Reaching the world through distance education is the current trend of education. However, distance education is different than the traditional mode of education as it involves physical separation between the learner and the teacher. Thus, facilitating learning in a distance required the use of different knowledge, skills and attitudes. Distance education tutor is one of the main elements to the success of distance education; therefore, it is important for tutors to equip themselves with appropriate skills and knowledge. This study aims to explore the roles and competencies of distance education tutors from students' perspective. A comprehensive list of distance education tutor's roles,and competencies focus on Berge four areas of study, namely pedagogical role, social role, managerial role and technical role was provided to students in order to rate the importance of each role and competency, to study perception of students with different background (course, demographic and general information) for the roles and competencies of tutors and to find out whether there is any gap exists between tutors' required and acquired competencies. The identification of specific roles and competencies within a discipline serves as a useful guide in creating effective professional development. The study used quantitative research methodology. Among the employed statistic were non-parametric statistic with means calculation; standard deviation; frequency distribution; T-Test; ANOVA and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation. A total of 128 distance education students studying in eight learning centers provided by Center for External Education or Pusat Pendidikan Luar (PPL), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) in Sabah and Sarawak had participated in this study. The average means score for each role and competency were calculated and ranked according to their importance. The result showed that "Social Role" (total means = 28.16) was the most important role for a distance education tutor to perform, while "Managerial Competencies" (total means = 31.42) was the most important competencies they should possess. The findings indicated that it is important for distance education tutors to take into consideration the different needs and priorities shown by different groups of students, such as their gender, their field of study, the distance between their house and the learning center, their level of experience with Internet tools and their level of interaction with their tutors outside the tutorial session, with the roles and competencies of their distance education tutors. It has also been found that gaps existed between the required and acquired competencies among distance education tutors, with the biggest gap in "Pedagogical Competencies" and the smallest in "Social Competencies".


Fibronectin (FN) is transactivated by human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E6 via the induction of c-Jun-ATF-2 complexes binding to the cyclic AMP response element (CRE) in the FN promoter. The present study analyzed c-Jun regulation of FN gene expression. Northern and immunoblot analyses showed that c-Jun expression was enhanced in HPV16-E6-expressing cells. However, mouse 10T1/2 cell lines overexpressing c-Jun showed an inverse correlation between the expression levels of c-Jun and those of FN. Luciferase assays indicated that the FN promoter was strongly repressed in c-Jun-overexpressing mouse 10T1/2 cells. Deletion and mutation analyses of the FN promoter revealed that repression of the FN promoter by c-Jun depends on the CRE located at -160 relative to the start site of transcription. Supershift assays of CRE-bound complexes from HPV16-E6-expressing and c-Jun-overexpressing cells suggested that the presence of ATF-2 in the complexes binding to CRE was required for the transactivation of the FN gene. Collectively, our study suggests that the FN gene can be either transactivated or repressed by c-Jun depending on the cell context.


In the first modern biography of Lord Mansfield (1705-1793), Norman Poser details the turbulent political life of eighteenth-century Britain's most powerful judge, serving as chief justice for an unprecedented thirty-two years. His legal decisions launched England on the path to abolishing slavery and the slave trade, modernized commercial law in ways that helped establish Britain as the world's leading industrial and trading nation, and his vigorous opposition to the American colonists stoked Revolutionary fires. Although his father and brother were Jacobite rebels loyal to the deposed King James II, Mansfield was able to rise through English society to become a member of its ruling aristocracy and a confidential advisor to two kings. Poser sets Mansfield's rulings in historical context while delving into Mansfield's circle, which included poets (Alexander Pope described him as "his country's pride"), artists, actors, clergymen, noblemen and women, and politicians. Still celebrated for his application of common sense and moral values to the formal and complicated English common law system, Mansfield brought a practical and humanistic approach to the law. His decisions continue to influence the legal systems of Canada, Britain, and the United States to an extent unmatched by any judge of the past. An illuminating account of one of the greatest legal minds, Lord Mansfield presents a vibrant look at Britain's Age of Reason through one of its central figures.


A novel sol-gel process has been developed for producing transparent conductive tin dioxide films and for their application to polymer substrates.
Initially, tin oxide was produced by hydrolysis of tin tetrachloride using amended versions of methods found in the literature. The tin oxide produced from the procedure did not adhere well to glass and was not transparent. The procedure was also very time consuming.
Preliminary experiments using tin bis (acetylacetonate) dichloride as a precursor were very promising and all efforts were soon concentrated on that route. After a lot of experimentation optimising the method, it was found that colloids capable of producing conductive transparent tin oxide coatings were obtained approximately 10 days after beginning the procedure.
Indium and antimony dopants were added to the tin oxide at the sol-gel stage in order to investigate their effect on the DC conductivities of the tin oxide coatings. Bulk conductivities in the ranges 1 to 100 Sm[sup]-1 and 13 to 800 Sm[sup]-1 were obtained for p- and n-type doped annealed tin oxide coatings on glass substrates respectively. The percentage transparencies of the coatings remained high for unannealed coatings (~80%) but decreased to ~ 40% after annealing.
Polymer pre-treatments were carried out on the poly (methyl methacrylate), polycarbonate and poly (ethylene terephthalate) substrates. The contact angles and surface energies of the substrates were studied to investigate the effects of the surface pre-treatment techniques. Treatment of the poly (methyl methacrylate) and poly (ethylene terephthalate) substrates consisted of hydrolysis by aqueous sodium hydroxide. A combination of UV/ozone oxidation was used for the polycarbonate substrates.
The tin oxide coatings were applied to the polymer substrates by spin-coating, solvent casting and spray coating. From optical microscopy studies, it was shown that the spin-coated films were the most uniform and least cracked. To further increase the adhesion of the coatings on the polymeric substrates, a systematic study was made of the effects of coupling agents, both on the substrate surfaces and in the sol-gel solutions themselves. Short pulses of heating were given to the coatings in an infrared furnace. The annealing did not increase the bulk conductivities greatly but the coatings retained a very high transparency (greater than 90%). To investigate the effect of infrared annealing on tin oxide powder, it was shown from X-ray diffraction that the crystallinity of the tin oxide increased significantly as a result of annealing in the infrared furnace.


Using qualitative research methods, this paper explores the role of social capital in affecting the health of an urban neighborhood undergoing redevelopment in East Baltimore, Maryland. Descriptive secondary data on redevelopment, health, and social capital in East Baltimore, Maryland and health in Baltimore City, Maryland are presented. The authors show how the private institution driving redevelopment in this neighborhood affects and is affected by the social capital of this community (communitarian and institutional forms of social capital). Next, primary ethnographic data from informal/unstructured interviews, focus groups, a listening project, and in-depth key informant interviews are presented. These data show how local government affects the institutional social capital in this community. The qualitative results describe a current state:public relationship in East Baltimore that reflects insufficient institutional social capital (i.e. power to influence government institutions) in this community. Data show a community with minimal bridging social capital with the state government or the private developer in their community. Furthermore, residents feel that the bonding social capital between some community associations leads to mistrust of community leaders who represented them at negotiations with the state or the large private developer. This framework is used to evaluate how the political, economic and cultural context of a community affects its social capital and in turn the health of neighborhoods undergoing redevelopment.


Advances in the relative labor market position of black men stagnated in the 1980s, after nearly four decades of steady improvement. The structural change of the early 1980s was particularly costly for black men. Past research shows that black men faced a substantially higher risk of job displacement than white men during this period. In contrast, we provide evidence that the black disadvantage in the incidence of displacement narrowed over the 1980s and vanished by 1992-93. We document this change over the past decade and analyze its potential causes. We also examine trends in the probability of survey date employment and post-displacement earnings losses. Our analysis, based on the 1984 to 1994 Displaced Worker Surveys, shows that over the 1980s and continuing into the 1990s, racial differences in the risk of job displacement narrowed significantly. In the early 1980s recession, the displacement rate for black men employed full-time was 7.05 percent, 43.9 percent higher than the white male displacement rate of 4.9 percent. In 1992-93, the black displacement rate was 4.02 percent, 2.7 percent lower than the white rate of 4.13 percent. The characteristics of job displacement were notably different in the 1990s than in the 1980s. Perhaps the most important difference was that white-collar workers faced a higher risk of losing their jobs in the 1990s than in the 1980s. At the same time, semi-skilled blue-collar workers experienced a substantial reduction in the likelihood of job loss in the slack labor market period in the 1990s as compared to their dramatic job losses of the early 1980s. These trends, combined with the underrepresentation of black men in white-collar occupations and overrepresentation of black men in semi-skilled blue-collar occupations, contributed to the decline in the black/white displacement rate gap in the 1990s. A substantial part of the decline in the aggregate racial gap was due to large reductions in the racial displacement rate gaps within occupations. When we consider the roles of education, region and industry, we find that there were large decreases in the displacement rate gap within most categories. The decline in the probability of job displacement for blacks relative to whites was not confined to only a few types of jobs, sectors of the economy or regions of the country. The relative and absolute decline in displacement rates for black men is an improvement in their labor market situation. Our view of this improvement is tempered by our finding that black relative post-displacement outcomes remained largely unchanged over the decade.


