This qualitative study into the effective use of fear arousal in social marketing advertising, focused on exploring gender differences in smokers' attitudes towards threats in anti-smoking messages in the 40 to 50 year old age group. This age group of smokers has received relatively little attention in the fear arousal literature to date, presumably because their 'hard core' attitudes are perceived as difficult to change by social marketing and medical practitioners. The key purpose of this study was to explore the attitudinal responses of male and female smokers in the 40 to 50 year old age group to anti-smoking messages and in particular to those using death and non-death threats. Unexpected findings from a previous study (Henley 1997) were the first to indicate that significant gender differences occurred in this age group to anti-smoking messages. Henley's (1997) study focused on death versus non-death threats in social marketing messages in two age groups of smokers: 16 to 25 and 40 to 50 year olds. Response to the death threat, 'Quit smoking or you'll die of emphysema' was compared to the response of the non-death threat, 'Quit smoking or you'll be disabled by emphysema', in producing change in attitude, motivation and intention to adopt the recommended behaviour. The appropriateness of these threat messages was considered in relation to male and female smokers in two age groups, 16-25 years and 40-50 years. Henley (1997) found that significant differences occurred between older male and female smokers' responses to death and non-death threats in social marketing messages, and that in general, 40-50 year old males responded more to death threats and 40-50 year old females responded more to non-death threats, with the exception of death threats and loved ones. Focus groups were the qualitative method used for data collection in this study. Data was collected from four focus groups (2 male and 2 female), that consisted of 40 to 50 year old regular smokers. Group interviews were conducted as free flowing discussions interspersed with questions pertaining to the major objectives of the study. Projective questioning techniques were used to draw out participants' deeply held beliefs rather than their more easily accessible attitudes. As such, they were not asked direct questions pertaining to attitudes or specifically prompted for response to death and non-death threats. The men and women in this study fitted the characteristics of 'hard core', precontemplative smokers due to their long term smoking behaviour and low-involvement with anti-smoking information. Data were analysed manually according to themes in relation to the major objectives with special consideration given to gender differences that emerged. Attitudes were examined according to emotional, cognitive and behavioural responses. Gender differences are discussed in relation to how responses were articulated. Significant gender differences occurred in attitudinal response to threats in anti-smoking messages. In particular, gender differences occurred in relation to perceived self efficacy, and strategies employed to cope with cognitive dissonance and negative emotions that emerged from exposure to anti-smoking messages. Men in this study revealed low levels of perceived self-efficacy, self-esteem and a sense of helplessness and powerlessness over their smoking behaviour. Discussions revealed the men had adopted maladaptive coping responses such as avoidance behaviour and denial in relation to anti-smoking messages. Women in this study revealed higher levels of self-efficacy and derived more benefits from smoking than men. However, their responses indicated anger towards patriarchal and authoritarian anti-smoking messages. Data also revealed that women had adopted maladaptive coping responses such as defiance, reactance and avoidance behaviour in relation to anti-smoking messages. An unexpected finding in this study was that both genders were clearly more accepting of positively framed anti-smoking messages that engendered self-esteem and higher efficacy. The implications for practitioners and researchers are that market segmentation is advisable for older smokers. '.Hard core' smokers may be a difficult group to reach via negatively framed anti-smoking messages and it is possible that positively framed messages may offer a solution. Further quantitative research is indicated into the relative effectiveness of positively framed messages and 'hard core' smokers. I certify that this thesis does not, to the best of my knowledge and belief: (i) incorporate without acknowledgment any material previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any institution of higher education (ii) contain any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text; or (iii) contain any defamatory material. Candidate: Date: I<-/-. q Of


Background: Cardiac biomarkers or echocardiography for assessing right ventricular function are recommended to risk-stratify patients with acute non-massive pulmonary embolism (PE) but it remains unclear whether these tests affect the management and clinical outcomes in daily practice.
Methods and results: Overall, 587 patients with acute non-massive PE from 18 hospitals were enrolled in the Swiss Venous Thromboembolism Registry (SWIVTER) of whom 178 (30%) neither had a biomarker test nor an echocardiographic evaluation. Compared to the 409 (70%) patients with biomarkers or echocardiography of whom 210 (51%) had at least one positive test, patients without any testing were younger (61±18 vs. 67±16 years; p<0.001), more often outpatient at diagnosis (64% vs. 46%; p<0.001), had more often provoked PE (45% vs. 34%; p=0.010) and cancer (32% vs. 22%; p=0.015), and had less frequently main pulmonary artery embolism (26% vs. 37%, p=0.009) or an increased PE severity index (59% vs. 70%; p=0.012). The hospitalization rates were 80% without vs. 93% with testing (p<0.001); thrombolysis and/or embolectomy were performed in 2.8% vs. 4.9% (p=0.29), and the 30-day rates of mortality and PE recurrence were 7.4% vs. 3.2%, respectively (p=0.031). The predictive value of biomarker testing or echocardiography was lost (HR 0.62, 95%CI 0.27-1.39; p=0.24) when adjusted for other univariate predictors of mortality and recurrent PE, including cancer, chronic lung disease and bleeding complications. Conclusions: Although more than two thirds of the PE patients underwent risk assessment with a biomarker test or an echocardiogram, such testing had little impact on management and clinical outcomes.


In this study, published Holocene ostracod data for Osaka, Hiroshima, and Iyo-nada Bays within the Seto Inland Sea (SIS), Japan, are re-examined. Five major faunal changes are recognized at different stratigraphic horizons (Horizons 1–5) in the Holocene sedimentary record. Horizons 1 and 5 (faunal changes) were most likely triggered by the respective openings of the Bisan-seto (and resulting formation of the SIS) and Akashi Straits. Three other major faunal changes, at Horizons 2–4, may also be linked to the opening of straits and resulting formation of bays, although the exact nature of these events is less certain. This re-examination indicates that the opening of straits extensively affected the benthic inner-bay community during the Holocene transgression in the SIS. Further high-resolution studies are needed for confirmation of faunal changes triggered by opening of straits.


This paper provides baseline information on the involvement of women in small-scale coastal aquaculture such as the farming of slipper oyster, Crassostrea iredalei (Faustino 1933), and green mussel, Perna viridis (Linnaeus 1758). Data were gathered during a socio-economic survey of oyster and mussel farming in Western Visayas, Philippines conducted from July to December 1991.There were 175 respondents interviewed; 18.5% and 2.4% of oyster and mussel farmers were females. Fishing and related activities were the major source of livelihood for the majority of oyster and mussel farmers. In 1990, 79.4% and 69.8% of oyster and mussel farmers earned an annual income of less than P30 000 (1 USS P23). Based on the 1988 (latest data available) poverty threshold of P2654 (monthly) for Western Visayas, 80.4% and 71.7% of oyster and mussel farmers lived below poverty level in 1990. of 175 respondents. 79.3% and 48.2% of oyster and mussel farmers indicated that their household members participated in farming activities. More female household members were involved in oyster farming compared with mussel farming. Harvesting in mussel farming and both harvesting and marketing in oyster farming generated the widest participation among female household members.


In this paper I report on an investigation of discoursal asymmetry in parentcraft texts, in terms of the ways in which the father is represented and backgrounded. In particular, I suggest that it is possible to see one dominant, overarching discourse: `Part-time father/mother as main parent'. This dominant discourse can be seen as being `shored up' (as well as, to an extent, challenged) by other, usually complementary, discourses: `father as baby entertainer', `father as mother's bumbling assistant', `father as line manager', `mother as manager of the father's role in childcare', and `mother as wife/partner'. These discourses are characterized by recurring and non-recurring linguistic presences - and, importantly, absences (Van Leeuwen, 1995, 1996). Looking in particular at the following linguistic items from three different semantic fields - mother/father/wife/husband/partner; play/fun/help; and share - I illustrate how different discourses, with their salient linguistic presences and absences, can organize a text in supporting and potentially destabilizing ways.


'They are memorials to times and countries whose best is probably past and gone...I was lucky to have known them when I did, before darkness began to fall from the air.' When Laurie Lee first left his country village aged nineteen, he discovered a delight in the outside world that remained undiminished throughout his writing life. This enchanting collection of his 'first loves and obsessions' brings together pieces including recollections of his Gloucestershire childhood celebrated in Cider With Rosie; reflections on life, love and death, such as a moving report from the tragic Welsh village of Aberfan; and evocative travel writings on Tuscany, Mexico and the West Indies, amongst others, before they were transformed by mass tourism. Together they capture a world that is lost forever. "One of Britain's finest writers." (Daily Mail). "There's a formidable, instant charm in the writing that genuinely makes it difficult to put the book down." (New Statesman).


This paper introduces the multiplex dispensation order generation problem, a real-life combinatorial problem that arises in the context of analyzing large numbers of short to medium length DNA sequences. The problem is modeled as a constraint optimization problem (COP). We present the COP, its constraint programming formulation, and a custom search procedure. We give some experimental data supporting our design decisions. One of the lessons learnt from this study is that the ease with which the relevant constraints are expressed can be a crucial factor in making design decisions in the COP model.


