In this paper, we present a satisfiability (SAT)-based framework for automatically generating test programs that target gate-level stuck-at faults in microprocessors. The microarchitectural description of a processor is first translated into a unified register-transfer level (RTL) circuit description, called assignment decision diagram (ADD), for test analysis. Test generation involves extraction of justification/propagation paths in the unified circuit representation from an embedded module's input-output (I/O) ports to primary I/O ports, abstraction of RTL modules in the justification/propagation paths, and translation of these paths into Boolean clauses in conjunctive normal form (CNF). Additional clauses are added that capture precomputed test vectors/responses at the embedded module's I/O ports. An SAT solver is then invoked to find valid paths that justify the precomputed vectors to primary input ports and propagate the good/faulty responses to primary output ports. Since the ADD is derived directly from a microarchitectural description, the generated test sequences correspond to a test program. If a given SAT instance is not satisfiable, then Boolean implications (also known as the unsatisfiable segment) that are responsible for unsatisfiability are efficiently and accurately identified. We show that adding design for testability (DFT) elements is equivalent to modifying these clauses such that the unsatisfiable segment becomes satisfiable. Test generation at the RTL also imposes a large number of initial conditions that need to be satisfied for successful detection of targeted stuck-at faults. We demonstrate that application of the Boolean constraint propagation (BCP) engine in SAT solvers propagates these conditions leading to significant pruning of the sequential search space which in turn leads to a reduction in test generation time. Experimental results demonstrate an 11.1X speedup in test generation time for test generation at the RTL over a state-of-the-art gate-level sequential generator called MIX, at comparable fault coverages. An unsatisifiability-based DFT approach at the RTL improves this fault coverage to near 100% and incurs very low area overhead (3.1%). Unlike previous approaches that either generate a test program consisting of random instruction sequences or assume the existence of test program templates, the proposed approach constructs test programs in a deterministic fashion from the microarchitectural description of a processor


In this paper, the authors challenge the widespread view that the distinction between endocentric and exocentric compounds is fundamentally semantic. On the basis of data from Greek and Cypriot they propose, instead, that this is a structural distinction and that semantics cannot be a safe criterion for classifying exocentric compounds into various categories. They show that morphological features, e.g. gender and inflection class, cannot define exocentricity, since both Greek and Cypriot have many endocentric compounds displaying different features from those of their head. It is suggested that exocentricity might be an epiphenomenon of the order of application of the word-formation processes, according to which, when compounding and derivation co-occur within the same morphologically complex item, compounding precedes derivation. In contrast, a structure is endocentric if it contains only compounding, or involves derivation and compounding, in this particular order. Finally, the authors provide evidence that exocentric compounds may belong to the productive word-formation mechanism.


The possibility for modelling and simulating hydropower systems as accurately as possible take an important role in order to develop a control structure and to make efficient analysis tools for testing a designed controller for stability and performance in different operating regimes. Both the simulation time for such models as well as the accuracy are important. A high head hydropower system is considered for this study. The pipe with the main part of the height drop is known as pressure shaft or penstock, and it can be modeled with two levels of accuracy which have been compared in this studying. A simple model with one nonlinear ODE considers inelastic walls of the penstock and incompressible water. A more realistic model for large pressure variations assumes a penstock with elastic walls and compressible water column in the penstock. This more detailed model of a penstock is described with two nonlinear PDEs which have been solved using the Kurganov-Petrova scheme. Comparing results from these two models it can be concluded that the simple ODE model shows by and large the same results as the PDE model with just slightly smoothed dynamics. Obviously, the simulation time for the inelastic penstock model is considerably smaller. Both models show reasonable results and can be further used for control synthesis and analysis. In cases where the time consumption is most important, the simple ODE model for the penstock is preferred. On the other hand, for more accurate studies the elastic/compressible model for the penstock or even for other waterway units, such as conduit, is more useful. The modeling part for both cases was done in OpenModelica using our own hydropower library, where all models for different units of the hydropower system have been developed and collected.


In response to the Royal Society report's claim that "the acceptability of geoengineering will be determined as much by social, legal, and political issues as by scientific and technical factors" (Royal Society 2009, ix), a number of authors have suggested the key to this challenge is to engage the public in geoengineering decision-making. In effect, some have argued that inclusion of the public in geoengineering decision-making is necessary for any geoengineering project to be morally permissible. Yet, while public engagement on geoengineering comes in various forms, the discussion in geoengineering governance and the ethics of geoengineering have too often conceptualised it exclusively in terms of public participation in decision-making, and supported it by various liberal democratic values. However, if the predominant understanding of public engagement on – or, the role of the public in – geoengineering decisionmaking is indeed only grounded on liberal democratic values, then its normative relevance could be challenged by and in other ethical-political traditions that do not share those values. In this paper, I shall explore these questions from a Confucian perspective. I argue that the liberal democratic values invoked in support of the normative importance of public participation are, at least, foreign to Confucian political philosophy. This presents a prima facie challenge to view public participation in geoengineering decision-making as a universal moral requirement, and invites us to reconsider the normative significance of this form of public engagement in Confucian societies. Yet, I contend that the role of the public remains normatively significant in geoengineering governance and the ethics of geoengineering from a Confucian perspective. Drawing from


Information Systems researchers are often concerned with empirical questions spanning more than one level of analysis. For example, virtual teams research provides a good illustration because such teams are inherently hierarchical entities involving the situated nature of individuals within teams. Despite the importance of multilevel research questions to Information Systems research, the literature has yet to fully engage appropriate techniques for multilevel investigations. Using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) as a statistical tool that can appropriately test cross-level relationships, we provide an illustration of the differences and advantages of using a multilevel technique over ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. Using data from a study of global virtual teams, we demonstrate that substantive research conclusions differ based on the use of HLM versus OLS regression. Using HLM, we find a significant relationship between individual level task liking and affective commitment; we also find a significant relationship between individual level task liking and satisfaction with the virtual team. When testing the moderating effects of team Jeremy Short, Gabriele Piccoli, Anne Powell and Blake Ives 2 characteristics, we found a significant positive moderating effect of team work processes on the relationship between task liking and satisfaction. We conclude with recommendations for future research and provide a comparison of empirical techniques available for IS researchers testing relationships at single and multiple levels of analysis.


Dropout regularization of deep neural networks has been a mysterious yet effective tool to prevent overfitting. Explanations for its success range from the prevention of "co-adapted" weights to it being a form of cheap Bayesian inference. We propose a novel framework for understanding multiplicative noise in neural networks, considering continuous distributions as well as Bernoulli noise (i.e. dropout). We show that multiplicative noise induces structured shrinkage priors on a network's weights. We derive the equivalence through reparametrization properties of scale mixtures and without invoking any approximations. Given the equivalence, we then show that dropout's Monte Carlo training objective approximates marginal MAP estimation. We leverage these insights to propose a novel shrinkage framework for resnets, terming the prior 'automatic depth determination' as it is the natural analog of automatic relevance determination for network depth. Lastly, we investigate two inference strategies that improve upon the aforementioned MAP approximation in regression benchmarks.


Abstract : This report cites results of a technical investigation as the dam's adequacy. The inspection and evaluation of the dam is an prescribed by the National Dam Inspection Act, Public Law 92-367. The technical investigation includes visual inspection, review of available design and construction records, and preliminary structural and hydraulic and hydrologic calculations, as applicable. An assessment of the dam's general condition is included in the report. (Author)


BY VIRTUE OF THEIR MORPHOLOGY and pragmatic effects, name-forms are lexical. However, proverbs are usually copious linguistic expressions that transcend mere lexical units. This study gives a description and analysis of the forms and contents of certain proverbial expressions whose linguistic forms and discursive roles have permitted their usage as Yorùbá personal names. Two major tasks are crucial in the following analysis: a characterization of the process involved in the change, and the explication of the interface between the pragmatics and semantic contents of this class of names. Essentially, therefore, the paper pursues answers to the following questions: how are the sentential features of Yorùbá proverbs reduced to the morphological/lexical status of names and why are some proverbs usable as names and a wide range of others not attested? And, arising from those two questions, what is the status and what are utilitarian effects of this class of names in pre-literate Yorùbá society? It is hoped that the provision of answers to the above questions would suggest reasons why certain rules; i.e. construction of certain types, occur in certain communication situations and thus highlight the interface between construction types and their uses.


