The band edge and higher-lying interband transitions of CuAl(Se0.5S0.5)2 compound have been characterized using thermoreflectance (TR) measurements at room temperature. Single crystals of CuAl(Se0.5S0.5)2 were grown by chemical vapor transport method using ICl3 as the transport agent. The TR measurement results showed three interband transitions denoted as E1, E2, and E3 detected near the band edge of CuAl(Se0.5S0.5)2 chalcopyrite compound. The lowest-energy transition is the main band-edge transition positioned at E1 = 2.96 eV, the second is E2 = 3.05 eV, and the other higher-energy transition is E3 = 3.202 eV, respectively. Polarized-thermoreflectance (PTR) measurements showed that the E1 and E2 transition features are observed only with the linearly polarized light along the e|| (needle axis) direction while the E3 transition largely appears with the electrical field of e perpendicular (⊥) to the needle axis. The E1 and E2 transitions may originate from the valence-band top while the E3 transition is closely related to the valence-band splitting in the crystal. To characterize the anisotropic properties of electronic structure of CuAl(Se0.5S0.5)2, PTR measurements were carried out over a wide energy range of 2.5-6 eV. The interband transitions belonging to E|| or E⊥ polarization are respectively identified. On the basis of experimental analysis, the electronic structure near the fundamental band edge of CuAl(Se0.5S0.5)2 has thus been determined.


Masked Illusions: An Examination of Performance Traditions and W.E.B. DuBois' Notion of Double ConsciousnessGot one mind for white folks to see,`Nother for what I know is me,He don't know, he don't know my mind.lines from an old Negro SongWhen African slaves arrived in America, unfamiliar with the language, the land and the people, they were forced and encouraged to negotiate their identities and adopt qualities of being completely unfamiliar to them. They were forced to bury their language in the garbled cries of fear that all too often echoed the slave ships and slave quarters. Performance traditions were censored and often restricted by the dominant culture. Events such as burying their dead, marriage, and paying homage to ancestors became disguised and ultimately very secret. Each culture's historical past speaks to the devised strategies utilized to insure the survival and transmission of history, consciousness and identity. Historically, the cultural task of masking such horrific pain has been passed from one generation of African Americans to another. African Americans have constantly negotiated historic events in an effort to shape their racial consciousness and identity. According to scholar Earl Lewis, "Most of us are engaged in the awkward process of simultaneously negotiating the past, present and future." (Lewis, 356) Such negotiation is critical in the identity construction of a constant performer.The concept of performance is entering the literary arena as a special topic that is attracting speculative study and interest. In recent years, as a post-modern shift in consciousness has stimulated processional, interdisciplinary, and intergeneric studies, a growing number of scholars have found "performance" to be a particularly fruitful type of human action to investigate. (Fine and Speer, 2) My primary interests in performance center around its subtle emergence and great significance in the African American literary and film traditions. Presently, the focus on process has expanded and intensified as performance theorists probe the means by which discourse can be separated from one context and recontextualized in another situation.I have coined the term constant performer in an effort to recognize a realm of performance exclusive to individuals resisting social, political, cultural and, sometimes, gender-based constructs in African, African American, and American cultures. Constant performers, as I have defined them, are extensions of a multifaceted true self and external revelations of the unforeseen. The question that presents itself in the midst of their performance is what constitutes the identity of constant performers. The constant performer can be described metaphysically as a multilayered personality with distinguishable consciousnesses. This multilayered personality is compounded by experiences, memories, and complexities; however, the constant performer's consciousness is plagued by duality based solely on cultural ramifications. Lewis asserts, "the subject or self should be considered singular and positions of the self multiple -- or multipositional" and "the process of identity formation is neither linear nor always intuitive." (Lewis, 356). The constructed personae constant performers present on stage continuously re-position or enigmatically reveal their interiors through performance. The entire collective selfhood of the performing individual which exists in the layered depths of constant performers can never seen as a whole; it always presents itself in segmented portions.Hidden beneath the smiles and tucked behind the cackling grins are subjects torn between two worlds which mercilessly reject, embrace, and ostracize the individual all at the same time. According to W.E.B. Du Bois, these two worlds create an internal conflict in the African American individual between what is "African" and what is "American." Critic Dickson D. Bruce, Jr. makes the claim that, for Du Bois, the essence of a distinctive African consciousness is its spirituality, a spirituality based in Africa but revealed among African Americans in their folklore, their history of patient suffering, and their faith. …


Porous sandwich core specimens are finding increased use in impact limiting applications such as armor protection due to their ability to attenuate transmitted forces via energy dissipative core crushing. For this research, dynamic testing was performed using a Hopkinson bar and gas gun and the transmitted force response of aluminum foam and stainless steel honeycomb sandwich specimens were captured at various stages of core crush. The initial contact force did not change significantly with velocity, but instead, remained relatively constant for a given core density. Increasing core density did increase initial contact force (stiffer response), but also lowered peak force recorded at core densification due to the amount of energy that could be dissipated through the sandwich specimen. Examining two representative coupon specimens (one 0.5 g/cc aluminum foam core and one 6.35 mm cell-size stainless steel honeycomb core), finite element analysis based on an isotropic foam material model in Abaqus/Explicit was able to simulate the transmitted force time histories and appeared similar to the actual dynamic force data. The same material model when applied to a larger 610 x 610 mm panel and subject to a wide area dynamic load experienced similar stress concentrations and response as actual panel tests. The implication of this investigation is that the force attenuation and dynamic behavior of small coupon specimens can be used to validate and predict the behavior of larger panels under dynamic loading.


Despite widespread concern over heated diplomatic debates and growing interest in public diplomacy, it is still incompletely understood what type of message is more effective for gaining support from foreign public, or the international society, in situations where disputing countries compete in diplomatic campaigns. This study, through multiple survey experiments, uncovers the effect of being silent, issuing positive justification, and negative accusation, in interaction with the opponent's strategy. We demonstrate that negative verbal attacks "work" and undermine the target's popularity as they do in electoral campaigns. Unlike domestic electoral campaigns, however, negative diplomacy has little "backlash" and persuades people to support the attacker. Consequently, mutual verbal fights make neither party more popular than the other. Nevertheless, this does not discourage disputants from waging verbal fights due to the structure similar to the one-shot prisoner's dilemma. We also find that positive messages are highly context-dependent—that is, their effects greatly depend on the opponent's strategy and value proximity between the messenger and the receiver.


The area of the Central North Sea is notorious for the occurrence of very high waves in certain wave trains. The short-term distribution of these wave trains includes waves which are far steeper than predicted by the Rayleigh distribution. Such waves are often termed extreme waves or freak waves. An analysis of the extreme statistical properties of these waves has been made. The analysis is based on more than 12 yr of wave records from the Maersk Olie og Gas AS operated Gorm Field which is located in the Danish sector of the Central North Sea. From the wave recordings more than 400 freak wave candidates were found. The ratio between the extreme crest height and the significant wave height (20-min value) has been found to be about 1.8, and the ratio between extreme crest height and extreme wave height has been found to be 0.69. The latter ratio is clearly outside the range of Gaussian waves, and it is higher than the maximum value for steep nonlinear long-crested waves, thus indicating that freak waves are not of a permanent form, and probably of short-crested nature. The extreme statistical distribution is represented by a Weibull distribution with an upper bound,more » where the upper bound is the value for a depth-limited breaking wave. Based on the measured data, a procedure for determining the freak wave crest height with a given return period is proposed. A sensitivity analysis of the extreme value of the crest height is also made.« less


This article assesses the impact of examination mapping as a tool to enhancing assessment and teaching quality in a second-year biochemistry unit for undergraduates. Examination mapping is a process where all questions in a written examination paper are assessed for links to the unit's intended learning outcomes. We describe how mapping a final written examination helped visualise the impact of the assessment task on intended learning outcomes and skills for that biochemistry unit. The method involved complete analysis of all the final examination questions, and linking each question to task-specific criteria or learning outcomes. This strategy also identified the distribution of marks to key learning outcomes such as knowledge, interpretation and application. Our results indicated that 45% of the questions addressed the knowledge aspect while 37% and 18% were allocated to interpretation and application facets of the intended learning outcomes respectively. In addition, our exam mapping strategy aided in defining the characteristics of examination questions. The examination mapping exercise proved to be a useful process that can enhance a balanced assessment of skills in addition to devising strategies such as criterion-referenced assessment for examinations.


Jews who survived in Nazi-occupied territory from 1939-1945 are a vanishing cohort. Nonetheless, because of advanced age, past trauma, and fears of stigmatization their increasing needs challenge existing mental health services. Because the number of survivors will shrink to zero within the next two decades, a sense of urgency pervades discussion of their care. Novel social support programs developed for Holocaust survivors show promise as avenues to reduce avoidable disability in late life associated with dementia and other mental illnesses. By drawing attention to these programs and extending their reach, it may be possible to preserve their benefits for a larger population in need beyond the last of the Holocaust survivors. The recent Professional Exchange Program to Israel sponsored by JDC-ESHEL in Israel and the Caring Commission of the United Jewish Appeal-Federation of New York suggests such an extension is possible. This column focuses on only one aspect of the Exchange, the integration of mental health services into social programs serving Holocaust survivors in New York City and Israel.