Matters which concerning autonomous demand in that acute good area of specialty and also idiosyncrasy along with all implication generating is because of one of the parties (central) tend to its dominant position to formulation. This matter result natural area of stagnation in its growth
of him because various concept giving emphasis uniformity, simultaneity, goals, and various policy pattern which very centralistic. In context that way, area become region of subordination stiff, slow going, and less innovative.
But that way, in execution of area autonomy both for having the character of special and also is special of special autonomous or in some area in Indonesia, so far is true not yet shown change effort go to repair of and performance of optimal its function. Careful of problem above, assumed several things draw to be checked and studied by more circumstantial is how in fact early special autonomous discourse appearance of Bali and what really become special
autonomous target or orientation in Bali Province.
This research is executed in order to description and analysis special autonomous discourse of Bali. Indicator Research pursuant to responder orientation including and also input of output, this research of descriptive research type to use with technique analysis data qualitative. Research location in the Bali Regency, while file obtained to pass observation, documentation and interview. This research is executed since June till July 2008.
Result of research [at] responder relate to special autonomous discourse of Bali to show that level of understanding to special autonomous discourse of very low Bali. But in general responder feel to like to special autonomous discourse issue of Bali in responder meaning hope given of special autonomy for the Bali of, Bali can become better and can manage Bali Province as according to its requirement. Other side there is feeling disappointment to local political actors which assumed is not transparent and lack of socialization whereof which is fought for in special autonomy of Bali, which is on its there is which disagree with special autonomy of Bali. As for result of research becoming the reason of Bali claim special autonomy is problem of is division of result of tourism service by inequitable assumed central government, Bali spelled out
members by inequitable small Regency so that if autonomy of putting down in Sub-Province level town hence which ought to is autonomy of putting down at level of Province and problem of Balinese culture which is very different from other cultures exist in Indonesia hence to take care of and everlasting it need Bali given by special autonomy to arranging it.
Then, can be taken by conclusion that special autonomous discourse of Bali still not yet flatten and only at just certain political elite. Researcher expect continuation of this research, utilize to know and study deeper about at the opposite of special autonomous discourse appearance of
Bali, do only relied on unsatisfied of is division of tourism service, consideration of local politics and problem of culture or there is the other.


Nonlinear interaction of coherent intensive optical radiation with continuous resonant photonic crystal (RPC) is analytically and numerically studied in the framework of semiclassical approach using the two-wave Maxwell–Bloch equations. The analytical solution being the gap soliton of self-induced transparency is obtained in the case of an initially unexcited continuous RPC. This solution is confirmed numerically. Influence of both initial inversion and resonant atom concentration function profile on the pulse dynamics in continuous RPC is analyzed. Suppression of the Bragg reflection and a "quasi-linear" 2π pulse propagation in the case of zero initial inversion in continuous RPC is shown. The possibility of laser pulse compression using slow spatial changing of resonant atom concentration is demonstrated.


Significant increases (x10) in both speed and gain of the beam fanning process were obtained via three different methods in SBN and BSKNN. These methods involve the creation of a dc electric field either (1) externally, (2) by the pyroelectric effect, or (3) by thermally cycling the crystal and the presence of laser radiation. The enhanced effects were observed for both ordinary and extraordinary polarized light.


This study creates new knowledge regarding the impact of European colonization on Indigenous (Aboriginal, First Nations, Inuit, Metis) families in Canada. It particularly focuses on the issues in families whose children were forcibly removed by the government to institutions called residential schools. Members of Indigenous families voluntarily attended a family therapy practice which utilized a family systems approach and was uniquely based in the Indigenous worldview. This worldview is spiritually centered, child based, and sees relationships as important in the family as the individuals themselves. The study is a qualitative inquiry utilizing social construction theory that asks what might be possible when using Indigenous knowledge together with systemic family therapy to heal Indigenous families impacted by colonization and genocide. What kinds of knowledge emerged from the Kahwa:tsire family therapy practice? What culturally sensitive approaches were used? And is this model of healing transferable to other marginalized families? The research applied reflexive analyses, both collaborative and self reflective, to analyze the results of the Indigenous methodologies applied with the families; narratives such as storytelling, performances in art, drama, music and writing, and circle format work. The therapist used a collaborative constructionist approach with the families. The conclusions of the study named eleven meta-themes of the Indigenous families. Three meta-themes overarch the others; Trauma and Loss from Genocide, Residential School Family Trauma and Loss, and Unresolved Intergenerational Issues of Trauma and Loss. Eight meta-themes follow these; Relationship Challenges, Healing Victimized Women and Children, Healing Adult Children, Collective Anger and the Emotional Aspect, Learned Helplessness and Powerlessness, Attachment Challenges, Lateral Violence, and Decolonization as an Outcome. The basic principles of this model are described with the understanding they can be applied with other marginalized families. The outcome of this study provides information for the healing of Indigenous families in Canada. The information supports the current desire to reclaim Indigenous cultural and family identities, and by doing so, create a change in the relationship between the colonizers/settlers and Indigenous people that will benefit everyone. *Pronounced 'Gah wah jud lay'. This is a Mohawk Haudensaunee word for family, and translates as 'we are wrapped together as family'.


The gravitational-wave (GW) sky may include nearby pointlike sources as well as astrophysical and cosmological stochastic backgrounds. Since the relative strength and angular distribution of the many possible sources of GWs are not well constrained, searches for GW signals must be performed in a model-independent way. To that end we perform two directional searches for persistent GWs using data from the LIGO S5 science run: one optimized for pointlike sources and one for arbitrary extended sources. The latter result is the first of its kind. Finding no evidence to support the detection of GWs, we present 90% confidence level (CL) upper-limit maps of GW strain power with typical values between 2-20x10^-50 strain^2 Hz^-1 and 5-35x10^-49 strain^2 Hz^-1 sr^-1 for pointlike and extended sources respectively. The limits on pointlike sources constitute a factor of 30 improvement over the previous best limits. We also set 90% CL limits on the narrow-band root-mean-square GW strain from interesting targets including Sco X-1, SN1987A and the Galactic Center as low as ~7x10^-25 in the most sensitive frequency range near 160 Hz. These limits are the most constraining to date and constitute a factor of 5 improvement over the previous best limits.


_______________________________________ The relative behavior of surface-crown fire spread rate modeling systems used in three fire management applications—CFIS (Crown Fire Initiation and Spread), FlamMap and NEXUS— is compared using fire environment characteristics derived from a dataset of destructively measured canopy fuel and associated stand characteristics. Although the surface-crown modeling systems predict the same basic fire behavior characteristics (type of fire, spread rate) using the same basic fire environment characteristics, their results differ considerably. Across the range of inputs used in these comparisons, CFIS predicted the highest incidence of crown fire and the highest resulting spread rates, whereas FlamMap predicted the lowest crown fire incidence and lowest spread rates. NEXUS predictions fell between those two systems.


Background: Aesthetic facial appearance following neurosurgical ablation of frontal fossa tumors is a primary concern for patients and neurosurgeons alike. Craniofacial reconstruction procedures have drastically evolved since the development of three-dimensional computed tomography imaging and computer-assisted programming. Traditionally, two-stage approaches for resection and reconstruction were used; however, these two-stage approaches have many complications including cerebrospinal fluid leaks, necrosis, and pneumocephalus. Case Description: We present two successful cases of single-stage osteoma resection and craniofacial reconstruction in a 26-year-old female and 65-year-old male. The biopolymer implants were preselected and contoured based on imaging prior to surgery. The ideal selection of appropriate flaps for reconstruction was imperative. The flaps were well vascularized and included a pedicle for easy translocation. Using a titanium mesh biopolymer implant for reconstruction in conjunction with a forehead flap proved advantageous, and the benefits of single-stage approaches were apparent. The patients recovered quickly after the surgery with complete resection of the osteoma and good aesthetic appearance. The flap adhered to the biopolymer implant, and the cosmetic appearance years after surgery remained decent. The gap between the bone and implant was less than 2 mm. The patients are highly satisfied with the symmetrical appearance of the reconstruction. Conclusions: Advances in technology are allowing neurosurgeons unprecedented opportunities to design complex yet feasible single-stage craniofacial reconstructions that improve a patient's quality of life by enhancing facial contours, aesthetics, and symmetry.


During recent years a consistent number of central nervous system (CNS) drugs have been approved and introduced on the market for the treatment of many psychiatric and neurological disorders, including psychosis, depression, Parkinson disease and epilepsy. Despite the great advancements obtained in the treatment of CNS diseases/disorders, partial response to therapy or treatment failure are frequent, at least in part due to poor compliance, but also genetic variability in the metabolism of psychotropic agents or polypharmacy, which may lead to sub-therapeutic or toxic plasma levels of the drugs, and finally inefficacy of the treatment or adverse/toxic effects. With the aim of improving the treatment, reducing toxic/side effects and patient hospitalisation, Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is certainly useful, allowing for a personalisation of the therapy. Reliable analytical methods are required to determine the plasma levels of psychotropic drugs, which are often present at low concentrations (tens or hundreds of nanograms per millilitre).
The present PhD Thesis has focused on the development of analytical methods for the determination of CNS drugs in biological fluids, including antidepressants (sertraline and duloxetine), antipsychotics (aripiprazole), antiepileptics (vigabatrin and topiramate) and antiparkinsons (pramipexole). Innovative methods based on liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis coupled to diode-array or laser-induced fluorescence detectors have been developed, together with the suitable sample pre-treatment for interference removal and fluorescent labelling in case of LIF detection. All methods have been validated according to official guidelines and applied to the analysis of real samples obtained from patients, resulting suitable for the TDM of psychotropic drugs.


