DEFINITION
Hydrops Fetalis (HF) or fetal hydrops is identified as an abnormal interstitial collection of fluid in at least 2 or more compartments of the fetal torso (peritoneal cavity, pleura, and pericardium). An alternative definition discusses about liquor accumulation in two fetal anatomical areas or an effusion in one site and anasarca.

BACKGROUND
Parvovirus B-19 is a common childhood illness; the virus can cause fetal anemia, non-immune fetal hydrops, and spontaneous abortion and might lead to fetal demise. HF is the pathological distribution of body fluids between the interstitial and the intravascular areas of the fetus. Normally, in the fetal organism there is a continuous circular movement of the lymph from the interstitial space into the vascular system and vice versa. The detection of a solely effusion represents the initial stage of a systemic disorder that will lead to a fully developed hydrops or remain just a local disorder.

OBJECTIVE
The connection between parvovirus B-19 and fetal hydrops.

CONCLUSION
The view is unbeatable, severely swollen babies; immune hydrops is surfaced because of the maternal antibodies targeted against red blood cells with Rh positive antibody of the fetus, while the non-immune is due to a variety of pathological conditions in pregnancy.


The thesis represents a critical examination of the theory-theory account of young children's understanding of mind, as explored through six empirical studies carried out on 661 children. Beginning with a critique of both experimental and naturalistic approaches to the study of mind, the thesis proceeds to establish a set of guiding research principles drawn from the philosophy of mind. Following a philosophical critique of the major psychological accounts of children's understanding of mind, it is suggested that the theory-theory comes closest to satisfying the proposed philosophical guidelines. The empirical studies reported suggest that children as young as three have a clear understanding of representations, as well as a developing theory of mind. It is proposed that certain patterns of interpersonal relatedness facilitate young children's understanding of both mental and nonmental representations. In particular, it was found that an experimenter's reference to a deceptive interaction facilitated young children's understanding of false belief. The fluent knowledge of a second language was similarly found to facilitate young children's ability to remember their own previous false belief, as well as their ability to understand the appearance-reality distinction. Although the present research is founded on the use of the false belief paradigm, a critical discussion of its limitations suggests that developmentalists need to explore the interpersonal cooperation surrounding young children's developing theories of mind. It is also argued that the false belief paradigm can no longer be the dominant research paradigm if progress is to continue to be made in this field. It is suggested that future research has much to gain by adopting the principle that an understanding of mind is primarily an understanding of interpersonal relations.


The physical and biotic environment is often considered the primary driver of functional variation in plant communities. Here, we examine the hypothesis that spatial isolation may also be an important driver of functional variation in plant communities where disturbance and dispersal limitation may prevent species from occupying all suitable habitats. To test this hypothesis, we surveyed the vascular plant composition of 30 islands in the Gulf of Maine, USA, and used available functional trait and growth form data to quantify the functional composition of these islands. We categorized species based on dispersal mode and used a landscape metric of isolation to assess the potential role of dispersal limitation as a mechanism of isolation-driven assembly. We tested for island and species level effects on functional composition using a hierarchical Bayesian framework to better assess the causal link between isolation and functional variation. Growth form composition and the community mean value of functional traits related to growth rate, stress tolerance, and nutrient use varied significantly with island isolation. Functional traits and growth forms were significantly associated with dispersal mode, and spatial isolation was the strongest driver of primary trait variation, while island properties associated with environmental drivers in our system were not strong predictors of trait variation. Despite the species-level association of dispersal mode and functional traits, dispersal mode only accounted for a small proportion of the overall isolation effect on community-level trait variation. Our study suggests that spatial isolation can be a key driver of functional assembly in plant communities on islands, though the role of particular dispersal processes remains unclear.


The Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) federates a number of open standards that are used to enumerate software flaws and configuration issues related to security. They measure systems to find vulnerabilities and offer methods to score those findings in order to evaluate the possible impact. There are a number of SCAP components such as Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE), Common Configuration Enumeration (CCE), Common Platform Enumeration (CPE), Common Remediation Enumeration (CRE), Extensible Configuration Checklist Description Format (XCCDF), and Open Vulnerability and Assessment Language (OVAL). Malware Attribute Enumeration and Characterization (MAEC) is a standardized language for encoding and communicating high-fidelity information about malware based upon attributes such as behaviours, artefacts, and attack patterns. These standards render data in the form of XML. Although these standards are linked to each other, there is a lack of commonality in their XML schema definitions. There is a need for a unique common metadata schema to represent important aspects relevant for designing efficient search mechanism. This common metadata supports distribution of data across various repositories that render SCAP content. Across all security content databases unique identification and a short description will be common. In addition, this model makes building of relations to multiple components of SCAP intuitive. Differentiating attributes of security content can be represented as a list of properties, each property being a key-value pair. For example, in the case of CVE, (CVSS, 9.4) represents the key CVSS and a score of 9.4, where CVSS is Common Vulnerability Severity Score. In this model, modifications to the schema of SCAP components can easily be accommodated by just adding or deleting a property key-value pair without changing the model. Searching on this metadata enables fast response to queries and helps interlace various SCAP components; e.g., OVAL references CVE and each CVE depends on various platforms and products denoted by CPEs. This model enables Natural Language Processing (NLP) and renders meaningful responses to queries such as most vulnerable applications, OVAL definitions, vulnerabilities in Adobe Reader in 2014, recent threats etc. 90% of malware attacks make use of an existing vulnerability in the system. This archetype aids to resolve vulnerabilities before an attack happens. In a case where system events are continuously monitored, this model also helps understand an incident in a machine and analyse to determine if it is a malware attack. It will additionally help to scrutinize which vulnerability was exploited by the malware and most importantly, fix the vulnerability to prevent further attacks.


Abstract Parsing algorithms that process the input from left to right and construct a single derivation have often been considered inadequate for natural language parsing because of the massive ambiguity typically found in natural language grammars. Nevertheless, it has been shown that such algorithms, combined with treebank-induced classifiers, can be used to build highly accurate disambiguating parsers, in particular for dependency-based syntactic representations. In this article, we first present a general framework for describing and analyzing algorithms for deterministic incremental dependency parsing, formalized as transition systems. We then describe and analyze two families of such algorithms: stack-based and list-based algorithms. In the former family, which is restricted to projective dependency structures, we describe an arc-eager and an arc-standard variant; in the latter family, we present a projective and a non-projective variant. For each of the four algorithms, we give proofs of correctness and complexity. In addition, we perform an experimental evaluation of all algorithms in combination with SVM classifiers for predicting the next parsing action, using data from thirteen languages. We show that all four algorithms give competitive accuracy, although the non-projective list-based algorithm generally outperforms the projective algorithms for languages with a non-negligible proportion of non-projective constructions. However, the projective algorithms often produce comparable results when combined with the technique known as pseudo-projective parsing. The linear time complexity of the stack-based algorithms gives them an advantage with respect to efficiency both in learning and in parsing, but the projective list-based algorithm turns out to be equally efficient in practice. Moreover, when the projective algorithms are used to implement pseudo-projective parsing, they sometimes become less efficient in parsing (but not in learning) than the non-projective list-based algorithm. Although most of the algorithms have been partially described in the literature before, this is the first comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the algorithms within a unified framework.


Rationale: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with systemic hypertension. Either overnight intermittent hypoxia, or the recurrent arousals that occur in OSA, could cause the daytime increases in blood pressure (BP). Objectives: To establish the role of intermittent hypoxia in the increased morning BP in patients with OSA. Methods: Randomized, double‐blinded, crossover trial assessing the effects of overnight supplemental oxygen versus air (sham) on morning BP, after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) withdrawal in patients with moderate to severe OSA. The primary outcome was the change in home morning BP after CPAP withdrawal for 14 nights, oxygen versus air. Secondary outcomes included oxygen desaturation index (ODI), apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI), subjective sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale score), and objective sleepiness (Oxford Sleep Resistance Test). Measurements and Main Results: Supplemental oxygen virtually abolished the BP rise after CPAP withdrawal and, compared with air, significantly reduced the rise in mean systolic BP (−6.6 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval [CI], −11.3 to −1.9; P = 0.008), mean diastolic BP (−4.6 mm Hg; 95% CI, −7.8 to −1.5; P = 0.006), and median ODI (−23.8/h; interquartile range, −31.0 to −16.3; P < 0.001) after CPAP withdrawal. There was no significant difference, oxygen versus air, in AHI, subjective sleepiness, or objective sleepiness. Conclusions: Supplemental oxygen virtually abolished the rise in morning BP during CPAP withdrawal. Supplemental oxygen substantially reduced intermittent hypoxia, but had a minimal effect on markers of arousal (including AHI), subjective sleepiness, or objective sleepiness. Therefore intermittent hypoxia, and not recurrent arousals, appears to be the dominant cause of daytime increases in BP in OSA.


