This paper argues that ERP systems take the part of an organization's administrative paradox. An administrative paradox is two sides of the same coin when coordinating organizations – the concurrent striving for flexibility and stability. The analysis of the ERP system is based on an interpretative and qualitative case study of an engineering firm. The theoretical lens used in this paper is structuration theory. One important point in this paper is that information systems can be viewed as a means to formalise coordination from an interpersonal level to a systemic one. This can, for instance, be realised through demands of input, process, and results of actions. In this way information systems can make a contribution to organizing ideals such as reliability and the achievement of sensible outcomes. On the other hand (as part of the administrative paradox) the use of information systems can institutionalize operating procedures and certain patterns of communication and coordination, restrain reorganizing activities and changes in controland power structures. The information system's constitutive role (consisting of a set of rules and resources, facilitating and constraining, coordinating, human action) is definitely an important issue when implementing, using, and improving ERP systems in organizations.


In this article, I consult commentarial and bibliographical texts from the early Tang dynasty to better understand the history of the Heart Sutra. As in a palimpsest, there appears to be another, earlier history partially preserved beneath the text of the received history. This early layer says that the Heart Sutra was composed in China, probably by Xuanzang. He combined a selection of popular extracts from the Large Prajñāpāramitā sūtra with a dhāraṇī to produce a "condensed sutra." Even before the death of Xuanzang, this earlier history was being effaced and replaced by elements of the received history. It appears that both the Sanskrit text and the translation attributed to Kumārajīva were knowing forgeries produced to make the new history plausible.


Recent angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) has identified that a finite-range Fröhlich electron–phonon interaction (EPI) with c-axis polarized optical phonons is important in cuprate superconductors, in agreement with an earlier proposal by Alexandrov and Kornilovitch. The estimated unscreened EPI is so strong that it could easily transform doped holes into mobile lattice bipolarons in narrow-band Mott insulators such as cuprates. Applying a continuous-time quantum Monte Carlo algorithm (CTQMC), we compute the total energy, effective mass, pair radius, number of phonons and isotope exponent of lattice bipolarons in the region of parameters where any approximation might fail, taking into account the Coulomb repulsion and the finite-range EPI. The effects of modifying the interaction range and different lattice geometries are discussed with regards to analytical strong-coupling/non-adiabatic results. We demonstrate that bipolarons can be simultaneously small and light, provided suitable conditions on the electron–phonon and electron–electron interactions are satisfied. Such light small bipolarons are a necessary precursor to high-temperature Bose–Einstein condensation in solids. The light bipolaron mass is shown to be universal in systems made of triangular plaquettes, due to a novel crab-like motion. Another surprising result is that the triplet–singlet exchange energy is of the first order in the hopping integral and that triplet bipolarons are much heavier than singlets in certain lattice structures. Finally, we identify a range of lattices where superlight small bipolarons may be formed, and give estimates for their masses in the anti-adiabatic approximation.


Corruption regularly makes front page headlines: public officials embezzling government monies, selling public offices, and trading bribes for favors to private companies generate public indignation and calls for reform. In Corruption: What Everyone Needs to KnowRG, renowned scholars Ray Fisman and Miriam A. Golden provide a deeper understanding of why corruption is so damaging politically, socially, and economically. Among the key questions examined are: is corruption the result of perverse economic incentives? Does it stem from differences in culture and tolerance for illicit acts of government officials? Why don't voters throw corrupt politicians out of office? Vivid examples from a wide range of countries and situations shed light on the causes of corruption, and how it can be combated.


Armed conflict is a major cause of injury and death worldwide, but we need much better methods of quantification before we can accurately assess its effect

Armed conflict between warring states and groups within states have been major causes of ill health and mortality for most of human history. Conflict obviously causes deaths and injuries on the battlefield, but also health consequences from the displacement of populations, the breakdown of health and social services, and the heightened risk of disease transmission. Despite the size of the health consequences, military conflict has not received the same attention from public health research and policy as many other causes of illness and death. In contrast, political scientists have long studied the causes of war but have primarily been interested in the decision of elite groups to go to war, not in human death and misery.

We review the limited knowledge on the health consequences of conflict, suggest ways to improve measurement, and discuss the potential for risk assessment and for preventing and ameliorating the consequences of conflict.

#### Summary points

Conflict related death and injury are major contributors to the global burden of disease

Information systems break down during conflict, leading to great uncertainty in the magnitude of mortality and disability

The World Health Survey may provide a reliable and valid basis for assessing conflict related mortality and disability

Forecasting models may provide a plausible basis for assessing risk of conflict and thus prevention

Improved collaboration between political scientists and experts in public health would benefit measurement, prediction, and prevention of conflict related death

The impact of war on populations arises both from the direct effects of combat—namely, battle deaths—and from the indirect consequences of war, which may occur for several years after a conflict ends.1 Indirect effects of conflict on mortality can be formally …


Knowledge Distillation (KD) is a widely used technique to transfer knowledge from pre-trained teacher models to (usually more lightweight) student models. However, in certain situations, this technique is more of a curse than a blessing. For instance, KD poses a potential risk of exposing intellectual properties (IPs): even if a trained machine learning model is released in 'black boxes' (e.g., as executable software or APIs without open-sourcing code), it can still be replicated by KD through imitating input-output behaviors. To prevent this unwanted effect of KD, this paper introduces and investigates a concept called Nasty Teacher: a specially trained teacher network that yields nearly the same performance as a normal one, but would significantly degrade the performance of student models learned by imitating it. We propose a simple yet effective algorithm to build the nasty teacher, called self-undermining knowledge distillation. Specifically, we aim to maximize the difference between the output of the nasty teacher and a normal pre-trained network. Extensive experiments on several datasets demonstrate that our method is effective on both standard KD and data-free KD, providing the desirable KD-immunity to model owners for the first time. We hope our preliminary study can draw more awareness and interest in this new practical problem of both social and legal importance.


The aim of this study was to compare subcutaneous adiposity levels of right and left sides and posteriorly to analyze the impact of this information to the body composition study. Seventy-six physically active individuals, 47 men (21.6 ± 4.3 years) and 29 women (21.0 ± 2.6 years), comprised the sample. Abdominal, suprailiac, subscapular, triceps, biceps, midaxillary and mid calf skinfolds were measured using the Lange caliper. In terms of mean absolute values, the largest differences found were 0.9 mm (6.9%) and 0.8 mm (6.8%) for the suprailiac skinfold in men and women, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in the comparison between the right and left sides of body for both genders in the seven examples of skinfold thickness analyzed (P > 0.05). Similarly, after applying the measured values of skinfold thickness in predictive equations, we found no significant differences in relative body fat in men and women (P > 0.05). The results suggest that factors such as the technical error of measurement of the examiner, the type of caliper and the choice of the predictive equation to be used probably have more impact on the estimation of body composition derived from skinfolds than the side of body measured.


Paraphrase recognition is a critical step for natural language interpretation. Accordingly, many NLP applications would benefit from high coverage knowledge bases of paraphrases. However, the scalability of state-of-the-art paraphrase acquisition approaches is still limited. We present a fully unsupervised learning algorithm for Web-based extraction of entailment relations, an extended model of paraphrases. We focus on increased scalability and generality with respect to prior work, eventually aiming at a full scale knowledge base. Our current implementation of the algorithm takes as its input a verb lexicon and for each verb searches the Web for related syntactic entailment templates. Experiments show promising results with respect to the ultimate goal, achieving much better scalability than prior Web-based methods.


Litigation financing is investment by a stranger into a lawsuit in which she has no interest other than the investment. The common law prohibitions on champerty and maintenance rendered litigation finance illegal for centuries, but today it is permissible in England, Europe, Australia and many U.S. jurisdictions. This article, which was prepared for a symposium on "Uncertainty in the Law" at DePaul Law School, examines one argument against litigation finance, which is that it allows strangers to impermissibly bet on the outcome of litigation. The article first briefly reviews the handful of modern courts that have embraced the "Betting Argument" and their reasoning. It next looks at other examples in law where the risk of a party betting on an outcome provided the grounds (whether pretextual or not) for the prohibition of a contract between two persons. Thus, late Nineteenth Century courts were initially inclined to prohibit commodity futures contracts on the ground that they were a form of gambling. Similarly, life and fire insurance was viewed skeptically as a form of gambling until courts developed a moralized concept of "insurable interest." The concept of the insurable interest provided rationale for courts to uphold insurance when it preserved what the insured already had and to strike down "bets" that allowed strangers to gain as a result of other's misfortune. The article concludes by noting that the instability of the tests invoked by earlier courts in the commodities and insurance context suggests that it may be impossible to identify and employ an a priori test for when third party investment in litigation is permissible. However, the article notes that many of the same policy concerns which led courts to accept commodities contracts and insurance contracts should lead courts to allow litigation finance. While the article does not rebut other arguments against litigation finance based on other moral or prudential concerns, it does attempt to quiet concerns based on the Betting Argument.