We consider gene genealogies from populations under selective pressure and take into account that genes can be reassembled during the reproduction process due to recombination. The main result is the derivation of an approximate distribution of the ancestral relationships of neutral genes in a sample taken out of a population after a so-called selective sweep. Such a sweep occurs if an advantageous mutation appears in one individual and then spreads in the population such that after some number of generations every individual in the population has this advantageous gene expression at the locus under selection. In this thesis, we investigate two different ways of modeling the evolution of a population which experiences such a selective sweep.
The first model is a Moran model with selection and recombination and in particular constant population size N over time. Here, the resulting approximation holds true up to terms of order 1/log(N). The second approximation is based on a so-called Darwinian model with varying population size and birth and death rates depending on the current state of the population and the genetic type of an individual at the locus under selection. In this case, the approximate distribution is given in the limit of K to infinity, where K is the carrying capacity reflecting the ability of the environment to provide resources for a population.
In the final chapter of the thesis, we briefly consider Lambda-coalescent processes which can be used to model genealogies of populations with skewed offspring distributions. In particular, we here describe a spatial algorithm on how to generate an ancestral recombination graph starting from such a general coalescent process.


Lolium rigidum is an obligately cross-pollinated, genetically diverse species and an economically important herbicide resistance-prone weed. Our previous work has demonstrated that recurrent selection of initially susceptible L. rigidum populations with low herbicide rates results in rapid herbicide resistance evolution. Here we report on the mechanisms endowing low-dose-selected diclofop-methyl resistance in L. rigidum. Results showed that resistance was not due to target-site ACCase mutations or overproduction, or differential herbicide leaf uptake and translocation. The in vivo de-esterification of diclofop-methyl into phytotoxic diclofop acid was rapid and similar in resistant versus susceptible populations. However, further metabolism of diclofop acid into non-toxic metabolites was always faster in resistant plants than susceptible plants, resulting in up to 2.6-fold lower level of diclofop acid in resistant plants. This corresponded well with up to twofold higher level of diclofop acid metabolites in resistant plants. The major polar metabolites of diclofop acid chromatographically resembled those of wheat, a naturally tolerant species. Clearly, recurrent selection at reduced herbicide rates selected for non-target-site-based enhanced rates of herbicide metabolism, likely involving cytochrome P450 monooxygenases.


Variations in the degree of anisotropy in soil hydraulic conductivity with changes in water saturation (Se) may adversely impact predictability of flow and transport processes. The conceptual "layered cake" model was extended to consider effects of bulk density variations within a particular soil type. The anisotropy factor as function of matric potential A(ψ) exhibits different behavior for different soil textures. For example, A(ψ) for sand shows complex behavior with a local maximum just before A(ψ) drops to a minimum where sand becomes isotropic (A(ψ) = 1) near ψ = −1.0 bar. Experimentally determined relationships between soil bulk density and hydraulic properties show existence of strong correlation between A(Se) and the ratio of extreme hydraulic conductivity values K(Se)max/K(Se)min for each soil for the entire saturation range and across several soil types. The strong dependency of anisotropy factor on extreme values Kmax and Kmin was investigated for four simple and continuous probability density functions of bulk density. Additionally, simple analytical expressions for a binary system of alternating layers with Kmax and Kmin only were derived. An upper bound for A(Se) is obtained with equal weight for Kmax and Kmin (w = 0.5). The experimental data and model predictions agreed for certain values of weight assigned to either Kmax or Kmin (∼w = 0.02). Other approximations based on Kmax and Kmin provide simple estimates for anisotropy factor that could be related to shape of statistical distribution of hydraulic conductivity.


Effective cooling structure design in the trailing edge (TE) of a high pressure turbine (HPT) blade is essential to increase turbine efficiency and maintain structural integrity. To obtain efficient cooling structures and understand clearly cooling mechanism, this paper adopted numerical simulation methods to investigate fluid flow and cooling characteristics in detail downstream of an HPT blade TE cutback region. The effects of typical TE configurations on cutback cooling performance are investigated including three types of internal turbulators (cylindrical pin fins and elliptic pin fins arranged in streamwise and spanwise orientations), the cutback with/without land extensions and three kinds of ejection lip profiles (one straight lip shape marked as "A" and two rounded lip shapes marked as "B" and "C," respectively). The scale adaptive simulation (SAS) is implemented to study the complex unsteady mixing process downstream of the cutback under operating condition of blowing ratio M = 0.65. The results from the shear stress transport (SST) k–ω model are compared as well. SAS is capable to reproduce the periodical vortex shedding phenomena and resolve the vortices coherent structures. Compared with the experimental data, SAS provides more accurate predictions in terms of laterally averaged adiabatic cooling effectiveness ηaw and discharge coefficient Cd than the SST k–ω model. At the rear part of the cutback surface, large deterioration in ηaw is predicted by SAS for all configurations, but ηaw is considerably overpredicted by the SST k–ω model except for the case of elliptic pin fins with spanwise orientation. The elliptic pin fins with streamwise orientation significantly improve ηaw at the rear part of the cutback surface over the baseline model with cylindrical pin fins and slightly increase Cd. However, the elliptic pin fins with spanwise orientation drastically reduce the ηaw and Cd. Downstream of the cutback, the coherent structures are strongly disturbed and become chaotic compared with the TE with cylindrical and streamwise oriented elliptic pin fins. The application of land extensions only causes an evident change to the coherent structure immediate downstream of the lip and slightly improves ηaw and reduces Cd over the baseline model at the rear part of the cutback surface. Rounded lip shapes B and C also show an obvious increase in ηaw at the rear part of the cutback surface but only a minor increase in Cd compared with the straight lip shape A. The rounded lip helps the coolant diffuse into the TE cutback and reduce the intensity of mixing. Due to larger rounding radius of shape B, the cooling effectiveness predicted by shape B is slightly better than shape C.


Addition compounds of tertiary phosphines with arbon disulphide, p-quinones and nitroatromatics have been reported. It has beep found that the first two ets of compounds are zwitterionic in nature while the set set is of the charge transfer type. Addition and eplacement reactions of the adducts with mineral Acids, icric acid, metal salts and phos1) 1ine complexes have been carried out and the mechanism of these reactions has been discussed.

Phosphoniodithioformates obtained from alkylphosphines and carbon disulphide are basic in n2ture and form salts it11 hydrochloric and picric acids. Reaction of the .hydrochloride with picric acid eliminates hydrochloric acid and forms the corresponding phosphoniumdithioformate picrate he dithioformate moiety is eliminated on reacting the ompounds wit p-quinones of high oxidation potential or ith Cobalt chloride forming respectively phosphobetaines and his (phosphine) dichlorocobalt. Mechanism of these eaction has been proposed. Stability of these compounds has been discussed in terms of molecular effective electronegativity, Xeff. Their constitution has been elucidated by using infra red pectrn. The shift of Vas(P-C) to higher frequencies and or' those related to carbon disulphide to lower frequencies on compound formation suggests quaternization of the phosphine 'which supports the phosphoniodithioformate formulation H3P+CSS-.

Phosphobetaine formation has been found to depend on the donor property of phosphines as well as on the accepting ability of quinones given by their oxidation potential. The reaction of phosphobetaines with acids alkyl halides metallic salts and displacement reactions of the hydrochloride with picric acid etc. have been carried out. The reactions of quinones with phosphonium salts like R3 PHX also yields the corresponding phosphonium halide.

Infrared spectra of phosphobetaines in the 1400 - 1500, 1220 - 1250 and 600 - 800 cm-1 region indicate that substitution occurs in the quinone ring with P-C bond formation and that they are resonance hybrids of the phosphinemethylene and zwitterionic structure

Ultraviolet spectra of the phosphobetaines recorded at pH 2,6 and 8 shows that the position, and intensity of bands is susceptible to changes in pH. There is a decrease in the intensity of the N-AƒÂƒA'AƒÂ'A'› in the acid medium which characterizes ionized carboxylAƒÂƒA'¢AƒÂ'A'€AƒÂ'A'™s. A red shift with an enhancement in intensity is noted in the basic medium and this characterizes phenols. The pattern therefore suggests that a zwitterionic structure is favoured in the acid while the phosphinemethylene structure is dominant in the basic medium With picric acid they form phosphonium picrates such as 2,5 dihydroxyaryl (trialkyl/aryl) phosphonium picrates.The infrared and ultraviolet studies ,of phosphobetaine picrates at pH 2,6 and 8 and ,also other characteristic properties support n proton transfer reaction mechanism whereby the proton is transferred from picric acid to phosphobetaine.

Spectroscopic studies suggest that phosphine nitroaryls are charge transfer complexes since their I.R. spectra do not have the characteristic proton transfer bands for example, V (P-H) or V(C-O) while a charge transfer band, similar to that of amine-nitroaryls is found in the ultraviolet spectra of these complexes.