A sizable population around the world has some form of hearing or speaking disability. This creates a communication barrier among them and the rest of the world. Sign language was introduced to bridge this gap. The objective is to design a glove that can help translate sign language to text and that can be trained by the user itself if required. To achieve this a glove was designed using five flex sensors, three contact sensors and an accelerometer. Flex sensors were chosen as they are resistive devices that change resistance when bent. Due to their compactness, they can also be easily put on to a glove along with contact sensors and an accelerometer. The data from these sensors is then fed to an Arduino where it is read and processed before being sent to MATLAB via Bluetooth. After getting the values, the smart gesture detection algorithm must be designed so as to improve accuracy. To do this the data from the Arduino is first used to train a KNN model for classification. The model created after training is then used for classification of the gestures. A GUI was designed with control signals that allows the user to make a word from these gestures and then the word is converted to speech. The glove accurately gives us data points that can be used to classify various gestures of the American Sign Language. The interactive GUI developed in MATLAB enables a user to easily use the glove to make and/or edit a word created by the user and then recite it out on a speaker


Objectives : The objective was to study the nature and magnitude of the impact of pain on the quality of life of patients with chronic pain. Design : This was a descriptive, cross-sectional quantitative study. Setting and subjects : One thousand and sixty-six adult patients were screened between October and December 2010 in four primary healthcare clinics in south-west Tshwane. Outcome measures : Patients reporting persistent pain for six months or longer were considered to be chronic pain patients (437, 41%), and were interviewed with regard to the impact of chronic pain on their quality of life using the Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire. Results : Four hundred and nineteen patients (95.9%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 93.6-97.6) of chronic pain patients reported that chronic pain impacted on their quality of life and functioning. Sixty-eight per cent of patients (95% CI: 63.3-72.4) reported being severely adversely affected by chronic pain. Pain had a severe impact on sleep quality in 39.2% patients, walking ability (37.4%), routine housework (33.8%), mood (20.1%), interpersonal relationships (15.3%) and enjoyment of life (16.3%). The more intense the experience of severe pain was, the greater the impact of chronic pain on everyday life (p-value < 0.001). Equally, patients with better pain relief enjoyed a better quality of life (p-value < 0.001). Conclusion : A substantial proportion of patients attending primary  healthcare clinics experience chronic pain which impacts on their lives in multiple and significant ways.


We introduce a method for actively learning parameterized skills. Parameterized skills are flexible behaviors that can solve any task drawn from a distribution of parameterized reinforcement learning problems. Approaches to learning such skills have been proposed, but limited attention has been given to identifying which training tasks allow for rapid skill acquisition. We construct a non-parametric Bayesian model of skill performance and derive analytical expressions for a novel acquisition criterion capable of identifying tasks that maximize expected improvement in skill performance. We also introduce a spatiotemporal kernel tailored for non-stationary skill performance models. The proposed method is agnostic to policy and skill representation and scales independently of task dimensionality. We evaluate it on a non-linear simulated catapult control problem over arbitrarily mountainous terrains.


We report the demonstration of a 250-MHz mode-locked, intracavity frequency-doubled, diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser. The laser produces 520-psec pulses at an average power of 76 mW and a wavelength of 532 nm. The laser has an electrical-to-optical efficiency of 1.43% and was operated both cw and mode locked. Mode locking increased the average output power by 60% and eliminated noise due to modal competition.


Systematic Parasitology publishes papers on the systematics, taxonomy and nomenclature of the following groups: Nematoda (including plant-parasitic), Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda, Acanthocephala, Aspidogastrea, Cestodaria, Arthropoda (parasitic copepods, hymenopterans, mites, ticks, etc.), Protozoa (parasitic groups), and parasitic genera in other groups, such as Mollusca, Turbelleria, etc. Systematic Parasitology publishes fully illustrated research papers, brief communications, and fully illustrated major divisions. In order to maintain high standards, all contributors describing new taxa are asked to state clearly where the holotype is deposited and to make paratypes available for examination by the referees. It is recognized that, in some cases, this may cause problems for the authors, but it is hoped that by adhering to this rule authors may be protected against rapid synonymization of their taxa, and the types will be preserved for posterity.


In 1940, against the explosive backdrop of the Nazi onslaught in Europe, two farsighted candidates for the U.S. presidency-Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, running for an unprecedented third term, and talented Republican businessman Wendell Willkie-found themselves on the defensive against American isolationists and their charismatic spokesman Charles Lindbergh, who called for surrender to Hitler's demands. In this dramatic account of that turbulent and consequential election, historian Susan Dunn brings to life the debates, the high-powered players, and the dawning awareness of the Nazi threat as the presidential candidates engaged in their own battle for supremacy. 1940 not only explores the contest between FDR and Willkie but also examines the key preparations for war that went forward, even in the midst of that divisive election season. The book tells an inspiring story of the triumph of American democracy in a world reeling from fascist barbarism, and it offers a compelling alternative scenario to today's hyperpartisan political arena, where common ground seems unattainable.


Background: In developing countries, improving access to schooling has been and remains a priority. At the same time, a growing body of research relates education to demographic variables. It is therefore essential to measure the educational variable accurately. In Brazil, although the high degree of inaccuracy in age reporting is known, previous research has neglected that problems of misreporting may affect other variables such as education. Objective: To fill this gap, we calculate mortality levels by education as implied by intercensal survivorship ratios to investigate the quality of self-reported education among adults in Brazil between the 1991 and 2000 censuses. Results: Our findings show evidence of inaccurate educational data in the censuses. Analysis by single year of schooling weakly reflects the known educational gradient in mortality. After categorization of age and years of schooling into groups, a positive relationship between education and survival does appear, although some implausible patterns remain. Contribution: This study is an important step in demonstrating and assessing potential errors in census education data in Brazil. We highlight the importance of efforts to improve the quality of data on education, particularly in countries where an educational expansion is underway and where deficiencies in data quality are a potential issue of concern.


We present optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements on fully physiologically oxygenated blood samples of varying hematocrit. We show that attenuation coefficients cannot be extracted quantitatively using the currently accepted models for the OCT signal from scattering media, because the confidence intervals obtained in the fitting procedure cannot be used as reliable uncertainty estimates of the attenuation coefficients. Better modeling of the hematocrit-dependent OCT signal is needed.


A broadband Tamm plasmon polariton localized at the interface between the Bragg mirror and a thin metallic layer has been theoretically and experimentally investigated. The possibility of a localized state formation has been demonstrated and energy coefficients at the Tamm plasmon polariton wavelength have been predicted in the framework of the coupled mode theory. The metallic layer material and thickness corresponding to the maximum coupling between the incident radiation and the Tamm plasmon polariton has been determined. Experimental reflectance and transmittance spectra of the structure consisting of the Bragg mirror and chromium layers of different thicknesses have been measured. The analysis of the energy spectra shows the existence of the wavelength range with the near-unity absorption coefficient inside the Bragg mirror bandgap. The use of chromium as a metal results in the broadband Tamm plasmon polariton excitation. It is demonstrated that the experimental data is in a good agreement with the calculation.


Lobbying has become an increasingly prominent issue in the European Union (EU) political and institutional debate over the past 20 years, with many comparing Brussels to Washington DC in this regard. The principal reason for this phenomenon is almost certainly the growing role of the EU as a policy-maker. As the EU institutions have expanded their regulatory competence in areas such as environmental law, the single market and consumer protection, and policy proposals have become more complex, they have increasingly come to rely on technical expertise to draft legislation, provided by outside interest groups among others. In parallel, criticism of the balance of interests represented through lobbying in EU decision-making has grown. Concerns relate to the lack of official (and reliable) estimates of the number and type of interest groups, the amount of money spent on lobbying, and possible conflicts of interest. It is difficult to calculate the cost of opaque (or under-regulated) lobbying, either in monetary terms or in loss of confidence in EU institutions, but it may be argued that regulation of lobbying could have an impact in both these regards. Efforts to improve transparency of lobbying at EU level are on-going. A revised European Transparency Register was launched in January 2015, and the European Commission has published a roadmap for the adoption of a mandatory register, whilst the Council of the EU launched discussions on initial steps towards joining the transparency register already established by the Commission and Parliament.


This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: To determine the benefits and harms associated with weight loss in overweight individuals with knee or hip osteoarthritis in terms of pain, physical function, quality of life, and safety. Further we will have an explicit focus on quality of the weight loss intervention (including magnitude and intensity) (Herbert 2005), to see whether there is a dose-response relationship at the trial (i.e. group) level.


Prior to the introduction of the Advanced Configuration and Power Management Interface (ACPI), PCs did not have a unified standard mechanism that allowed the operating system to enumerate, configure, and manage the power usage and thermal properties of builtin hardware devices. Instead, these devices were either left unmanaged, or they were managed by special BIOS-level code such as Plug-and-Play BIOS (PnP BIOS), Advanced Power Management BIOS (APM), or other vendor-specific BIOS code. These firmwaredriven methods increase firmware costs, and the resulting BIOS code is difficult to alter or debug. Device management issues are becoming more important, especially in moble computing environments where finegrain power management is often necessary. ACPI replaces PnP BIOS, APM, and a number of ad hoc methods while providing a management framework that allows increased flexibility in hardware design. Unfortunately, the increased power and flexibility of ACPI comes with a cost: it requires substantial software support from the operating system kernel. In this paper we describe ACPI, how it is implemented in FreeBSD, and the lessons we learned from working with ACPI.


In the 20 years since the Paris accords of 1991 brought peace to Cambodia, the country has undergone what can only be described as astounding change. From a polity where the entire fabric of society had been rent asunder through years of war and genocide, contemporary Cambodia is fast becoming a vibrant state and assuming a new position in the Asia-Pacific region. The contributions to this volume -- many by prominent figures who were intimately connected with the process -- describe the diverse strands of mediation and peace-building which went into the creation of the 1991 accords. The subsequent role of UNTAC and the 1993 general elections in the process of Cambodian revival and social rebuilding are also described. While not denying that obstacles and difficulties remain, the contributions outline the evolving economic, political, religious, and human resource situations within Cambodia, while also examining the country's contemporary international relations. This book constitutes a particularly fitting testament to the twenty years of Cambodian reconstruction which have followed the 1991 peace accords.


