Lyndon Johnson launched the Great Society programme in 1964. In the end, the 'War on Poverty' failed to live up to all of its promises. To explain these shortcomings this article will firstly analyse the choice of policy instruments; secondly, there will be some discussion of the political and intellectual context of the program; finally, it will look at who gained and who lost from the Great Society. The contention here will be that the Great Society arose out of a variety of factors. In part, it was the creation of experts in a decade when expertise in general was highly esteemed. The programme was also typical of Johnson's political agenda of personal aggrandizement. But the War on Poverty can perhaps be best explained by focusing on the dynamics of various interest groups in society. For although the Great Society was nominally directed at the poor, it was not primarily the poor that benefited. The changing political coalitions and the battle for power between policy-makers at different levels had a great impact on the programme, and explains the limits of its effectiveness.


Log-spiral beaches display defined physical gradients alongshore. However, the majority of studies focus on the variability of a single population of macrofauna species. We aimed to investigate the variation in species distribution and in community structure along ten transects on a log-spiral beach. Principal component analysis indicated a clear physical gradient alongshore. Redundancy analysis showed that the sheltered end was related to smaller particle sizes, higher organic matter content and high densities of polychaetes. The exposed end was characterized by coarser sand, lower organic matter content and a high presence of crustaceans. Model selection indicated that the "best fit" to explain the variability in the number of individuals included grain size and beach slope. Variability of the polychaete Scolelepis squamata was best explained by grain size, slope and sediment sorting. The best model for the cirolanid Excirolana armata only included sediment sorting. The physical gradient in sediment texture and the beach slope explained more than one-third of the variability in community structure. The physical variables were also correlated with the distribution of the individual species. We showed that the physical gradient on log-spiral coasts may be an important driver of macrofauna variability, even at mesoscales and in dissipative conditions.


New Cu(II)-imprinted poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-trimethylolpropane tri-methacrylate) copolymer gels (Cu-IIPs) were prepared by precipitation copolymerization for the selective solid phase extraction of Cu(II). The CuIIPs were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen physisorption. The effect of the porogen solvents acetonitrile, toluene and their mixtures on particle size and morphology was presented. The adsorption properties of the synthesized copolymers were determined using batch experiments. At optimal chemical parameters the Cu-IIPs show fast sorption/desorption kinetics, high selectivity and satisfied adsorption capacity for adsorption of Cu(II). Finally, the prepared in acetonitrile Cu-IIPs were successfully applied to the selective recognition and determination of copper ions in surface waters.


Private investors, flexibility, efficiency and environmental requirements from deregulated markets have led the existence and building of a significant number of combined-cycle gas turbines (CCGTs) in many power systems. These plants represent a complex optimization problem for the short-term planning unit commitment (UC) carried out by independent system operators due to their multiple operating configurations. Accordingly, this paper proposes a mixed-integer linear programming (MIP) formulation of the configuration-based model of CCGTs, which is commonly utilized for bid/offering market processes. This formulation is simultaneously tighter and more compact than analogous MIP-based models; hence, it presents a lower computational burden. The computational efficiency of the proposed formulation is demonstrated by solving network-constrained UC case studies, of different size and complexity, using three of the leading commercial MIP solvers: CPLEX, GUROBI, and XPRESS.


A trans-national public consultation on climate change was held in 38 countries to provide citizen input to the 2009 UN Framework on Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP15) meeting in Copenhagen. The uniform process involving 100 citizens in the participating countries focused on the key policy questions debated by participating countries. Based on the Canadian experience with this consultation and interviews with 13 other project managers primarily from developing countries, this paper explores several areas of tension: the tensions between the goals of uniformity and standardization versus recognition and accommodation of cultural complexities; the global versus local contexts; public 'deficits' versus capacities and capacity-building; the importance of tailoring for policy impacts versus exploring the values behind policy choices; and the complexities afforded by the issue itself. The paper concludes that these tensions are unavoidable in public consultations in transnational governance contexts involving global issues. These tensions need to be explicitly recognized and accommodated, while acknowledging the continuing importance of public consultation experiments in these transnational contexts.


This article describes the still relatively recent changes in Turkey's attitude towards foreign direct investment (FDI), the wave of FDI inflows as well as Turkey's commitment to international investment instruments as contained in bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT). Further, this article identifies certain potential catalysts for investment claims against Turkey, describing perceived shortcomings in Turkey's legislative and administrative system which might carry the potential to trigger such claims by foreign investors against Turkey. This article concludes that the national policy-makers in Turkey should carefully analyze legislative and administrative reform decisions in light of Turkey's commitments contained in the international investment instruments to which Turkey has subscribed.


In this mixed methods study, the researchers developed a video-based measure called a ―Prediction Assessment‖ to determine preservice elementary teachers' abilities to predict students' scientific reasoning. The instrument is based on teachers' need to develop pedagogical content knowledge for teaching science. Developing a knowledge base for aiding teachers in their abilities to predict students' scientific reasoning promotes student learning because it enables teachers to understand students' current conceptions and to be able to build lessons to improve upon those ideas. To determine whether preservice teachers are improving in their abilities to predict scientific reasoning it is necessary to have an instrument that can measure their current abilities and then to measure whether those abilities improve through instruction. In the second part of this study the authors used the prediction assessment to determine whether the traditional or new (Iterative Model Building, or IMB) field experience improved preservice elementary teachers' abilities to make reasonable predictions of student scientific reasoning. It was found that though preservice teachers in both the traditional and IMB field experience approaches improved their abilities to make predictions, there was a greater number in the IMB group who made reasonable predictions and based those predictions on student reasoning.


We traced an acid proteinase from Candida spp. in the initial stages of the pathogenesis of the mycosis. On infection of human buccal mucosa, proteinase antigens were detected by immuno-scanning electron microscopy on the surface of adhering blastoconidia and invading filamentous cells of C. albicans serotype A. Proteinase antigens were also present on blastoconidia of C. albicans serotype B, but were missing on filamentous cells of this serotype. Proteolytic isolates of C. tropicalis behaved like C. albicans serotype A. An isolate of C. parapsilosis did not express the proteinase antigen under conditions of this study. After infection of mucosa, culture medium of C. albicans or C. tropicalis showed a time-dependent accumulation of acid proteolytic activity, indicating that the visualized antigens represent active proteinase. No such activity was detected in the medium of C. parapsilosis. Preliminary experiments with the proteinase inhibitor pepstatin A revealed an 89% reduction of mucosal adherence of C. albicans (serotype A). These results suggest that Candida proteinase is involved in fungal attachment. The pattern of adherence reflects the differential expression of secretory proteinase by different candidal strains.


The effective therapy of substance abuse is attributed to a wide range of factors. A relevant bibliography review has highlighted those factors, which are most commonly employed by mental health professionals: Readiness (recognition, taking steps, ambivalence), Self-efficacy, Expectation about the therapy outcome, Satisfaction by the therapy treatment, Perceived Social Support, Depression/Anxiety/Stress levels of the client (clinical profile), Positive and Negative Emotions and the way in which clients realize the Meaning of Life. These factors have been thoroughly researched for the purposes of the current study during the different treatment stages of a residential treatment program. The sample included 157 clients. In total, four measurements of the factors have been conducted in the three basic stages of treatment (Counseling Centre, Residential Phase, Social Reintegration). The analysis of the Binary Logistic Regression Design revealed a statistically significant affect in factors, such as Meaning of Life (transition process from Counselling Centre to Residential Phase), Recognition and Sex (retention in the Residential Phase), Expectation, Stress and Satisfaction (completion of Residential Phase), Taking Steps, Satisfaction, Social Support and Depression (staying in Social Integration Phase) The findings of the study both confirm the important role already recognized factors play in treatment and present the impact new factors can have on the therapeutic outcome.


■ We discuss the properties of Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (APDs) and their use in developing an imaging laser radar (ladar). This type of photodetector gives a fast electrical pulse in response to the detection of even a single photon, allowing for sub-nsec-precision photon-flight-time measurement. We present ongoing work at Lincoln Laboratory on three-dimensional (3D) imaging with arrays of these diodes, and the integration of the arrays with fast complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) digital timing circuits.