In this essay, the author approaches the question \"Does Nature Have Rights ? \" from an ecofeminist perspective, using Aeschylus\' The Eumenides as emblematic of resignifying woman/nature as nonsubject, and working primarily from Val Plumwood\'s Feminism and the Mastery of Nature, with reference to the work of Grosz, Irigaray, Lovelock and others. She considers ontologies of nature as \"intentional,\" \"living\" and as a \"being\" entitled to rights, and weighs the question of revisiting metaphysics in developing an account of nature that would yield an ethos favorable to the health of planet Earth. This account refers to what Irigaray has called \"another pannisia of the divine.\"


The commonly known security weaknesses associated with the 802.11b wireless standard have introduced a variety of security measures to countermeasure attacks. Using a wireless honeypot, a fake wireless network may be configured through emulation of devices and the TCP/IP fingerprinting of OS network stacks. TCP/IP fingerprinting is one of the most popular methods employed to determine the type of OS running on a target and this information can then be used to determine the type of vulnerabilities to target on the host. Testing the effectiveness of this technique to ensure that a wireless honeypot using honeyd may deceive an attacker has been an ongoing study due to problems conducting TCP/IP fingerprinting in the wireless environment. Research conducted in a university laboratory showed that the results were ineffective and the time taken to conduct testing could be as long as 60 hours. The subsequent exploration of different testing methods and locations illuminated on an ideal research facility called a faraday cage. The design and construction of the faraday is discussed in this paper as an affordable solution for controlled and reliable testing of TCP/IP fingerprinting against the scanning tool Network Mapper (NMAP). The results are useful when looking to deploy a deceptive honeypot as a defence mechanism against wireless attackers.


Injuries in professional soccer are common with the financial cost running into many millions of pounds. The incidence of re-injury on return to competitive action accounts for a high proportion of all injuries with inadequate rehabilitation being identified as one of the major factors when considering re-injury. Methods of improving the rehabilitation outcomes could therefore reduce the overall incidence of injury and may improve team performance through greater player availability. The accuracy of the available literature addressing the epidemiology of soccer injuries is questionable. It was therefore necessary to establish the incidence of soccer injury and reinjury using comprehensive data collection methods. A data collection method based on the principals of first hand injury observation, comprehensive and immediate recording of injuries and accurately timed exposure for both training and competitive matches was therefore designed. Study 1 used these methods to scrutinise the results of previously published literature. Results showed that the definition of the term 'injury' can have a significant effect on the results from epidemiological studies of soccer injuries. It was also observed that estimating exposure can result in an under-calculation of the injury frequency rate when reporting the rate as new injuries per 1000 training or playing exposure hours. The new methods for collecting epidemiological data clearly showed that methodology is important in generating study results and was adopted for the current thesis. The data collected to evaluate approaches to data collection indicated that injury is the major cause of absence in professional soccer although this assumption had never been investigated. Study 2 evaluated this supposition by investigating what percentage of total absences soccer injuries were responsible for. The data showed that injury was the major reason for absence with 50% of the incidents of match absence and 65% of training absence being as a result of soccer related injury. Other reasons for absence were also noted. For example, sickness and suspension were areas where it was suggested that availability could be positively affected by reducing the incidence of absence as a result of these two factors. To highlight the aetiology and severity of soccer injuries at one professional soccer club, a five-season comprehensive epidemiological study was undertaken. Study 3 showed that the average percentage of the playing squad per season sustaining an injury that resulted in more than one days absence from training or playing was 86%. Over the five seasons, an average of 41% of players sustained >1 injury in any one season the severity of which resulted in more than one days absence. Eighty five percent of all injuries throughout the study period were sustained to the lower limb. When analysing both severity and anatomical location of injury, it was found that, during the 5 competitive-season period, 82 injuries were sustained to the lower limbs which resulted in an absence of >14 days. It was suggested that these injuries may necessitate alterations to habitual training patterns which may, in turn, result in detraining. This detraining may result in players returning to competition ill-prepared for the physical and physiological demands of soccer play at the elite level and increase their susceptibility to re-injury. In order that the effects of injury-induced absence could be investigated, changes in players' performance, using a battery of soccer-specific field tests, was investigated in Study 4. All players absent for >2 d through injury were tested on their return to normal squad training. These results were compared with a data set collected when the players were fit and playing competitive soccer. No significant differences were observed in any performance variables for those players absent for 14d showed no significant differences in tests to evaluate flying 20 m sprint speed, counter-movement jump height and hamstring flexibility. Significant decreases in performance were however, found in estimated V? O?max, and repeated sprint ability (RSA) performance. It was suggested that the decrements in aerobic power and repeated sprint ability may be related with high aerobic power being recognised as a requirement for recovery between bouts of high-intensity exercise. It was also suggested that one of the reasons for the performance decrements may be the changes in habitual soccer training patterns during rehabilitation. To investigate this hypothesis, study 5 compared the rehabilitation training load and the training load when participating in normal squad training and playing competitive matches. A 17-month investigation to quantify and compare the two modes of training was undertaken. Players who were absent for >14 d due to soccer injury had their rehabilitation training quantified using a number of established methods. On their return to normal squad training, the same methods were used to quantify training for a period similar to the duration of their rehabilitation programme. The period of rehabilitation when players were unable to run, due to the restrictive nature of their particular pathology, lacked the intensity of exercise normally associated with squad training and playing matches. A comparison of other phases of rehabilitation and normal training found no significant differences in average heart rate or ratings of perceived exertion measures. It was therefore demonstrated that the major difference between the two training periods was during early rehabilitation. In response to the findings of Study 5, Study 6 investigated the effect of increasing the intensity of exercise during early rehabilitation in reducing the effects of detraining following injury. This final study in the thesis investigated the effects of work-matched, constant pace, continuous exercise and intermittent-paced exercise in maintaining aerobic power and RSA performance. Players injured for >14 d (n=16) were randomly allocated to one of the two intervention groups and performed either continuous or intermittent exercise on rowers, cross trainers and cycle ergometers during the period of rehabilitation that they were unable to perform running exercise. Reductions in estimated V? O?max and RSA were observed in both intervention groups with the reductions in performance of the constant-pace group greater than those observed in the intermittent pace group. None of these differences however, reached significance leading to the conclusion that both intervention programmes were effective in preventing performance decrements in V? O?max and one was not superior to the other. The only negative changes observed were in RSA performance decrement for both groups from pre-injury to post-injury tests. Although these changes were found to be significant, the level of change was not sufficiently great to surpass the figure calculated as the smallest meaningful change. This was due to the lack of reliability of this particular test.


Clinical mycobacteriology laboratories play a key role in the control of the spread of tuberculosis (TB) through the timely detection, isolation, identification, and drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. With the use of amplification systems, nucleic acid sequences can be detected directly in clinical specimens, offering better accuracy than acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear and greater speed than culture. The LCx (ligase chain reaction) MTB assay detects the gene for the PAB protein, and is based on probe amplification and recommended for respiratory specimens. The ProbeTec Direct TB system is based on strand displacement amplification, which is an isothermal enzymatic process that amplifies DNA exponentially. TB assay can detect the presence of both M. tuberculosis and its resistance to rifampin and is discussed in the chapter. During the last two decades, mycobacteriology laboratories have realized important advances in mycobacterial identification through the application of molecular biology techniques. It may be useful to be able to identify the increasingly recognized M. bovis subspecies caprae and M. tuberculosis subspecies canettii. Drugs administered in the therapy of TB mainly include compounds which inhibit cell wall synthesis (isoniazid [INH], ethambutol [EMB]), transcription (rifampin [RMP]), protein synthesis (streptomycin [SM] and other aminoglycosides), and nucleic acid synthesis (fluoroquinolones such as ofloxacin). The application of molecular testing methods in the mycobacteriology laboratory has the potential to significantly improve one's ability to detect M. tuberculosis directly in clinical specimens or cultures as well as to differentiate mycobacterial species and drug-resistant strains.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relationship between bullous pemphigoid (BP) and neurologic disease.

DESIGN
Case-control study.

SETTING
Tertiary care center for immunobullous diseases and skin tumor clinics at a university hospital in Oxford, England.

PARTICIPANTS
Ninety consecutive patients with BP and 141 controls.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Age-adjusted prevalence of neurologic disease in patients and controls. Time interval between the diagnosis of neurologic disease and BP and type of associated neurologic disease.

RESULTS
At least 1 neurologic diagnosis was present in 42 patients (46%) compared with 16 controls (11%). Patients had significantly increased odds for neurologic diseases regardless of age and sex (crude odds ratio [OR], 6.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.5-13.3; adjusted OR, 6.2; 95% CI, 3.1-12.4). Four major neurologic diagnoses were observed (cerebrovascular disease, dementia, Parkinson disease, and epilepsy), with statistical significance for cerebrovascular disease and dementia (crude OR for cerebrovascular disease, 6.3; 95% CI, 2.8-14.2; adjusted OR, 6.0; 95% CI, 2.6-13.6; crude OR for dementia, 10.7; 95% CI, 2.3-49.0; adjusted OR, 7.9; 95% CI, 1.7-37.3). When accurate data on time of onset of neurologic disease were present (36 of 42 patients [85%]), BP followed neurologic disease in most patients (26 of 36 patients [72%]), with a median interval of 5.5 years.

CONCLUSION
Bullous pemphigoid is significantly associated with cerebrovascular disease and dementia.


In 2015, the United States government imposed 9.78 billion hours of paperwork burdens on the American people. Many of these hours are best categorized as "sludge," reducing access to important licenses, programs, and benefits. Because of the sheer costs of sludge, rational people are effectively denied life-changing goods and services; the problem is compounded by the existence of behavioral biases, including inertia, present bias, and unrealistic optimism. In principle, a serious deregulatory effort should be undertaken to reduce sludge, through automatic enrollment, greatly simplified forms, and reminders. At the same time, sludge can promote legitimate goals. First, it can protect program integrity, which means that policymakers might have to make difficult tradeoffs between (1) granting benefits to people who are not entitled to them and (2) denying benefits to people who are entitled to them. Second, it can overcome impulsivity, recklessness, and self-control problems. Third, it can prevent intrusions on privacy. Fourth, it can serve as a rationing device, ensuring that benefits go to people who most need them. In most cases, these defenses of sludge turn out to be more attractive in principle than in practice. For sludge, a form of cost-benefit analysis is essential, and it will often argue in favor of a neglected form of deregulation: sludge reduction. For both public and private institutions,"Sludge Audits" should become routine. Various suggestions are offered for new action by the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, which oversees the Paperwork Reduction Act; for courts; and for Congress.