Business processes need to have certain constraints such that they can lead to sustainable outcomes. These constraints can be manifold and their adherence has to be monitored. In the past compliance checking has been applied in several business domains without considering certain sustainability aspects, such as multi-dimensionality and impact level. With my research I want to contribute to the application of compliance checking techniques for the purpose of sustainability compliance. In order to achieve this, I want to analyse and develop data-driven approaches, which allow to automate the task of compliance checking. The way in which this can be achieved, is be combining methods from process mining with formal languages that can express sustainability rules in a machine-readable manner. The main goal is to develop a compliance engine that can be adapted by ERP systems in order to evaluate sustainability conformance in business processes.


Abstract The recent advent of low magnification microwear analysis has allowed the efficient study of entire vertebrate faunas using only an optical stereomicroscope. Photographic visualization of microwear by this means has proven difficult, however, and, as a result, few high-resolution photos of low magnification microwear have been published. The repeatability of the method has also been questioned because low magnification microwear analysis involves the visual inspection of microwear features. We show that the use of high dynamic range imaging improves the visualization of microwear features in photographs and that using these photographs as a counting medium increases the repeatability of the method. We also show that counting from the photographs allows us to accurately classify ungulates as browsers, grazers, or mixed feeders.


Scattered across the Pacific Ocean are thousands of islands which make up three regions known as Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. Beyond the image of white sandy beaches and carefree lifestyles, the Pacific islands are facing serious health problems, the prime culprit being imported foods. In at least 10 Pacific island countries, more than 50% (and in some, up to 90%) of the population is overweight according to World Health Organization (WHO) surveys. More seriously, obesity prevalence ranges from more than 30% in Fiji to a staggering 80% among women in American Samoa, a territory of the United States of America (USA). WHO defines overweight as having a body mass index (BMI) equal to or more than 25, and obesity as a BMI equal to or more than 30. Diabetes prevalence among adults in the Pacific region is among the highest in the world; 47% in American Samoa compared with 13% in mainland USA, and it ranges from 14% to 44% elsewhere in the region. Micronutrient deficiencies are also common in this region. In 15 of 16 countries surveyed, more than one fifth of children and pregnant women were anaemic. In Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu, iodine deficiency and related goitre are endemic although, in Fiji and Papua New Guinea, great progress was made recently through salt iodization. In many other Pacific countries and territories the situation is yet to be assessed. Vitamin A deficiency is also a significant public health risk in Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia and Papua New Guinea. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] About 40% of the Pacific island region's population of 9.7 million has been diagnosed with a noncommunicable disease, notably cardiovascular disease, diabetes and hypertension. These diseases account for three quarters of all deaths across the Pacific archipelago and 40-60% of total health-care expenditure, according to a meeting on obesity prevention and control strategies in the Pacific held in Samoa in September 2000. Dr Temo K Waqanivalu, technical officer for nutrition and physical activity at the Office of the WHO representative for the South Pacific in Suva, Fiji, partly blames poor diet for the region's health problems. "Promotion of traditional foods has fallen by the wayside. They are unable to compete with the glamour and flashiness of imported foods," he says. People in the Pacific islands may know what constitutes healthy eating but, as in many parts of the world, governments struggle to change people's behaviour. In eight countries, less than 20% of people surveyed reported eating the recommended five or more portions of fruit and vegetables a day. The often calorie-rich and nutrient-poor imported foods have a stronger appeal. A major challenge for Pacific island countries is to reinforce nutrition education in schools by promoting healthy eating practices. "Even as kids we know what we are supposed to eat and not eat; there is a very good level of nutrition education in Fiji," says Ateca Kama, senior nutritionist at Fiji's National Food and Nutrition Centre. "The challenge is for us to translate knowledge into behaviour. For example, schools teach good nutrition as part of the curriculum, and then they sell junk food in the school canteen because they need to make a profit." At the Pacific Food Summit held in Vanuatu in April, delegates agreed that the region's governments need new laws to better regulate the food industry. "There isn't a lot of clarity in regulating the food industry, which is saying it wants a level playing field. For example, food labels vary as much as the countries the food comes from," says Dr Colin Bell, technical officer, noncommunicable diseases, at WHO's Western Pacific Regional Office in Manila. Historically, food was imported from Australia and New Zealand, but now it comes from much further afield: China, Malaysia and the Philippines. Nutrition labels are not only inconsistent but often not in English, the common language spoken in most Pacific island countries. …


ABSTRACT After ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, the virus travels up axons and establishes a lifelong latent infection in neurons of the trigeminal ganglia. LAT (latency-associated transcript), the only known viral gene abundantly transcribed during HSV-1 neuronal latency, is required for high levels of reactivation. The LAT function responsible for this reactivation phenotype is not known. Recently, we showed that LAT can block programmed cell death (apoptosis) in neurons of the trigeminal ganglion in vivo and in tissue culture cells in vitro (G.-C. Perng et al., Science 287:1500–1503, 2000; M. Inman et al., J. Virol. 75:3636–3646, 2001). Consequently, we proposed that this antiapoptosis function may be a key to the mechanism by which LAT enhances reactivation. To study this further, we constructed a recombinant HSV-1 virus in which the HSV-1 LAT gene was replaced by an alternate antiapoptosis gene. We used the bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV-1) latency-related (LR) gene, which was previously shown to have antiapoptosis activity, for this purpose. The resulting chimeric virus, designated CJLAT, contains two complete copies of the BHV-1 LR gene (one in each viral long repeat) in place of the normal two copies of the HSV-1 LAT, on an otherwise wild-type HSV-1 strain McKrae genomic background. We report here that in both rabbits and mice reactivation of CJLAT was significantly greater than the LAT null mutant dLAT2903 (P < 0.0004 and P = 0.001, respectively) and was at least as efficient as wild-type McKrae. This strongly suggests that a BHV-1 LR gene function was able to efficiently substitute for an HSV-1 LAT gene function involved in reactivation. Although replication of CJLAT in rabbits and mice was similar to that of wild-type McKrae, CJLAT killed more mice during acute infection and caused more corneal scarring in latently infected rabbits. This suggested that the BHV-1 LR gene and the HSV-1 LAT gene are not functionally identical. However, LR and LAT both have antiapoptosis activity. These studies therefore strongly support the hypothesis that replacing LAT with an antiapoptosis gene restores the wild-type reactivation phenotype to a LAT null mutant of HSV-1 McKrae.


This paper argued that a general theory that can provide a precise definition of educational goals and the means to accomplish them is absolutely necessary to resuscitate schooling, and that the classroom is the place where theory can be developed and tested. The paper makes the following points: (1) a general theory is vitally needed to deal with educational issues; (2) a general theory based on clear and specific democratic principles is preferable to existing and proposed theories; (3) educational theory needs to be developed and tested from the ground up; (4) the classroom is where important educational change occurs; (5) the more ordinary the classroom and undistinguished by special features, the more useful it will be in testing theory and initiating widespread change; (6) teachers, parents, and students have vital roles to play in the development of educational theory; (7) privatization is not only a poor presentation of democratic education, it is grossly undemocratic and is inadequate as a general theory; (8) the more that university scholars work equally with teachers, parents, and students, the more useful they will be in helping to develop and test theory; and (9) the individual classroom is where theory is tested. (Contains 95 references. (Author/LMI) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********)'C *************************************************************


Abstract We present a heavy traffic analysis of a single-server polling model, with the special features of retrials and glue periods. The combination of these features in a polling model typically occurs in certain optical networking models, and in models where customers have a reservation period just before their service period. Just before the server arrives at a station there is some deterministic glue period. Customers (both new arrivals and retrials) arriving at the station during this glue period will be served during the visit of the server. Customers arriving in any other period leave immediately and will retry after an exponentially distributed time. As this model defies a closed-form expression for the queue length distributions, our main focus is on their heavy-traffic asymptotics, both at embedded time points (beginnings of glue periods, visit periods, and switch periods) and at arbitrary time points. We obtain closed-form expressions for the limiting scaled joint queue length distribution in heavy traffic. We show that these results can be used to accurately approximate the performance of the system for the complete spectrum of load values by use of interpolation approximations.


CONTEXT
Patients with the greatest health care needs may have the least ability to read and comprehend information needed to function successfully as patients.

OBJECTIVE
To examine the scope and consequences of poor health literacy in the United States, characterize its implications for patients and physicians, and identify policy and research issues.

PARTICIPANTS
The 12 members of the Ad Hoc Committee on Health Literacy, American Medical Association Council on Scientific Affairs, were selected by a key informant process as experts in the field of health literacy from a variety of backgrounds in clinical medicine, medical and health services research, medical education, psychology, adult literacy, nursing, and health education.

EVIDENCE
Literature review using the MEDLINE database for January 1966 through October 1, 1996, searching Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) reading combined with text words health or literacy in the title, abstract, or MeSH. A subsequent search using reading as a search term identified articles published between 1993 and August 1998. Authors of relevant published abstracts were asked to provide manuscripts. Experts in health services research, health education, and medical law identified proprietary and other unpublished references.