The article is the simulation of small size divertor tokamak edge transport barrier "ETB". The modeling carries out with the multifluid transport code B2SOLPS5.0 2D with drifts and currents which was specially developed for simulation of tokamak edge transport barrier"ETB". The emphasis is made on edge transport barrier "ETB". The simulation demonstrated the following results: The "ETB" width has strong influence on the radial electric field. The E×B drift shear is function of "ETB" width. The ion parallel (toroidal) velocity has cocurrent direction and quite different for different "ETB" width. This difference is connected with the contribution of large E×B drift velocity in toroidal torque driven by parallel viscosity which strong influence on toroidal rotation. The plasma density, electron and ion temperatures are typical feature of small size divertor tokamakwhen the particle and heat fluxes from core plasma are low. The sizes of the barrier have ability to prevent neutral particles penetrate the barrier edge in this tokamak. The ETB width has influence on the poloidal velocity in the edge plasma of this tokamak


Sound in non-fiction is routinely manipulated in order to accentuate, suppress or replace some aspects of sound to present a clearer, more intelligible, exciting, involving or dramatic representation to the audience. This manipulation, or potential for manipulation, indicates the need for a discussion on the ethical dimensions of such a practice. Ethical models across a range of disciplines such as journalism, documentary and history can inform the approach applied to sound. This paper examines some of the realities and complexities of the nonfiction soundtrack. Given its potential to mislead, misrepresent and misinform, some practical guidelines for the ethical use of sound in non-fiction are suggested.


We formulate a framework for applying error-correcting codes (ECC) on multi-label classication problems. The framework treats some base learners as noisy channels and uses ECC to correct the prediction errors made by the learners. An immediate use of the framework is a novel ECC-based explanation of the popular random k-label-sets (RAKEL) algorithm using a simple repetition ECC. Using the framework, we empirically compare a broad spectrum of ECC designs for multi-label classication. The results not only demonstrate that RAKEL can be improved by applying some stronger ECC, but also show that the traditional Binary Relevance approach can be enhanced by learning more parity-checking labels. In addition, our study on dierent ECC helps understand the trade-o between the strength of ECC and the hardness of the base learning tasks.


This paper proposes a clear methodology for assessing the impact that might result in the insertion of a transport infrastructure in the road network of a city after comparing it to other infrastructure proposals, in order to prioritize its construction. The assessment of the impact for the construction of the proposed infrastructure was based on the pondered analysis of the following variables: Territorial Media Accessibility, Average traveling time, vehicle volumes, volume-capacity relationship, accident rates, surrounding land uses and budget. The proposed methodology was applied in the Formulation of the Mobility Plan of the city of Manizales (Colombia) in 2011. Initially, a diagnosis of the urban mobility from the operational and physical viewpoints was done to establish a starting point for the comparison of impacts. Subsequently, the infrastructure projects proposed by the Municipal Administration were classified and sectorized. Finally, a list of projects from the ones having the highest to the lowest impact was generated through the application of the pondered multi-criteria assessment to prioritize the necessary infrastructure programs for the city. The proposed methodology might be implemented in other cities regardless their size, as long as there is available updated information of the road network and also social and accident operational data. The results obtained established that major works are not always of highest priority, because priority depends not only in the impact on the operating variables, but also on social and health variables, which are often ignored in the mobility plans applied in Colombian cities.


INTRODUCTION
Sexual interest in children resembles sexual gender orientation in terms of early onset and stability across the life span. Although a genetic component to sexual interest in children seems possible, no research has addressed this question to date. Prior research showing familial transmission of pedophilia remains inconclusive about shared environmental or genetic factors. Studies from the domains of sexual orientation and sexually problematic behavior among children pointed toward genetic components. Adult men's sexual interest in youthfulness-related cues may be genetically influenced.

AIM
The aim of the present study was to test whether male sexual interest in children and youth under age 16 involves a heritable component.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The main outcome measure was responses in a confidential survey concerning sexual interest, fantasies, or activity pertaining to children under the age of 16 years during the previous 12 months.

METHODS
The present study used an extended family design within behavioral genetic modeling to estimate the contributions of genetic and environmental factors in the occurrence of adult men's sexual interest in children and youth under age 16. Participants were male twins and their male siblings from a population-based Finnish cohort sample aged 21-43 years (N = 3,967).

RESULTS
The incidence of sexual interest in children under age was 3%. Twin correlations were higher for monozygotic than for dizygotic twins. Behavioral genetic model fitting indicated that a model including genetic effects as well as nonshared environmental influences (including measurement error), but not common environmental influences, fits the data best. The amount of variance attributable to nonadditive genetic influences (heritability) was estimated at 14.6%.

CONCLUSIONS
The present study provides the first indication that genetic influences may play a role in shaping sexual interest toward children and adolescents among adult men. Compared with the variance attributable to nonshared environmental effects (plus measurement error), the contribution of any genetic factors seems comparatively weak. Future research should address the possible interplay of genetic with environmental risk factors, such as own sexual victimization in childhood.


A novel method for inverting time-resolved line-integrated interferometric plasma density measurements is described. The method uses singular value decomposition of local density profiles from Thomson scattering measurements obtained at low sampling rates in the same or equivalent plasmas to determine a set of orthogonal spatial basis functions which is well adapted to the physical processes under investigation. The sought-for density profile is expanded into a limited series of these functions and a solution is calculated by using a simple least-squares fit method. The new method overcomes the difficulties encountered with other methods, such as regularization methods, which smoothen gradients and depend on the availability of accurate measurements in the plasma edge region. The small number of computations required provides for a fast algorithm. This method, which combines the high bandwidth of interferometer systems with the spatial accuracy of Thomson scattering, is applied to invert interferometer measurements in a wide variety of operational regimes in the Tokamak à Configuration Variable and Joint European Torus (JET) tokamaks. In particular, the collisionality dependence of density peaking observed in ASDEX Upgrade is confirmed in JET H-modes using this method.


Returning research results to participants is recognised as an obligation that researchers should always try to fulfil. But can we ascribe the same obligation to researchers who conduct genomics research producing only aggregated findings? And what about genomics research conducted in developing countries? This paper considers Beskow's et al. argument that aggregated findings should also be returned to research participants. This recommendation is examined in the context of genomics research conducted in developing countries. The risks and benefits of attempting such an exercise are identified, and suggestions on ways to avoid some of the challenges are proposed. I argue that disseminating the findings of genomic research to participating communities should be seen as sharing knowledge rather than returning results. Calling the dissemination of aggregate, population level information returning results can be confusing and misleading as participants might expect to receive individual level information. Talking about sharing knowledge is a more appropriate way of expressing and communicating the outcome of population genomic research. Considering the knowledge produced by genomics research a worthwhile output that should be shared with the participants and approaching the exercise as a 'sharing of knowledge', could help mitigate the risks of unrealistic expectations and misunderstanding of findings, whilst promoting trusting and long lasting relationships with the participating communities.


ABSTRACT Introduction: A multimodal approach in operable early-stage oesophago-gastric (OG) cancer has evolved in the last decade, leading to improvement in overall outcomes. Areas covered: A review of the published literature and conference abstracts was undertaken on the topic of optimal adjunctive chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy in early-stage OG cancers. This review article focuses on the current evidence pertaining to neoadjuvant and perioperative strategies in curable OG cancers including the evolving landscape of immunotherapy and targeted drugs in this setting. Expert commentary: Adjunctive therapies in the form of preoperative chemo-radiotherapy (CRT) or chemotherapy and perioperative chemotherapy over surgery alone improve outcomes in patients with operable OG cancer. Although there are variations in practice around the world, a multi-disciplinary approach to patient care is of paramount importance. Immunotherapy and on treatment functional imaging are two examples of emerging strategies to improve the outcome for early-stage patients. A better understanding of the molecular biology of this disease may help overcome the problem of tumor heterogeneity and enable more rationally designed and targeted therapeutic interventions in the future.


The utterly gripping story of the most outrageous case of cyber piracy prosecuted by the U.S. Department of Justice.A former U.S. Navy intelligence officer, David Locke Hall was a federal prosecutor when a bizarre-sounding website, CRACK99, came to his attention. It looked like Craigslist on acid, but what it sold was anything but amateurish: thousands of high-tech software products used largely by the military, and for mere pennies on the dollar. Want to purchase satellite tracking software? No problem. Aerospace and aviation simulations? No problem. Communications systems designs? No problem. Software for Marine One, the presidential helicopter? No problem. With delivery times and customer service to rival the worlds most successful e-tailers, anybody, anywhereincluding rogue regimes, terrorists, and countries forbidden from doing business with the United Stateshad access to these goods for any purpose whatsoever.But who was behind CRACK99, and where were they? The Justice Department discouraged potentially costly, risky cases like this, preferring the low-hanging fruit that scored points from politicians and the public. But Hall and his colleagues were determined to find the culprit. They bought CRACK99's products for delivery in the United States, buying more and more to appeal to the budding entrepreneur in the man they identified as Xiang Li. After winning his confidence, they lured him to Saipana U.S. commonwealth territory where Halls own father had stormed the beaches with the marines during World War II. There they set up an audacious sting that culminated in Xiang Li's capture and imprisonment. The value of the goods offered by CRACK99? A cool $100 million.An eye-opening look at cybercrime and its chilling consequences for national security, CRACK99 reads like a caper that resonates with every amazing detail. ---


For reaching universally valid statements for urban vegetation, investigation of towns in different regions is necessary. By geographical comparisons it is possible to point out analogies as weil as differences. Four comparisons will be discussed here: (1.) Number of adventitious species in towns: (2.) Number of species in towns. As a result of the different demarcations of urban areas there are only few data available. The number of species is - in common - rising both with area and number of inhabitants. (3.) As a «minimal program» the spontaneous flora of old cities is mapped. The first results of 23 towns are discussed. (4.) For a number of towns in Northern central europe the ruderal vegetation is compared. To the common stock of plant communities belong among others Hordeetum murini, Malvetum neglectae, Echio-Melilotetum, Artemisio-Tanacetetum and Lolium perenne-Plantago major-community.