Improving access to hospital services has been a goal of public policy in Britain for over seventy years, but the means by which this goal is to be attained have changed significantly over time. Drawing substantially on original research,
Planning, Markets and Hospitals represents a systematic attempt to access the strengths and weaknesses of different forms of planning and coordination of hospital development.
The period covered includes: services prior to 1948; wartime hospital policy; the successes and failures of the mixed economy of health care in the inter-war period; the national hospital plan of 1962 and ultimately the market based reforms of 1991 and the changes since.
This book makes a fresh contribution to enduring debates about planning and regulation of health care, about the governance of welfare services and about the appropriate role for voluntary, commercial and charitable provision of services. It reinterprets previous histories of hospital policy and questions whether current policies will reconcile competing goals of equity and choice


Within the last year, the Obama administration has taken two significant and dramatic steps addressing the challenges of climate change and demonstrating a renewed leadership role for the US. First, as a signatory to the Paris climate agreements, the US has stepped forward to participate in that global effort after years of recalcitrance. The US, for example, signed the Rio Declaration in 1992 but five years later would not ratify the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. Now, though, the US has reversed course and has reentered the international climate conversation.The second significant climate initiative came on the domestic front as the Obama administration issued its Clean Power Plan (CPP), which promises to transform US energy policy and facilitate the ongoing transition to a clean power economy. Indeed, President Obama has called the CPP "the biggest, most important step we've ever taken to combat climate change." His administration has now committed the federal government to engaging this global problem. A new narrative is developing that is attentive to emerging energy technologies, cognizant of environmental consequences of the fuel cycle, and is committed to developing a wider range of energy resources, markets, and participants on both the supply and demand sides of the meter. The CPP, then, promises to be major chapter in that new narrative.


Spiritual reading has fallen on bad times. Today, reading is largely a consumer activity, done for information that may fuel ambitions or careers-and the faster the better. Take and Read represents Eugene H. Peterson's attempt to rekindle the activity of spiritual reading, reading that considers any book that comes to hand in a spiritual way, tuned to the Spirit, alert to intimations of God. Take and Read provides an annotated list of the books that have stood the test of time and that, for Peterson, are spiritually formative in the Christian life. The books on this list range from standard spiritual classics to novels, poems, and mysteries, and include an equally broad spectrum of authors-from Augustine and C. S. Lewis to William Faulkner and Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Annotations following each entry offer Peterson's own significant insights into the power of each work.


Driven by a mysterious atmospheric anomaly, a 2-year-long drought has triggered a crippling water crisis in southeast Brazil, a region of 85 million people that includes the nation's biggest metropolis, Sao Paulo. The Sao Paulo government has reduced the water pressure in its mains, which regularly leaves faucets running dry. And it is now taking a carrot-and-stick approach to water usage, financially rewarding those who conserve and fining those who waste. Barring a sudden reversal of meteorological misfortune, officials are contemplating drastic rationing that would deprive millions of households of water for up to 5 days a week. In a press conference last week, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences took state authorities to task for failing to take bolder actions sooner and for a lack of transparency about the gravity of the situation.


Fas (CD95) is a member of the death receptor superfamily of proteins that are involved in the initiation of apoptosis as induced by the binding of extracellular ligands. At present, little is known about the precise mechanism by which the signal initiated by the interaction between Fas ligand (FasL) and Fas is transduced across the cell membrane to start the apoptotic signalling cascade. The first step in this pathway is the recruitment of the Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) to the cytoplasmic death domain of Fas via a homotypic protein/protein interaction. This binding event occurs after receptor ligation apparently without any post translational modification such as phosphorylation. In order to better understand this event we have investigated the interaction between the death domains of the human Fas and FADD proteins both in vitro and in a cellular context. The reported interaction between the Fas and FADD death domains (Fas-DD and FADD-DD) was recapitulated using the yeast 2-hybrid assay. Recombinant proteins were then produced for NMR spectroscopy experiments. FADD-DD is highly expressed, and easy to isolate soluble at physiological pH. This domain is readily expressed as a histidine tagged domain. Fas death domain expresses at low levels and produces soluble aggregates when concentrated at a pH above 4. However, it was found that using a Gbl fusion protein to express Fas-DD overcomes these problems and allowed the production of Fas-DD for NMR experiments. NMR titration experiments showed that when these two proteins interact a large, soluble complex is formed. This may be significant in relation to the increasing evidence for the importance of Fas-receptor clustering in its signalling. Mutational analysis of the Fas death domain was also carried out. Here, various previously described as well as several novel point mutations were made on the surface of the Fas death domain to investigate their effect on FADD-DD binding. These mutations were assayed using yeast 2-hybrid methods, NMR analysis and in a cell based assay. In the cell based assay wild type and mutant Fas receptors were overexpressed in a human cell line with no endogenous surface Fas expression. These cells were then assayed for their ability to undergo FasL-induced apoptosis. It was found that residues from many surface regions of Fas-DD are crucial for the FADD-DD interaction. This observation has potentially important implications for the nature of the organisation of the death domains in the death inducing signalling complex (DISC) formed at the Fas receptor.


Grant funding agencies are continuing to move toward their own standardized database platforms in the pursuit of harmonizing data and reproducing results. The National Institute of Mental Health Data Archive (NDA) is one such mission. This initiative serves as a repository for data collected by investigators who have been funded by the NIH/NIMH and have committed to sharing their data with the NDA. Preparing data captured by assessment and imaging collection and management systems (e.g. XNAT, Qualtrics, and REDcap) for submission can be challenging. NDA data submissions are performed through standalone GUI-only applications, limiting automation possibilities. The Collaborative Informatics and Neuroimaging Suite (COINS), a web-based data collection and management platform that employs integrated assessment and imaging collection, has developed tools to assist in assessment and imaging submissions to NDA repositories. COINS is able to assist in the creation of the NDA participant identifier, Global Unique Identifier (GUID). The NDA application programmer interface (API) is then utilized to map COINS instrument questions and scan series to NDA data elements to provide a series of exports that can be directly submitted to the NDA applications. These exports do not require any manual manipulation or use of scripts to conform data to NDA standards. In July 2016, the first assessment submission using COINS tools was completed and the first imaging submission was performed in January 2017.


Several years ago it was proposed that the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade might protect cells against stresses that deplete cellular ATP. Young et al. have now directly tested this by studying the effects of ischemia and reperfusion in perfused hearts from mice expressing a dominant-negative mutant that suppresses the kinase activity in cardiac muscle. Compared with control hearts, the mutant hearts showed clear evidence for increased necrotic damage and increased apoptosis. These findings may have implications for the treatment of ischemic heart disease.


LiAlO2 thin films deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) have a potential application as an electrolyte in three-dimensional (3D) all-solid-state microbatteries. In this study, Li-ion conductivity of such films is investigated by both in-plane and cross-plane methods. LiAlO2 thin films with a Li composition of [Li]/([Li] + [Al]) = 0.46 and an amorphous structure were grown by ALD with thicknesses of 90, 160 and 235 nm on different substrates. The electrical characterization was conducted by impedance spectroscopy using inert electrodes over a temperature range of 25–200 °C in an inert atmosphere. In-plane conductivities were obtained from films on insulating sapphire substrates, whereas cross-plane conductivities were measured from films on conducting titanium substrates. For the first time, comparison of the in-plane and cross-plane conductivities in these ALD LiAlO2 films has been achieved. More comparable results are obtained using a cross-plane method, whereas in-plane conductivity measurements demonstrate a considerable thickness-dependence with thinner film thickness. The room-temperature conductivity of the LiAlO2 films has been determined to be in the order of 10−10 S cm−1 with an activation energy of ca. 0.8 eV.


Title: Market efficiency test of Australian Options Market using put call parity analysis. Author: Lee Eng Kiang, Peter The aims of this thesis is twofold. The primary objective is to test the market efficiency of Australian Options Marlcet (AOM) using the put call parity model. In addition, empircal evidence on the put call parity model is also gather. The put call parity model specified a deterministic relation between the prices of calls and puts. In particular, the put call parity model spec.1fies an upper and lower boundary conditions. A breach in the put call parity model result in arbitrage opportunities which is inconsistent with a efficient market. Four companies !::ihare options traded in AOM over a six month period, were used to test whether' the put call parity pricing relation was maintained. The thesis is divided into five chapters. Chapter 1 spell out the aims of the thesis and a brief overview of the structure of AOM. This is follow by a literature review on previous studies of put call parity analysis. Chapter 3 describe the methodology and hypothesis tested in the current study. The findings of the test are reported in Chapter 4. The final chapter summarizes the methodology and findings of this thesis. The findings of the thesis support the hypothesis that the AOM is efficient over the period study. Violations of put call parity boundary conditions were infrequent None of these violations yield economic profits for pontential arbitragers. Lower boundary violations occur more often than upper boundary violations. In addition, the lower boundary violations appear to be affected by companies specific effect, time to maturity effect and degree in which options is "in the money".


In this study, steel-concrete interface defects were analyzed in order to define their potential to induce corrosion. Various types of steel-concrete interface defects were classified into two main groups: macrodefects and microdefects. Gaps formed beneath horizontal reinforcement as a result of bleeding and settlement of fresh concrete were analyzed for macrodefects. Microdefects presented no signs that could be identified by visual inspection and resulted not only from controlled pull-out of the steel bar but also from bleeding and settlement (but without the production of macrodefects as found with gap formation). Apart from interface defects, cover concrete porosity was defined as an intrinsic defect. The effect of these defects on reinforcement corrosion was investigated. Macrodefects have a direct effect on corrosion, whereas microdefects have no significant effect on corrosion. Where the level of intrinsic defects was high, these had a greater effect on corrosion than interface macrodefects. The behaviors of conventional and self-compacting concrete (SCC) were compared. SCC was found to have better interface quality.