NOVELTY - A micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) is manufactured by the use of a sacrificial layer that is made of silicon. USE - The invention is used in surface micromachining for the manufacture of a MEMS containing a suspended metal layer or MEMS device architecture. MEMS device is a suspended gate metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (SG-MOSFET). It is used as radio-frequency capacitive switch, current switch, radio-frequency tuneable capacitor, magnetic field sensor, accelerometer, and pressure sensor. (all claimed)


Big data is rage in data mining but is typically limited to only big businesses. Small data is generally thought of as a subset of big data. For example, Google holds trillions of records used for searching, but this is not useful in and of itself. When one searches something on Google, typically only ten to fifteen results are shown on the first page. In order for this to occur, Google has taken big data and produced small data. The true value is in the small data subsets. This idea, however, that small data is the subset of big data, is not the only definition of small data. Small businesses, that only produce small data, can also benefit from data mining practices. What issues arise when only looking at small data?


OBJECTIVE
To determine whether the canalith repositioning maneuver (CRM) is effective for treating benign paroxysmal positional vertigo when it is used by family physicians in primary care settings.

DESIGN
Randomized, prospective, double-blind, sham-controlled trial.

SETTING
An academic family practice in Hamilton, Ont.

PARTICIPANTS
Eighty-one patients 18 years or older whose dizziness was confirmed by the Dix-Hallpike (DH) vertigo-triggering maneuver and who had no contraindications to the CRM.

INTERVENTIONS
At the first visit, the intervention group received the CRM and the control group received a sham maneuver. Both groups received the CRM at the second and third visits 1 and 2 weeks later.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Negative results of the DH test or self-reported resolution of vertigo after the initial treatment.

RESULTS
Eighty-one patients were randomized and received the first treatment. After the first treatment, 34.2% of patients in the intervention group and 14.6% of patients in the control group had negative DH test results (relative risk 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 5.2, P = .04); and 31.6% of patients in the intervention group and 24.4% of patients in the control group reported resolution of dizziness (relative risk 1.2, 95% confidence interval 0.7 to 1.9, P = .48). One week later, patients in both intervention and control groups received the CRM, and 61.8% and 57.1% of them, respectively, had negative DH test results (P = .81). By week 3, approximately 75% of patients in both groups had improved.

CONCLUSION
A statistically significant proportion of patients in the CRM group returned to a negative response to the DH maneuver immediately after the first treatment. Family physicians can use the CRM to treat benign paroxysmal positional vertigo and potentially avoid delays in treatment and unnecessary referrals.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
NCT00182273 (ClinicalTrials.gov).


This chapter offers access to actionable pathways for developing the foundational elements that are key to leading and exercising leadership effectively. It helps the reader understand the difference between the realms of management and leadership. Managers are accountable for a known scope and use a set of well-developed skills to manage in their area. Conversely, leaders are responsible for and function in an unknown scope, using quite different skills to exercise leadership effectively. The chapter aims to develop an understanding of the importance of integrity and its relationship with performance, and clarify the misconceptions about operating with integrity. Operating without integrity is a major source of operational mistakes and declines in performance and often leaves a mess in people's careers or lives. The chapter also helps aspiring leaders appreciate the inward journey of leadership and discover for themselves what it means to be authentic. The path to developing authenticity is increasing your ability to be courageous enough to be open about your failures, your weaknesses, and where you are being inauthentic. The chapter provides clarity about the relationship between being committed to something bigger than oneself and becoming a leader. Once you have invented a possibility that is bigger than yourself and committed to make that possibility a reality, you will need new skills such as listening effectively, and finding a way of speaking about the future that makes it seem real and palpable to others. Finally, the chapter offers resources for the reader's continued education.


In my thesis I study policy interventions, with particular attention to monetary and exchange rate policy, in financially fragile economies. The thesis is composed of four chapters, and each chapter deals with different forms of policy interventions and different dimensions of financial fragility. However, the four chapters share a common message: appropriately designed policies can play a key role in improving macroeconomic performance in economies vulnerable to the risk of financial crises.
In the first chapter I consider the role of the exchange rate regime in determining the adjustment to episodes of global deleveraging. To achieve this goal, I develop a framework for understanding the international dimensions of episodes of debt deleveraging. During an episode of international deleveraging world consumption demand is depressed and the world interest rate is low, reflecting a high propensity to save. If exchange rates are allowed to float, deleveraging countries can depreciate their nominal exchange rate to increase production and mitigate the fall in consumption associated with debt reduction. The key insight is that in a monetary union this channel of adjustment is shut off, and therefore the falls in consumption demand and in the world interest rate are amplified. Hence, monetary unions are especially prone to hit the zero lower bound on the nominal interest rate and enter a liquidity trap during deleveraging. In a liquidity trap deleveraging gives rise to a union-wide recession, which is particularly severe in high-debt countries. The model suggests several policy interventions that mitigate the negative impact of deleveraging on output in monetary unions.
In the second chapter, I consider another policy that can be useful in managing episodes of debt deleveraging: debt relief. As illustrated by the analysis in the first chapter, deleveraging can push the economy into a liquidity trap characterized by involuntary unemployment and low inflation. A debt relief policy, captured by a transfer of wealth from creditors to debtors, increases aggregate demand, employment and output. Debt relief may benefit creditors as well as debtors and lead to a Pareto improvement in welfare. The benefits from a policy of debt relief are greater the more the central bank is concerned with stabilizing inflation.
The third chapter considers the role of exchange rate policy in economies in which financial fragility arises because the value of collateral is determined by asset prices. The dependence of collateral on asset prices introduces pecuniary externalities that create scope for policy interventions. In this case, a fundamental trade-off between financial and price stability arises, because the central bank has an incentive to deviate from its traditional objective of granting price stability in order to manipulate asset prices and collateral. The main result is thus that the presence of pecuniary externalities in the credit markets makes a narrow focus on price stability sub-optimal.
The fourth chapter, joint with Gianluca Benigno, considers the role of foreign reserves in emerging economies characterized by growth externalities and the risk of sudden stops on capital inflows. We present a model that reproduces two salient facts characterizing the international monetary system: Fast growing emerging countries i) Run current account surpluses, ii) Accumulate international reserves and receive net private inflows. We study a two-sector, tradable and non-tradable, small open economy. There is a growth externality in the tradable sector and agents have imperfect access to international financial markets. By accumulating foreign reserves, the government induces a real exchange rate depreciation and a reallocation of production towards the tradable sector that boosts growth. Financial frictions generate imperfect substitutability between private and public debt flows so that private agents do not perfectly offset the government policy. The possibility of using reserves to provide liquidity during crises amplifies the positive impact of reserve accumulation on growth. The optimal reserve management entails a fast rate of reserve accumulation, as well as higher growth and larger current account surpluses compared to the economy with no policy intervention. The model is also consistent with the negative relationship between inflows of foreign aid and growth observed in low-income countries.


Little is known about the harmonic theorist Archestratus (probably early 3rd century BC). Our only substantial information comes from Porphyry, who quotes a brief comment by a certain Didymus on his epistemological stance, and seeks to justify it through reflection on a rather startling technical doctrine which Archestratus propounded; and from Philodemus, who comments scathingly on his view of the relation between harmonic theory and philosophy. Neither passage is easy to interpret; this paper tries to make sense of them, and to set them in an intelligible relation to one another. It argues that the doctrine recorded by Porphyry becomes comprehensible when it is placed against the background of Aristoxenus' work in harmonics, and it discusses Porphyry's inferences about the way in which his epistemological position diverged from that of Aristoxenus. It argues that Philodemus' report gives evidence of Archestratus' interest in issues of central concern to philosophy and in particular of an engagement with Aristotelian thought; it tries to identify some specific questions which attracted his attention, and to explain how he seems to have answered them, and why. It suggests that the two reports can be brought together as elements in a single, though fragmentary picture, and finally that Archestratus can be assigned an interesting though minor role in the history of Peripatetic philosophy and science.


The performance of text classification methods has improved greatly over the last decade for text instances of less than 512 tokens. This limit has been adopted by most state-of-the-research transformer models due to the high computational cost of analyzing longer text instances. To mitigate this problem and to improve classification for longer texts, researchers have sought to resolve the underlying causes of the computational cost and have proposed optimizations for the attention mechanism, which is the key element of every transformer model. In our study, we are not pursuing the ultimate goal of long text classification, i.e., the ability to analyze entire text instances at one time while preserving high performance at a reasonable computational cost. Instead, we propose a text truncation method called Text Guide, in which the original text length is reduced to a predefined limit in a manner that improves performance over naive and semi-naive approaches while preserving low computational costs. Text Guide benefits from the concept of feature importance, a notion from the explainable artificial intelligence domain. We demonstrate that Text Guide can be used to improve the performance of recent language models specifically designed for long text classification, such as Longformer. Moreover, we discovered that parameter optimization is the key to Text Guide performance and must be conducted before the method is deployed. Future experiments may reveal additional benefits provided by this new method.


Almost all the academic literature on tourism impacts has focussed on the consequences of tourism for the destination and its residents. Very little attention has been paid to the impacts of tourism on tourists. Virtually all cost-benefit analyses related to tourism have sought to balance the costs and benefits of tourism for destinations. While there has been a growing awareness of the costs of tourism for the environment beyond the destination through examinations of the contributions of travel to greenhouse gas emissions (Gossling et al., 2005), little attention has been paid to the costs and benefits of travel for the tourists themselves.

