BACKGROUND
Impairment of recollection memory is consistently reported in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and may reflect underlying functional hippocampal changes, particularly in those with extensive histories of illness. We hypothesized that relative to controls, patients with a protracted course of illness would show diminished hippocampal activation on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a recollection memory task.

METHODS
Patients who experienced 3 or more previously treated depressive episodes were compared with age- and sex-matched controls. We acquired fMRI data while participants performed a recollection memory process dissociation task.

RESULTS
Using bilateral regions of interest (ROIs) prescribed for the right and left hippocampal/parahippocampal complex, we observed increased activation of the right hippocampal and left parahippocampal gyrus in controls compared with patients with MDD during recollection memory trials. Within-group comparisons revealed heightened engagement of the hippocampal head (R/L) for controls during recollection trials, and greater activation of the hippocampal body/tail (R/L) during the learn-list encoding period in both the MDD and control groups. Recollection memory performance was significantly correlated with changes in blood oxygen level-dependent signal during recollection trials in the ROIs of the right hippocampus and right hippocampal head.

LIMITATIONS
This study was limited by the inclusion of patients taking antidepressant medication, raising the possibility that the reported findings were treatment effects.

CONCLUSION
The findings of decreased recruitment of the right hippocampal and left parahippocampalgyrus in patients with MDD suggest that these regions may be sensitive to the impact of disease burden and repeated episodes of MDD. This attenuated activation may represent stable changes in hippocampal function that occur over the course of illness in patients with MDD. The findings from within-group comparisons show that the group differences in the activation of the right hippocampal head were driven by greater engagement of this region among controls during recollection memory performance. These results also associate recollection performance impairments in patients with MDD with diminished hippocampal engagement.


Abstract This special issue explores the conceptions of the human that emerge out of the form and the design of information and communications technologies (ICTs). Geographically, our focus compares two countries with a relatively high level of ICT penetration—South Korea and Singapore—and two countries with a relatively low level—India and Vietnam. In each country we see how different forms of the human emerge, in part out of the ways in which technological infrastructure develop and intertwine with social order. In this introduction we reflect on the long genealogy of "human" and "humanity" and the more recent history of ICTs in Asia.


We unify f-divergences, Bregman divergences, surrogate regret bounds, proper scoring rules, cost curves, ROC-curves and statistical information. We do this by systematically studying integral and variational representations of these objects and in so doing identify their representation primitives which all are related to cost-sensitive binary classification. As well as developing relationships between generative and discriminative views of learning, the new machinery leads to tight and more general surrogate regret bounds and generalised Pinsker inequalities relating f-divergences to variational divergence. The new viewpoint also illuminates existing algorithms: it provides a new derivation of Support Vector Machines in terms of divergences and relates maximum mean discrepancy to Fisher linear discriminants.


Globalisation represents a set of transformations in the contemporary world that are having profound impacts on the nature of labour markets and work. However, most social scientific analysis in this area has focused on changes to labour markets as emerging consequences of the developing global economy. This paper argues that an analysis of what is happening to work itself as a consequence of globalisation has been neglected. It further contends that the nature of work as a practice in the contemporary world can be better understood through a new conceptual framework, centred on the concept of 'global work'. It goes on to lay out a theoretical framework for conceptualising the emergence of 'global work', based around an analysis of the increasingly distanciated social relations that constitute what work 'is' in today's world. In this respect it contends that working practices, the experience of work, the nature of workplaces and the power relations in which people's working lives are entangled require a theoretical understanding of global-scale interrelationships if they are to be properly understood. This 'global work thesis' is grounded in research into two contrasting forms of work in the contemporary world: transnational legal services in developed post-industrial economies and overseas voluntary work in developing countries.


In this article, I conduct a quantitative analysis of do absence in negative declaratives in the present tense in a dialect from the north-east of Scotland, Buckie. Analysis of nearly 800 contexts of use reveals that this variation is entirely conditioned by linguistic internal constraints. The most significant of these is person and number of the subject — 3rd person singular subjects and plural NPs have no do absence, while do is variable in the remaining pronouns. I argue that a syntactic explanation best accounts for this patterning of use. Where there is no overt -s inflection in the present tense (influenced by the "northern subject rule"), do is not obligatory in Buckie Scots. Frequency effects, lexical restrictions and processing constraints are called upon to account for the range of frequencies of do absence seen in the variable contexts. Lastly, there is no significant change in use of do across three generations of speakers, highlighting the community members' relative immunity to prescriptive norms.


This paper compares discretionary monetary policy under two Phillips curves. Previous work uses a Phillips curve consistent with "Neoclassical" models of price adjustment. Sticky price models imply a "New-Keynesian" Phillips curve based on staggered price setting that delivers familiar results on an inflationary bias and inflation contracts. However, the comparison of price level and inflation targeting reveals an output/price stability tradeoff under the New-Keynesian model that does not arise under the Neoclassical specification, illustrating the usefulness of considering the New-Keynesian model. Given the empirical support for the New-Keynesian specification, a stability tradeoff likely exists.


This study examines the relationships of organization support, user characteristics, task characteristics, and intranet characteristics for using intranet applications to support Management Accounting in Hong Kong public hospitals. The research attempted to identify how the interactions of these antecedents helped to achieve Intranet User Information Satisfaction (IUIS) and thus efficiency of Management Accounting in hospitals in terms of Information Quality of Management Accounting Systems (MASIQ). A mixed research approach integrating case study and survey research under a quantitative paradigm was adopted. Partial Least Squares analysis was used to examine the data. The case study results reflected that use of intranet applications could support Management Accounting in hospitals. The survey results of 157 managers and executives in Hong Kong public hospitals showed that IUIS had a direct significant impact on MASIQ. Meanwhile, user characteristics as IS Experience improved IUIS, and the extent of task characteristics also improved the performance of MASIQ. The results have several implications for Accounting Information Systems management.


Metriorhynchids are an extinct group of Jurassic–Cretaceous crocodylomorphs secondarily adapted to a marine lifestyle. A new metriorhynchid crocodylomorph from the Oxford Clay Formation (Callovian, Middle Jurassic) of England is described. The specimen is a large, fragmentary skull and associated single ramus of a lower jaw uniquely preserved in a septarian concretion. The description of the specimen reveals a series of autapomorphies (apicobasal flutings on the middle labial surface of the tooth crowns, greatly enlarged basoccipital tuberosities) and a unique combination of characters that warrant the creation of a new genus and species: Ieldraan melkshamensis gen. et sp. nov. This taxon shares numerous characters with the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous genus Geosaurus: tooth crowns that have three apicobasal facets on their labial surface, subtly ornamented skull and lower jaws elements, and reception pits along the lateral margin of the dentary (maxillary overbite). Phylogenetic analysis places this new species as the sister taxon to Geosaurus. The new taxon adds valuable information on the time of origin of the macrophagous subclade Geosaurini, which was initially thought to have evolved and radiated during the Late Jurassic. The presence of Ieldraan melkshamensis, the phylogenetic re-evaluation of Suchodus durobrivensis as a Plesiosuchus sister taxon and recently identified Callovian Dakosaurus-like specimens in the Oxford Clay Formation, indicate that all major Geosaurini lineages originated earlier than previously supposed. This has major implications for the evolution of macropredation in the group. Specifically, we can now demonstrate that the four different forms of true ziphodonty observed in derived geosaurins independently evolved from a single non-functional microziphodont common ancestor. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7A400670-A339-463F-8CD4-8704745CB312


This article examines the historical evolution of participatory water management in coastal Bangladesh. Three major shifts are identified: first, from indigenous local systems managed by landlords to centralized government agencies in the 1960s; second, from top-down engineering solutions to small-scale projects and people's participation in the 1970s and 1980s; and third, towards depoliticized community-based water management since the 1990s. While donor requirements for community participation in water projects have resulted in the creation of 'depoliticized' water management organizations, there are now increasing demands for involvement of politically elected local government institutions in water management by local communities.


The author analyzed three different perspectives of the development of new technology-based firms (NTBFs) from the resource-based view. The first article discusses how the resource base impacts the internationalization behavior of German NTBFs. Some companies go international early, some internationalize only after a few years. We argued that the resource base is a substantial factor determining if a NTBF will internationalize or not. In the second article, we analyze how the resource base impacts the survival of German NTBFs. We argued that a lack of sufficient resources can lead to early business failure. We further state that the different resources are necessary to fulfill the requirements within the development phases of the NTBF. To broaden our perspective we combined the resource-based view with the market view. In the third article, we analyzed how the resource base impacts the business model innovation of NTBFs. The business model for NTBFs must often be tailored to fulfill the requirements of potential customers or to further grow the business. A sufficient resource base is necessary to be able to change the business model and buffer the transition phase. Dissertation


Abstract Zero-field magnetization states in Permalloy thin-film elements of rectangular shape are calculated by means of finite element micromagnetic modeling. The energies of several possible magnetization patterns are determined for different sizes and thicknesses of the specimen. Based on these data, a phase diagram of the lowest-energy configuration is set up for rectangles of edge lengths between 250 and 1000 nm. It is shown that a thickness- and size-dependent transition from quasi-homogeneous single-domain states to demagnetized flux-closure patterns occurs in that range. The regime of sizes and thickness of the phase diagram in which the lowest-energy configuration of the thin-film element is a single-domain state is particularly important, since in this case the sample is expected to show good stability with respect to thermal demagnetization, which is a required criterion to make it suitable for technological applications in magneto-electronic devices.