Purpose - This paper aims to examine the implementation of a workspace strategy within Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council. It identifies the efficiencies that were achieved through the increase in office workspace numbers, as well as the associated advantages of locating more people within the Civic Centre. Equally, this study examines the users' perspective.

Design/methodology/approach - A survey was carried out in 2013, with Property and Design Services as a sample Council Department, to identify employees' level of satisfaction with the implementation of the strategy. A paper-based questionnaire was handed to all participants. The primary comparison was their experience before and after changes to the workplace.

Findings - The results show that government targets for office space utilisation have been exceeded, thus supporting more efficient property asset management. The research has also established that the employees are generally satisfied with their new workspace.

Research limitations/implications - The issues are whether the reduced space per person can be mitigated by the design, and whether efficiency gains can be introduced without adversely affecting the users' perception of their workplace.

Practical implications - The findings can guide future trends within the Council, as well as informing the implementation of similar workspace strategies in other organisations.

Originality/value - The originality of the study lies in a workspace strategy where the responses of users were taken seriously. Despite some concerns about distractions and lack of privacy, the employees responded that their overall satisfaction, and perceived productivity were unaffected by the strategy and reduced space per person.


In modern trademark law the process of registering a valid trademark is straightforward. In the United States the Lanham Act is the ruling law of trademark law. The Lanham Act grants protection to the owner of a registered mark which is distinctive and used in commerce. Assuming all the requirements are met, the owner of a mark can use the mark within its discretion and enjoy the protection under the Lanham Act. As trademark law has continued to evolve, the law has expanded to protect previously unforeseen categories. The two most obvious examples which demonstrate the evolution of protection under trademark law are trade dress and antidilution protection. These two areas demonstrate trademark law's ability to evolve to address areas not recognized through established law. Nowhere is an adaptation of trademark law required more than in user-created avatars. The emergence of user-created content has begun to become a common occurrence within the areas of electronic media. Video games can currently give players a blank slate upon which they can build their own creation. Issues however arise when there are inquiries into who legitimately owns theses creations and what protections they are afforded.


Printing has become a mature industry, forcing printers to create new applications for their manufacturing process. One such application is printed electronics. The gravure printing process allows for incredible speed and exceptional quality for traditional graphic printing. Theoretically, this would be an ideal method for the commercial production of printed electronics. This study analyzes gravure's capabilities to produce a uniform conductive ink line and what to expect in the future of gravure printed electronics. Printed line properties such as line widening and scalloped edges were determined to impede gravure's ability to lay down a conductive ink line. Best results were achieved with high viscosity inks, high pressure, and a slow printing speed. Ink surface uniformity was also a problem due to ink dots created from the electromechanically engraved cells, thus increasing line resistance. In general, the gravure process needs to be substantially modified before a mass production of printed electronics can take place. Although it is unlikely that any specific printing process, will completely dominate the production of a single electronic product, gravure will be substantial portion of a hybrid electronic manufacturing process. Possible applications include low power devices, such as batteries or photovoltaics.


The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) Leader (L) protein is produced in two forms, Lab and Lb, differing only at their amino-termini, due to the use of separate initiation codons, usually 84 nt apart. It has been shown previously, and confirmed here, that precise deletion of the Lab coding sequence is lethal for the virus, whereas loss of the Lb coding sequence results in a virus that is viable in BHK cells. In addition, it is now shown that deletion of the 'spacer' region between these two initiation codons can be tolerated. Growth of the virus precisely lacking just the Lb coding sequence resulted in a previously undetected accumulation of frameshift mutations within the 'spacer' region. These mutations block the inappropriate fusion of amino acid sequences to the amino-terminus of the capsid protein precursor. Modification, by site-directed mutagenesis, of the Lab initiation codon, in the context of the virus lacking the Lb coding region, was also tolerated by the virus within BHK cells. However, precise loss of the Lb coding sequence alone blocked FMDV replication in primary bovine thyroid cells. Thus, the requirement for the Leader protein coding sequences is highly dependent on the nature and extent of the residual Leader protein sequences and on the host cell system used. FMDVs precisely lacking Lb and with the Lab initiation codon modified may represent safer seed viruses for vaccine production.


Economic theory of corporations, which has been influential in the recent decades, offers efficiency as the explanation for the open structure of present corporate law. Commending the statutes for their "enabling" character, it has been argued that the law of corporations was shaped by the consideration of efficiency. This article reviews the origin and development of business corporations in the United States since the American Revolution. It explains the restrictive attitude of public policy towards corporations in the early period and the social and political concerns that animated the discourse. The far-reaching changes made to corporate law since mid-nineteenth century arose from myriad factors and influences. There was, on the one hand, the egalitarian idea that incorporation ought to be available to all as a matter of right. On the other, business and financial interests wielded significant influence on legislative policy and were able to procure amendments that suited their needs. The review of history indicates that efficiency was not the starting point of the changes that occurred in corporate law beginning from the 1880s. Considering the history of development, the article argues that corporate statutes lack substantial legitimacy, judged by current standards. In modern democratic societies the laws enacted by elected legislatures must, as a normative ideal, represent the considered statements of public policy on a given subject. Recent events, beginning from Enron at the turn of the century to the latest governance failures in the financial sector, point to significant deficiencies in the present model of corporate law. It is, therefore, timely to make a review of history for assessing the suitability of the framework of corporate law for the present times and in defining the path for the future. The present situation is quite different from 1880-1930, when significant changes occurred in American corporate law. It was the age of American ascent. Growth of industry and business and the general rise in prosperity muffled, if not subordinated, other important considerations – social and political. Indeed, economic progress has been offered as a vindication of the current state of corporate law. A hundred years later, the world is a different place. The current recession, general industrial decline in America and other developed countries and stagnant incomes for large sections of the society for the last few decades are some factors that warrant a review of the business corporation, which is, arguably, a significant economic institution. Historically the debate on corporations in the United States has been remarkably rich, animated by vibrant political and social ideas. It was not confined to the narrow economic sphere. Another goal of this article is to recall some of the older ideas that stressed the multifaceted character of business corporations – economic, political and social. The review of history will, hopefully, contribute to enriching the debate on corporations and in exploring how the corporate device can be better attuned to the needs of the present.


This was the first statue to be erected in St. Stephen's Green, and was commissioned by Dublin Corporation. The statue depicted King George II in full triumphant Roman posturing. Sited in the centre of the park, it was however highly visible due to the height of its pedestal. It was the target of vandalism almost from the start, by 1818 several attempts had been made to amputate body parts of the king. On 13 May 1937 it was blown up. Reported in The Irish Times: "Early yesterday morning the statue of King George the second in St. Stephen's Green Dublin was blown up by an explosive surreptitiously placed in position during the night. Only the day before the newly crowned King, and the Queen were driving through north London where they were received with great enthusiasm. Shortly after eight o'clock a deafening explosion shattered the quiet of St. Stephen's Green, wrecking many windows in the surrounding houses and causing a good deal of distress among residents and passers-by. The bronze equestrian statue of King George the second and which stood in the centre of the Green since 1758 was blown to pieces and fragments of the granite were hurled thirty yards away."


This public policy brief examines labor force participation rates in this recession and recovery and compares them with the cyclical patterns in earlier business cycles. Measured relative to the business cycle peak in March 2001, labor force participation rates almost four years later have not recovered as much as usual, and the discrepancies are large. ; Among age-by-sex groups, the participation shortfall is especially pronounced at young and prime ages: Only for men and women age 55 and older has participation risen more than is usual four years after the business cycle peak. ; The brief examines explanations and different recovery scenarios for various groups—older workers, women, teens. Depending on the scenario, the current labor force shortfall ranges from 1.6 million to 5.1 million men and women. With 7.9 million people currently unemployed, the addition of these hypothetical participants would raise the unemployment rate by 1 to 3-plus percentage points. Current low rates of labor market participation thus potentially represent considerable slack in the U.S. labor market. ; This brief is based on materials presented in briefings to the President and Academic Advisory Council of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston in March and April 2005.


Objective: To evaluate clinical analysis and financial loss of alcohol-related maxillofacial trauma in tertiary medical center. Study design: Case series with chart review.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of maxillofacial injury patients who visited our emergency department between January 1st 2010 and December 31st 2010. Alcohol-related maxillofacial injuries were defined as cases in which the alcohol was the direct cause of the injury. The type of injury was assessed by physical and radiologic examination. We also documented the patients' age, sex and the combined injuries along with the medical cost.Results: We assessed 441 patients with maxillofacial injury. Alcohol was the cause of the injury in the case of 82 of these patients (18.2%). Among them 75 were male (91%) and 7 were (8.5%) female. Blowout fracture and nasal bone fracture were the most common type of injuries (91.5%). Intracranial hemorrhage wasthe common type of combined injury (6%). Each patient spent an average of $2,800 towards medical care which includes the public insurance and the final average medical cost per patient came up to about $14,000. Conclusion: Alcohol-related maxillofacial injury mainly occurs in young men and where blowout and nasal bone fractures are common type of alcohol related maxillofacial fractures. Maxillofacial injury causes many socioeconomic problems and therefore the harmful side-effects of the alcohol could be decreased by educating the public on the consequences of drinking and driving and violent behaviors they often show drinking.