ABSTRACT The World Bank has for over a decade tried to formalize the informal economy in Kosovo. However, local journalists and businessmen among others provide an alternative understanding of informality that problematizes the World Bank's view and actions. Against this backdrop, the article analyses the constitution and the constitutive effects of the World Bank's anti-informality operations in Kosovo between 1999 and 2014. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu's power analytics, the article claims that the Bank's agenda, and the economic ideas enacted through it, does structure and shape informal economic practices on the ground. Yet this structuring involves two forms of misrecognition. As a result, informality is paradoxically constituted (in novel ways) and reconstituted through the World Bank's imposed anti-informality agenda. The article concludes with a discussion of how this underlines the need for policy solutions that depart from liberal peacebuilding's subject–object distinction to form instead around an acknowledgement of informality as emergent and transforming throughout international interventions.


UGC: Infonet: E-Journals Consortium is the one amongst the foremost programmes launched by University Grants Commission (UGC), India for the free flow of scholarly information between the Indian universities. It is a new phase for the higher educational system of the country in which peer-reviewed literature from all across the world is being given to the academic and research community. The programme is fully funded by UGC and being monitored and executed by Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET) Centre. INFLIBNET has taken various steps to make exhaustive and comprehensive usage of provided e-resources, by the member universities. The Centre has also conducted various seminars, conferences, training and awareness programmes to make the end user aware about the benefits and use of e-resources in terms of information search, browse and download. In the sequence of various programmes, 5 national seminars were also conducted in different regions of the country. In these seminars a well-designed questionnaire was circulated, to know the awareness level of the users about the UGC-Infonet initiative. Through this paper an attempt is made to analyze the feedback given by the user and valuable suggestions and ambiguities are also observed


COVID-19 shuttered schools across the United States, upending traditional approaches to education. We examine teachers' experiences during emergency remote teaching in the spring of 2020 using responses to a working conditions survey from a sample of 7,841 teachers across 206 schools and 9 states. Teachers reported a range of challenges related to engaging students in remote learning and balancing their professional and personal responsibilities. Teachers in highpoverty and majority Black schools perceived these challenges to be the most severe, suggesting the pandemic further increased existing educational inequities. Using data from both pre-post and retrospective surveys, we find that the pandemic and pivot to emergency remote teaching resulted in a sudden, large drop in teachers' sense of success. We also demonstrate how supportive working conditions in schools played a critical role in helping teachers to sustain their sense of success. Teachers who could depend on their district and school-based leadership for strong communication, targeted training, meaningful collaboration, fair expectations, and recognition of their efforts were least likely to experience declines in their sense of success.


The assimilation of this thesis began as an attempt to highlight that which lay
uncatalogued, and therefore unknown about, in libraries. This was due to an
unfortunate lack of qualified staff, time, or funding. Enquiries into the collections in
The Royal Irish Academy of Music revealed the music of the three societies upon
which this thesis focuses. Although musicologists have attempted to gather
information from these collections, it was almost impossible. The scores and
manuscripts were distributed throughout the entirety of the storage stacks of the
library in disarray: uncollated and uncatalogued. The librarian, Philip Shields, had
attempted to collate the items. However this was a time-consuming task and one
which was impractical due to other responsibilities.
The first task in compiling these catalogues was to examine every item which was
stored in the stacks of the library to ascertain those which may have been used by the
three societies under examination: The Anacreontic Society, The Sons o f Handel or
The Antient Concerts Society. A large quantity of scores and manuscripts were
discovered from the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The decision was
made that, for this purpose, only items which bore the mark of the society would be
included in the catalogue. A digital image was then taken of the title page of each
item (if one was extant), and of each distinguishing feature of the items. This
resulted in a 'virtual' copy of the collection, from which the catalogue was
compiled. These digital images are used throughout the catalogue for reasons threefold.
First, the items are at least 150 years old, and many are in bad condition. One
will now be able to view the scores and manuscripts without touching the items.
Secondly, the inclusion of the images removes subjective descriptions of the
imprints, stamps, signatures, pictures and other idiosyncrasies found within the
collection. Thirdly, musicologists will be able to compare or identify, with relative ease what was not ascertainable within the scope of this project.
 The accompanying
CDs include photographs taken from the aforementioned 'virtual' copy of the
collection. Each contains directories which divide the photographs into specific
areas e.g. copyist signatures, markings of societies, publisher's markings, local
supplier's markings etc. The individual photographs names are referenced within the
context of the catalogue. These photographs highlight other possible areas of
further research, for example into publishing in the nineteenth century.


A persistent challenge in conditional image synthesis has been to generate diverse output images from the same input image despite only one output image being observed per input image. GAN-based methods are prone to mode collapse, which leads to low diversity. To get around this, we leverage Implicit Maximum Likelihood Estimation (IMLE) which can overcome mode collapse fundamentally. IMLE uses the same generator as GANs but trains it with a different, non-adversarial objective which ensures each observed image has a generated sample nearby. Unfortunately, to generate high-fidelity images, prior IMLE-based methods require a large number of samples, which is expensive. In this paper, we propose a new method to get around this limitation, which we dub Conditional Hierarchical IMLE (CHIMLE), which can generate high-fidelity images without requiring many samples. We show CHIMLE significantly outperforms the prior best IMLE, GAN and diffusion-based methods in terms of image fidelity and mode coverage across four tasks, namely night-to-day, 16x single image super-resolution, image colourization and image decompression. Quantitatively, our method improves Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) by 36.9% on average compared to the prior best IMLE-based method, and by 27.5% on average compared to the best non-IMLE-based general-purpose methods.


I. Leadership Theory and Leadership Development Models 241A. Leadership Theory 2411. The "Great Man" Theory 2442. Behavior Theories 2453. Relationship Theories 2464. Contingency Theories 2475. Current Theories: Post-Transformational and PostCharismatic Leadership 248B. Models for Leadership Development 249II. Leadership Development In Context: The Army 251A. Fundamentals and Theories 251B. Leader Development: West Point 258C. Leader Development: The Army Career 263III. Leadership and the Law 265A. Law Firm Leaders 265B. Law Schools and Leadership Development 271C. Ethical and Public Sector Leadership 273D. Army Lessons for Lawyer-Leader Development 276IV. Conclusion 277Leadership and legal acumen are not two concepts often thought of in conjunction with one another, but more and more, the legal community is emphasizing the importance of leadership for lawyers. And at a time of unsettling law firm financial woes and the unrelenting erosion of their professional reputations, attorneys are turning to the tools of leadership to combat the challenges threatening their profession. While the legal profession and the military have many differences, the cultivation and application of leadership in the military, and more specifically the Army, provides valuable and compelling insights readily employable in the lawyerleader context.Today's attorneys grapple with complex issues and unique challenges. The legal market has recently turned into a highly competitive global market, with firms vying for increasingly sophisticated and fiscally savvy clients who have ready access to legal technologies and information that threaten attorney demand. Adding to these challenges, most attorneys will change jobs several times, work in different professional capacities-possibly in different legal fields-and constantly interact with new colleagues and clients. In short, attorneys today work in a legal environment riddled with competition and change. Successfully navigating this new professional world requires leadership skills. But leadership competencies are not just necessary for those in formal lawyer-leader positions; they are highly beneficial for all lawyers. From learning how to build consensus and work collaboratively to learning active listening and self-awareness skills, these capabilities cannot help but improve the legal culture and sustain professionalism in a tumultuous legal world.Equally important, lawyers as professionals incur an obligation to society to render legal services competently, and above all, ethically. From this perspective, ethical leadership is a necessary component of lawyer leadership, and one that is critical to ensure enduring professional legitimacy and accountability. As legal professionals, attorneys must rededicate their efforts to serve society, ever cognizant of the central role they play in our democratic system.Analogously, military professionals operate in an environment where flexibility and adaptability are crucial, where mission success requires much more than authoritative, formal leadership, and where ethical leadership is essential. For these reasons, military leadership can inform lawyer leadership.Part I of this Note will explore the theoretical foundations of leadership and highlight several prominent leadership-development methods. Part II will provide a survey of leadership development in the Army officer context. Part III will discuss the role of leadership in the legal context, both at law school and beyond; and the final part will conclude with applicable Army lessons for lawyer leadership.I. Leadership Theory and Leadership Development ModelsA. Leadership TheoryA foundation for leadership theory must first address the question of whether leaders are made or born. While this topic traditionally roused much debate, our understanding of leadership has advanced, and there is now a common acknowledgement that successful leaders are, in fact, made. …


The paper discusses about science popularization movements in pre and post independent India. Early eff orts in pre-independent India were made by educators, teachers and science workers. Srirampur College established in Bengal in 1818 probably initiated fi rst public demonstration of modern science in India through public lectures accompanied by experimental demonstrations by its teachers. Besides popular science lectures, initial science popularization eff orts included translation of science books in the vernacular and writing of popular science articles. Father Eugene Lafont of St. Xavier's College played a pioneering role in the fi eld of science popularization in the second part of the nineteenth century. The establishment of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science is an important step in the history of science popularization. Like it was in the then Bengal science popularization movements also took place on other parts of India like in Assamese, Oriya and Punjabi speaking regions. Mobilization for science popularization then took institutional forms as number of notable organizations came into existence as a result of the mobilizations for science popularization. The Dawn Society, Kolkata; the Punjab Science Institute, Lahore; and Vigyan Parishad Prayag, Allahabad; Orissa Bigyan Prachar Samiti, Cuttack; and later on Marathi Vidyan Parishad, Mumbai; etc are examples of such institutions. Indian Science Congress and the science academies played important roles in post-independent India. Jawaharlal Nehru, the fi rst Prime Minister, had put lots of emphasis on spreading scientifi c temper in India. Science and technology policies of the government refl ected Nehru's vision. Suitable institutional frameworks were created. Of late Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in large scale are playing crucial role in taking science to the masses. People's Science Movements have emerged as an important dimension of science popularization movement in India.


Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine which is usually not symptomatic and which can progress during growth and cause a surface deformity. In adulthood, if the final spinal curvature surpasses a certain critical threshold, the risk of health problems and curve progression is increased. Although surgery is usually recommended for curvatures exceeding 40° to 50° to stop curvature progression, recent reviews have shed some light on the long-term complications of such surgery and to the lack of evidence for such complicated procedures within the scientific literature. Furthermore, a number of patients are very fearful of having surgery and refuse this option or live in countries where specialist scoliosis surgery is not available. Other patients may be unable to afford the cost of specialist scoliosis surgery. For these patients the only choice is an alternative non-surgical treatment option. To examine the impact of different management options in patients with severe AIS, with a focus on trunk balance, progression of scoliosis, cosmetic issues, quality of life, disability, psychological issues, back pain, and adverse effects, at both the short-term (a few months) and the long-term (over 20 years). We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL and two other databases up to January 2016 with no language limitations. We also checked the reference lists of relevant articles and conducted an extensive hand search of the grey literature. We searched for randomised controlled trials as well as prospective and retrospective controlled trials comparing spinal fusion surgery with no treatment or conservative treatment in AIS patients with a Cobb angle greater than 40°. We did not identify any evidence of superiority of effectiveness of operative compared to nonoperative interventions for patients with severe AIS. Within the present literature there is no clear evidence to suggest that a specific type of treatment is superior to other types of treatment.


Densities of molten silicates at high pressures (up to ∼230 kilobars) have been measured for the first time with shock-wave techniques. For a model basaltic composition (36 mole percent anorthite and 64 mole percent diopside), a bulk modulus Ks, of ∼230 kilobars and a pressure derivative (dKs/dP) of ∼4 were derived. Some implications of these results are as follows: (i) basic to ultrabasic melts become denser than olivine-and pyroxene-rich host mantle at pressures of 60 to 100 kilobars; (ii) there is a maximum depth from which basaltic melt can rise within terrestrial planetary interiors; (iii) the slopes of silicate solidi [(dTm/dP), where Tm is the temperature] may become less steep at high pressures; and (iv) enriched mantle reservoirs may have developed by downward segregation of melt early in Earth history.


Network security is concerned with protecting sensitive information, limiting unauthorised access, and reinforcing network performance. An important factor in network security is encryption. Internet Security Protocol (IPSec) is the de facto open standard for encryption and replaces the older Cisco Encryption Technology (CET). Both encryption protocols are typically implemented and managed using the text based Command Line Interface (CLI). A graphical user interface (GUI) is available; however, it is not routinely used. Regardless of whether the CLI or GUI is used, both encryption suites are complex to implement and manage. State Model Diagrams (SMDs) were developed and successfully used as the pedagogical foundation of internetworking technologies. SMDs integrate pertinent output from devices and protocol finite state information. SMDs are modular and hierarchical models thereby providing top down deconstruction as a cascaded structure. In terms of ease of use, hyperlinks may be used to navigate between different state tables and diagrams. Moreover, as hierarchical model characteristics allow technical detail to be presented and integrated to assist in managing devices. In this paper, SMDs were used to evaluate CET and IPSec via experiments in order to determine their potential value as network management tool.


When natural disasters strike populated areas, the toll in human lives, infrastructure and economic activities can be devastating and long-lasting. The psychological effects can be just as debilitating, instilling fear and discouragement in the affected populations. But, adversity also brings forth the strongest and best in human beings, and reveals initiatives, capacities and courage not perceived before. How is development undermined by natural disasters, what is the effect on migrants and migratory flows and what is the role of migration in mitigating some of the worst effects of natural calamities? This paper explores how the advent of a natural disaster interplays with the migration–development nexus by reviewing the impact of the Indian Ocean Tsunami on migration issues in three affected countries; Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. This paper focuses on three particular aspects of how natural disasters interplay with the migration/development dynamic: (a) Impact of natural disasters on migrant communities, in particular heightened vulnerabilities and lack of access to humanitarian/development assistance; (b) Effect of natural disasters on migratory flows into and out of affected areas due to socio-economic changes which undermine pre-disaster development levels, (c) Diaspora response and support in the aftermath of disaster and the degree to which this can offset losses and bolster "re-development".


Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are excellent candidates for optical network applications due to their inherent low complexity of both encoders and decoders. A cyclic or quasi-cyclic form of finite geometry LDPC codes simplifies the encoding procedure. In addition, the complexity of an iterative decoder for such codes, namely the min-sum algorithm, is lower than the complexity of a turbo or Reed-Solomon decoder. In fact, simple hard-decoding algorithms such as the bit-flipping algorithm perform very well on codes from projective planes. In this paper, the authors consider LDPC codes from affine planes, projective planes, oval designs, and unitals. The bit-error-rate (BER) performance of these codes is significantly better than that of any other known foward-error correction techniques for optical communications. A coding gain of 9-10 dB at a BER of 10/sup -9/, depending on the code rate, demonstrated here is the best result reported so far. In order to assess the performance of the proposed coding schemes, a very realistic simulation model is used that takes into account in a natural way all major impairments in long-haul optical transmission such as amplified spontaneous emission noise, pulse distortion due to fiber nonlinearities, chromatic dispersion, crosstalk effects, and intersymbol interference. This approach gives a much better estimate of the code's performance than the commonly used additive white Gaussian noise channel model.


Cultural environments are not static and unchanging, they are subject to a number of site transformation processes. Environmental hazards and human activity are among the primary degradation parameters for cultural heritage in Svalbard. The objective of this contribution is to demonstrate the potential advantages of utilising remote sensing for mapping and monitoring cultural heritage in a high arctic environment such as Svalbard. Our data illustrate how various factors associated to an underlying site transformation impact a cultural environment in Svalbard. Furthermore, our findings are a basis for some clues regarding the use of vegetation as a potentially suitable indicator for cultural heritage monitoring. We utilised digital aerial photographs (NIR-R-G) and scanner data including the Vexcel Ultracam sensor (RGB-NIR), WorldView-2satellite imagery, RGB data from an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS). Ground-based surveys included vegetation cover and species composition analysis. There were differences concerning the various sensor abilities to detect the full range of structures and objects within the cultural environment in Smeerenburg. This performance was highly dependent on image resolution, the character of the structures and objects, as well as the vegetation. Our data provide strong indications that Smeerenburg as a cultural environment has been impacted by both environmental and anthropogenic processes linked to the site formation since 1990. Using vegetation indices NDVI and a greenness index, this study showed a decrease and damage on vegetation during the period 1990-2014. Indirectly a pressure on the cultural heritage could be detected, especially around and on the structures. The impact on the cultural environment in Smeerenburg was primarily attributed to coastal erosion, wind, sand drift, trampling and other damage by tourists. The impact from natural hazards such as erosion and sand drift is readily apparent throughout Smeerenburg, but human activity has contributed to the cumulative impact on structures and objects. The wear and tear by tourists to the vulnerable Arctic vegetation and cultural heritage features are exacerbating an ongoing degradation of Smeerenburg as a cultural environment. We focused on vegetation as a potential useful indicator for cultural heritage monitoring in Svalbard, and we found that data describing the state of the vegetation and the factors that impact the vegetation can provide valuable information for threat and vulnerability assessments and for assessing the state of the cultural environment as a whole.


Background There is little qualitative research in the UK focussing on adolescents' experience of their healthcare providers, and inflammatory skin conditions are a common heath problem in adolescence. Aim To explore the experiences of adolescents with eczema and psoriasis with healthcare professionals, and to distil the participants' key messages for their healthcare providers. Design This is a secondary thematic analysis of interviews with adolescents with eczema or psoriasis. Participants There were a total of 41 text transcripts of interviews with young people with eczema or psoriasis who had given permission for secondary analysis; 23 of the participants had eczema, and 18 psoriasis. Participants were living in the UK at time of interview, and aged 15–24 years old. Results We have distilled the following key messages from young people with eczema and psoriasis for healthcare providers: (1) address the emotional impact; (2) give more information, with the subtheme and (3) appreciate patient research. We identified the following eczema-specific themes: (ECZ-4) 'It's not taken seriously'; (ECZ-5) offer choice in treatment and (ECZ-6) lack of structure/conflicting advice. Two psoriasis-specific themes were identified: (PSO-4) feeling dehumanised/treat me as a person; and (PSO-5) think about how treatments will affect daily life. Conclusion This qualitative data analysis highlights the need for greater recognition of the emotional impact of skin disease in adolescence, and for more comprehensive provision of information about the conditions. We call for greater sensitivity and flexibility in our approach to adolescents with skin disease, with important implications for healthcare delivery to this group.


Background. Training of medical professionals is important to improve care during mass-causality events. Therefore, it is essential to extend knowledge on how to design valid and usable simulation-based training environments. Purpose. This article investigates how distributed cognition and simulation theory concepts can guide design of simulation-based training environments. We present the design and user evaluation of DigEmergo, a simulator for training and assessing emergency medicine management. Design approach. A prior Distributed Cognition in Teamwork (DiCoT) analysis of the Emergo Train System (ETS) guided the design process. The design objective of DigEmergo was to be useful, usable, retain distributed cognition features of ETS, and strengthen validity and output reliability. Evaluation. Eight expert ETS instructors participated in a formative system evaluation. The Technology Assessment Model (TAM) questionnaire was used to measure usefulness and ease of use. Observations and post-test interviews were conducted to contextualize the measures. Results. The results showed that DigEmergo was perceived as somewhat to quite useful and somewhat easy to use. Overall, expert users considered DigEmergo promising and successful in retaining core ETS features. Conclusions. The study indicates that a design methodology based on distributed cognition and simulation theory can be successfully combined to guide simulator (re)design and strengthen simulator validity.


