussed on "maximum acceptable complication rates," native stroke risk, and surgical efficacy for patients with different clinical presentations. Illustrative, acceptable surgical mortality rates are less than 1%, and stroke-related morbidity is less than 3% for patients who have had a transient ischemic attack; surgical mortality and stroke-related morbidity are less than 2% for patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Medical comorbidity and angiographic findings are important factors affecting specific recommendations.

CONCLUSIONS
Data from ongoing clinical trials will provide a more scientific foundation for recommendations about when to do carotid endarterectomy. Current evidence suggests that fewer endarterectomies should be done, and those on the basis of a more precise set of indications. Clinicians should consider the clinical presentation, the patient's comorbidity and native stroke risk, angiographic findings, and the experience of the surgical team.


Contingent convertibles (CoCos) and bail-in debt for banks have been proposed as potential mechanisms to enhance financial stability. They function by converting to equity when a bank approaches insolvency. We develop a capital structure model to analyze the incentives created by these forms of contingent capital. Our formulation includes firm-specific and market-wide tail risk in the form of two types of jumps and leads to a tractable jump diffusion model of the firm's income and asset value. The firm's liabilities include insured deposits and senior and subordinated debt, as well as convertible debt. Our model combines endogenous default, debt rollover, and jumps; these features are essential in examining how changes in capital structure to include CoCos or bail-in debt change incentives for equity holders. We derive closed-form expressions to value the firm and its liabilities, and we use these to investigate how CoCos affect debt overhang, asset substitution, the firm's ability to absorb losses, the sensitivity of equity holders to various types of risk, and how these properties interact with the firm's debt maturity profile, the tax treatment of CoCo coupons, and the pricing of deposit insurance. We examine the effects of varying the two main design features of CoCos, the conversion trigger and the conversion ratio, and we compare the effects of CoCos with the effects of reduced bankruptcy costs through orderly resolution. Across a wide set of considerations, we find that CoCos generally have positive incentive effects when the conversion trigger is not set too low. The need to roll over debt, the debt tax shield, and tail risk in the firm's income and asset value have particular impact on the effects of CoCos. We also identify a phenomenon of debt-induced collapse that occurs when a firm issues CoCos and then takes on excessive additional debt: the added debt burden can induce equity holders to raise their default barrier above the conversion trigger, effectively changing CoCos to junior straight debt; equity value experiences a sudden drop at the point at which this occurs. Finally, we calibrate the model to past data on the largest U.S. bank holding companies to see what impact CoCos might have had on the financial crisis. We use the calibration to gauge the increase in loss absorbing capacity and the reduction in debt overhang costs resulting from CoCos. We also time approximate conversion dates for high and low conversion triggers.


Volatile halogenated organic compounds containing bromine and iodine, which are naturally produced in the ocean, are involved in ozone depletion in both the troposphere and stratosphere. Three prominent compounds transporting large amounts of marine halogens into the atmosphere are bromoform (CHBr3), dibromomethane (CH2Br2) and methyl iodide (CH3I). The input of marine halogens to the stratosphere has been estimated from observations and modelling studies using low-resolution oceanic emission scenarios derived from top-down approaches. In order to improve emission inventory estimates, we calculate data-based high resolution global sea-to-air flux estimates of these compounds from surface observations within the HalOcAt (Halocarbons in the Ocean and Atmosphere) database (https://halocat.geomar.de/). Global maps of marine and atmospheric surface concentrations are derived from the data which are divided into coastal, shelf and open ocean regions. Considering physical and biogeochemical characteristics of ocean and atmosphere, the open ocean water and atmosphere data are classified into 21 regions. The available data are interpolated onto a 1 degrees x 1 degrees grid while missing grid values are interpolated with latitudinal and longitudinal dependent regression techniques reflecting the compounds' distributions. With the generated surface concentration climatologies for the ocean and atmosphere, global sea-to-air concentration gradients and sea-to-air fluxes are calculated. Based on these calculations we estimate a total global flux of 1.5/2.5 Gmol Br yr(-1) for CHBr3, 0.78/0.98 Gmol Br yr(-1) for CH2Br2 and 1.24/1.45 Gmol Br yr(-1) for CH3I (robust fit/ordinary least squares regression techniques). Contrary to recent studies, negative fluxes occur in each sea-to-air flux climatology, mainly in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. "Hot spots" for global polybromomethane emissions are located in the equatorial region, whereas methyl iodide emissions are enhanced in the subtropical gyre regions. Inter-annual and seasonal variation is contained within our flux calculations for all three compounds. Compared to earlier studies, our global fluxes are at the lower end of estimates, especially for bromoform. An under-representation of coastal emissions and of extreme events in our estimate might explain the mismatch between our bottom-up emission estimate and top-down approaches.