A Single-Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) detects black refractory or elemental carbon (EC) in particles by passing them through an intense laser beam. The laser light heats EC in particles causing them to vaporize in the beam. Detection of wavelength-resolved thermal radiation emissions provides quantitative information on the EC mass of individual particles in the size range of 0.2–1 μm diameter. Non-absorbing particles are sized based on the amount of light they scatter from the laser beam. The time series of the scattering signal of a non-absorbing particle is a Gaussian, because the SP2 laser is in the TEM00 mode. Information on the scattering properties of externally and internally mixed EC particles as detected by the SP2 is lost in general, because each particle changes size, shape, and composition as it passes through the laser beam. Thus, scattered light from a sampled EC particle does not yield a full Gaussian waveform. A method for determining the scattering properties of EC particles using a two-element avalanche photodiode (APD) is described here. In this method, the Gaussian scattering function is constructed from the leading edge of the scattering signal (before the particle is perturbed by the laser), the Gaussian width, and the location of the leading edge in the beam derived from the two-element APD signal. The method allows an SP2 to determine the scattering properties of individual EC particles as well as the EC mass. Detection of polystyrene latex spheres, well-characterized EC particles with and without organic coatings, and Mie scattering calculations are used to validate the method.


The Tertiary Slaufrudalur pluton is the largest granitic intrusion exposed in Iceland. Five glacial valleys cut through the uppermost 900 m of the pluton, exposing spectacular sections through its roof, walls, and interior. The wall contacts are subvertical and sharp. Only in the northeast and southwest is the wall contact characterized by brittle faulting. The pluton roof is smooth at map scale, so that the overall cross-sectional shape of the pluton and its internal layering indicate emplacement by incremental floor sinking through cauldron subsidence. A pronounced elongation of the pluton, parallel to the trend of regional fissure swarms, and its angular shape in map view indicate strong tectonic control on horizontal ring-fault propagation, whereas faulted wall contacts represent step-over structures between the earlier-formed ring faults. On outcrop scale, the roof contact exhibits numerous steps, faults, and apophyses associated with conjugate fracture sets that are parallel and perpendicular to the strike of the length of the pluton. These structures were presumably formed by sequential inflation and deflation of the pluton during episodic magma intrusion and therefore are closely coupled to cauldron subsidence. As a result of roof fracturing and magma injection along the fractures, roof material is found partly or completely detached within the granite. The Slaufrudalur pluton therefore provides new insight into the coupling of the emplacement mechanisms of cauldron subsidence and magmatic stoping in the upper crust.


Balancing creativity and structure becomes an emerging issue, especially for companies whose competitive advantage is on creativity because failure in managing both creativity and structure will result in business losses, as experienced by Netscape, Xerox and Microsoft. PT Starqle Indonesia tends to experience the imbalance condition between creativity and structure, especially when the company plans to change its business focus from project-based to product-based. In  project-based, structure is more emphasized. While to anticipate the business changing, Starqle must be able to manage both creativity and structure. The influence factors are company lifecycle, competency, ownership, self-motivation, leaders, and trust, while for structure; these factors are business process, organizational structure and policy. Built-to-change approach is used to balance both creativity and structure as continuous process. The approach focuses on 3 (three) core  components: strategizing, creating value and implementing. Strategic intent should be aligned with identity to strengthen the creativity side. Creating value by leveraging learning is performed to improve the  structure by means of conducting knowledge activity cycle to capture individual process in generating new knowledge. The last component i.e implementation is to improve creativity and structure by focusing on  people, process and information technology. DOI : https://doi.org/10.21632/irjbs.4.1.71-88 Keywords: Creativity, Structure, Balance, Built-to-Change Approach, Knowledge Activity Cycle


One manifestation of a contemporary concern with equality in the provision of health care services is the growing interest that appears to be developing in the spatial location of medical manpower. There is no evidence that any
country has ever achieved, much less sustained, a statistical balance between the spatial distribution of its population and its stock of medical manpower, yet increasingly the judgement appears to be made that imbalances are excessive and should be corrected. Indeed, although some imbalance is inevitable in any country, whatever its methods of organising health care delivery or remunerating physicians, countries with quite small variations in physician-population ratios (PPRs) seem as ready to perceive a distributional problem as those with gross imbalances. Variations of up to ten-fold are not uncommon between the PPRs of urban and rural areas in many countries (WHO, 1976), yet the difference between the average list sizes of primary care physicians in the best and worst areas in England in 1970, when financial incentives to encourage the movement of physicians to under-serviced areas were increased, was only one and a half-fold (Butler, et. al, 1973). There are special historical reasons
why the notion of inequality may be defined more rigorously in Britain than in many other countries, but attempts by governmental and other agencies to influence the locational decisions of physicians appear to be widespread (Glaser, 1976). Together with this burgeoning policy interest in the spatial distribution of medical manpower has been a similar growth in the academic study of the nature, causes and possible solutions to the 'problem' of maldistribution, much of it of American origin. This paper is an attempt
by an outside observer to summarise the American literature on the theme and to offer some comments on the problems and potentialities of current research.


Introduction Cohort studies are important for understanding the aetiology underlying differences in disease incidence. Selective attrition is problematic as those at greater risk of ill-health are more likely to drop out, resulting in homogenous study populations with limited generalisability. Selective attrition may also bias estimates of association. For the benefits of cohort studies to be realised efforts must be made to minimise attrition and statistical methods for the analysis of studies with missing data must be developed to minimise bias. Methods We describe work examining methods used to maintain participation in cohort studies, identify best practice for reducing attrition and investigate methodologies suitable for the analysis of cohort studies with attrition under different circumstances. Results A literature search identified factors associated with minimising attrition including study design, recruitment procedures, incentives and retention methods utilised. A questionnaire including such factors was sent to 32 UK-based cohort studies; 25 (78%) returned a questionnaire. Analysis suggested that no one method is most effective, rather it is the combination of methods and study setting which may dictate the overall retention of study participants. Work with various cohort studies resulted in consideration of the appropriateness of methods for missing data. This has led to a review of inverse probability weighting (IPW) focusing on how and when to use it appropriately. The motivation for combining IPW and multiple imputation, and the theoretical justification for doing so, has been examined. A final development concerns the use of IPW when predictors of missingness are themselves missing.


Altitude training and respiratory muscle training (RMT) have been reported to improve performance in elite and well-trained athletes. Several devices (altitude and RMT) have been developed to help athletes gain the competitive edge. The Elevation Training Mask 2.0 (ETM) purportedly simulates altitude training and has been suggested to increase aerobic capacity (VO2max), endurance performance, and lung function. Twenty-four moderately trained subjects completed 6 weeks of high-intensity cycle ergometer training. Subjects were randomized into a mask (n = 12) or control (n = 12) group. Pre and post-training tests included VO2max, pulmonary function, maximal inspiration pressure, hemoglobin and hematocrit. No significant differences were found in pulmonary function or hematological variables between or within groups. There was a significant improvement in VO2max and PPO in both the control (13.5% and 9.9%) and mask (16.5% and 13.6%) groups. There was no difference in the magnitude of improvement between groups. Only the mask group had significant improvements in ventilatory threshold (VT) (13.9%), power output (PO) at VT (19.3%), respiratory compensation threshold (RCT) (10.2%), and PO at RCT (16.4%) from pre to post-testing. The trends for improvements in VT and PO at VT between groups were similar to improvements in RCT and PO at RCT, but did not reach statistical significance (VT p = 0.06, PO at VT p = 0.170). Wearing the ETM while participating in a 6-week high-intensity cycle ergometer training program does not appear to act as a simulator of altitude, but more like a respiratory muscle training device. Wearing the ETM may improve specific markers of endurance performance beyond the improvements seen with interval training alone. Key pointsWearing the ETM during a 6-week high-intensity cycle ergometer training program may improve performance variables, such as VO2max, PPO, VT, PO at VT, RCT and PO at RCT.Wearing the ETM did not improve lung function, inspiratory muscle strength, or stimulate changes in hemoglobin or hematocrit levels.The ETM does not simulate altitude, but works more like an respiratory training device.