This article examines forms of personhood and identity among the Iraqw of Tanzania. It explores how ideas of personhood have changed from the precolonial era to the present as the Iraqw have been incorporated into the wider regional, national, and global political economy. Drawing on the literature from Melanesia, it investigates how ideas of the individual versus relational person play out in an African context. It illustrates how Iraqw are, through exchange systems, connected to different communities and social networks, each with different emphases of the person. (Iraqw, East Africa, personhood, modernity) ********** There is a widespread sentiment among the Iraqw of northern Tanzania about the differences between generations today. These differences are often framed in terms of "traditional" and "backward-looking" views versus "forward thinking" and "modern." An example appears in the following quote from a young Iraqw man: "I am a modern person. I don't believe in keeping herds of cattle like my father. That is a waste of time. People who are educated believe in moving forwards. I am planting trees on my land and growing cash crops. These will bring more development than `village' cattle." This difference in mindset accompanies changing views on the nature of personhood in Iraqw communities. Studies of personhood in Africa have benefited from analyses of Melanesian societies, where Strathern's (1988) landmark Gender of the Gif set in motion much fruitful debate about notions of the person. Lambek and Strathern's (1998) collection of cross-fertilization efforts suggests new avenues for investigation in all geographical locales. A related topic is the subject of identity. In much of the African literature, identity is often portrayed as a strategy deployed by actors to handle various events and situations, particularly in the turbulent postcolonial world. A recent volume seeks to explore the "cultural politics of identities in transition within postcolonial Africa [by examining the] disparate identity strategies emerging in everyday life" (Werbner and Ranger 1996:2). These strategies are deployed by actors to achieve particular aims. Yet the political and strategic nature of identity must also be complemented by attention to what is considered important in forming a person or actor in these societies. Identity and personhood exist in reference to each other, not in isolation. This article explores the connections between the ideas of personhood and identity among the agropastoral Iraqw. It draws heavily on ideas explored in Lambek and Strathern's (1998) volume, particularly those of LiPuma (1998), who rightly points out, in something of a corrective to Marilyn Strathern's dichotomy of the Western individual versus the Melanesian "dividual," or relational person, that people act in ways that are both individual and dividual in all societies. After carefully examining the patterns that emerge from these practices and actions in a Melanesian setting, LiPuma demonstrates the need for paying attention to the effect of the forces of modernity present throughout the world. While Strathern's (1988, 1993) work has brought attention to how Eurocentric analytical models have limited analysis of personhood in non-Western contexts, studies that emphasize the relational aspect of personhood often ignore how the "dynamics of encompassment reconfigure local forms of personhood" (LiPuma 1998:54). This reconfiguration, or encompassment by global forces, in a Tanzanian context is the focus of this essay. A recent review of studies of personhood critiques Euroamerican notions of society and the self (a term often used interchangeably with "person") and argues that these theoretical approaches posit a self that is "autonomous, propertied, self-interested, accumulative, and having independent agency--measured in terms of its power of control over others. …


Architects in Turkey have made extensive reference to traditional Anatolian building styles
in recent work. However, there has been little systematic study of how they have gone
about the use of these references. This research analyses varied approaches of designers
and their ways of interpreting the vernacular heritage in recent living environments. This
research is not designed to investigate the architectural design process itself; the aim is
rather to look for possible influences of the archetypes of vernacular and regional
architecture in contemporary architecture in order to create a unique identity, using
different design actions; imitation, bricolage, analogies, interpretation and mimesis. In
order to search for the possible effect of the archetypes of vernacular environment on
contemporary design practice, selected architects who have been active in the recent design
of tourism buildings in Turkey have been selected. Seventeen case studies have been
analysed and nine architects have been interviewed. Many regions in Turkey have been
visited in order to have wider archive of Anatolian Historical and Vernacular archetypes.
From each architect, several buildings have been chosen for observation and analysis. The
data was collected in several different ways, which are: first, direct observation, visiting
the sites for the relevant information such as photographs, sketches and scaled drawings;
second, semi-structured interviews with the designer in order to catch their intentions in
selected case studies. The current study is based on qualitative analysis using
HyperResearch software on both materials gathered by observation and interview
transcripts. The result of the collected data with selected research method showed that the
Anatolian historical and vernacular archetypes are being used by the architects in their
recent architectural practices via different level of referential interpretations. The research
goes beyond simple subjective observations of the use of historical references; this has
been achieved through the development of framework for the systematic classification and
analysis of a range of reference types. This has been used both in the interpretation of
visual material and in the analysis of documentary sources and interviews with architects.
The intentions of each architect in case studies have been identified and a list of most
frequently used historical elements have also been given.
Keywords: Vernacular architecture, historical references, Tourism Buildings, Turkish
Architecture, Imitation, Bricolage, Analogy, Interpretation, Mimesis.


Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are a class of smart materials capable of fixing a temporary shape and recovering the permanent shape in response to environmental stimuli such as heat, electricity, irradiation, moisture, or magnetic field, among others. Recently, multi-shape SMPs, which are capable of fixing more than one temporary shape and recovering sequentially from one temporary shape to another and eventually to the permanent shape, have attracted increasing attention. In general, there are two approaches to achieve a multi-shape memory effect (m-SME): the first one requires the SMP to have a broad temperature range of thermomechanical transition, such as a broad glass transition. The second approach uses multiple transitions to achieve m-SME, most notably, using two distinct transition temperatures to obtain a triple-shape memory effect (t-SME). The recently reported approach for designing and fabricating triple-shape polymeric composites (TSPCs) provides a much larger degree of design flexibility by separately tuning the two functional components (matrix and fiber network) to achieve optimum control of properties. The triple-shape memory behavior demonstrated by a TSPC is studied in this paper. This composite is composed of an epoxy matrix, providing a rubber–glass transition to fix one temporary shape, and an interpenetrating crystallizable PCL fiber network providing the system the melt–crystal transition to fix a second temporary shape. A one-dimension (1D) model that combines viscoelasticity for amorphous shape memory polymers (the matrix) with a constitutive model for crystallizable shape memory polymers (the fiber network) is developed to describe t-SME. The model includes the WLF and Arrhenius equations to describe the glass transition of the matrix, and the kinetics of crystallization and melting of the fiber network. The assumption that the newly formed crystalline phase of the fiber network is initially in a stress-free state is used to model the mechanics of evolving crystallizable phases. Experiments including uniaxial tension, stress relaxation, and triple-shape memory testing were carried out for parameter identification. The model accurately captures t-SME exhibited in experiments. The stress and stored energy analysis during the shape memory cycle provides insight into the mechanisms of shape fixing for the two different temporary shapes, the nature of both recovery events, as well as a guidance on how to design transitions to achieve the desired behavior.


A multilayer shallow water approach for the approximate description of polydisperse sedimentation in a viscous fluid is presented. The fluid is assumed to carry finely dispersed solid particles that belong to a finite number of species that differ in density and size. These species segregate and form areas of different composition. In addition, the settling of particles influences the motion of the ambient fluid. A distinct feature of the new approach is the particular definition of the average velocity of the mixture. It takes into account the densities of the solid particles and the fluid and allows us to recover the global mass conservation and linear momentum balance laws of the mixture. This definition motivates a modification of the Masliyah–Lockett–Bassoon (MLB) settling velocities of each species. The multilayer shallow water model allows one to determine the spatial distribution of the solid particles, the velocity field, and the evolution of the free surface of the mixture. The final model can be written as a multilayer model with variable density where the unknowns are the average velocities and concentrations in each layer, the transfer terms across each interface, and the total mass. An explicit formula of the transfer terms leads to a reduced form of the system. Finally, an explicit bound of the minimum and maximum eigenvalues of the transport matrix of the system is utilized to design a Harten–Lax–van Leer (HLL)-type path-conservative numerical method. Numerical simulations illustrate the coupled polydisperse sedimentation and flow fields in various scenarios, including sedimentation in a type of basin that is used in practice in mining industry and in a basin whose bottom topography gives rise to recirculations of the fluid and high solids concentrations.


IT units are often perceived as ineffective by other business units who, as a result, often choose to obtain services from external providers. In an effort to remain competitive, many IT units are turning to a shared service model, wherein they are operated like an independent company, maintaining transparent costs and constructing formal service level agreements. However, divergent requirements and continuous change requests of customers limit the ability to achieve the economies of scale enjoyed by external service providers. Given these pressures how can an IT unit compose services that are adaptive to customer needs, yet still achieve economies of scale? Based on an exploratory case study of an organization (Public_IT) which has undergone a shared services transformation, we elaborate an analysis of how such services become aligned with end-user needs through three phases necessary to achieve process repeatability.


Despite frequent use, scholars have failed to develop explicitly the causal logic of the critical juncture framework. This paper proposes that to do so we must distinguish between permissive and productive conditions in historical causation. While permissive conditions mark the loosening of constraints on agency or contingency, productive conditions act within the context of permissive conditions to produce the divergence across cases that (if reinforced after the juncture closes) characterizes a critical juncture. I develop these concepts in detail, trace their presence through several classic critical juncture accounts, and show the implications of the application of this framework for theory development and research design.