This study analyzes the process through which the 〈Sohak chipju (小學集註, Collected Commentaries of Elementary Learning)〉 was compiled during the late 16th century, as well as the manner in which this work was disseminated within Chos?n society from the late 17th century onwards. In addition, the historical significance of this book is also examined at length. The compilation of the 〈Sohak chipju〉 by Yi I(李珥) in 1579 was a significant event in the history of Chos?n philosophy. Yi I's compilation of the 〈Sohak chipju〉 and subsequent widespread dissemination amongst the public made it possible for the people of Chos?n to learn 〈Sohak(小學, Elementary Learning)〉 based on commentaries that differed from those found in the 〈Xiaoxuejicheng(小學集成)〉 annotated by He Shixin and in the 〈Xiaoxue jishuo(小學集說)〉 compiled by Cheng Yu of the Ming Dynasty. The 〈Sohak chipju〉 had several significant implications in terms of the history of Chos?n philosophy. First, the 〈Sohak chipju〉 was the first annotation of 〈Sohak〉 to be summarized by a Chos?n scholar. In this regard, Chos?n's sadaebu class had long been aware of the need to take steps to further entrench Confucianism within Chos?n society. Second, the production of this book stands as proof positive of the vast academic capabilities of the Yi I School of Thought. To this end, neither the Yi Hwang nor the S? Ky?ngd?k School of Thought proved able to produce this kind of work. As such, the compilation of the 〈Sohak chipju〉 can be regarded as a significant tool with which to understand the academic differences between the Yi I School of Thought active in the Kiho area (covering Ky?nggi, Hwanghae and Ch ungnam Provinces) and the other school of thoughts. Third, the compilation of the 〈Sohak chipju〉 was a sign that the Westerner (S?in) faction had reached the center of Chos?n's politics and philosophy. The 〈Sohak chipju〉 was not only a work which was regarded as being representative of the Westerner faction, but also contained many contents which this Westerner faction intended to disseminate throughout Chos?n society. Reading this book allowed the people of Chos?n to become aware of not only the tenets of Confucianism, but also of those promoted by Yi I.


This paper reviews the devices suitable for building scale application and then outlines three case studies, two from Coventry, UK and one from Valencia, Spain. The first assesses the potential to retrofit an extensive green roof to the Frederick Lanchester Library, Coventry University. Costings are given, the structural strength of the building is investigated and various benefits of its installation, including potential to sequester and store carbon, are assessed. The second reports part of the AQUAVAL Project, Spain, whereby an extensive green roof was retrofitted to half of a school roof and porous concrete retrofitted to a pavement. Preliminary monitoring results show expected benefits, including attenuation of the storm peak and increased time to peak. The third case study using WinDes ® software compared a conventionally drained new-build housing estate with a Sustainable Drainage Systems train of porous paving, bioretention and swales. Stormwater volume was reduced by ∼20% and peak flow by >250 L s –1 . Addition of extensive green roofs to all buildings increased these differences and delayed return to baseflow conditions reflecting water stored in the management train components.


The United States patent system is crucial in protecting our intellectual property and strengthening our position in the world economy. The U.S. Constitution specifically empowers Congress to issue patents in order to "promote the progress of science and useful arts." This research paper explores how The Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (AIA) has impacted independent inventors and small businesses in the United States. In this study, I used secondary analysis of existing research and statistical data from the United States Patent Trademark Office (USPTO) to examine this issue as it pertains to economic competitiveness (creativity and innovation), job creation / reduction, and legal. The most significant change by the AIA made to the patent law was the move from a first-to-invent to a first-to-file patent system. The second change was the 1-year commercial use limitation for any patent applicant to use an invention prior to filing an application for a patent. The Leahy-Smith America Invents Act has modified a 60-year-old patent system and brought us more in line with the rest of the patent systems in the world but it is having some damaging effects to the innovation and creativity here in the United States. Some of these effects result in diminishing patent quality and surging increase in patent applications reported by the USPTO. Going forward, we need to continue to closely monitor the quality and quantity of patents being filed and granted by U.S. based independent inventors and small businesses in comparison to foreign origin patent applications and grants.


Considering the current impacts of climate change in the study area, it is concluded that farmers need external help and support to effectively cope with changing climate and to adapt to current and future climate change. Climate plays a central role in agriculture, which is the main stay of the Rwandan economy and community livelihood. Rwanda has experienced the irregularities of rainfall but the impact of climate has no significance on crop production. Key words:


This paper examines the recent decentralization of governance in Indonesia and its impact on local infrastructure provision. The decentralization of decisionmaking power to local jurisdictions in Indonesia may have improved the matching of public infrastructures provision with local preferences. However, decentralization has made local public infrastructures depend on local resources. Due to differences in initial endowments, this may result in the divergence of local public infrastructures in rich and poor jurisdictions. Using data from village-level panel surveys conducted in 1996, 2000, and 2006, this paper finds that (1) local public infrastructures depend on local resources, (2) decentralization has improved the availability of local public infrastructures, (3) local jurisdictions are converging to a similar level of local public infrastructure, and (4) to some extent, decentralized public infrastructures' provision reflects local preferences.