A question often on the minds of Cognitive Neuroscientists these days concerns the relation between perception and action. Those who are outside the field of perception may be excused for thinking that this must have always been so. What is perception for if not to inform the organism about the external world, so as to best guide its actions in the service of survival? Well, it is not much of an exaggeration to say that, with the exception of a few persistent "cranks" (e.g., James Gibson, Ulrich Neisser), most of what has passed for perception research in the past century has blithely ignored the interplay between perception and action. Most perception researchers were quite content to allow action to be studied by those in the related, but largely self-contained, specialities of human movement, motor performance, and kinetics. What perception researchers studied was the way the world appeared to someone sitting in an armchair, contemplating the information available in the visual array at their leisure. Something distinctly Canadian' changed all that in 1995, with the publication of a book by David Milner (St. Andrews, Scotland) and Mel Goodale (University of Western Ontario, Canada) entitled The Visual Brain in Action. That book laid out a theory and a research program that was at the same time elegant in its simplicity, broad in its scope, and revolutionary in its impact. The elegance lay in the clear presentation of yet another dichotomy (of which psychologists are so fond), this time between the visual maps that lie in the dorsal versus ventral regions of the cortex. What made this dichotomy so compelling was that it encompassed and gave organization to a number of earlier and smaller-scale dichotomies, including that of action-perception, unconscious-conscious, preattentive-attentive, bottom up-top down, and what-where. The breadth of its scope could be seen in the way the book moved effortlessly from simple animal models of perception, to human neuropsychological conditions, to the analysis of behaviour and brain imaging in psychology's favourite "normal" research participant, the college undergraduate. The impact of the book can now be seen everywhere, but especially at annual conferences in psychology, vision research, neuropsychology, and brain imaging, where the modal presentation begins with a slide depicting the proposed division of labour between dorsal and ventral visual streams. The four papers in this volume representing Canadian work in Perception and Action each have strong threads linking directly to the Milner and Goodale legacy. This section begins with a paper by Flanagan, King, Wolpert, and Johansson examining the role of long-term memories in participants' adaptation to a size-weight illusion. A guiding theoretical question in this work is whether sensory information is quickly lost or overwritten when it is used for action, as Milner and Goodale contend. …


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the anti-ulcerative colitis mechanism of resveratrol through regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

METHODS
①The experiment of ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS): 28 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups including control group(n=7), DSS group(n=7), DSS+Resveratrol (DSS+Res) group(n=7) and Res group(n=7). The experiment lasted for 3 weeks. Ulcerative colitis of mice was induced by drinking DSS water and treated with resveratrol by intragastric administration. The mice were weighed daily and their activities and state of feces were recorded. After that, the mice were euthanized, the spleens were weighed, and the colonic length was measured.Hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) was used to observe the pathological changes of the colon, and the expression of miR-31 in colonic tissue was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The expressions of β-catenin and Cyclin D1 were measured by Western blot. ②In vitro experiment: HCT 116 cells were treated with resveratrol at 10 mg/ml, the expressions of β-catenin, LDL receptor related protein-6 (LRP-6), frizzled-3 (FZD3) and c-Myc were detected. The expression of β-catenin was also detected in HCT 116 cells transfected with miRNA-31 mimic and miRNA-31 inhibitor.

RESULTS
① The body weight was decreased in DSS group, the activity was decreased and blood stool appeared. The colonic length of mice was shortened, the spleen was enlarged and the tissue was damaged seriously in DSS group. While the above symptoms were improved after resveratrol treatment. ② Resveratrol inhibited the expressions of miRNA-31, β-catenin and CyclinD1 in ulcerative colitis mice, and also down-regulated the expressions of β-catenin, LRP-6, FZD3 and c-Myc in HCT 116 cells. After transfection of miRNA-31 inhibitor, the expression of β-catenin was decreased in HCT 116 cells.

CONCLUSION
Resveratrol suppresses DSS induced colitis by down-regulation of Wnt signal pathway. The down-regulation of Wnt signal may be related to miRNA-31.


We studied the diet of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, at five stations across the southwest Atlantic sector in summer 2003 by analyzing stomach content, fatty acids, and stable isotopes on the same individuals. Our aim was to examine what each method could contribute to our understanding of krill nutrition and whether differences seen in growth rates were linked to their food. All three methods indicated clear regional differences in diet, but small ontogenetic and sex‐related differences. Overall, diatoms were the most abundant item in the stomach, but at three of the stations, tintinnids, large dinoflagellates, and other armored flagellates dominated the identifiable biomass. Copepod remains were rare. Fatty acids profiles gave additional information about feeding on weakly silicified diatoms and athecate heterotrophic dinoflagellates, with the latter being the main food source at one of the stations. Two independent indices of carnivory, Δ15N and the fatty acid ratio 18:1(n‐9)/18:1(n‐7), were correlated among krill from the same swarm, suggesting consistent differences in diet between individuals. An internal index of trophic position, (i.e., Δ15Nglutamic acid‐Δ15Nphenylalanine) underlined the importance of heterotrophic food for the nutrition of krill, even in summer. Highest growth rates of krill were found during a diatom bloom and coincided with a mixed diet, large digestive gland, and fast stomach passage. However, even in a nonbloom, flagellate‐dominated system, krill were able to sustain medium growth rates when feeding on heterotrophic dinoflagellates. Each method supplied specific information on krill nutrition, and the true picture is only revealed when the various methods are used together.


How do Americans cope with death? Do our feelings about dying influence the way we live? How are our ideas of death different from those of our ancestors? These questions and others are addressed in this innovative new book -- a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to the processes, practices, and experiences concerning death and dying in the United States. Drawing on sociology and psychology as well as history and literature, John S. Stephenson surveys the range of individual and social responses to death -- from our very conception of its meaning to the complex ethical dilemmas surrounding suicide and euthanasia. Stephenson synthesizes a theoretical perspective of death from the contributions of such important thinkers as Freud, Jung, Ernest Becker, and Robert Jay Lifton. He reviews the evolution of American attitudes and behaviors toward death -- from the Puritan era to the present, and charts the significance of such organizations for the dying as hospitals, hospices, and nursing homes. Bereavement as both personal reaction (grief) and social convention (mourning) is also discussed, as is the denial of death as a coping mechanism for individuals and institutions alike. In his final chapters, Stephenson analyzes the ceremonies of death (including gravestones as social indicators) and provides a psychosocial overview of suicide as a final, desperate attempt to assert control. He concludes by exploring the implications of euthanasia at a time when technology can extend life dramatically but is not always capable of assuring its quality. Throughout, authentic case examples -- many drawn from Stephenson's own clinical work -- illustrate the multi-faceted imageryand experiences that comprise the American way of death. Stephenson's book will be welcomed by sociologists, psychologists, social workers, religious leaders, nurses, and others concerned with caring for the dying and the bereaved. It is a brilliant and elegantly written work that crosses disciplinary boundaries to provide a valuable synthesis of existing knowledge and offer educators and professionals a firm foundation for teaching, practice, and research.


Business innovation has been the mother of firms' success, both for sustenance or as growth strategy. Intrinsic and extrinsic desires to be innovative have been the driving forces for entrepreneurial leaders. Precision tool casting (PTC) is known for transforming metal with 'focus on customers'. It combines available technologies that offer customers finesse over competition. The company was initiated by four people with a plasma furnace imported from the USA. Foreign markets were never explored and this was the turning point for PTC in its very first phase. PTC started developing castings for those American and European companies, which had some sort of strategic alliance with their Indian counterpart. The focus was on top ten global firms who were the end users of castings. All desired processes and product innovations were brought around the business model that supported PTC's innate desire to be the supplier of quality castings to the benchmarked firms.


Background Mucosal melanomas (MM) represent a heterogeneous tumour population that exhibits site-specific molecular profiles. Aims In a multicentre retrospective study, we investigated KIT aberrations in primary anorectal (AR) melanomas compared with melanoma metastatic to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Methods Primary AR MM (n=31) and GI metastatic melanoma (n=27) were studied for KIT mutations on exons 11, 13, 17 and 18 by high-resolution melting analysis, direct sequencing and c-KIT expression by immunohistochemistry. Selected cases were also investigated for increased KIT gene copy number by fluorescent in situ hybridisation. Results Functional KIT mutations were demonstrated in 11/31 (35.5%) of AR melanomas and in 1/26 (3.8%) of GI melanoma metastases (p=0.004). A significant difference emerged between primary and metastatic MM with regards to KIT-positive immunostaining (p=0.002). Immunohistochemical c-KIT protein overexpression did not correlate with KIT mutational status. Increased KIT copy number was demonstrated in 5/20 AR primary cases. Conclusions The rate of functional mutations in KIT is significantly higher in AR MM than in GI metastatic melanoma. KIT protein overexpression does not correlate with KIT mutations and cannot be used for screening purposes. Recognising the molecular heterogeneity of MM helps to identify patients who require a different therapeutic approach.


This study aims to explore and identify the front-line hotel employees' issues and perceptions of work-life balance in the Philippine context. The respondents were front-line hotel personnel assigned to various departments of selected top luxury hotels in the Philippines. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect the data. Factor analysis discovered five factors: (1) time-based conflict; (2) strain-based conflict; (3) behaviour-based conflict; (4) causes and consequences of work-family conflicts (WFCs); and (5) work-family enrichment (WFE). The front-line hotel employees had experienced time-based, strain-based and behaviour-based WFCs in their workplaces with consequent negative impacts on their work, family, physical and psychological health outcomes. The employees generally perceived that their work and life are not balanced in their jobs. The findings suggest that time-based conflict, strain-based conflict and causes and consequences of WFCs are negatively correlated with the overall perception of work-life balance among employees while work-life enrichment is positively correlated with work-life balance. Thus, WFCs have not spared the Philippine hotel industry and the employees need work-family enrichment (WFE). Work-life initiatives are recommended to increase work-life balance, improve the position of hotels as an employer of choice, and retain and attract better quality workers. MASTER THESIS ON WORK-FAMILY CONFLICTS & ENRICHMENT 3


© Inter-Research 2014 The interwoven nature of habitats and their acoustic fingerprints (soundscapes) is being increasingly recognized as a key component of animal ecology. Natural soundscapes are crucial for orientation in many different taxa when seeking suitable breeding grounds or settlement habitats. In the marine environment, coral reef noise is an important navigation cue for settling reef fish larvae and is thus a possible driver of reef population dynamics. We explored reef noise across a gradient of reef qualities, tested sound propagation models against field recordings and combined them with fish audiograms to demonstrate the importance of reef quality in determining which reefs larvae are likely to detect. We found that higher-quality reefs were significantly louder and richer in acoustic events (transient content) than degraded reefs, and observed that sound propagated farther with less attenuation than predicted by classic models. We discuss how zones of detection of poor-quality reefs could be reduced by over an order of magnitude compared to healthy reefs. The present study provides new perspectives on the far reaching effects habitat degradation may have on organisms that utilize soundscapes for orientation towards or away from coral reefs, and highlights the value of sound recordings as a cost-effective reef survey and monitoring tool.