This thesis presents results of an experimental study on the incorporation of NH₄⁺, Rb⁺, and Cs⁺ in micas and feldspars. The studied micas are dioctahedral. The feldspars are sanidine-like. In chapter II it is shown that the ammonium analogue of muscovite, called tobelite, with the formula NH₄Al₂Si₃AlO₁₀(OH)₂ can be synthesized using NH₃ in water, sal volatile or urea as donors for NH₄⁺. The synthesis conditions may be quite high, even 500⁰C at a pressure of 4 to 5 kbar. These synthesis pressures are higher than ones reported up to now in the literature, and they demonstrate that tobelite is not necessarily a mineral that is restricted to low pressure and temperature environments. All tobelite found so far seem to have formed at low temperature and pressure. In the literature, tobelite is mentioned to occur in relationship to fossil fuel deposits, and in chapter II it is elucidated why such a relationship may occur. The synthesis of NH₄AlSi₃0₈, its characterization with XRD, SEM and IRspectroscopy, its study by thermal analyses, and its morphological description are reported in Chapter III. NH₄AlSi₃0₈ is very close in structure to sanidine (KAlSi₃0₈). The similarities of NH₄AlSi₃0₈ with the mmeral buddingtonite (NH₄AlSi₃0₈.1\2H₂O) are so striking, that it is likely that buddingtonite and the ammonium analogue of sanidme are the same. The first description of buddingtonite reports that it has zeolitic properties. The half mole of lattice water in NH₄AlSi₃0₈.1\2H₂O is, according to descriptions in the literature, not present in the structure in an ordered way. A detailed study (Chapter IV) of the original samples of buddingtonite, kindly made available by the principal author of the article in which buddingtonite was described firstly, shows that the zeolitic properties, as well as the lattice water can be ascribed to an admixture of montmorillonite, a clay mineral, in the original samples. Buddingtonite is not redefined in chapter IV, but it is strongly suggested to consider buddingtonite and NH₄AlSi₃0₈ as the same silicates and to disregard the zeolitic half mole of water of buddingtonite. Chapter V describes the synthesis and characterization of the Rb-analogue of 2M!muscovite (RbAl₂Si₃AlO₁₀(OH)₂) and comparison of this silicate with muscovite and other dioctahedral micas. Chapter VI describes the synthesis, characterization, morphology and structure of the Rb-analogue of sanidine (RbAlSi₃0₈). To get an indication of the influence of the mcorporation of Rb in muscovite and sanidine on the reaction of muscovite to sanidine, corundum and water, the location of the equilibrium of the reaction of (RbAl₂Si₃AlO₁₀(OH)₂) to RbAlSi₃0₈, corundum and water was studied at 2 kbar. The results are also given in chapter VI, and indicate that the temperature at which the equilibrium is probably situated is only slightly higher (probably maximal 20 DC) than for the reaction of the K-silicates. If complete replacement of K by Rb does not have much effect, incorporation of Rb in muscovite and sanidine on trace element level will probably not influence the position of the equilibrium at all. In chapter VII, the incorporation of Rb in muscovite by ion-exchange is studied. Muscovite as well as its Rb-analogue are brought in contact with alkali cWoride solutions to establish ion exchange of K and Rb. All exchange experiments are carried out at a pressure of 2 kbar. The most important result is that there exists a solvus between the endmembers RbAl₂Si₃AlO₁₀(OH)₂ and KAl₂Si₃AlO₁₀(OH)₂ (muscovite). The exact location of the solvus remams somewhat unclear, which is probably caused by the ability of micas to form intergrowths. Chapter VIII gives an account of the synthesis and characterization of a Cs-containing mica with a structure resembling that of muscovite. On basis of the data it can not be proven that the mica is the Cs-analogue of muscovite, because no accurate chemical analyses could be gathered. The mica is formed at a temperature of 400 DC at 2 kbar and at 400 DC and 500 DC at pressures of 2 and 5 kbar. Investigated conditions are 300, 400, 500 and 600 ⁰C at pressures of 0.5,2, and 5 kbar. Pollucite (CsAlSi₂0₆) always occurs together with the mica, as well as another Al-containing phase (boehmite, or diaspore or corundum, depending on the conditions)


Performance on a range of cognitive tasks is known to vary across the day. The
precise effects of time-of-day depend on individual differences, the nature of the task
and physiological factors. Several event-related potential (ERP) studies have found
significant time-of-day effects on ERP components, including a reduction in P3
amplitude in the afternoon/evening compared to the morning (Higuchi, Liu, Yuasa,
Maeda, & Motohashi, 2000; Wesensten, Badia, & Harsh, 1990) and increased P2
amplitude in the afternoon compared to morning (Wesensten & Badia, 1992). In
contrast, other studies have reported minimal (or no) time-of-day effects (Broughton,
Aguirre, & Dunham, 1988). Geisler and Polich (1990) suggest ERPs are only
indirectly affected by time-of-day, with factors which vary across the day, such as
food intake and body temperature, having more direct effects. With the exception of
Higuchi et al., all published ERP investigations of time-of-day have used single-task
paradigms, which may be less sensitive to time-of-day effects than dual-task
paradigms. In addition, no reported studies to date have investigated effects oftimeof-
day on P3a. The primary aim of the current series of seven experiments was to
determine the impact of time-of-day on ERPs during a series of dual-task experiments
and to determine if a dual-task paradigm would be more sensitive to time-of-day
effects than a single-task paradigm. As voluntary levels of effort invested in task
performance have been reported to increase during periods of low arousal (Hockey,
1997), it is possible fluctuations in effort mask effects of time-of-day on resource
availability. Therefore, an additional aim of this series of experiments was to determine whether voluntary effort invested in tasks varies across the day and if so,
the impact of this on ERP components.

During Experiment 1, 12 participants completed a visual oddball braking task
and a concurrent visual tracking task with varying priority, at 0900 and 1300. When
priority was given to the oddball task the effect of time-of-day was significant, with
amplitudes of P2 and P3b greater at 0900 than at 1300. Fourteen participants
completed a single oddball braking task and easy and difficult dual-tasks (braking and
tracking) during Experiment 2. P2, N2 and P3b amplitude were greater during the
single-task than both dual-tasks and there was no evidence of P3a during any of the
task conditions. Modification of the braking task stimuli during Experiment 3 resulted
in significantly greater P3a amplitude during the single-task compared to the dual tasks
and lower P2 and P3b amplitude during the dual difficult task than the dual easy
task. During Experiment 4, 16 participants completed single, dual easy and dual
difficult tasks at 0900, 1300 and 1700. The effects of time-of-day on P3b were not
significant during the single-task however during the dual-tasks significant time-of-day
effects occurred with larger P3b amplitude at 1700 than at 1300. At 1300 P3a was
consistent across the tasks, whereas at 0900 and 1700, P3a amplitude was greater
during the single-task than the dual-tasks. Experiment 5 aimed to determine if effort
modulated ERP effects. Sixteen participants completed easy and hard versions of a
cued visual RT task, at 0900, 1300 or 1700, in which they were instructed to used
standard or 'extra' effort. Contingent negative variation (CNV) was significantly
greater following effort cues than standard cues; however the effects of time-of-day
were not significant following either cue type indicating effort was consistent across
the day. During Experiments 6 and 7, 16 participants completed the tasks used in
Experiments 4 and 5, in caffeine and placebo conditions, to determine whether previous significant findings were consistent with effects of increased arousal
associated with caffeine. The results of Experiment 6 revealed a trend towards greater
P3b amplitude in the caffeine condition than the placebo condition. During
Experiment 7 the effect of caffeine on CNV was not significant suggesting levels of
voluntary effort were consistent across both conditions.
Overall, the results indicated time-of-day has significant effects on several
ERP components including P2, P3a and P3b; however it appears the effects on P2 and
P3b are only evident during tasks which are sufficiently difficult to require total
capacity of attentional resources. Dual-tasks appear to be more sensitive to time-of-day
effects than single-tasks, with dual-tasks that engage the same supply of
attentional resources being more sensitive than those tasks which place demands on
wider resources. Although subjective effort varied across the day, changes in arousal
due to time-of-day and caffeine did not significantly affect levels of effort invested in
task performance, as measured by CNV amplitude. Together, the findings suggest
time-of-day variations in arousal affect ERP measures of resource allocation, but not
effort, during tasks which place high demands on resources.


The Western Pacific Region is experiencing rapid population ageing, which has implications for almost all areas of society. Countries will need to prepare for population ageing by investing in health and optimizing living environments. This requires a whole-of-society approach to healthy ageing. Countries in the Western Pacific Region have been making significant progress in healthy ageing. Since the endorsement of the Regional Action Plan on Healthy Ageing, younger societies have also started preparing for population ageing, focusing on social and health systems transformation, community-based integrated care, social and technological innovations and research, monitoring and evaluation. As more countries are interested in healthy ageing and preparing for necessary social and health systems transformation, the case studies in this article can be an inspiration for Member States to transform their approaches to achieving a society where older adults are healthier and can participate fully.


This study explored the coping strategies of mental health workers (MHWs) who are dealing continuously with traumatised children (younger than 18) and their families/caregivers. A convenience sample was used to recruit MHWs (female, n = 9; and male, n = 1; age range 26 to 57) at Childline Gauteng. Visual and textual data were obtained by using the Mmogo-Method®, a visual data collection method. Textual data were analysed thematically and visual data were analysed using a six-step visual method. Findings revealed that intrapersonal coping is facilitated by awareness of self, challenges and achievements, and by retrospective reflection, utilisation of resources, flexibility, positive virtues and protection of professional and personal boundaries. Relational coping is mediated by the reciprocal unconditional acceptance of and by family members and a supportive network of friends. The organisational norm of care facilitates coping through formal and informal discussions. Coping with continuous trauma requires facilitation on different levels.