Description: There is inadequate information on the burden of HIV infection, and on the prevalence of the risk factors for HIV transmission among University students in Uganda. Routine sources of data such as HIV surveillance and national population-based AIDS Indicator surveys do not provide information on institutional populations such as University students. Moreover, these sub-populations require interventions to address the risk factors that expose them to HIV infection in their unique settings. In order to address this, the IUCEA conducted a baseline survey on HIV/AIDS in institutions of higher learning in Uganda. Similar studies were conducted in Kenya and Tanzania. The overall objective of the survey was to determine the prevalence of HIV and related risk factors among University students in Uganda. The survey provides information that will guide universities and their partners in mainstreaming HIV/AIDS prevention and control.


Many hydraulic projects such as reservoirs, ponds and paddy fields as well as soil and water conservation engineering projects have been constructed to improve utilization of water resources upstream of the Wudaogou station basin in Northeast China in recent years. As a result, the local hydrological characteristics of the basin and the flood runoff and process have been changed. These changes in the basin characteristics make basin hydrological forecasting more difficult. In order to model and assess this situation, the TOPMODEL, which includes the dynamic soil moisture storage capacity (DSMSC-TOPMODEL), is used in this study simulate the flood impacted of hydraulic projects. Furthermore, the Bayesian method is used to evaluate model parameter uncertainty and assess the TOPMODEL9s performance over the basin. Flood simulation results show that accuracy is significantly improved when the stock version of TOPMODEL is replaced with DSMSC-TOPMODEL, with the qualified ratio of forecasting runoff yield increasing from 65% in the former to 88% in the latter. Moreover, these flood simulations are more suitable for helping observers visualize the process.


Induction motors play a very important part in the safe and efficient running of any industrial plant. Early detection of abnormalities in the motor would help to avoid costly breakdowns. Accordingly, this work presents a technique for the diagnosis of broken rotor bars in induction motor. Stator voltage and current in an induction motor were measured and employed for computation of the input power of one stator phase. Waveforms of the instantaneous power and line current were subsequently analyzed using the Bartlett periodogram. Different global fault indexes on the instantaneous power spectrum and on the line current spectrum for the fault detection are evaluated. Several rotor cage faults of increasing severity were studied with various load effects. Experimental results prove the efficiency of the employed method.


The role of maintenance as a 'non-esteem' movement inside an organization has advanced in the course of the last 50 years. Deliberately, it has now turned out to be a standout amongst the most 'Keen' in Engineering. This is because of the high demands by industry to keep up the level of efficient production while giving feedback on equipment capability. The new Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) has been driven by innovation propels in sensor and remote information transmission, which has been received by the individuals who create techniques inside the organization to give phenomenal levels of equipment information. Dissected effectively, equipment failures are anticipated with greater precision which will decrease impromptu machine downtime inside the system. This decrease in downtime will expand general efficiencies which thusly will enhance organization benefits. This will at that point grow further to contemplate the utilization of Industry 4.0. This study will be conduct on challenges and benefits of maintenance on industry 4.0 and also how the predictive maintenance are fit into industry 4.0 to all ventures.


Researchers have shown that Global Positioning System (GPS) units in smartphones can be used to identify routes taken by cyclists, including whether cyclists deviate from shortest paths to use bike lanes and other facilities. Researchers previously have not reported whether GPS tracking can be used to monitor whether and how bicyclists actually use lanes on streets, where these lanes have been provided, or other types of facilities. The objective of this research was to determine whether smartphone GPS units or enhanced GPS units could be used to track and map the location of cyclists on streets. The research team modified an open-source smartphone application (CycleTracks) to integrate with a higher-quality external GPS unit. Cyclists then mounted the smartphone with route-tracking applications to bicycles and repeatedly rode four different routes. The routes for the field tests were chosen because each included a striped lane for bicycle traffic and because the routes bisected a variety of built urban environments, ranging from an open location on a bridge over the Mississippi River to a narrow urban street lined by tall, multi-story office buildings. The field tests demonstrated that neither the smartphone GPS units nor the higher-quality external GPS receiver generate data accurate enough to monitor bicyclists' use of bike lanes or other facilities. This lack of accuracy means that researchers interested in obtaining data about the propensity of cyclists to ride in lanes, when available, must rely on other technologies to obtain data for analyses.


[N.B. The Flotilla Incident has also been the object of a decision on 6 November 2014 by the Prosecutor of the ICC not to proceed with an investigation (see http://www.icccpi.int/iccdocs/otp/OTP-COM-Article_53(1)-Report-06Nov2014Eng.pdf [1]), a decision by an ICC Pre-Trial Chamber requesting her to review her decision ( https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/record.aspx?docNo=ICC-01/13-34 [2]) and a final decision of the Prosecutor of 29 November 2017 not to do so (see https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/record.aspx?docNo=ICC-01/13-57 [3]).]