A device-independent dimension test for a Bell experiment aims to estimate the underlying Hilbert space dimension that is required to produce given measurement statistical data without any other assumptions concerning the quantum apparatus. Previous work mostly deals with the two-party version of this problem. In this paper, we propose a very general and robust approach to test the dimension of any subsystem in a multiparty Bell experiment. Our dimension test stems from the study of a new multiparty scenario which we call prepare-and-distribute. This is like the prepare-and-measure scenario, but the quantum state is sent to multiple, noncommunicating parties. Through specific examples, we show that our test results can be tight. Furthermore, we compare the performance of our test to results based on known bipartite tests, and witness remarkable advantages, which indicates that our test is of a true multiparty nature. We conclude by pointing out that with some partial information about the quantum states involved in the experiment, it is possible to learn other interesting properties beyond dimension.


ABSTRACT:This paper explores the history of Higher Education as a field of study as described in the literature and uses this as a foundation to explore the current context of graduate programs in higher education administration through a descriptive analysis of existing programs in the United States. Data analyzed in this study consider graduate programs in higher education administration under the constructs of program demographics, application requirements, and program structure.INTRODUCTIONOver the past several years, there has been a growing interest in the field of Higher Education Administration. At the time of the writing of this document, a quick review of the Barnes and Noble website in the US listed 1401 books under the heading of Higher Education Leadership. The reality of this extensive amount of literature indicates that North American society wants to know more about Higher Education from how to pick the right college to how to be a women administrator in a university. The scope of the literature also represents the complexity of Higher Education. It further indicates that more and more academics and writers are researching and studying Higher Education as a separate and defined topic. Along with more researchers, there is a growing demand among learners to be educated in the field of Higher Education Administration. Conscious of this growth, the focus of this research was to conduct a demographic study of all graduate programs in Higher Education Administration across the United States. The intent was to survey the landscape of the programs to reveal a broader look at just what is currently happening with this field of study.RETRACING THE FOOTSTEPSMany of these current efforts into studying Higher Education trace back to the original ideas of Granville Stanley Hall who taught the first North American university course in college and university problems in 1893 at Clark University (Goodchild, 1996). Further evidence of a growing interest in Higher Education as a field of study came in 1930 with the first publication of the Journal of Higher Education that has grown to become one of the pre-eminent journals on the issues of Higher Education. In this same year, Miller (1930) published an article that surveyed Masters and Doctoral Theses written on issues related to Higher Education between the years 1919 and 1928. In his research, he was able to locate 250 theses written about Higher Education. A total of 65 were at the doctoral level with 185 at the masters level. A breakdown of the doctoral studies revealed 31% of the theses focused on administration, 17% concentrated on issues pertaining to tests and measurements, 11% considered college teaching and teachers, an equal of 11% dealt with university curricula, another 9% focused on the history and description of Higher Education, with the final 6% on guidance.Within the Journal of Higher Education, an article appeared in 1937 by Payne (1937) further justifying the need for continued research in matters related to Higher Education. Payne spoke of his concern that higher education of his time used trial and error practices related to leadership and curriculum in higher education. He expressed the desire to use research as a means to better understand just what was going on with higher education in North America. Another reference to Higher Education occurred in 1938 with the publication of "A University Course on The American College" (Eells, 1938). Eells, along with the American Association of University Professors, recommended that universities across the country offer a course on issues and problems related to the American college. It was deemed that any student wishing to pursue a career in college teaching take a class of this nature. Eells also felt that this class should be housed in the Faculty of Education.The general aim of the course was to develop such understanding and attitudes concerning the history, objectives, organization, and administration of American higher education as to make the students taking it more effective university or college professors, more intelligent participants in the determination of college and university policies, and better interpreters of the institutions of which they might become a part to the communities in which they might be located. …


This paper examines experience in solar renewable energy certificate (SREC) markets in the United States. It describes how SREC markets function--key policy design provisions, eligible technologies, state and regional eligibility rules, solar alternative compliance payments, measurement and verification methods, long-term contracting provisions, and rate caps. It also examines the trends of SREC markets--trading volumes, sourcing trends, trends in the size of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems driven by these markets, and trends in price and compliance. Throughout, the paper explores key issues and challenges facing SREC markets and attempts by policymakers to address some of these market barriers. Data and information presented in this report are derived from SREC tracking systems, brokers and auctions, published reports, and information gleaned from market participants and interviews with state regulators responsible for SREC market implementation. The last section summarizes key findings.


This is a comprehensive and detailed account of the economic history of Puerto Rico from the period of Spanish colonial domination to the present. Interweaving findings of the "new" Puerto Rican historiography with those of earlier historical studies, and using the most recent theoretical concepts to interpret them, James Dietz examines the complex manner in which productive and class relations within Puerto Rico have interacted with changes in its place in the world economy. Besides including aggregate data on Puerto Rico's economy, the author offers valuable information on workers' living conditions and women workers, plus new interpretations of development since Operation Bootstrap. His evaluation of the island's export-oriented economy has implications for many other developing countries.


Genotyping arrays have been widely adopted as an efficient means to interrogate variation across the human genome. Genetic variants may be observed either directly, via genotyping, or indirectly, through linkage disequilibrium with a genotyped variant. The total proportion of genomic variation captured by an array, either directly or indirectly, is referred to as "genomic coverage." Here we use genotype imputation and Phase 3 of the 1000 Genomes Project to assess genomic coverage of several modern genotyping arrays. We find that in general, coverage increases with increasing array density. However, arrays designed to cover specific populations may yield better coverage in those populations compared to denser arrays not tailored to the given population. Ultimately, array choice involves trade-offs between cost, density, and coverage, and our work helps inform investigators weighing these choices and trade-offs.


In recent times, among the major problems in oil palm plantation is the lack
of proper interpretation of yield maps for site-specific management, the
identification, and understanding of the causal factors influencing the
variability of oil palm yields. The ability to find and comprehend the leaf
factors influencing yield variability of oil palm will help in managing the
plantation efficiently for better yield. The study of Spatial Varibility of Oil Palm
Leaf Nutrients and Yield was carried out at Dusun Durian Estate, Golden
Hope Plantations Berhad, Banting, Selangor, in a 15 ha plot which was a
coastal oil palm plantation. The objective of this study was to obtain accurate
and timely information about the spatial distribution and status of nutrients in
the leaf tissue using Geographic Information System (GIs) for precision
farming of oil palm plantation. Collection of leaf tissue data were conducted
using systematic sampling and an AgGPS Trimble was used to precisely determine the sampling locations. Geostatistics (GS+) software and
classical statistics were used for data analysis. Leaf nutrient analysis
illustrated that the leaf nutrient variability of N, P, K, Ca and Mg from year
2000 to 2003 could be classified as low whereas coefficient of variation (CV)
values of 2.0 to 2.2, 1.9 to 3.0 and 1.9 to 5.3, 5.7 to 7.4 and 6.6 to 7.4
respectively. Based on the semivariance analysis, leaves nutrients have a
moderately spatial dependence with the lag distances of 31 1 to 314 m, 161
to 249 m, 185 to 311 m and 169 to 314 m for N, P, K and Ca, respectively.
Meanwhile, Mg have a strong spatial dependence (S) with the lag distance is
94 to 183 m. The variability of fresh fruit bunch (ffb) is moderate and is
moderately spatial dependence with the lag distance of 310 to 314 m. There
is a strong relationship between FFB yield, N and P in leaf tissue. This result
implies that N and P in leaf tissue can be used to determine the FFB yields.


A millennium ago, what is now East St. Louis, Illinois, was an affluent neighborhood of Native Americans, set amid the largest concentration of people and monumental architecture north of what is now Mexico. To the east was another concentration of enormous earthen mounds and people—the settlement called Cahokia by today9s archaeologists—and to the west across the Mississippi was a third center of mounds and houses at what is modern St. Louis. Cahokia proper was the only pre-Columbian city north of the Rio Grande, and it was large even by European and Mesoamerican standards of the day. Now new excavations suggest a far larger, complex metropolis. But a new highway and a bridge over the Mississippi will soon destroy the remnants of the site. The $2.5 million dig is yielding big surprises for researchers, who had thought that the 19th century industrial city here wiped out the ancient remains.