The paper will argue that any complete analysis of tourism and quality of life needs to consider the impacts of tourism on the destination, on the larger environment, on the generating regions and on the tourists themselves. This paper is driven by the larger question of is tourism worth it at all? The paper will focus particularly on the impacts of tourism on the quality of life of tourists and asks the question can we justify any negative impacts from tourism if the benefits of travel for the tourist are at best limited, transient, and able to be achieved elsewhere, or even non-existent? To answer this question the paper will firstly review the concept of social representations and suggest that critical examination of tourism impacts may be limited by the social representations of tourism that academics hold. It will then report on the results of a qualitative analysis of alternative social representations of tourism. Finally, the paper will use concepts from the broader literature on quality of life and positive psychology to suggest a framework for conducting a more complete analysis of tourism's contribution to quality of life.


The Constitution vests the President of the United States with "power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment" (art. ii, sec. 2). The granting of pardons, reprieves, and other manifestations of the clemency power have been variously described as "entirely discretionary,"(1) "unilateral," "notoriously non-reciprocal,"(2) "virtually unassailable,"(3) "absolute,"(4) and "perhaps the most imperial" of presidential, powers.(5) On the other hand, these powers have also been described as "anomalous,"(6) "delicate,"(7) "shrouded in mystery," and "fraught with arbitrariness at a time when other aspects of our judicial system are becoming more open and fair pursuant to the dictates of the Due Process Clause."(8) Academic discussions of the clemency power typically trace its interesting origins and transformation in common law, its brief consideration at the Constitutional Convention, and subsequent developments in classic Supreme Court decisions.(9) Other scholars have focused on the exercise of clemency in such areas of law as the death penalty,(10) or have addressed more political concerns in highly publicized, controversial cases.(11) Current examinations of the clemency power do however share two common characteristics. They usually appear outside the social science journal format and rarely involve the analysis, or even presentation, of data.(12) This study briefly reviews the current literature with respect to the origins and development of executive clemency in the United States and explains procedural guidelines for federal clemency applications. An examination of the literature's more prominent explanations for the actions of the president follows. Summary statistics on clemency from the administration of William McKinley (in 1900) to that of George Bush are then provided. After a review of summary statistics more appropriate for comparative analysis (between administrations), attention is given to trends in clemency actions throughout the century. Concluding remarks address the importance of this study as well as the need for (and appropriateness of) multivariate statistical analyses of clemency decision making. Origins and Development of Executive Clemency At common law, the king possessed broad powers to pardon offenses, with or without condition, either before or after indictment, conviction, and sentencing.(13) Although the clemency power ultimately became an exclusive royal prerogative, the crown originally had many competitors vying for this power; including the church, the great earls, the feudal courts, and Parliament.(14) David Gray Adler notes "the pardon was not so much an act of grace as it was a tool of pecuniary and political aggrandizement. From the outset, the pardon was abused for personal gain."(15) The sale of pardons was a common abuse and pardons requiring fees occasionally allowed for the possibility of deferred payments.(16) Conditional pardons were used as a means of populating the colonies(17) and general pardons were customarily issued subsequent to declarations of war. Armies were supplemented by the forgiveness of homicides and felonies in return for one year's service in the military.(18) On one occasion, Edward III granted a "general and special pardon for all crimes, treason itself not excepted, without any fine, or paying of fees [and] set all debts to the crown, and prisoners for criminal matters at liberty" in order to celebrate his fiftieth year of rule.(19) The systematic abuse of the pardoning power and the "arbitrary and irrelevant" reasons supporting issuances provoked several complaints from Parliament.(20) Numerous defeats followed the first formal complaint in 1309 but, in 1389, Parliament enacted a statute that forbade the issue of pardons in the case of serious crimes unless the pardon specified the nature of the crime and contained the name of the culprit. …


Plausibly, if an object persists through time, then its later existence must be caused by its earlier existence. Many theists endorse a theory of continuous creation, according to which God is the sole cause of a creature's existence at a given time. The conjunction of these two theses rather unfortunately implies that no object distinct from God persists at all. What strategies for resolving this difficulty are available?


In conversational dialogue applications it is critical to understand the requests accurately. However, the performance of current speech recognition systems are far from perfect. In order to function effectively with imperfect speech recognition, an accurate confidence scoring mechanism should be employed. To determine a confidence score for a hypothesis, certain confidence features are combined. In this thesis, the performance of filler-model based confidence features have been investigated. Five types of filler model were defined: triphone-network, phonenetwork, phone-class network, 5-state catch-all model and 3-state catch-all model. First all models were evaluated in terms of their ability to correctly tag (recognitionerror or correct) recognition hypotheses. Here, the best performance was obtained from triphone recognition network. Then the performance of reliable combinations of these models were investigated and it was observed that certain reliable combinations of filler models could significantly improve the accuracy of the confidence annotation. On the practical side of the work, a dialogue management system was implemented for Turkish. For acoustic model training, a 3-hour speech data was collected. To increase the speech recogntion accuracy, some parameters were tied by using decision trees. For an accurate clustering, an efficient set of questions was constructed for Turkish triphones. With this setup we obtained %97.2 word recognition accuracy.


Animals clearly choose what they eat and can even choose among chemically different sugars. The physiological and biochemical mechanisms that constrain feeding choices are largely unknown. In this study, European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) preferred mixture solutions of D-glucose plus D-fructose to equimolar (double molar caloric value) solutions of sucrose. Intubation feeding of sucrose did not increase blood glucose levels. Sucrose is a useless energy source for these birds because they lack a single digestive enzyme (sucrase) on the small intestinal brush border membrane. However, the membranes possessed separate maltase and isomaltase disaccharidases. This expression pattern and expression patterns of membrane disaccharidases among mammals suggest a role for intestinal enzymes in the coevolutionary interactions between vertebrates and their plant food sources.


IP lookup affects the speed of an incoming packet and the time required to determine which output port the packet should be sent to; hence, it plays an important role in the design of router-tables. In this paper, we propose a new data structure, called a multi-prefix trie, for use in designing dynamic router-tables. One key feature of our data structure is that each node can store more than one prefix, which reduces the number of memory accesses. When performing lookup, the structure can search more prefixes in one node and may find the longest matching prefix in an internal node rather than on a leaf. Moreover, when updating the router-table, it does not need to reconstruct the table. As a by-product, the proposed data structure minimizes the time required for dynamic router-table operations, including lookup, insertion, and deletion, and also reduces the number of memory accesses. We report the results of experiments conducted to compare the proposed data structure with other structures using the benchmark IPv4 prefix database AS4637 with 219,581 prefixes. \end{abstract}


It is a remarkable fact that, in spite of the many voyages from Sydney Cove, Hobart Town, and Port Dalrymple to procure sealskins and sea-elephant oil, the only sources of information as to the incidents of these expeditions have been short reports in colonial newspapers and in official communications from Sydney to the Home Government. An old log bound in kangaroo skin and kept in the well-known hand-writing' of Captain James Kelly,describes the proceedings of two
voyages; first, that of the 'Brothers,' which is described hereafter,
and secondly that of the 'Mary and Sally' to Macquarie Island to
take sea-elephant oil and sealskins.


IIt is commonly recognized that South Africa has a severe shortage of adequately qualified and competent teachers, owing in part to the insufficient production of qualified new teachers by the higher education system. This study uses aggregate data from the Higher Education Management Information System (HEMIS) to analyse the trends and underlying correlates of first-time enrolments and graduations in initial teacher education (ITE) programmes in the public higher education system between 2004 and 2013. The paper investigates six research questions: (1) What are the trends in initial teacher education programme first-time enrolments and graduations? (2) Are enough individuals enrolling in initial teacher education qualification programmes? (3) Are enough qualified potential new teachers being produced to satisfy current and projected levels of teacher demand? (4) What does the demographic composition and geographic distribution of new ITE programme students and graduates look like, and how has it changed over time? (5) What are the relative roles of first-time enrolments and ITE programme throughput in explaining observed levels of teacher graduate production? (6) Which groups of ITE students have the highest/lowest completion rates and how do completion rates at distance institutions (Unisa) compare with those at contact institutions? The findings show that first-time enrolments in ITE programmes have grown rapidly since 2006, followed also by a moderate rise in ITE programme graduations from 2008 onwards. However, while both enrolments in, and graduations from, ITE programmes appear to be on an upward trend, growth in the former has largely been restricted to Unisa, South Africa's foremost distance learning institution, which now accounts for roughly half of all first time enrolment in initial teacher education programmes. This is potentially problematic for teacher graduate production since ITE programme throughput, while low overall in South Africa, is far lower still at Unisa than at contact institutions. It is therefore doubtful that the current rise in ITE programme enrolments will result in commensurate increases in ITE programme graduations. Despite current growth trends in ITE programme enrolments and graduations, South Africa is currently not producing sufficient numbers of teacher graduates. Projections indicate that the system could begin to produce sufficient numbers of graduates to satisfy projected teacher demand within the next decade, but only if current enrolment growth can be sustained without any drop in programme throughput rates. Yet, even if the country manages to produce sufficient numbers of ITE programme graduates in the next 10 years, it remains unlikely that the types of teacher graduates that are produced will be the same as the types of teachers that are most needed in the schooling system. This would be exacerbated by the fact that an ever-smaller percentage of new teacher graduates appear to enter the teaching profession in the public school system after graduating. To address South Africa's teacher supply shortfall, greater emphasis is needed on ensuring that ITE students complete their programmes, specialise in high-demand subject areas and phases, and transition into the teaching profession with minimal delay.