Coast-parallel dykes in SW Norway, primarily of Permo-Triassic age, have been linked regionally to the early tectonic evolution of the Norwegian continental shelf. We demonstrate from palaeomagnetic data (mean declination = 206.1°, inclination = — 30.1°, a95= 11.8°) that dolerite dykes in the coastal Sunnfjord region of Western Norway and immediately west of the Devonian Basins are also of Permian (c. 250-270 Ma) age, and not lower- or pre-Devonian as previously advocated. The Sunnfjord dykes appear to be contemporaneous with dykes from SW Norway at Sotra (262 ± 6 Ma) and the oldest dykes from Sunnhordland (260–280 Ma), and geochemical data attest to a transition from sub-alkaline to alkaline magmatism at the dawn of the Mesozoic. The Sunnfjord dykes are not simple records of E-W extension and magma intrusion, but instead represent significant mid-late Permian time markers within a complex zone of fault activation and rejuvenation. Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic magnetic overprinting (mean declination = 348.6°, inclination = + 68.9°, a95=12°) and metamorphic alteration documented by these dykes are directly dependent upon proximity to major E-W brittle faults south of the Hornelen Devonian Basin, hence some motion and related fluid activity do post-date dyke intrusion. The E-W high-angle normal or oblique-slip faults can be regionally traced offshore to the Øygarden Fault Zone. Onshore, these faults truncate the Hornelen low-angle detachment, which in turn cuts folded D evonian strata. These observations, along with evidence for Permian and Late Jurassic-Cretaceous extension from the nearby Dalsfjord region, demonstrate important reactivation of a Late to post-Caledonian detachment and high-angle fault system in Western Norway.


Background/Aims: We used time-variant measures of continuity of care to study fluctuations in long-term treatment use by patients with alcohol-related disorders. Methods: Data on service use were extracted from the Psychiatric Case Register for the Rotterdam Region, The Netherlands. Continuity measures were calculated for each day over a 2-year observation period. Repeated measures analysis was used to identify factors that influence continuity of care over time. Results: Continuity of care was higher for patients with more severe disorders. Though quantity of care was high for patients with long problem history during the first year of treatment, it decreased strongly in the second year. The intervals between treatment contacts were shorter for women, especially young ones, than for men. Conclusion: Time-variant measures showed differences in continuity of care that would not have been revealed if more aggregated measures of service use had been used.


The historiography of Scotland and the British army in the early eighteenth century largely concerns the suppression of the Jacobite risings and the growing assimilation of Highland soldiers into its ranks during and after the Seven Years War. This thesis seeks to redress this by foregrounding all Scots and their earlier contribution to the British army. It does this by analysing the transition of Scottish soldiers from mercenaries in foreign service to soldiers of the British army. Additionally, the wider role of the British army in Scotland is investigated, including the legal constraints it operated under. The career patterns of prominent Scottish soldiers are also appraised, revealing issues of identity, motivation and nationality. Scottish auxiliary forces are then examined, especially where their function, administration and utilisation are particular to Scotland. Finally, an analysis is made of Scotland's fortifications and their development and significance regarding the defence of Scotland and Great Britain. The thesis concludes by extending Colley's suggestion that 'Britishness' stemmed from a common threat from France to include Jacobitism, evidenced by the large-scale presence of Scots of all origins in military service well before William Pitt the Elder boasted of 'harnessing' the military resources of the Highlands in 1762.


Purpose
For several decades, calligraphy has been popular among people in Japan, China, and even in the world. Traditionally, a teacher teaches how to write letters on a paper with a brush, and a student will imitate them by referring to the model letters. However, if a teacher is not available, this method will not be applicable either. This study aims to propose a calligraphy learning assistant system (CLAS) using projection mapping, which allows a student to learn calligraphy by him/herself.

Design/methodology/approach
By following the letter writing video of a teacher that is directly projected on the paper, a student is able to learn the stroke order and writing speed in addition to the letter shape. Moreover, the letter portion practice function is incorporated in CLAS to allow a learner to repeat practicing hard portions of each letter.

Findings
For evaluations, the authors implemented CLAS using Raspberry Pi and open-source software and asked students to use it. The results confirmed that CLAS is effective in improving calligraphy skills of novice students.

Originality/value
With CLAS, a student can practice calligraphy using a conventional brush, ink and paper at a desk while looking at the model letter writing of a teacher projected on the paper using projection mapping.