From a population‐based sample of 15,504 patients attending Canadian multiple sclerosis (MS) clinics, we have determined the frequency of conjugal MS and have estimated the recurrence risk in offspring of such matings. Twenty‐three MS cases were found among 13,550 spouses of study probands for a crude conjugal rate of 0.17% (95% CI of 0.10%–0.24%). Despite ascertainment bias that expectedly inflates this number, this is a frequency intermediate between the point prevalence (0.1%) and lifetime risk (0.2%) for the general population and close to an order of magnitude less than reported for half siblings reared apart (1.06%) from the same population. Six of the 49 offspring of conjugal pairs also had MS, and age conversion gives a rate similar to the concordance rate for Canadian monozygotic twins. However, this correction may not be appropriate in this special case. Despite an ascertainment bias in favor of recognizing affected spouses and a large population sample, the common environment in adulthood shared by spousal pairs could not be shown to increase the risk of conjugal MS. Although the high recurrence rate in offspring is similarly subject to an upward bias, the low risk for MS spouses and the high risk for offspring support other data indicating that familial risk is genetically determined. Furthermore, these results imply that susceptibility alleles are shared by unrelated individuals with the disease. Ann Neurol 2000;48:927–931


To date, the impact of future increases in carbon availability on marine primary producers is uncertain due to the diversity of carbon acquisition strategies and differences in the ability of species to adapt to concurrent changes in other environmental factors. The aim of this study was to compare the CO2 uptake rates of intertidal brown algae inhabiting different shore levels on the Irish west coast to increased atmospheric CO2 levels with the use of an infra-red gas analyser. Considering the 5 species studied, 4 (Pelvetia canaliculata, Ascophyllum nodosum, Sargassum muticum, Saccharina latissima) showed a significant linear relationship between CO2 uptake and CO2 concentration with only Fucus spiralis exhibiting no increase. The lower shore species (S. muticum, S. latissima) exhibited statistically significant increases in Vmax between CO2 treatments and, in addition, a much larger affinity for carbon. The relative increase in carbon uptake and the slope of the CO2 concentration versus CO2 uptake curve (Cα) oscillated over the annual cycle for A. nodosum and S. muticum, and was also dependent on site in the case of A. nodosum, highlighting the importance of ambient environmental conditions on the relationship between availability and uptake. The affinity for CO2 was correlated with in situ temperature in both species, suggesting a seasonal strategy of photosynthetic up-regulation. In the case of A. nodosum, the results indicated that future impacts of increased CO2 would be greatest during the spring growth period. Future studies into the impact of high CO2 levels on macroalgae need to consider the seasonal regulation of photosynthesis, as this will strongly influence the response observed.


Complex extension of quantum mechanics and the discovery of pseudo‐unitarily invariant random matrix theory has set the stage for a number of applications of these concepts in physics. We briefly review the basic ideas and present applications to problems in statistical mechanics where new results have become possible. We have found it important to mention the precise directions where advances could be made if further results become available.


Simple Summary Improvements in the treatment of patients with cancer largely depend on clinical trials comparing a new intervention with a previous standard of care. This is not different when it comes to improving adjuvant (postoperative) and neoadjuvant (preoperative) treatment for colorectal cancer. In clinical trials, there is usually a close collaboration between physicians and statisticians, and better and more reliable results can be obtained when such trials are designed, conducted and analyzed with attention to some important methodological issues. In this article, we provide a general review of useful methodological and statistical ideas that may help investigators and clinicians in their attempt to improve treatment results in colorectal cancer. Abstract The design of the best possible clinical trials of adjuvant interventions in colorectal cancer will entail the use of both time-tested and novel methods that allow efficient, reliable and patient-relevant therapeutic development. The ultimate goal of this endeavor is to safely and expeditiously bring to clinical practice novel interventions that impact patient lives. In this paper, we discuss statistical aspects and provide suggestions to optimize trial design, data collection, study implementation, and the use of predictive biomarkers and endpoints in phase 3 trials of systemic adjuvant therapy. We also discuss the issues of collaboration and patient centricity, expecting that several novel agents with activity in the (neo)adjuvant therapy of colon and rectal cancers will become available in the near future.


Our understanding of the genetic basis of human adaptation is biased toward loci of large phenotypic effect. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) now enable the study of genetic adaptation in highly polygenic phenotypes. Here we test for polygenic adaptation among 187 world-wide human populations using polygenic scores constructed from GWAS of 34 complex traits. Comparing these polygenic scores to a null distribution under genetic drift, we identify strong signals of selection for a suite of anthropometric traits including height, infant head circumference (IHC), hip circumference and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), as well as type 2 diabetes (T2D). In addition to the known north-south gradient of polygenic height scores within Europe, we find that natural selection has contributed to a gradient of decreasing polygenic height scores from West to East across Eurasia. Analyzing a set of ancient DNA samples from across Eurasia, we show that much of this gradient can be explained by selection for increased height in two long diverged hunter-gatherer populations living in western and west-central Eurasia sometime during or shortly after the last glacial maximum. We find that the signal of selection on hip circumference can largely be explained as a correlated response to selection on height. However, our signals in IHC and WHR cannot, suggesting that these patterns are the result of selection along multiple axes of body shape variation. Our observation that IHC and WHR polygenic scores follow a strong latitudinal cline in Western Eurasia support the role of natural selection in establishing Bergmann's Rule in humans, and are consistent with thermoregulatory adaptation in response to latitudinal temperature variation. One Sentence Summary Natural selection has lead to divergence in multiple quantitative traits in humans across Eurasian populations.


We report for the first time a facile preparation of double-shell pomegranate-like porous carbon microspheres (PCMs) by a modified templating technique. The microsized PCMs are encapsulated within integrated carbon coating layers and composed of interconnected nanosized hollow carbon spheres, giving rise to a special double-shell structure. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is employed as the primary sacrificial template and acetylene as the carbon precursor via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The PCMs exhibit an initial coulombic efficiency of 91% and a reversible capacity of 650 mA h g−1 at a current density of 200 mA g−1 after 500 cycles. Moreover, PCMs show excellent rate capability with capacities of 580 and 520 mA h g−1 at current densities of 1000 and 2000 mA g−1, respectively. The outstanding electrochemical properties of PCMs are originated from their unique structure. The inner interconnected porous carbon framework encapsulated by a self-supporting outer carbon coating shell provides more lithium ion storage sites, high electronic conductivity and fast ion diffusion. Most importantly, different from the previous studies, the introduction of the carbon coating layers on the outer surface of the whole microsphere can effectively strengthen the mechanical properties and prevent the electrolyte ingress, limiting the formation of extra solid–electrolyte interface films.


When analyzing textual user feedback, the challenge today is that automation is only possible in a non-satisfactory way due to the limitations of understanding natural language. However, manual evaluation is not possible for products with a large amount of user feedback, as this is neither efficient nor effective. Internet texts are full of emojis. Emojis tell how a user feels about certain aspects of a product. We conducted a survey on the perception of emojis and used the results from 107 participants. The core result is that people perceive emojis in a very homogenous way regarding their sentiments and the emotions they represent This means that emojis give us a tool for analyzing the users' perspectives on a product by looking at the emojis contained in their feedback.


South Africa has one of the highest crime rates in the world, incurring high cost for society. The present paper examines the effect of weather shocks on various types of crime. Using a 12-year panel data set at monthly resolution on the police ward level, we demonstrate a short-term effect of warmer temperatures on violent crime and thereby offer support for the heat-aggression link as suggested by psychological research. Furthermore, we find evidence for a mid-term effect of weather on crime via agricultural income, which is in line with the economic theory of crime. Our findings have direct policy implications for the design of crime prevention strategies, in which weather forecasts could play an important role.


Background Providing quality, current cancer information to cancer patients and their families is a key function of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Web site. This information is now provided in predominantly-text format, but could be provided in formats using multimedia, including animation and sound. Since users have many choices about where to get their information, it is important to provide the information in a format that is helpful and that they prefer. Objective To pilot and evaluate multimedia strategies for future cancer-information program formats for lay users, the National Cancer Institute created new multimedia versions of existing text programs. We sought to evaluate user performance and preference on these 3 new formats and on the 2 existing text formats. Methods The National Cancer Institute's "What You Need to Know About Lung Cancer" program was the test vehicle. There were 5 testing sessions, 1 dedicated to each format. Each session lasted about 1 hour, with 9 participants per session and 45 users overall. Users were exposed to the assigned cancer program from beginning to end in 1 of 5 formats: text paperback booklet, paperback booklet formatted in HTML on the Web, spoken audio alone, spoken audio synchronized with a text Web page, and Flash multimedia (animation, spoken audio, and text). Immediately thereafter, the features and design of the 4 alternative formats were demonstrated in detail. A multiple-choice pre-test and post-test quiz on the cancer content was used to assess user learning (performance) before and after experiencing the assigned program. The quiz was administered using an Authorware software interface writing to an Access database. Users were asked to rank from 1 to 5 their preference for the 5 program formats, and provide structured and open-ended comments about usability of the 5 formats. Results Significant improvement in scores from pre-test to post-test was seen for the total study population. Average scores for users in each of the 5 format groups improved significantly. Increments in improvement, however, were not statistically different between any of the format groups. Significant improvements in quiz scores were seen irrespective of age group or education level. Of the users, 71.1% ranked the Flash program first among the 5 formats, and 84.4% rated Flash as their first or second choice. Audio was the least-preferred format, ranking fifth among 46.7% of users and first among none. Flash was ranked first among users regardless of education level, age group, or format group to which the user was assigned. Conclusions Under the pilot study conditions, users overwhelmingly preferred the Flash format to the other 4 formats. Learning occurred equally in all formats. Use of multimedia should be considered as communication strategies are developed for updating cancer content and attracting new users.