Peter Walker and Partners (PWP) was formed in 1983. Their projects, executed worldwide, vary both in scale and type: urban design and planning, corporate headquarters and university campuses, parks, plazas and gardens. Exploring the relationships between art, culture and context, Peter Walker re-forms the landscape - whether urban or natural - and challenges traditional concepts of design. This book features the company's work from the last seven years, all of which brilliantly showcases the firm's range. It includes sixteen built projects in Europe, Asia and the United States - parks, corporate headquarters, foundations, museums and urban plazas; seven works in progress, including the American Embassy in Beijing and the World Trade Center Memorial in New York City; and ten site planning and urban-design projects, among them millennium parklands in Sydney, Australia and Novartis Headquarters in Basel, Switzerland. The book opens with a short essay about the organization and philosophy of the office, the partners and associates, and the particular way that PWP practises the craft of landscape architecture. It concludes with four competitions, including one for 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue.


We study the cross-section of stock option returns by sorting stocks on the difference between historical realized volatility and at-the-money implied volatility. We find that a zero-cost trading strategy that is long (short) in the portfolio with a large positive (negative) difference between these two volatility measures produces an economically and statistically significant average monthly return. The results are robust to different market conditions, to stock risks-characteristics, to various industry groupings, to option liquidity characteristics, and are not explained by usual risk factor models. & 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


Polygenic scores (PS) are becoming a useful tool to identify individuals with high genetic risk for complex diseases and several projects are currently testing their utility for translational applications. It is also tempting to use PS to assess whether genetic variation can explain a part of the geographic distribution of a phenotype. However, it is not well known how population genetic properties of the training and target samples affect the geographic distribution of PS. Here, we evaluate geographic differences, and related biases, of PS in Finland with geographically well-defined sample of 2,376 individuals from the National FINRISK study. First, we detect geographic differences in PS for coronary artery disease (CAD), rheumatoid arthritis, schizophrenia, waits-hip ratio (WHR), body-mass index (BMI) and height, but not for Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis. Second, we use height as a model trait to thoroughly assess the possible population genetic biases in PS and apply similar approaches to the other phenotypes. Most importantly, we detect suspiciously large accumulation of geographic differences for CAD, WHR, BMI and height, suggesting bias arising from population genetic structure rather than from a direct genotype-phenotype association. This work demonstrates how sensitive the geographic patterns of current PS are for small biases even within relatively homogenous populations and provides simple tools to identify such biases. A thorough understanding of the effects of population genetic structure on PS is essential for translational applications of PS.


This study extends the application of media system dependency theory to explore the work-related dependency relations of young working adults with their smartphones and the antecedents of such smartphone dependency. By conducting semistructured interviews with 32 young employees in China, this study showed that Chinese young workers mainly depend on their smartphones for understanding (e.g., being updated of the events in their work), orientation (e.g., performing work-related actions), and communication (e.g., contacting and interacting with colleagues) at work. Three task attributes (i.e., task interdependence, task mobility, and time criticality) and organizational norms influence the work-related smartphone dependency of Chinese young workers. Implications for theories and practices are discussed.


Finite lattices possess a basis, as well as a cobasis, from which the elements of the lattice can be recovered by sup or inf. We extend this construction to finite ordered sets, and then apply it to Coxeter groups, considered as ordered sets (Bruhat order). This amounts to embedding Coxeter groups into their enveloping lattices. These lattices are distributive in the cases of types An and Bn.


A survey of standards for bridges which exist in the U.S. and Canada was conducted. Pertinent information concerning these standards was placed into a matrix in a spread sheet format using Lotus 1-2-3 and an IBM/PC microcomputer. This information was reviewed for possible use in developing plans for standard bridge systems which could be used by county engineers in Washington. Information on types of standard bridge systems to be developed was also obtained from Washington county engineers via a questionnaire. It is recommended that designs for at least one standard bridge system be developed for each of the primary materials readily available in Washington, namely: steel, concrete and wood. Other details which should be included in the standards are given.


Yield monitor data contain systematic and random errors, which must be removed for creating accurate yield maps. A general procedure for assessing yield data cleaning methods was applied to a new postprocessing algorithm in which six common types of erroneous yield monitor values were removed: (1) combine header status up; (2) start-/end-pass delays; (3) grain flow, distance traveled, and grain moisture outliers; (4) values exceeding minimum and maximum biological yield limits; (5) local neighborhood outliers; and (6) short segments and co-located points. The algorithm was applied to four yield maps of maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr.] grown under irrigated and rainfed conditions. A total of 13 to 20% of the original yield monitor data was removed, with 72 to 85% of the removal occurring in the mandatory, primary screening process (Steps 1 and 2). Only 2.6 to 3.9% of the original yield monitor data were removed during secondary screening (Steps 3 through 6), but this additional screening lead to yield semivariograms with smaller nugget values and sills and a relative increase in map precision of 4.3 to 5.4% compared with conducting primary screening only. The local neighborhood outlier test (Step 5) removed a larger proportion of yield values in soybean (12.8 to 14.9% of all deleted values) than in maize (2.7 to 3.2%). The proposed algorithm is robust enough for implementation in commercial software but requires further testing in other crops and environments and with other brands of yield monitors.


Representation is a fundamental concept within cognitive science. Most often, representations are interpreted as mental representations, theoretical entities that are the bearers of meaning and the source of intentionality. This approach views representation as the internal reflection of external circumstances -- that is, as the end station of sensory processes that translate the environmental state of affairs into a set of mental representations. Fred Keijzer stresses, however, that representations are also the starting point for a set of processes that lead back to the external environment. They are used as theoretical components within an explanation of a person's outwardly visible behavior. In this book Keijzer investigates the usefulness of representation for behavioral explanation, irrespective of mental issues. Viewing representation solely in terms of its contribution to explaining behavior allows him to build a serious case for a nonrepresentational approach and to evaluate representation's role in cognitive science. Keijzer provides a reconstruction of cognitive science's implicit representational explanation of behavior, which he calls Agent Theory (AT). AT is the use of mind as a subpersonal mechanism of behavior. He proposes an alternative to AT called Behavioral Systems Theory (BST), which explains behavior as the result of interactions between an organism and its environment. Keijzer compares BST to related work in the biology of cognition, in the building of animal-like robots, and in dynamical systems theory. Most important, he extends BST to the difficult issue of anticipatory behavior through an analogy between behavior and morphogenesis, the process by which a multicellular body develops.


PurposeDrawing on the knowledge-based view of the firm (KBV) and Dynamic Marketing Capabilities (DMC), this paper examines the role of key internationalization knowledge absorption processes as learning strategies, namely market exploitation and market exploration in enabling internationalization knowledge absorption in export-oriented firms involved in manufacturing goods or producing electrical/engineering products.Design/methodology/approachThe data were gathered via a cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire (i.e. n = 315) on a sample of Bangladeshi manufacturing firms exporting in US and European markets.FindingsThe findings suggest that an export firm's internationalization absorption strategies are positively associated with export performance. The authors also found that the mediator, DMC, strengthened the relationship between knowledge absorption and export performance. Moreover, the findings of moderated mediation model revealed that the direct and indirect effects of market exploitation on export performance are more prevalent when competitive intensity is low. While competitive intensity is high, the direct and indirect effects of market exploration on export performance are more prevalent.Practical implicationsBy introducing a higher-level dynamic marketing capability approach and linking it to ambidexterity constructs (learning though exploration and exploitation), export business professionals should appreciate the full spectrum of mid-level marketing capabilities they need to develop alongside their exploration and exploitation strategies to improve their export performance. This study directs attention to the competitive intensity conditions the exporting firm is facing. When export business professionals are faced with high-level of competitive intensity in the market, they should establish a clear focus on their exploration learning strategies if they wish to enhance their export performance.Originality/valueThe authors contribute to two broad domains of literature: organizational learning and DMC strategy. The study results show that how the two components of international ambidexterity as organizational learning constructs (i.e. market exploration and exploitation) influence knowledge management processes within firms through a firm's possession of a fine configuration of higher-level marketing capability. This study also theoretically and empirically examines how higher-level DMC strategy can mediate the consequence of international knowledge absorption mechanism on firm export performance. From a practical perspective, this study provides useful lessons for exporting firms wishing to enhance their performance.