This highly readable and informative collection of the best of British art showcases magnificent portraits by Thomas Gainsborough and Stanley Spencer; landscapes by J. M. W. Turner and David Hockney; satire by William Hogarth and Gilbert & George; sculpture by Henry Moore and Rachel Whiteread; and the latest works by Grayson Perry and Damien Hirst. Each artist is presented in a double-page spread that features a major work, details from the work, a brief biography and fascinating insights into the artist's life and times. Lucinda Hawksley's engaging survey compares the skill of the Elizabethan miniaturists and the magnificence of the High Victorians with the grit of post-war British modernists and the best of the Young British Artists, whose fearless approach to controversial themes make them worthy inheritors of the great traditions of British art.


Abstract Hormones and endocrine-disrupting chemicals are generally thought to have permanent "organizational" effects when exposures occur during development but not adulthood. Yet, an increasing number of studies have shown that pregnant females are disrupted by endocrine-disrupting chemical exposures, with some effects that are permanent. Here, we examined the long-term effects of exposure to oxybenzone, an estrogenic chemical found in sunscreen and personal care products, on the morphology of the mammary gland in mice exposed during pregnancy and lactation. Female mice were exposed to vehicle or 30, 212, or 3000 µg oxybenzone/kg/d, from pregnancy day 0 until weaning. A nulliparous group, receiving vehicle treatment, was also evaluated. Mammary glands were collected 5 weeks after involution for whole-mount, histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular analyses. Exposure to 3000 µg oxybenzone/kg/d induced permanent changes to ductal density that was significantly different from both the nulliparous and vehicle groups. The two highest doses of oxybenzone similarly induced an intermediate phenotype for expression of progesterone receptor. A monotonic, dose-dependent increase in cell proliferation was also observed in the oxybenzone-treated females, becoming statistically significant at the highest dose. Finally, oxybenzone exposure induced an intermediate phenotype for Esr1 expression in all oxybenzone-treated groups. These data suggest that oxybenzone, at doses relevant to human exposures, produces long-lasting alterations to mammary gland morphology and function. Further studies are needed to determine if exposure to this chemical during pregnancy and lactation will interfere with the known protection that pregnancy provides against breast cancer.


Mechanisms of the formation of the Bragg reflection spectra of light from two-dimensional photonic crystals have been studied in terms of an approach based on dynamic diffraction theory. The spectra have been calculated for a structure with a hexagonal silicon-based lattice. The calculated reflection contours are compared with the energy spectra of the eigenmodes of a spatially limited photonic crystal. It is demonstrated for the first time that it is possible to observe multiwave diffraction effects in the optical spectra of two-dimensional photonic-crystal structures.


South Africa's economic prospects depend on the productivity of its labour, and productivity can only be maximised when the labour force possess the appropriate skills. Business is playing its part by offering training opportunities to employees. Collectively, they are spending more than the government's mandated level on training. However, the HIV and AIDS epidemic is eroding this investment in southern Africa where the HIV epidemic is at its worst. While there has been empirical work that provides estimates on the cost of HIV and AIDS to business, there is very little data on the actual amounts large companies spend on training, and how much of this investment is eroded as a result of HIV and AIDS deaths. Using an estimate of the HIV and AIDS death rate in the private sector and survey data which identifies training expenditure by sector, the authors estimate the extent to which HIV and AIDS has potentially eroded this investment. The loss for all sectors was estimated at almost R10 million (R9,871,732) during the study year, which equates to USD1,183,661 per annum. This amount represented on average 0.73 per cent of the actual investment in training. The real costs of HIV and AIDS on business, which includes absenteeism, declining productivity and other costs are difficult to quantify, but they are likely to significantly exceed this lost training investment as a result of increasing morbidity and mortality rates due to HIV. It is therefore in a company's best interest to: (1) ensure that a sound HIV and AIDS policy is in place; (2) invest in effective prevention programmes; and (3) provide the appropriate ARV treatment to infected employees if this treatment is not easily accessible through the public health sector.


A correlation has been observed between increased blood ketones and the tolerance of mice to hypoxia (4–5% oxygen). In previous studies fasted mice, alloxan diabetic mice and mice given 1,3-butanediol were found to be ketotic and to have increased tolerance to hypoxia. We attempted to induce a similar increased hypoxic tolerance by direct elevation of blood ketones with IV and IP beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). No increase in hypoxic tolerance was obserred with BHB alone. Inasmuch as fasting and alloxan diabetes are both associated with elevated blood glucagon (G), hypoxic tolerance tests were made 30 min after G alone or a combination of G plus BHB. The mice given G alone or BHB alone had hypoxic survival times not different from saline controls. The mice given G plus BHB had increased survival times that could not be explained on the basis of a G mediated alteration in blood BHB.


The origin of the Rule of Reason can be traced to the notable decision of United States v. Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. (1898), which was written by William Howard Taft during his tenure on the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals. There, Judge Taft distinguished between restraints that were mainly or entirely designed to restrain trade and those that are ancillary to a procompetitive main purpose. That fundamental distinction, drawn at the dawn of Sherman Act jurisprudence, forms the basis of the Rule of Reason that currently informs antitrust case law.
This Article describes the context in which the Rule of Reason was debated and defended both in public discourse by President and Professor Taft and in the landmark Supreme Court decisions of Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States (1911) and United States v. American Tobacco Co.(1911). This Article then follows the development of the Rule of Reason through Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. United States (1918) to the modern era of antitrust jurisprudence.
Finally, this Article describes the application of the Rule of Reason to reverse-payment settlements in the pharmaceutical sector, one of the most challenging contemporary antitrust issues. It does so through a discussion of the Supreme Court case FTC v. Actavis (2013) and the Third Circuit's application of Actavis in In re Wellbutrin Xl Antitrust Litig. Indirect Purchaser Class (2017).
This Article provided the foundation for, and introduction to, the remarks of Professor Michael A. Carrier and Mr. Saul Morgenstern that were delivered at the New York State Bar Association Antitrust Law Section's William Howard Taft Lecture on September 28, 2017.  Those remarks are reprinted in article form in this volume of the Columbia Business Law Review.


The Australian Museum has over 2000 ethnographic artefacts from south-eastern Australia and these form a major data base for any inquiry into the material culture of this region's Aboriginal inhabitants. Unfortunately this collection is not totally representative since most of the ephemeral items discussed in the ethnographic literature, items that greatly add to our understanding of the richness of Aboriginal life, are not represented. This paper provides an explanation as to why this is so.


In this paper, researchers present simulation findings from three innovative mobility scenarios (forecast to 2025) using an advanced regional travel demand model. This model was employed to approximate the effects of transit-based carsharing (short-term vehicle access linked to transit), real-time transit information services, and carfree housing (residential developments designed with limited parking provisions) in the Sacramento region. The scenarios are evaluated against travel, emission, and economic benefits criteria. The results indicate relatively modest reductions in vehicle travel and emissions, in part, due to limited transit service penetration in the region. Despite the modest travel effects of the scenarios, the economic analysis indicates a net benefit for all of the innovative mobility scenarios. The total per trip benefit ranges from $0.01 to $0.05. The yearly total benefit for all scenarios would be significant.


BACKGROUND
Arteriovenous access failure frequently occurs in people on hemodialysis and is associated with morbidity, mortality and large healthcare expenditures. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFA) may improve access outcomes via pleiotropic effects on access maturation and function, but may cause bleeding complications.

STUDY DESIGN
Systematic review with meta-analysis.

SETTING & POPULATION
Adults requiring hemodialysis via arteriovenous fistula or graft.

SELECTION CRITERIA
Trials evaluating omega-3 PUFA for arteriovenous access outcomes identified by searches in CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and Embase to 24 January 2017.

INTERVENTION
Omega-3 PUFA.

OUTCOMES
Primary patency loss, dialysis suitability failure, access abandonment, interventions to maintain patency or assist maturation, bleeding, gastrointestinal side-effects, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, hospitalization, and treatment adherence. Treatment effects were summarized as relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Evidence was assessed using GRADE.

RESULTS
Five eligible trials (833 participants) with a median follow-up of 12 months compared peri-operative omega-3 PUFA supplementation with placebo. One trial (n=567) evaluated treatment for fistulae and four (n=266) for grafts. Omega-3 PUFA supplementation prevented primary patency loss with moderate certainty (761 participants, RR 0.81, CI 0.68-0.98). Low quality evidence suggested, that omega-3 PUFA may have had little or no effect on dialysis suitability failure (536 participants, RR 0.95, CI 0.73-1.23), access abandonment (732 participants, RR 0.78, CI 0.59-1.03), need for interventions (732 participants, RR 0.82, CI 0.64-1.04), or all-cause mortality (799 participants, RR 0.99, CI 0.51-1.92). Bleeding risk (793 participants, RR 1.40, CI 0.78-2.49) or gastrointestinal side-effects (816 participants, RR 1.22, CI 0.64-2.34) from treatment were uncertain. There was no evidence of different treatment effects for grafts and fistulae.

LIMITATIONS
Small number and methodological limitations of included trials.