CONSENSUS PROCESS
Consensus among committee members was reached through review of 216 published articles and additional unpublished manuscripts and telephone and Internet conferencing. All committee members approved the final report.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients with inadequate health literacy have a complex array of communications difficulties, which may interact to influence health outcome. These patients report worse health status and have less understanding about their medical conditions and treatment. Preliminary studies indicate inadequate health literacy may increase the risk of hospitalization. Professional and public awareness of the health literacy issue must be increased, beginning with education of medical students and physicians and improved patient-physician communication skills. Future research should focus on optimal methods of screening patients to identify those with poor health literacy, effective health education techniques, outcomes and costs associated with poor health literacy, and the causal pathway of how poor health literacy influences health.


It may be difficult to imagine that a consequential black electoral politics evolved in the United States before the Civil War, for as of 1860, the overwhelming majority of African Americans remained in bondage. Yet free black men, many of them escaped slaves, steadily increased their influence in electoral politics over the course of the early American republic. Despite efforts to disfranchise them, black men voted across much of the North, sometimes in numbers sufficient to swing elections. In this meticulously-researched book, Van Gosse offers a sweeping reappraisal of the formative era of American democracy from the Constitution's ratification through Abraham Lincoln's election, chronicling the rise of an organized, visible black politics focused on the quest for citizenship, the vote, and power within the free states. Full of untold stories and thorough examinations of political battles, this book traces a First Reconstruction of black political activism following emancipation in the North. From Portland, Maine and New Bedford, Massachusetts to Brooklyn and Cleveland, black men operated as voting blocs, denouncing the notion that skin color could define citizenship.


ABSTRACTDigital
computing and allied communication tools have been phenomenal, but they are
fast reaching their technical limits and also their capacity to solve certain
extant complex problems. Quantum computing has now emerged with a touted
potential to deal with aspects of the latter complex problems and also
significantly transform extant computing and communication methods. Yet,
little studies exist in the AEC industry related literature on quantum
computing to boost awareness and also explore its prospective impact on the AEC
industry.

This paper
discusses the underpinning basic concepts, technologies and trends in the quantum
computing domain to build awareness to boost Architecture, Engineering and
Construction (AEC) industry capacity on the topic. The paper dissects the
challenges in this novel area. And also examines the near term practical opportunities
and potential impact of quantum computing on the AEC industry. The paper
concludes with suggestions for practice and future research.


Pseudo-Relevance Feedback (PRF) assumes that the top results retrieved by a first-stage ranker are relevant to the original query and uses them to improve the query representation for a second round of retrieval. This assumption however is often not correct: some or even all of the feedback documents may be irrelevant. Indeed, the effectiveness of PRF methods may well depend on the quality of the feedback signal and thus on the effectiveness of the first-stage ranker. This aspect however has received little attention before. In this paper we control the quality of the feedback signal and measure its impact on a range of PRF methods, including traditional bag-of-words methods (Rocchio), and dense vector-based methods (learnt and not learnt). Our results show the important role the quality of the feedback signal plays on the effectiveness of PRF methods. Importantly, and surprisingly, our analysis reveals that not all PRF methods are the same when dealing with feedback signals of varying quality. These findings are critical to gain a better understanding of the PRF methods and of which and when they should be used, depending on the feedback signal quality, and set the basis for future research in this area.


We analyzed Russian blogs to discover networks of discussion around politics and public affairs. Beginning with an initial set of over five million blogs, we used social network analysis to identify a highly active 'Discussion Core' of over 11,000. These were clustered according to long term patterns of citations within posts, and the resulting segmentation characterized through both automated and human content analysis. Key findings include: • Unlike their counterparts in the U.S. and elsewhere, Russian bloggers prefer platforms that combine features typical of blogs with features of social network services (SNSs) like Facebook. Russian blogging is dominated by a handful of these "SNS hybrids." • While the larger Russian blogosphere is highly divided according to platform, there is a central Discussion Core that contains the majority of political and public affairs discourse. This core is comprised mainly, though not exclusively, of blogs on the LiveJournal platform. • The Discussion Core features four major groupings: — Politics and Public Affairs (including news-focused discussion, business and finance, social activists, and political movements) — Culture (including literature, cinema, high culture, and popular culture) — Regional (bloggers in Belarus, Ukraine, Armenia, Israel, etc.) — Instrumental (paid blogging and blogging for external incentives) • Political/public affairs bloggers cover a broad spectrum of attitudes and agendas and include many who discuss politics from an independent standpoint, as well as those affiliated with offline political and social movements, including strong 'Democratic Opposition' and 'Nationalist' clusters. • The Russian political blogosphere supports more cross-linking debate than others we have studied (including those of the U.S. and Iran), and appears less subject to the formation of self-referential 'echo chambers.' • Pro-government bloggers are not especially prominent and do not constitute their own cluster, but are mostly located in a part of the network featuring general discussion of Russian public affairs. However, there is a concentration of bloggers affiliated with pro-government youth groups among the Instrumental bloggers. • We find evidence of political and social mobilization, particularly in those clusters affiliated with offline political and social movements. • The online 'news diet' of Russian bloggers is more independent, international, and oppositional than that of Russian Internet users overall, and far more so than that of non-Internet users, who are more reliant upon state-controlled federal TV channels. • Popular political YouTube videos focus on corruption and abuse of power by elites, the government, and the police.


This paper presents a numerical study on a fast marching method based back projection reconstruction algorithm for photoacoustic tomography in heterogeneous media. Transcranial imaging is used here as a case study. To correct for the phase aberration from the heterogeneity (i.e., skull), the fast marching method is adopted to compute the phase delay based on the known speed of sound distribution, and the phase delay is taken into account by the back projection algorithm for more accurate reconstructions. It is shown that the proposed algorithm is more accurate than the conventional back projection algorithm, but slightly less accurate than the time reversal algorithm particularly in the area close to the skull. However, the image reconstruction time for the proposed algorithm can be as little as 124 ms when implemented by a GPU (512 sensors, 21323 pixels reconstructed), which is two orders of magnitude faster than the time reversal reconstruction. The proposed algorithm, therefore, not only corrects for the phase aberration, but can be also potentially implemented in a real-time manner.


Defenders of suburban sprawl assert that sprawl is inevitable in affluent societies, based on trends in Western Europe. According to supporters of this Inevitability Theory, European cities have decentralized and become more car-dependent, thus proving that even where governments are more aggressively anti-sprawl than American government, anti-sprawl policies will be futile. This Article compares Western Europe to the United States, and criticizes the Inevitabilty Theory on the grounds that: (1) Europe is in fact far less automobile-dependent than the United States; (2) Europe has not, contrary to the Inevitability Theory's claims, become more car-dependent and suburbanized in recent years; and (3) Although some European sprawl did occur in the late 20th century, some European cities' pro-sprawl highway-building programs may be partially to blame. It logically follows that the Inevitability Theory is simply wrong - that sprawl can be, and in fact has been, limited in the affluent societies of Western Europe.


The paper provides an overview of coreless open-loop current transducers based on Hall effect sensor CSA-1V. Depending on the implementation method and current range, the presented transducers are divided in the four groups. The transducers are capable to measure AC and DC currents ranging from several tens of miliamperes up to several hundreds of amperes. Methods for resolving issues with the skin effect and stray magnetic fields are also presented including the experimental test results. Some of these methods are novelty and have never been presented in literature.


The study explores the relationship between the strategic objectives of foreign
firms entering international joint ventures, foreign parent control, and joint venture
performance in the context of Sino-European IJVs. Using an integrative approach,
this study incorporates market power, transaction costs, and organisational learning
theories which provide a more comprehensive understanding of IJV strategic
objectives. The findings reveal that foreign partners consider market-developing and
knowledge-acquiring objectives as important and IJV performance in relation to these
objectives as satisfactory.
This study found different categories of objectives perform differently in IJVs.
The relationship between parent control and IJV overall performance received strong
support. Direct and indirect relationships between strategic objectives and IJV overall
performance are found. The empirical evidence confirms the significant moderating
effects of parent control on attainment of strategic objectives. The moderating effects
of parent control do not merely intensify or weaken the relationship between strategic
objectives and satisfaction in relation to these objectives, but also parent control has
different moderating effects in relation to different strategic objectives.
Research in international joint ventures is often associated with financial
problems because of geographical constraints. This study concentrated initially on a
web-based survey, using a mail survey to increase response rate as needed. The
majority of respondents (87%) completed the questionnaire online. This provides excellent evidence for researchers to make use of web-based surveys in future
international marketing studies.
Finally, China, as the biggest recipient of foreign direct investment in
developing countries, seems the logical choice for the analytical context. This
research thus contributes to the IJV literature on the Chinese experience.


We analyze stimulated Raman scattering in normally dispersive highly birefringent fibers under dual-frequency, orthogonal polarization pumping. Experiments show that stimulated Raman scattering can be suppressed in anyone of the fiber axes by two distinct processes prevailing at large and small group-velocity mismatches (GVM's), respectively, between the pumps. For a relatively large GVM, parametric four-wave mixing is the dominant process for the suppression of Raman–Stokes radiation. On the other hand, for a small GVM, the Raman–Stokes light is suppressed along the polarization direction of the highest-frequency pump, through a mechanism associated with the orthogonal component of the Raman gain. The sign of the GVM between the pumps allows for selecting the particular fiber axis where suppression of the Raman–Stokes radiation is desired. This selection is achieved by simply tuning the frequency spacing between the pumps.