Kurmo Konsa: Heritage as a Socio-Cultural Construct: Problems of Definition Keywords: cultural heritage, socio-cultural construct, heritage process Summary: The 20th and 21st century society is definitely characterised by the extremely rapid development of science, technology and social systems, but also by a desire to consciously preserve the valuable part of our past and present for future generations. Heritage issues related to the development of society have become increasingly important. Heritage has always existed, but people are now aware of its existence, it is being researched and attempts are being made to start consciously shaping it. The increased political interest in heritage is related to this. The visibility and significance of heritage in contemporary societies is growing. In this respect, heritage has become an increasingly important factor in culture politics and this is true of all the various levels of society. Heritage can be used for very different objectives and in very different ways. When dealing with cultural heritage, it is important to keep the following three dimensions in mind. Firstly, the possible range of heritage objects and phenomena; secondly, at what level of society heritage is being dealt with; and thirdly, what are the values on which the  definition of heritage is based. The approach to these three heritage dimensions helps to create the framework for the procedural modelling of heritage. Namely, the procedural approach stresses the fact that the people and societies that exist today are not passive recipients, keepers and transmitters of heritage, but rather, active creators and shapers of their heritage. The heritage process forms the basis for defining heritage based on the various levels of society. Heritage is simultaneously a part of the physical reality and an intangible phenomenon. The article makes an attempt to unite both poles of heritage, and to consider the utilisation and context of heritage. Heritage links people to each other, and to the environment, and is one of the forms of expression for our humanity. By relying on heritage, recreating it, and by loading it with significant meaning, people shape the way that societies function. CV: Kurmo Konsa is an Associated Professor at the Department of Archival Studies at the University of Tartu, and Professor of Conservation at Tartu Art College. He owns an M.Sc in microbiology from the University of Tartu, and an MA in Book Science from Tallinn University. Kurmo Konsa holds a doctoral degree in Informational Science from Tallinn University. His doctoral work focuses on preservation of written heritage and preservation surveys issues. In the past he has worked at Tartu University Library as paper conservator and at Estonian Postal Museum as conservator and curator of collections.


In the present work, a heterogeneous breast model comprising of fat, glandular and muscle tissues along with a spherical tumor of 2 cm diameter is modelled. The efficacy of Radio Frequency Ablation (RFA) is mainly judged by the extent to which the tumor cells are damaged and hence the volume fraction of necrotic tissue (VFNT) is a response parameter. Several critical factors affect the volume of necrotic tissue, among which the blood perfusion rate, target tip temperature of electrode and location of tumor from the body core are considered as prime input parameters. This work focuses on the selection and the significance of tolerance of these critical factors using 'cross-array design of experiment' (CA-DOE) approach. The loose and tight ranges of tolerances of these factors are selected to form Taguchi's inner and outer orthogonal array and experimental combination sets are prepared. In this study, the effect of each possible set of tolerance on the output parameter i.e. tumor ablation volume generated is analyzed. The different values of the ablation volume generated for each experiment are obtained from finite element analysis. The entire analysis is carried out using a bioheat transfer module coupled with electric currents module in COMSOL multiphysics software. Additionally, target tip temperature is controlled by the implementation of proportional-integral-derivative control strategy. The simulations results are validated with the available published experimental results. The simulation results are further analyzed using statistical methods, such as signal to noise ratio, analysis of mean, and analysis of variance. The presented analysis will be helpful to achieve robust and targeted values of ablation volume with least effort of maintaining process accuracy. The proposed methodology and results are useful for clinicians in the RFA.


Abstract In England accountability measures have often been used to steer school behaviour in pursuit of policy goals. In 2010, the English Baccalaureate (EBacc) was introduced to increase uptake of traditional academic subjects at GCSE. These subjects, it was argued, would enhance students' future prospects, in part because they are favoured at A-level by high-ranking universities. However, such prospects are only likely to be accessible for students who achieve at least a grade C in these subjects since it is good grades that act as the primary gatekeepers for entry into higher education and employment. Hence, this paper seeks to problematise this claim using multilevel regression models to investigate the relationship between EBacc uptake and attainment. The findings are used to frame a discussion about the merits of encouraging more students to take the EBacc given the growing tension between the need to achieve good grades and the government-held view that all students should be studying this academic core.


As a discipline, Informatics has developed over the years from its initial focus on data processing and software development, towards a more recent emphasis on people's use of technology and its impact on their working and private lives. Gunilla Bradley, an internationally recognized expert in this field, has researched this area for many years and here, authors this indispensable volume on the topic. Providing a broad and deep analysis of the relationship between people, ICT, society and the environment, Bradley examines the impact on/change in organizations and individuals, both in the workplace and in the home. Taking a firmly humanistic view she also looks to the future as ICT increasingly transforms and impacts on our lives, and explores issues including stress, power, competence and psychosocial communication. She proposes normative research questions for the future and presents actions to achieve the Good ICT society. This thought-provoking book will be of interest to students and academics studying social informatics, computing and MIS as well as organizational behaviour, sociology, psychology and communications. Research-based and cross-disciplinary, Bradley's book is valuable, and topical, resource.


