Globally, the protection and care of children and young people who inject drugs receives little attention. It is a controversial and often misunderstood issue and one that is severely underfunded. Global research presents shocking figures and evidence of restrictive laws preventing young people from accessing harm reduction. Rarely are services developed with children under 18 in mind, and organisations often lack capacity to attend to this highly vulnerable group. Young people also report experiencing significant barriers to accessing harm reduction services when they are under 18 due to a number of factors, including staff attitudes and organisational policies and practices. This tool is a product of a partnership between Harm Reduction International (HRI), Youth Rise, International HIV/AIDS Alliance and Save the Children and was developed in response to HRI research on injecting drug use among under 18s globally that highlighted gaps in the response for this group. This resource is intended for harm reduction service providers with limited experience of working with children and young people who inject drugs. It sets out a process that you can go through quickly, with little cost, to prepare for work with children and young people who are under 18. It is designed to help your organisation and staff to feel safe in commencing this work, and to support you in thinking through the challenging situations and decisions that you face. In some cases, it may lead you to decide that you are not yet ready to go ahead with this work.


Reviewing literatures for a certain research field is always important for academics. One could use Google‐like information seeking tools, but oftentimes he/she would end up obtaining too many possibly related papers, as well as the papers in the associated citation network. During such a process, a user may easily get lost after following a few links for searching or cross‐referencing. It is also difficult for the user to identify relevant/important papers from the resulting huge collection of papers. Our work, called PaperVis, endeavors to provide a user‐friendly interface to help users quickly grasp the intrinsic complex citation‐reference structures among a specific group of papers. We modify the existing Radial Space Filling (RSF) and Bullseye View techniques to arrange involved papers as a node‐link graph that better depicts the relationships among them while saving the screen space at the same time. PaperVis applies visual cues to present node attributes and their transitions among interactions, and it categorizes papers into semantically meaningful hierarchies to facilitate ensuing literature exploration. We conduct experiments on the InfoVis 2004 Contest Dataset to demonstrate the effectiveness of PaperVis.


Introduction As part of a field trial (PACTR201411000882128) to provide evidence on the combined use of long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spray for malaria prevention, we measured haemoglobin values among children aged 6 to 59 months. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of anaemia, and to determine the risk factors of anaemia and change in haemoglobin value in Adami Tullu district in south-central Ethiopia. Methods Repeated cross-sectional surveys among 2984 children in 2014 and 3128 children in 2015; and a cohort study (malaria as exposure and anaemia as outcome variable) were conducted. The study area faced severe drought and food shortages in 2015. Anaemia was diagnosed using HemoCue Hb 301, and children with haemoglobin <11 g/dl were classified as anaemic. Multilevel and Cox regression models were applied to assess predictors of anaemia. Results The prevalence of anaemia was 28.2% [95% Confidence Interval (CI), 26.6–29.8] in 2014 and increased to 36.8% (95% CI, 35.1–38.5) in 2015 (P<0.001). The incidence of anaemia was 30; (95% CI, 28–32) cases per 100 children years of observation. The risk of anaemia was high (adjusted Hazard Ratio = 10) among children with malaria. Children from poor families [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR); 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1–1.6)], stunted children (AOR 1.5; 95% CI; 1.2–1.8), and children aged less than 36 months (AOR; 2.0; 95% CI, 1.6–2.4) were at risk of anaemia compared to their counterparts. There was no significant difference in risk of anaemia among the trial arms. Conclusions Young age, stunting, malaria and poverty were the main predictors of anaemia. An increase in the prevalence of anaemia was observed over a year, despite malaria prevention effort, which could be related to the drought and food shortage. Therefore, conducting trials in settings prone to drought and famine may bring unexpected challenges.


The concern of this monograph is with understanding organized activities in communities which experience disasters. Every year, many American communities as well as others in the countless countries around the world mobilize their resources to cope with the impact of various kinds of emergencies, including disasters. In particular communities, such emergencies may be almost predictable. While they are not anticipated in the sense that community members look forward to them, they do represent a somewhat repetitive experience. In other communities, such events are less repetitive but, when they do occur, they reveal a reality which makes them difficult to forget. Like every significant drama in the life of a community, disasters can be viewed and described in a number of ways. For most purposes, the common descriptions of earthquake, hurricane, explosion, tornado, flood, epidemic, etc, give us insight into both the cause and some of the consequences of a disaster agent. If we wish increased understanding, we can note that disaster agents, themselves, possess characteristics which cause variations in their consequences. For example, such agents differ in their frequency, predictability, controlability, cause, speed of onset, length of possible forewarning, duration, scope of impact as well as in their destructive potential. These dimensions wise might be quite different. While such classifications and combinations add precision, it would also add a degree of unwanted complexity to the following discussion. We will assume here, unless otherwise noted, that the physical impact of the disaster event was created by an agent which possessed the characteristics of little forewarning, a rapid speed of onset and wide
destructive potential. Such characteristics would best describe earthquakes and tornadoes. The major concern of this monograph is not in such characteristics of disaster agents nor in the physical consequences of impact. The
primary concern here is in the sociological impact of such agents and in the attempt of organized community life to come to terms with its resulting social disruption.


It is known that the presence of nanometre-scale ice particles and neutral air turbulence in the Polar summer mesosphere modify the D-region plasma, resulting in strong backscatter. These strong backscatters are referred to as Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes (PMSE). Although studies on PMSE have been ongoing for over three decades, aspects revealed by various instruments are still the subject of discussion. As a sequel to the paper by Ogunjobi et al. (2015), we report on the long term trends and variations in PMSE occurrence probability from Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) high frequency (HF) radar measurements over the South African National Antarctic Expedition IV (SANAE IV). In this current paper, a simple multiple-filter technique is employed to obtain the occurrence probability rate for SuperDARN-PMSE during the summer periods for the years 1998 2007. The SuperDARN-PMSE occurrence probability rate in relation to geomagnetic activity is examined. The mesospheric neutral winds and temperature trends during these periods, are further studied and presented in this paper. Both the monthly and diurnal variations in occurrence are consistent with previous reports, confirming the presence of PMSE from SuperDARN SANAE IV radar measurements and the influence of pole to pole mesospheric transport circulation. The special mesospheric mean flow observed prior to the year 2002 is ascribed to the influence of solar activity. The SuperDARN-PMSE occurrence probability peaks with lowered geomagnetic activity. These present results support the hypothesis that the particle precipitation also plays an important role in SuperDARN-PMSE occurrence. Article history: Received 4 February 2016 Revised 10 August 2016 Accepted 19 September 2016


Objective: To assess the relative prognostic value of 11 variables including, omega-3, perceived stress, cortisol and sleep duration, in predicting adolescent depression. Design, Setting and Participants: A cross-sectional study of 444 healthy adolescents aged 16-18 years, from 10 schools within the Northern Sydney and Central Coast regions of New South Wales, Australia. Participants provided blood and saliva samples and completed questionnaires. Statistical classification methods were used to model the relationships between the predictors and depression. Main Outcome Measures: relative predictive value of each variable in correctly classifying depression. Results: 6% of boys and 9% of girls were categorised as experiencing severe to extremely severe depression. 4% of boys and 10% of girls were categorised as experiencing severe to extremely severe stress. The mean AM:PM cortisol for boys, 22±101, was higher than that of girls, 11±10. The average omega-3 index for boys, 10.5±3.7, was also higher than that of girls, 7.7±2.6. The average sleep duration of 7.8±1.1 hrs showed no gender differences. The best classification model identified perceived stress as the most significant predictor of depression followed by BMI and omega-3 index. Cortisol ratio was a significant discriminator for boys but not girls. When stress was excluded, shorter sleep duration became a significant discriminator in both boys and girls with waist to hip ratio providing further discrimination in girls only. Conclusion: The strongest predictor of depression in adolescents was perceived stress followed by higher BMI and lower omega-3 levels. These findings provide a rational basis for establishing program priorities for the prevention and treatment of adolescent depression.


"The Man of Feeling" is a story of love and memory by Javier Marias, whose highly-anticipated new novel "The Infatuations" is published in 2013. On a train journey from Paris to Madrid a young opera singer becomes fascinated by those in his compartment: a middle-aged businessman, his alluring wife and their male travelling companion. Soon his life of constant travel, luxury hotels, rehearsal and performance will become entangled with these three people, and the singer will find himself fatefully consumed by Natalia's beauty. "The Man of Feeling" is the haunting story of the birth and death of a passion, told in retrospect. Intricately interweaving desire and memory, it explores the nature of love, and asks whether we can ever truly recall something that no longer exists.


This study aims to find out about the coping strategies on the former follower of a cult and the factors that influence them. Two respondents participated in this study. The method in this study uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. The results of this study indicate that the two respondents perform coping strategy to reduce pressure felt. They use emotional focused coping in the form of distancing, escape avoidance, self-control, accepting responsibility, positive reappraisal, and denial. Planfull problem solving is used as a form of problem-focused coping. Known to both the subject of coping processes that vary in shape using coping strategies influenced by physical health factors, problem solving skills, and social skills.