Abstract : The Department of Defense (DoD) is increasingly acquiring complex systems that use commercial software to meet many of the systems' functional requirements. If the commercial software is a truly commercial product and will not be modified (for example, a commercial antivirus program), then for most systems, data rights do not become an issue. However, when the commercial software is based on proprietary software that is not available as a standard commercial product or will be modified such that the end product is no longer commercially available or is different from the standard commercial product (for example, adding program-specific capabilities to a database program), the DoD must consider what data rights are necessary. This paper examines how data rights issues were addressed in the Transformational Satellite Communications System (TSAT) program; reviews additional concerns posed by the use of commercial software in the TSAT program's Space Segment, including safety and mission assurance, and how those concerns were addressed; and reviews, in less detail, data rights concerns for software incorporated in the Global Positioning System program, and how those concerns were addressed


A study was conducted to test whether supplementation of trace elements would have any beneficial effect on year-old ewes receiving a submaintenance level of nutrition. The ewes were fed a poor quality hay. The control group received no supplementation (Treatment 1). A solution containing copper (Cu, 5 mg/d), selenium (Se, 1.6 mg/d) and zinc (Zn, 48.2 mg/d) was dosed twice a day to sheep in Treatment 2 while the ewes in Treatment 3 received a double dose of the three elements. Tissue analyses at the end of the 93-day experimental period suggested that the lambs in the control group suffered from a marginal Se deficiency, while the intake of the other elements seemed to be sufficient. Within treatments, weight changes varied tremendously. Therefore, even though differences were not significant, the unsupplemented control group lost weight, while the sheep in the other two treatments maintained their initial body weights during the study. Likewise, the control group tended to have a lower immune response against an injected foreign protein than the supplemented treatments, though differences were not significant. Plasma in the control group showed significantly higher activities of creatine phosphatase and aspartate transaminase than the supplemented groups. This suggested that the supplemented elements protected the body against tissue damage. Although it is traditionally considered that deficiencies in energy and protein, as first limiting nutrients with the highest priority in nutrition, should be overcome before any response to trace element supplementation could be expected, many of the micronutrients are involved in antioxidant activities in the body. Results from this study suggested that positive responses to micronutrient supplementation could be possible if the body is subjected to oxidative stress during submaintenance levels of energy and/or protein nutrition. South African Journal of Animal Science Vol. 36(1) 2006: 20-27


This paper is motivated by the debate which currently exists concerning the joint effect on the UK audit market of audit firm mergers and increasing competitive pressures. Based on a large sample of 2,079 domestic listed companies, measures of seller concentration are calculated for the period 1987 to 1991. The three principal factors which have contributed towards the change in concentration are identified as audit firm mergers, voluntary realignments (auditor switching) and the auditor distribution of newly listed companies. The relative impact of these factors on seller concentration is measured. The results of this study are placed in perspective via cross-study longitudinal and inter-country comparisons of concentration ratios and annualized rates of auditor change. Results indicate an increasing level of seller concentration in the UK market for audit services, which is also high relative to other countries, and a high and rising instability in client-auditor relationships. Policy implications are discussed.


We present SARVAM, a system for content-based Search And RetrieVAl of Malware. In contrast with traditional static or dynamic analysis, SARVAM uses malware binary content to find similar malware. Given a malware query, a fingerprint is first computed based on transformed image features [19], and similar malware items from the database are then returned using image matching metrics. The current SARVAM database holds approximately 4.3 million samples of malware and benign executables. The system is demonstrated using a desktop computer with Ubuntu OS, and takes approximately 3 seconds per query to find the top matching malware. SARVAM has been operational for the past 15 months during which we have received approximately 212,000 queries from users. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of SARVAM and also discuss the nature and statistics of queries received.


In 1959 the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers built Camp Century beneath the surface of the northwestern Greenland Ice Sheet. There they studied the feasibility of deploying ballistic missiles within the ice sheet. The base and its wastes were abandoned with minimal decommissioning in 1967, under the assumption they would be preserved for eternity by perpetually accumulating snowfall. Here we show that a transition in ice sheet surface mass balance at Camp Century from net accumulation to net ablation is plausible within the next 75 years, under a business‐as‐usual anthropogenic emissions scenario (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5). Net ablation would guarantee the eventual remobilization of physical, chemical, biological, and radiological wastes abandoned at the site. While Camp Century and four other contemporaneous ice sheet bases were legally established under a Danish‐U.S. treaty, the potential remobilization of their abandoned wastes, previously regarded as sequestered, represents an entirely new pathway of political dispute resulting from climate change.


This paper aims to strategise a comprehensive design, establishing a link between urban and rural sectors through preservation and revitalisation of the craft sector of India. The intent is to unite the various typologies of artisan crafts, scattered throughout the country, to build a community cherishing the Indian heritage: a place to practise, teach, demonstrate culture. With the aim of fostering this heritage community, the concept of crafts village has been selected as the cornerstone of this design. Thus, the sub-question: How to create an artist village, providing a platform for vocational training and retail, a mixed-use organic development, cherishing the Art and Craft heritage of India? Notwithstanding Industrialization, a large population of India still depend on long-established traditional methods of manufacturing using traditional techniques to earn a living based on handmade products. These craftspeople/artisans are the backbone of the non-farm rural economy of India. There is a crucial necessity for philanthropy to understand the potential to monetise the crafts sector by the financing of high impact scalable models that can sustainably strengthen livelihoods. By harnessing the potential of the craftsperson/artisan sector, the concept of artist village promotes forgotten values of art in the modern world and re-examines the role of architecture. An artisan village reinforces the upliftment of rural craftsmen/Artisans by providing them with a place to reside, practice and earn with their skills.


INTRODUCTION This study analyzes the gender dynamics of the American Library Association's SCHOLCOMM listserv in order to determine the accuracy of concerns expressed by participants in early 2016 regarding the dominance of male voices on the listserv. METHODS  Utilizing the SCHOLCOMM listserv archive, openly available online, the authors analyzed metadata related to individual messages in order to create a comprehensive list of participants, which was then analyzed to determine gender identity. The authors utilized this information to correlate the frequency of new messages and replies sent to the list with the gender identity of participants. RESULTS While men represented 35% of the SCHOLCOMM list's participants, they contributed over half of the messages sent to the listserv and two-thirds of those sent as replies on existing message threads. DISCUSSION  The opinion of several SCHOLCOMM participants that male voices were overrepresented in listserv discussions proved to be true. The gender identity breakdown of those most active on the list may also influence the perceptions and/or behaviors of other listserv participants, however, and should be investigated further. CONCLUSION While this study substantiates the opinion of several listserv participants that male SCHOLCOMM participants account for a disproportionately large amount of listserv discussion, we argue that the dynamics of the listserv can and should be changed in order to better represent the participant population.


ABSTRACT Gas turbines are usually the core elements of numerous mechanical systems. Subsequent to the advancement of high efficiency and clean energy, gas turbine has a significantly growing role in different areas, such as aviation and marine propulsion systems, electric power stations, and natural gas and petroleum transportation. However, gas turbines are decisive in operating many industrial plants, and their accompanying maintenance costs are likely to be exceedingly high. A number of failures in the gas turbine components have been detailed and discussed in this paper, with a view to thwarting future breakdowns by suggesting specification for notable maintenance and utilisation of gas turbine components. This study puts forward Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods applied in failure detection of gas turbine components. This paper attempts to handle gas turbine components, which contain hydraulic–pneumatic equipment, electronic control equipment, and bearing equipment. Thanks to the assessment of specialists, heavily influenced by failures, gas turbine components have been decided. The results have proved the bearing equipment to have been the most effective alternative, as being ensued by hydraulic–pneumatic equipment and electronic control equipment.


The article examines some of the problems related to interpretation of the provisions of administrative law. It stresses the special role of administrative law as a legal branch designated to concretise constitutional law and to establish legal mechanisms for realisation of provisions of the Constitution. Basing on such an understanding of administrative law the article is focused on the importance of interpretation of the provisions of administrative law. It is attempted to be shown via an understanding of public governance as a process of law creation and application. It is stressed that interpretation of administrative law allows the law applicator (subject of governance) to perceive substance of legal provisions, while objects of governance get easier to understand the legal grounds for application of governance towards them as well as legal limits and opportunities for possible actions. The notion and meaning of interpretation of legal provisions are analysed as well as its influence to legislation and application of the provisions of administrative law. The article gives some attention to distinguishing between causal and normative interpretation of administrative law in the courts decisions. The problems of application of provisions of administrative law are discussed in a wider scope by stressing the issues related to subjects of application of such provisions as well as to legal proceedings of administrative infringements. The article focuses on the importance of jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court for interpretation of provisions of administrative law, since the major part of sources of public law that are investigated by the Constitutional Court are legal acts fully or in part made up of provisions of administrative law. The importance of interpretation of provisions of administrative law for the contemporary Lithuanian administrative law is stressed because of its ascertained features of precedent law emerging because of the influence of the European Union law that experiences a merge of continental and general tradition. The practice of the European Court of Human Rights is analysed to understand various administrative coercion measures to ensure proceedings of infringements of administrative law. Considerable attention is given to scientific law interpretation the theories of which are usually used and referred to by subjects of official administrative law interpretation.