Alcohol abuse is the fourth leading cause of preventable death in the United States (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism [NIAAA], 2016). Alcohol affects us on a molecular, biological, and even societal level. Liver damage, cancer, and drunk driving accidents are only a few adverse consequences of alcohol abuse. Studies have also shown that alcohol abuse can damage the brain, in part by activating the central nervous system's immune system, leading to inflammation and demyelination. This damage may lead to alcohol-related psychiatric disorders, motor impairment, and cognitive disabilities. Studies have also shown that females tend to exhibit more damage with less alcohol consumption than males, and that genetic background influences sensitivity to the drug. Thus, studying alcohol addiction at a biological level with special care for how sex and genetic background influence this phenomenon is key to understanding addiction and delivering effective treatment. In the present experiment, I examined the brain's immune response to alcohol withdrawal by performing immunohistochemical analysis of microglial activation at two post-withdrawal time points in female C3H/HeJ inbred mice. In this experiment, alcohol dependence was induced using an ethanol-vapor exposure protocol shown previously in our lab to generate long-lasting impairment of spontaneous behavioral activity.


The most controversial aspect of the various attempts to automate legal tasks ('the computer as a robot lawyer') is the attempt to develop programs which give advice on the application of the law to a user's particular legal problem. These are usually called 'legal expert systems'. The first wave of artificial intelligence research of the 1950s and 1960s was characterised by attempts to create computer simulations of the basic building blocks of human intelligence. The second wave, which is still cresting, is characterised by a rejection of these 'generalist' notions of intelligence, replaced by a recognition of 'the primacy of expertise' or 'the primacy of domain knowledge'. This paper begins by considering the notion of legal expertise and the types of knowledge-based applications that might therefore be feasible and attractive in law. It then moves to a brief explanation of the components of an expert system. It concludes with an examination of some of the inherent limitations of the use of this technology because of the nature of legal reasoning, and a suggestion as to an appropriate way in which legal expert systems should be conceptualised. It concludes that the only feasible model is one based on the continuing interaction between an expert user-interpreter (a lawyer) and a semi-expert program, with control of the reasoning process alternating between the two partners to the interaction.


Program slicing provides explanations that illustrate how program outputs were produced from inputs. We build on an approach introduced in prior work, where dynamic slicing was defined for pure higher-order functional programs as a Galois connection between lattices of partial inputs and partial outputs. We extend this approach to imperative functional programs that combine higher-order programming with references and exceptions. We present proofs of correctness and optimality of our approach and a proof-of-concept implementation and experimental evaluation.


Ligand-gated ion channels are prototypic oligomeric membrane proteins whose stoichiometry determines their functional properties and subcellular localization. Deciphering the quaternary structure of such protein complexes is an arduous task and usually requires the combination of multiple approaches. ATP-gated P2X receptors are formed by the association of three subunits, but the quaternary arrangement of the seven P2X subunits at the plasma membrane remains poorly characterized. By combining bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, bifunctional fluorescence complementation and protein biochemistry, we developed an experimental approach that allows precise determination of rat P2X receptor quaternary assembly. We found that P2X5 subunits associate with P2X1, P2X2, and P2X4 subunits. We demonstrate that P2X5 and P2X2 subunits interact to form as yet uncharacterized heteromeric receptors with alternate stoichiometries, both present at the plasma membrane. P2X2/5 receptors display functional properties such as pore dilatation, membrane blebbing, and phosphatidylserine exposure that were previously thought to be characteristic hallmarks of the P2X7 receptor. In mouse, P2X2 and P2X5 subunits colocalize and physically interact in specific neuronal populations suggesting that other P2X receptors might contribute to cellular responses typically attributed to P2X7 receptor.


Abstract Literary critic Harold Bloom's concept of misprision, although difficult to translate into architectural terms, offers valuable insights into one way that architects critically engage with other designers' works through a process of creative misreading. Bloom stakes out a theory that governs both criticism and production. Misprision offers critics and historians another tool with which to explain the influence of one architect on another. The concept's pedagogical value includes a broadened understanding of the roles that precedent studies play in the design studio.


The problem of efficiently and accurately locating patterns of interest in massive time series data sets is an important and non-trivial problem in a wide variety of applications, including diagnosis and monitoring of complex systems, biomedical data analysis, and exploratory data analysis in scientific and business time series. In this paper a probabilistic approach is taken to this problem. Using piecewise linear segmentations as the underlying representation, local features (such as peaks, troughs, and plateaus) are defined using a prior distribution on expected deformations from a basic template. Global shape information is represented using another prior on the relative locations of the individual features. An appropriately defined probabilistic model integrates the local and global information and directly leads to an overall distance measure between sequence patterns based on prior knowledge. A search algorithm using this distance measure is shown to efficiently and accurately find matches for a variety of patterns on a number of data sets, including engineering sensor data from space Shuttle mission archives. The proposed approach provides a natural framework to support user-customizable "query by content" on time series data, taking prior domain information into account in a principled manner.


As digital communication devices play an increasingly prominent role in our daily lives, the ability to analyze and understand our communication patterns becomes more important. In this paper, we investigate a latent variable modeling approach for extracting information from individual email histories, focusing in particular on understanding how an individual communicates over time with recipients in their social network. The proposed model consists of latent groups of recipients, each of which is associated with a piecewise-constant Poisson rate over time. Inference of group memberships, temporal changepoints, and rate parameters is carried out via Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. We illustrate the utility of the model by applying it to both simulated and real-world email data sets.


INTRODUCTION
The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of YouTube as a learning tool for clinical procedures among third- and fourth-year dental students.

METHODS
A multiple choice survey was distributed through Qualtrics to third- and fourth-year dental students at 5 United States dental schools. Questions pertaining to YouTube use were asked related to the following categories: demographic information, general YouTube use, YouTube use as a tool to learn clinical procedures, YouTube video sharing, and validity. Descriptive and quantitative analyses were performed.

RESULTS
Data were collected in 2019 and 2020 from 479 third- and fourth-year dental students (overall response rate 28.3%). Respondents ranged in age from under 23 to over age 50. Ninety-five percent of respondents considered YouTube videos on clinical procedures to be a helpful learning tool, and 89% would like for their dental school to post tutorials to YouTube/social media. No statistically significant differences were found between dental institutions; however, a statistically significant difference between third- and fourth-year students did exist regarding the frequency of YouTube use. While the use of YouTube as a learning tool for clinical procedures is high, 36% of students are uncertain about the evidence-base of the videos.

CONCLUSIONS
As dental students use publicly available resources as adjuncts to the dental curriculum, it is important to analyze the quality of the material accessed. These findings may suggest a need for dental institutions to increase the development of evidence-based instructional videos as a part of their clinical educational curriculums.


China's change to a new model of growth, now called the 'new normal', was always going to be hard. Events over the past year show how hard it is. The attempts to moderate the extremes of high investment and low consumption, the correction of overcapacity in the heavy industries that were the mainstays of the old model of growth, the hauling in of the immense debt hangover from the fiscal and monetary expansion that pulled China out of the Great Crash of 2008 would all have been hard at any time. They are harder when changes in economic policy and structure coincide with stagnation in global trade and rising protectionist sentiment in developed countries, extraordinarily rapid demographic change and recognition of the urgency of easing the environmental damage from the old model. China's economy has slowed and there are worries that the authorities will not be able to contain the slowdown within preferred limits. This year's Update explores the challenge of the slowdown in growth and the change in economic structure. Leading experts on China's economy and environment review change within China's new model of growth, and its interaction with ageing, environmental pressure, new patterns of urbanisation, and debt problems at different levels of government. It illuminates some new developments in China's economy, including the transformational potential of internet banking, and the dynamics of financial market instability. China's economic development since 1978 is full of exciting change, and this year's China Update is again the way to know it as it is happening


Aortic root pathology is diverse, and it is the most common cause of aortic valve incom- petence in the United States. Aortic root surgery is undergoing continuous development and refinements. From the original description of Bentall on aortic root replacement, many advances have been made in the field of aortic root surgery. The surgical armamen tarium available today provides advanced repair options as well as replacement options for the aortic root. The aim of this chapter is to provide an insight into the basics of aortic root surgery as well as to further describes the current up-to-date solutions for aortic valve and aortic root pathologies.