Bootstrap resampling is an attractive, computationally-intensive approach for estimating population
parameters and their associated uncertainties. Values below detection limit—also referred
to as non-detects—frequently arise particularly when dealing with multivariate geochemical concentrations,
making the estimation of distributional parameters—mean, median, percentiles—a
difficult challenge. The bootstrap method can be used repeatedly for analyzing resampled versions
of the original data set. This way it is possible to estimate univariate distributional parameters
while also capturing the additional uncertainty due to missing information. Within this approach,
a method must be chosen to substitute non-detects with appropriate values given the compositional
nature of the data. This idea was first introduced by Olea (2008) in the previous CoDaWork'08
meeting. Making use of the isometric log-ratio transformation and analyzing one variable at a time,
he proposed a univariate bootstrap procedure where the distributional parameters of geochemical
components were modeled from bootstrap resamples considering different criteria to impute nondetects.
After conducting a sensitivity analysis on both proportion of non-detects and sample size,
the study concluded that when drawing randomly a value from the extrapolated tail below the detection
limit of the distribution best fitting the complete data—usually the log-normal distribution
for geochemical data—the bootstrap estimates turned out to be more accurate than those obtained
using simple imputation methods. Rather than analyzing each variable separately, here we make
a step further to get the most of the covariance structure of the data set, extending the univariate
approach for replacing non-detects to a multivariate setting. As a test bench, a number of data
sets containing non-detects are artificially generated from real geochemical data and used to evaluate
the performance of different replacement methods within the bootstrap process. First results
show improved results when non-detects are replaced by random values drawn from a conditional
truncated additive logistic model


There is much evidence that higher sodium intake is associated with elevated blood pressure and there is a strong likelihood that the relationship between excess dietary sodium intake and hypertension is causal.1–3 Corresponding evidence from clinical trials shows that significant reductions in blood pressure can be achieved by lowering dietary sodium consumption in groups with hypertension as well as among normotensive individuals.4 With high blood pressure identified as the leading cause of cardiovascular disease in the world, responsible for more than 60% of stroke events and almost 50% of coronary heart disease,5 efforts to control blood pressure levels have been a global priority for decades. In addition to very well established clinical hypertension control programmes, many of the world's leading scientific and health organisations recommend the widespread reduction of sodium intake for blood pressure lowering. In the USA, the US dietary guidelines recommend reducing the daily intake of sodium to less than 2300 mg/day for the general population, which equates to about one teaspoon or 6 g of salt.6 The US dietary guidelines also advise that higher risk individuals, such as African Americans or people with hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease, should aim for a daily intake of 1500 mg/day or less.6

A key challenge for these guidelines has been the absence of definitive evidence that reduced dietary sodium translates into lower risks of 'hard' clinical outcomes such as stroke and heart attack. This has been the focus of much recent debate. On the one hand, investigators have projected that population-wide reductions in dietary sodium intake will deliver very large benefits because the blood pressure reductions that would ensue would produce substantial reductions in cardiovascular disease.7 It is estimated …


Factors influencing adoption of variable-rate nutrient management (VRM) and georeferenced precision soil sampling (PSS) for fertilizer management among cotton producers and the factors affecting awareness of and participation in cost-share programs encouraging the adoption of nutrient-management practices were analyzed using multivariate probit regression with sample selection. Data were collected from a fourteen-state cotton producer survey. Factors including farm size, operator age, and farm location were correlated with the adoption of VRM and PSS, awareness of cost-sharing programs, and program participation. The results may help agencies target farms with the specific attributes most likely to participate in cost-share programs.


Peer-review plays a critical role in the scientific writing and publication ecosystem. To assess the efficiency and efficacy of the reviewing process, one essential element is to understand and evaluate the reviews themselves. In this work, we study the content and structure of peer reviews under the argument mining framework, through automatically detecting (1) the argumentative propositions put forward by reviewers, and (2) their types (e.g., evaluating the work or making suggestions for improvement). We first collect 14.2K reviews from major machine learning and natural language processing venues. 400 reviews are annotated with 10,386 propositions and corresponding types of Evaluation, Request, Fact, Reference, or Quote. We then train state-of-the-art proposition segmentation and classification models on the data to evaluate their utilities and identify new challenges for this new domain, motivating future directions for argument mining. Further experiments show that proposition usage varies across venues in amount, type, and topic.


ABSTRACT Integrins α2β1, αXβ2, and αVβ3 have been implicated in rotavirus cell attachment and entry. The virus spike protein VP4 contains the α2β1 ligand sequence DGE at amino acid positions 308 to 310, and the outer capsid protein VP7 contains the αXβ2 ligand sequence GPR. To determine the viral proteins and sequences involved and to define the roles of α2β1, αXβ2, and αVβ3, we analyzed the ability of rotaviruses and their reassortants to use these integrins for cell binding and infection and the effect of peptides DGEA and GPRP on these events. Many laboratory-adapted human, monkey, and bovine viruses used integrins, whereas all porcine viruses were integrin independent. The integrin-using rotavirus strains each interacted with all three integrins. Integrin usage related to VP4 serotype independently of sialic acid usage. Analysis of rotavirus reassortants and assays of virus binding and infectivity in integrin-transfected cells showed that VP4 bound α2β1, and VP7 interacted with αXβ2 and αVβ3 at a postbinding stage. DGEA inhibited rotavirus binding to α2β1 and infectivity, whereas GPRP binding to αXβ2 inhibited infectivity but not binding. The truncated VP5* subunit of VP4, expressed as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein, bound the expressed α2 I domain. Alanine mutagenesis of D308 and G309 in VP5* eliminated VP5* binding to the α2 I domain. In a novel process, integrin-using viruses bind the α2 I domain of α2β1 via DGE in VP4 and interact with αXβ2 (via GPR) and αVβ3 by using VP7 to facilitate cell entry and infection.


A new Rh-catalyzed, three-component reaction for the oxytrifluoromethylthiolation of α-diazoketones was developed. The SCF3 functionality was introduced using a stable dibenzenesulfonimide reagent under mild conditions. Alcohols, acetals, and ethers were used as the alkoxy sources. Cyclic ethers underwent a trifunctionalization reaction through the introduction of SCF3, OR, and N(SO2Ph)2 substituents in a single step.


An experimental investigation of four sailboat keels is presented. Three of the keels have bulbs of different shapes: an L-keel, a T-keel and an integrated bulb keel. These shapes are found on most sailing yachts designed during the past twenty years. The fourth keel is a standard fin keel. Lift and drag of the four keels have been measured in a wind tunnel and the results are compared. To obtain more practical results the measured data have been input into a VPP, and the performance of a 40 foot yacht equipped with the different keels is evaluated. Although the performance differences are not great, they are clearly of interest in yacht racing. Since one purpose of the experimental campaign was to develop a data base for CFD validation, emphasis is placed on uncertainty estimation. A numerical optimisation of the most common bulb, the integrated one, is also reported. A CFD code was linked to an optimiser and a CAD program, and the drag to lift ratio of the keel was minimized at an angle of attack of 4°. The optimisation was preceded by a CFD code validation for the keel. It is shown in the paper that the proposed technique improves the performance such that the worst keel becomes competitive with the best non-optimised one.


Araucaria bidwillii, commonly known as the bunya pine, is a widely recognised Australian conifer celebrated for its cultural, biogeographic and evolutionary significance. Belonging to the Araucariaceae, one of the oldest surviving families of trees, A. bidwillii is today found only in Far North and South East Queensland. This thesis provides the first quantified assessment of the habitat, population structure, abundance and conservation status of the Mount Lewis subpopulation of A. bidwillii.

My objective was to provide life history and ecological data in support of management planning and conservation practices that do not rely on assumption and anecdote. Prior to this study, the Mount Lewis subpopulation of A. bidwillii was thought to be restricted to approximately six discontinuous stands in two adjacent sub-catchments. With new occurrence records obtained from these catchments, a species distribution model was developed to identify potentially suitable habitat at both the local and regional scales. Rainfall, temperature and proximity to the rainforest boundary made significant contributions to the model's performance. With records from both tall open forest and rainforest included within the model, predicted habitat was often in alignment with the margin of these two vegetation types. Locally, predicted habitat aligned with known locations and identified other nearby sites with high habitat suitability values. However, the model failed to align with the other known Wet Tropics subpopulation approximately 100 km to the south in Wooroonooran National Park.

Population structure and recruitment patterns were investigated by establishing 13 study sites across tall open forest and rainforest. Size-class data, as a proxy for age, and individual counts of seedlings were obtained for A. bidwillii across these sites. The aggregated data for the entire sample population displays a reverse J-curve structure, often interpreted as an indication of continuous recruitment. However, further analysis identified variation in pattern in response to vegetation type. The results identify recruitment but there is no clear single strategy displayed. While there is an abundance of seedlings, there are very few subsequent size-classes and an almost constant low number of trees between 15cm DBH to approximately 100cm DBH. Interpretation of these results leads to some support for a temporal recruitment strategy interwoven with the vegetation dynamics of tall open forest and rainforest. Seedlings are abundant in tall open forest and in open rocky sites within rainforest. In well-developed rainforest seedlings are sparse and the population structure resembles a slight pulse or modal pattern. Beyond seedling establishment, persistence into reproductively mature size-classes is low overall.