Through the kindness of Mr. Philip Chapman of Culford, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, it was made possible for me to examine a male and a female of a species of cavernicolous crab from the Western Highlands of Papua New Guinea, collected there by Mr. N. Plumley. The species proved to be new to science and its description is given below. A recent revision of the New Guinea freshwater crabs (Bott, 1974) listed 13 certain and 3 dubious species from the island. These 13 species belong to 3 genera (Rouxana Bott, 1969: 5 species; Geelvinkia Bott, 1974: 3 species; and Holthuisana Bott, 1969: 5 species). The first two genera and the nominate subgenus of the third are confined to New Guinea. All three genera belong to the family Sundathelphusidae Bott, 1969. The new species is placed here in the genus (and subgenus) Holthuisana; it proves to be closest to H. subconvexa (Roux). None of the known species of New Guinea freshwater crabs has ever been reported from caves and none shows any adaptation to subterranean life. The find of the present troglobitic species therefore is of special interest, and I am most grateful to Mr. Chapman for this material. The drawing of pl. 1 is made by Mr. W. C. G. Gertenaar, staff artist of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie. Holthuisana alba new species (text-fig. 1 ; pl. 1) Askembutem Cave, Wok Askembu near Tabubil, West Sepik District, Papua New Guinea; in pools on a ledge at the bottom of the second vertical pitch; 14-15 October 1978 ; leg. N. Plumley, no. 76. — 1 ♂ holotype, 1 ♀ paratype. Description of holotype male. — The carapace is high and distinctly convex in a longitudinal direction: the anterior part is curved down. Transversely


A series of Cu x Mg 1– x Nb 2 O 6 ( x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1) columbites were prepared using the sol-gel technique. The samples were sintered at 900 °C for 6 h. The prepared samples were structurally characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. To study their applicability in low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) technology, elastic properties have been characterized for mechanical compatibility. Elastic behavior was investigated at 300K, employing ultrasonic pulse-transmission technique at 1 MHz. The values of elastic moduli and acoustic Debye temperature ( µ D) were computed from longitudinal and shear velocities. The measured values were corrected to zero porosity using Hasselman and Fulrath's formula. The elastic constants of the samples, estimated using Modi's heterogeneous metal-mixture rule, were also reported. The variation of elastic moduli was interpreted in terms of strength of interatomic bonding. Microstructure of these samples was studied using the FESEM (field emission scanning electron microscopy) technique. Mechanical properties including yield strength, tensile strength and thermal stress resistance were calculated from thermal properties measured through thermal conductivity and thermal expansion coefficient.


Geminga and B0656+14 are the closest pulsars with characteristic ages in the range of 100 kyr to 1 Myr. They both have spin-down powers of the order 3 × 1034 ergs s−1 at present. The winds of these pulsars had most probably powered pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) that broke up less than about 100 kyr after the birth of the pulsars. Assuming that leptonic particles accelerated by the pulsars were confined in the PWNe and were released into the interstellar medium (ISM) on breakup of the PWNe, we show that, depending on the pulsar parameters, both pulsars make a nonnegligible contribution to the local cosmic ray (CR) positron spectrum, and they may be the main contributors above several GeV. The relatively small angular distance between Geminga and B0656+14 thus implies an anisotropy in the local CR positron flux at these energies. We calculate the contribution of these pulsars to the locally observed CR electron and positron spectra depending on the pulsar birth period and the magnitude of the local CR diffusion coefficient. We further give an estimate of the expected anisotropy in the local CR positron flux. Our calculations show that within the framework of our model, the local CR positron spectrum imposes constraints on pulsar parameters for Geminga and B0656+14, notably the pulsar period at birth, and also the local interstellar diffusion coefficient for CR leptons.


Rationale: Hemodynamic forces caused by the altered blood flow in response to an occlusion lead to the induction of collateral remodeling and arteriogenesis. Previous work showed that platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1 is a component of a mechanosensory complex that mediates endothelial cell responses to shear stress. Objective: We hypothesized that PECAM-1 plays an important role in arteriogenesis and collateral remodeling. Methods and Results: PECAM-1 knockout (KO) and wild-type littermates underwent femoral artery ligation. Surprisingly, tissue perfusion and collateral-dependent blood flow were significantly increased in the KO mice immediately after surgery. Histology confirmed larger caliber of preexisting collaterals in the KO mice. Additionally, KO mice showed blunted recovery of perfusion from hindlimb ischemia and reduced collateral remodeling, because of deficits in shear stress–induced signaling, including activation of the nuclear factor &kgr;B pathway and inflammatory cell accumulation. Partial recovery was associated with normal responses to circumferential wall tension in the absence of PECAM-1, as evidenced by the upregulation of ephrin B2 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, which are 2 stretch-induced regulators of arteriogenesis, both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: Our findings suggest a novel role for PECAM-1 in arteriogenesis and collateral remodeling. Furthermore, we identify PECAM-1 as the first molecule that determines preexisting collateral diameter.


Chromosome walking has been used to study the organization of the class I genes in the D and Qa regions of the MHC of the BALB/c mouse and in the D region of the AKR mouse. Five and eight class I genes are found in the D and Qa regions of the BALB/c mouse, respectively, while the AKR mouse contains only a single class I D region gene that has been identified by transfection as the Dk gene. Restriction map homologies and crosshybridization experiments suggest that the multiple class I genes in the D region of the BALB/c mouse have been generated by unequal crossing-over involving class I genes from the Qa region. The expanded D region of BALB/c and other H-2d haplotype mouse strains appears to be metastable, since evidence for gene contraction in the Dd region has been found in two mutant strains. Thus the D region and also the Qa region class I genes are in a dynamic state, evolving by gene expansion and contraction.


What experiences are needed to become a high-performance coach? The present study addressed this question through structured retrospective quantitative interviews with 10 team- and 9 individual-sport coaches at the Canadian interuniversity-sport level. Minimum amounts of certain experiences were deemed necessary but not sufficient to become a high-performance coach (e.g., playing the sport they now coach and interaction with a mentor coach for all coaches, leadership opportunities as athletes for team-sport coaches only). Although coaches reported varying amounts of these necessary experiences, general stages of high-performance coach development were traced. Findings serve to identify and support potential high-performance coaches and increase the effectiveness of formal coaching-education programs.


An eigen color co-occurrence approach is proposed that exploits the correlation between color channels to identify the degree of image similarity. This method is based on traditional co-occurrence matrix method and histogram equalization. On the purpose of feature extraction, eigen color co-occurrence matrices are computed for extracting the statistical relationships embedded in color images by applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on a set of color co-occurrence matrices, which are computed on the histogram equalized images. That eigen space is created with a set of orthogonal axes to gain the essential structures of color co-occurrence matrices, which is used to identify the degree of similarity to classify an input image to be tested for various purposes. In this paper RGB, Gaussian color space are compared with grayscale image in terms of PCA eigen features embedded in histogram equalized co-occurrence features. The experimental results are presented.


A good security practice for handling sensitive data, such as passwords, is to overwrite the data buffers with zeros once the data is no longer in use. This protects against attackers who gain a snapshot of a device's physical memory, whether by inperson physical attacks, or by remote attacks like Meltdown and Spectre. This paper looks at unnecessary password retention in Android phones by popular apps, secure password management apps, and even the lockscreen system process. We have performed a comprehensive analysis of the Android framework and a variety of apps, and discovered that passwords can survive in a variety of locations, including UI widgets where users enter their passwords, apps that retain passwords rather than exchange them for tokens, old copies not yet reused by garbage collectors, and buffers in keyboard apps. We have developed solutions that successfully fix these problems with modest code changes.


The advantage of examining causality from the perspective of modelling is thus that it puts us naturally closer to the practice of the sciences. This means being able to set up an interdisciplinary dialogue that contrasts and compares modelling practices in different fields, say economics and biology, medicine and statistics, climate change and phys-ics. It also means that it helps philosophers looking for questions that go beyond the narrow 'what-is-causality' or 'what-are-relata' and thus puts causality right at the centre of a complex crossroad: epistemology/ methodology, metaphysics, politics/ethics. This special issue collects nine papers that touch upon various scientific fields, from system biology to medicine to quantum mechanics to economics, and different questions, from explanation and prediction to the role of both true and false assumptions in modelling.


Low level strategic supplements constitute one of the few options for northern beef producers to increase breeder productivity and profitability. Objectives of the project were to improve the cost-effectiveness of using such supplements and to improve supplement delivery systems. Urea-based supplements fed during the dry season can substantially reduce breeder liveweight loss and increase fertility during severe dry seasons. Also when fed during the late wet season these supplements increased breeder body liveweight and increased fertility of breeders in low body condition.

Intake of dry lick supplements fed free choice is apparently determined primarily by the palatability of supplements relative to pasture, and training of cattle appears to be of limited importance. Siting of supplementation points has some effect on supplement intake, but little effect on grazing behaviour. Economic analysis of supplementation (urea, phosphorus or molasses) and weaning strategies was based on the relative efficacy of these strategies to maintain breeder body condition late in the dry season. Adequate body condition of breeders at this time of the year is needed to avoid mortality from under-nutrition and achieve satisfactory fertility of breeders during the following wet season. Supplements were highly cost-effective when they reduced mortality, but economic returns were generally low if the only benefit was increased fertility.


Cicero once claimed that, 'everyone knows how few actors there are, or ever have been, whom we could bear to watch,' and also quipped, 'we have to study actors as well as orators, that bad practice may not lead us into some inelegant or ugly habit.' While at grammar school, Shakespeare and his actors would have been tutored in Roman rhetorical devices such as considered speech, but also the use of gesture. Consequently, it is likely that this knowledge of Roman oratorical traditions influenced both Shakespeare's writing and the movements used by his actors. The quandary of gesture is that it is motivated by the need for conviction rather than morality: an ambiguous performative issue that was not lost on Cicero or Quintilian. A play such as  Julius Caesar revels in such ambiguities: the connections between hands and agency abound in Shakespeare's political drama, with over 40 references to hands. The play's message about the ethical dilemmas of performance is all the more troubling for its application to reality: Francis Gentleman commented in 1773 that all members of Parliament should be made to memorise the play. This paper explores the manipulative dangers of Roman gesture and the parallels Shakespeare draws with the performance of politics. The agency of gesture is all the more potent for its ephemerality: hands continually writ e and re-write the script of the political moment on air that leaves no trace of its record; its very deniability ensures the continuance of misdeeds and malpractices. Whether using a handshake to wordlessly seal conspiracy, rearing a knife in an assassination, or being emotionally and politically manipulative through gesticulation, Shakespeare's play reveals not only how hands can alter the course of history, but how such theatrical practices themselves aid and abet such a diversion.