We know very little about the people and institutions that make up the bulk of the United States civil justice system: state judges and state courts. Our understanding of civil justice is based primarily on federal litigation and the decisions of appellate judges. Staggeringly little legal scholarship focuses on state courts and judges. We simply do not know what most judges are doing in their day-to-day courtroom roles or in their roles as institutional actors and managers of civil justice infrastructure. We know little about the factors that shape and influence judicial practices, let alone the consequences of those practices for courts, litigants, and the public. From top to bottom, we can describe and theorize about our existing civil justice system in only piecemeal ways. Given legal scholarship's near-complete focus on federal civil courts, the stories we tell about the civil justice system may be based on assumptions and models that only apply in the rarefied world of federal court. Meanwhile, state judges and courts--which handle ninety-nine percent of all civil cases--are ripe for theoretical and empirical exploration.
In response, we call for more research aimed at increasing our understanding of state civil courts and judges and offer a theoretical framework to support this work, one that reflects how state courts differ from federal courts. This framework is grounded in a core fact of American civil justice, one both easily observed and largely overlooked: the majority of parties in state civil courts are unrepresented. Given this new pro se reality, our theoretical framework identifies four novel assumptions to guide future research: (1) the adversary process is disappearing; (2) most state court business is still conducted through in-person interactions between judges and parties; (3) the judicial role is ethically ambiguous in pro se cases; and (4) a largely static body of written law has not kept pace with the evolving and dynamic issues facing state courts. Building on the growth of empiricism and empirically grounded theory in traditional legal scholarship and access to justice research, we call on scholars to develop theory and gather data to map the new reality of civil justice and judging in America, and suggest questions to guide future research.


An improved method of U–Pb dating of vein calcite formed during deformation is used to determine the age and cause of folding along the south coast of England. Fractures arising from folding of Late Cretaceous Chalk of southern England occurred 34.7 ± 1.7 myr ago. Underlying Jurassic strata have veins within fractures with ages of 55, 48–42, 39–37, 34–31 and 25 Ma, with 34–31 Ma being the tectonic culmination. Folding was slightly younger than the age of the youngest strata in the overlying Solent Group, suggesting that folding terminated basin sedimentation. This age of north–south shortening is inconsistent with attribution to intraplate forces from the mainly younger Alps, but is plausibly a result of the Pyrenean Orogen, which evolved from 50 to 28 myr ago with a late Eocene culmination. A modified method for carbonate laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry U–Pb dating is presented that uses measured 232Th and 208Pb as a better monitor of common Pb, and it has distinct advantages over existing methods. Initial common lead determined on samples conforms closely to model compositions calculated by earlier workers, with free regressions giving the most robust dates. The modified method is applicable to structural geology, carbonate diagenesis and to dating of carbonate relevant to palaeo-environmental and archaeological studies. Supplementary material: Details of sample locations and characteristics, photographs of sample localities, microscopic images of veins, details of the experimental procedure and U–Pb data for all samples and reference materials are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3997086


The solution structure of the adduct derived from the covalent bonding of the fjord region (+)-(11S, 12R, 13R, 14S) stereoisomer of anti -11,12-dihydroxy-13,14-epoxy-11,12,13, 14-tetrahydrobenzo[g]chrysene, (+)- anti -B[g]CDE, to the exocyclic N(6)amino group of the adenine residue dA6, (designated (+)- trans-anti -(B[g]C)dA6), positioned opposite a thymine residue dT17 in the DNA sequence context d(C1-T2-C3-T4-C5-(B[g]C)A6-C7-T8-T9-C10-C11). d(G12-G13-A14-A15-G16-T17-G18-A19-G20++ +-A21-G22) (designated (B[g]C)dA. dT 11-mer duplex), has been studied using structural information derived from NMR data in combination with molecular dynamics (MD) calculations. The solution structure of the (+)- trans-anti -(B[g]C)dA.dT 11-mer duplex has been determined using an MD protocol where both interproton distance and dihedral angle restraints deduced from NOESY and COSY spectra are used during the refinement process, followed by additional relaxation matrix refinement to the observed NOESY intensities to account for spin diffusion effects. The results established that the covalently attached benzo[g]chrysene ring intercalates into the DNA helix directed towards the 5'-side of the modified strand and stacks predominantly with dT17 when intercalated between dC5.dG18 and (B[g]C)dA6.dT17 base-pairs. All base-pairs, including the modified (B[g]C)dA6.dT17 base-pair, are aligned through Watson-Crick pairing as in normal B -DNA. In addition, the potential strain associated with the highly sterically hindered fjord region of the aromatic portion of the benzo[g]chrysenyl ring is relieved through the adoption of a non-planar, propeller-like geometry within the chrysenyl ring system. This conformation shares common structural features with the related (+)- trans-anti -(B[c]Ph)dA adduct in the identical base sequence context, derived from the fjord region (+)-(1S,2R,3R,4S)-3, 4-dihydroxy-1,2-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[c]phenanthrene stereoisomer, in which intercalation is also observed towards the 5'-side of the modified dA6.dT17 base-pair.


The title is really just a fancy way of saying that I am going to attempt to describe the whole VM enchilada, hopefully in a way that everyone can follow. For the last year I have concentrated on a number of major kernel subsystems within FreeBSD, with the VM and Swap subsystems being the most interesting and NFS being "a necessary chore". I rewrote only small portions of the code. In the VM arena the only major rewrite I have done is to the swap subsystem. Most of my work was cleanup and maintenance, with only moderate code rewriting and no major algorithmic adjustments within the VM subsystem. The bulk of the VM subsystem's theoretical base remains unchanged and a lot of the credit for the modernization effort in the last few years belongs to John Dyson and David Greenman. Not being a historian like Kirk I will not attempt to tag all the various features with peoples names, since I will invariably get it wrong.


Over the past few years, Member States of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) have engaged in negotiations for concluding an international legal instrument on intellectual property and genetic resources. While developing countries have a major interest in securing through this instrument a mandatory requirement for applicants of IP rights over innovations that utilize genetic resources or associated tradi- tional knowledge to disclose their source or origin, certain developed countries that are major markets for such products are absolutely opposed to recognizing the disclosure requirement as an objective of the legal instrument under negotiation. Other developed countries are agreeable to a disclosure requirement with a narrow scope, broad exceptions, and weakened remedies against non-compliance. This Policy Brief analyses the current state of play in the negotiations considering the different positions as reflected in the draft negotiating text, as well as a proposal by the Chair of the WIPO intergovernmental committee where the negotiations are taking place, to bridge the difference and take the negotiations forward. This brief concludes that any meaningful international legal instrument on IP and GRs in WIPO must recognize the fundamental issue of misappropriation of GRs through the IP system that should be resolved through a mandatory disclosure requirement as the principal mechanism. It would also be critical to ensure that the WIPO instrument is coherent with other related international legal instru- ments such the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit-sharing; specialized instruments like the FAO Plant Treaty as well as related mechanisms or fora like the WHO (on use of pathogens as a genetic resource) and the United Nations Conven- tion for the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) negotiations on marine genetic resources beyond areas of national jurisdiction.


The iconic Torre Europa building in Madrid is currently under refurbishment. The envisaged works include the construction of a new entrance hall composed of two structural glass facades and a steel canopy above them. This paper focuses on the design and construction of the two structural glass facades, which are connected together at an angle of 100∘. These are made up of a number of laminated glass panels standing on the ground floor slab and stabilised by vertical glass fins. The connection between the cladding panels and the fins is resolved with embedded metal connectors. The top end of the fins is connected to an horizontal glass beam that extends along the two facades, thus forming an Lshape with both ends fixed to the primary structure of the building. This beam is a critical structural element that carries 50% of the wind load applied to the facades and may be also exposed to some vertical load such as snow.


Olfaction mediates many aspects of the bank vole's life. However, all the mechanisms are far from being fully understood. In the present context of habitat fragmentation, to study how olfactory cues can mediate its social processes, influence its active search for biotic resources and elicit its movements appears to be of major interest and is the main objective of this PhD-thesis. The research started with three behavioural experiments, performed under laboratory conditions. Bank voles were found to behave differently to scent marks according to the population of origin of the marker. They react more to odours from OPO conspecifics (i.e. members of an Other Population of Origin) than to odours from conspecifics belonging to their own population. A field enclosure experiment was then set up in order to study the ability of bank voles to distinguish between different artificial odours (i.e. extracted with methanol) sprayed on food. The results confirmed the attractiveness of OPO conspecific odours even extracted with methanol and tested in outdoor conditions. On the other hand, odours from terrestrial predators (i.e. weasel and red fox) were found to be strongly repulsive. The most attractive artificial olfactory marker (i.e. from OPO conspecific) and the most repulsive one (i.e. from weasel) were then tested on the spatial behaviour of voles. Both were used in a complex maze with attractive markers placed in pathways leading to the goal and repulsive markers placed in pathways to be avoided. Results obtained were inconclusive, none of the artificial marker showed an influence on movements of bank voles. As voles did not take heed of artificial markers while moving, we hypothesised that natural scented trails created by conspecifics, should direct the bank voles to the goal more efficiently than artificial markers did. However, the overall movements of bank voles were not significantly influenced by the presence of natural odours of conspecifics either. Original and convincing results were found on the use of olfaction in social and foraging contexts in bank voles. However, this four-year research did not come up with findings on whether and how olfactory cues can influence their spatial behaviour. The idea is worthwhile pursuing as proposed in the perspectives, and there is hope that in the future we may understand which elements elicit movements of bank voles for helping to counteract the impacts of habitat fragmentation on populations.