This master thesis is investigating environmental performance of different alternatives for Combined Heat and Power (CHP) production from Natural Gas (NG) at Mongstad oil refinery. An important objective is to evaluate CHP plants with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), and the performance of these compared to a conventional CHP without such application. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the applied methodology for environmental assessment. The LCA results are used to inspect changes in eco-efficiency at the refinery with introduction of a CHP plant. Three CHP configurations have been assessed: 1. Conventional CHP 2. Conventional CHP with Post-Combustion (PC) CCS 3. Autothermal Reforming (ATR) plant; CHP with pre-combustion CCS The three alternatives are denoted Conventional, PC and ATR in the following. Global Warming Potential (GWP) emissions per MWh exergy produced from the three CHP's are 56, 100 and 337 kg CO2-equvivalents for the PC, ATR and Conventional respectively. It is concluded that up-and downstream emissions do not undermine the environmental benefit of applying CCS regarding GWP impacts. The CCS systems have significantly higher impacts of Human Toxicity (HTP), Acidification (AP) and Eutrophication Potentials (EP). HTP impacts are over 50% higher for CCS systems compared to Conventional. Increased NH3 and NOx emissions make up much of the 100-150% rise in AP and EP impacts. It is considered possible that flue gas handling can mitigate a substantial fraction of the increased AP and EP impacts. The system expansion reveal that building a Conventional CHP at Mongstad will not lead to global CO2 reductions if it substitutes renewable electricity production. The CCS systems unreservedly give net global CO2 reductions, disregarding alternative electricity production technology. The GWP eco-efficiency at Mongstad is defined as total LCA emissions from refinery output products divided by the economic value of the products. Introducing a CHP with CCS would significantly improve the eco-efficiency. Installing a Conventional plant, however, would deteriorate eco-efficiency. Installing a CHP with CCS is hence considered a significant step towards a sustainable development at Mongstad refinery. Given improved flue gas handling of NOx and NH3, additional environmental effects are not considered to have potential of jeopardizing this conclusion.


Food fabrication offers a new dimension to home cooking. We see the design challenge not in automating cooking tasks, but in augmenting the tangible experience, skill building and enjoyment of baking. As an example of such augmentation, we present a novel concept for designing and fabricating roll cakes with custom cross-section graphics. Roll cakes are made by rolling a flat piece of cake into a spiral. In our application, users draw the cross section image of their cake and we calculate a printable template as a guide to color the unrolled cake. Users mix colored batter and use a custom 3D printed nozzle to arrange the batter on the template. After baking the batter in the oven, users simply roll it into a roll cake and magically their design is shown on the cross-section. We identified and solved the key difficulties in making graphics such as a consistent layer thickness and aligning the graphics in the spiral. With Rolling Graphics, we expand the potential of food printing with custom graphics and potentially, custom tastes.


In this paper we demonstrate the application of a revised TAM model for measuring IT students' attitude towards eLearning for a hybrid communication skills module. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) in its original form and its consequent variations has been extensively incorporated as a methodology to measure attitude towards technology adoption from users in multiple domains. TAM variations have been proposed and applied within education domain as well regarding eLearning adoption with significant results. Based on the above, we present the model, as well as some preliminary results from a relevant survey at IT students attending a traditional communication skills module.


Most of the initial efforts to utilize Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) have
been related to environments hosting devices with a single switching
capability. The complexity raised by the control of such data planes
is similar to that seen in classical IP/MPLS networks. By extending
MPLS to support multiple switching technologies, GMPLS provides a
comprehensive framework for the control of a multi- layered network of
either a single switching technology or multiple switching
technologies. In GMPLS, a switching technology domain defines a
region, and a network of multiple switching types is referred to in
this document as a Multi-Region Network (MRN). When referring in
general to a layered network, which may consist of either a single or
multiple regions, this document uses the term, Multi-Layer Network
(MLN). This document defines a framework for GMPLS based multi-region
/ multi-layer networks and lists a set of functional requirements.


Recent work has shown that combining multiple versions of unstable classifiers such as trees or neural nets results in reduced test set error. One of the more effective is bagging. Here, modified training sets are formed by resampling from the original training set, classifiers constructed using these training sets and then combined by voting. Freund and Schapire propose an algorithm the basis of which is to adaptively resample and combine (hence the acronym arcing) so that the weights in the resampling are increased for those cases most often misclassified and the combining is done by weighted voting. Arcing is more successful than bagging in test set error reduction. We explore two arcing algorithms, compare them to each other and to bagging, and try to understand how arcing works. We introduce the definitions of bias and variance for a classifier as components of the test set error. Unstable classifiers can have low bias on a large range of data sets. Their problem is high variance. Combining multiple versions either through bagging or arcing reduces variance significantly.


Search engines are essential components of the World Wide Web; both
commercially and in terms of everyday usage, their importance is hard to overstate. This
thesis examines the question of why there is bias in search engine results – bias that
invites users to click on links to large websites, commercial websites, websites based in
certain countries, and websites written in certain languages.
In this thesis, the historical development of the search engine industry is traced.
Search engines first emerged as prototypical technological startups emanating from
Silicon Valley, followed by the acquisition of search engine companies by major US
media corporations and their development into portals. The subsequent development of
pay-per-click advertising is central to the current industry structure, an oligarchy of
virtually integrated companies managing networks of syndicated advertising and traffic
distribution. The study also shows a global landscape in which search production is
concentrated in and caters for large global advertising markets, leaving the rest of the
world with patchy and uneven search results coverage.
The analysis of interviews with senior search engine engineers indicates that
issues of quality are addressed in terms of customer service and relevance in their
discourse, while the analysis of documents, interviews with search marketers, and
participant observation within a search engine marketing firm showed that producers and
marketers had complex relationships that combine aspects of collaboration, competition,
and indifference.
The results of the study offer a basis for the synthesis of insights of the political
economy of media and communication and the social studies of technology tradition,
emphasising the importance of culture in constructing and maintaining both local
structures and wider systems. In the case of search engines, the evidence indicates that
the culture of the technological entrepreneur is very effective in creating a new megabusiness,
but less successful in encouraging a debate on issues of the public good or
public responsibility as they relate to the search engine industry.


The aim of the present study was to investigate the teacher's perception about working both with individuals with autism and with Down's syndrome. A semi-structured interview was performed with 10 teachers, in two special schools, in the interior of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Each one of these interviews was compound of a range of questions, dealing with topics such as teacher's identification, etiologic notions about the syndrome, intellectual development and clinical characteristics of the children, ways of educational intervention and finally the difficulties and feelings of the teachers concerning their work in this area and also their educational strategies. The analysis of the obtained material revealed that there are similarities and differences in the way in which the teachers perceive their students with the Down's syndrome or Autism. One fundamental aspect which was identified related to the circumstances that led the teacher to work with these children, which were not always founded on choice. One of the concerns, which mostly differentiated the teacher's discourse, was in relation to pleasure when working with these children. This appears more clearly regarding the students with Down's syndrome, indicating a feeling of well-being and satisfaction of the teacher, due to the social reciprocity and communication in the relationship with the children. On the other hand, stereotyped ideas; worries with behaviors that are not specific to the anxiety and lack of self-confidence were aspects which characterized the teacher's perception about autism. This picture might have influenced their management strategies. For example, in order to alleviate their conflicts and anxieties the teachers used strategies to maintain the students systematically busy to attempt to "control" the autism. However, the practice of "sheltering" by means of flexible work and encouragement of the autonomy based on the exercise of choice were also identified in some of the teachers. Another aspect that deserves attention is in the relation to the beliefs about the etiology of autism, specifically those concerning the mother-child bond. A simplistic view of this issue was identified, which was understood as a direct relationship of "cause and effect" rather as a reciprocal process, where each element of the dyad contributes to its quality. Finally, the results of this paper point to a complexity but not impossibility of the educational process of the so-called "special" student. However, attention should be paid to the need of founding the educational practice on knowledge, thus avoiding the emergency of distorted ideas and subsequently practices incoherent with the individual's development.


Many molecular and cellular abnormalities detected in the diabetic retina support a role for IL-1 b -driven neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. IL-1 b is well known for its role in the induction and, through autostimulation, amplification of neuroinflammation. Upregulation of IL-1 b has been consistently detected in the diabetic retina; however, the mechanisms and cellular source of IL-1 b overexpression are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high glucose and IL-1 b itself on IL-1 b expression in microglial, macroglial (astrocytes and Mu¨ller cells) and retinal vascular endothelial cells; and to study the effect of diabetes on the expression of IL-1 b in isolated retinal vessels and on the temporal pattern of IL-1 b upregulation and glial reactivity in the retina of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. IL-1 b was quantified by RealTime RT-PCR and ELISA, glial fibrillar acidic protein, a 2-macroglobulin, and ceruloplasmin by immunoblotting. We found that high glucose induced a 3-fold increase of IL-1 b expression in retinal endothelial cells but not in macroglia and microglia. IL-1 b induced its own synthesis in endothelial and macroglial cells but not in microglia. In retinal endothelial cells, the high glucose-induced IL-1 b overexpression was prevented by calphostin C, a protein kinase C inhibitor. The retinal vessels of diabetic rats showed increased IL-1 b expression as compared to non-diabetic rats. Retinal expression of IL-1 b increased early after the induction of diabetes, continued to increase with progression of the disease, and was temporally associated with upregulation of markers of glial activation. These findings point to hyperglycemia as the trigger and to the endothelium as the origin of the initial retinal upregulation of IL-1 b in diabetes; and to IL-1 b itself, via autostimulation in endothelial and macroglial cells, as the mechanism of sustained IL-1 b overexpression. Interrupting the vicious circle triggered by IL-1 b autostimulation could limit the progression of diabetic retinopathy.


STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review
AIM: To identify factors affecting surgeons' management decisions regarding acute cervical distraction-flexion dislocation reduction and the consequences thereof.
SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: There is clinical benefit when early (<24 hours) decompression in distraction-flexion dislocation (DF) injuries with cord injury is performed. The risk of secondary cord injury during awake closed reduction is low. The need for MRI scanning prior to reduction is controversial but it may identify patients with an uncontained herniated 'disc at risk' that may be drawn into the spinal canal during reduction, causing further cord injury. Surgeons' belief regarding the importance of pre-reduction MRI varies. Thus in many clinical scenarios, treatment algorithms are chosen individually by the surgeon on the merits of each case as well as limited access to MRI facilities in the remoter areas of this large country.
METHODS: Analysis was performed on 110 consecutive patients with a mean age of 37.1 years with DF dislocation injuries of the cervical spine. Pre-reduction MRI scans were assessed by two independent, blinded teams to determine patients with a 'disc at risk'. This subgroup was then investigated as to the management decisions, neurological status and outcome.
RESULTS: Nineteen patients (21%) were identified to have a perceived 'disc at risk'. Six of these patients underwent anterior surgery. Initial closed reduction was attempted in the other 13. None deteriorated neurologically. Presenting neurological status was found to have a large impact on surgeons' choice of reduction. Of the nine ASIA A patients, seven had initial closed reduction, while in the three ASIA E group only one had closed reduction.
CONCLUSION: Patients with agreed MRI features of a perceived 'disc at risk' had no increased risk of secondary cord injury. The presence of these disc lesions only influenced our surgeons to choose open reduction in four cases (21%). Neurological status had a much greater effect on surgical decision-making in that those with neurological deficit (most to gain) were reduced closed and ASIA E (most to lose) tended to open reduction. Early reduction need not wait for MRI imaging and should be performed as soon as possible in cord-injured patients.


Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can collaborate to collect and relay data for ground sensors in remote and hostile areas. In multi-UAV-assisted wireless sensor networks (MA-WSN), the UAVs' movements impact on channel condition and can fail data transmission, this situation along with newly arrived data give rise to buffer overflows at the ground sensors. Thus, scheduling data transmission is of utmost importance in MA-WSN to reduce data packet losses resulting from buffer overflows and channel fading. In this paper, we investigate the optimal ground sensor selection at the UAVs to minimize data packet losses. The optimization problem is formulated as a multi-agent Markov decision process, where network states consist of battery levels and data buffer lengths of the ground sensor, channel conditions, and waypoints of the UAV along the trajectory. In practice, an MA-WSN contains a large number of network states, while the up-to-date knowledge of the network states and other UAVs' sensor selection decisions is not available at each agent. We propose a Multi-UAV Deep Reinforcement Learning based Scheduling Algorithm (MUAIS) to minimize the data packet loss, where the UAVs learn the underlying patterns of the data and energy arrivals at all the ground sensors. Numerical results show that the proposed MUAIS achieves at least 46 % and 35% lower packet loss than an optimal solution with single-UAV and an existing non-learning greedy algorithm, respectively.


The Arctic is warming twice as fast as other parts of the globe. The loss of Arctic ice and changes in the Arctic environment are dramatic – but year-round in situ observations of this harsh, remote, and hardly accessible environment, are still scarce.
To overcome this lack of data and improve scientific insight, the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) started to build up the Arctic Observatory FRAM (FRontiers in Arctic Marine Monitoring). Scientifically, FRAM grounds on more than fifteen years of AWI time-series observations in the Fram Strait and the central Arctic, including the LTER Observatory HAUSGARTEN. FRAM provides various sensor platforms to improve multidisciplinary year-round observations of the Arctic Ocean system in Fram Strait and the central Arctic, covering the entire water column, the sea ice, and the sea floor: Moorings, ice-tethered and mobile sensor platforms, fixed-point benthic installations as well as ship-based instrumentation and regular sampling campaigns allow a wide range of physical, biogeochemical, and biological measurements of Essential Ocean Variables (EOV). Field data are being cross validated by satellite observations and used to improve model simulations. FRAM is planned as a sustained observatory infrastructure for long-term operation to sustain multidisciplinary time-series. Large parts of FRAM are now operational, with ongoing and future extensions and further technical developments. The full set of physical, biogeochemical, and biological observations will be made freely available via the AWI data portal (https://data.awi.de).
This talk provides a) background information on FRAM infrastructure and b) present new mooring strategies in combination with FRAM's latest technical developments on sensors, samplers, observation platforms for autonomous year-round deployments and ship-based observations carried out during annual expeditions. Novel technologies include profiling winches, ice-tethered platforms, automated filtration systems, imaging systems for marine snow aggregates and zooplankton, as well as benthic crawlers for biogeochemical observations. These new technologies allow improved spatiotemporal coverage of observations in these remote areas and provide a comprehensive insight into dynamics in nutrient availability and primary productivity, particulate organic matter export, and its fate below the mixed surface layer and at the deep seafloor.


In Kelo v. City of New London, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that governments are permitted to use the power of eminent domain to force the sale of private property for the purpose of promoting economic development. The decision provoked an unusually widespread popular reaction of outrage. In this chapter, we document the extreme public reaction to Kelo, which cut across political party, race, gender, and education. We focus on the rift between the public's expectations about the circumstances under which government should be permitted to take private property, on the one hand, and eminent domain law, on the other. The Supreme Court has long interpreted the "public use" requirement of the Fifth Amendment quite loosely, but for many decades this went mostly unnoticed by the general public until the Supreme Court declared in Kelo that taking homes for the purpose of economic development satisfies the public use requirement. The Kelo decision seemed to trigger a sudden collective recognition of the Court's public use doctrine, and in this chapter we explore the possible reasons for this change.


Modern sampling and analysis techniques were applied to study the morphology and composition of pot exhaust particles from aluminium smelters. In this study the total spectrum of pot exhaust particles from prebake electrolysis cells was sampled on filters and in a standard cyclone. Application of a cascade impactor allowed for fractionation of raw gas dust into 12 fractions with particle diameters in the range from approximately 7 nm to 10 μm. The performed experiments demonstrated that the proposed methodology for sampling and analysis was useful to link changes in operational conditions to changes in particulate emissions. Alumina feeding proved to have a significant impact on emissions.The major part of the particulate emissions form the cells consisted of rather clean sodium fluoroaluminates in the sub-micron range, while a smaller amount of coarse particles contained the major part of the impurities (except S, K, and Pb). The sub-micron particles consisted mainly of quenched bath fumes typical for cryolite-based melts containing considerable amounts of NaAlF4. Sulphur, potassium, and lead were the only impurity elements accumulating in the fines with approximately 6.0, 0.6, and 0.1 wt%, respectively.Coarse particles represented the minor fraction in the pot exhaust but contained large amounts of impurities. The impurity content in particulate pot emissions increaseed rapidly with increasing particle diameters Di > 1 μm. The coarse particles originated most probably from the alumina feedstock, bath-cover material, electrolyte droplets and remains from anode consumption entrained into the off-gases by e.g. bubble burst due to gas evolution under alumina feeding and CO2 release.The ICP-MS element analysis as well as IR, XPS and XRD-analysis results indicated that scale samples (depositions found in gas treatment centres) consisted of considerable amounts of coarse pot exhaust particulates. Additions of AlF3-solutions to coarse pot exhaust particles at 110 °C changed the crystal structure as cryolite and NaAlF4 particles were recrystallized. The observations suggest hydrolysis and recrystallization as possible scale formation mechanisms.As proven in this work, impurities were concentrated to about 2.3 wt% (Ni, Fe, P, V, Ti, Co, Cu, Zn, and Ga) in pot exhaust particles with an EPA standard cyclone operated with a cut-size of 11 μm. Removing the coarse particles with diameters larger than approximately 10 μm (14 wt% of the total dust) from the raw gas reduced trace elements in the remaining particles by approximately 25 %, while carbon and sulphur were reduced by 47 % and 3.6 %, respectively. Based on these results it is claimed that removal of coarse particles (approximately 4-5 kg dust/metric ton Al) from the raw gas will prevent recycling of significant amounts of contaminants in the dry scrubbers, thereby improve current efficiency and metal quality. Still, the recycling of valuable fluoride from separated coarse fractions, the role of sulphur in the ultra-fines as well as the recrystallisation of particulate emissions have to be addressed in further work.


Diisocyanates are a group of chemically reactive agents, which are used in the production of coatings, adhesives, polyurethane foams, and parts for the automotive industry and as curing agents for cores in the foundry industry. Dermal and inhalation exposure to methylene bisphenyl isocyanate (MDI) is associated with respiratory sensitization and occupational asthma. However, limited research has been performed on the quantitative evaluation of dermal and inhalation exposure to MDI in occupationally exposed workers. The objective of this research was to quantify dermal and inhalation exposure levels in iron foundry workers. Workers involved in mechanized moulding and mechanized production of cores were monitored: 12 core makers, 2 core-sand preparers, and 5 core installers. Personal breathing-zone levels of MDI were measured using impregnated filter sampling. Dermal exposure to MDI was measured using a tape-strip technique. Three or five consecutive tape-strip samples were collected from five exposed skin areas (right and left forefingers, left and right wrists, and forehead). The average personal air concentration was 0.55 microg m(-3), 50-fold lower than the Swedish occupational exposure limit of 30 microg m(-3). The core makers had an average exposure of 0.77 microg m(-3), which was not significantly different from core installers' and core-sand preparers' average exposure of 0.16 microg m(-3) (P = 0.059). Three core makers had a 10-fold higher inhalation exposure than the other core makers. The core makers' mean dermal exposure at different skin sites varied from 0.13 to 0.34 microg while the two other groups' exposure ranged from 0.006 to 0.062 microg. No significant difference was observed in the MDI levels between the skin sites in a pairwise comparison, except for left forefinger compared to left and right wrist (P < 0.05). In addition, quantifiable but decreasing levels of MDI were observed in the consecutive tape strip per site indicating MDI penetration into the skin. This study indicates that exposure to MDI can be quantified on workers' skin even if air levels are close to unquantifiable. Thus, the potential for uncured MDI to deposit on and penetrate into the skin is demonstrated. Therefore, dermal exposure along with inhalation exposure to MDI should be measured in the occupational settings where MDI is present in order to shed light on their roles in the development of occupational isocyanate asthma.