The bicarbonate transport activities of Slc26a1, Slc26a6 and Slc26a7 are essential to physiological processes in multiple organs. Although mutations of Slc26a1, Slc26a6 and Slc26a7 have not been linked to any human diseases, disruption of Slc26a1, Slc26a6 or Slc26a7 expression in animals causes severe dysregulation of acid-base balance and disorder of anion homeostasis. Amelogenesis, especially the enamel formation during maturation stage, requires complex pH regulation mechanisms based on ion transport. The disruption of stage-specific ion transporters frequently results in enamel pathosis in animals. Here we present evidence that Slc26a1, Slc26a6 and Slc26a7 are highly expressed in rodent incisor ameloblasts during maturation-stage tooth development. In maturation-stage ameloblasts, Slc26a1, Slc26a6 and Slc26a7 show a similar cellular distribution as the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (Cftr) to the apical region of cytoplasmic membrane, and the distribution of Slc26a7 is also seen in the cytoplasmic/subapical region, presumably on the lysosomal membrane. We have also examined Slc26a1 and Slc26a7 null mice, and although no overt abnormal enamel phenotypes were observed in Slc26a1 -/- or Slc26a7 -/- animals, absence of Slc26a1 or Slc26a7 results in up-regulation of Cftr, Ca2, Slc4a4, Slc4a9 and Slc26a9, all of which are involved in pH homeostasis, indicating that this might be a compensatory mechanism used by ameloblasts cells in the absence of Slc26 genes. Together, our data show that Slc26a1, Slc26a6 and Slc26a7 are novel participants in the extracellular transport of bicarbonate during enamel maturation, and that their functional roles may be achieved by forming interaction units with Cftr.


Between Jesus and the Market looks at the appeal of the Christian right-wing movement in contemporary American politics and culture. In her discussions of books and videotapes that are widely distributed by the Christian right but little known by mainstream Americans, Linda Kintz makes explicit the crucial need to understand the psychological makeup of born-again Christians as well as the sociopolitical dynamics involved in their cause. She focuses on the role of religious women in right-wing Christianity and asks, for example, why so many women are attracted to what is often seen as an antiwoman philosophy. The result, a telling analysis of the complexity and appeal of the "emotions that matter" to many Americans, highlights how these emotions now determine public policy in ways that are increasingly dangerous for those outside familiarity's circle.

With texts from such organizations as the Christian Coalition, the Heritage Foundation, and Concerned Women for America, and writings by Elizabeth Dole, Newt Gingrich, Pat Robertson, and Rush Limbaugh, Kintz traces the usefulness of this activism for the secular claim that conservative political economy is, in fact, simply an expression of the deepest and most admirable elements of human nature itself. The discussion of Limbaugh shows how he draws on the skepticism of contemporary culture to create a sense of absolute truth within his own media performance—its truth guaranteed by the market. Kintz also describes how conservative interpretations of the Holy Scriptures, the U.S. Constitution, and the Declaration of Independence have been used to challenge causes such as feminism, women's reproductive rights, and gay and lesbian rights. In addition to critiquing the intellectual and political left for underestimating the power of right-wing grassroots organizing, corporate interests, and postmodern media sophistication, Between Jesus and the Market discusses the proliferation of militia groups, Christian entrepreneurship, and the explosive growth and "selling" of the Promise Keepers.


When traditionally white public schools in the South became sites of massive resistance in the wake of the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision, numerous white students exited the public system altogether, with parents choosing homeschooling or private segregationist academies. But some historically white elite private schools or independent schools, the most prestigious of private schools, opted to desegregate. The black students that attended these schools courageously navigated institutional and interpersonal racism but ultimately emerged as upwardly mobile leaders. Transforming the Elite tells this story. Focusing on the experiences of the first black students to desegregate Atlanta's well-known The Westminster Schools and national efforts to diversify private schools, Michelle A. Purdy combines social history with policy analysis in a dynamic narrative that expertly re-creates this overlooked history. Through gripping oral histories and rich archival research, this book showcases educational changes for black southerners during the civil rights movement including the political tensions confronted, struggles faced, and school cultures transformed during private school desegregation. This history foreshadows contemporary complexities at the heart of the black community's mixed feelings about charter schools, school choice, and education reform.


Scientific PublishingSeveral high-profile lawsuits have prompted prominent researchers and U.K. groups such as Index on Censorship and Sense about Science to complain that U.K. libel laws—and the high costs of defending a libel action—are forcing researchers and scientific journals to censor or edit academic material. So far, there's little evidence that scientific publishers have been seriously affected: None of 22 journals or journal publishers contacted by Science has rejected a research paper solely because of libel concerns, for example. But the publicity surrounding the scientists being sued and several other recent cases involving nonresearchers has led the U.K. government to take a hard look at the nation's libel laws. Last year, then–Justice Secretary Jack Straw set up a libel working group whose members included the head of the U.K.'s Medical Research Council. The group's report, delivered at the end of March, recommended major changes to the U.K.'s libel laws, several of which could give researchers more protection from lawsuits. Voters in the 6 May U.K. election kicked out Straw's Labour Party, however. The new Conservative–Liberal Democrat ruling coalition has also promised a "review of libel laws to protect freedom of speech," but it is as yet unclear what this will mean in practice.


Here we review 18 articles that describe the design and evaluation of 1 or more games for diabetes from technical, methodological, and theoretical perspectives. We undertook searches covering the period 2010 to May 2015 in the ACM, IEEE, Journal of Medical Internet Research, Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, and Google Scholar online databases using the keywords "children," "computer games," "diabetes," "games," "type 1," and "type 2" in various Boolean combinations. The review sets out to establish, for future research, an understanding of the current landscape of digital games designed for children with diabetes. We briefly explored the use and impact of well-established learning theories in such games. The most frequently mentioned theoretical frameworks were social cognitive theory and social constructivism. Due to the limitations of the reported evaluation methodologies, little evidence was found to support the strong promise of games for diabetes. Furthermore, we could not establish a relation between design features and the game outcomes. We argue that an in-depth discussion about the extent to which learning theories could and should be manifested in the design decisions is required.


In order to personalize the behavior of hearing aid devices in different acoustic environments, we need to develop personalized acoustic scene classifiers. Since we cannot afford to burden an individual hearing aid user with the task to collect a large acoustic database, we aim instead to train a scene classifier on just one (or maximally a few) in-situ recorded acoustic waveform of a few seconds duration per scene. In this paper we develop such a "one-shot" personalized scene classifier, based on a Hidden Semi-Markov model. The presented classifier consistently outperforms a more classical Dynamic-Time-Warping-Nearest-Neighbor classifier, and correctly classifies acoustic scenes about twice as well as a (random) chance classifier after training on just one recording of 10 seconds duration per scene.


Materials of surprising behavior were the main attractions of
the scientific show of Miklos Zrinyi, professor of chemistry,
when he introduced intelligent materials to the audience.
The title of the lecture, Intelligent materials, may sound
strange, although one of the meanings of the word intelligent
is "adaptability to new situations". In this sense, we can speak
about intelligent materials. This term lends its name to a new
branch of material science, which aims to examine and make
use of the active relationship of material to its immediate
environment, similar to living systems. The main priority of
this branch of science is to produce and analyze such
synthetic materials that advantageously react to their environment.


Abstract. In this paper a method for building detection in aerial images based on variational inference of logistic regression is proposed. It consists of three steps. In order to characterize the appearances of buildings in aerial images, an effective bag-of-Words (BoW) method is applied for feature extraction in the first step. In the second step, a classifier of logistic regression is learned using these local features. The logistic regression can be trained using different methods. In this paper we adopt a fully Bayesian treatment for learning the classifier, which has a number of obvious advantages over other learning methods. Due to the presence of hyper prior in the probabilistic model of logistic regression, approximate inference methods have to be applied for prediction. In order to speed up the inference, a variational inference method based on mean field instead of stochastic approximation such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo is applied. After the prediction, a probabilistic map is obtained. In the third step, a fully connected conditional random field model is formulated and the probabilistic map is used as the data term in the model. A mean field inference is utilized in order to obtain a binary building mask. A benchmark data set consisting of aerial images and digital surfaced model (DSM) released by ISPRS for 2D semantic labeling is used for performance evaluation. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Abstract Positive community change came in a place long entrenched in racism through the CommonVisions: Photographic Explorations of Unity in Diversity project . Here an arts-based photography project was used as a means to overcome racism, a major impediment to peace, equity and justice in the world. It was built on the concept of the oneness of humanity, a Baha'i principle, and was listed in the 2000 Directory of Faith Based Promising Practices for Racial Unity and Justice of the National Conference of Community and Justice (NCCJ) and was a grant project selected for the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation (ZSR) "Race Will Not Divide Us" initiative.  Since verbal dialogues on racism were often derailed and stifled by entrenched prejudices, CommonVisions was designed as a bridge over that verbal quagmire. It applied new strategies using the universal language of photography and a medical model to bring relief and healing from the disease of racism. This article gives peace and conflict studies practitioners a glimpse at the seldom seen evolutionary steps on the winding pathway from concept to praxis.