Transportation and land use are interdependent shapers of urban form. First, changes in land use alter travel demand patterns, which determine traffic flows on transportation infrastructure. Second, changed traffic flows drive the improvement of transportation facilities. Third, new transportation facilities change the accessibility pattern, which drives the re-location of activities and land uses. During this process, both transportation and land use are evolving constantly, leading to salient spatial transformations such as agglomeration and centralization over space and transportation networks. For example, as cities evolved in the first half of the 20th century, we saw a concentration of activities and development at the centers of cities. As freeways were constructed from the 1960s, roads also became more differentiated with regard to their functional designs and running speeds (certainly in the pre-auto era most unpaved streets were equally slow, with paved streets and highways and then freeways, some roads got much faster). Urban agglomeration and differentiated highway networks are referred to as hierarchical systems in this study.In the context of the co-evolution of land use and road networks, this paper in particular examines the degree to which the dynamics of land use is reinforcing or counteracting hierarchies of road networks. By this we ask will a more hierarchical distribution of activities lead to a more or less hierarchical road network? Observation of historical evidence does not lead to a clear conclusion, as the development of a hierarchy of transit systems during the streetcar/subway era was accompanied with a concentration of development (especially employment) in the center of cities (from an undeveloped state), while the development of a hierarchical road network (from an underdeveloped and largely undifferentiated street system) occurred when those same cities were decentralized from a highly developed state. This paper aims to examine this question in a simulation environment with controlled initial conditions and quantitative measurements of spatial hierarchy.The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: the next section presents a review of related literature, which is followed by an introduction to the simulation model developed for this study. Then the experiments are outlined, and results are reported, and some sensitivity analyses conducted. The conclusions summarize the findings and suggest future directions for research.


Malaysian Government wanted to implement Goods and Services Tax (GST) once everyone familiar with the tax. This study is aimed to explore the level of awareness, attitude, and identifying probable area of difficulties among managers of manufacturing companies in Malaysia towards the proposed GST. A survey was carried out to acquire the data from 1,500 managers of manufacturing companies throughout Malaysia using questionnaire with a response rate of 13.4% (201) response rate. Result of reliability and validity shows the cronbach alpha value and KMO value have more than 0.70 for all the three (3) constructs and all the items in these constructs have mean score of above 3.00. The result indicated that managers of manufacturing companies in Malaysia have high level of awareness, positive attitude and agreed to the potential area of difficulties towards the Government intention to introduce GST.


The cognitive and affective processes that give rise to moral judgments and decisions have long been the focus of intense study. Here, I review recent work that has used mathematical models to formally describe how features of moral dilemmas are transformed into decisions. Formal models have traditionally been used to study perceptual and value-based learning and decision making, but until recently they had not been applied to the study of moral psychology. Using examples from recent studies, I show how formal models can provide novel and counterintuitive insights into human morality by revealing latent subcomponents of moral decisions, improving prediction of moral behavior, and bridging moral psychology and moral neuroscience.


Character education programming is gaining popularity in America's schools as a way to raise an intelligent and caring generation of students. However, many schools fail to allocate time, money, and resources to such initiatives. The present study examined the impact of an ethical sensitivity intervention in a religiously affiliated independent school. A self-report Likert scale and analytic rubric were used to measure development of different sub-skills of ethical sensitivity in fourth and fifth grade students (N = 25) before and after the intervention over a two-month period. Results suggest that the degree of ethical sensitivity increased over the course of the intervention. More specifically, significant growth was noted in students' abilities to read and express emotion and control social bias, but little growth was detected in perspective-taking skills. In addition, written communication skills developed more over the course of the intervention than oral communication. Implications of these findings are discussed.


Scientists need narrative structures, metaphors and images to explain and legitimize research practices that are usually described in abstract and technical terms. Yet, sometimes they do not take proper account of the complexity and multi-layered character of their narrative self-presentations. This also applies to the narratives of ecotechnology explored in this article: the treasure quest narrative used in the emerging field of metagenomics, and the tutorial narrative proposed by the learningfrom-nature movement biomimicry. Researchers from both fields tend to underestimate the general public's understanding of the inherent ambivalence of the narratives suggested by them; the treasure quest and tutorial narratives build upon larger master-narratives which can be found throughout our culture, for instance in literature, art and film. We will show how these genres reveal the moral ambivalence of both narratives, using two well-known movies as illustrations: Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) and Disney's The Sorcerer's Apprentice (1940).


This study examined 3- to 5-year-old children's understandings of increases in body size via a qualitative prospective approach. A sample of 259 children (55.2% girls) was interviewed at 3, 4, and 5 years old. Participants were shown an average and a larger size figure of a child of their gender and age. Responses to 'Why do you think the boy/girl got bigger here?' were coded using thematic analysis. Diet was cited as a mechanism for increased body size by almost 50% of children referring to this by age 5. Few children mentioned physical activity. Responses suggesting that increases in body size had negative implications increased between ages 3 and 5. Awareness of associations between diet and weight gain emerges as young as 3 years old and increases over time, as do negative attitudes about weight gain. This age may be opportune for interventions targeting sustainable healthy behaviours. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Even very young children present weight bias. Their understanding of the social messages regarding weight and shape increases with age. Older children present a partial understanding of how diet and physical activity are related to body size. What does this study add? Very young children's understandings of increases in body size were investigated. Eating and food-related mechanisms, as well as ageing, were salient. By age 5, over a third of children associated increases in body size with negative implications.


Physical activity (PA) promotion and sedentary behaviour (SB) reduction in childhood are important as PA and SB are independently associated with individual and clustered cardiometabolic risk factors. Primary schools are a key setting for child PA promotion, yet even with the provision of PA opportunities and the supporting role of physical education (PE) co-ordinators, few school-based United Kingdom (UK) PA interventions have been effective. While various reasons for this exist, it is suggested that many-school based PA interventions skip the critical development and feasibility/piloting stages of multi-component intervention design. Consequently, the overarching aims of the thesis were to design, develop, implement and evaluate a multi-component primary school-based PA intervention. Study one used interviews to explore the barriers and facilitators of children's school-based PA from the perspective of headteachers, PE-coordinators and a deputy headteacher. At an organisational level headteachers were the predominant driving force in the promotion of PA opportunities, yet institutional barriers including low priority for PA and PE were perceived to negate delivery. At an interpersonal level, strategies to increase the delivery of school-based PA were developed, however poor teacher-coach relationships and significant others reduced PA promotion opportunities. Child PA was further negated through intrapersonal factors, including lack of PE-specific teacher training and varying teacher interest in PA and sport. To increase primary school children's school-based PA, barriers and facilitators at the organisational, interpersonal and intrapersonal level must be considered and targeted, and researchers and schools should work in partnership to develop future interventions. Study two used focus groups to investigate children's perceptions of factors that influence PE enjoyment, and interpreted findings in the context of self-determination theory (SDT) and the promotion of autonomous motivation. Factors reported to influence children's perceived PE enjoyment included 1) individual preferences, 2) peer behaviour, 3) instructor behaviour. PE instructors and peers are important in creating an environment that supports children's psychological needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness, which influence PE enjoyment. To consistently provide children with enjoyable PE lessons, primary schools are advised to support the ongoing development of generalist teachers and facilitate better working relationships between generalist teachers and specialist coaches. SDT can be used by instructors to guide practice that enhances children's enjoyment of PE. Study three used school educator' experiences and perspectives to refine and justify a proposed multi-component primary school-based PA intervention. Focus group and interview data indicated that for the proposed and other health-based interventions, acceptance into schools and consideration of how to increase educator buy-in is essential. Further, for educators to feel confident, comfortable and motivated to deliver the proposed intervention, it appears important to support school educators' understanding of the proposed intervention and its impact on pupil outcomes, reduce possible training fears, enhance delivery competence and confidence, and provide easy to implement resources and support frameworks that encourage sustainable delivery. Study four assessed the acceptability and feasibility of a classroom-based SDT intervention to increase teacher's motivation orientation to facilitate PA throughout the school day. Findings indicated the four-week intervention was acceptable and feasible to deliver in the school environment. Teacher response and recruitment rates were high (100%) possibly to due to head teacher commitment to the intervention. For children however, recruit rates were low and attrition from participants was relatively high. Qualitative findings suggested that for children of all ages to engage in the resources, it is desirable for resources to be developed to support children's psychological needs (i.e. provide optimal challenge). Furthermore, there was evidence that the training increased teacher's intrinsic motivation to implement and deliver the resource. Larger trials are needed to evaluate the impact of classroom PA lessons on teacher and student outcomes. The thesis highlights the importance of stakeholder buy-in from headteachers, teachers and pupils if school-based PA programs are to be successful. The results highlight the importance of targeting barriers to PA implementation at all levels of the socio-ecological model. Schools provide an important target setting to increase children's PA and staff, when appropriately trained, are able to facilitate the delivery of school-based PA. Training teachers in a need-supportive way and providing them with interpersonal strategies to increase children's PA motivation appears to be an important avenue for further investigation. The findings support evidence for developing interventions as guided by the MRC framework. This is important as this process not only calls for important formative work to take place before intervention implementation, but for researchers to work alongside school educators and pupils to ensure what is being designed is appropriate and fits within the needs of the schools.