The argument of this thesis is two-fold in nature— the target of the argument of Colossians is a Judaism dismissive of the Gentile Colossian Christians and the recognition of that fact casts new light on the paraenesis of the letter and its integration into the argument of the epistle as a whole. The argument is set up in the introduction analyzing and critiquing recent dissenters to the Jewish nature of the philosophy and then the argument of the thesis is set in sequence. Several arguments are made in the thesis in support of these claims. Significant parallels between Colossians and Galatians suggest similar concerns in both letters relating to Israel's identity as the people of God and how that relates to the Gentile believers in the church at Colossae and the churches of Galatia, and how those Gentile believers are to live. The writers of Colossians, while sharing a similar Jewish perspective with the Colossian philosophers on there relationship between identity and way of life, admonish the Gentile Christians to live in a way consistent with who they are. Nevertheless Paul and Timothy differ with the philosophers as to what constitutes the identity of the Colossian Gentilesas the people of God. In addition to the parallels drawn further themes are present in Colossians which strongly suggest the Jewish character of the philosophy— wisdom, election, death of Christ as the final return from exile. Moreover, the apocalyptic background of 3:1-6, the Jewish moral concerns of the ethical lists (3:5-17), and the christological orientation of the Haustafel not only bolster the claim that the Colossian philosophy is Jewish in nature (this is less true of the house-codes explicitly, though there may be some implicit connections), but recurring themes in the paraenesis seen in the preceding argument lend support to the contention that the paraenesis is an integral part of the argument of the letter.


We present the first relativistic prediction of the electromagnetic emission from the surrounding gas of a supermassive binary black hole system approaching merger. Using a ray-tracing code to post-process data from a general relativistic 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulation, we generate images and spectra, and analyze the viewing angle dependence of the light emitted. When the accretion rate is relatively high, the circumbinary disk, accretion streams, and mini-disks combine to emit light in the UV/extreme-UV bands. We posit a thermal Compton hard X-ray spectrum for coronal emission; at high accretion rates, it is almost entirely produced in the mini-disks, but at lower accretion rates it is the primary radiation mechanism in the mini-disks and accretion streams as well. Due to relativistic beaming and gravitational lensing, the angular distribution of the power radiated is strongly anisotropic, especially near the equatorial plane.


In many credit markets, prices are negotiated repeatedly. The final mortgage rate, for example, is rarely the posted price, but something that borrowers and lenders have bargained over. If borrowers are not satisfied with the rates their lenders propose, they need to search for and negotiate better offers. Borrowers often find it costly and inconvenient to switch lenders. The search and switching costs give incumbent lenders a clear advantage, allowing them to charge relatively high prices.

Repeated interactions between borrowers and lenders create the possibility of dynamic pricing: lenders compete aggressively with low prices to attract new borrowers and then raise their prices once borrowers have made a commitment.

We find such pricing patterns in the Canadian mortgage market, as most borrowers in Canada renegotiate their mortgage every five years. In this paper we develop a framework for studying this type of dynamic competition in similar negotiated-price markets. Our paper suggests that although search costs unambiguously hurt consumers, switching costs are not necessarily harmful. Consumers pay higher rates when they renew, but they reap the benefits of aggressive pricing when the loan begins.


We study generalised linear regression and classification for a synthetically generated dataset encompassing different problems of interest, such as learning with random features, neural networks in the lazy training regime, and the hidden manifold model. We consider the high-dimensional regime and using the replica method from statistical physics, we provide a closed-form expression for the asymptotic generalisation performance in these problems, valid in both the under- and over-parametrised regimes and for a broad choice of generalised linear model loss functions. In particular, we show how to obtain analytically the so-called double descent behaviour for logistic regression with a peak at the interpolation threshold, we illustrate the superiority of orthogonal against random Gaussian projections in learning with random features, and discuss the role played by correlations in the data generated by the hidden manifold model. Beyond the interest in these particular problems, the theoretical formalism introduced in this manuscript provides a path to further extensions to more complex tasks.


Early OA research quickly established the serious threat that more acidic oceans directly impose on calcifying organisms such as corals and bivalves because their calcium carbonate structures dissolve more easily and are more difficult to build as seawater pH decreases. Research continued to establish baseline effects of OA on individual organisms, before looking at multiple species responses and effects of double stressors (e.g., low pH + high temperature). Current OA research is leaning into community-level responses to two or three environmental drivers simultaneously, with the ultimate goal of understanding effects of OA within the context of multiple stressors and entire ecosystems.


The alphaviruses are a genus of 26 enveloped viruses that cause disease in humans and domestic animals. Mosquitoes or other hematophagous arthropods serve as vectors for these viruses. The complete sequences of the +/- 11.7-kb plus-strand RNA genomes of eight alphaviruses have been determined, and partial sequences are known for several others; this has made possible evolutionary comparisons between different alphaviruses as well as comparisons of this group of viruses with other animal and plant viruses. Full-length cDNA clones from which infectious RNA can be recovered have been constructed for four alphaviruses; these clones have facilitated many molecular genetic studies as well as the development of these viruses as expression vectors. From these and studies involving biochemical approaches, many details of the replication cycle of the alphaviruses are known. The interactions of the viruses with host cells and host organisms have been exclusively studied, and the molecular basis of virulence and recovery from viral infection have been addressed in a large number of recent papers. The structure of the viruses has been determined to about 2.5 nm, making them the best-characterized enveloped virus to date. Because of the wealth of data that has appeared, these viruses represent a well-characterized system that tell us much about the evolution of RNA viruses, their replication, and their interactions with their hosts. This review summarizes our current knowledge of this group of viruses.


This paper studies the economic impact of the current global economic downturn on the household sector. Household budgets can be negatively affected by declines in nominal wages and increases in unemployment. We empirically test this effect for the Czech economy. As a result of the lack of individual data on the Czech household finances, micro data are simulated. Our analysis clearly points out that there is a significant additional decline in consumption related to an increase in household default rates. We find that potential household insolvencies have important implications for the financial system as well as for the aggregate economy.


Providing effective counseling interventions means creating a therapeutic alliance through active listening. Clinicians who treat trauma survivors are frequently exposed to graphic details of the traumatic events, and in a sense absorb, this information disclosed. This secondhand exposure to traumatic events can impact clinician's personal and professional functioning. This paper aims and discussing the various encounters a counselor may experience when working with trauma survivors; as well as, various strategies to help improve health and wellness within the work environment, education, and personally.


Students of Fine Art are introduced to drawing in their first year and human figure drawing in their second year. It is presumed that they have already had some element of earlier exposure in other levels of prior studies. The objective of human figure drawing or life drawing is to get the students to a level of applied skill where they can be able to draw and utilize their skill in other aspects of self-expression in other disciplines of Art. This is because life drawing is a fundamental requirement in all disciplines of art from basic sketching to detailed paintings. This paper examines selected work of students to determine the extent to which they are able to achieve this objective within the unit prescribed duration of one semester. The paper also seeks to determine whether the work produced meets the standard of drawing required at this level which then enables the students to subsequently embark on other units of drawing moving forward. This is critical since they are required to apply their life drawing skills in other units as a matter of routine individual expression. In this regard, if they are required to draw or paint an imaginative composition, they would be expected to depict human figures which not only fit within the composition and are well executed but also express the students' ability to interpret themes and formulate subject matter. For the purpose of these exercises and in order to focus solely on the objectives of human figure composition and detailed development, the students were confined to the use of pencil for the layout, shading and detailing of their work. This is because pencil provides a wide range of manoeuvre for this kind of exercise. In this series of drawings, the students used one particular female model which provided them with the opportunity to visually interact with the individual model and be able to study and observe how the life model adjusts to various poses. This was designed to help draw inspiration as well as make the drawing exercises methodical, enjoyable and purposeful.


Abstract The article explores the idea of self-determination as a collective capability that enhances the freedom and well-being of indigenous peoples in colonial settler states. Collective capabilities have not attracted much attention in the literature to date, but the article sets out to demonstrate that the collective capability for self-determination is precisely the sort of freedom Amartya Sen describes as both the primary objective and the principle means of development. Two ideas lie at the core of the argument: the necessary interdependence that exists between the individual and the collective capability for political self-determination; and the intrinsic, instrumental and constructive value of collective political empowerment in the developmental process. To bolster the theoretical argument, the article examines some of the available evidence linking self-determination with concrete improvements in the social and economic welfare and well-being of indigenous peoples in different regions of the globe.