The Elections in Israel 1996Elections in Israel, as in other democratic countries, are normally determined by a complex blend of factors. This point is illustrated in elaborate detail in The Elections in Israel 1996. The editors are doyens of political analysis in Israel, having individually or collaboratively studied the results of the country's elections since the late 1960s.The current publication is divided into two parts. Part One, entitled "Politics of Identity," examines the impact on the 1996 Israeli elections of such issues as collective identity, religion, and "old" versus "new" politics, as well as the voting behavior of the Israeli Arab and Russian immigrant communities. Part Two, entitled "Political Reform, Parties, Candidates," focuses on the reform of Israel's electoral system, the use by major political parties of U.S.-style primaries for selecting their electoral lists, the Likud party's campaign strategy, the electoral performance of Shimon Peres, and media coverage of the 1996 election.The common thread linking many of these topics is the reform in Israel's electoral system. On March 18, 1992, the Knesset adopted an amended version of the Basic Law: the Government (1968), providing for the direct election of the prime minister, to occur simultaneously with the election of the Knesset. (Heretofore the Prime Minister normally was the leader of the largest Knesset faction, who was invited by the President to form a government.) Although the amended law was passed prior to the election of the 13(th) Knesset (in June 1992), it did not take effect until the election of the 14th Knesset on May 29, 1996.The first direct election of Israel's Prime Minister was determined by less than 1% of the popular vote (50.4% went to Benjamin Netanyahu, 49.5% to Shimon Peres). However, among Jewish voters there was an 11% differential in Netanyahu's favor. This differential was explained by two factors. First, the Hamas terror campaign of late February -- early March 1996 caused elements of the "fluid center" of the Jewish electorate to shift away from the "peace candidate" Peres and toward the conservative Netanyahu. Of course, no one could have predicted the Hamas terror spree, the goal of which was to inflict maximum death and destruction among Israelis rather than affect the outcome of the country's election. Nevertheless, Netanyahu's political handlers, headed by the American political consultant Arthur Finkelstein, are to be credited with seizing the political moment by launching an advertising campaign that tweaked longstanding popular uncertainty about Peres's credibility on security matters. Moreover, credit Netanyahu's team with the strategic decision to temper their candidate's well-publicized opposition to the Oslo peace accords in favor of his pledge to deliver "peace with security," thereby tapping into the Jewish electorate's overwhelming desire for a continuation of the peace process but with greater attention to matters of personal security than had seemingly been the case under Peres.The breakdown of the Jewish vote was also explained by the attitude toward the prime ministerial candidates adopted by Israel's major Orthodox and ultra-Orthodox political parties. The leaders of these parties were uniformly opposed to the candidacy of Shimon Peres because of his perceived association with the "anti-Jewish" agenda promoted by the secularist Meretz party (Labor's 1992-1996 coalition partner) as well as Peres's declared readiness to cede additional parts of Eretz Israel. However, taking nothing for granted, Netanyahu struck generous pre-election deals with the religious parties in order to ensure their support for him in the balloting for Prime Minister; the ultra-Orthodox United Torah Jewry party reciprocated by plastering the country with posters declaring "Netanyahu is good for the Jews."The religious community's solid turnout for Netanyahu was made all the more significant by the voting behavior of two additional voting blocs: the Russian immigrant community and Israeli Arabs. …


Addressing scaling issues in hydrological modelling involves, among other things, the study of problems related to hydrological similarity between catchments of different scales. Recent research about catchment similarity relationships is based on distributed conceptual models of surface runoff production. In this type of hydrological modelling both infiltration excess and saturation excess runoff production mechanisms are considered. In many humid lowland areas overland flow is a rare phenomenon because of the specific conditions that prevail: moderate rainfall, high infiltration capacity and low relief. The complete drainage system in these regions consists of surface and subsurface components which have organized themselves in a given geological, geomorphological and climatic situation. A surface drainage network has developed through sapping erosion at the zone of groundwater exfiltration. The resulting hierarchical stream network is in equilibrium with large time-scale conditions and adjusts itself dynamically to the inter-year and seasonal meteorological fluctuations. Greater understanding of the interrelationships that underlie the storm response of catchments in humid lowland regions can be expected by focusing on stream network morphology as a function of topography, geology and climate. This paper applies the physically based mathematical model of stream network morphology, developed by De Vries (1977), to the Zwalmbeek catchment, Belgium. Based on this model and for different climatic conditions (expressed in terms of rainfall characteristics) the first-order stream spacing versus average water-table depth relationship is calculated. From field observations, digital elevation model derived channel network drainage densities and flood event analysis it is concluded that the 1% exceedance probability rainfall can be suggested as representative for the shaping climatic conditions in the catchment under study. The corresponding curves relating channel network characteristics, such as stream spacing, drainage density and channel geometry, to average water-table depth are basin descriptors and could be used for comparative studies (e.g. regional flood frequency analysis). The model further allows for the prediction of the expansion and shrinkage of the first-order channel network as a function of catchment wetness expressed in terms of the effective water-table depth.


Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques were employed to in situ study the electron-beam induced dehydration of brucite Mg(OH)2. Under the electron beam, the hexagonal platelets of brucite immediately decompose and show a morphological shrinkage of 5% and 10–20% in the a and c directions, respectively. The volume contraction occurs first in the rim and then affects the center of grains. Electron energy low-loss spectra reveal a simultaneous change in the local mass thickness of 50–55%. Combining these data, it follows that the porosity in the dehydrated material is 37.5–50%. The decomposition product is composed of numerous, tiny MgO crystallites and voids. Electron diffraction reveals a topotactic relationship between brucite and MgO with [0001]Bru // [111]MgO and [1120]Bru // [110]MgO. Since the porosity of the dehydrated material is slightly smaller than the maximum theoretical porosity (54%), only a small fraction of the voids is transported out of aggregates.

Information on the local environment of the oxygen atoms was derived from extended energy-loss fine (EXELFS) and energy-loss near-edge structures (ELNES). In the time course of dehydration the coordination number of oxygen shows the expected increase from 3 for brucite to 6 for MgO. In a transient state the Debye-Waller factor reaches a maximum, indicating a highly disordered intermediate state. These data allow us to model the water loss and to examine reaction kinetics applying the Avrami equation. The decomposition of brucite is interpreted as a complex three-stage process: ( i ) It proceeds first via an interface-controlled process, starting at the rim of brucite; water escapes through the basal plane. ( ii ) The dehydrated lattice collapses then at the rim, whereas the core region is still hydrated. To further dehydrate the grain, the voids have to interconnect and rearrange in the form of a network slowing down the decomposition. At this stage, the process is diffusion-controlled. ( iii ) Finally, the pores are interconnected and reach the surface. The dehydration accelerates and is again an interface-controlled process.

Dedicated to Prof. Dr.Wolfgang F.Muller on the occasion of his 60th birthday


This work gives a full description of a method for analyzing the admissible complex representations of the general linear group "G" = "Gl(N, F)" of a non-Archimedean local field "F" in terms of the structure of these representations when they are restricted to certain compact open subgroups of "G." The authors define a family of representations of these compact open subgroups, which they call "simple types." The first example of a simple type, the "trivial type," is the trivial character of an Iwahori subgroup of "G." The irreducible representations of "G" containing the trivial simple type are classified by the simple modules over a classical affine Hecke algebra. Via an isomorphism of Hecke algebras, this classification is transferred to the irreducible representations of "G" containing a given simple type. This leads to a complete classification of the irreduc-ible smooth representations of "G," including an explicit description of the supercuspidal representations as induced representations. A special feature of this work is its virtually complete reliance on algebraic methods of a ring-theoretic kind. A full and accessible account of these methods is given here.


THE IMPACT OF TEEN INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE ON SUBSEQUENT NEW DATING EXPERIENCES AMONG LATINAS Lucia J. Stubbs, M.A. Marquette University, 2016 Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is experienced by Latinas (Villavicencio, 2008; González-Guarda, Peragallo, Vasquez, Urrutia, & Mitrani, 2009) at comparable and higher rates to women of other racial/ethnic backgrounds (Black et al., 2011; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2011). Young Latinas, in particular, appear to be disproportionately affected by IPV in comparison to young non-Latina white women (CDC, 2011). The negative outcomes associated with IPV in women, including Latinas, range from physical health issues (e.g., death, injuries including broken bones and concussions), and illnesses (e.g., gastrointestinal issues, headaches, and cardiovascular problems), to mental health problems (e.g., depression, anxiety, and negative interpersonal relationship patterns) (Caetano & Cunradi, 2003; Krishnan, Hilbert, & VanLeeuwen, 2001; Brown et al., 2003). Despite these negative outcomes, women do engage in and navigate new relationships. It is unknown, however, how they approach these subsequent dating experiences. Understanding dating/relationships among Latinas following adolescent IPV is particularly important as the literature indicates adolescence marks a critical time for the initial development of interpersonal romantic relationship behaviors and dynamics, which can form lasting patterns (Makepeace, 1986; Lerner & Galambos, 1998; Glass, 2003). The purpose of the present study, therefore, was to explore how adolescent IPV influences subsequent, new dating experiences among Latinas. Grounded theory research methodology (Corbin & Strauss, 2008) was utilized to examine this topic. Eleven adult Latinas participated in interviews during which they were asked to discuss their dating, partner, and relationship expectations and behaviors subsequent to adolescent IPV. Results revealed that Latinas who experienced adolescent IPV underwent changes that led to an increased focus on self-protection, which was incorporated into subsequent partner/relationship expectations (e.g., less traditional gender roles, which also influenced other expectations including partnership; emotional support/space; selfexpression/communication), relationship goals (e.g., a desire for an IPV-free relationship; monogamy; companionship) and new behaviors in dating/relationships (e.g., period of being single; cautious, slower approach to dating/relationships). Additionally, results indicated that most of the participants had entered subsequent satisfying, IPV-free relationships. Discussion of the findings, implications, and limitations of the present study are included. Directions for future research are also provided.