The Mount Lewis subpopulation of A. bidwillii was identified as a genetically distinct and evolutionary significant unit in 2004. It is also isolated from other populations, is at the northern extremity of the taxon's range and is exposed to unique threats not faced by subpopulations elsewhere. For these reasons, a conservation assessment of the Mount Lewis subpopulation was undertaken using the International Union for the Conservation of Nature criteria. Although within the protected area estate, the Mount Lewis subpopulation is considered 'vulnerable' due to a very restricted range, small number of mature trees, ongoing threats from fire, environmental weeds and the low likelihood a stochastic event will result in a population decline >50% over 100 years.

The northern subpopulation of A. bidwillii favours open sites over rainforest for seedling establishment. This finding is consistent with recruitment strategies of other Araucaria in South America, New Guinea and New Caledonia where vegetation dynamics influence population structures. At Mount Lewis the recruitment of A. bidwillii may be partly dependent on a long-term temporal interaction between tall open forest and rainforest. Beginning as a seedling in tall open forest and if able to escape the seedling bank, A. bidwillii may outlive surrounding eucalypts to eventually become a structural emergent in the subsequent rainforest over several hundred years.

Tall open forest is an important habitat for A. bidwillii, which may have implications for the ongoing use of fire as a management tool intended to restrict rainforest expansion. Ensuring the ecological processes that have allowed A. bidwillii to persist within the landscape can continue to operate is likely to be the most effective conservation strategy for this important subpopulation of a species of great significance.


In the hunt for investment value added, taxable investors need to think differently. A low-cost, low-turnover, equity-oriented strategy with broad, consistent exposure to the market is the most likely to succeed over long periods. The power of this simple approach lies in the interaction of investment strategy, tax management, and long-term compounding. After taking into consideration taxes, the cost of being wrong, and loss-harvesting capabilities, active strategies must generate 160 to 380 basis points of value added per year just to break even with this approach. If you want to fight the active management battle, do so in the knowledge that the odds are stacked against you.


Catastrophic interference is common in many network-based learning systems, and many proposals exist for mitigating it. But, before we overcome interference we must understand it better. In this work, we provide a definition of interference for control in reinforcement learning. We systematically evaluate our new measures, by assessing correlation with several measures of learning performance, including stability, sample efficiency, and online and offline control performance across a variety of learning architectures. Our new interference measure allows us to ask novel scientific questions about commonly used deep learning architectures. In particular we show that target network frequency is a dominating factor for interference, and that updates on the last layer result in significantly higher interference than updates internal to the network. This new measure can be expensive to compute; we conclude with motivation for an efficient proxy measure and empirically demonstrate it is correlated with our definition of interference.


Partisan attachments and voting behavior in Germany today are more volatile than in the past. This article tests the enduring influence of social cleavages on voting relative to two other factors that account for party performance: path dependent forces and spatial dependence. Drawing on original data from the eastern German states, we explain support for Germany's main parties in the 2017 federal election. We find relatively weak evidence for continued influence of social divisions for the major parties, but that support for the radical right Alternative for Germany (AfD) did reflect underlying cleavage structures. Additionally, we identify reliable effects of the historical immigrant population on contemporary voting. We also see weak evidence of lock-in political effects associated with German reunification, limited only to the CDU. Most interestingly, we observe powerful and robust effects of spatial dependence for three of the four parties we examine. We conclude that the effects presented here should signal to scholars of parties and electoral politics the need to incorporate history and geography into their analytical frameworks alongside more traditional approaches, since eastern Germany may in fact be less spatialized than western Germany or other country cases because of the homogenizing efforts of the SED regime.


Abstract. Indoor positioning technologies are being developed rapidly, and seamless positioning which connected indoor and outdoor space is a new trend. The indoor and outdoor positioning are not applying the same coordinate system and different indoor positioning scenes uses different indoor local coordinate reference systems. A specific and unified coordinate reference frame is needed as the space basis and premise in seamless positioning application. Trajectory analysis of indoor and outdoor integration also requires a uniform coordinate reference. However, the coordinate reference frame in seamless positioning which can applied to various complex scenarios is lacking of research for a long time. In this paper, we proposed a universal coordinate reference frame in indoor/outdoor seamless positioning. The research focus on analysis and classify the indoor positioning scenes and put forward the coordinate reference system establishment and coordinate transformation methods in each scene. And, through some experiments, the calibration method feasibility was verified.


OBJECTIVE
To quantify the risk of the severe cutaneous adverse reactions Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) associated with use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID).

METHODS
Three large data sources were analyzed: an international case-control study on severe cutaneous reactions (SCAR Study), a population based registry in Germany, and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) spontaneous reporting system.

RESULTS
In the international case-control study, the oxicams were associated with the greatest increase in risk of SJS and TEN (relative risk 34, 95% confidence interval 11-105). When the risk for only recently initiated use was compared to that for longterm use of these agents (> 8 weeks), the relative risk of SJS and TEN associated with oxicams was significantly increased (p < 0.05). German data registry confirm these findings. The incidence of spontaneous US reports of SJS and TEN (per 1,000,000 visits with a prescription) for diflusinal, sulindac, oxaprozin, and etodolac were not significantly lower than that of piroxicam (p > 0.05, all comparisons).

CONCLUSION
Although the absolute risks of SJS and TEN associated with NSAID use are low, these risks should be considered in monitoring patients who recently began therapy. In 3 independent databases, oxicams have higher risk of SJS and TEN than other NSAID widely used on the 2 continents. The FDA spontaneous reporting systems suggest some NSAID not widely used in Europe may have risks comparable to the oxicams.


In The Threshold of the Visible World Kaja Silverman advances a revolutionary new political aesthetic, exploring the possibilities for looking beyond the restrictive mandates of the self, and the normative aspects of the cultural image-repertoire. She provides a detailed account of the social and psychic forces which constrain us to look and identify in normative ways, and the violence which that normativity implies.


The aim of this article is to advance political economy and politics into migration studies by analyzing the role of transnational advocacy networks working on issues of trafficking and labor migration in East and Southeast Asia. Drawing on some empirical research, but mainly offering conceptual ideas, we demonstrate the importance of gender not only in trafficking and labor migration but also in transnational advocacy. First, we contextualize trafficking and labor migration within a gendered international political economy, focusing on existing power relations between genders, between classes and between states. Second, we examine the role of transnational advocacy networks in this context. In particular, we argue that a broader understanding of political opportunities and obstacles is needed. Emphasizing the transnational context and the importance of gender, we outline different types of opportunities and obstacles to advocacy in this particular area.


This paper uses data from PISA and the OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) to examine the evolution of socio-economic and gender disparities in literacy and numeracy proficiency between the ages of 15 and 27 in the sample of countries that took part in both studies. Socio-economic disparities are exacerbated between the age of 15 and 27 and the socio-economic gap in proficiency widens, particularly among low-achievers. Gender disparities in literacy at age 15 are marked across the performance spectrum but are particularly wide among low-performers. However, by age 24 there is no difference in the literacy proficiency of males and females. The gender gap in numeracy at age 15 is quantitatively small when compared with the gap in literacy, although it is more pronounced among high achievers. The paper canvasses possible explanations for the trends observed and discusses implications for policy and practice, including the extent to which the lack of an established link between PISA and PIAAC limits the analytical value of the two studies.


In this paper, mass spectral substance detection methods are proposed, which employ long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks to classify the mass spectrometry data and can accurately detect chemical substances. As the LSTM has the excellent understanding ability for the historical information and classification capability for the time series data, a high detection rate is obtained for the dataset which was collected by a time-of-flight proton-transfer mass spectrometer. In addition, the differential operation is used as the pre-processing method to determine the start time points of the detections which significantly improve the accuracy performance by 123%. The feature selection algorithm of Relief is also used in this paper to select the most significant channels for the mass spectrometer. It can reduce the computing resource cost, and the results show that the network size is reduced by 28% and the training speed is improved by 35%. By using these two pre-processing methods, the LSTM-based substance detection system can achieve the tradeoff between high detection rate and low computing resource consumption, which is beneficial to the devices with constraint computing resources such as low-cost embedded hardware systems.


The explosion on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, which is located 100 km from Kiev in Ukraine (at that time part of the USSR), and the consequent reactor fire, which lasted for 10 days, resulted in an unprecedented release of radioactive material from a nuclear reactor and adverse consequences for the public and the environment. The resulting contamination of the environment with radioactive material caused the evacuation of more than 100 000 people from the affected region during 1986 and the relocation, after 1986, of another 200 000 people from Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. Some five million people continue to live in areas contaminated by the accident. The national governments of the three affected countries, supported by international organizations, have undertaken costly efforts to remediate the areas affected by the contamination, provide medical services and restore the region's social and economic well-being. The accident's consequences were not limited to the territories of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine, since other European countries were also affected as a result of the atmospheric transfer of radioactive material. These countries also encountered problems in the radiation protection of their populations, but to a lesser extent than the three most affected countries. Although the accident occurred nearly two decades ago, controversy still surrounds the real impact of the disaster. Therefore the IAEA, in cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Bank, as well as the competent authorities of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine, established the Chernobyl Forum in 2003. The mission of the Forum was — through a series of managerial and expert meetings — to generate "authoritative consensual statements" on the environmental consequences and health effects attributable to radiation exposure arising from the accident, as well as to provide advice on environmental remediation and special health care programmes, and to suggest areas in which further research is required. The Forum was created as a contribution to the United Nations' ten year strategy for Chernobyl, launched in 2002 with the publication of Human Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident — A Strategy for Recovery. Over a two year period, two groups of experts from 12 countries, including Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine, and from relevant international organizations, assessed the accident's environmental and health consequences. In early 2005 the Expert Group 'Environment', coordinated by the IAEA, and the Expert Group 'Health', coordinated by the WHO, presented their reports for the consideration of the Chernobyl Forum. Both reports were considered and approved by the Forum at its meeting on 18–20 April 2005. This meeting also decided, inter alia, "to consider the approved reports… as a common position of the Forum members, i.e., of the eight United Nations organizations and the three most affected countries, regarding the environmental and health consequences of the Chernobyl accident, as well as recommended future actions, i.e., as a consensus within the United Nations system." This report presents the findings and recommendations of the Chernobyl Forum concerning the environmental effects of the Chernobyl accident. The Forum's report considering the health effects of the Chernobyl accident is being published by the WHO. The Expert Group 'Environment' was chaired by L. Anspaugh of the United States of America. The IAEA technical officer responsible for this report was M. Balonov of the IAEA Division of Radiation, Transport and Waste Safety