Plants use ribonucleic acid (RNA) of virus origins to produce small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that guide sequence-specific destruction of viral RNAs through a process termed RNA silencing. In addition to siRNAs, antiviral RNA silencing requires the participation of at least four families of plant proteins, namely the dicer-like (DCL) nucleases that process virus-specific double-stranded (ds) RNA to siRNAs, Argonaute proteins (AGO) that use siRNAs as the sequence-specific guide to cleave (slice) complementary single-stranded viral RNA, as well as dsRNA-binding proteins (DRBs) that assist DCL processing and/or DCL-AGO communication, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDRs) that produce a subset of dsRNA substrates of DCLs by converting viral ssRNAs into dsRNAs. To survive the RNA silencing-based plant defence, plant viruses have evolved to encode strong suppressors of RNA silencing (VSR). Known targets of VSRs include all major steps/components of the RNA silencing pathway(s).

Key Concepts:

RNA silencing is an RNA-mediated, sequence-specific surveillance system in plants and other eukaryotes.

The sequence specificity of RNA silencing is conferred by siRNAs generated through the processing of dsRNAs originated from viruses and other molecular parasites.

RNA silencing is analogous to RNA interference (RNAi) in animals. It is a highly conserved mechanism of genome defence in almost all eukaryotic organisms.

Evolutionary successful viruses encode VSRs to engage diverse components of the RNA silencing pathway and subvert this robust defence mechanism.

Keywords:

RNA silencing;
viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR);
plant;
Arabidopsis;
plant virus


Abstract Species of Hysterothylacium Ward & Magath, 1917 (Nematoda: Anisakidae) have previously been reported only from marine and freshwater fishes. Here, we describe a new species that infects red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens), a North American amphibian species with fully aquatic adults. Aside from the unique characteristic of infecting an amphibian host, the new species differs from congeners by the presence of lateral alae, the length of intestinal cecum (0.54–0.73 mm, 39.67–49.09% of esophageal length), the size of the spicules (0.33–0.39 mm, 2.75–3.25% of body length), and the absence of tail tip ornamentation. The absence of fish in the ponds from which these specimens were obtained suggests that newts are the normal definitive host for this species. We suggest that this species might have diverged from a Hysterothylacium parasite of the freshwater fishes which usually live in close proximity with newts.


Electric Vehicles (EVs) are now seen as one of future solutions for sustainable transportation, and therefore their market share is annually increasing. However, due to their more sophisticated technologies and complex material mixture, EVs cannot efficiently be recycled using existing automotive recycling facilities. This paper presents the challenges involved in recycling EVs, and describes a systematic framework for developing an automated approach for disassembly and recycling of EV components. The initial results from application of such automated approach to disassembly of EV have also been presented.


This paper presents an originally encryption system implemented on a structure of hybrid additive programmable cellular automata (HAPCA). As the development of cellular automata (CA) applications is generally an experimental effort, the research implies the exploration through simulation of the huge space of cellular automata local rules and global states. The encryption and decryption modules are identically and the cryptosystem is featured by its large key space and high speed due to cellular automata's parallel information processing. The method supports both software and hardware implementation. In this paper we present a fully functional software application for the data encryption of yahoo messenger conversations.


Vicinal Si(001) surfaces with ≈4° miscut toward [110] consist of ordered terraces that are separated by a double step every 4 nm. Adsorption of Au at 800–900 °C changes the step morphology dramatically: after a critical Au coverage of 1/3 ML is reached, Au condenses from an initially formed lattice gas into a (5 × 3.2) reconstruction on newly formed (001) terraces. The steps of the vicinal surface are accumulated in irregular step bunches to conserve the macroscopic miscut. With increasing Au coverage the step bunches are transformed into well defined facets. The ultimate facet orientation depends on the adsorption temperature, although at temperatures above T = 800 °C only (001) terraces and (119) facets are observed. Depending on the deposition temperature, the terraces and facets exhibit a periodicity from 200 nm to 4 µm and a structural length of up to several millimetres. Illumination with white light under grazing incidence results in a colourful striped pattern in an optical microscope. A novel in situ light diffraction experiment is presented, that is perfectly matched to the mesoscopic dimensions of the faceted surfaces. Illumination with a He–Ne laser during and after deposition results in complex diffraction patterns that can be used to estimate the length of the terraces. The temperature dependence of the terrace length shows an Arrhenius behaviour with an activation energy of EA≈2.8 eV during the initial stages of the faceting; at T = 825 °C the terraces extend with a constant velocity of 30 µm s−1. This value is in excellent agreement with earlier low energy electron microscopy measurements.


For securing the provision with electric energy in smart grids, the ascertainment of energy consumption and production is inevitable in order to be able to apply appropriate control algorithms. As energy management is a highly distributed task, a data network has to exist in parallel to the power network for gathering the required data and applying control strategies by using distributed actuators, e.g., for demand response applications. For the sensing part, the introduction of Advanced Metering Infrastructures is a step ahead to the targeted meter data acquisition. Yet the definition and deployment of intelligent, but nevertheless privacy preserving, distributed control algorithms demands the collection of data from distinct sources and the application of further services like aggregation, anonymization, etc. Thus, future metering infrastructures have to provide more functionalities than those of a simple sensor network. In this paper, we discuss methods to provide such an added value infrastructure.


Despite the use of cerium oxide nanoparticles (nCe) in some regions as a diesel fuel additive, the physicochemical properties of the resulting exhaust particles in the ambient atmosphere are not well known. The mixing state of ceria with other exhaust particles is one such physicochemical property that has been shown to potentially affect ecosystem/human health. In this study, cerium-containing particles associated with an nCe additive were collected in the laboratory and in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK where the local bus fleet uses the Envirox nCe additive. Electron microscopy of laboratory-generated exhaust samples indicated both individual ceria and soot particles (external mixture) and ceria contained within soot agglomerations (internal mixture). Low ambient concentrations prevented quantification of the ceria particle mixing state in the atmosphere; therefore, a multicomponent sectional aerosol dynamic model was used to predict the size, chemical composition, and mixing state of ceria particles as a function of distance from an idealized roadway. Model simulations predicted that most ceria particles remain nonmixed in the ambient atmosphere (300 m downwind from the roadway) due to slow coagulation, with the mixing rate most sensitive to the ceria content of emitted nuclei-mode particles and the particle concentration upwind of the road. Although microscopy analysis showed both external and internal mixtures of ceria and soot in freshly emitted particles, the ambient mass concentration, and size distribution of ceria particles predicted by the model was insensitive to the emitted mixing state. Copyright 2015 American Association for Aerosol Research


PURPOSE
Patients and relatives have varying preferences for genetic testing and interventions related to hereditary cancer syndromes. We examined how the impact of these services on quality of life (QoL) affects the cost-effectiveness of screening for Lynch syndrome among probands newly diagnosed with colorectal cancer and their relatives.

METHODS
We constructed a state-transition model comparing screening strategies (clinical criteria, prediction algorithms, tumor testing, and upfront germline testing) with no screening to identify Lynch syndrome. The model incorporated individuals' health state utilities after screening, germline testing, and risk-reducing surgeries, with utilities persisting for 12 months in the base case. Outcomes consisted of quality-adjusted lifeyears (QALYs), costs, and cost per QALY gained. Sensitivity analyses assessed how the duration and magnitude of changes in QoL influenced results.

RESULTS
Multiple screening strategies yielded gains in QALYs at acceptable costs compared with no screening. The preferred strategy-immunohistochemistry of tumors followed by BRAF mutation testing (IHC/BRAF)-cost $59,700 per QALY gained in the base case. The duration and magnitude of decreases in QoL after decisions related to germline testing and surgeries were key determinants of the cost-effectiveness of screening. IHC/BRAF cost >$100,000 per QALY gained when decrements to QoL persisted for 21 months.

CONCLUSION
Screening for Lynch syndrome in the population is likely to yield long-term gains in life expectancy that outweigh any short-term decreases in QoL, at acceptable costs. Counseling for individuals should aim to mitigate potential negative impact of genetic testing and risk-reducing interventions on QoL.


BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) are heterogeneous aggressive tumors with low rates of response to treatment at advanced stages. We screened a large panel of liver cancer cell lines (LCCLs) to identify agents that might be effective against HCC and markers of therapeutic response.

METHODS
We performed whole-exome RNA and microRNA sequencing and quantification of 126 proteins in 34 LCCLs. We screened 31 anti-cancer agents for their ability to decrease cell viability. We compared genetic, RNA, and protein profiles of LCCLs with those of primary HCC samples and searched for markers of response.

RESULTS
The protein and RNA signatures of the LCCLs were similar to those of the proliferation class of HCC, which is the most aggressive tumor type. Cell lines with alterations in genes encoding members of the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway and that required FGF19 signaling via FGFR4 for survival were more sensitive to trametinib than to FGFR4 inhibitors. Amplification of FGF19 resulted in increased activity of FGF19 only in tumor cells that kept a gene expression pattern of hepatocyte differentiation. We identified single agents and combinations of agents that reduced viability of cells with features of the progenitor subclass of HCC. LCCLs with inactivating mutations in TSC1 and TSC2 were sensitive to the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, and cells with inactivating mutation in TP53 were sensitive to the AURKA inhibitor alisertib. Amplification of MET was associated with hypersensitivity to cabozantinib and the combination of sorafenib and inhibitors of MEK1 and MEK2 had a synergistic anti-proliferative effect.

CONCLUSION
LCCLs can be screened for drugs and agents that might be effective for treatment of HCC. We identified genetic alterations and gene expression patterns associated with response to these agents. This information might be used to select patients for clinical trials.