Beyond Fukuyama. Where do we stand today? Gerald A. Cohen enumerated the four features of the classic Marxist notion of the working class: (1) it constitutes the majority of society; (2) it produces the wealth of society; (3) it consists of the exploited members of society; (4) its members are the needy people in society. When these four features are combined, they generate two further features: (5) the working class has nothing to lose from revolution; (6) it can and will engage in a revolutionary transformation of society (Cohen, 2001). None of the first four features applies to today's working class, which is why features (5) and (6) cannot be generated. (Even if some of the features continue to apply to parts of today's society, they are no longer united in a single agent: the needy people in society are no longer the workers. Correct as it is, this enumeration should be supplemented by a systematic theoretical deduction: for Marx, they all follow from the basic position of a worker who has nothing but his labor power to sell. As such, workers are by definition exploited; with the progressive expansion of capitalism, they constitute the majority that also produces the wealth, and so on. How, then, are we to redefine a revolutionary perspective in today's conditions? Is the way out of this predicament the combinatoire of multiple antagonisms, their potential overlappings? The underlying problem is here: how are we to think the singular universality of the emancipatory subject as not purely formal—as objectively-materially determined, but without working class as its substantial base? The solution is a negative one: it is capitalism itself that offers a negative substantial determination: the global capitalist system is the substantial "base" that mediates and generates the excesses (slums, ecological threats, etc.) that open up the site of resistance.


Background: Replacing SFAs with vegetable PUFAs has cardiometabolic benefits, but the effects on liver fat are unknown. Increased dietary n26 PUFAs have, however, also been proposed to promote inflammation—a yet unproven theory. Objective: We investigated the effects of PUFAs on liver fat, systemic inflammation, and metabolic disorders. Design: We randomly assigned 67 abdominally obese subjects (15% had type 2 diabetes) to a 10-wk isocaloric diet high in vegetable n26 PUFA (PUFA diet) or SFA mainly from butter (SFA diet), without altering the macronutrient intake. Liver fat was assessed by MRI and magnetic resonance proton (1H) spectroscopy (MRS). Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9, a hepatic LDL-receptor regulator), inflammation, and adipose tissue expression of inflammatory and lipogenic genes were determined. Results: A total of 61 subjects completed the study. Body weight modestly increased but was not different between groups. Liver fat was lower during the PUFA diet than during the SFA diet [betweengroup difference in relative change from baseline; 16% (MRI; P , 0.001), 34% (MRS; P = 0.02)]. PCSK9 (P = 0.001), TNF receptor-2 (P, 0.01), and IL-1 receptor antagonist (P = 0.02) concentrations were lower during the PUFA diet, whereas insulin (P = 0.06) tended to be higher during the SFA diet. In compliant subjects (defined as change in serum linoleic acid), insulin, total/HDL-cholesterol ratio, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were lower during the PUFA diet than during the SFA diet (P , 0.05). Adipose tissue gene expression was unchanged. Conclusions: Compared with SFA intake, n26 PUFAs reduce liver fat and modestly improve metabolic status, without weight loss. A high n26 PUFA intake does not cause any signs of inflammation or oxidative stress. Downregulation of PCSK9 could be a novel mechanism behind the cholesterol-lowering effects of PUFAs. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01038102. Am J Clin Nutr


This book proposes that subjective expression shapes grammatical and lexical patterning in American English conversation. Analyses of structural and functional properties of English conversational utterances indicate that the most frequent combinations of subject, tense, and verb type are those that are used by speakers to personalize their contributions, not to present unmediated descriptions of the world. These findings are informed by current research and practices in linguistics which argue that the emergence, or conventionalization, of linguistic structure is related to the frequency with which speakers use expressions in discourse. The use of conversational data in grammatical analysis illustrates the local and contingent nature of grammar in use and also raises theoretical questions concerning the coherence of linguistic categories, the viability of maintaining a distinction between semantic and pragmatic meaning in analytical practice, and the structural and social interplay of speaker point of view and participant interaction in discourse.


Abstract For phototactic steering, Chlamydomonas detects environmental light conditions with a photoreceptor (eyespot) while rotating the cell body around its body axis. Because of the bodily rotation and the directionality of the eyespot sensitivity, the light signal perceived by the eyespot must alternate between a light period and a dark period. It is an interesting question how cells can correctly change its swimming direction while the light signals change periodically. In this study, we examined the timing of the change in cells' swimming direction with respect to the timing of the light/dark cycle occurring at the photoreceptor. Most of the cells that displayed positive phototaxis had the eyespot facing the outside of the helical swimming track. We found that when phototactic light was applied from the direction perpendicular to the swimming direction of a cell, a phototactic response was initiated when the eyespot faced the light source. This was constantly observed irrespective of the phase at which the phototactic light was turned on. The initial change observed after the light stimulation was a decrease in the pitch angle of the helical swimming path, which caused the cell to swim less farther away from the light source than when unstimulated. This change was followed by a large turn toward the light source, which occurred when the eyespot faced away from the light. These observations indicate that the dominance of the cis-flagellum (the flagellum nearest to the eyespot) over the trans-flagellum (the flagellum farthest from the eye-spot) decreases during the light phase and increases during the dark phase. Thus, both light reception (on response) and the cessation of light perception (off response) by the eyespot are important for producing phototactic turns.


This study uses an econometric approach to evaluate whether structural reforms in Latin America contributed to poverty and income inequality over the period from 1985 to 2000. Data on structural reforms is employed from the InterAmerican Development Bank"s Structural Policy Index, and poverty and income inequality data is obtained from the World Bank"s PovcalNet database. Using a panel data analysis with controls for GDP per-capita and political institutions, the overall openness level is found to be significantly positively related to the percent of the population living under the poverty line, the poverty gap, the Gini coefficient, the income ratio of the richest to poorest deciles of the population, and the mean log deviation. Specific reforms that are significantly positively related to poverty and/or inequality include privatizations and financial deregulation. Trade liberalization, average income, and democratic institutions demonstrate a negative, albeit weak, relationship to poverty and inequality. Author's Note


THE HISTORY OF HUMAN RIGHTS From Ancient Times to Globalization Micheline R. Ishay Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. x, 45opp, US$6o.oo cloth (ISBN 0-520-23496-0), US$24-95 paper (ISBN 0-520-23497-9)In this comprehensive and sweeping history of human rights, Micheline R. Ishay embeds the developments in thinking about human rights over thousands of years in a review of the historical successes its proponents have had in realizing them. No one to my knowledge has undertaken such an ambitious effort. The breadth highlights the discovery of broad historical trends and allows the author to comment on key debates in the study of human rights.I shay cleverly blends six arguments about controversies in the study of human rights with a largely chronological review of the major milestones in their application. She first corrects the mistaken modern secular notion that religion and human rights are antithetical. Indeed, what we know now as human rights have their unmistakable origins in all of the great religious traditions. In a lovely discussion, she addresses the contributions of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam, among others. It is the practice of religion, not theology, that deserves the blame for this feeling of mutual exclusiveness.Her second claim is all the more interesting considering the first: she writes that the European contribution to the notion of human rights has been the strongest of all of the world's civilizations. This is a somewhat bold assertion, given the tendency among those concerned about human rights to note the frequent departures of western practice from its preaching, a fact that she does not shy away from. The western liberal tradition is often dwelt on to the neglect of socialist contributions to human rights thinking. Ishay's third claim is that notions of economic and social equality have been very significant in the development of modern human rights practice. The reaction and opposition to the pernicious effects of the Industrial Revolution were just as important as opposition to the ancien regime. This is probably the book's most important historical point, as the practice of Stalinist regimes and their concomitant human rights travesties have obscured the efforts particularly of social democratic parties in the west in promoting human rights, both before and after the second World War.The fourth claim is more prescriptive than descriptive. By way of an exploration of the role that nationalism has played in the acceptance of the right of self-determination, Ishay draws the very wise conclusion that while the pursuit of the rights of cultural groups can be a powerful force for good, these groups must nevertheless be held to the standard of certain universal principles. …


1. We assessed plasma total antioxidant capacity using enhanced chemiluminescence and plasma lipid peroxides in eight patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation and 26 healthy control subjects. 2. The antioxidant capacity of plasma decreased significantly on reperfusion of the donor liver (P < 0.05) during liver transplantation, although levels were not lower in patients than in control subjects. 3. Pre-reperfusion antioxidant capacity correlated negatively with the concentration of lipid peroxidation products appearing in the plasma by the end of the transplant (P < 0.02), but did not correlate with vitamin A or E concentrations. 4. This study provides evidence of oxidant stress during liver transplantation, as shown by antioxidant utilization associated with increased lipid peroxidation.


The major outcome of this document is a proposal for a new education program for the Danube- Black Sea (DBS) region. In principle the task focuses on different levels of education, namely (i) undergraduate students; (ii) postgraduate students (MSc, PhD); (iii) Postdoctoral fellows; and (iv) scientists. In addition, the requirements of technicians supporting all four groups are addressed within the framework of lifelong learning. Specialised training for professionals working in administrations (environment, navigation) is another goal of this agenda. The proposal for the education agenda is achieved through an analysis of the gaps and opportunities for an integrated approach towards a better alignment of international education and Human Resource development in the Danube Basin. Developments in the DBS include a number of initiatives and activities from before and after the 1990s (the fall of the Iron Curtain). In this context, the document reflects on the challenges including access to education programmes, new developments (including the credit transfer system) and the language requirements necessary for more substantial international cooperation. The document reflects on stakeholder opinions and provides a general discussion of the existing programs in the field of higher education and professional training(...).