Low-temperature X-ray diffraction experiments were employed to investigate the crystal structures of an orthorhombic polymorph of the intramolecular cyclization product of perindopril, a popular angiotensive-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, namely ethyl (2S)-2-[(3S,5aS,9aS,10aS)-3-methyl-1,4-dioxo-5a,6,7,8,9,9a,10,10a-octahydro-3H-pyrazino[1,2-a]indol-2-yl]pentanoate, C19H30N2O4, (Io), and its tetragonal equivalent, (It), which was previously reported at ambient temperature [Bojarska et al. (2013). J. Chil. Chem. Soc. 58, 1415-1417]. Polymorph (Io) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with two molecules in the asymmetric unit, while tetragonal form (It) crystallizes in the space group P4(1)2(1)2 with one molecule in the asymmetric unit. The geometric parameters of (Io) are very similar to those of (It). The six-membered rings in both polymorphs adopt a slightly deformed chair conformation and the piperazinedione rings are in a boat conformation. However, the proline rings adopt an envelope conformation in (Io), while in (It) the ring exists in a slightly deformed half-chair conformation. The most significant difference between the two structures is the orientation of the ethyl pentanoate chain. Molecules associate in pairs in a head-to-tail manner forming infinite columns. In (Io), molecules are related by a twofold screw axis forming identical columns, while in (It), molecules in successive neighbouring columns are related by alternating twofold screw axes and fourfold screw axes. In both cases, the crystal packing is stabilized by weak intermolecular C-H···O interactions only.


Article Info Background: Job satisfaction could be assessed using the single-item global approach or the multidimensional approach. This study aims to assess the work facets predicting the overall single-item job satisfaction measure among resident doctors. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted from August to October 2018 among 195 resident doctors. The survey instrument, i.e. the Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire (MSQ), was used to assess satisfaction among resident doctors with 20 job facets. In addition, the single-item satisfaction measure was adopted to assess overall job satisfaction among the respondents. Both satisfaction measures were assessed on a 5-point Likert scale. The MSQ sum scores for the 20 items ranged from 20 to 100. The correlation between each satisfaction facet and the single-item overall job satisfaction was determined using the Pearson's correlation coefficient. Besides, a linear regression model of the overall job satisfaction, including facets significantly correlated, was developed to control age and work experience. P-value ≤ 0.05 was regarded statistically significant. Results: The respondents expressed above-average satisfaction with only two work facets, namely compensation (56.7%) and creativity (52.5%). Satisfaction had the lowest rate for the facets of recognition (4.8%), supervision-human relations (5.3%), and responsibility (7.5%). Accordingly, only the facets of ability utilisation (p = 0.005), advancement (p < 0.001), supervision-human relations (p = 0.035), variety (p = 0.012), and working conditions (p = 0.001) significantly predicted overall job satisfaction. Conclusions: Overall job satisfaction was mostly predicted by factors intrinsic to the job, so these could be specifically targeted for interventions.


This policy contribution was prepared for the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs of the European Parliament (ECON) as an input for the Monetary Dialogue of 28 November 2016 between ECON and the European Central Bank. Copyright remains with the European Parliament at all times. Quantitative easing (QE) affects banks' profitability in three main ways. First, as QE drives up bond prices, banks holding such bonds see their balance sheets strengthened. Second, QE reduces long-term yields and thereby reduces term spreads. With this, the lending-deposit ratio spread falls, making it harder for banks to generate net interest income on new loans. Last, QE improves the economic outlook, which should help banks exposed to the economy find new lending opportunities and should reduce problems with non-performing loans. The effects of QE on bank profitability are therefore not one directional. If anything, the immediate effect should be positive. Banks themselves have been quite negative about the impact of QE on their net interest income, but they have also acknowledged its positive impact on capital gains (ECB Bank Lending Survey). Lending-deposit spreads for new lending have fallen significantly. Looking at actual bank profits, net interest income has been stable. Moreover, bank profitability has increased mostly as a result of efforts to clean balance sheets of impaired assets (at least until the end of 2015). This is consistent with a reduction in non-performing loans (NPLs), particularly in countries where NPL levels were abnormally high. Moreover, we show that bank profitability in some countries has been a concern for many years now, starting well before the QE programme. The main drivers of low profitability have been non-performing loans, legal risks and other problems unrelated to net interest income, which has remained fairly stable. Overall, the authors cannot yet see any major bank profitability issue arising out of the ECB's QE programme. Erratum - Figure A1 in the appendix was wrongly calculated and is now corrected. Corresponding text on the first page of the paper is also amended.


Over 50% of the energy released by burning fuel in a truck engine is lost as heat rather than being used to propel the vehicle. A promising method for capturing and reusing this heat, and thereby improving engine efficiency, is to exploit thermodynamic cycles for waste heat recovery (WHR). The goal of this thesis is to evaluate the thermodynamic performance of multiple thermodynamic cycles using many different working fluids, considering all relevant low- and high-temperature heat sources available in a heavy duty Diesel engine to be able to identify the best possible combination of heat source, working fluid and thermodynamic cycle. To evaluate the potential of each heat source, the operating conditions of a real heavy duty Diesel engine were used to define boundary conditions. A GT-Power model of such an engine was previously developed and experimentally validated for the stationary points of the European stationary cycle (ESC). Using the results from this model, an energy and exergy analysis was performed, which revealed four heat sources with the potential for waste heat recovery: the charge air cooler (CAC), the coolant flow, the exhaust gas recirculation cooler (EGRC), and the exhaust flow. Modelica models were developed for four different thermodynamic cycles: the organic Rankine cycle (ORC), the transcritical Rankine cycle (TRC), the trilateral flash cycle (TFC), and the organic flash cycle (OFC). Simulations with different boundary conditions, constraints, and engine operating conditions showed that variation in these conditions significantly affected the results obtained. In general, the best WHR performance was achieved when the thermal profiles of heat source and the chosen thermodynamic cycle were closely matched. Using realistic constraints and boundary conditions, the ORC gave the best performance with acetone, cyclopentane, or methanol as the working fluid. However, taking flammability and toxicity into account, the best-performing fluids were R1233zd(E), MM, and Novec649.


Recent research in the field of network economics has shown how explicitly modelling the network structure of social and economic relations can provide significant theoretical insights, as well as account for previously unexplained empirical evidence. Despite their critical importance to many environmental problems, network structures and dynamics have been largely disregarded by the environmental economics literature. This paper aims to begin to fill this gap by analyzing how networks can provide new insights for both theory and practice, and identifying several avenues for future research. The paper addresses questions pertaining to a wide range of issues, including the adoption and diffusion of green technologies, access to and distribution of natural resources, common-pool resource management and governance, and the stability of international environmental coalitions.


One of the greatest challenges in designing applications for economically poor communities is that potential users may have little or no education. We investigated how limited education appears to impact the ability to navigate a hierarchical UI, even when it has no text. We scored 60 participants from low-income communities in India using tests of textual literacy and Raven's Progressive Matrices. These were used as proxies for educational level and a subset of cognitive abilities. We then evaluated participants' performance on a UI task involving hierarchical navigation. First, our results confirm that textual literacy is correlated with scores on the Raven's test. In addition, we found that performance on both instruments are predictive of performance in navigating UI hierarchies, even when the UI is text-free. This provides statistically significant confirmation of previous anecdotal hypotheses. We conclude with design recommendations for UI hierarchies for people with limited education.


IMPORTANCE
The study suggests that years of public policy designed to reduce the burden of violence and victimization among youths is having some success.

OBJECTIVE
To identify trends in children's exposure to violence, crime, and abuse from 2003 through 2011.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Three national telephone surveys of representative samples of children and caregivers from 2003, 2008, and 2011 were compared, all obtained using the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire; samples included parents of children 2 to 9 years old and youth 10 to 17 years old.

EXPOSURES
Direct and indirect experiences of violence, abuse, and victimization during the previous year.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Change in rates between 2003 and 2011 and between 2008 and 2011.

RESULTS
Of 50 trends in exposure examined, there were 27 significant declines and no significant increases between 2003 and 2011. Declines were particularly large for assault victimization, bullying, and sexual victimization. There were also significant declines in the perpetration of violence and property crime. For the recession period between 2008 and 2011, there were 11 significant declines and no increases for 50 specific trends examined. Dating violence declined, as did one form of sexual victimization and some forms of indirect exposure.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Victimization surveys with general population samples confirm patterns seen in police data and adult surveys. Crime and violence have been declining in the child and youth population as well.