I. INTRODUCTION While state courts are obligated to hear federal question cases under the Supremacy Clause,1 they currently need not abide by the constitutional2 and prudential3 standing requirements of federal courts. Accordingly, states are increasingly enacting statutes allowing plaintiffs to litigate complaints based on federal law, even though the plaintiffs do not satisfy the injury-infact requirement of Article III.4 This asymmetry has at times placed the U.S. Supreme in a strange predicament: the Court will lose its appellate jurisdiction over state supreme court decisions on federal law.5 While both the Court and commentators have tackled this strange departure from the High Court's normal jurisdiction,6 a fragmented landscape of standing requirements also presents a subtle but precarious challenge for Congress. This Article discusses how diverse state standing requirements can distort how state courts enforce federal substantive rights on a systemic level. By enacting a new cause of action, Congress intends to shift the rights and duties of potential plaintiffs, defendants and the courts to a new equilibrium more in line with its policy objectives. This policy contemplates what type of harm Congress wants to redress, what types of people it wants to benefit and punish, and the appropriate level of enforcement necessary to achieve the policy's goal. Preset federal standing requirements normally cabin this balancing process by identifying to Congress what types of (and perhaps how many) plaintiffs could bring suit under the new cause of action. In other words, Congress will know ahead of time that all future plaintiffs will have been injured-in-fact and will represent the enforcement interests that Congress had in mind when drafting the bill. This predictability aids Congress in selecting the desired level of enforcement that achieves the statutory purpose but does not unduly burden potential defendants' rights or the decisionmaking capacity of the courts. When Congress faces state courts with a variety of standing requirements, however, its statutory policy will receive a different level of enforcement (resulting in attendant costs) depending on the jurisdiction. A state with more restrictive standing will impede potential plaintiffs that Congress wished to help. In contrast, a state with a loose standing requirement will invite a flood of plaintiffs that may over-enforce a statute and hinder both defendants' legitimate activities and the state courts' ability to apply the law faithfully to the facts. The Constitution contemplates that federal and state courts must be partners in realizing the uniform policy of Congress when enforcing the law through decisions.7 While a standing requirement on a case-by-case basis may not tinker with the substantive goals of Congress, it can frustrate equal enforcement of the law on a systemic level. A reverse-Erie analysis asks to what extent a state court must forego its normal state court rules when adjudicating federal substantive law.8 On one extreme, the Supremacy Clause dictates that a substantive federal policy always displaces any contrary substantive state law. On the other extreme, a state court has the right to employ distinct procedural rules that have no effect on the federal law it is adjudicating. The federal standing requirements, both constitutional and prudential, fall uncomfortably into the middle. As is the case with substantive law, Congress's strong interest in the uniform enforcement of its laws militates toward a single standing threshold. The states within our federalist system, however, have the sovereign right to organize their courts as they see fit.9 Moreover, Congress confounds the issue because it rarely contemplates standing when it creates a cause of action, accepting the federal standards as given by the Constitution and the Supreme Court. This Article ultimately suggests that state courts should abide by federal standing requirements to enforce federal causes of action consistently with federal courts. …


This case study reports on a first-year module on developmental and educational psychology, where we have included a volunteering placement in an education setting as part of the required activities. Students are asked to identify and organise an educational volunteering opportunity, which subsequently forms part of their module assessment. The aim of the volunteering is to help them gain valuable experience in education settings which contributes to employability skills and CV development; alongside helping them to build links between theory and practice. The structure of the module, and activities for them to complete in relation to their volunteering, encourage them to reflect on the observations and experiences they have made, and consider how these compare and contrast to psychological theory and research in the field of developmental and educational psychology. This experience at year one is built upon by further (and more extensive) volunteering opportunities in years two and three. These opportunities reflect the progression of students – moving from more descriptive tasks in year one (relating observations to theory) to critically reflective tasks in year three (evaluating a service or provision) - thus enabling the students to gain extensive educational experience, whilst also demonstrating their ability to apply the theoretical knowledge gained in the classroom to real-world settings. Not only is this useful for their learning, but also for their ongoing career development when they graduate.


The purpose of this thesis is to examine the process of creativity in advertising from a practice-based perspective and illustrate the dynamics and relations between practices that can constitute this phenomenon. A nine month long ethnographic study was conducted in the context of an international advertising agency in Iran, where the organisational aim of doing being creative is in contradiction with the broader social system of the country which largely promotes conservative thinking. Such tension makes practitioners aware of their intertwinement with the practices involved in the creativity process and thus it is easier for them to reflect on what they are doing (Sandberg and Tsoukas 2011). This setting thus provides a good platform to capture the logic of practices. By drawing on Schatzki's (1996) theories of practice, the everyday practices of creatives, their interaction with other members of their advertising agency, their clients and audiences as well as with existing advertising and ideas within the social and situational milieux from the start of a campaign until receiving approval are examined. The findings indicate various stakeholders participate in the process of creativity in advertising, such as creatives, other ad agency members, the client, the campaign's audience, and the governmental officers, all of whom can have different requirements and preferences. While prior literature makes valuable contributions to our understanding of creativity in advertising agencies, in particular related to the important features of the creative outcome, the environmental factors that hinder or foster creativity and the people involved, particularly those individuals that are responsible for delivering creativity, their traits and personalities, we lack an understanding of its process and the recursive roles of environmental and structural factors that can shape and be shaped by the process of creativity in advertising. The present study contributes to this literature by adopting a practice lens revealing the process of creativity in advertising to be entwined in relational/socio-material practice, be the alignment of different preferences of various stakeholders, and be a cumulative process. In addition, techniques for pursuing different end tasks are explored and practices are found to be carriers of culture, and the internal and external rewards in practices are found to be the perceived competences of a practice and the embracing of the identity of a practice respectively. Finally, some managerial implications based on the outcomes of this research are proposed. These cover the establishment of practice-based guidelines with a corresponding reward system for evaluating creativity in advertising, introducing an appropriate physical layout and structures for ad agencies that can enable the alignment of various objectives and avoid potential tensions, providing a comprehensive induction and training for staff, ensuring an organisational flat structure as well as deploying collaboration as the most appropriate type of leadership for controlling creatives.


Kernel density estimation is one of the most important techniques for understanding the distributional properties of data. It is understood that the effectiveness of such approach depends on the choice of a kernel function and the choice of a smoothing parameter (bandwidth). This thesis has undertaken some important topics in bandwidth selection for kernel density estimation for data that behave in various nature. The first issue evolves around selecting appropriate bandwidth given the characteristics of the local data in multivariate setting. In Chapter 3, the study proposes a kernel density estimator with tail-adaptive bandwidths. The study derives posterior of bandwidth parameters based on the Kullback-Leibler information and presented an MCMC sampling algorithm to estimate bandwidths. The Monte Carlo simulation study shows that the kernel density estimator with tail-adaptive bandwidths estimated through the proposed sampling algorithm outperforms its competitor. The tail-adaptive kernel density estimator is applied to the estimation of bivariate density of the paired daily returns of the Australian Ordinary index and S&P 500 index during the period of global financial crisis. The results show that this estimator could capture richer dynamics in the tail area than the density estimator with a global bandwidth estimated through the normal reference rule and a Bayesian sampling algorithm. The second research project investigates bandwidth selection for multimodal distributions or data that exhibits clustering behaviours. Chapter 4 proposes a cluster-adaptive bandwidth kernel density estimator for data with multimodality. This method employs a clustering algorithm to assign a different bandwidth to each cluster identified in the data set. The study derives a posterior of bandwidth parameters based on the Kullback-Leibler information and presented an MCMC sampling algorithm to estimate bandwidths. The Monte Carlo simulation study shows that when the underlying density is a mixture of normals, the kernel density estimator with cluster-adaptive bandwidths estimated through the proposed sampling algorithm outperforms its competitor. When the underlying densities are fat-tailed, the combined approach of tail- and cluster-adaptive density estimator performs the best. In an empirical study, bandwidth matrices are estimated for the cluster-adaptive kernel density estimator of eruption duration and waiting time to the next eruption collected from Old Faithful greyer, which is often analysed due to its clustering nature. The results again shows clear advantage of the proposed cluster-adaptive kernel density estimator over traditional approaches. The third topic extends the Bayesian bandwidth selection method to volatility models of financial asset return series. The study is motivated by the fact that only limited attention in the literature has been invested on the estimation of nonparametric nonlinear type of volatility models through a Bayesian approach. Chapter 5 presents a new volatility model called the semiparametic nonlinear volatility (SNV) model. Based on financial return series of major stock indices in the world, the performance of the proposed volatility model against the competing models are examined in both in-sample and out-of-sample periods. The proposed model and the Bayesian estimation method show strong and convincing performance results. The study also evaluates the empirical value-at-risk (VaR) performance of the competing models. The proposed volatility model shows the best performance in most cases.


ACADEMIC SUCCESS FACTORS INFLUENCING LINGUISTICALLY DIVERSE AND NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKING ASSOCIATE DEGREE NURSING STUDENTS Josie Veal, MSN, RN, FNP-BC Marquette University, 2012 To address the healthcare needs of vulnerable populations, nursing educators should evaluate educational preparedness and identify which factors influence a successive academic trajectory in nursing school. A prospective design was used to determine the relationships and differences among the anatomy and physiology course grade, self-efficacy, linguistic diversity, language acculturation, and components of the National League for Nursing pre-admission exam for registered nurses and first semester nursing course grades of linguistically diverse and native English speaking associate degree nursing students. A relationship exists between the PAX-RN composite score, anatomy mean grade, language diversity, and general self-efficacy score, the Nursing Pharmacology and Nursing Fundamentals course grades for associate degree nursing students. The PAX-RN composite score and the AP mean grade were related to all first semester courses for associate degree students. Differences existed in the academic success of linguistically diverse students and Native English speaking students on the PAX-RN composite scores and Nursing Fundamentals course grades. Students may approach prerequisite courses and preadmission exams differently if the predictive nature of these factors were addressed. Nurse educators can further explore essential admission criteria which may be necessary for academic success among all students, inclusive of diverse populations.