Many authors attribute 3D printing technologies with the potential to revolutionize the production process of physical goods. However, insights on what users actually print in 3D remain in high demand. For the first time, 3D printing allows us to study how user innovators diffuse their creations on a large scale. To better understand this, we examined the world's largest 3D printing platform called Thingiverse. We examined 12,616 individual objects, which accounted for 50 percent of the platform's total downloads. We found that most objects belonged to the so-called category '3D Printing' and that the growth rates of the 'Household', 'Models', and 'Toys & Games' categories outpaced all other main categories. We argue that user innovators in 3D printing do not only innovate for the reasons present in theory. Besides the user innovation that serves a niche market and the user innovation that responds to consumer demands which are not yet known to firms, the activities on Thingiverse suggest a third form of user innovation. We label this form of innovation 'substitutional design'. They are mere substitutes for known and available solutions, but innovative in their creation and production processes. Lastly, we investigated the complexity of the designs available on Thingiverse, exposing that — contrary to theory — designs tend to become simpler as the platform grows.


BACKGROUND
US children aged between 5 years and 14 years have a rate of gun-related homicide 17 times higher and a rate of gun-related suicide and unintentional firearm injury 10 times higher than other developed countries. Gun buyback programs have been criticized as ineffective interventions in decreasing violence. The Injury Free Coalition for Kids-Worcester (IFCK-W) Goods for Guns buyback is a multipronged approach to address these concerns and to reduce the number of firearms in the community.

METHODS
The IFCK-W buyback program is funded by corporate sponsors, grants, and individual donations. Citizens are instructed to transport guns, ammunition, and weapons safely to police headquarters on two Saturdays in December. Participants are guaranteed anonymity by the District Attorney's office and receive gift certificates for operable guns. Trained volunteers administer an anonymous survey to willing participants. Individuals who disclose having unsafely stored guns remaining at home receive educational counseling and trigger locks. Guns and ammunition are destroyed at a later time in a gun crushing ceremony.

RESULTS
Since 2002, 1,861 guns (444 rifle/shotgun, 738 pistol/revolver, and 679 automatic/semiautomatic) have been collected at a cost of $99,250 (average, $53/gun). Seven hundred ten people have surrendered firearms, 534 surveys have been administered, and ≈ 75 trigger locks have been distributed per year.

CONCLUSIONS
IFCK-W Goods for Guns is a relatively inexpensive injury prevention model program that removes unwanted firearms from homes, raises community awareness about gun safety, and provides high-risk individuals with trigger locks and educational counseling.


PurposeA phenomenon that has revolutionized society is the technological millennial approach to communication. Social media has matured into a prime channel for regular interactions and development of brand–customer relationships that enrich a social identity. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how this affects business communications.Design/methodology/approachThe study utilized a social constructivist perspective, adopting an inductive and embedded case study strategy.FindingsDrawing on the social identity theory, this paper examines how evolving social media platforms have impacted on brand perceptions in the fashion apparel and accessories industries. Fashion brands' online presence provide a platform for customers to supplement social identity based on associations with brands, and ultimately this can shape brand perceptions among customers through promised functional and symbolic benefits.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper investigates a specialized marketing activity in the UK. A broader internationally based study would add strength to these findings.Practical implicationsThe paper focuses on theoretical and managerial implications and proffers significant roles that social media and identity may play in keeping up with the design and development of marketing communications programs.Social implicationsMultinational corporations have embraced internet technologies and social media in adopting platforms that their brands can use to contribute content to followers.Originality/valueIn total, 30 potential participants, drawn from diverse backgrounds, were contacted via social networking sites, e-mails and telephone. In total, 22 agreed to participate and their mean age was 26. An open-ended questionnaire allowed for elaboration, providing appropriate responses for a second interviewing phase. Four industry professionals were recruited through the researchers' personal networks to participate in in-depth interviews that sought to investigate the significance of social media as a marketing tool from an industry perspective.


ABSTRACT Readily available imaging technologies have made it possible to acquire multiple imaging modalities with complementary information for the same patient. These imaging modalities describe different properties about the organ of interest, providing an opportunity for better diagnosis, staging and treatment assessments. However, existing research in combining multi-modality imaging data has not been transformed into a clinical decision support system due to lack of flexibility, accuracy, and interpretability. This article proposes a multi-modality imaging-based diagnostic decision support system (MMI-DDS) that overcomes limitations of existing research. MMI-DDS includes three inter-connected components: (1) a modality-wise principal component analysis (PCA) that reduces data dimensionality and eliminates the need for co-registration of multi-modality images; (2) a novel constrained particle swarm optimization (cPSO) classifier that is built upon the joint set of the principal components (PCs) from all of the imaging modalities; (3) a clinical utility engine that employs inverse operations to identify contributing imaging features (a.k.a. biomarkers) in diagnosing the disease. To validate MMI-DDS, we apply it to a migraine dataset with multi-modality structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. MMI-DDS shows significantly improved diagnostic accuracy than using single imaging modalities alone and also identifies biomarkers that are consistent with findings in migraine literature.


In art and design practices, materials and technology are means of expression as well as sources of inspiration. On the other hand, in technical development processes art and design provide meaning, direction and expressions of functionality. In some sense this duality of perspectives is what defines the loci where art, design and technology meet. Over the past ten years, the Swedish School of Textiles have taken part in the ongoing discussion on how practice-based research can further develop our understanding of the expressiveness inherent in new materials and new technology. In this context it is clear that art, design and technology meet in the lab and in the workshop. However, for discussions across borders between the perspectives of art, design and technology we need meeting places outside of the labs and the workshops as well. The Ambience exhibition is an exercise in building such a meeting place, but also an exercise in providing conference space for interaction between artistic practice and theory. As designers and artists working within a research setting, we often work in parallel with writing, presenting conference papers and exhibiting in different arenas. It is then only natural to include two ways of presenting results at a conference for artistic research; to let paper presentations and exhibition interact to create wider perspectives and deeper understanding. All exhibition contributions have been subject to a peer review process similar to the review process paper submissions are subjected to. And just as for paper submissions, reviews focus on originality and skills with respect to both results and presentation. This exhibition is the first in the series of Ambience conferences. The conference is organized by the University of Boras in cooperation with Tampere University of Technology and is a part of the Smart Textiles Initiative – www.smarttextiles.se In this catalogue you will find images, artist statements and/or project descriptions presenting the works displayed at the exhibition. Welcome to the Ambience´11 exhibition!


Several fast and space-optimal sequential and parallel algorithms for solving the satisfaction problem of functional and multivalued dependencies (FDs and MVDs) are presented. Two frameworks to verify an MVD for a relation and their implementation by exploring the existing fast space-optimal sorting techniques are described. The space optimality means that only a constant amount of extra memory space is needed for the sequential implementations, and O(M) amount of extra memory space for parallel algorithms that use M processors. This feature makes the algorithms attractive whenever space is a critical resource and I/O transfers should be reduced to the minimal, as is often the case for relational database systems. The time requirements for in-place FD and MVD verification are given in terms of M and of N, which is the number of tuples in a relation. The effect of relation modification on FD and MVD verification is examined. >


The Canadian dairy industry faces a changing market environment as processors react to apparent shifts in consumers' preferences, consumers react to an altered mix of products on retail dairy shelves, and industry adjusts to potential pressures of competition and the challenge of new market opportunities under the impetus of changes arising from international trade. The purpose of this study is to derive a set of updated and disaggregated estimates of demand for major dairy products in a manner consistent with the economic theory of consumer behaviour. These estimates are necessary for policy models, policy analysis and forecasting. Previously dairy demand estimates were only available for broad product groupings such as fluid milk, butter, all cheese and "all other dairy products". For this study, four weakly separable groupings of major dairy products and related foods are specified. These are milk and other beverages, fats and oils, dairy dessert and related products and cheeses and apparent substitutes. Skim milk powder is assessed not to be a member of any of these groups but is hypothesized to be a member of a fifth dairy subgroup of dairy protein products. Due to data limitations, it was necessary to follow a single-equation approach for this product. The appropriateness of each product grouping was assessed by a two-stage test. First, each subgroup was tested using non-parametric tests of the axioms of revealed preference, as a means of inferring whether or not choices within each subgrouping are consistent with constrained utility maximization. Second, parametric assessment of each subgroup gave further evidence regarding the appropriateness of the groupings in terms of whether the estimated demand parameters are relatively stable and plausible. Based on satisfactory performance in these tests, parametric analyses for each subgroup were conducted using the linearized version of the almost ideal demand system, incorporating appropriate seasonality and habit formation variables. Estimates of own-price, cross-price and expenditure elasticities of demand are derived and presented. In general these seem plausible. Signs on the own-price elasticity estimates are as expected; the magnitudes appear to be reasonable. As expected, the majority of the specified foods are price-inelastic. However, butter, cooking/salad oil and other cheese appear to be price-elastic. Yogurt, concentrated milk and ice cream are fairly expenditure elastic while the two cheese types and butter appear slightly expenditure elastic.