In order to understand the essential structural features for chalcones as Trypaosoma cruzi inhibitors, three-dimensional pharmacophore hypothesis were built on the basis of a set of known Trypanosoma cruzi inhibitors selected from literature using PHASE program. Five point pharmacophore with three hydrogen bond acceptor (A), and two aromatic ring (R) as pharmacophoric features were developed. Amongst them the pharmacophore hypothesis AAARR11 yielded a statistically significant 3D-QSAR model with 0.9371 as R2 value and was considered to be the best pharmacophore hypothesis. The developed pharmacophore model was externally validated by predicting the activity of test set molecules. The squared predictive correlation coefficient of 0.870 was observed between experimental and predicted activity values of test set molecules. The geometry and features of pharmacophore were expected to be useful for the design of selective Trypanosoma cruzi inhibitors.


Aims. We seek a shapelet-based scheme for deconvolving galaxy images from the PSF that leads to unbiased shear measurements. Methods. Based on the analytic formulation of convolution in shapelet space, we constructed a procedure to recover the unconvolved shapelet coefficients under the assumption that the PSF is perfectly known. Using specific simulations, we test this approach and compare it to other published approaches. Results. We show that convolution in shapelet space leads to a shapelet model of order n h = n g +n f max, withn f max and n g max being the maximum orders of the intrinsic galaxy and the PSF models, respectively. Deconvolution is hence a transformation that maps a certain number of convolved coefficients onto a generally smaller number of deconvolved coefficients. By inferring the latter number from data, we construct the maximum-likelihood solution for this transformation and obtain unbiased shear estimates with a remarkable amount of noise reduction compared to established approaches. This finding is particularly valid for complicated PSF models and low S /N images, which renders our approach suitable for typical weak-lensing conditions.


Beef cattle grazing is the dominant land use in the extensive tropical and sub-tropical rangelands of northern Australia. Despite the considerable knowledge on land and herd management gained from both research and practical experience, the adoption of improved management is limited by an inability to predict how changes in practices and combinations of practices will affect cattle production, economic returns and resource condition. To address these issues, past Australian and international research relating to four management factors that affect productivity and resource condition was reviewed in order to identify key management principles. The four management factors considered were stocking rates, pasture resting, prescribed fire, and fencing and water point development for managing grazing distribution. Four management principles for sound grazing management in northern Australia were formulated as follows: (1) manage stocking rates to meet goals for livestock production and land condition; (2) rest pastures to maintain them in good condition or to restore them from poor condition to increase pasture productivity; (3) devise and apply fire regimes that enhance the condition of grazing land and livestock productivity while minimising undesirable impacts; and (4) use fencing and water points to manipulate grazing distribution. Each principle is supported by several more specific guidelines. These principles and guidelines, and the supporting research on which they are based, are presented.


This paper analyzes the rapid increase in civil litigation in Japan during the 1990s in light of existing theories of Japanese litigiousness. Using a unique set of prefecture‐level data, it demonstrates that the 1990s increase in litigation is best attributed to two factors: the expansion in institutional capacity for litigation traced to procedural reforms and an expansion in the bar, and structural changes in the Japanese economy related to the postbubble slowdown in growth. The paper contributes to three literatures. First, it builds on earlier institutionally oriented research on civil litigation in Japan by John Haley and Mark Ramseyer by providing new data and detail about the institutional barriers to litigation. Second, it contributes to the literature on the relationship between economic change and litigation more generally. Finally, it contributes to the empirical and comparative literature on litigation rates by providing evidence about the determinants of litigation in one country.


humanitarian actors that 'humanitarian space' is shrinking. This is largely attributed to developments since the attacks on the United States on 11 September 2001, particularly the use of humanitarian assistance by Western governments to further their political and security objectives. The corollary of this apparent decline in humanitarian space is that things were better in the past. In reality, the history of humanitarian action over the past half century or so reveals a far more complex and ambiguous picture. There is no 'golden age' of humanitarian space, but rather periods in which humanitarian action was frequently and deeply politicised; when humanitarian access to conflict zones was heavily constrained by concerns for sovereignty; when access depended entirely on compromising principles and autonomy; and when neutrality was all but abandoned in favour of militarised humanitarianism. Many of the problems agencies face today in delivering relief and providing protection are all too familiar when compared with the past, and are in many respects a consequence of expanding humanitarian engagement in conflict-related crises and the changing nature of the humanitarian system.


The historic GATT-Uruguay Round Agreement was signed in April 1994 after years of difficult negotiations. Although the textile and clothing sector was not included, a separate agreement, the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) was also signed, with the specific purpose of dismantling the complex quota system in place and gradually incorporating the sector into the rules and disciplines of GATT-UR over a period of ten years. On the verge of the established deadline, the liberalization results achieved seem disappointing for most textile exporting countries. These results have implications for the new round of WTO negotiations. What went wrong? Is anyone to blame? This article analyzes the ATC rules and discusses conflicting interpretations of the results so far, as well as expectations for 2005.


Kessler pointed out in the editorial related to the article by Ma et al that the estimates of lung cancer deaths (LCDs) potentially avertable by lung cancer screening in the United States should be considered in the context of the use of primary prevention, screening, technologies, and therapy. We recently published an article on predictions of LCDs and all-cause deaths in Italy assuming yetunimplemented tobacco control policies (TCPs) with or without a national lung cancer screening program designed with the same regimen adopted in the National Lung Screening Trial. Similar to Ma et al, we estimated that a lung cancer screening program implemented in 2015 in Italy with a 70% uptake would bring a 3% constant annual reduction in LCDs, with approximately 700 avertable LCDs each year. We estimated that implementing a screening program in combination with TCPs would yield 2881 and 4824 avertable LCDs in 2030 and 2040, respectively. The effect was noticeable quite soon after its introduction (5 years). Implementing TCPs alone—that is, smoking cessation treatment policies (funding treatment, setting up an active quit line, promoting counseling among health professionals) or raising cigarette taxes by 20%—would produce a steadily strengthening effect starting a few years later, from 5 to 10 years after implementation. Indeed, under cessation treatment policies, LCDs would be reduced by 8.4% in 2030 (averting 1899 deaths; 436 women and 1463 men) and by 16.1% in 2040 (averting 3754 deaths; 883 women and 2871 men). Assuming a 20% increase in cigarette taxes, LCDs would be reduced by 2% in 2030 (averting 448 deaths; 109 women and 339 men) and by 2.7% in 2040 (averting 638 deaths; 157 women and 481 men). In addition, TCPs would have a greater effect than lung cancer screening in reducing all-cause deaths, because cessation produces a reduction in deaths from causes other than lung cancer and respiratory diseases. In conclusion, an analysis of the impact of a lung cancer screening program should consider the implementation of screening in addition to TCPs and not just the screening alone.


What happens when the ideology commonly referred to as "New Urbanism" meets the dreaded consumer preferences of automobile-addicted sunbelt cities such as Dallas, Texas? New Urbanist ideology permeates current planning policies and influences many discussions in the development community around sustainability and sprawl. Yet policies and hopes often take on a different identity entirely once molded by the preferences of the American consumer. New Urbanism offers potential solutions to many of the problems associated with suburban sprawl in the United States, but it is no panacea. Ideologues and opponents may debate its merits and shortcomings, but it is the consumers' votes in dollars and cents that ultimately render the verdict in practice. The market dynamics of sunbelt cities present challenges and preferences different in many ways from higher density cities on either the west or east coasts. Recent developments show that New Urbanism, and mixed-use development in particular, offers competitive differentiation and may be extremely successful in the sunbelt. Yet the ideology does not meet all needs of this market, and the development community must carefully analyze what elements of New Urbanism will work in practice and which will not. This paper will provide the background of New Urbanism and explore the view points of its proponents and opponents. Finally, two developments in Dallas, Texas will be used as case studies to illustrate how the debate has manifested itself in the sunbelt and what each teaches about the viability of New Urbanism in this type of market.


Mice lacking Epas1, encoding the transcription factor Hypoxia-inducible Factor 2α (HIF-2α), exhibit an apparent mitochondrial disease state. Similarities between knock-outs of Epas1 and of Sod2, encoding the mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase, led to the identification of Sod2 as a HIF-2α target gene. However, Sod2 levels in Epas1–/– liver are intermediate between that of Sod+/– and Sod2–/– mice, which have subtle or severe phenotypes, respectively. This suggests that additional HIF-2α target genes besides Sod2 contribute to the Epas1–/– mitochondrial disease state. To define the nature of the mitochondrial defect in Epas1–/– liver, we performed biophysical, biochemical, and molecular studies. In the setting of decreased Sod2 levels and increased oxidative stress, we found reduced respiration, sensitized mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, intact electron transport chain activities, and impaired mitochondrial aconitase activity. Mitochondrial aconitase protein levels were preserved, whereas mRNA and protein levels for frataxin, the oxidative stress-regulated mitochondrial aconitase chaperone protein, were markedly reduced in Epas1–/– livers. The mouse Fxn promoter was preferentially activated by HIF-2α through a consensus HIF-responsive enhancer element. In summary, the studies reveal that Fxn, like Sod2, is a nuclear-encoded, mitochondrial-localized HIF-2α target gene required for optimal mitochondrial homeostasis. These findings expand upon the previously defined role of HIF-2α in the cellular response to oxidative stress and identify a novel link of HIF-2α with mitochondrial homeostasis.