Contact sport athletes can experience thousands of repetitive head impacts (RHI) in their career. Retired NFL players have been found to be suffering from depression, mood/behavior changes, and cognition deficits that are linked to underlying neurological impairment from RHIs, including the neurodegenerative disease, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Researchers at Boston University School of Medicine received funding from the National Institutes of Health to create the DETECT study to examine methods of diagnosing CTE during life and to examine the possible risk factors for CTE and other long-term consequences of RHI. This study examined the association between change in body mass index (BMI) and cognitive impairment in retired NFL players. The cohort was 95 retired NFL players between the ages of 40-69 who have a minimal 12 years of football experience and minimal 2 years in the NFL. The participants underwent a 2-3 hour neuropsychological battery. Change in BMI was from the time of retirement (height and weight available on the NFL website archive of historical players) and from time of the DETECT study visit (height and weight recorded by nurses on digital scales). The results found significance between greater change in BMI and decline in psychomotor speed/executive functioning (p=0.038). There was also significance between WAIS Digit symbol coding test and BMI change (p=0.043). The results show that greater positive change in BMI have negative consequences on retired NFL player's cognitive functioning.


This thesis is a synchronic reception study of a single play, the Oedipus at Colonus. Rather than providing a commentary, or extracting one or two themes in isolation for examination, it considers the play through the lens of the eighteenth century. In so doing it offers a variety of disciplinary approaches, looking at the QC through the eyes of an aesthetic philosopher, creative writer, textual critic, artist, politician, historian, art historian, composer, musicologist, teacher or clergyman. After an introduction outlining some basic presuppositions for the thesis, chapter 1 covers aesthetic philosophy, chapter 2 books, chapter 3 staged reworking, chapter 4 paintings and chapter 5 opera. In reflecting on the play from such a broad range of perspectives, a range of insights emerge. The major theme is the way in which aesthetics develops over time and how these developments are reflected in the wide range of material under discussion. This thesis is about the sublime. Reading the DC through eighteenth-century eyes prioritises certain aspects of it which can, in various guises and at various times, be understood as sublime. This places great emphasis on themes such as religion and the role of landscape, while diminishing others, such as that of blindness, which might usually seem obvious ways to think about the play. Each act of reception draws out something slightly different from the Greek model, and by examining a range of material, our overall appreciation of the play and the eighteenth century is significantly enhanced, particularly in respect to the aforementioned themes.


HYPOTHESIS
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) is an increasingly recognized disease of the pancreas. We report our experience with pancreatic resection for IPMN.

DESIGN
Retrospective review from 1992 through 2005 with additional independent histopathologic confirmation.

SETTING
Mayo Clinic Rochester, a tertiary care center.

PATIENTS
All patients who underwent primary resection for pancreatic IPMN.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Disease-specific operative outcomes, survival, and recurrence patterns.

RESULTS
Of 208 patients (mean age, 66 years) with IPMN of the pancreas, 168 underwent partial pancreatectomy, and 40 underwent total pancreatectomy; 88 were classified as having adenoma, 38 as having borderline neoplasm, 19 as having carcinoma in situ, and 63 as having invasive carcinoma. The prevalence of a malignant neoplasm was 64% in patients with main duct IPMN compared with 18% in patients with branch duct IPMN. Re-resection of the initial pancreatic margin was necessary in 21% of patients. Final negative margins were achieved in 89% of patients. Five-year survival with noninvasive IPMN was 94%. Patients with invasive IPMN had a similar 5-year survival compared with a matched cohort with ductal adenocarcinoma (31% vs 24%; P = .26). In patients with invasive IPMN, 58% experienced disease recurrence. In patients with noninvasive IPMN, 10% experienced disease recurrence after partial pancreatectomy and 0% experienced disease recurrence after total pancreatectomy.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients with main duct IPMN or high-risk branch duct IPMN should be considered for targeted pancreatectomy. Invasive IPMN behaves as aggressively as ductal adenocarcinoma, but resection seems to provide the only potential for cure. Even with negative resection margins, the pancreatic remnant harbors a risk of recurrence and, thus, careful long-term surveillance is warranted.


Previous terrain rendering approaches have addressed the aspect of data compression and fast decoding for rendering, but applications where the terrain is repeatedly modified and needs to be buffered on disk have not been considered so far. Such applications require both decoding and encoding to be faster than disk transfer. We present a novel approach for editing gigasample terrain fields at interactive rates and high quality. To achieve high decoding and encoding throughput, we employ a compression scheme for height and pixel maps based on a sparse wavelet representation. On recent GPUs it can encode and decode up to 270 and 730 MPix/s of color data, respectively, at compression rates and quality superior to JPEG, and it achieves more than twice these rates for lossless height field compression. The construction and rendering of a height field triangulation is avoided by using GPU ray‐casting directly on the regular grid underlying the compression scheme. We show the efficiency of our method for interactive editing and continuous level‐of‐detail rendering of terrain fields comprised of several hundreds of gigasamples.


Seismic reflection data combined with results from ocean drilling document regional-scale slumping associated with the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) impact event. The K-T boundary is biostratigraphically complete at three Ocean Drilling Program sites (1049, 1050, and 1052) located on Blake Nose (30°N, 75°W) off eastern Florida in water depths of 1300–2600 m. Maastrichtian chalk is folded and fractured below the K-T boundary at all three sites, whereas lowermost Paleocene clays and chalks are undeformed. Deformation is pervasive in Maastrichtian at the deepest water site (Site 1049), whereas at the shallower water sites (Sites 1050 and 1052) thick intervals of structurally intact Maastrichtian chalk are separated by thinner intervals of highly deformed sediments. Correlation of core to seismic reflection data indicates that the K-T boundary immediately overlies seismic facies characteristic of mass wasting that extend across most of the ∼55 km distance of the depth transect. Maastrichtian sediments appear to have moved as large slump blocks on the upper part of Blake Nose but deformed more uniformly in the deeper water parts of the transect. We suggest that mass wasting occurred on the Blake Nose >1600 km from the Chicxulub crater in response to the cataclysmic seismicity generated by the impact.


This study reports the results of using minimum description length (MDL) analysis to model unsupervised learning of the morphological segmentation of European languages, using corpora ranging in size from 5,000 words to 500,000 words. We develop a set of heuristics that rapidly develop a probabilistic morphological grammar, and use MDL as our primary tool to determine whether the modifications proposed by the heuristics will be adopted or not. The resulting grammar matches well the analysis that would be developed by a human morphologist. In the final section, we discuss the relationship of this style of MDL grammatical analysis to the notion of evaluation metric in early generative grammar.


At present, the convergence of several areas of knowledge has led to the design and implementation of ICT systems that support the integration of heterogeneous tools, such as artificial intelligence (AI), statistics and databases (BD), among others. Ontologies in computing are included in the world of AI and refer to formal representations of an area of knowledge or domain. The discipline that is in charge of the study and construction of tools to accelerate the process of creation of ontologies from the natural language is the ontological engineering. In this paper, we propose a knowledge management model based on the clinical histories of patients (HC) in Panama, based on information extraction (EI), natural language processing (PLN) and the development of a domain ontology.Keywords: Knowledge, information extraction, ontology, automatic population of ontologies, natural language processing.


Fourier reconstruction algorithms significantly outperform conventional backprojection algorithms in terms of computation time. In photoacoustic imaging, these methods require interpolation in the Fourier space domain, which creates artifacts in reconstructed images. We propose a novel reconstruction algorithm that applies the one-dimensional nonuniform fast Fourier transform to photoacoustic imaging. It is shown theoretically and numerically that our algorithm avoids artifacts while preserving the computational effectiveness of Fourier reconstruction.


Objectives Resistin has a potential role in atherosclerosis because resistin produces proinflammatory effects in the vascular wall. However, the molecular mechanism of resistin increase in atherosclerosis remains unclear. Hypoxia plays an important role in vascular remodeling and directly affects vascular smooth muscle cells functions. We sought to investigate the molecular regulation of resistin expression under hypoxia in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Methods Vascular smooth muscle cells from thoracic aorta of adult Wistar rats were cultured and subjected to hypoxia at 2.5% oxygen in a hypoxic chamber. Western blot, real-time PCR, reactive oxygen species assay, and promoter activity were measured. Results Hypoxia significantly increased the resistin protein (3.5-fold, P < 0.001) and mRNA (4.8-fold, P < 0.001) expression as compared with the control cells. The specific extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor PD98059, antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, and ERK siRNA attenuated the induction of resistin protein by hypoxia. It increased the phosphorylated ERK protein expression (3.2-fold, P < 0.001), whereas pretreatment with PD98059 and N-acetylcysteine significantly blocked the increase of phosphorylated ERK by hypoxia. It also increased the reactive oxygen species production (9.3-fold, P < 0.001), and pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine significantly blocked the induction of reactive oxygen species by hypoxia. Hypoxia increased resistin promoter activity (5.1-fold, P < 0.001), and the activity was abolished when nuclear factor of activating T cells in the promoter area was mutated. Pretreatment with PD98059 and N-acetylcysteine significantly attenuated the resistin promoter activity induced by hypoxia. Conclusion Hypoxia increases the resistin expression in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells under hypoxia. The hypoxia-induced resistin is mediated through reactive oxygen species, ERK mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and nuclear factor of activating T cells pathway.