Negotiations about reparations tend to take the language of interests and to deal primarily with monetary compensation for disadvantaged groups. In such proceedings, aggrieved claimants are likely to make a variety of claims about the use of money to represent their experience, ranging from demands for increased compensation to rejections of the entire process altogether. This article draws attention to the communicative functions of money in the reparation process. It claims that actors may grudgingly agree to attach a monetary value to what they hold sacred, but simultaneously strive to preserve their sense of self-worth and to elicit identification by raising moral critiques about the use of fiscal logic. To exemplify, the article focuses on the 2005 removal of Jewish-Israeli settlers from Israeli-occupied territories. It shows that settlers indeed demanded to be compensated fiscally for their lost property. At the same time, it shows that they raised objections to the use of fiscal logic in representing their experience and offered alternate logics of evaluation. The settlers resisted shame and devaluation through such competing logics, demanding that the state reaffirm a positive and embracing relationship with them despite its decision to evict them.


CONTEXT
Sickle cell disease (SCD) can cause severe painful episodes that are often thought to be caused by vaso-occlusion. The current therapy for these uncomplicated painful episodes includes hydration, oxygen, and analgesics. Purified poloxamer 188 may increase tissue oxygenation and thereby reduce inflammation, pain, and the overall duration of such painful episodes in patients with SCD.

OBJECTIVE
To compare the duration of painful episodes in patients with SCD treated with purified poloxamer 188 to that of similar episodes experienced by patients who receive a placebo.

DESIGN AND SETTING
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, intention-to-treat trial conducted between March 1998 and October 1999 in 40 medical centers in the United States.

PARTICIPANTS
Two hundred fifty-five patients with SCD (aged 9-53 years) who had a painful episode sufficiently severe to require hospitalization and narcotic analgesics.

INTERVENTION
Patients were randomly assigned to receive an intravenous infusion of purified poloxamer 188, 100 mg/kg for 1 hour followed by 30 mg/kg per hour for 47 hours (n = 127), or a matching volume of saline placebo (n = 128).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Duration of the painful episode, from randomization to crisis resolution.

RESULTS
Mean (SD) duration of the painful episodes was 141 (42) hours in the placebo group compared with 133 (41) hours in those treated with purified poloxamer 188, a 9-hour reduction (P =.04). Subset analyses indicated an even more pronounced purified poloxamer 188 effect in children aged 15 years or younger (21 hours; P =.01) and in patients who were receiving hydroxyurea (16 hours; P =.02). Finally, the proportion of patients achieving crisis resolution was increased by purified poloxamer 188 (65/126 [52%] vs 45/123 [37%]; P =.02). Similar results were observed in children aged 15 years or younger (22/37 [60%] vs 10/36 [28%]; P =.009) and in patients who were also receiving hydroxyurea (12/26 [46%] vs 4/28 [14%]; P =.02).

CONCLUSIONS
A decrease in the duration of painful episodes and an increase in the proportion of patients who achieved resolution of the symptoms were observed when the purified poloxamer 188-treated patients were compared with the patients receiving placebo. However, the difference between these groups was significant but relatively small. In subgroup analysis, a more significant effect on both parameters was observed in children and in patients who were receiving concomitant hydroxyurea. It is important to confirm both of these observations in further prospective trials.


A common feature of many cognitive architectures is a central executive control with a 50-millisecond cycle time. This system determines which action to perform next, based on the current context. We present the first model of this system using spiking neurons. Given the constraints of wellestablished neural time constants, a cycle time of 46.6 milliseconds emerges from our model. This assumes that the neurotransmitter used is GABA (with GABA-A receptors), the primary neurotransmitter for the basal ganglia, where this cognitive module is generally believed to be located.


This paper reports on a two-day experimental workshop in arts-led interviewing technique using ephemera to illicit life stories and then reporting narrative accounts back using creative means of presentation. Academics and students from across Schools at Bournemouth University told each other stories from their pasts based in objects that they presented to each other as gifts. Each partner then reported the shared story to the group using arts-led presentation methods. Narrative research and the qualitative interview are discussed. The conclusion is drawn that academics yearn to express the more emotive connections generated by listening to the stories of strangers. The procedures followed for the two-day workshop are outlined in order that other academics may also organize their own experiments in eliciting story using personal objects and retelling stories creatively. Keywords: Arts-Led Research, Biography, Creativity, Ephemera, Interviewing Technique, Narrative, Neo Emotivism, Performative Social Science, Relational Aesthetics


Graphenic material synthesized by the University of Idaho Thermolyzed Asphalt Reaction (GUITAR) was characterized by cyclic voltammetry. Despite morphological similarities, GUITAR maintains distinct characteristics as an electrode material versus graphene, graphite, pyrolytic graphite and highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). Specifically, GUITAR possesses a combination of (i) facile electron transfer with redox species (ii) very high anodic corrosion potentials. Cyclic voltammetric ΔEp studies of Ru(NH3)63+/2+ (71 mV) and Fe(CN)63−/4− (80 mV) in 1 M KCl (aq) indicate facile electron transfer kinetics. This is unlike HOPG and graphene electrodes which have a barrier to heterogeneous electron transfer. The anodic limit of GUITAR is 2.7 V vs. SHE at 200 μA cm−2 in 1 M H2SO4 and demonstrates anodic stability greater than boron doped diamond electrodes. In this characteristic, GUITAR exceeds the corrosion potential of all other sp2-hydribized carbon materials by 700 mV in 1 M H2SO4. Hypotheses on the origins for these distinctive characteristics along with preliminary studies of GUITAR's performance as a dimensionally stable anode with methylene blue electro-oxidation are presented.