CONCLUSIONS
Omega-3 PUFA supplementation probably protects against primary loss of arteriovenous access patency, but may have little or no effect on dialysis suitability failure, access interventions or access abandonment. Potential treatment harms are uncertain.


We demonstrate a car damage assessment system in car insurance field based on artificial intelligence techniques, which can exempt insurance inspectors from checking cars on site and help people without professional knowledge to evaluate car damages when accidents happen. Unlike existing approaches, we utilize videos instead of photos to interact with users to make the whole procedure as simple as possible. We adopt object and video detection and segmentation techniques in computer vision, and take advantage of multiple frames extracted from videos to achieve high damage recognition accuracy. The system uploads video streams captured by mobile devices, recognizes car damage on the cloud asynchronously and then returns damaged components and repair costs to users. The system evaluates car damages and returns results automatically and effectively in seconds, which reduces laboratory costs and decreases insurance claim time significantly.


Abstract India has embarked on a policy to balance its need for accessing strategic energy resources from the African continent with Africa's aspirations for greater skills and sustainable development. Sudan has turned out to be the gateway for India's energy quest in Africa. India's age-old ties with Sudan have been crucial in accessing oil from the country. New Delhi's close relations helped to assuage the initial hiccups; however conflict between the Sudanese government and that of Southern Sudan have created some problems. Similarly, in Nigeria while India's strong diplomatic ties may have paved the way for the entry of India's oil companies, change in government and rising insecurity have dimmed future prospects. With growing investments, India needs to develop a long-term strategy to deal with these emerging security threats while continuing to maintain strong relations with countries on the continent.


This paper estimates hedge fund and mutual fund exposure to newly proposed measures of macroeconomic risk that are interpreted as measures of economic uncertainty. We find that the resulting uncertainty betas explain a significant proportion of the cross-sectional dispersion in hedge fund returns. However, the same is not true for mutual funds, for which there is no significant relationship. After controlling for a large set of fund characteristics and risk factors, the positive relation between uncertainty betas and future hedge fund returns remains economically and statistically significant. Hence, we argue that macroeconomic risk is a powerful determinant of cross-sectional differences in hedge fund returns.


Contemporary music education exists in an age of privatisation, marketization and advocacy. As an increasing number of music education 'providers' compete for finite and often decreasing resources (both financial and time-bound), more and more ambitious and speculative claims are made for the benefits of music and music education which often reach to social justice dimensions or agendas as forms of legitimation or claims for privileging.

However can all models or approaches to music education be described as socially just and can all those that lay claim to a social justice agenda do so with equal legitimacy? We will argue that claims to further social justice agendas through particular approaches to music education need to be examined with healthy scepticism and interrogated in terms of the values, aims and pedagogical relationships that underpin them and following Bowman (2013) evaluated and valued in terms of the extent to which they contribute to 'human thriving' (4).

Working from a definition of social justice for music education which includes both democratic and emancipatory indicators, we examine the social and cultural processes that have confounded social justice in music education in spite of significant policy and curriculum change over the last five decades.

We conclude by arguing for an approach to music education which is concerned with the creation of dialogical spaces within which there is a 'dynamic and continuous emergence


Abstract. A methodology to estimate CO 2 emissions from an isolated power plant is presented and illustrated for the Northern Power Station at Port Augusta, South Australia. The method involves measurement of in-situ and column-averaged CO 2 at a site near the power plant, forward modelling (using WRF-Chem) of the observed signals and inverse modelling to obtain an estimate of the fluxes from the power plant. By subtracting the simulated background CO 2 (obtained from Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate CO 2 fields) from the observed and simulated signals, we are able to account for fluxes from the power plant that are mainly responsible for the variations in the CO 2 concentrations. Although the enhancements of the surface concentration of CO 2 are a factor of 10 larger than the enhancements in the column-averaged concentration, the forward transport model has difficulty predicting the in-situ data, which is complicated by sea breeze effects and influence from other local sources. Better simulation is obtained for the column-averaged data leading to better estimates of fluxes. The ratio of our estimated emissions to the reported values is 1.06 ± 0.54. Modelling local biospheric fluxes makes little difference either to the estimated emissions or quality of the fit to the data. Variations in the large-scale concentration field have a larger impact highlighting the importance of good boundary conditions even in the relatively homogeneous Southern Hemisphere. The estimates are insensitive to details of the calculation such as stack height or modelling of plume injection. We conclude that column-integrated measurements offer a reasonable trade-off between sensitivity and model capability for estimating point sources.


Calcium (Ca2+) is a ubiquitous messenger in many intracellular signalling cascades. With resting Ca2+ concentrations around 100 nM and peak amplitudes of Ca2+ transients of the order of 10–100 μM, the specificity of the diverse Ca2+ signals comes to a lesser degree from the affinities of the different biological Ca2+ sensors and from the spatio-temporal compartmentalisation of the Ca2+ signal into subcellular nano- and microdomains. The measurement of such local and short-lived Ca2+ signals presents a major experimental challenge. Ca2+ imaging with fluorescent indicators has initially involved synthetic small-molecule chemical Ca2+ indicators. While a large choice exists among molecules with different hues and Ca2+ affinities and these molecules come in salt and ester forms for single-cell or bulk loading, respectively, the subcellular targeting of Ca2+ indicators and their long-term use in live animals have remained problematic. The advent of genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators that can be linked to different retention and targeting domains now permits the readout of local Ca2+ signals, the targeting to different subcellular regions or cell types in intact tissue, the measurement of organelle Ca2+ as well as long-term recordings over months. For the detection of Ca2+ nanodomains, hybrid organic–inorganic Ca2+ nanobiosensors start to emerge as a promising alternative.

Key Concepts

Ca2+ signals are local, both in space and time, and their spread and kinetics are shaped by the presence of endogeneous Ca2+-binding molecules (Ca2+ buffers).
Ca2+ indicators are fluorescent exogeneous Ca2+ buffers and as such distort the Ca2+ signal to be measured.
Ca2+-related fluorescence does not equal Ca2+ concentration.
Genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators are a powerful alternative to chemical small-molecule organic indicators.
Measured Ca2+ signals depend not only on the biological process studied and the properties of the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator but also on the microscope and image acquisition parameters.
The measurement of local (rather than temporally and spatially averaged) Ca2+ signals requires confinement of the dye volume, the fluorescence excitation volume, the fluorescence readout volume or a combination of these.

Keywords:

calcium ions;
small-molecule chemical Ca2+ indicator;
genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator;
Ca2+ buffering;
Ca2+ microdomain;
Ca2+ nanobiosensor


Potential mineral-solubilising fungi were successfully isolated from the surfaces of iron ore minerals. Four isolates were obtained and identified by molecular and phylogenetic methods as close relatives of three different genera, namely Penicillium (for isolate FO), Alternaria (for isolates SFC2 and KFC1) and Epicoccum (for isolate SFC2B). The use of tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) in phosphatesolubilising experiments confirmed isolate FO as the only phosphate solubiliser among the isolated fungi. The bioleaching capabilities of both the fungus and its spent liquid medium were tested and compared using two types of iron ore materials, conglomerate and shale, from the Sishen Iron Ore Mine as sources of potassium (K) and phosphorus (P). The spent liquid medium removed more K (a maximum of 32.94% removal, from conglomerate), than the fungus (a maximum of 21.36% removal, from shale). However, the fungus removed more P (a maximum of 58.33% removal, from conglomerate) than the spent liquid medium (a maximum of 29.25% removal, from conglomerate). The results also indicated a potential relationship between the removal of K or P and the production of organic acids by the fungus. A high production of gluconic acid could be related to the ability of the fungus to reduce K and P. Acetic, citric and maleic acids were also produced by the fungus, but in lower quantities. In addition, particle size and iron ore type were also shown to have significant effects on the removal of potassium and phosphorus from the iron ore minerals. We therefore conclude that the spent liquid medium from the fungal isolate FO can potentially be used for biobeneficiation of iron ore minerals.


Topoisomerases are class of enzymes that alter the super coiling of double-stranded DNA. (In super coiling the DNA molecule coils up like a telephone cord, which shortens the molecule.) The Topoisomerases act by transiently cutting one or both strands of the DNA. Topoisomerases are enzymes that regulate the over winding or under winding of DNA. The winding problem of DNA arises due to the intertwined nature of its double-helical structure. During DNA replication and transcription, DNA becomes over wound ahead of a replication fork. If left unabated, this tension would eventually stop the ability of the enzymes involved in these processes to continue down the DNA strand. Topoisomerase inhibitors are agents designed to interfere with the action of topoisomerase enzymes (topoisomerase I and II), which are enzymes that control the changes in DNA structure by catalyzing the breaking and rejoining of the phosphodiester backbone of DNA strands during the normal cell cycle. The present review is an attempt made in the respect of highlighting the some important information of Topoisomerase enzyme and topoisomerase inhibitors and role of topoisomerase in cancer therapy.