The biochron of the subfamily Megatheriinae, large to very large terrestrial sloths typified by Megatherium Cuvier, in Argentina extends from the middle Miocene of Patagonia to the late Pleistocene-early Holocene. Megatheriines reached their highest diversity in the lower levels (="conglomerado osifero", late Miocene) of the Ituzaingo Formation in Entre Rios Province, northeastern Argentina. Among the four megatheriines that occur in this unit, the genera Promegatherium Ameghino, Eomegatherium Kraglievich and Pliomegatherium Kraglievich represent relatively small to medium-sized taxa. Here we describe new material assigned to Pyramiodontherium , the largest of the four genera from the same bed and comparable in size to some Quaternary species of Megatherium . Three valid species of Pyramiodontherium have been recognized, all distributed mainly in northwestern Argentina, from the late Miocene in Catamarca Province (and probably also in Tucuman Province), and the late Pliocene in La Rioja Province. The presence of this genus in northeastern Argentina extends its known paleobiogeographical distribution.


AIMS
This paper explores the ethical, theoretical and methodological implications of predictive testing in studies of child abuse, neglect and harm.

BACKGROUND
The use of screening instruments to make predictions about children who may later be abused, neglected or at risk of exclusion is promoted in research and policy. The recent UK Action Plan on Social Exclusion suggests that health visitors and community midwives should be trained to use these tools in practice.

METHOD
Position paper.

CONCLUSIONS
The accuracy of screening instruments to identify children who will be abused or neglected has not been established. Even if the theoretical and methodological challenges of predictive instruments could be overcome, the ethical implications of their use are very difficult for nurses and midwives.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
Nurses, midwives and health visitors require high levels of awareness of risk factors in working with children and families. We have a responsibility to reach professional judgements about risks of harm for individuals. This is best performed through improving skills in working with parents and carers to identify those factors which may impede their ability to offer safe developmental care to their children.


Transaction fraud is predominant nowadays as many people prefer shopping through online. This made the research on detecting fraud to become an important part of research at present times. Based on records of transaction of several users, Bp (Behavioral Profile) is extracted and then verification takes place in order to find the frauds occurring. Usage of Markov models does not give relevant results, thus making unsuitable to use in such scenarios. Attributes from several transaction records are classified in the proposed system to represent a graph like structure. The probability of path from one attribute to another is calculated along with computation of diversity of several different users behaviors in transaction. For every user a Bp is constructed and is verified whether the transaction is allowed incoming or not to detect the fraud. The experimental results show the efficacy of the system.


Abstract Abstraction is a core tenet of human cognition and communication. When composing natural language instructions, humans naturally evoke abstraction to convey complex procedures in an efficient and concise way. Yet, interpreting and grounding abstraction expressed in NL has not yet been systematically studied in NLP, with no accepted benchmarks specifically eliciting abstraction in NL. In this work, we set the foundation for a systematic study of processing and grounding abstraction in NLP. First, we deliver a novel abstraction elicitation method and present Hexagons, a 2D instruction-following game. Using Hexagons we collected over 4k naturally occurring visually-grounded instructions rich with diverse types of abstractions. From these data, we derive an instruction-to-execution task and assess different types of neural models. Our results show that contemporary models and modeling practices are substantially inferior to human performance, and that model performance is inversely correlated with the level of abstraction, showing less satisfying performance on higher levels of abstraction. These findings are consistent across models and setups, confirming that abstraction is a challenging phenomenon deserving further attention and study in NLP/AI research.


In their willingness to leave home and country to create a new city and a new nation, the first Houstonians were a special breed. They were adventurers and builders; they were citizens of the world. This is the story of these people, their descendants and like-minded successors, and their city, up to the end of the Second World War. It is a history marked by murder, mutiny, and the ironies of war, by comedy and high jinks, by heroism and a remarkable generosity. This fascinating social history grew out of Marguerite Johnston's forty years of friendship with the city and its people. It traces Houston's first families through interlinking marriages, charitable associations, and business partnerships. In this book, Johnston brings to light unpublished letters and diaries from those who served with Perry in Japan, who helped Maximillian design Mexico City, who acted for Woodrow Wilson at Versailles, who helped Roosevelt restore the national economy, and who, by conceiving and negotiating the Marshall Plan, saved Western Europe from collapse. She also sketches in warm detail the gentle life of a Southern town and portrays a people of intellect and a natural elegance. Ima Hogg, Houston philanthropist and patron of the arts, once said that Houston was lucky because the first Houstonians who got rich gave their money for schools, parks, hospitals, and the arts. "This set the pattern," she said. "This is what Houstonians do once they get a little money." Since 1836, their continuing philanthropy has totaled more than a billion dollars, yet remains personal. It has created a lively cultural scene, a prestigious educational establishment, a pace-setting medical center, and a gracious life-style. Old Houstonians rarely speak of themselves as Texans--they are Houstonians. Their story--not without problems, challenges, and conflicts--is the story of people who have shaped a major American city and who from it, have influenced lives around the world.


The Nemhauser-Trotter theorem states that the standard linear programming (LP) formulation for the stable set problem has a remarkable property, also known as (weak) persistency: for every optimal LP solution that assigns integer values to some variables, there exists an optimal integer solution in which these variables retain the same values. While the standard LP is defined by only non-negativity and edge constraints, a variety of stronger LP formulations have been studied and one may wonder whether any of them is persistent as well. We show that any stronger LP formulation that satisfies mild conditions cannot be persistent on all graphs, unless it is always equal to the stable-set polytope.


Creative workers have been celebrated internationally for their flexibility in new labour markets centred on culture, creativity and, most recently, innovation. This book draws on research with novice and established workers in a range of specialisations to explore the new meanings, aspirations and difficulties associated with a contemporary creative identification. The book investigates the difficulties and attraction of creative work as a personalised, affect-laden project, perpetually open and oriented to possibility, uncertain in its trajectory or rewards. Employing a cross- disciplinary methodology and analytic approach the book investigates the new cultural meanings in play around creative working and a creative career. It shows how classic ideals of Design and the creative arts, re-interpreted and promoted within contemporary art schools, validate the lived experience of precarious working in the global sectors of the creative and cultural industries, yet also contribute to its conflicts. 'Contemporary identities of creativity and creative work' presents a distinctive study and original findings which make it essential reading for social scientists, including social psychologists, with an interest in cultural and media studies, creativity, identity and identification and contemporary work.


We combined a 3D graphene foam network with a ZnO NRs array and further introduced this mixed-dimensional heterostructure into a PEC biosensing system. The 3D graphene served as a conductive matrix and provided an extra-large spatial surface area for more effective synthesis of ZnO NRs, while the ZnO NRs array functioned as a photoactive material to generate charge carriers and provided reaction sites at the surface for glutathione (GSH) oxidation. Therefore, an elevated photoresponse as well as an improved PEC biosensing performance in the linear range from 5 to 300 μM and an estimated detection limit of 1.53 μM through 3σ were obtained due to the vast reactive surface area and efficient electron transfer of the designed photoanode. The proposed strategy verified that such a spatial bioactive platform is promising in biosensing related fields or other photoelectric energy conversion fields.


Background: In the United Kingdom, socioeconomic disadvantage has been associated with lower use of home dialysis, mostly peritoneal dialysis. In this study, we explore the role of a patient's sociodemographic, socioeconomic differences and the centre's influence on home haemodialysis (HD) prevalence. Methods: Data is derived from the cross-sectional arm of the UK multi-centre study investigating barriers and enablers of home HD (BASIC-HHD study). Centres were classified as low- (<3%), medium- (5-8%) and high-prevalence groups (>8%). Sociodemographic and socioeconomic status data were ascertained. Patients were enrolled in hospital HD (n = 213), home HD (n = 93) and predialysis groups (n = 222). Results: The treating renal centre to which the patient belonged was significantly associated with a patient's modality in prevalent HD groups and modality-choice in the "predialysis" group, in confounder-adjusted multivariable analyses. Non-white ethnicity was associated with lower odds of self-care dialysis modality choice (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.07-0.62) and lower odds of home HD uptake in the prevalent HD group (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.07-0.80). Other significant associations of home HD uptake in the HD cohort included lower age (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.39-0.89), higher education (OR 2.99, 95% CI 1.25-7.16), home ownership (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.09-0.70), childcare responsibility (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.08-0.66) and unrestricted mobility (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.11-0.91). Conclusion: "Centre" effect accounts for variation in home HD prevalence between renal units after accounting for sociodemographic parameters and co-morbidities. Unit practices and attitudes to home HD are likely to have a dominating impact on home HD prevalence rates and these aspects need to be explored systematically at the organisational level.