Model studies typically estimate intercontinental influence on surface ozone by perturbing emissions from a source continent and diagnosing the ozone response in the receptor continent. Since the response to perturbations is non‐linear due to chemistry, conclusions drawn from different studies may depend on the magnitude of the applied perturbation. We investigate this issue for intercontinental transport between North America, Europe, and Asia with sensitivity simulations in three global chemical transport models. In each region, we decrease anthropogenic emissions of NOx and nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) by 20% and 100%. We find strong nonlinearity in the response to NOx perturbations outside summer, reflecting transitions in the chemical regime for ozone production. In contrast, we find no significant nonlinearity to NOx perturbations in summer or to NMVOC perturbations year‐round. The relative benefit of decreasing NOx vs. NMVOC from current levels to abate intercontinental pollution increases with the magnitude of emission reductions.


1. The influence of housing system on the initial bacterial contamination of the eggshell was studied. Two long-term experiments were performed. 2. Bacterial eggshell contamination, as expressed by total count of aerobic and Gram-negative bacteria, was periodically analysed for eggs from a conventional cage, a furnished cage with nest boxes containing artificial turf or grids as nest-floor material and an aviary housing system. Results were log-transformed prior to statistical analyses. 3. For both experiments no systematic differences were found between the conventional cage and furnished cage. The type of nest-floor material in the nest boxes of the furnished cages also did not systematically influence the bacterial contamination. 4. A possible seasonal influence on contamination with a decrease in the winter period (up to > 0·5 log cfu/eggshell) of total count of aerobic and Gram-negative bacteria was observed in the first experiment. 5. The contamination with total aerobic flora was higher (more than 1·0 log) on eggs from the aviary housing system compared to the conventional and the furnished cage systems. For Gram-negative bacteria this was not the case. 6. During the entire period of both experiments, independent of housing system, shell contamination was not influenced by age of hens or period since placing the birds in the houses. 7. For the total count of aerobic bacteria a restricted positive correlation (r 2 = 0·66) was found between the concentration of total bacteria in the air of the poultry houses and initial shell contamination.


English Origins, Jewish Discourse, and the Nineteenth-Century British Novel, by Heidi Kaufman. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2009. 243 pp. $85.00. Heidi Kaufman has written a useful and consistently interesting book. She examines many of the complex ways that "Jewish discourse" is imbricated in nineteenth-century British fiction and culture. In doing so, she critiques Edward Said's Orientalism for its overly binaristic approach to Western depictions of the East. Christianity, after all, emerged from "the Holy Land" and ancient Jewish sources. Kaufman recognizes that Victorian novels are palimpsests, and that one of their underlying texts-more often than not the principal one-is the Bible (p. 94). Jews also occupied an influential albeit liminal place in 1800s Britain. Among the novels that Kaufman analyzes is Tancred; or, the New Crusade (1847) by future Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, hardly a minor figure in nineteenth-century British and, indeed, global history (pp. 82-92). Kaufman begins by analyzing Britain as a "nested nation" (pp. 1-26), meaning that it was never purely "English" but contained a mix of peoples, cultures, and religions, including, from the Middle Ages on, Jews and Judaism. Just as the Bible contains both Old and New Testaments, moreover, so Anglicanism contains and supposedly goes beyond Roman Catholicism, while all versions of Christianity are obviously indebted to Judaism. As Kaufman demonstrates, this indebtedness is acknowledged in a variety of ways in many Victorian novels, even when they express antisemitism. In her second chapter, she examines the depictions of the Gordon Riots of 1780 in Maria Edgeworth's Harrington and Charles Dickens's Barnaby Rudge. Both authors simultaneously express and struggle to overcome antisemitism. Harrington was Edgeworth's self-conscious albeit ambivalent attempt to deal with the antisemitism she had been criticized for in some of her earlier work. And in treating the anti-Catholic Gordon Riots, Dickens invokes the story of Abraham and Isaac and shows both Gordon and Gashford fantasizing about becoming Jews. Gordon actually did convert to Judaism. "In the upside down world of the riots," Kaufman notes, "Gordon, the president of the Protestant Association, becomes a Jew while Jewish homes are marked as belonging to a 'True Protestant'" (p. 55) to escape the violence of the rioters. Chapter Three shows how Judah's Lion, an 1843 novel by evangelical Charlotte Elizabeth Tonna, deals with a return to the Holy Land in a way comparable to the "new crusade" of Disraeli's aristocratic Young England hero, Tancred. Tonna's Anglo-Jewish protagonist Alick Cohen "watches British flags hoisted over Middle Eastern territories" (p. 60) and is proud to be both Jewish and British. Judah's lion, which Richard I supposedly added "to the English national flag on the occasion of its conquest over Jerusalem during the Third Crusade" (p. 60), symbolizes the historic and religious unity of England and Palestine, with British imperial expansion into the Middle East as the parallel to Alick's conversion to Christianity. Like other Victorian authors, however, Tonna runs into the difficulty that Jewishness had come to be understood as racial, and not just as cultural and religious: Alick converts, but biologically he will forever be Jewish-a stumbling block for those who considered the white, Anglo-Saxon race superior to all other races. In Tancred, Kaufman goes on to claim, "Christian culture is not defined against a Jewish other but as a product of Jewish origins" (p. 83). Disraeli was less interested than Tonna in religion, however, and more interested in race, and particularly in reversing the standard racial polarities. Kaufman believes that Tancred meets his match in the Jewish Eva, and that her Judaism trumps or at least complements his Christianity, which is partially true. But she overlooks Tancred's friendship with the Young Syrian Fakredeen and also Tancred's encounter with "the Angel of Arabia" on Mt. …


This Essay reviews Michael Heller's book The Gridlock Economy, focusing especially on its conceptual priors. The book assumes as true the conception that follows from Calabresi and Melamed's Cathedral framework, whereby property consists of a right to exclude others, and invasions of the right to exclude may be remedied by a property rule. This definition departs significantly from the conception of property that informs social practice and private law, whereby property consists of a normative interest in determining exclusively the use of an external asset.These differences lead The Gridlock Economy to make several conceptual and normative errors. In some cases (Moscow storefronts and Rhenish tolls), the book criticizes legal institutions for having too much property when in fact the problematic institutions do not actually institute property relations. In other cases (cotenancy partition and airplane overflights), the book criticizes legal institutions for creating too much property when in fact existing law already scales property's exclusivity to its tendency to encourage the free and concurrent use of the propertized asset. And in some cases (redevelopment and private eminent domain), the book favors ad hoc government administration of property disputes without being sensitive enough to the roles that socialization and respect for owner free action ordinarily play in property law.


SIR,-Mr. R. T. Burkitt (10 November, p. 360 tells us that he has "been practising 'day case surgery' on selected patients for many years. There have never been any problems, and the only people involved have been the surgeon, the patient, and his general practitioner." May we conclude that he operates solely under local anaesthesia? If not, then he shows the same disregard for his anaesthetist which is such a lamentable aspect of some surgical thought and practice. His patients may well be "selected," but suitability for day case surgery should be based on anaesthetic as well as surgical considerations. This is only one of several valid points made in the document H.M. (73)22, and if Mr. Burkitt has not already agreed on appropriate criteria with his anaesthetic colleagues, then the appearance of this memorandum is not merely timely, but long overdue.-I am, etc., G. T. WHITFIELD Scarborough Hospital, Scarborough, Yorks


Multiple osteochondromas (MO) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by the formation of benign bone tumors (osteochondromas or exostoses) at the epiphyses of endochondral bones. Histologically, osteochondromas are peduncolate or sessile cartilage capped bony projections,
usually growing until the end of puberty (Hennekam, 1991). MO has been associated to loss of function mutations in EXT genes, with a more severe phenotype associated to EXT1 mutations rather than EXT2 (Ludecke et al., 1995;
Porter et al., 2004; Wuyts et al., 1995). EXT1 and EXT2 encode for glycosyltransferases responsible for elongation of Heparan Sulfate (HS) chain. HS are polysaccharides decorating the plasma membrane of all animal cells and a
major component of the extracellular matrix. They play a key role in mediating the activation of different signaling pathways, like FGF and VEGF, and regulation spatial distribution of morphogens like Ihh and BMPs. Two fundamental questions remain open about osteochondromas development.
1. Which is the cellular origin of osteochondromas? It has been proposed that the first event that leads to development of the disease could happen either in a
physeal chondrocyte or in a cell of osteoblastic lineage from the adjacent perichondrium.
2. The molecular mechanism responsible for osteochondromas development is still unclear. As MO is an autosomal dominant syndrome it might be either that haploinsufficiency could be sufficient to induce misregulation of HS-dependent signaling pathways, or that loss of heterozygosity is necessary for exostoses to
develop. In this study different mouse models were analyzed to find the molecular function of HS during osteochondromas development. In contrast to Ext1-/- mice which die during gastrulation Ext1Gt/Gt mice survive until midgestation. Ext1Gt/Gt produce about 20% of HS content compared to wild type. Previous data from these mice revealed a general delay in chondrocyte differentiation due to the reduced amount of HS (Koziel et al., 2004). In additional to an effect on chondrogenesis, loss of HS leads to failure in vascular development. In cell culture experiments I identified a defect in the production/release of VEGF-A protein, which regulates the correct activation of vascularization. Correlated to the perturbed vascularization, osteoclast invasion and bone formation was also delayed in Ext1Gt/Gt mutant.
As Ext1Gt/Gt die at embryonic stage of development, rendering prohibitive to study osteochondromas development I analyzed a conditional mouse model for Ext1 (Col2-rtTA-Cre;Ext1e2fl/e2fl). In these mice, allelic recombination leads to disruption of Ext1 function, similarly to Ext1-/- and Ext2-/- mice. Col2-rtTA-Cre;Ext1e2fl/e2fl mice developed osteochondromas at endochondral bones, both in the axial and appendicular skeleton. Femurs of Col2-rtTA-Cre;Ext1e2fl/e2fl mutant mice were analyzed at different stages (between 4 and 8 weeks old) to observe osteochondromas development at the side of the growth plate. At early stages, in 4 to 6 weeks old mice, osteochondromas are mostly chondrogenic, developing
from a small chondrocyte cluster into a more complex structure, in which chondrocytes have differentiated into different cell population, resembling the organization of the growth plate. Cells from osteochondroma tissue were isolated by laser microdissection for genetic analyses and the HS amount was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.
In addition Col2-rtTA-Cre;Ext1e2fl/e2fl mice show signs of early osteoarthritis, which lead to enzymatic proteoglycan loss as shown by immunohistochemistry.
In conclusion my data support the hypothesis that MO syndrome is generated by Loss of heterozygosity in a distal chondrocyte of the growth plate, which proliferates and differentiates into a structure that resemble the growth plate organization. Moreover, HS regulate vascularization of the cartilage by modification of VEGF-A protein production or release, which influences in turn osteoblast differentiation.