Objective: The traditional Chinese medicine Oxymatrine (OMT) has numerous biological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrosis, anti-proliferation and anti-tumor. However, the underlying effect of OMT on vascular smooth muscle cells remains unclear. Herein, the aim of this study is to investigate the role and mechanism of OMT on MOVAS (a mouse vascular aortic smooth muscle cell line) proliferation induced by Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB (PDGF-BB).
Methods: Firstly, we assessed proliferation in MOVAS subjected to PDGF-BB induction or controlled intervention with/without OMT treatment. And then we detected cell cycle, cell apoptosis and the expression levels of cyclins, Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) and p21 of each group.
Results: In the present study, we found that OMT remarkably restrained the proliferation induced by PDGF-BB stimulus. Additionally, it was demonstrated that cell population of MOVAS treated with OMT in the S phase was reduced, but that of MOVAS in the G0/G1 phase was increased when compared to the PDGF-BB group. However, OMT treatment showed no effect on MOVAS apoptosis. Mechanistically, the expression of cyclinD1-CDK4/6 and cyclinE2-CDK2 were inhibited, while the expression of p21 was increased in MOVAS treated with OMT.
Conclusion: These results demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of OMT on proliferation of MOVAS were in part due to G0/G1 arrest by inhibiting cyclinD1-CDK4/6 and cyclinE2-CDK2, and promoting p21 expression. Therefore, OMT might become a new strategy for treating excessive proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells in the future.


Introduction Sport and leisure have been researched in many capacities over many years. Topics encompass marketing (42), travel style (40), satisfaction (49), retail (12), behavior (72) religion (65), gender-based (38), product involvement (6), sport (74) and many others that have been analyzed to better understand this phenomena. Understanding sport and leisure and its many facets are important not only to extend retail-based research, but to present possible opportunities to uncover more about some of the still underdeveloped theories of retail and consumer behavior within this area. It has been shown that consumers will spend significant amounts of money on leisure (28). Consumer shopping behavior has been proven to be important and relevant in other industries such as the tourism industry (50, 11). Due to the significant nature of money spent on sport and leisure by consumers, sport marketers, merchandisers and others realize the need to segment the different types of sport consumers. Some studies have addressed and studied the specialized segmentation of the sport consumer. Not only do sport consumers hold specific values and attitudes (46), but they require marketers, retailers and others to take note of their unique spending habits. Other traditional consumer behavior concepts apply to the sport consumer such as brand loyalty (8), emotional attachment (67), and brand equity (20). Golf Industry Because the sport consumer holds some of the same behavioral traits as traditional consumers, it is important to investigate the behaviors of the sport consumer in more detail. Many sports have been investigated in regard to its consumer such as the brand loyalty of baseball, wrestling (32) and football (41). To continue to investigate the sport consumer, this paper will attempt to identify golfer consumer-based behaviors. This may help all stakeholders, to include retailers, merchandisers, academics and golf managers to better understand, serve and recognize golfer segments and to determine segmentation and/or marketing strategy for applicable segments. Though this type of study has been conducted for other entities (professional golfing organizations, for example), it has not been conducted in this manner, thus adding to the small current body of literature in this area of retail study. Participating in a sport while partaking of a leisure activity, such as a vacation, has been found to be a growing occurrence (27). Further, one activity that has received some attention is the golfing industry. Golf's popularity continues to increase with as estimated 28.6 million participants as of 2009 (48). In fact, in 2008, golf generated approximately $76 billion in goods and services (21). Another report indicated that golfers spent $4.7 billion on equipment alone and $19.7 billion on green fees in 2002 (22). But, surprisingly, golf has been noted to be an under-researched activity (14), especially considering the impact it can make to the local and state economy. Golf travel, tourism, facility management and golf-related real estate (73) are a few of the important areas of the golf industry. It has also been estimated that the average dollar amount spent per person per golf trip was $452 with an almost 40 million golf trips taken (64). In addition, golfers spent $26.1 billion a year on golf travel (22). Research has been conducted to learn about different aspects of the sport. Topics that have been studied have included golfer's satisfaction (53, 54) destination choice (27, 14, 34), golf course development (69) and seasonality (18). Golfing lifestyles have also been a focus of research inquiry. One study found four distinct tourist typologies within the golfing industry which were: quality-seeker, competitor, high-income and value-seeker. These typologies were chosen using many attributes and demographics such as course layout, availability of tee times, fees, income, gender and age (70). …


In this study, gold nanoparticulate patterns were generated in polymer thick film using a direct light writing method and were characterized using optic, spectroscopic and transmission electron microscopy investigations. Based on physical and chemical process parameters that have an important contribution on the generated gold nanoparticle size, an artificial neural network was developed to predict the localized surface plasmon absorption maxima and consequently, the gold nanoparticles corresponding dimension. Due to the excellent predicting capabilities supported by a high correlation factor and low relative errors, the trial and error approach for generating the desired gold nanoparticle dimension is no longer used and, in addition, the samples are no longer destroyed for transmission electron microscopy measurements. Furthermore, correlations between the predicted gold nanoparticles dimension and the citrate to gold(III) ratio, scanning velocity and radiation intensity are investigated. The results highlighted that the absorption maxima along with its associated gold nanoparticles dimension increased with decreasing the intensity and the citrate to gold(III) ratio as well as with increasing the scanning velocity. The radiation intensity was found to have the most important influence on the gold nanoparticle size, followed by the scanning velocity and the citrate to gold(III) ratio.


In this pathbreaking and provocative analysis of the aesthetics of law, the historian, legal theorist, and musician Desmond Manderson argues that by treating a text, legal or otherwise, as if it were merely a sequence of logical propositions, readers miss its formal and symbolic meanings. Creatively using music as a model, he demonstrates that law is not a sterile, rational structure, but a cultural form to be valued and enhanced through rhetoric and metaphors, form, images, and symbols. To further develop this argument, the book is divided into chapters, each of which is based on a different musical form. Law, for Manderson, should strive for neither coherence nor integrity. Rather, it is imperfectly realized, constantly reinterpreted, and always in flux. Songs without Music is written in an original, engaging, and often humorous style, and exhibits a deep knowledge of both law and music. It successfully traverses several disciplines and builds an original and persuasive argument for a legal aesthetic. The book will appeal to a broad readership in law, political theory, literary criticism, and cultural studies.


U.S. animal agriculture is seeking to improve its ability to trace the movement of livestock from their birthplace to slaughter. The livestock and meat industries are working with the U.S. government to develop a national animal identification (ID) plan for livestock disease tracking purposes. This report focuses on animal ID and, to a lesser extent, on meat traceability.


ABSTRACT This paper summarizes the main results from taxonomic inventories drawn up as part of the ATBI of the Mercantour/Alpi Marittime parks in the French and Italian Alps. It compares the data on different groups of the invertebrate fauna published in the Zoosystema issues devoted to the ATBI with those recorded in the EDIT (European Distributed Institute of Taxonomy) and INPN (Inventaire national du Patrimoine naturel) ATBI databases. It also highlights the contribution of the ATBI inventory to a better knowledge of the biology and ecology of various animal taxa, as well as to the use of the data in conservation management. Overall, 927 animal taxa and 38 host plants are documented in the two special issues, of which 904 are recorded from both parks and 400 are new for one or both parks. Twelve species (ten terrestrial and two aquatic) and one genus (aquatic) are described as new for science, this increases to 30 the number of new invertebrate taxa described since 2006 from the Mercantour/Alpi Marittime parks. However, due to taxonomic uncertainty about material sorted to morphospecies and delays in species descriptions, these represent only a fraction of the taxa recognized as new during the ATBI. This faunal inventory, which includes 88% insect taxa, greatly enhances knowledge of Mercantour/Alpi Marittime biodiversity, notably for several poorly studied taxonomic groups. It also confirms the importance of the area as a European biodiversity hotspot, especially for arthropods and the groundwater fauna, by highlighting the remarkable percentage of endemic species, some of which are rare and poorly documented in the literature.


Brucellosis is a disease caused by the bacterium Brucella abortus that infects elk (Cervus canadensis) and cattle (Bos taurus). There is the potential for transmission from wildlife to livestock through contact with infected material shed during abortions or live births. To understand the impact of exposure on pregnancy rates we captured 30-100 elk per year from 2011 through 2020, testing their blood for serologic exposure to B. abortus. Predicted pregnancy rates for seropositive animals were 9.6% lower in prime-age (2.5-15.5 yr; 85%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 74-91%) and 37.7% lower in old (>15.5 yr; 43%, 95% CI: 19-71%) elk as compared with seronegative animals. To understand the risk of seropositive elk shedding B. abortus bacteria and the effects of exposure on elk reproductive performance, we conducted a 5-yr longitudinal study monitoring 30 seropositive elk. We estimated the annual probability of a seropositive elk having an abortion as 0.06 (95% CI: 0.02-0.15). We detected B. abortus at three abortions and two live births, using a combination of culture and PCR testing. The predicted probability of a pregnant seropositive elk shedding B. abortus during an abortion or live birth was 0.08 (95% CI: 0.04-0.19). To understand what proportion of seropositive elk harbored live B. abortus bacteria in their tissues, we euthanized seropositive elk at the end of 5 yr of monitoring and sampled tissues for B. abortus. Assuming perfect detection, the predicted probability of a seropositive elk having B. abortus in at least one tissue was 0.18 (95% CI: 0.06-0.43). The transmission risk seropositive elk pose is mitigated by decreased pregnancy rates, low probability of abortion events, low probability of shedding at live birth events, and reasonably low probability of B. abortus in tissues.