With the growing popularity of Internet applications and the widespread use of mobile Internet, Internet traffic has maintained rapid growth over the past two decades. Internet Traffic Archival Systems (ITAS) for packets or flow records have become more and more widely used in network monitoring, network troubleshooting, and user behavior and experience analysis. Among the three key technologies in ITAS, we focus on bitmap index compression algorithm and give a detailed survey in this paper. The current state-of-the-art bitmap index encoding schemes include: BBC, WAH, PLWAH, EWAH, PWAH, CONCISE, COMPAX, VLC, DF-WAH, and VAL-WAH. Based on differences in segmentation, chunking, merge compress, and Near Identical (NI) features, we provide a thorough categorization of the state-of-the-art bitmap index compression algorithms. We also propose some new bitmap index encoding algorithms, such as SECOMPAX, ICX, MASC, and PLWAH+, and present the state diagrams for their encoding algorithms. We then evaluate their CPU and GPU implementations with a real Internet trace from CAIDA. Finally, we summarize and discuss the future direction of bitmap index compression algorithms. Beyond the application in network security and network forensic, bitmap index compression with faster bitwise-logical operations and reduced search space is widely used in analysis in genome data, geographical information system, graph databases, image retrieval, Internet of things, etc. It is expected that bitmap index compression will thrive and be prosperous again in Big Data era since 1980s.


Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods generate samples that are asymptotically distributed from a target distribution of interest as the number of iterations goes to infinity. Various theoretical results provide upper bounds on the distance between the target and marginal distribution after a fixed number of iterations. These upper bounds are on a case by case basis and typically involve intractable quantities, which limits their use for practitioners. We introduce L-lag couplings to generate computable, non-asymptotic upper bound estimates for the total variation or the Wasserstein distance of general Markov chains. We apply L-lag couplings to the tasks of (i) determining MCMC burn-in, (ii) comparing different MCMC algorithms with the same target, and (iii) comparing exact and approximate MCMC. Lastly, we (iv) assess the bias of sequential Monte Carlo and self-normalized importance samplers.


Abstract Diandongosaurus acutidentatus Shang, Wu & Li, 2011 is restudied on the basis of a new specimen. The new specimen provides further information on the palate of the skull, the shoulder girdle, the gastralia and hind limbs, and permits revision of the diagnosis. Newly added or modified diagnostic characters include the presence of a few small vomerine teeth, the presence of an ectopterygoid, lateral elements of gastralia distally swollen and curving dorsally, boomerang-shaped interclavicle and clavicle with a distinct anterolateral process. Slight variations in the vertebral counts, girdle morphology, and phalangeal formulae are attributed to the intraspecific variations. A revised phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that Diandongosaurus is closely related to the Nothosauroidea and that certain Chinese taxa (e.g. Keichousaurus) previously affiliated with the Pachypleurosauridae are more closely related to the Nothosauroidea. The effect of inclusion or exclusion of fragmentary taxa in the phylogenetic analysis is observed in the branching pattern of the cladogram, but it has little effect on the morphological characterization of the major clades.


As a subject of inquiry, laws of nature exist in the overlap between metaphysics and the philosophy of science. Over the past three decades, this area of study has become increasingly central to the philosophy of science. It also has relevance to a variety of topics in metaphysics, philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and epistemology. Readings on Laws of Nature is the first anthology to offer a contemporary history of the problem of laws. The book is organized around three key issues: the matter of distinguishing laws from mere correlations, questions concerning inductive reasoning and laws, and the consideration of whether there are any true laws in science. Designed for class use, the anthology covers a remarkably broad range of views and concerns, and consists exclusively of articles that have proved highly influential in the field. Readings on Laws of Nature will also serve as a valuable research and reference tool for philosophers who do not specialize in the subject, but who have occasion to examine concepts relating to the laws of nature in their own work.


This volume makes available for the first time in English translation a selection of Jacques Jouanna's papers on medicine in the Graeco-Roman world. The papers cover more than thirty years of Jouanna's scholarship and range from the early beginnings of Greek medicine to late antiquity. Part One studies the ways in which Greek medicine is related to its historical and cultural background (politics, rhetoric, drama, religion). Part Two studies a number of salient features of Hippocratic medicine, such as dietetics, theories of health and disease and concepts of psychosomatic interaction, in relation to Greek philosophical thought. Part Three studies the reception of Hippocratic medicine, especially medical ethics and the theory of the four humours, in Galen and in late antiquity.


Montoya et al. cloned the gene responsible for the tomato plant mutant altered brassinolide sensitivity 1 (abs1). This gene was an allele to the curl3 (cu3) gene. Plants with mutations in cu3 do not respond to brassinolide steroid hormones and have increased concentrations of brassinolides, which together suggest loss of negative feedback. Identification of the tomato homolog of the Arabidopsis brassinolide receptor BR1, a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase, and subsequent comparison of the tBR1 sequences from wild-type and curl3 plants showed that cu3 encoded a nonsense mutation. tBR1 is essentially identical to the putative systemin receptor SR160. Systemin is a peptide important for defense signaling in plants. Thus, steroid hormones and peptides may share a common receptor, which raises intriguing questions about the interaction between brassinolide signaling (involved in growth and development) and defense signaling (involved in plant immune responses to pathogen attack). T. Montoya, T. Nomura, K. Farrar, T. Kaneta, T. Yokota, G. J. Bishop, Cloning the tomato Curl3 gene highlights the putative dual role of the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase tBRI1/SR160 in plant steroid hormone and peptide hormone signaling. Plant Cell 14, 3163-3176 (2002). [Abstract] [Full Text]


This thesis identifies the multiple ways austerity and welfare reform were experienced by staff and service users of a homelessness and resettlement service from 2011 to 2014. The research employs an ethnographic narrative and participatory methodology drawing on a critical feminist research paradigm. It draws on equality theory in research and community development theory in social action to offer a model of participatory equality studies as a way of working for social justice (Bourdieu, 1997; Baker et al., 2004; Ledwith, 2005). Experiences and change in the lives of vulnerable people is examined through a Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (May, Brown, Cooper and Brill, 2009) and co-researcher processes (Maguire, 1987; Baker et al., 2004). The research offers ethnographies of austerity at local level that document individual and organisational experiences, as workers and service-users negotiate significant change, within a broader neo-liberal context (Bourdieu, 1977; Okely, 2012).
Qualitative data were collected at key points over four years. Twenty-eight interviews were conducted; ten with senior management and policy staff, eight with front line services staff, and ten with service-users. Two ex-service users acted as co-researchers for a phase of the research focused on the lived experiences of service users. Team meetings were observed that provided reflective accounts of collective and organisational responses to a rapidly changing context. Two external and one internal public engagement events provided a space for the research findings to be contributed to a wider public debate on austerity. Findings are contextualized in a review of emerging critical literature on the impacts of austerity measures in Britain.
This thesis makes a contribution, as a critical ethnographic study of multiple and complex new realities for staff and services users as they contend with and understand changes in welfare and endeavour to negotiate changing discourses on the role and relationships between local authorities, individuals and charities. It reveals significant contributions and resilience in the day to day lives of service users, but also intense pressures on people as they 'come up for review' and the personal impact of negative community, media and officials attitudes to vulnerability by revealing the lived experiences of austerity. Finally, seven key themes are identified that could be offered as a wider contribution to a commentary of austerity from a local level and are suggestive of an emerging common story in the caring services.


Current drones are developed with a fixed morphology that can limit their versatility and mission capabilities. There is biological evidence that adaptive morphological changes can not only extend dynamic performances, but also provide new functionalities. In this paper, we present different drones from our recent developments where folding is used as a mean of morphological adaptation. First, we show how foldable wings can enable the transition between aerial and ground locomotion or to fly in different aerodynamic conditions, advancing the development of multi-modal drones with an extended mission envelope. Secondly, we show how foldable structures allow to transport drones easily without sacrificing payload or flight endurance. Thirdly, we present a foldable frame that makes drones to withstand collisions. However, the real potential of foldable drones is often limited by the use of conventional design strategies and rigid materials, which motivates to use smart, functional materials. Lastly, we describe a dielectric elastomer based foldable actuator, and a variable stiffness fiber using low melting point alloy for drones. The foldable actuator acts as an active compliant joint with folding functionality and mechanical robustness in drones, thanks to the compliance of dielectric elastomer, a class of smart materials. We also show re-configuration of a drone enabled by the variable stiffness fiber that can transition between rigid and soft states.


"Bob Cover was and remains the dominant voice of his generation among legal scholars. These essays, each one magnificent in itself, are, when taken together, even more important. The wisdom they impart is forever." --Guido Calabresi, Dean and Sterling Professor of Law, Yale University"Robert Cover drew his sources for the authority of law--for its violence, but also for its paideic potential--from the structuring stories that spark our communal imaginations. Literally until the day of his untimely death, his irreplaceably restless spirit was binding itself with the pages of the Midrash, of "The Brothers Karamazov, " of "Billy Budd, Sailor." It is for us now to work also with these--Bob Cover's stories."--Richard Weisberg, Benjamin N. Cardozo Law School, Yeshiva University"The writings of Robert Cover were usually provocative, sometimes exasperating, but always relevant. In his last years, he concentrated on Jewish sources as well as mystical and Messianic thought. This collection of his articles is a thesaurus of some of his finest writings."--Robert F. Drinan, S.J., Georgetown University Law CenterThe late Robert Cover was Professor of Law, Yale Law School. Martha Minow is Professor of Law, Harvard Law School. Michael Ryan is Professor of English, Northeastern University. Austin Sarat is William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Jurisprudence and Political Science and Chair of the Program in Law, Jurisprudence, and Social Thought, Amherst College.