The charge transfer processes across the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) can be employed for energy storage and conversion, solvent extraction, or sensing or in life sciences. Among them are catalytic reactions, which have only been recently studied. Here H2O2 generation is studied with decamethylferrocene (DMFc) as electron donor at the interface between tetrahexylammonium perchlorate solution in 1,2- dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) and aqueous HClO4. These conditions are unfavorable for proton transfer across ITIES because of positive Galvani potential difference. Voltammetry with 1,2- DCE droplet modified electrode shows that DMFc oxidation is accompanied by ClO4 � insertion into the organic phase. The reaction progress was followed by UVvis spectroscopy, voltammetry, and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). In the first and last method, horseradish peroxidase was used as catalyst. It is concluded that O2 is reduced to H2O2 at the liquid|liquid interface not only under conditions when proton transfer to organic phase is strongly favored, namely, when Galvani potential difference is negative (Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 4675�4678).


Summary Gas transient flow in a gas pipeline and gas tank is critical in flow assurance. Not only does leak detection require a delicate model to simulate the complicated yet dramatically changed phenomena, but gas-pipeline and gas-tank design in metering, gathering, and transportation systems demands an accurate analysis of gas transient flow, through which efficient, cost-effective operation can be achieved. Traditionally, there are two types of approaches used to investigate gas transient flow: One involves treating gas as ideal gas so that the ideal-gas law can be applied, and the other considers gas as real gas, allowing the gas-compressibility factor to come into play. Needless to say, the former method can result in an analytical solution to gas transient flow with a deviation from the real-gas performance, which is very crucial in daily operation. The latter approach requires a numerical method to solve the governing equation, leading to instability issues with a more-accurate result. Our literature review indicated that no study considering the effect of changing gas viscosity on the transient flow was available; therefore, this effect was included in our study. Our investigation showed that viscosity does have a significant influence on gas transient flow in pipe- and tank-leakage evaluation. In this study, a comprehensive evaluation of all variables was performed to determine the most-important factors in the gas transient flow. Several case studies were used to illustrate the significance of this study. Engineers can perform a more-reliable evaluation of gas transient flow by following the method used in our study.


The aim of this article is to assess and explain the effectiveness of the international climate regime in a problem-solving perspective, with a focus on mitigation. As CO2 emissions have increased by more than 60 per cent since the start of the climate negotiations, effectiveness is exceedingly low. In explaining the performance of the regime, the main focus is on its problem-solving ability, defined as a function of power, leadership, and institutional design. 'Negative' power and a lack of leadership constitute important reasons for low effectiveness. In this broader perspective, the role of institutional design, exemplified by the Paris Agreement and its Rulebook, is fairly modest, and its significance should not be exaggerated. The Agreement and Rulebook score high in terms of ambition, but whether the rules will ever realize those ambitions remains to be seen. Domestic interests and priorities of the most important emitting countries will be decisive in this regard.


ESA APEX (Airborne Prism EXperiment) is a project for the realisation of an airborne dispersive pushbroom imaging spectrometer, a dedicated data Processing and Archiving Facility (PAF, hosted at VITO) and a Calibration Home Base (CHB, hosted at DLR) for instrument calibration operation. It has been developed by a joint Swiss-Belgian consortium. The APEX instrument is facing its finalisation phase undergoing intense experimental activities in view of its validation and performance assessment. Environmental tests were executed to simulate flight environment conditions. The first APEX airborne campaign has been held in June 2009 covering a variety of water targets over Switzerland and Belgium. Extensive pre- and post- flight characterisation and calibration campaigns were accomplished. Instrument data evaluation, performance analysis and optimisation of the data processing schemes adopted have followed. This paper outlines the activities performed and presents the first products achieved.


This paper outlines the key issues of remotely invigilated online exams (RIOEs) and presents ways to avoid and resolve the issues for educators who are considering implementing them. The purpose of this paper is to share the lessons learned during the process of implementing and evaluating RIOEs and highlight the key considerations required to conduct RIOEs more seamlessly, whilst minimising students' cognitive load. With the continued growth, and future importance of online tertiary education, this paper provides an important contribution to the understanding of the best methods and practices by which to conduct online examinations and provides a foundation for continued research and enhancement of effective RIOEs. The paper follows an extensive Action Learning process to develop and present a case study that was conducted across nine fully online business courses in a start-up venture for the University of South Australia. Cognitive load theory underpins the case study, which enabled the researchers to gain profound understanding into the RIOE process, identify issues and offer resolutions. RIOEs require more systematic and effective design compared to traditional paper-based exams and should be supplemented by early and clear communication with students. Educators should enable and encourage students to rehearse the exam service access procedures prior to their exams and students should be provided with real-time responsive technical support for any ad hoc issues that may present during the exam. These factors play a critical role in ensuring the successful implementation of RIOEs.


Biosignal monitoring in interactive arts, although present for over forty years, remains a relatively little known field of research within the artistic community as compared to other sensing technologies. Since the early 1960s, an ever-increasing number of artists have collaborated with neuroscientists, physicians and electrical engineers, in order to devise means that allow for the acquisition of the minuscule electrical potentials generated by the human body. This has enabled direct manifestations of human physiology to be incorporated into interactive artworks. This paper presents an introduction to this field of artistic practice and scientific research that uses human physiology as its main element. A brief introduction to the main concepts and history of biosignal-driven art is followed by a review of various artworks and scientific enquiry
developed by the authors. This aims at giving a complete overview of the various
strategies developed for biosignal-driven interactive art.


The thermodynamics of mixing and its dependence on cation distribution in the Fe3O4–Fe2TiO4 (magnetite-ulvöspinel) spinel solid solution were studied using high-temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry and a range of structural and spectroscopic probes. The enthalpies of formation of ilmenite and ulvöspinel from the oxides and from the elements were obtained using oxidative drop solution calorimetry at 973 K in molten sodium molybdate. The enthalpy of mixing, determined from the fit to the measured enthalpies of drop solution calorimetry, is endothermic and represented by a quadratic formalism, ∆Hmix = (22.60 ± 8.46)x(1 – x) kJ/mol, where x is the mole fraction of ulvöspinel. The entropies of mixing are more complex than those for a regular solution and have been calculated based on average measured and theoretical cation distributions. Calculated free energies of mixing show evidence for a solvus at low temperature in good agreement with that observed experimentally.


Discourses of entrepreneurship and research on women entrepreneurs have proliferated in the last two decades. This study argues that a particular conception of an entrepreneurial self underlies much literature on women entrepreneurs and their empowerment, and identifies several key assumptions of this entrepreneurial self. The study then assesses the motivations and experiences of several white women entrepreneurs in a northwestern state in the United States, finding that aspects of the entrepreneurial self are most evident in the reasons that women provide about why they became entrepreneurs. However, the experiences the women narrate reveal a more constraints-centered discourse, which features a particular interpretation of the frontier myth of the American West, and bears traces of an emergent, collective notion of empowerment. The authors explain such empowerment from critical and feminist perspectives, offering the concept of bounded empowerment as a lens through which to examine entrepreneurship and gender, and discussing its practical implications.


To understand instruction during the spring 2020 transition to emergency distance learning (EDL), we surveyed a sample of instructors teaching undergraduate EDL courses at a large university in the southwest. We asked them how frequently they used and how confident they were in their ability to implement each of nine promising practices, both for their spring 2020 EDL course and a time when they previously taught the same course face-to-face (F2F). Using latent class analysis, we examined how behavioral frequencies and confidence clustered to form meaningful groups of instructors, how these groups differed across F2F and EDL contexts, and what predicted membership in EDL groupings. Results suggest that in the EDL context, instructors fell into one of three profiles in terms of how often they used promising practices: Highly Supportive, Instructor Centered, and More Detached. When moving from the F2F to EDL context, instructors tended to shift "down" in terms of their profile—for example, among F2F Highly Supportive instructors, 34% shifted to the EDL Instructor Centered profile and 30% shifted to the EDL More Detached Profile. Instructors who reported lower self-efficacy for EDL practices were also more likely to end up in the EDL More Detached profile. These results can assist universities in understanding instructors' needs in EDL, and what resources, professional development, and institutional practices may best support instructor and student experiences.