We report the preparation of tough, thermally stable, and water-resistant double-network (DN) ion gels, which consist of a partially-clustered silica nanoparticle network and poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) network holding an ionic liquid. Silica nanoparticles/poly([Evim][Tf2N]) DN ion gels are prepared by photo-induced radical polymerisation of [Evim][Tf2N] in a mixture containing silica nanoparticles, [Bmim][Tf2N], ionic liquid based cross-linker [(VIM)2C4][Tf2N]2, and ethyl acetate, followed by subsequent solvent evaporation. Tensile strength measurements show that the mechanical properties of the PIL DN ion gels were higher than those of the PIL single-network (SN) ion gel. A rheological study indicates that an enhancement in mechanical strength of the PIL DN ion gels can be achieved when silica nanoparticles form partial clusters in [Bmim][Tf2N]. The cyclic stress-strain measurement of the PIL DN ion gels shows hysteresis loops, suggesting that the silica nanoparticle clusters rupture and dissipate the loading energy when the PIL DN ion gels undergo a large deformation. The fracture strength and Young's modulus of the PIL DN ion gels increase as the diameter of the silica nanoparticles is decreased. Thermogravimetric analysis measurement shows that the PIL DN ion gel has a high decomposition temperature of approximately 400 °C. Moreover, the swelling test shows that the PIL DN ion gel possesses an excellent water-resistant property because of the hydrophobic nature of the PIL backbone. We believe that such tough, thermally stable, and water-resistant PIL DN ion gels can be used as carbon dioxide separation membranes, sensors, and actuators for soft robotics.


Modern criminal procedure, or especially at the Supreme Court level, rests upon a variety of untested regulatory assumptions about the ways in which the police do and ought to interact with the public. These regulatory assumptions depend upon underlying models of police administration that often determine the outcome of cases. Nonetheless, these assumptions are fictional, meaning that they lack any basis in descriptive criminology or social science. Yet they control the development of judicial and academic understandings of what policing is and ought to be about in our modern, fragmented, pluralist democracy. My prescription, at least for the academy, is that we should start examining the criminological evidence to determine whether and how it might support or undermine the Court's social science speculations. Constitutional law has always been somewhat marginal in the regulatory universe. Executive branch officials control most of what happens in the criminal justice system. They act according to departmental policies or institutional practices. Though they might have one eye on the courts and the Constitution, they are more concerned with norms of professional ethics or institutional organization. Attending to regulation tilts criminal procedure off its court-centered axis and reminds us just how ineffective we legal scholars may be in setting its terms. My goal is to trace some of the ways in which criminal procedure doctrine engages with criminology, particularly in its more hermeneutic form. As a starting point, I consider Robert Weisberg's and David Sklansky's very different but deeply thoughtful discussions of the relation between criminal procedure, on the one hand, and criminology and social science, more generally, on the other.


In this paper, we consider one particularly interesting feature of the Lieber Code, which is the fact that it was drawn up by the U.S. Government to regulate the conduct of its armed forces in a civil war. In so doing, we hope to explore the extent to which there may be links between the Lieber Code and the contemporary regulation of non-international armed conflicts. In particular, we explore some similarities and contrasts between the views on the regulation of civil war that existed at the time of the drafting of the Lieber Code and the position that exists today.


Michelle Giambrone THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CLOSE READING STRATEGIES ON THE EXPOSITORY TEXT COMPREHENSION OF STUDENTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES 2017-2018 Amy Accardo, Ed.D Master of Arts in Learning Disabilities The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of close reading using Achieve3000 on the text comprehension and use of text evidence by students with learning disabilities in grades 4-5. In addition, student satisfaction with close reading was evaluated for social validity. Two fourth grade students and one fifth grade student, both female, participated in the study. Two students were classified with specific learning disability, and one was classified as communication impaired. A single-subject methodology with an ABAB design was used. During the Baseline phase, students independently read the expository text. They answered comprehension questions, and wrote their responses using text evidence on lined paper. During the Intervention phase, expository texts were identified by Achieve300 at individual student lexile levels. As students read the passages, they used comprehension strategies provided by Achieve3000 on a computer. Results show that after instruction in close reading using Achieve3000 students increased comprehension and use of text evidence. Results from student surveys given after instruction suggest that the Intervention was socially accepted. Further research is needed to examine possible long-term benefits of close reading for students with disabilities. v Table of


Dick Peixoto (pronounced Peh-SHOTE) exemplifies a recent type of organic farmer who, after a long career in conventional farming, transitions to organics for a mixture of reasons. Peixoto was born in 1956 in Watsonville, California, the grandson of immigrants from the Azores Islands who have been farming in the Pajaro Valley for the past 100 years. He grew up on the family ranch on Green Valley Road. His father worked off-farm for a fertilizer and pest control company in Watsonville, in addition to working on the family ranch. Peixoto spent his childhood riding around with his dad, dragging spray hoses around apple orchards in the Pajaro Valley. He dates his farming career to eighth grade, when he hired neighborhood kids to pick tomatoes on his family farm so he could market them. In 1976, when Peixoto was a senior in high school, he and his brother, Jim, began growing string beans commercially. Soon after, Peixoto began farming on his own, learning lettuce growing, as well as irrigation and laser leveling. Attracted by the organic price premium, Peixoto decided to transition to organic farming, and began Lakeside Gardens on a 55-acre farm in Watsonville in 1996. His conventional farming friends thought he had "lost his marbles," but Lakeside Gardens has been very successful and Dick has become a spokesperson for integrated pest management, hedgerows and other organic farming methods. The company has expanded their operation to a total of 1200 acres, including fifty different parcels in the Pajaro Valley, many of which border on hospitals and schools trying to reduce pesticide exposure. Lakeside also farms on 500 acres in El Centro, making them one of the larger organic growers on the Central Coast and in California. They grow 75 different crops. All of their produce is California grown, and shipped by Albert's Organics and other organic food distribution companies across the country to grocery stores such as Safeway and Kroger's, as well as Whole Foods. Peixoto is outspoken on food safety, water supply, open space preservation, and other issues affecting agriculture, and is often quoted in the media on these topics. Ellen Farmer conducted this oral history on April 18, 2007, at Lakeside Organic Gardens in Watsonville.


The literature reveals that culture, as a way of life, is a factor determining the house's spatial form, which, in turn, can contribute to the construction and/or enhancement of social capital. Scholars also stress that in the past the study of the relationship between houses' spatial form and social capital has focused on physical spatial environments at macro scale, neglecting the investigation of micro-scale housing. Namely, regardless of the interest to this relationship, direct assessment of the extent to which the spatial form of transnational houses contributes to the formation and enhancement of social capital in a host built environment is still rare in the field. The specific objective of this paper is to explore how the spatial form of Italian transnational houses in Australia contributed to the formation of social capital. It is argued that the spatial form of houses built by Italian migrants in post WWII Brisbane was conceptualized as means of re-establishing and enhancing social activities and/or interactions, and therefore contributed to the formation and enhancement of social capital. In order to provide an answer to the main question, the system of social activities performed within the domestic setting was investigated. Data obtained from visual material and interviews with participants was analyzed in order to reveal how the spatial form of Italian transnational houses enhanced social capital.


The Australian Temperament Project (ATP) is a longitudinal study that has followed the development and well-being of almost 1,000 children over the first 24 years of life. Self-reported information on young people's driving histories and practices was collected when subjects were 19-20 and 23-24 years of age. By the age of 23-24 years, almost all (97 per cent) subjects had a driving licence. Approximately half had been detected speeding during their driving careers and 60 per cent had been involved in a crash, although injury crashes were rare. Risky driving was relatively common. In their last 10 trips, half reported exceeding the speed limit by between 11-25km/h and two-thirds had used a mobile phone. One fifth had driven when affected by alcohol in the previous month. The sample was classified as either: high, moderate or low risk drivers based on the extent of risky driving they engaged in, and the stability of this was compared from when they were 19-20 years to when they were 23-24 years. Most low risk drivers stayed low risk and some moderate and high risk drivers reported less risky driving when they were 23-24 years. The level of co-occurrence between risky driving and other risky behaviours was analysed. High and moderate risky drivers were significantly more likely to binge drink and use marijuana, ecstasy and amphetamines than low risk drivers. Risky driving appeared to be one element of a risk taking lifestyle for a number of young people. The findings provide evidence that can inform intervention and prevention efforts aimed at reducing risky driving among young people.


Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of hospital-borne infections occurring when the natural intestinal flora is depleted following antibiotic treatment. We present i MLTC804cdf, an extensively curated reconstructed metabolic network for the C. difficile pathogenic strain 630. i MLTC804cdf contains 804 genes, 705 metabolites and 766 metabolic, 145 exchange and 118 transport reactions. i MLTC804cdf is the most complete and accurate metabolic reconstruction of a gram-positive anaerobic bacteria to date. We validate the model with simulated growth assays in different media and carbon sources and use it to predict essential genes. We obtain 88.8% accuracy in the prediction of gene essentiality when compared to experimental data for B. subtilis homologs. We predict the existence of 83 essential genes and 68 essential gene pairs, a number of which are unique to C. difficile and have non-existing or predicted non-essential human homologs. For 19 of these potential therapeutic targets, we find 72 inhibitors of homologous proteins that could serve as starting points in the development of new antibiotics, including approved drugs with the potential for drug repositioning.