We used emotional expectancy to study attentional modulation in the processing of emotional stimuli. During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), volunteers saw emotional and neutral expectancy cues signaling the subsequent presentation of corresponding emotional or neutral pictorial stimuli. As a control, emotional and neutral pictures were presented without preceding expectancy cue, resulting in a 2 × 2 factorial design with the factors "expectancy" and "emotion." Statistical analysis revealed a significant positive interaction effect between these factors in the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC, Brodmann area [BA] 9/10), amygdala, and dorsal midbrain. In all these regions, expectancy augmented the neural response to emotional but not to neutral pictures. Time course analysis of raw data suggests that this augmented activation was not preceded by baseline increases in MPFC and amygdala during the period of emotional expectancy. In a post‐scanning session, the paradigm was presented for a second time to allow emotional intensity rating. Again, a significant interaction between expectancy and emotion was observed, with intensity ratings specifically enhanced in emotional photographs preceded by expectancy. There was a positive correlation between intensity ratings and blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) signals in the left amygdala. We conclude that specific components of the emotion network show enhanced activation in response to emotional stimuli when these are preceded by expectancy. This enhancement effect is not present in neutral pictures and might parallel accentuated subjective feeling states. Hum. Brain Mapp 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


As a scholar in a dance department, I am expected to produce words, not movement, scholarly research instead of choreography. While I have experimented with some forms that mix media, combining spoken scholarly text with choreographed or improvised movement, and presented these at several conferences, I do not think that research must be sung, painted, or danced in order to represent the influence of the arts. In this paper I will explore how my experience in dance is represented in my educational research. That experience includes more than thirty years of being in the audience as well as in the studio. Yet it is the lived experience of dancing that I have found to be most influential in my thinking and writing, and which has provided the metaphors that have helped me to understand my life and my work as a scholar.


As Electronic Component Technology advances, it has become possible to produce systems of vastly increased complexity with fewer components. This is nowhere more apparent than in the field of digital electronics, where a computer of fifteen years ago, comprising many thousands of transistors, has now been replaced by the microcomputer comprising several microchips. Consequently the present day computer is very much cheaper in real terms, and its reliability is also much higher. In many instances, the lo"ser cost and greater reliability of modern systems has resulted in new applications for
electronic equipment. In 1981, when the work described in this thesis began, the available image processin9 equipment was very expensive and required the use of a mainframe computer. This thesis describes the design of a low cost microprocessor-based image processing system, for the processing and display of satellite images.
The first objective of the work presented in this thesis was to investigate the feasibility of acquiring and processing Landsat image data using a microcomputer system. An initial prototype system was developed which proved that image data
could be usefully processed on a microcomputer system using a 256 by 256 pixel frame store.
A specification was then drawn up for a low cost system which could be used generally for remote sensing applications.
The hardware and software was specified to give a wide range of Image processing facilities within the restraints of low cost.
This thesis describes the design and development of the hardware and software for the resulting microprocessor-based
image processing system. Details are given for each sub-system, and for each software routine/program. The complete system is described, and details of the resulting image processing operations are presented.
Results of the image processing operations are included to demonstrate and validate the practical and philosophical tenets
developed and summarised in this thesis.


The continuously increasing energy intensity internationally is recognised as one of the greatest dangers the human race is facing nowadays with regards to future climate change and its detrimental consequences. Improving the intensity of energy consumption is an important step towards decreasing greenhouse gas emissions originating from fossil fuel-based electricity generation and consumption. As a result of this, South Africa took the bold step in 2010 to commit itself to the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in taking all the necessary actions to decrease the country's greenhouse gas emissions by 34% to below the "business-as-usual" scenario by 2020 (Republic of South Africa, 2010). In order to do so, the country has to substantially reduce its energy consumption. This should be done without affecting the economic output; however, major energy consumers might prefer to decrease their output in order to comply with the rules focusing on the reduction of energy use. In South Africa, harmful environmental effects are created mainly from the electricity consumption's unprecedented rise. The bulk of the country's greenhouse gas emissions (more than 60%) originate from the electricity generation sector which is heavily dependent on coal-fired power stations. The purpose of this study is to promote a benchmark-and-trade system to improve electricity efficiency in South Africa with the ultimate objective to improve the country's greenhouse gas emissions. The uniqueness of this study is two-fold. On the one side, South African policy-makers have rarely discussed or proposed the implementation of a cap-andtrade system. On the other side, the same mechanism has never been proposed regarding electricity efficiency. In order to do so, it is first required to acquire an in-depth knowledge of the electricity consumption and efficiency of the South African economy in its entirety and on a sectoral level. The key findings of the empirical analysis are as follows: A decreasing effect of electricity prices to electricity consumption existed during the period 1980 to 2005, contrary to the increasing effect of total output to electricity consumption. Also, the results indicated that the higher the prices, the higher the price sensitivity of consumers to changes in prices (price elasticity) and vice versa. The relationship between electricity consumption and electricity prices differ among various sectors. The findings of the exercise point towards ambiguous results and even lack of behavioural response towards price changes in all but the industrial sector, where electricity consumption increased with price decreases. On the other side, economic output affected the electricity consumption of two sectors (industrial and commercial) presenting high and statistically significant coefficients. Based on a decomposition exercise, the change in production was the main factor that increased electricity consumption, while efficiency improvement was a driver in the decrease of electricity consumption. In the sectoral analysis, increases in production were part of the rising electricity usage for all the sectors with 'iron and steel', 'transport' and 'non-ferrous metals' being the main contributors to the effect. On the decreasing side of consumption, only five out of fourteen sectors were influenced by efficiency improvements. The country's electricity intensity more than doubled from 1990 to 2007 and the country's weighted growth of intensity was higher than the majority of the OECD countries by a considerable margin. Also, nine of the thirteen South African sectors were substantially more intensive than their OECD counterparts. Although the picture presented is rather dismal, there is scope for improvement. This study proposes a sectoral benchmark-and-trade system. This system aspires to steadily improve the participants' efficiency performance by awarding the successful participants with monetary incentives through trading with the less successful ones. The benchmark is chosen to be subject to the average of OECD members for each sector. Depending on the sectors' performance compared with the standard chosen, they will be awarded credits or allowances to sell if they do better than the benchmark. If they are worse-off, they will have to buy credits in the market created. The price per credit will be determined by the interaction of demand and supply in the market. The findings of a comparison with a carbon tax system show that the proposed system benefits the majority of the sectors and gives them better incentives to change their behaviour and production methods to more efficient ones. The system also fulfils the desired characteristics of a benchmark-and-trade system: certainty of environmental performance; business certainty; flexibility; administrative ease and transparency.


This cross-linguistic study examines the use of aspectual perspective in the L1 vs L2 expression of simultaneity in two typologically different native languages, Tunisian Arabic and French. We contrast the linguistic devices employed and study the interaction between Tunisian Arabic L1 and French L2 in the acquisition of this temporal relation. Strongly inspired by the categorisation of Schmiedtova (2004), we identify different aspectual styles used in native speakers' and learners' productions. We observe that the learners' aspectual styles, as well as the types of adverbials selected, deviate from the French native speakers' styles (see also Chan et al., this volume, on L2 acquisition of aspect). Rather, they are comparable to their aspectual perspectives in their L1.


The Plant Information Center is a partnership of the North Carolina Botanical Garden, Unviersity of North Carolina (UNC) Herbarium, UNC School of Information and Library Science, McDougle Middle School, and Orange County Public Library. The intent of the Project is to connect the research community and the general public (including school children) to make greater use of primary research material and to nurture the public interest and enthusiasm in the study of trees, plants, and natural history. Four specific objectives include: 1) successful cooperation between the various institutions; 2) the development of an interactive Plant Information Center with a Web-based portal; 3) the development of lesson plans using primary research materials from the herbarium for 6th grade students; and, 4) a test of the usefulness of digital images of herbarium specimens for plant identification and for inspiring the public with the aims and methods of botanical science.


Simulation tools are intensively used in the design stage of diesel engines due to their contributions to significant savings in cost and time for the engine development. Since most of DI diesel engines are turbocharged, it is of vital importance to hold a good understanding of turbine and compressor characteristic to predict the engine performance accurately. However, this data is often not available from turbocharger manufacturers, particularly for turbines. On available turbine maps the operating range of the turbine is constrained due to limitations of conventional turbocharger test benches. Operations with a wider range of turbocharger pressure ratios can be achieved by employing complex turbocharger test benches, which will also lead to higher costs including hardware and labour.
An alternative solution is to develop numerical models for the turbocharger based on thermodynamics. In this thesis numerical models has been developed for predicting the performance of both the centrifugal compressors and turbines and they have been also validated using test cases, particularly for variable geometry turbines.
Following detailed parametric studies, the turbocharger model has been validated against experimental data of a turbocharger with a variable geometry turbine. Results showed that the model was capable of predicting the characteristics maps of the turbocharger accurately, requiring a minimal amount of turbocharger geometric properties, experimental data and calibration parameters. Thus, by combing with the engine performance simulation software there is a highly potential for the numerical model developed in this work to become a useful tool for predicting engine performance and turbo matching calculations or diagnostic applications.