This paper originates from the results of the EU financed project, ECOPSI, which advanced understanding about the professional competences of European public relations and communication managers. The paper focuses on deficiencies in competences that practitioners identify for themselves and on the needs for the future generation that will perform four professional roles: chief communication officer (CCO), crisis communication, social media, and internal communication. Questions to understand the roles and their future requirements were defined around: means for achievement of current competences to perform the role, competence gaps, specialized competences, and future needs. They were explored with qualitative methodology through 53 in depth interviews. The analysis of data shows that European professionals understand and evaluate their way of performing the practice through a complex framework of competences. The findings provide evidence of synergies in the understanding and interpretation of the four roles and there is common identification of on-going gaps and future needs, suggesting that public relations is a maturing discipline with an accumulated set of standards in Europe. The study also targets the capacity of intervention for advancing the profession to an approach of knowledge acquisition and supporting the previous academic consensus about the necessity of a body of knowledge and specialized skills for professionalization


This study disentangles national and transnational influences on international journalism by distinguishing convergent issue framing from nationally specific narrative in news texts. In a comparative quantitative content analysis of the newspaper coverage in five democratic countries (Brazil, Germany, India, South Africa, and United States) during four United Nations climate change conferences from 2010 to 2013, both textual-visual framing and narrative features were studied simultaneously for the first time. The narrative dimension consisted of variables that gauge (1) the degree of narrativity in an article, (2) the type of narrative (i.e. stories of catastrophe, conflict, success etc.), and (3) narrative roles of victims, villains, and heroes. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify both the prevailing issue frame in an article and its dominant narrative. Results show that issue frames converge more strongly across countries while narratives are more closely related to the cultural context and political particularities of each country. Investigating issue frames and narratives concurrently helps to reveal country-specific patterns of narrative coloring even for the same issue frame.


For an international sample of banks, we construct measures of a bank's absolute size and its systemic size defined as size relative to the national economy. We then examine how a bank's risk and return, its activity mix and funding strategy, and the extent to which it faces market discipline depend on both size measures. While absolute size presents banks with a trade-off between risk and return, systemic size is an unmitigated bad, reducing return without a reduction in risk. Despite too-big-to-fail subsidies, we find that systemically large banks are subject to greater market discipline as evidenced by a higher sensitivity of their funding costs to risk proxies, suggesting that they are often too big to save. The finding that a bank's interest cost tends to rise with its systemic size can also in part explain why a bank's rate of return on assets tends to decline with systemic size. Overall, our results cast doubt on the need to have systemically large banks. Bank growth has not been in the interest of bank shareholders in small countries, and it is not clear whether those in larger countries have benefited. While market discipline through increasing funding costs should keep systemic size in check, clearly it has not been effective in preventing the emergence of such banks in the first place. Inadequate corporate governance structures at banks seem to have enabled managers to pursue high-growth strategies at the expense of shareholders, providing support for greater government regulation.


Urban biodiversity provides environmental, social and economic benefits, and consequently
contributes to the health and well-being of people living and working in cities. However, a
critical review of people-nature literature revealed no integrated theoretical framework linking
biodiversity and health. The aim of this thesis is to provide such a framework by developing a
grounded theory based on a case study combining a critical literature review and desk study,
with ecological and anthropological methods. The study was conducted in Birchwood,
Warrington, UK, between October 2002 and December 2005. Innovatively, this research used
substitute measures for urban biodiversity and human health and well-being: urban habitat
structural diversity, and peoples' activities and experiences, respectively. The former was
recorded through an index of urban habitat vegetation structure, Tandy's Isovist technique and
Domin scale of vegetation cover estimates. Structured observations, opportunistic photograph
taking, and content analysis of local archives were employed to evaluate the latter. Non-
parametric correlations (Kendal's tau_b) revealed that low trees were associated with bird
watching (+ 0.421, p=0.05) and leisure walking (+0.336, p= 0.05), and that amenity grassland
was associated with jogging (+0.386, p= 0.05) and cycling for leisure (+0.348, p= 0.05). Local
experiences were classified into thematic categories with the most frequently expressed
concerns being related to 'local community' (39%, N= 1334) and 'open space' (31%, N=
1334). These empirical data were combined with published theoretical models into an
integrative theoretical framework summarised by the grounded theory: local culture is a
fundamental factor in biodiversity's contribution to human health and well-being.
Consequently, to maximize mutual benefits, both urban nature conservation and public health
agencies should jointly develop community engagement programmes. Further
interdisciplinary work involving urban nature conservation, public health, landscape
architecture and environmental psychology, which can be guided by the integrative framework
developed in this thesis, is required.


ABSTRACT Bone health conditions are treated with prosthesis and implant fixations. Despite being there to assist the patient, the difference between the elastic properties of these artificial medical solutions and the treated bone region may lead to a new fracture. One strategy to circumvent that problem, reducing the gap between the elastic properties, is to use Functionally Graded Materials in the manufacture of such medical devices. It is therefore of vital importance to understand the mechanical properties of bone within the region of interest, once this knowledge may ease and improve the development of artificial medical solutions. The bone tissue is a hierarchical material which has different elastic behaviour depending upon the scale of interest, the particular bone and the bone region. In this work, a multi-scale BEM mesh model of bone tissue ranging from the nanoscale to the mesoscale is sought. A new nanoscale design which considers the hydroxyapatite crystals inside, and outside the fibrils is developed. Furthermore, the fibrils are modelled with reported elliptical cross sections. Additionally, a procedure to develop the BEM meshes using multimedia software is proposed, based upon the similarities between them. Finally, several mesheswere created using triangular continuous elements.


Abstract: The Tore–Madeira Rise is a seamount chain located 300 km off the Portugal and Morocco coasts attributed to hotspot activity. U–Pb ages of lavas from the northern and central Tore–Madeira Rise range between 103 and 80.5 Ma whereas 40Ar/39Ar ages from the central and southern Tore–Madeira Rise yield ages ranging from 94.5 to 0.5 Ma. We performed new 40Ar/39Ar measurements to better understand the geodynamic history of the Tore–Madeira Rise. Plagioclase ages from the Bikini Bottom and Torillon seamounts suggest ages of >90 Ma and ≥60 Ma, respectively. Amphiboles from the Seine seamount yield an age of 24.0 ± 0.8 Ma. Biotites from lavas of the Ashton seamount give ages of 97.4 ± 1.1 Ma and 97.8 ± 1.1 Ma. The geochronological database available on the Tore–Madeira Rise has been filtered on statistical criteria to eliminate unreliable ages. The resulting database reveals three pulses of alkaline magmatism on the Tore–Madeira Rise at 103–80.5 Ma, at c. 68 Ma and between 30 Ma and the present. The magmatism was continuous from 103 Ma until c. 68 Ma and from c. 30 Ma until the present on the Tore–Madeira Rise, the surrounding seamounts and the Portugal coast. We suggest that the space–time distribution of this magmatism results from the interaction between a wide thermal anomaly emitting magmatic pulses and the complex motion of the Iberian plate. Supplementary material: A detailed Ar measurements dataset is available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18359.


Phase angle controlled converter using back to back Thyristors or Triacs are being adopted to controlled the speed of voltage controlled single phase Induction Motor used for Fan / Blower loads. This method suffers from the disadvantages of low input power factor at lowers speeds due to low power factor. The fan draws more current than the required one. This leads to higher I2R Cu losses occurring in the stator of the single phase motor. The proposed techniques of High Frequency PWM Controlled are proposed. This motor is expected to draw lesser current at higher input power factor as compared to existing firing angle controlled speed controlled techniques. In this way, the motor would operate at higher efficiency, low Cu loss, high input power factor and reduced low order harmonics. Keywords— High Frequency, PWM, Power Factor


When the USSR launched the satellite Sputnik shockwaves went through the United States. Science education was reformed and gains were made. Two decades after Sputnik , science education in the U.S. had regressed and a report from the government claimed that if the current state of education were imposed by another country it would be perceived as an act of war. The nation again mobilized in an attempt to rectify the perceived shortcomings in American education. Science for All Americans and Benchmarks in Science Literacy were first and closely followed by National Science Education Standards . All of these publications had dramatic effects on science education and American science education again moved forward. Another decade brought the world into the new century and found United States science education staying no more than afloat when compared globally. The National Research Council set out to determine what changes standards should undergo in order to best propel the United States as far forward as possible. They published A Framework for K-12 Science Education which was very influential and was the basis for the publication of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). Polls show that the American public is ready and wanting new internationally-benchmarked science standards such as the NGSS are. The NGSS are heavily based on the three dimensions recommended in the Framework : Practices, Cross-Cutting Concepts, Core Ideas.