This master thesis presents a new and redesigned version of Peer2Me, a framework for developing mobile collaborative applications on mobile phones. The first version of Peer2Me was designed and created by Carl-Henrik Wolf Lund and Michael Sars Norum in 2005, which was presented in their master thesis, The Peer2Me Framework, [31]. We evaluated their framework in our depthstudy [5], fall of 2005. The evaluation showed that the framework lacked some desired and necessary functionality, had some bugs and was a bit hard to use. This thesis also describes the history of Peer2Me along with cental concepts regarding peer-to-peer networking in an mobile ad hoc environment. There are a lot of on going and finished projects that can be related to Peer2Me. We have chosen to investigate the most interesting and relevant projects, which are presented in Chapter 11, State of the Art. Since a redesign of the Peer2Me framework was necessary, we have performed a research in the most recognized architectural tactics, design patterns and architectural patters. Before embarking on the task of designing the framework, a research in the latest technology was necessary. In our depthstudy [5], we had already performed such a research, so we only had to obtain the latest development in the related areas. Special attention was given to the Bluetooth wireless network technology. All created packages, classes and interfaces are thoroughly described along with their roles in the framework. We felt that a mere description of the modules was not enough, so we wrote Chapter 16, Design Decisions, which discusses the different crossroads we faced with during development, and the path we chose. To give the reader an impression of how the framework can be used, we also developed some applications that utilizes the new framework. Lastly we evaluated our work, compared the old and new framework, discussed the problems we encountered, answered our research questions and summarized the thesis. All source code, javadoc and a functional, new version of Peer2Me are attached along with this report.


This study was conducted to explore the feasibility of using Garbage Enzyme to treat sullage. The enzyme was prepared from fruits dregs, kitchen waste, molasses and water and capable of having reinforcing and cleaning function to work with nature. In this study, sullage was collected at open drainage at Arked Meranti, Arked Cengal and Kolej 9 cafeteria?s and enzyme dosage determinations were done at laboratory scale. Sullage collected were analysed for BOD, COD, TSS and oil and grease. From the result obtained all samples treated using garbage enzyme prepared shows removal of BOD was 60% , COD and oil and grease almost 90%, then TSS was 80% after 7 days of treatment with different dosage of enzyme. Treatment from Arked Meranti, Arked Cengal and Kolej 9 Cafeteria in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) show removal of BOD was 85%, COD, 90%, O&G 63% and lastly, almost TSS 100% of removals were obtained respectively after the treatment.


Part of the Drugs in series, the updated second edition of this practical pocketbook summarizes essential information on all the major drugs currently used in clinical psychiatric practice. Beginning with a brief discussion on drugs in psychiatry, the text moves on to consider the principles of psychopharmacology, which form the foundation of the sound, scientifically based use of drugs in psychiatry. Details are then given, in turn, of the main non-depot antipsychotic drugs, antipsychotic depot injections, antimanic drugs, tricyclic and related antidepressant drugs, monoamine-oxidase inhibitors, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, and other antidepressants. This practical pocketbook is an essential companion for all medical staff involved in psychopharmacology, both for learning and quick reference.


Sortable silt mean grain sizes together with oxygen and carbon isotopic data produced on the benthic foraminiferal species Fontbotia wuellerstorfi are used to construct high-resolution records of near-bottom flow vigour and deep water ventilation at a core site MD02-2589 located at 2660 m water depth on the southern Agulhas Plateau. The results suggest that during glacial periods (marine oxygen isotope stages 2 and 6, MIS 2 and MIS 6, respectively), there was a persistent contribution of a well-ventilated water mass within the Atlantic to Indian oceanic gateway with a δ 13C signature similar to present-day Northern Component Water (NCW), e.g., North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). The records of chemical ventilation and near-bottom flow vigor reflect changes in the advection of northern source waters and meridional variability in the location of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and its associated fronts. We suggest that during Termination II (TII), changes in chemical ventilation are largely decoupled from near-bottom physical flow speeds. A mid-TII climate optimum is associated with a low-flow speed plateau concurrent with a period of increased ventilation shown in the benthic δ 13C of other Southern Ocean records but not in our benthic δ 13C of MD02-2589. The climate optimum is followed by a period of southern cooling around 128 ka coincident with a stronger influence of NCW to interglacial levels at around 124 ka. All proxy records show a near synchronous and rapid shift during the transition from MIS 5a-4 (73 ka). This large event is attributed to a rapid decrease in NADW influence and replacement over the Agulhas Plateau by southern source waters.