Machine Learning (ML) algorithms are a standard component of modern software systems. The validation of data ingested and produced by ML components has become a central challenge in the deployment and maintenance of ML systems. Subtle changes in the input data can result in unpredictable behavior of an ML algorithm that can lead to unreliable or unfair ML predictions. Responsible usage of ML components thus requires well calibrated and scalable data validation systems. Here, we highlight some challenges associated with data validation in ML systems. We review some of the solutions developed to validate data at the various stages of a data pipeline in modern ML systems, discuss their strengths and weaknesses and assess to what extent these solutions are being used in practice. The research reviewed indicates that the increasing need for data validation in ML systems has driven enormous progress in an emerging community of ML and Data Base Management Systems (DBMS) researchers. While this research has led to a number of technical solutions we find that many ML systems deployed in industrial applications are not leveraging the full potential of data validation in practice. The reasons for this are not only technical challenges, but there are also cultural, ethical and legal aspects that need to be taken into account when building data validation solutions for ML systems. We identify the lack of automation in data validation as one of the key factors slowing down adoption of validation solutions and translation of research into useful and robust ML applications. We conclude with an outlook on research directions at the intersection of ML and DBMS research to improve the development, deployment and maintenance of ML systems.


This paper was inspired by looking at the central role of emotion in the learning process, its impact on students' performance; as well as the lack of affective computing models to detect and infer affective-cognitive states in real time for students with and without Asperger Syndrome (AS). This model overcomes gaps in other models that were designed for people with autism, which needed the use of sensors or physiological instrumentations to collect data. The model uses a webcam to capture students' affective-cognitive states of confidence, uncertainty, engagement, anxiety, and boredom. These states have a dominant effect on the learning process. The model was trained and tested on a natural-spontaneous affective dataset for students with and without AS, which was collected for this purpose. The dataset was collected in an uncontrolled environment and included variations in culture, ethnicity, gender, facial and hairstyle, head movement, talking, glasses, illumination changes, and background variation. The model structure used deep learning (DL) techniques like convolutional neural network and long short-termmemory. TheDL is the-stateof-art tool that used to reduce data dimensionality and capturing non-linear complex features from simpler representations. The affective model provides reliable results with accuracy 90.06%. This model is the first model to detected affective states for adult students with AS without physiological or wearable instruments. For the first time, the occlusions in this model, like hand over face or head were considered an important indicator for affective states like boredom, anxiety, and uncertainty. These occlusions have been ignored in most other affective models. The essential information channels in this model are facial expressions, head movement, and eye gaze. The model can serve as an aided-technology for tutors to monitor and detect the behaviors of all students at the same time and help in predicting negative affective states during learning process. INDEX TERMS Affective model, affective-cognitive states, autism, Asperger Syndrome, AS, CNN, deep learning, LSTM.


Background: The A3669G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene NR3C1 is associated with altered tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids (GCs). GCs modulate the food reward circuitry and are implicated in increased intake of palatable foods, which can lead to the metabolic syndrome and obesity. We hypothesized that presence of the G variant of the A3669G SNP would affect preferences for palatable foods and alter metabolic, behavioural, and neural outcomes. Methods: One hundred thirty-one adolescents were genotyped for the A3669G polymorphism, underwent anthropometric assessment and nutritional evaluations, and completed behavioural measures. A subsample of 74 subjects was followed for 5 years and performed a brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm to verify brain activity in response to food cues. Results: Sugar and total energy consumption were lower in A3669G G allele variant carriers. On follow-up, this group also had reduced serum insulin concentrations, increased insulin sensitivity, and lower anxiety scores. Because of our unbalanced sample sizes (31/37 participants non-G allele carriers/total), our imaging data analysis failed to find whole brain-corrected significant results in between-group ttests. Conclusion: These results highlight that a genetic variation in the GR gene is associated, at the cellular level, with significant reduction in GC sensitivity, which, at cognitive and behavioral levels, translates to altered food intake and emotional stress response. This genetic variant might play a major role in decreasing risk for metabolic and psychiatric diseases.


The climbing fibre synaptic input to cerebellar Purkinje cells is remarkable is several respects. It is one of the most powerful connections in the nervous system, being composed of hundreds of synaptic contacts from a single presynaptic axon, which are widely distributed across the Purkinje cell's highly branched main dendrites. Activation of this input triggers prominent calcium spikes in the Purkinje cell's dendrites together with a distinctive burst of rapid spikes in the soma, known as the complex spike. The mechanism of complex spike generation is not yet understood; in particular the contribution of each of these specialisations is unknown. The work presented in my thesis demonstrates that, unexpectedly, the complex spike firing pattern is largely determined by input size alone. The dendritic location of synaptic input and generation of dendritic spikes are not required for complex spike generation. I demonstrate that dendritic spikes are not directly linked to spikelets in the complex spike, and that each dendritic spike triggers only 0.24\pm0.09 extra somatic spikelets. I also describe the voltage sensitivity of the complex spike pattern and how the pattern can be understood as the result of axonal spike initiation followed by backpropagation to the soma. I present data that demonstrates that the dendritic distribution of input is required to reliably trigger dendritic spikes, which are known to play an important role in Purkinje cell intrinsic and synaptic plasticity. Further, I identify a new role for climbing fibre triggered dendritic calcium spikes: regulation of the length of the post-complex spike pause in spontaneous firing. Together, this work demonstrates that the axo-somatic and dendritic compartments of the Purkinje cell act largely separately during the complex spike, the former generating a rapid, reliable burst of action potentials, the latter producing a biochemical calcium signal through dendritic calcium spike generation.


The 2540-foot long, multi-span, curved I10/215 interchange bridge near San Bernardino was extensively instrumented by the California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program (CSMIP) in cooperation with the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). The locations of the sensors on this freeway interchange bridge were carefully planned to achieve specific instrumentation objectives. Significant sets of strong-motion records were obtained from this bridge during the magnitude 7.5 Landers and the magnitude 6.6 Big Bear earthquakes of June 28, 1992. The epicenters of these earthquakes were about 50 and 30 miles (80 and 48 km) from the bridge, respectively. The maximum ground acceleration at the bridge was about 0.10 g for both earthquakes. The relative motion of the deck across the hinges was recorded and is characterized by sharp spikes in the acceleration records with a peak value as high as 0.81 g during the Landers and 1.02 g during the Big Bear earthquake. Without the spikes the peak acceleration on the bridge would be about 0.40 g during the Landers and 0.30 g during the Big Bear earthquake. The Landers records show that the bridge structure had a period of about 1.7 seconds in the transverse direction and 1.0 second in the longitudinal direction. The maximum relative displacement between the deck and the footing of a 57-foot column was about 16 cm in the transverse direction and 5 cm in the longitudinal direction during the Landers earthquake. The maximum relative displacement across one of the hinges during the Landers earthquake was 1.2 cm in the transverse direction and 3.6 cm in the longitudinal direction.


To what extent does the First Amendment impose limits on the permissible scope of tort liability? Until recently, the clear answer would have been, "only under very limited circumstances." During the last few decades, however, the First Amendment has been so greatly expanding its empire that giving this answer is no longer possible. "All bets are off" would be a more accurate answer, because the forms of speech to which the Supreme Court has extended First Amendment protection have become impressively broad. Although existing First Amendment restrictions on the permissible scope of tort liability currently are limited, the very existence of those restrictions confirms that many torts involving speech potentially are subject to First Amendment protection. And many torts do involve speech – the duty to warn about the dangers of prescription drugs, fraud, and even some forms of simple negligence are just a few examples.

If the First Amendment of the future limited all or even many of these different constitutionally unprotected forms of tort liability, then its scope would be pervasive. We contend, however, that neither existing First Amendment doctrine nor sensible constitutional policy supports extending free speech protection to torts that are accomplished through speech, except in extremely narrow circumstances. Extending First Amendment protection to such torts would aggravate what we argue are two of the principal risks posed by First Amendment imperialism: the erosion of the cultural distinction between truth and falsity, and devaluation of the status of speech about matters of public concern. Our contention is that most of the forms of speech involved in torts that are accomplished through speech currently are, and should remain, excluded from First Amendment protection. To support this contention, we examine the First Amendment's extension to previously unprotected forms of speech over the last three-quarters of a century, compare the new First Amendment protections to the doctrinal elements of a series of torts that always or often are accomplished through speech, and argue that it would make little sense, as a matter of tort or constitutional law, to restrict liability for those torts on First Amendment grounds.


We adopt the perspective that product design is a social activity: the outcome of an organized human effort to transform a set of requirements into a reality. It requires the collaboration of a wide range of individuals and stakeholders, each with different competencies, knowledge, responsibility and interests. Our focus is on the structured methods developed within the engineering design community to manage the product design and development process. Empirical observations of the product development process within a design consultancy show how they are used, patterned and shaped by participants in many different ways, with an array of intangible as well as tangible benefits.