Comparative studies investigating relationships between plant traits and species rarity and commonness were surveyed to establish whether global patterns have emerged that would be of practical use in management strategies aimed at the long-term conservation of species. Across 54 studies, 94 traits have been examined in relation to abundance, distribution and threatened status at local, regional and geographical spatial scales. Most traits (63) have yet to be the focus of more than one study. Half of the studies involved less than 10 species, and one-quarter did not replicate rare-common contrasts. Although these features of the literature make it difficult to demonstrate robust generalizations regarding trait relationships with species rarity, some important findings surfaced in relation to traits that have been examined in two or more studies. Species with narrow geographical distributions were found to produce significantly fewer seeds (per unit measurement) than common species (in four of six studies), but did not differ with respect to breeding system (five of five studies). The majority of traits (including seed size, competitive ability, growth form and dispersal mode) were related to rarity in different ways from one study to the next. The highly context-dependent nature of most trait relationships with rarity implies that application of knowledge concerning rare-common differences and similarities to management plans will vary substantially for different vegetation types and on different continents. A comparative analysis of distribution patterns in relation to several life-history and ecological traits among 700 Australian eucalypt species was then performed. A significantly disproportionate number of tall species and species with long flowering durations had wide geographical ranges. Trait relationships with distribution were explored further through the development of a methodology incorporating multiple spatial scales. Eight theoretical categories were described illustrating variation in distribution patterns (and hence rarity and commonness) across small, intermediate and large spatial scales, based on the spatial structure of species occurrence across the Australian landscape. Each eucalypt species was placed into a category, and trait variation was explored across all species in relation to distribution patterns across multiple spatial scales. This approach yielded important information about trait relationships with distribution among the eucalypts, linking the spatial structure of points-of-occurrence with patterns of rarity and commonness. With the pressing need to protect increasing numbers of threatened species and slow rates of extinction, the development and refinement of a broadly usable methodology for rarity studies that encompasses multiple spatial scales, which can be used for any geographical location, will be useful in both conservation and management.


Cross-lingual entity linking maps an entity mention in a source language to its corresponding entry in a structured knowledge base that is in a different (target) language. While previous work relies heavily on bilingual lexical resources to bridge the gap between the source and the target languages, these resources are scarce or unavailable for many low-resource languages. To address this problem, we investigate zero-shot cross-lingual entity linking, in which we assume no bilingual lexical resources are available in the source low-resource language. Specifically, we propose pivot-basedentity linking, which leverages information from a highresource "pivot" language to train character-level neural entity linking models that are transferred to the source lowresource language in a zero-shot manner. With experiments on 9 low-resource languages and transfer through a total of54 languages, we show that our proposed pivot-based framework improves entity linking accuracy 17% (absolute) on average over the baseline systems, for the zero-shot scenario.1 Further, we also investigate the use of language-universal phonological representations which improves average accuracy (absolute) by 36% when transferring between languages that use different scripts.


Agama boulengeri is a West African endemic lizard. It occurs in arid rocky areas in the Mauritanian mountains and Kayes region of Mali. Data on the distribution of Agama boulengeri is however very coarse, and the contribution of climatic and habitat factors for population isolation are unknown. Using Maxent, GLM, and high-resolution data, we generated environmental niche models, and quantified suitable areas for species occurrence. Field observations and predicted suitable areas were used to evaluate the conservation status of Agama boulengeri. Results revealed the species occurs preferentially close to gueltas, bare areas, and rocky deserts and in areas of increasing rainfall. Suitable cells were mostly located in Mauritania, and four potentially fragmented subpopulations were identified. The conservation status of Agama boulengeri was determined to be of Least Concern.


Following the Compromise Agreement the Austro-Hungarian government decided to appoint a new consul to the court of the Serbian Prince Mihailo Obrenovic. In March of 1868 Benjamin von Kallay was named to the post of a general consul with an additional title and responsibilities of a diplomatic agent. Kallay's appointment was designed to strengthen the Austro-Hungarian position in Serbia. (1) Prior to Kallay's departure for Belgrade, Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust, the Austro-Hungarian minister for foreign affairs, took special care to prepare detailed instructions about the desired political goals that Kallay was to pursue on behalf of the Austro-Hungarian government. These policies were outlined in confidential papers, dated 5 April 1868, defining Kallay's mission as well as Beust's political credo. (2) Beust admonished Kallay to monitor the situation in Belgrade and promote Austro-Hungarian influence in Serbian internal, as well as external affairs. Kallay's main task was to persuade the Serbian political elite in the benevolent intentions and good offices of the Austro-Hungarian government as a trustworthy neighbor. By the same token, while promoting collaboration with Austria-Hungary, Kallay should try to subside the Russian influence as well as any Panslav collaboration. Moreover, he was to discourage any Serbian attempts of establishing support for a broadly conceived Yugoslav platform. Any Serbian negotiation promoting unity among South Slavs should be curtailed; most notably a possible rapprochement with Bosnian and Hercegovinian Serbs should be discouraged. Furthermore, Kallay was advised to deny the existence of any Austro-Hungarian annexation plans in regard to Bosnia-Hercegovina. Prince Mihailo and his statesmen should be assured that Habsburg Monarchy did not intend to change the existing borders. Most of all, Serbia should be warned not to start an aggressive action against Turkey under the influence of Russia. Kallay was to explain that Turkey, although not as strong as before, was still in command of an impressive military prowess. (3) Beust recognized the potency of the rising spirit of nationalism among the South Slavs. He feared that the Serbian state, acting as a moving force, would proceed in uniting the South Slavs and establishing ties with other Slavic nations. Beust was opposed to the formation of a strong Slavic state: Serbian aspirations in regard to Bosnia-Hercegovina should not be supported. Under no circumstances should Serbia be allowed to take over these provinces, even if Serbia would elect to continue paying a tribute to the Porte. (4) The same document urged Kallay to express goodwill towards Serbian governmental officials strengthening mutual respect and collaboration. Thus, the promotion that Kallay received should be explained as a gesture of such good will. The previous position of a general consul, held by his predecessor August von Lenk, was elevated to a higher rank with the added title of a diplomatic agent. Consul Lenk was replaced because "he did not sufficiently understand the local circumstances, personalities or speak the language." (5) From the very beginning, Kallay's political career was influenced by his interest in the study of nationalities and in particular in the issues regarding the Serbian minority in Hungary. Kallay believed that the future of Hungary depended on the amicable and just solution of minority issues. In his formative years as a student, Kallay was influenced by the ideas of the Hungarian uprising of 1848-1849 that resulted in the short lived independence from Austrian rule. The political and administrative visions of a number of Hungarian revolutionary leaders projected Hungary's future in a broadly conceived union of Balkan states envisioning the possibility of a Hungarian-Serbian-Romanian confederation. (6) Kallay was also influenced by the ideas of Stuart Mills and subsequently decided to translate into Hungarian Mills' On Liberty. …


This book presents the latest evidence-based information on current non-operative treatment recommendations for shoulder rehabilitation. Addressing a range of shoulder disorders, including glenohumeral joint instability, glenohumeral joint impingement, and frozen shoulder, Shoulder Rehabilitation: Non-Operative Treatment provides easy-to-follow guidelines on how to develop rehabilitation plans tailored to the specific needs of the patient. It also covers special topics in shoulder rehabilitation, such as how to modify traditional exercises for shoulder rehabilitation; the use of taping and external devices in rehabilitation; and the use of interval-based sport return programs. Highlights of this text: -In-depth coverage of specific shoulder pathologies with key basic science information -Detailed descriptions of specific exercise modifications that will help return the active shoulder patient to full activity following physical therapy -Extensive use of photographs and figures that illustrate recommended exercise and mobilization techniques An ideal clinical reference, this book will benefit specialists in orthopedics, sports medicine, and physical therapy, as well as students in graduate-level physical therapy and athletic training programs.


Abstract A recent citizens' initiative calls for a switch from indexing pension benefits to consumer prices (80%) and wages (20%) to full wage indexation. Such a reform could increase private consumption and government tax revenue in the short run. This is especially the case if the increase in pension expenditures is first financed by decumulating pension funds. In the long run, however, the reform would require a much higher contribution rate and result in lower private consumption compared to the current system. The reform would increase pension expenditures slowly but permanently. Therefore, it would be a very clumsy way of stimulating the economy. Possible stimulating effects would not suffice to finance the reform. The reform would benefit especially the cohorts that are about to retire when the reform is implemented. They would receive higher pension benefits throughout their retirement period, without paying higher contributions. All future cohorts would be worse off.


ABSTRACT The emerging epidemic of drug resistance places the development of efficacious and safe antibiotics in the spotlight of current research. Here, we report the design of next-generation aminoglycosides. Discovery efforts were driven by rational synthesis focusing on 4′ alkylations of the aminoglycoside paromomycin, with the goal to alleviate the most severe and disabling side effect of aminoglycosides—irreversible hearing loss. Compounds were evaluated for target activity in in vitro ribosomal translation assays, antibacterial potency against selected pathogens, cytotoxicity against mammalian cells, and in vivo ototoxicity. The results of this study produced potent compounds with excellent selectivity at the ribosomal target, promising antibacterial activity, and little, if any, ototoxicity upon chronic administration. The favorable biocompatibility profile combined with the promising antibacterial activity emphasizes the potential of next-generation aminoglycosides in the treatment of infectious diseases without the risk of ototoxicity. IMPORTANCE The ever-widening epidemic of multidrug-resistant infectious diseases and the paucity of novel antibacterial agents emerging from modern screening platforms mandate the reinvestigation of established drugs with an emphasis on improved biocompatibility and overcoming resistance mechanisms. Here, we describe the preparation and evaluation of derivatives of the established aminoglycoside antibiotic paromomycin that effectively remove its biggest deficiency, ototoxicity, and overcome certain bacterial resistance mechanisms. The ever-widening epidemic of multidrug-resistant infectious diseases and the paucity of novel antibacterial agents emerging from modern screening platforms mandate the reinvestigation of established drugs with an emphasis on improved biocompatibility and overcoming resistance mechanisms. Here, we describe the preparation and evaluation of derivatives of the established aminoglycoside antibiotic paromomycin that effectively remove its biggest deficiency, ototoxicity, and overcome certain bacterial resistance mechanisms.