To protect the interests of trademark owners in many new contexts, trademark law has expanded and uprooted the doctrine from its policy of protecting consumers. To facilitate this expansion, consumer interests are often ignored or manipulated to conform to the interests of mark owners. This Article introduces consumer investment in trademarks as a model to bring public interests back into trademark doctrine. The model demonstrates that because consumers invest marks with meaning and value, they deserve a return. Drawing on literature from the social sciences, this Article illuminates the many ways in which consumers contribute to the success or failure of marks and actively use them to express themselves and find information. In view of this research, this Article advocates rejection of the doctrinal assumptions that trademark owners are solely responsible for trademark value and that consumers are mere passive recipients of information about marks. Instead, trademark law should acknowledge that consumers have also invested in marks, and it should therefore weigh the public interest in using marks as information tools when deciding trademark matters. By adopting the model's broadened view of how consumers use brands and contribute to their meaning, trademark law can take into account actual consumer interests.Next, the discussion turns to practical applications. Use of the consumer investment model would keep trademark doctrine on a principled path that preserves the public interest in using marks as information tools. The model offers a new way of examining difficult issues involving the unauthorized use of brands on the Internet. Specifically, in keyword advertising disputes, the model would prompt courts or Congress to weigh public informational interests when considering how much control mark owners should exert over their brands on the Internet. However, as technology advances and new uses for marks evolve, the model would not block trademark expansion. It simply would provide a constant reminder to consider public interests. For example, the model generally supports dilution protection for famous marks. However, this Article introduces "cultural dilution" as a type of lost distinctiveness that should be exempted from trademark protection. Cultural dilution occurs when consumers invest a famous mark with new meaning through viral means that brand owners cannot stop. Finally, this Article recommends creation of a safe harbor for reference materials to reflect actual consumer understandings of terms that also serve as brands. Application of the consumer investments model in these contexts and others would assure that actual consumer interests are weighed in trademark disputes that affect public access to information.


Urban residents share access to a number of local resources in which they have a common stake. These resources range from local streets and parks to public spaces to a variety of shared neighborhood amenities. Collectively shared urban resources suffer from the same rivalry and free-riding problems that Garrett Hardin described in his Tragedy of the Commons tale. Scholars have not yet worked up a theory about how this tragedy unfolds in the urban context, particularly in light of existing government regulation and control of common urban resources. This Article argues that the tragedy of the urban commons unfolds during periods of "regulatory slippage" - when the level of local government oversight and management of the resource significantly declines, leaving the resource vulnerable to expanded access by competing users and uses. Overuse or unrestrained competition in the use of these resources can quickly lead to congestion, rivalry and resource degradation. Tales abound in cities across the country of streets, parks, and vacant land that were once thriving urban spaces but have become overrun, dirty, prone to criminal activity, and virtually abandoned by most users. Proposed solutions to the rivalry, congestion and degradation that afflict common urban resources typically track the traditional public-private dichotomy of governance approaches. These solutions propose either a more assertive central government role or privatization of the resource. Neither of these proposed solutions has taken root, I argue, because of the potential costs that each carry - costs to the local government during times of fiscal strain, costs to communities where the majority of residents are non-property owners, and costs to internal community governance. What has taken root, however, are various forms of cooperative management regimes by groups of users. Despite the robust literature on self-organized management of natural resources, scholars have largely ignored collective action in the urban context. In fact, many urban scholars have assumed that collective action is unlikely in urban communities where social disorder exists. This Article highlights the ways in which common urban resources are being managed by groups of users in the absence of government coercion or management and without transferring ownership into private hands. This collective action occurs in the shadow of continued state and local government ownership and oversight of the resources. Formally, although the state continues to hold the regulatory reigns, in practice we see the public role shifting away from a centralized governmental role to what I call an "enabling" one in which state and local government provides incentives and lend support to private actors who are able to overcome free-riding and coordination problems to manage collective resources. This Article develops this enabling role, marks its contours and limits, and raises three normative concerns that have gone unattended by policymakers.


Expressing One Allele at a Time Although genetic traits are often dominant or recessive, the impact of the same heterozygous genotype can vary quite a bit between individuals. Deng et al. (p. 193), analyzed global gene expression in hundreds of individual mouse cells and found that a substantial fraction of the genes only expressed one of the alleles, chosen randomly, at any given point in time. Such stochasticity in transcription increases the heterogeneity among cells and likely contributes to the phenotypic variance among individuals of identical genotype. Independent allelic transcription generates fluctuations in the single-cell transcriptome. Expression from both alleles is generally observed in analyses of diploid cell populations, but studies addressing allelic expression patterns genome-wide in single cells are lacking. Here, we present global analyses of allelic expression across individual cells of mouse preimplantation embryos of mixed background (CAST/EiJ × C57BL/6J). We discovered abundant (12 to 24%) monoallelic expression of autosomal genes and that expression of the two alleles occurs independently. The monoallelic expression appeared random and dynamic because there was considerable variation among closely related embryonic cells. Similar patterns of monoallelic expression were observed in mature cells. Our allelic expression analysis also demonstrates the de novo inactivation of the paternal X chromosome. We conclude that independent and stochastic allelic transcription generates abundant random monoallelic expression in the mammalian cell.


Abstract We used a bird-song simulation system to experimentally assess the effects of habitat, vegetation structure, and background noise on detection probability in aural avian point counts. We simulated bird songs of seven species in two habitats (mixed pine–hardwood forest and deciduous forest) and two leaf conditions (leaves on and leaves off) with two levels of background noise (~40 dB and ~50 dB). Estimated detection probabilities varied greatly among species, and complex interactions among all the factors existed. Background noise and the presence of leaves on trees decreased detection probabilities, and estimated detection probabilities were higher in mixed pine–hardwood forest than in deciduous forest. At 100 m, average estimated detection probabilities ranged from 0 to 1 and were lowest for the Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia) and highest for the Brown Thrasher (Toxostoma rufum). Simulations of expected counts, based on the best logistic model, indicated that observers detect between 3% (for the worst observer, least detectable species, with leaves on the trees and added background noise in the deciduous forest) and 99% (for the best observer, most detectable species, with no leaves on the trees and no added background noise in the mixed forest) of the total count. The large variation in expected counts illustrates the importance of estimating detection probabilities directly. The large differences in detection probabilities among species suggest that tailoring monitoring protocols to specific species of interest may produce better estimates than a single protocol applied to a wide range of species.


Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) Tax protein persistently stimulates the activity of IkappaB kinase (IKK), resulting in constitutive activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Tax activation of IKK requires physical interaction of this viral protein with the IKK regulatory subunit, IKKgamma. The Tax/IKKgamma interaction allows Tax to engage the IKK catalytic subunits, IKKalpha and IKKbeta, although it remains unclear whether this linker function of IKKgamma is sufficient for supporting the Tax-specific IKK activation. To address this question, we have examined the sequences of IKKgamma required for modulating the Tax/IKK signaling. We demonstrate that when fused to Tax, a small N-terminal fragment of IKKgamma, containing its minimal IKKalpha/beta-binding domain, is sufficient for bringing Tax to and activating the IKK catalytic subunits. Disruption of the IKKalpha/beta-binding activity of this domain abolishes its function in modulating the Tax/IKK signaling. We further demonstrate that direct fusion of Tax to IKKalpha and IKKbeta leads to activation of these kinases. These findings suggest that the IKKgamma-directed Tax/IKK association serves as a molecular trigger for IKK activation.


Purpose
The starting point of the paper is the fact that customers participate in the logistics activities of the supply chain (SC) (Johnston, 1989; Granzin and Bahn, 1989). Having established that customers can and do participate in logistics, firms can consider transferring some of their logistics activities to/from their customer. The transfer can take two contrasting forms: outsourcing by the company of some logistics activities to its customers or insourcing by the company of some logistics activities from its customers. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to a theoretical understanding of these company/customer transfers.

Design/methodology/approach
To address this emerging issue, the authors build on the service management literature and on the study of two contrasting cases of transfer. The first (IKEA) examines the outsourcing of some logistics activities to the consumer. The second (AuchanDrive) examines the reverse process of insourcing.

Findings
Based on the service management literature and the two case studies, the authors develop a theoretical model for the transfer of logistics activities between a firm and its customers. The findings confirm several elements, such as the importance of managing customer participation and adapting service production during a transfer. Most importantly, the findings show that a key issue for a firm during a transfer is the need to redesign its SC in terms of transport, warehousing and production. The main contribution of the research therefore is showing that customer participation in logistics is a key variable in SC design.

Research limitations/implications
This research is based on the analysis of two cases. To generalise these results, further research needs to be conducted.

Practical implications
This research proposes recommendations to help managers and organisations to transfer some logistics activities to or from their customers.

Originality/value
The originality of the framework is that it considers both the company and its customers. This comprehensive approach establishes a link between supply chain management research and marketing.


In recent years, several attempts have been made in designing planar array antennas with high directivity. This paper is aimed at investigating the impact of element spacing on the directivity of planar array of monopole antenna. The directivity of antenna with reduced grating lobes can be obtained by carefully varying the inter-element spacing of array antenna. Based on this conception, this paper presents the investigation carried out on the relationship between inter-element spacing and the directivity of planar array of monopole antenna. It went further to highlight the effect on the total fields radiated by the antenna. The inter-element spacing is one of the most important antenna parameters that determine the directivity of the antenna. For a planar array of monopole, the directivity can be improved by varying the inter-element spacing. Four elements uniform planar array antenna and Hadamard matrix method was used to determine element positioning in the array matrix. The simulated results obtained using Matlab, showed that good directivity was obtained by using element spacing between 0.1λ - 0.5λ. Increasing the spacing beyond 0.6λ - 1.0λ also improved the directivity, but generated many grating lobes. As inter-element spacing increased, the grating lobes increased in size, number and levels. The study, therefore, inferred that the best directivity (radiation pattern) can only be obtained when the element spacing is within 0.1 - 0.5λ.