In this paper, we discuss experiments applying machine learning techniques to the task of confusion set disambiguation, using three orders of magnitude more training data than has previously been used for any disambiguation-in-string-context problem. In an attempt to determine when current learning methods will cease to benefit from additional training data, we analyze residual errors made by learners when issues of sparse data have been significantly mitigated. Finally, in the context of our results, we discuss possible directions for the empirical natural language research community.


Clothing and fashion are an integral part of our everyday lives. In this paper we present an approach to studying fashion both on the runway and in more real-world settings, computationally, and at large scale, using computer vision. Our contributions include collecting a new runway dataset, designing features suitable for capturing outfit appearance, collecting human judgments of outfit similarity, and learning similarity functions on the features to mimic those judgments. We provide both intrinsic and extrinsic evaluations of our learned models to assess performance on outfit similarity prediction as well as season, year, and brand estimation. An example application tracks visual trends as runway fashions filter down to "real way" street fashions.


A chequer-board pattern of fields is characteristic of much of lowland Britain and other parts of western Europe. The field boundaries are often composed of hedgerows which, by tradition, are regularly managed to provide a relatively compact, sustainable, stock-proof barrier. The management regimes of hedgerows are, however, extremely variable resulting in a range of features, from low, compact, dense lines of shrubs through to tall, open rows of small trees. As well as providing an agronomic benefit, this network of several hundred thousand kilometres, has been shown to be a valuable resource to wildlife and is important as an aesthetic contribution to the British landscape. Therefore, the maintenance of the British hedgerow network is important and survey is essential to monitor its continuity. The Countryside Surveys have been used as means of achieving this, as well as providing a rich source of information, for example, about landscape pattern and changes in this over time.

Hedgerow data have been collected during sample-based field surveys in 1978, 1984, 1990 and 1993. National estimates of the length of managed hedgerow derived from these data showed a 23% reduction in the resource between 1984 and 1990. Much of this 'loss' appeared to be due to management regimes which have led to more overgrown hedgerows and rows of scattered shrubs. The proportion of mixed-species hedgerows increased between the two dates and there was a reduction in stockproof hedgerows but most other characteristics (e.g. height and management) remained constant. Landscape-pattern measures applied to the hedgerow network showed broad similarity across a range of landscape types in Britain although the density of hedges was greater in the pastural landscapes of the south and west. Measurement of 'connectedness', a feature of potential value in aiding species movement through the landscape, suggested that the British landscape is less-well connected in 1990 than previously. Hedgerows were found next to linear features, such as roads, as frequently as they were to any other land use.

One of the most significant findings from analysis of 1984 and 1990 data was that there has been an increase in larger and more overgrown hedgerows, often to the point where they could no longer be defined as hedgerows. Overgrown hedgerows do have wildlife and other value but, to remain sustainable, hedgerows do require some degree of management. There is potential for using the Countryside Survey data further to provided better advice on the sustainable and sympathetic management of hedgerows. This is necessary to provide a rich and diverse network within a landscape or management unit.

Countryside Survey hedgerow results have already been used to inform rural policy in Britain and have helped to underpin the introduction of policies and incentives which protect and enhance this landscape resource. These data are also being used to measure indicators of sustainable development and to provide a baseline against which changes in ancient and/or species-rich hedgerows can be assessed, as required in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. The surveys have proved useful in gathering information on the hedgerows and other linear features in the British landscape. The approach could well be adapted to the needs of other countries where, for example, fencerows and roadside vegetation also provide an important ecological and landscape resource.


Previous research documents Black professors' heavy service commitments and time spent mentoring; yet little work explores how this form of faculty work differs by gender. This intersectional analysis examines narratives of 37 Black professors at three institutions (collected across two studies), focusing on how race and gender shape Black professors' expectations and experiences mentoring. Findings indicate that racism and sexism influence whether and how Black faculty members mentor in unique ways. Women engage in close, personal relationships and face high gender-based expectations regarding student contact, leading to their carriage of a heavy mentoring burden. Men are more formal and compartmentalize their relationships, partly due to perceived visibility and surveillance, as well as increased likelihood of accusations of inappropriate relationships with female students.


The reflection coefficient of a system of perfect quarter-wave layers is obtained in terms of the Fresnel coefficients of various boundaries by a simple summation process. This result is used to calculate the phase change on reflection from a system of approximate quarter-wave layers and this is shown to depend linearly on the phase errors of the individual layers. From the resulting formulas the important features of the transmission characteristics of all-dielectric interference filters are evaluated.