The present paper focuses on the experimental determination of automotive twin-scroll turbine acoustic performance. The unique test-rig for automotive turbocharger acoustics at KTH CCGEx laboratory is further developed to enable testing of modern twin-scroll turbines under controlled laboratory conditions. It is shown how the passive acoustic properties of such turbines can be accurately characterized by means of an acoustic three-port formulation. Governing equations along with the new test-rig design are presented and discussed in detail. Furthermore, complementary results from the first experimental determination of twin-scroll turbine acoustic three-port data are presented.


British Columbia (B.C.) currently has the fastest growing rate of seniors compared to any other jurisdiction across Canada. While the senior population is diverse, a commonality that exists among seniors is their desire to continue to age within their homes and communities. However, the accessibility and availability of home support services, as well as issues in housing are creating barriers, and continue to contribute to premature placement into residential care, caregiver burnout, and overuse of acute care services. A literature review was conducted to assess the current state of home support and housing in B.C., and possible solutions are explored drawing on two innovative community based models of aging in place (Village model and Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities, Supportive Service Program). Reframing 'aging in place' to 'aging in community' by emphasizing social capital offers possible solutions to support B.C seniors to age healthily and safely within their homes and communities. EXPLORING INNOVATIVE MODELS TO SUPPORT AGING IN COMMUNITY IN B.C 3


How should we define Europe? What constitutes Europe? What is the relationship between the European Union (EU) and outside states that deem themselves European? What are the discourses of these states towards Europe and their position within it? These questions form the basis of Identities and Foreign Policies in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Whereas other studies perceived identity as a dichotomy, for instance between Westernisers and Slavophiles, this investigation changes identity perceptions, arguing that it should be considered a continuum.


INTRODUCTION Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are intimately involved in the control of the growth and reproductive activities of the gonadal tissues, which synthesize and secrete male and female sex hormones. The levels of circulating FSH and LH are controlled by these sex hormones through a negative feedback relationship. FSH is a glycoprotein secreted by the basophilic cells of the anterior pituitary. Gonadotropin-release hormone (GnRH), produced in the hypothalamus, controls the release of FSH from anterior pituitary. Like other glycoproteins, such as LH, TSH, and hCG, FSH consists of subunits designated as alpha and beta. Hormones of this type have alpha subunits that are very similar structurally, therefore the biological and immunological properties of each are dependent on the unique beta subunit. In the female, FSH stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles by acting directly on the receptors located on the grannulosa cells; follicular steroidogenesis is promoted and LH production is stimulated. The LH produced then binds to the theca cells and stimulates steroidogenesis. Increased intraovarian estradiol production occurs as follicular maturation advances, there upon stimulating increased FSH receptor activity and FSH follicular binding. FSH, LH, and estradiol are therefore intimately related in supporting ovarian recruitment and maturation in women. FSH levels are elevated after menopause, castration, and in premature ovarian failure. The levels of FSH may be normalized through the administration of estrogen, which demonstrate a negative feedback mechanism. Abnormal relationships between FSH and LH, and between FSH and estrogen have been linked to anorexia nervosa and polycystic ovarian disease. Although there are significant exceptions, ovarian failure is indicated when random FSH concentrations exceed 40mIU/ml. The growth of the seminiferous tubules and maintenance of spermatogenesis in men are regulated by FSH. However, androgens, unlike estrogen, do not lower FSH levels, therefore demonstrating a feedback relationship only with serum LH. For reasons not only fully understood, azospermic and oligospermic males usually have elevated FSH levels. Tumors of the testes generally depress serum FSH concentrations. High levels of FSH in men may be found in primary testicular failure and Klinefelter syndrome. Elevated concentrations are also present in cases of starvation, renal failure, hyperthyroidism, and cirrhosis.


Background: Two polymorphic forms of the p53 gene that codes either for Arginine or proline at codon 72 were identified, However, this individual might have one of the three genotypes: Arginine/Arginine, Proline/Proline or Arginine /Proline. Previous studies suggested that Arginine form of the p53 codon 72 polymorphism is a risk factor for HPV associated with cervical cancer and has been explored as a possible risk factor for the development of skin cancer in general. This study was aimed to clarify the association of this polymorphism in relation to beta Human Papilloma virus (HPV) 5,8 E6 oncoprotein expression in basal cell carcinoma in Basra, Iraq. Patients & Methods: Blood samples and tissue biopsy from 29 histologically confirmed BCC cases and 31 normal controls were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) method to determine the genotype of p53 codon 72 and conventional PCR for HPV 5 and 8 E6 oncoprotein expression in BCC biopsies. Results: the frequency of Arg/Arg, Pro/Pro or Arg/Pro were 10.3%, 24.1% and 65.5% respectively among patients group and 6.5%, 58.1% and 35.5% among the control group. This result showed a significant increase in the frequency of p53-72 Arginine/Proline heterozygous among BCC cases as compared with controls according to the dominant genetic model (P value =0.007, the Odds ratio = 4.3, 95% CI = (1.434013.2059). There was negative expression of HPV 5 and 8 E6 oncoprotein in all the biopsies tested. Conclusion: These finding indicates that the heterozygosity of the p53 codon 72 could be an immunogentic risk factors in the development of BCC, but there was no association detected with HPV5,8 E6 oncoprotein from the examined cases.


This excellent resource provides help for ministers who must plan their sermons not only according to the liturgical church year but also in response to the secular calendar of national holidays and public ceremonies, and in response to the program calendar of local and denominational emphases. Individual chapters discuss preaching about racial relations; family, church, and nation; the global witness of the church; work; evangelism; stewardship; and giving thanks. Suggestions for sermons on each theme are provided as well.


The LIPAc accelerator aims to operate 125 mA/CW deuteron beam at 9 MeV to validate IFMIF's accelerators that will operate in CW 125 mA at 40 MeV. The different subsystems of LIPAc have been designed and constructed mainly by European labs and are being installed and commissioned in Rokkasho Fusion Center. The 2.45 GHz ECR injector developed by CEA-Saclay is designed to deliver 140 mA/100 keV CW D beam with 99% gas fraction ratio. Its LEBT presents a dual solenoid focusing system to transport and match the beam into the RFQ. Its commissioning continues in 2016 in parallel with the RFQ installation. The normalized RMS emittance at the RFQ injection cone is to be within 0.25π mm·mrad to allow 96% transmission through the 9.81 m long RFQ. In order to avoid activation during commissioning, an equal perveance H beam of half current and half energy as nominal with deuterons is used. In this article, the commissioning results with 110 mA/100 keV D beam and 55 mA/50 keV H beam are first reported.


Research on civil violence and political instability has yielded important baseline information about the conditions that have the potential to increase risks for mass violence, political instability, or state failure. Limits on data collection, analysis, and interpretation immediately before and during outbreaks of conflict, however, constrain analysts from identifying which conflict-prone country will descend into political instability or violence in time for a targeted intervention or effective response. This paper presents a conceptual framework for analyzing the heterogeneous and dynamic character of local conflict. This work is anchored in the need to describe conflict dynamics as they occur, to understand in real-time the political, economic, and social drivers and to gather high-resolution (e.g. local, disaggregated) data to analyze social instability. The paper demonstrates the effectiveness of such a framework and applies it to three case studies: the Kenyan presidential election of 2007, the Georgia-South Ossetian war in 2008, and the Mexico drug wars in 2010. The case-study results suggest that the analysis of high-resolution event data immediately prior to two of the conflicts could have enabled early detection and warning of the potential for large-scale civil violence. The third case provides retrospective analytical insight into local conflict dynamics. This paper argues that in an era of non-state actors, emergent conflict, and natural resource pressures, a new conceptual approach to event data collection and analytical process can provide low-cost, near real-time monitoring and evaluation of ongoing and potential conflicts in multiple languages and regions.


Joan Peppard has been elected as the next President of the European Association of Hospital Pharmacists (EAHP), commencing a 3-year term of office from June 2015. She will now serve 1 year as President Elect during the final 12 months of Dr Roberto Frontini's Presidency of the Association.

The election took place at the General Assembly of EAHP in Sofia. The General Assembly is the annual occasion at which the 34 member countries of EAHP meet in person to determine policy, elect the Board, scrutinise the activities of the Association and conduct other decision making activity.

Joan, a chief pharmacist in a hospital in the Irish midlands, currently serves on the EAHP Board as Director of Professional Development and has twice been the head of the Hospital Pharmacists Association of Ireland in the position of President. Prior to joining the EAHP Board, Joan was for many years one of the lead delegates for Ireland within the EAHP annual General Assembly and played an active role in the conduct of EAHP educational and research activities at the national level.