The share of US output held by foreign-controlled firms tripled during the 1980s, but the growth of foreign direct investment in the United States fell sharply after 1990. Graham and Krugman provided the first analysis of the growth of this investment, and its economic and national security implications, in the first and second editions. The third, extensively revised edition analyzes the post-1990 downturn in FDI, updates all statistics, provides new analysis based on statistical series not previously available, and assesses recent legislative proposals to restrict FDI.


Importance and background of the study The Information and communications' revolution the world has witnessed by the end of the last century caused an accelerating changes and challenges in the culture and values which has been increasing on daily bases and affecting all the world's communities. By which may form one of the most important changes and transfers that influenced the formation and orientation of the educational institutions. As a result of all such changes, the society shall focus on the principle of "education for all", improving the education's quality and ensuring the application of democratic principles at the educational institutions, especially that the democratic environment emanates from democratic elements in consciousness and behavior alike. The essence of democracy is represented in justice and equality among the society members. Thus Democracy also represents the individual's freedom and the governed interest (Jaradat 1995). Democracy is defined as a set of social thoughts and political systems, which means that democracy connects between the social and organizational views together, it also assures that the strength and power within the democratic regime shall be in the hands of the public (Sills 1972). Democracy also means the others freedom in expressing their opinions and thoughts concerning the public affairs, sharing in the decisions making process, as well as not to monopolize the truth (Al Rabei'a 1992). By which Democracy includes several principles such as: governance for the majority and not the minority, equality before the law, fair distribution of positions in public affairs upon qualification without any discrimination or bias.(Roger, 1996). Democracy also embraces a set of general bases, belief in the human value and dignity regardless of the race, color, or title, in addition to the belief in the human main rights, such as right of living, safety, and fair treatment, belief in equality of all the individuals in rights and duties, belief in the individual variations among people, adoption of scientific methods in thinking and solving problems, respecting the importance of education and its role in human societies' development, creating balance among the interests of each individual and group, and considering the human being as a high purpose and not a way to grasp benefits, as well as providing people with decent lives (Al Sheibani 1986). The link between education and democracy is considered a serious and mutual relation, by which each one of them depends on and effects of the other. True democracy can only grow in an educated society; education can develop and expand in a democratic atmosphere. It is worth noting that educational democracy is represented in fair distribution of the educational resources between the community members; therefore, the philosophy of education's democracy depends on the fact that democracy cannot be realized in education unless the social fife enjoys a democratic context (Ja'nini 2004). The relation between democracy and education engages some values, namely,: equal education opportunities, which can be considered as an equal accomplishment and achievement not only equal admission in the educational levels, this principle is to be realized by not discriminating between people in rights and duties, and in gaining education. This principle opens the way before everyone according to their ability to learn and resume education. Focus on this idea started after the United Nations' adoption of the international human rights declaration which states that every individual shall have the right of free education, at least during the primary education levels, as well as the individual's right to liberally participate in her/his community's culture. Many obstacles appeared nowadays, banning the principle of equal opportunities of education, some of these obstacles are economical, social, racialist, or ideological (Al Tel, 1993). …


Spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) and spotted dolphins (S. attenuata) show high intraspecific morphological diversity and endemic subspecies in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (ETP). Previous studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have found low genetic differentiation among most of these groups, possibly due to demographic factors, ongoing gene flow, and/or recent divergence. These species were heavily depleted due to bycatch in the ETP yellowfin tuna fishery. Because population structure is important for accurate management of the recovery of these species, we collected whole mitochondrial genome sequences from 104 spinner and 76 spotted dolphins to test structure hypotheses at multiple hierarchical levels. Our results showed significant differences between subspecies of spotted (FST: 0.0125; P = 0.0402) and spinner dolphins (FST: 0.0133; P = 0.034), but no support for the division of existing offshore stocks of spotted dolphins or Tres Marias spinner dolphins. We compare these results to previous results of genome-wide nuclear SNP data and suggest high haplotype diversity, female dispersal, male philopatry, or relative power of the two datasets explains the differences observed. Our results further support a genetic basis for biologically meaningful management units at the subspecies level, and provide a critical component to mitigating historical and continued fishery interactions.


A non-tumorigenic strain (F2/5) of Agrobacterium vitis produces an agrocin that inhibited in vitro growth of 21 of 25 A. vitis , two of 10 A. tumefaciens biovar 1, and none of nine biovar 2 strains. It inhibited both tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic strains. When applied to wounds on potted woody grape trunks ( Vitis vinifera L. cvs. Chardonnay and Riesling) in the greenhouse, the gall sizes were significantly reduced for seven of 10 A. vitis , one of two A. tumefaciens biovar 1 and one of one biovar 2 strains. The numbers of inoculation sites at which galls developed was reduced for all but one A. vitis strain. There is a good, but not perfect, correlation between in vitro sensitivity to the agrocin and control in vivo . Co-inoculation of F2/5 with pathogen was as effective or more effective in most cases than pre-inoculation of F2/5. When pathogen was inoculated prior to F2/5, the level of control was greatly reduced. Control was most effective when equal concentrations of F2/5 and pathogen were inoculated and declined for ratios of 1:10 and 1:100 (F2/5 to pathogen). F2/5 contains three plasmids, none of which hybridize with a probe, pTHE17, consisting of the T-DNA from A. tumefaciens strain C58.


The scientific article has been a hallmark of the career of every important Western scientist since the seventeenth century. Yet its role in the history of science has not been fully explored. Joseph E. Harmon and Alan G. Gross remedy this oversight with "The Scientific Literature", a collection of writings - excerpts from scientific articles, letters, memoirs, proceedings, transactions, and magazines - that illustrates the origin of the scientific article in 1665 and its evolution over the next three and a half centuries. Featuring articles - as well as sixty tables and illustrations, tools vital to scientific communication - that represent the broad sweep of modern science, "The Scientific Literature" is a historical tour through both the rhetorical strategies that scientists employ to share their discoveries and the methods that scientists use to argue claims of new knowledge. Commentaries that explain each excerpt's scientific and historical context and analyze its communication strategy accompany each entry. A unique anthology, "The Scientific Literature" will allow both the scholar and the general reader to experience firsthand the development of modern science.


In this paper, we propose WebCop to identify malicious web pages and neighborhoods of malware on the internet. Using a bottom-up approach, telemetry data from commercial Anti-Malware (AM) clients running on millions of computers first identify malware distribution sites hosting malicious executables on the web. Next, traversing hyperlinks in a web graph constructed from a commercial search engine crawler in the reverse direction quickly discovers malware landing pages linking to the malware distribution sites. In addition, the malicious distribution sites and web graph are used to identify neighborhoods of malware, locate additional executables distributed on the internet which may be unknown malware and identify false positives in AM signatures. We compare the malicious URLs generated by the proposed method with those found by a commercial, drive-by download approach and show that lists are independent; both methods can be used to identify malware on the internet and help protect end users.


Carbonate platforms consisting of hermatypic coral, rudists and larger foraminifers formed along the margin of the NE Japanese islands during the mid-Late Aptian. The geographical northern limit of the carbonate platforms extended to c. 36°N at that time, which is the highest latitude for coral and/or rudist formation in the North Pacific region. This geographical extension of the carbonate platform in the NW Pacific indicates extreme climatic warmth in the mid-latitudes and strong poleward heat transport systems. Contemporaneous warming has been detected in European and Australian regions, as represented by the migration of Tethyan fauna toward the boreal realm and the positive excursion of δ13C and negative excursion of δ18O in deep-sea carbonates. Our new constraint on the northern limit of 'reef' growth reinforces the view that an interval of greenhouse-like warmth punctuated the Late Aptian climate.