—The paper presents a model of the geologic structure of Neocomian (Berriasian–lower Aptian) sediments in the Arctic regions of West Siberia and on the shelf of the Kara Sea. The southern part of the Kara Sea is the northern end of the West Siberian sedimentary basin and is identified as the South Kara regional depression of the West Siberian oil and gas province (OGP). Structural and tectonic analysis was performed, and 97 oil- and gas-promising anticlinal objects (structures of ranks III–IV) were identified in the Neocomian megacomplex relief, including 61 on the continent and 36 on the shelf. In the Yamal and Gydan oil and gas areas (OGA), the Neocomian complex of sediments has a structure typical of West Siberia. The megacomplex includes clinoform and shelf complexes. Clinoforms resulted from the ablation of terrigenous material from the eastern and southeastern edges of the plate and are tilted in the northwestern direction; the depocenter within which the eastern and western clinoforms converge is located in the Urals zone, west of the Nurmin megaswell. In the South Kara regional depression, the Berriasian–lower Aptian megacomplex is also represented by clinoform and shelf complexes. On the Kara Sea shelf, Neocomian clinoforms are tilted in the southern, western, and eastern directions; they resulted from the ablation of sediments from the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago and the Siberian Sill. Throughout most of the South Kara regional depression, clinoforms have a typical structure and contain shelf and Achim sandstones that can concentrate significant volumes of hydrocarbons; in the northeast, in the pre-sill zone, clinoform deposits will be represented by poorly sorted "dump" sandstones.


Using his European Debt Simulation Model (EDSM), Cline examines whether and to what extent additional debt relief is needed in Greece under the new circumstances. Greece's debt burden is significantly lower than implied by the ratio of its gross debt to GDP, because of concessional interest rates on debt owed predominantly to the euro area official sector. The IMF's call for debt relief recognizes the lower interest burden but argues that the gross financing requirement is on track to exceed a sustainable range of 15 to 20 percent. But in the Fund's June Debt Sustainability Analysis that threshold would not be exceeded until after 2030. A sustainability diagnosis based on such a distant future date would seem at best illustrative rather than definitive. The euro area creditors might, nonetheless, be well advised to provide two types of interest relief: an earmarked portion of interest otherwise due to finance a public works employment program; and additional interest relief to compensate for budget shortfalls caused by growth below plan levels. The sovereign debt situation should be alleviated by carrying out the bank recapitalization directly from the European Stability Mechanism to the banks, rather than through the sovereign as the intermediary. The large increase in the ratio of gross debt to GDP imposed by bank recapitalization is mostly an optical illusion because there would be a corresponding rise in state assets, but this increase could, nonetheless, further erode perceptions of sustainability.


Although technocracy in general is associated with economic decision-making rather than the politics of governance, the Philippine experience has shown that much hope has also been pinned on the country's economic technocrats to counter-act corruption in the country. This was seen during the martial law (1972 to 1986) and post-martial law periods (1986-onwards). A reason for this is that technocrats are regarded as professionals and experts in their fields, and more importantly, "apolitical". Their main concern, therefore, is to make sure that their economic policies are to be implemented. They are, therefore, expected to confront obstacles to this including corruption. Thus, during the martial law period, they were looked upon, particularly by the Philippine business community as well as by the country's major lending institutions, i.e., the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (IMF/World Bank) as a bulwark against corruption. The same perspective is also shared during the post-martial law period where the technocrats continue to be viewed as an obstacle to crony capitalism and patronage politics which persists to pervade Philippine society. This paper, therefore, argues that there are factors which facilitate as well as hinder the role of technocracy in this aspect. One is the nature of the political leadership, i.e., whether the president is corrupt or not; second is the role of the IMF/World Bank and/or external donors in asserting the need for good governance; third is the degree of the "politicization" of technocracy, e.g. the nature of their political mass base, and fourth is the degree to which Philippine society is willing to tolerate corruption in government. All these aspects to a certain extent are affected by the state of the country's political and economic stability. By doing so, the paper hopes to address the conditions under which technocracy is able to provide a leverage against corruption as well as its limitations. It will reveal that although Philippine experts have failed to achieve their final goals to eliminate corruption, the increments have been gained and lessons have been learned in confronting patronage politics and crony capitalism.


The prevailing description of our times as an 'age of austerity' has hardened into an axiom with extraordinary rapidity. Focusing on contemporary popular and consumer culture in Britain, this article makes a contribution to the task of subjecting the discourse of 'austerity' to the consideration it properly demands. I identify and interrogate the meanings that 'austerity' has in contemporary culture, and recall the contingency of the processes through which these meanings have been consolidated, a task that is all the more urgent, I suggest, when it feels like one prevailing signification has already 'won out'. The article is organized around the discussion of three dominant meanings of austerity: austerity as 'responsible politics', deficit reduction and coalition government policy; austerity as the 'other' that defines left-political struggle; and austerity as 'austerity chic'. The latter points to a conception of austerity as object of desire, an element which I develop and use to question the currently dominant critical position in left-cultural politics, the position of being 'anti-austerity'.


OBJECTIVES
The annual Hepatitis B Prevention and Education Symposium aims to develop partnerships between non-Western and Western health care providers to prevent chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and death from liver cancer among Asians and Pacific Islanders (APIs).

DESIGN
Each year from 2004 through 2007, we partnered with professional, academic, and community-based organizations to organize an educational symposium for Traditional Chinese Medicine practitioners and acupuncturists in California. Participants completed pre- and postsymposium surveys assessing knowledge about HBV and liver cancer.

SETTING
The symposia were held in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Stanford, California.

SUBJECTS
Over 1000 participants attended the four symposia combined; most were born in Asia.

INTERVENTION
Symposium activities included educational lectures and games, presentation of a physician's guide to HBV management, and case studies.

OUTCOME MEASURES
Chi-square tests were used to compare the proportion of correct responses to each knowledge-based question, as well as the total number of correct responses, before and after the symposium.

RESULTS
Knowledge about HBV and liver cancer was low prior to the symposium. The proportion of correct responses to the most commonly mistaken questions increased significantly at the conclusion of each symposium. The total number of correct responses rose from below 60% to above 75% each year.

CONCLUSIONS
Similar educational symposia targeting health care providers who serve API patients can improve HBV and liver cancer awareness and prevention throughout the API community.


Whether guilty by association through her marriage to a presumed terrorist or an active accomplice in secret plots to terrorize Americans, some headscarved Muslim women are perceived as incapable of developing their own beliefs and protestations. Instead, they are viewed as mere extensions of familial relationships with actual or presumed male terrorists. As national security prerogatives filter perceptions of Muslims through the prism of terrorism, the Muslim "veil" has become a stereotyped symbol of terror. This critical shift in perception results in palpable adverse consequences for a Muslim woman's freedom of religion, freedom of individual expression, and physical safety. In large part, this shift in meaning is due to a recasting of Islam as a political ideology as opposed to a religion. Once this definitional shift occurs, acts that would otherwise qualify as actionable religious discrimination are accepted as legitimate, facially neutral national security law enforcement measures, or protected political activity by private actors. Recasting thus serves as the basis for calls to deny Muslims their rights, all of which are protected under the law. Moreover, mundane religious accommodation cases become evidence of stealth, imperialistic designs of a hostile ideology. Contrary to the United States' traditional deference to religious precepts in personal affairs, opponents of mosque construction and Muslim religious accommodation dismiss religious freedom for Muslims as inapplicable by focusing on extremist Muslims to shift the debate to Islam's alleged pathological violence. The shift in symbolism of the headscarf results in two notable outcomes. First and foremost, Muslim women continue to be objectified within a larger conflict of ideas among predominantly male decision makers. Heated national security debates about the emergence of "homegrown terrorism," now code for domestic Muslim terrorists, focus primarily on persecuting or defending male suspects. Stereotypes of the dark-skinned, bearded, Muslim man as representative of the primary threat to national security consume the (predominantly male) government's anxious attempts to prevent the next terrorist attack. Sparse attention is paid to the impact of the post-9/11 national security era on Muslim women, and specifically on those who wear a headscarf. Irrespective of their place of origin or skin color, the headscarf "marks" women as sympathetic to the enemy, presumptively disloyal, and forever foreign. Further objectifying Muslim women are the predominantly male Muslim spokespersons responding to the polemical, as well as physical, attacks on American Muslims. Notwithstanding that the headscarved woman equally bears the brunt of the government's harsh counterterrorism tactics and the public's distrust of Muslims, her voice and perspectives are insufficiently represented in the discourse. Yet again she finds herself an object within a grander political conflict between two patriarchies that are different in form but similar in substance. Second, any meaningful discourse surrounding a woman's right to wear a headscarf in this country must include the racial subtext of the "terrorist other" associated with her headscarf. Debates about her legal right to do so inadequately analyze the issues through the narrow lens of religious freedom, while, post-9/11, the headscarf has come to symbolize more than a mere piece of cloth worn by a religious minority seeking religious accommodation. It is a visible "marker" of her membership in a suspect group. Thus the label "Muslim" is both a religious, racial and ethnic identifier. The shift in symbolism of the "veil" from subjugation to terror(ism) causes palpable discrimination against Muslim women. Indeed, accusations of terrorism and disloyalty accompany many of the documented cases of discrimination that they face. Gone are the days when the worst a Muslim woman could expect were patronizing and condescending allegations about her oppressive religion or wife-beating husband. Now she may need to worry about her own and her family's physical safety, her ability to obtain employment, and the government's harsh prosecutorial tactics. Many of them also suffer tangible economic harm via termination and demotion because they choose to wear the headscarf. In a country that promotes the economic independence of women as a means of preserving their legal and political rights, some Muslim women are forced to forfeit their right to practice their faith in their preferred manner in order to preserve their economic independence and the corresponding benefits. As the costs of wearing the headscarf become prohibitively high, the legal right to wear it rings hollow.