Speaking after her election, Joan Peppard, President-Elect of EAHP said: "It is with a sense of great humility that I begin to take on the primary leadership role of the EAHP, knowing that under the stewardship of predecessors a real momentum of energy and experience has been established to make EAHP the driver for hospital pharmacy practice improvement across Europe that it is today. With the new European Statements of Hospital Pharmacy recently agreed …


The practical application of international humanitarian law to a potential non-international armed conflict is unclear in case law and other literature. This Comment fills the lacuna by clarifying existing legal standards, reconciling the inconsistent application of these standards, and honing the law of non-international armed conflict. Specifically, this Comment focuses on the two essential elements of a non-international armed conflict: (1) a nonstate actor that is sufficiently organized and (2) violence that is sufficiently intense. The meaning and scope of the "organization" and "intensity" criteria are developed on the basis of treaty law, case law, and case studies of Colombia and Mexico. This newly clarified legal standard is then applied to the extreme-left Naxalite-Maoist insurgency in India, a conflict waged with particular fervor since 2004. The insurgency's organized and violent nature necessitates the conclusion that a non-international armed conflict exists between the Indian State and the Naxalites, triggering the application of international humanitarian law.


Landscape preference research has been widely discusse d in the fields of landscape
architecture and environmental psychology. A forum on urban and park as natural
resources, held at IFLA World Congress 2007 concluded that urban people are
becoming more aware and concerned about the quality of urban parks and urban
forest parks.
In previous research findings, it was noted that the public was influenced and
responded differently towards different types of landscape patterns in both types of
park areas due to many reasons. Previous researches depict that the nat uralistic
landscape pattern in urban forest parks are preferred by people because it may
provide benefits in terms of ecology and psychology. However, a certain number of
researches found that some people preferred urban forest parks lesser due to the
landscape pattern of the area which might contribute to a frightening or unsafe
feeling and that it appears disorganised. It was found that the public are more
comfortable with a neat, formal and tidy approach in designed landscape patterns in
urban park areas.
Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the public preferences
towards the naturalistic and designed landscape patterns. The publics' preferences
towards these landscape patterns are investigated using a questionnaire survey that
is divided into 3 sections. Section A deals with questions on the demographi c
background of the respondents, Section B deals with questions on preferences
towards photographs using the Likert scale and Section C consists of open -ended
questions.
The results revealed that the public preferred both types of landscape patterns with
a mean value at 3.27 for the naturalistic approach (Canopy Walkway Trail) and
3.22 for the designed approach (Metropolitan Park). Even though the statistical
means depict slight differences, this research found that there are still significant
differences between the publics' preferences to the landscape patterns based on the
photographs that were rated by the respondents. It confirmed that in naturalistic
landscape patterns, the responde nts preferred the natural elements and natural
arrangement scenes while in the designed landscape pattern, they preferred the
facilities elements and formal arrangement scenes. It is hoped that the preferred
scenes by the respondents can be maintained and the ones not preferred be
improved upon in future.


The unbalanced chromosomal anomalies generate an abnormal pattern of development and usually determine miscarriage. The most frequent prenatal chromosomal anomalies are X monosomy, trisomies of chromosomes 21, 18, 13, 16, 8, triploidy and tetraploidy. Identification of chromosomal anomalies can be done by prenatal screening and diag nosis. Prenatal screening is biochemical, sonographic or molecular (detection of fetal DNA in maternal blood). Biochemical screening can be done in the first or second tri mester. First-trimester screening is based on the detection in maternal serum of beta-hCG (β-hCG) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A). Biochemical screening in the second trimester requires the detection of alpha-fetoprotein (aFP) hGC, unconju - gated estriol (μE) and inhibin A. The sonographic examination can be used in the first or second trimesters. In the first trimester, an ultrasound can identify soft markers like nuchal translucency, nasal bone and ductus venous flow. In the second trimester the sonographic examination can identify congenital anomalies or different soft markers. Prenatal chromosomal diagnosis requires an invasive procedure to obtain embryonic or fetal material. Such procedures are represented by chorionic villus sampling amniocen - tesis or cordocentesis. The fetal cells are used for cell cultures (in cytogenetic methods) or for molecular analyses (FISH, QF-PCR, MLPA, array-CGH).


Importance sampling provides a practical, production-proven method for integrating diffuse and glossy surface reflections with arbitrary image-based environment or area lighting constructs. Here, functions are evaluated at random points across a domain to produce an estimate of an integral. When using a large number of sample points, the method produces a very accurate result of the integral and provides a strong basis for simulating complex problems such as light transport. Frequently, using the necessary number of samples to reach the exact result is too computationally expensive and fewer samples are evaluated at the cost of visual noise, or variance, within the image. Importance sampling offers a means to reduce the variance by skewing the samples toward regions of the illumination integral that provide the most energy. For instance, the direction of specular reflection or a bright light source within an environment more likely represent the final value of the integral than a random sample. The variance can be reduced more efficiently by combining multiple components of the illumination integral, such as the lighting and material function, to determine where to sample, which is the principle of Multiple Importance Sampling (MIS). As an alternative to the noise in importance sampling, Filtered Importance Sampling (FIS) can provide fast integration, where the lighting environment look-ups are prefiltered to give a smoother result with a significantly smaller number of samples. Importance sampling, MIS and FIS have various practical implications. In this quarter-day course, we cover the necessary background for using Monte Carlo-based techniques for direct lighting and explain how various visual effects companies use these shading methods in their production pipelines.


Once successful, most companies fall victim to strategic rigidity. The more the business model is attuned to the existing environment, the harder it is to reform it when conditions change. In response to this renewal challenge, the "agile organization" has been hailed as a way to keep innovating and adapting, allowing firms to evolve and grow, making the "S-curve" of maturity obsolete and building strong adaptive capabilities to foster continuous renewal. The purpose of this paper is to better understand the strategic role of agility in the life-cycle of a business. We explain what an agile organization is, the limits of its applicability (boundary conditions), the nature of the output and innovation it produces and the required preconditions to make it effective. This allows us to assess its potential to deal with the inflection point in the maturity curve and rekindle growth.


The period from 1921 to 1930 saw the Daily Herald come under the direct control of the organised Labour movement - jointly owned by the Labour Party and the Trades Union Congress. It seperates an earlier incarnation of independent left radicalism from a subsequent identity as a commercial daily tied to an official political line.

It is a period of commercial and competitive failure - the 500,000 circulation constantly evoked as a target was only attained in times of exceptional political or industrial excitement. Reliant on movement subsidies for capital finance it was unable to match the new features and inducements - notably insurance schemes - that competitors provided in a period of rapid expansion and intense circulation battles.

Editorially it was torn between the radicalism of its staff, the journalistic instinct to avoid predictability and the desire of Labour's moderate leaders for an automatically reliable supporter in the national press. As leadership pressures mounted it increasingly became the voice of the centre lecturing followers, with debate restricted - but independent instincts were never totally curbed.

Failure to attract the desired mass readership cannot be wholly attributed to poverty. Initially developed as the voice of a committed, informed radical political elite it continued to reflect their interests - and would always choose to educate rather than entertain. In the absence of a mass counterculture this left it seeking a popular readership with a serious approach. Realisation that a different approach was needed to win such a readership combined with recognition that this would need capital investment beyond the means of the movement to force the partnership formed with Odhams Press in 1929, ending exclusive movement control.


The Nilwala River is the third largest in the southern province of Sri Lanka which runs through 72 km along its cause. Conversion of forest lands to agricultural lands, expansion of urban areas and clearing of land for construction purposes in the catchment are major issues affecting water quality in Nilwala River. The water quality of the Nilwala River lower basin at 16 locations was estimated for 4 months from September2010 to December 2010 in two-week intervals. Water quality parameters pH, Electrical conductivity(EC), Dissolved oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD 5 ), turbidity, colour, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), total hardness, alkalinity, Nitrite-N (NO 2 - -N), Nitrate -N (NO 3 - -N), Phosphate (PO 4 3- -P), Sulphate (SO 4 3- ), Total Fe, Ca 2+ , F - and Cl - were evaluated in the sampling locations. The spatial and temporal variation of water quality associated with different land use categories were analyzed using Two-way ANOVA. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA) were also conducted to determine the association between water quality variation and land use impacts of the catchment. A significant (p +2 among sites were observed to be associated with different land use categories. No significant (p >0.05) temporal variability in water quality parameters except Nitrite and hardness was detected. PCA and CA also indicated a strong association between the water quality variables and the land use types of the river basin. Urban impacts, land clearance in the catchment and sand mining activities of the river bed were found to be the most significant impacts to the water quality of the river and areas with forest cover having positive impact to the water quality. These findings emphasize the need of better catchment management approaches and remediation of urban impacts on river water quality.


In recent years the library community has seen a renewed interest in library architecture and design. This is due to the change of focus from content and collection development to how libraries engage with their users in a digital age. This means that librarians, architects, politicians and patrons must develop new visions, concepts and ideas for the design and building of libraries. This book brings together a number of articles based on presentations from the IFLA World Congress 2009: historical view of the development of children's libraries over the last century, a look at how children use new media, libraries of the future, innovative design projects for children's libraries from around the world. current theme historical view and new projects