(ABSTRACT) Equity theory has long been used to predict individuals' responses to equity and inequity. Tests of these predictions have been inconsistent, particularly for inequitable conditions of low inputs and high outcomes, or overreward. Based on empirical evidence pointing to the powerful effects of moods on cognitive tasks, this study incorporates mood into equity theory's propositions, with the expectation that considering mood will enhance equity theory's predictive power. Specifically, as Wyer and Carlston's (1979) " feelings-as-information " hypothesis suggests, subjects who receive favorable outcomes may use their positive outcome-based mood in judging the fairness of the situation. Cognitive research suggests that positive mood reduces the accuracy of judgments, which would explain the inconsistencies in equity perceptions. However, Schwarz and Clore (1983) discovered that the effect of mood on judgments may be eliminated if the mood can be attributed to a logical external source. Two studies were conducted using similar procedures with different overrewards and external sources. In both studies, overrewarded subjects rated the fairness of being overrewarded and the fairness of the procedures used to allocate the reward. These ratings were analyzed to assess the effects that subjects' inputs, outcomes, and procedures had on their perceptions of fairness. Two groups were given the opportunity to attribute their moods to a source other than the reward. It was hypothesized that mood effects on fairness judgments would be eliminated when subjects were able to attribute their mood to its correct source (i.e., undeserved reward) or to an incorrect but logical source (i.e., music or cheerful surroundings). Specifically, the elimination of the effect of positive mood should serve to increase accuracy in judgments of fairness. The hypothesis that subjects who were treated with fair procedures would view their outcome as more distributively fair was supported in both studies. In Study 1, the hypotheses regarding changes in judgment accuracy as a function of external attribution of positive mood were not supported. The results of Study 2, which used a different overreward and transient source, revealed that external attribution of positive mood had a significant effect on subjects' fairness ratings. The pervasive influence of mood on cognitive activity is a phenomenon that has stimulated a great deal of research interest and investigation. Numerous researchers have explored the impact that affective states have on cognitive processing, judgment, decision-making, and subsequent behavior (e. Adams' equity theory is one of the most well-developed and most frequently researched theories …


In this paper we introduce D-Partitioning as a convenient direct method for visualizing the performance of power systems subjected to load changes.  In Automatic Generation Control (AGC) schemes, such visualizations rely on manual calculations of the system stability limits. D-Partitioning obviates this reliance permitting a direct reading-off of the limits. The method assumes a test power system of known parameters embedding distributed solar power generation. The generated solar power injects discretely variable real power system disturbances. MATLAB/SIMULINK is used to mask the parameters of the system transfer function thus allowing for data entry or changes via a user interface. The system frequency behaviour is analyzed applying traditional methods within MATLAB and MATHEMATICA.  Subsequent comparative results are established by applying D-Partitioning. Nyquist stability criterion and step frequency response results show that the system's stability limits cannot be discerned with certainty visually but only manually. In contrast D-Partitioning provides visually clearer stability limits. The paper provides an additional tool for the analysis of power systems described by transfer functions possibly with several variable parameters. The MATLAB User Interface used in the paper limits any flexible variation of the parameters.  An improvement will be considered in ongoing studies by applying on the named parameters, MATHEMATICA's dynamic interactivity feature.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the interobserver reliability of sonographic fetal weight estimation between experienced obstetrician and radiologist immadiately prior to delivery and to compare the sonographic accuracies of estimated fetal weights (EFW) between the sonographers. This was a prospective study of singleton pregnancies that underwent sonographic fetal weight estimation prior to scheduled delivery. One obstetrician and one radiologist, performed all examinations prior to delivery. Sonographic fetal weight estimations were obtained from each ultrasonographic examination. EFWs were compared with the actual birth weight (ABW) and interobserver reliability of sonographic fetal weight estimation between two sonographers was assessed. A total of 245 subjects were included. Inter-observer reliability coefficient for EFW was 0.864 (95% confidence interval: 0.825-0.894, P < 0.001). Mean values of EFWs by radiologist and obstetrician did not significantly differ (P = 0.480) while both did significantly differ from the ABW (P < 0.001, for both comparisons). The mean absolute error for EFW obtained by radiologist and obsterician was 227 (± 160) and 197 (± 138), respectively (P < 0.01). The mean absolute percentage error for EFW obtained by radiologist and obsterician was 7.09 (± 5.17) and 6.15 (± 4.38), respectively (P < 0.01). EFWs measured by radiologists and obstetricians are similar but both are significantly distant from the ABW. However, obstetricians measure EFW significantly more accurate than the radiologists do.


This paper presents findings from the Regional Project on Child Development Indicators, PRIDI for its acronym in Spanish. PRIDI created a new tool, the Engle Scale, for evaluating development in children aged 24 to 59 months in four domains: cognition, language and communication, socio-emotional and motor skills. It also captures and identifies factors associated with child development. The Engle Scale was applied in nationally representative samples in four Latin American countries: Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Paraguay and Peru. The results presented here are descriptive, but they offer new insight regarding the complexity of child development in Latin America. The basic message emerging from this study is that child development in Latin America is unequal. Inequality in results appears as early as 24 months and increases with age. There is variation in inequality. For example, correlations with the socio-economic characteristics of the home and maternal education are stronger for cognition, and language and communication than for motor development. The environment within which children develop and the adult-child interactions predominant within this environment ? referred to in this study as the nurturing environment - is important for all domains of child development utilized in this study, although stronger associations appear for cognition, language and communication, and socio-emotional development. For all domains measured by the Engle Scale, the nurturing environment bears a statistically stronger correlation than the socio-economic endowment of the home or maternal education. Gaps between the development of children in the top and low extremes in these factors matter. By 59 months, the development of a poor and under-nurtured child will lag by as much as 18 months behind her richer and more nurtured peers. For this child it will be more difficult to recognize basic shapes like triangles or squares, count to 20, or understand temporal sequences. She will also have gaps in her basic executive functioning and socio-emotional skills, including empathy and autonomy. She will not likely be ready for school and may not have success once there. Notably, however, if this same child, in the same poor household, were to benefit from a nurturing environment, her level of development would rise and would start to approach levels found in children in richer but less nurtured households. The nurturing environment thus appears to mitigate the negative association lower levels of wealth have with the domains of development included in this study.


This presentation will share an understanding of Cree traditional law and discuss its contemporary application in relation to gender and sexual diversity. I will offer a brief history of how the sexuality and bodies of Indigenous, specifically Cree two spirit (LGBTQ) people became regulated through governmental and church policy and discuss how the social movement Idle No More has validated traditional understandings and practices. Through research and examples, personal observations, stories and experiences, the meaning and importance of body sovereignty and gender self-determination and expression will be presented as necessary aspects of undoing systemic forms of oppression and revisioning as a positive 'coming in' process. This article is available in Journal of Global Indigeneity: http://ro.uow.edu.au/jgi/vol1/iss1/4 1 Our Coming In Stories: Cree Identity, Body Sovereignty and Gender Self-Determination


We describe research on data-drive refinement and evaluation of a probabilistic model of student learning for an educational game on number factorization. The model is to be used by an intelligent pedagogical agent to improve student learning during game play. An initial version of the model was designed based on teachers' advice and subjective parameter settings. Here we illustrate data-driven improvements to the model, and we report results on its accuracy.


The 2007/8 social and economic audit of Brighton and Hove's third sector is the second of its
kind, the first being conducted in 2003. Whilst it is widely recognised that the third sector in
Brighton and Hove has an important role, the evidence to substantiate social and economic
impact is sparse.

Taking Account produces evidence of the dynamic and diverse third sector in Brighton
and Hove allowing us to:
• examine the sector's social value and impact locally
• evidence the sector's economic value and impact locally
• identify the role of the sector in strengthening communities and giving a voice to local people
• assess how the sector influences public services
• help ensure that the sector is better understood within the context of Brighton and
Hove, and evidence its parity with other sectors
• help better understand the sector and ensure we are getting the most out of it.
Taking Account also tells us about the context in which the sector is operating and the
changes since the social and economic audit in 2003, making comparisons where possible
to the earlier analysis. This information will assist third sector organisations, policy-makers and commissioning bodies to steer the sector towards a stable and sustainable future.


Feeding the world's growing human population is increasingly challenging, especially as more people adopt a western diet and lifestyle. Doing so without causing damage to nature poses an even greater challenge. This book argues that in order to create a sustainable food supply whilst conserving nature, agriculture and nature must be reconnected and approached together.

The authors demonstrate that while the links between nature and food production have, to some extent, already been recognized, until now the focus has been to protect one from the impacts of the other. Instead, it is argued that nature and agriculture can, and should, work together and ultimately benefit from one another. Chapters describe efforts to protect nature through globally connected protected area systems and illustrate how farming methods are being shaped to protect nature within agricultural systems. The authors also point to many ways in which nature benefits agriculture through the ecosystem services it provides.

Overall, the book shows that nature conservation and food production must be considered as equally important components of future solutions to meet the global demand for food in a manner that is sustainable for both the human population and the planet as a whole.


Mill holds a metaphysical theory about the nature of things which is of the sensationalist or phenomenalist variety, and which he derives admittedly from the idealism of Berkeley. This metaphysical theory is introduced into a discussion in which he is attempting something different, namely, to offer a rival psychological account to Hamilton's intuitionist one of how it is that men possess that familiar but complex conception, Nature or the external world. It will be convenient to consider his psychological theory first.


Made-in-Canada-Humour is an interdisciplinary survey and analysis of Canadian humour and humorists in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The book focuses on a variety of genres. It includes celebrated Canadian writers and poets with ironic and satiric perspectives; oral storytellers of tall tales in the country and the city; newspaper print humorists; representative national and regional cartoonists; and comedians of stage, radio and television. The humour gives voice to Canadian values and experiences, and consequently, techniques and styles of humour particular to the country. While a persistent comic theme has been joking at the expense of the United States, both countries have influenced one another's humour. Canada's unique humorous tradition also reflects its emergence from a colonial country to a postcolonial and postmodern nation with contemporary humour that addresses gender and racial issues.


The inputs to photoreceptors tend to change rapidly over time, whereas physical parameters (e.g. surface depth) underlying these changes vary more slowly. Accordingly, if a neuron codes for a physical parameter then its output should also change slowly, despite its rapidly fluctuating inputs. We demonstrate that a model neuron which adapts to make its output vary smoothly over time can learn to extract invariances implicit in its input. This learning consists of a linear combination of Hebbian and anti-Hebbian synaptic changes, operating simultaneously upon the same connection weights but at different time scales. This is shown to be sufficient for the unsupervised learning of simple spatio-temporal invariances.