This paper discusses methods for assigning codewords for the purpose of fingerprinting digital data (e.g., software, documents, and images). Fingerprinting consists of uniquely marking and registering each copy of the data. This marking allows a distributor to detect any unauthorized copy and trace it back to the user. This threat of detection will deter users from releasing unauthorized copies. A problem arises when users collude: For digital data, two different fingerprinted objects can be compared and the differences between them detected. Hence, a set of users can collude to detect the location of the fingerprint. They can then alter the fingerprint to mask their identities. We present a general fingerprinting solution which is secure in the context of collusion. In addition, we discuss methods for distributing fingerprinted data.


The design and interpretation of prevalence studies rely on point estimates of the performance characteristics of the diagnostic test used. When the test characteristics are not well defined and a limited number of tests are available, such as during an outbreak of a novel pathogen, tests can be used either for the field study itself or for additional validation to reduce uncertainty in the test characteristics. Because field data and validation data are based on finite samples, inferences drawn from these data carry uncertainty. In the absence of a framework to balance those uncertainties during study design, it is unclear how best to distribute tests to improve study estimates. Here, we address this gap by introducing a joint Bayesian model to simultaneously analyze lab validation and field survey data. In many scenarios, prevalence estimates can be most improved by apportioning additional effort towards validation rather than to the field. We show that a joint model provides superior estimation of prevalence, as well as sensitivity and specificity, compared with typical analyses that model lab and field data separately.


Foreign language-medium instruction at tertiary level is receiving great attention in our decade. Thus, this study examines the significance of the following psychological factors for Turkish students enrolled in tertiary education: (i) sense of achievement, (ii) motivation, and (iii) anxiety. In particular, it focuses on the perceptions of Turkish students receiving tertiary education by an English-medium instruction (EMI) or a French-medium instruction (FMI). The study also focuses on the impact of context on students' perceptions. To collect data, students enrolled in an EMI (N = 144) and FMI (N = 214) were administered a five-point Likert scale survey. Seventeen students were also interviewed for this study, and they represented one Turkish public university and two private universities. The study revealed that the students in both contexts had a higher sense of achievement, motivation, and low level of anxiety whilst receiving foreign language as the medium of instruction. Regarding the contextual difference, however, although the EMI and FMI students both perceived themselves successful, the former was found to be more motivated, whereas the latter was found to be more anxious. This paper discusses the implications of these findings as well as giving suggestions for further research.


The chariot changed the face of ancient warfare. First in West Asia and Egypt, then in India and China, charioteers came to dominate the battlefield. Its use as a war machine is graphically recounted in Indian epics and Chinese chronicles. Homer's Iliad tells of the attack on Troy by Greek heroes who rode in chariots. In 326 BC Alexander the Great faced charioteers in northern India, while in 55 BC, on a Kent beach, Julius Caesar was met by British chariots. Because of the danger involved, chariot racing attracted hundreds of thousands of spectators. So enthusiastic were they that the Roman emperor Nero could not resist driving his own ten-horse chariot at the Olympic Games: he fell out but still won the prize. Rivalry between groups of spectators at chariot races often ignited urban riots. In Constantinople, in 532 AD, a three-day disturbance left 30,000 dead.


The Bighorn Mountains consist of a relatively well-isolated north-south mountain range in north-central Wyoming that had their origins during the early Cenozoic era, 50-65 million years ago. The present-day Bighorn range is more than 100 miles in length and has a maximum elevation of 13,167 feet (Cloud Peak), only slightly less than the highest peak in Wyoming (Gannett Peak, at 13,804 feet). The mountains are flanked to the west by the Bighorn River basin, and to the east by the Powder River basin, both of which support only semi-desert vegetation dominated by sagebrush. Elevations of the Powder River basin near the Montana border and the Bighorn River near Worland are below 3,700 feet, and annual precipitation at Worland averages less than ten inches annually. The nearly 10,000-foot range of regional elevations and associated climate variations have produced a wide variation of terrestrial vegetation types. The mountains are still largely covered with native grasslands and mostly coniferous forest vegetation, the latter ranging from juniper scrub at low altitudes through ponderosa and lodgepole pines at middle elevations, to subalpine fir, Engelmann spruce and limber pine transitional to alpine tundra, which begins at 9,800–11,400 feet. Most of the still-forested areas lie within the 1.1 million-acre Bighorn National Forest. We defined the Bighorn region as encompassing or about 6,800 square miles (latilong blocks 4 and 5), and determined that at least 327 bird species have been reliably reported from the region, plus 15 species of hypothetical status. This compared with a total of 427 species reported for all of Wyoming as of 2010 (Faulkner, 2010). Breeding within the region has been confirmed for 190 species. Among the breeders, 77 species have breeding ranges that were classified as to having an either clearly eastern-oriented or western-oriented affinity in North America. Of these, 55 (71 percent) were judged to be western-oriented and 22 (29 percent) eastern-oriented, indicating that the strongest zoogeographic affinities of Bighorn region birds are with western North America. Species descriptions indicate relative abundance, breeding status by latilong, locality/date records for rarer species, and other relevant information. Many regional birding areas are described and mapped, and results of recent regional breeding bird surveys and seasonal bird counts are summarized. Line drawings illustrate representatives of each of the 53 avian families documented for the region, and there are more than 60 literature citations. 5


Recent multichannel seismic reflection data acquired offshore southwest Taiwan identify active extension along a deep-seated normal fault in the precollision setting of the Taiwan arc-continent collision. While ubiquitous minor flexural faulting may be observed in the Taiwan foreland, these new data image a listric, rift basin–bounding normal fault that penetrates deep into the crust and forms a significant fault scarp with ∼850 m of relief near the continental shelf break southwest of the Taiwan collision zone. These observations, along with new geodynamic models of collision between a subduction zone and a young passive margin, indicate that the recent extension may be the expression of plate bending in continental crust as thin transitional crust subducts at the Manila Trench. A similar extensional episode prior to the onset of arc-continent collision ca. 6.7 Ma has been identified in rift basins of the southern Chinese margin near Taiwan, further suggesting that collision may be preceded by bending-related extension of the continental shelf. The Lishan fault, a major structural and morphologic boundary in the Taiwan orogen, may have been a similar rift basin–bounding fault before being reactivated during the Taiwan arc-continent collision. In this scenario, the Lishan fault divides Taiwan into a western domain representing collision of the thick crust of the continental shelf and an eastern domain representing subduction and collision of thin transitional crust along the continental slope with the Manila Trench.


We did the pilot study, in an attempt to determine the prevalence of HIT in Indians and determine its relationship, if any, to FcγRIIa polymorphism, the occurrence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) was investigated in 33 Indian patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery (CVS) who received unfractionated heparin (UFH). Platelet counts were performed prior to the initiation of UFH therapy and 5-16 days, post-therapy. The fall in patients' platelet count >35% of the baseline value or <100,000 mL-1 was considered to be suggestive of HIT syndrome. Heparin-induced platelet aggregation (HIPA), Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and Serotonin Release Assay (SRA) tests were performed in all the patients to detect the antibodies formed against the heparin and platelet factor 4 complex (H-PF4). DNA analysis for FcγRIIa polymorphism was done by allele specific PCR. Thrombocytopenia was found to be present in 10 (30%) patients. Of these, 5 patients were found to be positive by HIPA, ELISA and SRA tests. These 5 patients were considered to have classic HIT syndrome. One of these patients had bleeding while the others were asymptomatic. One of the HIT positive patients was found to be homozygous for FcγRIIaHis/ His polymorphism and others were heterozygous, had one defective allele with single amino acid change (Arg 131 His) at FcγRIIa platelet receptor. Frequency of occurrence of homozygous (FcγRIIaHis/ His) and heterozygous (FcγRIIaArg/ His) polymorphism was higher in patients with HIT (100%) than in the normal population (68%). The prevalence of HIT in the pilot study (15%) was higher than that in the west (5%) but comparable to that from Japan (12%) (14). However, the Occurance of FcγRIIa polymorphism in Indian (68%) was higher than in the east (51%) and comparable to that in the west (78%). Thus it appears that the FcγRIIa polymorphism may have some relation to occurrence of HIT. Higher prevalence of FcγRIIa polymorphism in Indian may predispose to higher prevalence of HIT in India. Thus, it is recommended that, heparin-treated patients should be routinely tested for not only aPTT but also for platelet count, HPF4 antibodies and FcγRIIa polymorphism analysis. From the pilot study, it shows that absence of FcγRIIa receptor polymorphism may suggest low or negligible risk of development of HIT antibodies. However, further studies required with more patients using the same protocol.


While researchers have been exploring automatic presentation capture since the 1990's, real world adoption has been limited. Our research focuses on simplifying presentation capture and retrieval to reduce adoption barriers. ProjectorBox is our attempt to create a smart appliance that seamlessly captures, indexes, and archives presentation media, with streamlined user interfaces for searching, skimming, and sharing content. In this paper we describe the design of ProjectorBox and compare its use across corporate and educational settings. While our evaluation confirms the usability and utility of our approach across settings, it also highlights differences in usage and user needs, suggesting enhancements for both markets. We describe new features we have implemented to address corporate needs for enhanced privacy and security, and new user interfaces for content discovery.