In this paper we assess the potential of rich tactile notifications on mobile phones. Many mobile phone users use vibration output for various types of notification on their phone. Currently, tactile output in phones is limited to one single actuator that can potentially present patterns based on different vibration intensities over time. To explore the possible design space, we conducted experiments with up to 6 actuators included in a prototype phone. The dimensions of the resulting design space are comprised of the location of the active actuators, the intensity of the vibration, and the variation of these parameters over time. Based on several user studies and interviews, we suggest design guidelines for rich tactile output facilitated by several distinct actuators. We show where vibration motors should optimally be placed and that different information can be communicated by producing different patterns of vibration output using a small number of actuators.


Two new concepts are deduced—those of hoxels and spatial spectrum by vector expression of four-dimensional Fourier transform integrals of the wave function or probability amplitude of any quantized energy probability distribution sampled by photons of this nature. Spatial spectrum collecting and recovering processes through hoxels by camera–projector arrays and holographic functional screens are proposed in detail to recover this three-dimensional holographic nature as a reinvention of holography. A real-time holographic display by simple aggregation of a digital camera–projector array is demonstrated as a rudimentary holographic television by holographic concepts, but without the need for coherent interference, as in conventional holography, or the encoded spatial frequency pattern of digital holography.


The present study showed that MgB2 particles suspended in acetone can be stabilized with minute addition of I2. The increase in zeta potential is attributed to the increased surface charge from the reaction of I2 with acetone. At sufficiently high I2 concentration, the hydrodynamic size, z-ave is shown to increase indicating flocculation leading to fast particle sedimentation. The increased surface charge with the addition of I2 make the particles more "responsive" to electric field and improved electrophoresis is achieved compared to particles in the suspension without I2.


High-performance heat sinks are required for next-generation battery chargers to manage their ever-increasing power density. For chargers at the now upwards-shifted lower end of the power density spectrum, manufacturers still favor naturally-cooled heat sinks for their low cost, reliability, and simplicity. This study focuses on designing high-performance naturally-cooled heat sinks with continuous, segmented, inclined, and pin fins. A systematic numerical approach in ANSYS Fluent is used to model the heat sinks in three mounting orientations: horizontal, vertical, and sideways. Proposed heat sinks were developed using relevant literature on fin geometries to improve upon a provided, finned heat sink subjected to specified boundary conditions. The provided benchmark suffered from orientation-dependent performance, exhibiting its highest wall temperatures when installed sideways. Although intended to improve convective performance in the vertical orientation, fin segments marginally changed wall temperatures in this orientation. Instead, they considerably lowered them in the sideways orientation. The presence of gap flow, allowing some buoyancy-driven flow to span the width of the heat sink, lowered the average sideways-oriented wall temperature by about 3% compared to the benchmark. An arrangement of staggered pin fins furthered this improvement with a 5% drop in the average sideways-oriented wall temperature compared to the benchmark, albeit increasing the vertical orientation's average wall temperature by about 2%. Our future work will look to gather experimental data for the specified heat sinks and boundary conditions.


Networked Control Systems (NCSs) are distributed control systems where sensors, actuators, and controllers are interconnected by communication networks, e.g. LAN, WAN, CAN, Internet. Use of digital networks are advantageous due to less cost, ease in installation and/or ready availability. These are widely used in automobiles, manufacturing plants, aircrafts, spacecrafts, robotics and smart grids. Due to the involvement of network in such systems, the closed-loop system performance may degrade due to network delays and packet losses. Since delays are involved in NCS, predictor based compensators are useful to improve control performance of such systems. Moreover, the digital communication network demands implementation of digital compensators. First, the thesis studies stability analysis of NCSs with uncertain time-varying delays. For this configuration, both the controller and actuators are assumed as event-driven (i.e. the delays are fractional type). The NCS with uncertain delays and packet losses are represented
as systems in polytopic form as well as with norm-bounded uncertainties. The closed-loop system stability is guaranteed using quadratic Lyapunov function in terms of LMIs. For given controller gain the maximum tolerable delay calculated and the resultant stability regions of
the system is explored in the parameter plane of control gain and maximum tolerable delay. The stability region is found to be almost same for both the methods for the case of lower order systems (an integrator plant), whereas for higher order systems (second order example system), the obtained stability region is more for the case of polytopic approach than the norm-bounded one. This motivates to use the polytopic modeling approach in remaining of the thesis. Next, design of digital Smith Predictor (SP) to improve the performance of NCS with
bounded uncertain delays and packet losses in both the forward and feedback channels is con-sidered. For implementing a digital SP, it is essential that the controller is implemented with constant sampling interval so that predictor model is certain and therefore the controller is required to be time-driven one (sensor-to-controller channel uncertainties are integer type).
On the other hand, the actuator is considered to be event-driven since it introduces lesser delay compared to the time-driven case. Thereby, the controller-to-actuator channel delays are fractional type. The system with uncertain delay parameters (packet losses as uncertain
integer delays) are modeled in polytopic form. For this system, Lyapunov stability criterion has been presented in terms of LMIs to explore the closed-loop system stability. Finally, the proposed analysis is verified with numerical studies and using TrueTime simulation en-
vironment. It is observed that the digital SP improves the stability performance of the NCS considerably compared to without predictor. However, the choice of predictor delay affects the system performance considerably. Further, an additional filter is used along with conventional digital SP to improve the system response and disturbance rejection property of the controller. For this configurations, both the controller and actuators are assumed to be time-driven. The NCS with random but bounded delays and packet losses introduced by the network is modeled as a switched system and LMI based iterative algorithm is used for designing the controller.
A LAN-based experimental setup is developed to validate the above theoretical findings.The plant is an op-amp based emulated integrator plant.The plant is interfaced with a computer using data acquisition card. Another computer is used as the digital controller and the two computers are connected via LAN using UDP communication protocol. The effectiveness of the proposed controller design method is verified with this LAN-based experi-
mental setup. Three controller configurations (i.e. without and with digital SP as well as the digital SP with filter) are considered for comparison of their guaranteed cost performance. It is shown that the digital SP with filter improves the performance of NCS than with and without simple digital SP based NCS configurations.
Finally, design of digital predictor based robust H1 control for NCSs is made in such a way that the effect of randomness in network delays and packet losses on the closed-loop system dynamics is reduced. For the purpose, the predictor delay is chosen as a fixed one whereas variation of random delays in the system are modeled as disturbances. Then quadratic H1 design criterion in the form of LMIs is invoked so that the network jitter effect is minimized. The efficacy of the proposed configurations are validated with the developed LAN based NCS setup. It is seen that the designed controllers effectively regularize the system dynamics from random variations of the network delays and packet losses.


Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements just within and above a mature corn canopy have been performed to clarify the small-scale spatial structure of the turbulence. The smallest resolved scales are about 15 times the Kolmogorov length scale ( 0.4 mm), the Taylor microscales are about 100, and the Taylor scale Reynolds numbers range between R 2000 and 3000. The vertical profiles of mean flow and turbulence parameters match those found in previous studies. Frequency spectra, obtained using the data as time series, are combined with instantaneous spatial spectra to resolve more than five orders of magnitude of length scales. They display an inertial range spanning three decades. However, the small-scale turbulence in the dissipation range exhibits anisotropy at all measurement heights, in spite of apparent agreement with conditions for reaching local isotropy, following a high-Reynolds-number wind tunnel study. Directly calculated subgrid-scale (SGS) energy flux, determined by spatially filtering the PIV data, increases significantly with decreasing filter size, providing support for the existence of a spectral shortcut that bypasses the cascading process and injects energy directly into small scales. The highest measured SGS flux is about 40% of the estimated energy cascading rate as determined from a5/3 fit to the spectra. Terms appearing in the turbulent kinetic energy budget that can be calculated from the PIV data are in agreement with previous results. Evidence of a very strong correlation between dissipation rate and out-of-plane component of the vorticity is demonstrated by a striking similarity between their time series.