Neil LaBute: A Casebook is the first book to examine one of the most successful and controversial contemporary American playwrights and filmmakers. While he is most famous, and in some cases infamous, for his early films In the Company of Men and Your Friends and Neighbors, Labute is equally accomplished as a playwright. His work extends from the critique of false religiosity in Bash to examinations of opportunism, irresponsible art, failed parenting, and racism in later plays like Mercy Seat, The Shape of Things, The Distance From Here, Fat Pig, Autobahn, and the very recent This Is How It Goes and Some Girls. Like David Mamet, an acknowledged influence on him, and Conor McPhereson, with whom he shares some stylistic and thematic concerns, LaBute tends to polarize audiences. The angry voices, violent situations, and irresponsible behavior in his works, especially those focusing on male characters, have alienated some viewers. But the writer's religious affiliation and refusal to condone the actions of his characters suggest he is neither exploitive nor pornographic. This casebook explores the primary issues of the writer's style, themes, and dramatic achievements. Contributors describe, for example, the influences (both classical and contemporary) on his work, his distinctive vision in theater and film, the role of religious belief in his work, and his satire. In addition to the critical introduction by Wood and the original essays by leading dramatic and literary scholars, the volume also includes a bibliography and a chronology of the playwright's life and works.


This article critiques the paper by Kennet and Heinemann, 'Comments on green economics: setting the scene. Aims, context and philosophical underpinnings of the distinctive new solutions offered by green economics'. Their task is difficult since green economics holistically embraces ideas from a wide spectrum of multi-disciplinary fields. The purpose of this paper is to pose clarification questions and offer suggestions for future research such as whether we should amend or supplant neoclassical economics; the role of the corporation, the specific meaning of the precautionary principle and sustainability; the role of education in promoting green economics and how to transit between our current economic system based on over-stimulated consumption and unrestricted economic growth to an economy based on the principles of green economics. Kennet and Heinemann (2006) largely succeed in their task of setting the scene for green economics. These comments are offered in the friendly manner of stimulating further research and discussion.


Researching Complementary and Alternative Medicine provides a valuable and timely resource for those looking to understand, initiate and expand CAM research. This collection brings together leading international CAM researchers with backgrounds and expertise in a variety of areas including health social science, qualitative methodology, general practice, health services research and public health. Drawing upon their own research work and experience, the contributors explain and review core methods and research issues pertinent to contemporary CAM and its future development. Topics discussed include: the use and limitation of evidence in CAM research the issues facing practitioners (GPs, therapists, nurses, etc) who wish to conduct research how and why qualitative methods should be combined alongside quantitative methods to help explore CAM how the randomised control trial (RCT) method relates to CAM the future direction of CAM research in terms of public health and policy-related agendas. Researching Complementary and Alternative Medicine is essential reading for students, academics and researchers in CAM, health studies, medicine, nursing, medical sociology and public health. It will also appeal to CAM and allied health practitioners.


Title of Document: RELATING POLLUTANT AND WATER QUALITY PARAMENTERS TO LANDUSE IN A SUBWATERSHED IN THE CHOPTANK RIVER WATERSHED Gabriela Tejeda Niño de Guzmán, Master of Science, 2010 Directed By: Professor Alba Torrents, Ph.D, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Agriculture and animal feeding operations have been implicated as sources of water pollution along the Choptank River, an estuary and tributary of the Chesapeake Bay. This survey examined a subwatershed within the Choptank River watershed for impacts of a poultry facility on its adjacent surface water. Water and sediment samples were collected May – October 2009 under mostly baseflow conditions and analyzed for antibiotics, nutrients, heavy metals, and selected bacteria. Of the antibiotics recovered, no significant difference was observed spatially, but a significant difference emerged between spring and fall/winter. For nutrients, the greatest phosphorus concentrations were at the subwatershed outlet (4) and at two branches not containing the poultry house (3 and 5); nitrogen concentrations at sites 2 and 5 were as high as site 4. Arsenic concentrations at 2 were lower than both the low-agriculture (control) site and a site neighboring 3. Bacterial counts in water and sediment remained fairly constant throughout the sampling regime.


Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal genetic disease associated with impaired epithelial ion transport. Mutations in the CF gene alter the primary sequence of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Several therapeutic modalities have been proposed for CF patients, including the phytoestrogen genistein. Experiments were completed in cellular and subcellular systems to evaluate the impact of naturally occurring and synthetic estrogens on epithelial ion transport, and specifically on the CF protein CFTR. 17beta-Estradiol, a naturally occurring estrogen, caused a rapid and reversible inhibition of forskolin-stimulated chloride secretion across T84 epithelial cell monolayers with a K(i) of 8 microM. In addition, 17alpha-estradiol, a stereoisomer that fails to bind and activate nuclear estrogen receptors was equipotent with 17beta-estradiol, arguing against a genomic-mediated mechanism of action. Synthetic estrogens, including diethylstilbesterol and the antiestrogen tamoxifen likewise inhibited forskolin-stimulated ion transport. Aldosterone, dexamethasone, and cholesterol were without effect at the highest concentrations tested (>/=1 mM). Studies indicated that diethylstilbesterol and other synthetic estrogens that inhibited anion secretion in intact monolayers likewise inhibited CFTR chloride channel activity with similar concentration dependencies in excised membrane patches. Experiments with radioactive photoactivatable estrogen derivatives demonstrated that these compounds bind directly to CFTR expressed in insect cells. Taken together, the data suggest that estrogens can interact directly with CFTR to alter anion transport.


Water flow in fractured rock masses is a key issue in many typical environmental and engineering problems. Still, aquifers in fractured rocks are devoted much less attention than those in porous media, as they are considered less important from the point of view of water research, but also because rock masses are a very complex medium (heterogeneous, anisotropic and discontinuous), and therefore its modelling is a quite hard task. This paper proposes a review on recent researches concerning groundwater flow in fractured rock masses. In particular, the main issues involved in the reconstruction of the hydrogeological conceptual model are addressed, mainly for fissured and partly for karsts rocks, and the following choice of the most suitable modeling approach is critically discussed, through applicative examples.


Agalmyla Blume (including Dichrotrichum de Vriese and Tetradema Schltr.) (Gesneriaceae-Cyrtandroideae) is revised. Ninety-seven species are recognized, 62 of them newly described, and these are divided into three sections with distinct geographical ranges. Sect. Agalmyla (24 species) is restricted to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Palawan; sect. Exannularia (19 species) is the only section on Sulawesi and has a few species nearby; sect. Dichrotrichum (54 species) is represented in the Philippine Islands (excluding Palawan) by 13 species, in the Moluccas by two species, and in New Guinea by 39 species. No species is found in more than one of these areas and the key to sect. Dichrotrichum is therefore split between the Philippine species and those on the Moluccas and New Guinea. There are thus four keys altogether. The affinity and geographical distribution, both of the whole genus and of the sections, are discussed, and special attention is given to distribution of species in relation to the geological terranes of New Guinea. Points of interest and taxonomic importance in the morphological features are noted in a separate section.


This paper suggests a causal framework for disentangling individual level treatment effects and interference effects, i.e., general equilibrium, spillover, or interaction effects related to treatment distribution. Thus, the framework allows for a relaxation of the Stable Unit Treatment Value Assumption (SUTVA), which assumes away any form of treatment-dependent interference between study participants. Instead, we permit interference effects within aggregate units, for example, regions or local labor markets, but need to rule out interference effects between these aggregate units. Borrowing notation from the causal mediation literature, we define a range of policy-relevant effects and formally discuss identification based on randomization, selection on observables, and difference-in-differences. We also present an application to a policy intervention extending unemployment benefit durations in selected regions of Austria that arguably affected ineligibles in treated regions through general equilibrium effects in local labor markets.


Abstract Climate warming affects plant physiology through genetic adaptation and phenotypic plasticity, but little is known about how these mechanisms influence ecosystem processes. We used three elevation gradients and a reciprocal transplant experiment to show that temperature causes genetic change in the sedge Eriophorum vaginatum. We demonstrate that plants originating from warmer climate produce fewer secondary compounds, grow faster and accelerate carbon dioxide (CO 2) release to the atmosphere. However, warmer climate also caused plasticity in E. vaginatum, inhibiting nitrogen metabolism, photosynthesis and growth and slowing CO 2 release into the atmosphere. Genetic differentiation and plasticity in E. vaginatum thus had opposing effects on CO 2 fluxes, suggesting that warming over many generations may buffer, or reverse, the short‐term influence of this species over carbon cycle processes. Our findings demonstrate the capacity for plant evolution to impact ecosystem processes, and reveal a further mechanism through which plants will shape ecosystem responses to climate change.