Alan Bewell, "John Clare and the Ghosts of Natures Past" (pp. 548–578) This essay seeks to read John Clare9s poetry in terms of the poetry of exile. Clare directly confronted what it means to lose one9s place in the world, to be exiled from a place not because you have left it, but because it has left you. No Romantic poet wrote more passionately than Clare about the joy of experiencing nature in all its immediacy, and no poet argued more strongly for its permanence and continuity across generations, and yet few poets have conveyed in more poignant terms what it means to lose one9s nature for good. This paper considers Clare as a poet who writes about what it means to experience the end of nature and to live on long after the nature that one took to be basic to one9s life was gone. Although for many people during the nineteenth century such an idea was unthinkable, for many others, especially in colonial contexts, it was a fact of life. Alongside the many new natures that were coming into being at this time, others were being destroyed or utterly changed. Clare9s poetry gives us some insight into what it meant to at least one author to survive the death of one9s nature.


Discussion of a radiation dose calculation example demonstrates various expressive limitations of the reenement calculus, particularly for systems with continuous variables. A liberalization of reenement, called retrenchment, is proposed, which will support an analogous formal development calculus. Useful concrete system behaviour can be speciied outside the domain of pure reenement, in particular behaviour under controlled precision decay. A syntax and a formal deenition are presented for retrenchment in the B notation of J.-R. Abrial. Necessary transitivity and monotonicity properties for a formal development calculus are stated. A generalisation, evolving retrenchment, is proposed, and a simple example demonstrates its utility, by analogy, in control systems applications. Evolution in retrenchment is demonstrated to ooer the expressive power to describe useful simulation-like behaviour, with evolving precision, in software for control systems. Finally, the dosimetry problem demonstrates the architectural value of retrenchment for the formal construction of continuous systems.


In generalizability theory studies in large-scale testing contexts, sometimes a facet is very sparsely crossed with the object of measurement. For example, when assessments are scored by human raters, it may not be practical to have every rater score all students. Sometimes the scoring is systematically designed such that the raters are consistently grouped throughout the scoring, so that the data can be analyzed as raters nested within teams. Other times, rater pairs are randomly assigned for each student, such that each rater is paired with many other raters at different times. One possibility for this scenario is to treat the data as if raters were nested within students. Because the raters are not truly independent across all students, the resulting variance components could be somewhat biased. This study illustrates how the bias will tend to be small in large-scale studies.


Two way buffer system is a system that exhibits transfer of data using two buffers concurrently. It includes processes that synchronize to exchange data with each other along with executing certain delays between these synchronizations. In existing Tiny two way buffer system, both generators produce packets in half duplex manner after a delay of 10 seconds. However, generator one has an initial shift of 5 seconds after which it begins sending a packet every 10 seconds. Hence, initial delay for generator one is 15 seconds and for generator two it is 10 seconds. Due to this initial shift, both generators produce packets alternatively and is deadlock free as the packets do not meet at the same time instant. Moreover, the existing system model is not concurrent and hence takes more time for packet transfer in every iteration. In this paper we have proposed a model of buffer system using an additional dummy buffer for transfer of data packets, by introducing delay in various buffers of the proposed system that speeds up the transfer of packets. As a result the transfer of data becomes concurrent, deadlock free and hence the model proposed is time efficient. To model and simulate the proposed system we have used UPPAAL as a model checking tool environment for modeling, validation and verification of real-time systems modeled as networks of timed automata. Simulation results shows that the proposed two way buffer system is fully concurrent and time efficient as compared to the existing buffer system.


CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS-- A new challenge to university administrators is being mounted by respected female professors with tenure who are finding themselves frustrated by the glass ceiling that many male and female academics say still separates the sexes at universities. After nearly 2 decades of struggle, women remain a significant minority on science and engineering faculties, making up only 12.5% of senior faculty in the natural sciences and engineering at all U.S. universities and 4-year colleges, according to National Science Foundation data. Although the percentages of female junior faculty members are roughly double those of full professors, there is disturbing evidence that even the highly successful women who remain in academia and prosper may feel desperately unhappy and out of the loop with their colleagues, a situation that may be most acute at leading institutions. A close look at two of the nation9s top universities, Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, reveals trends that likely affect women elsewhere but are more acute at these elite schools.


Proposals for a secure voting technology can involve new mechanisms or procedures designed to provide greater ballot secrecy or verifiability. These mechanisms may be justified on the technical level, but researchers and voting officials must also consider how voters will understand these technical details, and how understanding may affect interaction with the voting systems. In the context of verifiable voting, there is an additional impetus for this consideration as voters are provided with an additional choice; whether or not to verify their ballot. It is possible that differences in voter understanding of the voting technology or verification mechanism may drive differences in voter behaviour; particularly at the point of verification. In the event that voter understanding partially explains voter decisions to verify their ballot, then variance in voter understanding will lead to predictable differences in the way voters interact with the voting technology. This paper describes an experiment designed to test voters' understanding of the 'split ballot', a particular mechanism at the heart of the secure voting system Pret a Voter, used to provide both vote secrecy and voter verifiability. We used a controlled laboratory experiment in which voter behaviour in the experiment is dependent on their understanding of the secrecy mechanism for ballots. We found that a two-thirds majority of the participants expressed a confident comprehension of the secrecy of their ballot; indicating an appropriate level of understanding. Among the remaining third of participants, most exhibited a behaviour indicating a comprehension of the security mechanism, but were less confident in their understanding. A small number did not comprehend the system. We discuss the implications of this finding for the deployment of such voting systems.


In this paper a novel blind watermarking method of 3D volumes based on the Weighted 3D Krawtchouk Moments is proposed. The watermark is created by a pseudo-random number generator and is embedded on low order Weighted 3D Krawtchouk Moments. The watermark detection is blind, requiring only the user's key. The watermark bit sequence is created using the key and its cross correlation with the Weighted 3D Krawtchouk Moments of the possible watermarked volume. The proposed method is imperceivable to the user, robust to geometric transformations (translation, rotation) and to cropping attacks.


Abstract Background: Domestic violence is a global concern. Domestic violence refers to violence inflicted on a partner (mostly females) within the context of the family or an intimate relationship. It is known to be responsible for numerous hospital visits undertaken by women, although they mostly fail to complain of abuse. There is paucity of data on domestic violence mainly due to underreporting and lack of investigation. Methods: We set out to investigate the pattern of violence among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at ECWA Evangel Hospital, Jos, Nigeria. In all 215 women who were screened using the modified Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS) survey instrument (developed by McFarlane) had experienced domestic violence. Results: Results showed verbal, physical, sexual and emotional violence at prevalence rates of 38.0%, 26.5%, 10.7% and 1.4%, respectively. A total of 14.0% had experienced a combination of physical and verbal abuse while 7.0% had experienced a combination of physical and sexual violence. Fulltime housewives and self-employed women were most abused, of which 82.7% had no definite timing pattern. Conclusion: The results suggest that the major forms of domestic violence are verbal, physical, sexual and emotional, and the violence has poor timing specificity.


This article uses multiple-year data to examine charitable giving to organizations that help people in need of food, shelter, or other basic necessities. Families that give to basic necessity organizations in any single year are a mix of occasional givers and regular givers. Controlling for family characteristics that affect giving, giving to basic necessity organizations does not vary across Christian denominations and nonaffiliated families in any notable way. However, Jewish families are both more likely to give and, when they do give, give larger amounts. Given recent policy interest in how churches, synagogues, and mosques help with the voluntary provision of a safety net for people in need, the results draw attention to the importance of a research agenda focused on the differences between occasional givers and regular givers and on explaining why Jewish families give more to organizations that help people in need.


A new innovative method was developed to measure the thermal-relaxation by maintaining isothermal condition in a Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The DSC thermal-relaxation characteristics of gelatin and date flesh were found to be related with the structural- and mechanical-glass transition measured by conventional DSC linear-heating and thermal-mechanical analysis (i.e, Differential Thermal Mechanical Analysis, DMTA). Initial slope of the thermal relaxation curve (i.e., heat flow versus relaxation time) was determined and it was plotted as a function of relaxation temperature (i.e., isothermal condition). The initial slope-temperature graph showed three thermal relaxation characteristics: limited mobile, freely mobile and restricted mobile regions. The region 1 showed limited molecular mobility with increasing temperature, while region 2 showed free mobility with increasing temperature sensitivity. The intersection of the regions 1 and 2 was related to the structural-glass transition measured by conventional linear-heating in a DSC. The region 3 showed restricted mobility due to enhanced interactions of the phases at higher temperature. This region 3 was related to the entangled flow region measured by thermal-mechanical analysis in a DMTA.


The restriction or inability of the drill string to reciprocate or rotate while in the borehole is commonly known as a stuck pipe. This event is typically accompanied by constraints in drilling fluid flow, except for differential sticking. The stuck pipe can manifest based on three different mechanisms, i.e. pack-off, differential sticking, and wellbore geometry. Despite its infrequent occurrence, non-productive time (NPT) events have a massive cost impact. Nevertheless, stuck pipe incidents can be evaded with proper identification of its unique symptoms which allows an early intervention and remediation action. Over the decades, multiple analytical studies have been attempted to predict stuck pipe occurrences. The latest venture into this drilling operational challenge now utilizes Machine Learning (ML) algorithms in forecasting stuck pipe risk. An ML solution namely, Wells Augmented Stuck Pipe Indicator (WASP), is developed to tackle this specific challenge. The solution leverages on real-time drilling database and supplementary engineering design information to estimate proxy drilling parameters which provide active and impartial pattern recognition of prospective stuck pipe events. The solution is built to assist Wells Real Time Centre (WRTC) personnel in proactively providing a holistic perspective in anticipating potential anomalies and recommending remedial countermeasures before incidents happen. Several case studies are outlined to exhibit the impact of WASP in real-time drilling operation monitoring and intervention where WASP is capable to identify stuck pipe symptoms a few hours earlier and provide warnings for stuck pipe avoidance. The presented case studies were run on various live wells where restrictions are predicted stands ahead of the incidents. Warnings and alarms were generated, allowing further analysis by the personnel to verify and assess the situation before delivering a precautionary procedure to the rig site. The implementation of the WASP will reduce analysis time and provide timely prescriptive action in the proactive real-time drilling operation monitoring and intervention hub, subsequently creating value through cost containment and operational efficiency.


Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic disease associated with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and tendinopathy. This study aims to assess the ultrasonographic (US) parameters of the flexor tendon and median nerve in asymptomatic subjects with diabetes in comparison with controls without diabetes. 22 DM and 22 non-DM subjects without any symptoms or manipulations in non-dominant hands and wrists were assessed. The ultrasound evaluation of the length, width, cross-sectional area and circumference of forth flexor tendon and the median nerve was performed in the two groups. There was no statistically significant difference of age (P = 0.473) , gender (P = 0.364) , wrist circumferences (P = 0.1921) between the two groups. This study showed no significant difference between the two groups in the median nerve length (P = 0.35), width (P = 0.17), cross-sectional circumference (P = 0.23) and cross-sectional area (P = 0.16). Also, comparing of the sonographic data of the fourth flexor tendon between the two groups presented no significant difference in the length (P = 0.68), width (P = 0.80), cross-sectional circumference (P = 0.70) and cross-sectional area (P = 0.80). In conclusion, our data showed that sonographic values of the median nerve and fourth flexor tendon in asymptomatic subjects with DM did not significantly differ with non-diabetics. These findings demonstrate that still more case studies and more evaluations are required to validate the applicability of ultrasonography in the prediction of carpal tunnel syndrome and tendinopathy in diabetic patients.


Angular, oriented microtubes are abundant in oligoclase in medium-grained gneiss from southeastern Pennsylvania. The microtubes are isolated, elongate voids that extend through the thin section with rectangular to square cross sections ∼2 μm on a side. The microtubes occur in planar sets of from 5 to 40 equal-sized individuals, spaced 2 to 5 μm apart; single occurrences have never been observed. The walls are either parallel or perpendicular to [010] of the host. Oligoclase also contains open intragranular cracks with zigzag morphology and matching, stair-step–shaped walls. We suggest that angular, oriented microtubes form by displacement and healing along zigzag intragranular cracks. This hypothesis explains unique properties of microtubes: regular spacing, equal size, rectangular cross section, crystallographically controlled orientation, and existence in sets. Angular, oriented microtubes are perhaps indicators of fracturing under conditions of low in situ confining pressure followed by release of shear stress along microcrack planes.


The Language and Cross-Cultural Perceptions of Deception Brent Logan Laing Department of Linguistics and English Language, BYU Master of Arts While much research has shown that some linguistic features can indicate a person is lying, this line of research has led to conflicting results. Furthermore, very little research has been done to verify that these supposed linguistic features of deception are universal. In addition, few studies have researched the cross-cultural perceptions of deception, which knowledge could greatly improve the detection of deception across cultures. The current study addresses these gaps in the literature by analyzing and comparing truthful and deceptive discourse of eight native English-speaking Americans and eight non-native English-speaking Ghanaians. The discourse was elicited in one-on-one interviews where each interviewee spontaneously responded to questions about themselves. Later, interviewee responses were judged by 47 native Englishspeaking Americans and 35 non-native English-speaking Ghanaians. The results showed that Americans and Ghanaians lie differently—Americans' lies were more superfluous and redundant; had more pronoun inconsistencies, adjectives, adverbs, and modal verbs; and had fewer negative emotion words than their truths. Ghanaians' lies, on the other hand, also had more pronoun inconsistencies but had fewer negations than their truths. Furthermore, the groups' baseline speech differed in superfluousness, positive emotion words, word count, and response latency. Regarding detecting deception, Ghanaians were slightly more accurate and significantly more confident in detecting lies than Americans. Both groups were slightly more accurate and confident in judging the veracity of statements within their own cultures. Neither group, however, demonstrated truthor lie-bias cross-culturally. These results have implications for law enforcement investigators and analysts who can learn the differences between Americans' and Ghanaians' truthful and deceptive speech so as to more accurately detect deception through language. In addition, cross-cultural deception perception research can improve cross-cultural communication and understanding.


We developed a naphthalimide-based, lysosome-targeting, and self-immolative fluorescent probe for H2S detection. Probe LS-1 comprises a 2-formylbenzoate derivative of the 1,8-naphthalimide fluorophore. H2S forms a thiohemiacetal intermediate by reacting with the formyl group of the 2-formylbenzoate derivative, which subsequently undergoes intramolecular cyclization with the ester moiety to generate a free naphthalimide fluorophore (FL-1). The UV-vis absorbance (λabs) value of probe LS-1 at 450 nm increased in the presence of H2S. Similarly, with increasing H2S concentrations, the emission band (λem) centered at 560 nm increased gradually. The probe was found to be highly sensitive and chemoselective towards H2S compared with other biological analytes. Probe LS-1 was nontoxic and very stable across the physiological pH range. The probe LS-1 enables the detection of intracellular endogenous H2S formation in HT29 cells in lysosomes.


Prioritisation of land transport funding and justification of investment by mode has long favoured easily measured motorised journeys. The collection of data on active transport trips has traditionally been limited to manual counts. Following on from the 2008 NZTA funded investigation by ViaStrada into methods of continuous cycle counting, this conference paper summarises the literature on the latest methods, count durations, how many sites are needed, and where they should be placed to gain a representative sample of the cycling levels throughout a given network. This knowledge has been applied in the development of automatic cycle counting programmes for three New Zealand cities of a range of sizes: Christchurch, New Plymouth, and Hamilton. This paper presents the development process, planning, and implementation to date of the programme for Hamilton City. The topics will be of interest to decision-makers and transportation planners working to quantify the effectiveness of investment in active transport networks.


When Agustina Bessa-Luis rewrites History she is guided by the will to show the absence of women in History. Our reading will show the reintroduction of women in Portuguese History through the "descontruction" of its discourse. It's through questioning the historic objectivity, by the variety of points of view and by an intertextual work with written sources, which reveal that they are human constructions, that the novels become postmodern historiographics metafictions. They elaborate through parody and ambivalence en carnival History, giving a different picture of Portugal. Then the novelist contrasts the official History with a Herstory in order to document the feminine experience and identity in all their multiplicities. The question of memory and phases that are inseparable from woman conditions, reveals a process of identical construction, which gives a report of two ways of feminine inscription into History, one authorize, the other transgressive. Then the principle of masculine domination is questioned through the matter of virility as an impossible model to attain. The men become ambiguous figures, who represent the disorder and decay of society. Fleing but reconciled they reform the masculinity and sign the death of patriarchate. Finally, the last foundations that govern the relation the relation between men and women, and the question of obligatory heterosexuality and the couple, are examined. The writer shows the end of radical otherness between the Other and the One which provokes a resemblance between sexes and questions the notion of the couple. Thus, if the author has shown in her novels, that we can be a man and a woman in different ways, she also shows that in a couple the union is impossible.


BACKGROUND
The impact of developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD) on teenagers' and young adults' participation is not well documented. This article aims to synthesize the current knowledge on social participation, which is the performance of an individual in realizing his or her daily activities and social roles within its life environment. Strategies and interventions to support youths (15-25 years old) with DCD were also synthesized.

METHODS
A scoping review interrogating three databases and using 'snowballing techniques' was performed to identify both scientific and grey literature published between 2004 and 2014. Over 1000 documents were screened and 57 were read in full; 28 met inclusion criteria. A charting form based on 12 life habits described in the disability creation process and developed by two reviewers was used to extract data and report the results.

RESULTS
All life habits were reported to be affected for teenagers and young adults with DCD, with education and interpersonal relationships being the most frequently discussed. During adolescence and adulthood, new tasks and subsequent difficulties emerge, such as driving. Mental health difficulties emerged as a key theme. Few strategies and interventions were described to support social participation of youths with DCD.

CONCLUSION
Many life habits are challenging for youths with DCD, but few evidence-based strategies and interventions have been designed to help them to increase their social participation.


Expenditures from grant funds support many different types of workers and vendors across the nation. There is considerable interest among policy-makers in documenting short-term effects of science funding. A multiyear scientific journey that leads to long-term fruits of research, such as a moon landing, is more tangible if there is visible nearer-term activity, such as the presence of astronauts. Yet systematic data on such activities have not heretofore existed. The only source of information for describing the production of most science is surveys that have been called "a rough estimate, frequently based on unexamined assumptions that originated years earlier" (1).


To model chemically stratified lakes numerically, chemical transformations must be reflected in the density function. In this contribution, partial molal volumes are used to calculate density from the chemical composition of lake water. Such values have been evaluated for cations and anions separately, to facilitate an easy implementation into geochemical stratification models for lakes. Coefficients for temperature dependence and variation for higher ionic strengths were evaluated from previously published data. An algorithm RHOMV to calculate density with a second order approximation for temperature dependence and ionic strength dependence is proposed. The accuracy is tested for seawater composition. We conclude that this approach delivers a representation of density based on the actual chemical composition of the lake water, which is accurate enough for most limnological purposes. The implementation of RHOMV into geochemical stratification models facilitates the numerical tackling of pressing questions, such as meromixis or double diffusive features or altered circulation patterns of lakes due to changing climate or change of use.