A design procedure is described to determine the thicknesses of single-layer coatings of a given dielectric on a given metallic substrate so that any input polarization of light is preserved after two reflections at the same angle of incidence from a parallel-mirror beam displacer or an axicon. This is achieved by equalizing the net complex p and s reflection coefficients (also called the radial and azimuthal eigenvalues of an axicon) after two reflections. The net polarization-independent reflectance (insertion loss) of the device is computed and found to exceed the net minimum parallel reflectance of the uncoated device for incidence above a certain angle. Thus the dielectric films serve (1) protective, (2) polarization-corrective, and (3) reflectance-enhancement functions simultaneously. The sensitivity of the designs (deviation from the condition of polarization preservation) to small film-thickness and angle-of-incidence errors is examined. Results are presented graphically and in tables of applications of the method to beam displacers and axicons for He-Ne laser light, lambda = 0.6328 microm, using Al(2)O(3) (or Si(2)O(3))/Al and MgF(2)/Al film-substrate systems, and for CO(2) laser light, lambda = 10.6 microm, using ZnS or ThF(4) films on an Ag substrate.


The occurrence of grey mould (caused by Botrytis cinerea) and brown rot (caused by Monilinia laxa) in the major stone fruit regions in the Western Cape Province was studied over a 3-year period by sampling reject fruit from the Unifruco Quality Evaluation Scheme and from 11 stone fruit orchards. Flowers and fruit from the orchards were treated to facilitate disease expression by surface conidia and latent mycelia (unsterile vs. surface sterilised; untreated vs. paraquat-treated). B. cinerea was found to be the most important pathogen causing blossom blight and postharvest decay on stone fruit. The pathogen was most prominent on early and mid-season cultivars. Surface conidia and latent mycelia consistently occurred on fruit in each orchard, although at fluctuating levels. The amount of B. cinerea on fruits was generally higher during spring than summer. Disease expression on fruit was not governed by the amount of B. cinerea occurring on fruit, but by the ability of fruit to resist disease expression. Blossom infection did not contribute directly to postharvest grey mould. Brown rot was exclusively caused by M. laxa and no evidence was found that M. fructicola had been introduced into the Western Cape Province of South Africa. The pathogen was most prominent on the later maturing cultivars. Immature fruit were generally pathogen-free and disease expression only occurred on maturing fruit. Long-term latency therefore does not seem to play a prominent role in M. laxa fruit rot.


BACKGROUND: The use of silicone gel on surgical wounds began in the 1980's. Since then, a large number of scientific papers and dozens of different formulas have been published and experimented, attesting the benefits of this product in the prevention of hypertrophic scars and keloids. Although the exact mechanism of action of silicone gel has not yet been elucidated, the most widely accepted theory explains that the occlusive film stimulates the keratinocytes to increase the local secretion of growth factors, subsequently influencing the regulation of fibroblasts. METHODS: A prospective study was undertaken at the 38th Ward of the Santa Casa General Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, to evaluate the positive effects of silicone gel on surgical wounds, in a mixed race population. RESULTS: Silicone gel demonstrated a positive effect on surgical wounds following plastic surgery. CONCLUSION: Silicone gel is useful to enhance the quality of recent scars, in both subjective and objective parameters, such as erythema, pruritus and firmness.


With the improvement of software copyright protection awareness, code obfuscation technology plays a crucial role in protecting key code segments. As the obfuscation technology becomes more and more complex and diverse, it has spawned a large number of malware variants, which make it easy to evade the detection of anti-virus software. Malicious code detection mainly depends on binary code similarity analysis. However, the existing software analysis technologies are difficult to deal with the growing complex obfuscation technologies. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a new obfuscation-resilient program analysis method, which is based on the data flow transformation relationship of the intermediate representation and the graph network model. In our approach, we first construct the data transformation graph based on LLVM IR. Then, we design a novel intermediate language representation model based on graph networks, named DFSGraph, to learn the data flow semantics from DTG. DFSGraph can detect the similarity of obfuscated code by extracting the semantic information of program data flow without deobfuscation. Extensive experiments prove that our approach is more accurate than existing deobfuscation tools when searching for similar functions from obfuscated code.


This study was conducted in subtidal areas around Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas, to investigate how microalgal biomass and community structure affect hyperspectral reflectance of sediments. Hyperspectral reflectance was measured on the surfaces of sediment cores collected from several types of carbonate sediments and habitats. Subsequently, photosynthetic and photoprotective pigments within the microalgae colonizing the top 5 mm of the sediment cores were quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results of pigment analyses indicate that both microalgal biomass and community structure varied within and among sampling sites. Examination of spectral reflectance revealed differences both in the magnitude of overall reflectance between 400 and 710 nm and in the magnitude of absorption features. Second derivative analysis of reflectance spectra was used to identify nine narrow wavebands that correspond to wavelengths most affected by in vivo absorption by specific pigments. Results of linear regression analyses of the ratio of second derivatives at 676 nm to reflectance at 676 nm versus chlorophyll a plus chlorophyllide a indicate that total (living plus senescent or dead) microalgal biomass can be estimated from measurements of hyperspectral reflectance. Estimates of microalgal biomass can also be made based on the ratios of second derivatives at 444 nm to reflectance at 444 nm. Concentrations of other pigment groups can be estimated from second derivatives at 492 and 540 nm. These relationships between hyperspectral reflectance of sediments and benthic microalgal pigments suggest that remote sensing reflectance might be useful for distinguishing major differences among benthic habitats in some optically shallow areas.


The objective of this study was to evaluate the key challenges facing
potato production in Oljoro-Orok division. Primary data were obtained from randomly
selected farmers through questionnaires. Purposive sampling was used to select
300 farmers in the division. Proportionate sampling was used to select the
sample of farmers in each of the four locations. The data collected were
analyzed using descriptive statistics namely frequencies, percentages and means
with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17.0
and a SWOT matrix computed. Rainfall variations, lack of clean seeds and crop
diseases have been found to be the major challenges facing potato production in
the division. 45% of the respondents see rainfall variation as the main cause
of decreased potato yields, 33% lack of clean seeds and 6% crop diseases. The
study found that farmers use crop diversification and off season approaches to
adapt to rainfall variability. The study recommends adaptation measure to be
applied to cope with rainfall variation. Such measures include irrigation using
water available in Jacob, Terracin and Kivindo dams during dry spelt. A lot of
emphases on the use of certified seeds should be done by the agriculture field
officers to caution farmers from planting the same potatoes they harvested in
the previous harvest.


Purpose: The purpose of this research paper is to explore Peter Drucker's principles, philosophies, and practices. Knowledge workers and thought leaders are explained and knowledge and wealth are differentiated. The paper advises how everyone can excel as a knowledge worker and implores the augmentation of a knowledge pipeline. It outlines competencies for 21st-century managers and offers a strategy in an unpredictable world. Despite rapid changes in technology, the impact of Drucker's ideas is shown to endure as his ideas on humanity, technology and prosperity are still relevant today. This article outlines his leadership lessons and equips the reader with his fundamental management tools. Drucker's resonance reveals that individuals are mortal and ideas are immortal. The discourse substantiates that Peter Drucker is more relevant today and his ideas and insights continue to inspire the world, calling upon management thinkers, scholars, and practitioners to keep his legacy alive and carry it forward to build a better world. Research Limitations/Implications: The manuscript covers knowledge workers and management applying objectives from Peter Drucker's perspective.


The purpose of this study is to better understand how new student affairs professionals acquire their beliefs and perceptions about faculty. This study originates from a conceptual framework that includes: (1) a call for collaboration (2) the link between organizational culture beliefs and perceptions and (3) the propagation of beliefs through socialization. In recent years student learning has become a focal point for higher education leaders government agencies and the public. Collaborative initiatives are seen as a way to promote student learning while also addressing decreased budgets and increased accountability. Differing or incorrect beliefs and perceptions that one group has of the other can inhibit collaboration.  New resident directors their experienced peers and supervisors from a large public university were interviewed to identify their views about faculty and how those beliefs and perceptions are acquired. Data has been presented in narrative form and were analyzed to uncover common and divergent beliefs and perceptions changes in views that occurred during the study and variables that shaped beliefs and perceptions about faculty. Findings reveal that the ways in which student affairs professionals acquire their views about faculty are multifarious. Beliefs and perceptions are shaped by a conglomeration of factors such as experiences influence from others and learning. Participants' previous interactions with faculty were mentioned as common contributors to beliefs about faculty. Lessons learned about faculty through graduate coursework and student employment were noted. To a lesser extent and through socialization as new employees participants noted that views of supervisors peers and students impacted their perceptions about faculty. By learning more about beliefs and perceptions and how those views are acquired the body of knowledge about the student affairs subculture and socialization in the subculture is expanded. Findings and recommendations from this study offer points for consideration and reflection. Learning that includes evaluating and discussing cultural beliefs can challenge negative perceptions that student affairs staff and faculty may have of each other. It can reinforce positive perceptions that promote relationship building and collaboration. Initiatives that promote cultural understanding whether directed by leaders or those working directly with students are worthy of consideration.


The purposes of the paper were to establish a structure of value of money by a facet approach; to compare the value of money among undergraduates in Hong Kong and China; and to test if there were any gender differences in value of money in the two places. Data were collected from 74 (male = 25, female = 49) undergraduates from two universities in Hong Kong, and 64 (male = 25, female = 39) undergraduates from one university in China. A mapping sentence was constructed to make up a 19ilem questionnaire for measuring facets of value of money. The results obtained from Smallest Space Analysis-! (SSA-I) revealed two facets of money: modality and symbolic meaning. A series of t-tests revealed that there were statistically significant differences of value of money between Hong Kong and Chinese students: Hong Kong students scored higher in the symbolic meaning of "money desire" and "indicator for success/ failure" than Chinese students. Further, there were more male students perceived money as "power" and "indicator for success/failure" than female students in both places.