Abstract In this study, we examined pre-exercise insulin reductions on consequent metabolic and dietary patterns for 24 h after running in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Seven participants self-administered their Full rapid-acting insulin dose or 75%, 50% or 25% of it, immediately before consuming a 1.12-MJ meal. After 2 h, participants completed 45 min of running at 70% peak oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O2peak). Blood glucose and insulin were measured for 2 h before and 3 h after exercise. Blood glucose, diet, and administered insulin were self-recorded for 24 h after exercise. Data were analysed using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Pre-exercise peak insulin concentrations were greatest with the Full dose and consequently elicited the lowest blood glucose concentrations (P < 0.05). Blood glucose decreased under all conditions with exercise, with the fall with the Full dose (−6.1 mmol · l−1, sx = 0.4) greater than with 25% insulin (−3.2 mmol · l−1, sx = 0.4; P < 0.05). There was little change in blood glucose from 0 to 3 h post-exercise under all conditions (P > 0.05). Blood glucose at 3 h post-exercise was greatest with the 25% dose. Over the next 21 h, blood glucose area under the curve was greater with the 25% dose compared with all other trials despite consuming less energy and fewer carbohydrates (P < 0.05). A 75% reduction to pre-exercise insulin results in the greatest preservation of blood glucose, and a reduced dietary intake, for 24 h after running in individuals with type 1 diabetes.


An extremely halophilic archaeon was isolated from a sample of the brine-sediment interface of the Shaban Deep in the northern Red Sea. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed a close proximity to Halorhabdus utahensis (99.3%), the sole species of the genus Halorhabdus. Strain SARL4B(T) formed non-pigmented colonies and showed optimum growth at 45 degrees C, in 27% (w/v) NaCl and at pH 6.5-7.0. This organism utilized a few complex substrates, such as yeast extract and starch, for growth. Strain SARL4B(T) grew under anaerobic and microaerophilic conditions but grew extremely poorly under aerobic conditions. The ether lipids were diphytanyl derivatives. The DNA G+C content of the type strain was 61.7 mol%. On the basis of the phylogenetic data and physiological and biochemical characteristics, strain SARL4B(T) represents a novel species of the genus Halorhabdus, for which the name Halorhabdus tiamatea is proposed. The type strain is SARL4B(T) (=DSM 18392(T)=JCM 14471(T)). An emended description of the genus Halorhabdus is also proposed.


"Giving Voters a Voice" studies the origins of direct legislation, one of the most important political reforms enacted during the Progressive Era. Steven L. Piott begins with the source of the idea in the United States and proceeds to the earliest efforts aimed at generating a national movement to expand the parameters of popular democracy in the 1890s. He then broadens his examination to include the unique ways in which twenty-two states came to enact legislation allowing for the statewide initiative and referendum between 1898 and 1918. The book s appendix offers the only comprehensive listing of all the ballot propositions and vote totals for the period.Most historians of the Progressive Era have concluded that narrow self-interest prevented labor, farmers, and the middle class from working together to achieve important reforms. "Giving Voters a Voice" demonstrates that middle-class reformers, trade unionists, and farm organizers formed loose political coalitions and directed grass-roots campaigns to gain passage of initiative and referendum statutes because direct legislation offered the best means to correct political, economic, and social abuses. But there was more than just a shared sense of common interest that brought these seemingly oppositional groups together. What really made them willing to speak, lobby, and work together was quite simply the frustration felt by voters who sensed that they had become economically dependent and politically powerless.Each state in which proponents conducted an active campaign to win adoption of direct legislation is studied in detail. The book analyzes the crucial roles played by individuals who led the movement to empower voters by enabling them to enact or veto legislation directly, and reveals the arguments, the stumbling blocks, and political compromises that are often slighted in generalized overviews. Each state possessed its own political dynamic. "Giving Voters a Voice" offers the reader a richness of detail and a completeness of coverage not found elsewhere."


In the eastern part of the Northern Pacific, in lat. 10° 17′ N., long. 109° 13′ W., and 600 miles away from the nearest point of the continent of North America, is a small, lonely atoll called Clipperton. It has never been properly surveyed, but was in 1840 sketched by Capt. Sir E. Belcher, R.N. Its lagoon, 2 miles in diameter, was then open to the sea in two places, both shallow. The remainder of the ring surrounding it was a few feet above water, forming two flat, bare, crescent-shaped islands. It was the haunt of innumerable sea-birds, as might be expected from its solitary position, and it is doubtless to these birds that the fact that no scrap of vegetation exists is due. Since the date of Sir E. Belcher's visit the entrances have been closed by piled-up coral-sand, the ring is complete, and the lagoon is cut off from the influx of ocean-waters, except by infiltration. So far, Clipperton Atoll only resembles many other islands of similar type and position, but there is one point which distinguishes it, so far as I know, from all other atolls, and that is the existence on one part of the ring of a mass of rock about 60 feet in height. Some atolls have an island somewhere near the centre of the lagoon, but none, as this, on the ring itself. 9 I have long wished to know the geological character of this rock, but it is only lately, by the


We report the results of pump–probe optical Kerr effect (OKE) experiments performed on neat solutions of carbon tetrachloride, nitrobenzene, methyl methacrylate monomer, binary solutions of the squaraine dye indole squarylium, and the phthalocyanine dye silicon phthalocyanine-monomethacrylate, respectively, in carbon tetrachloride, and solid solutions of indole squarylium and phthalocyanine-monomethacrylate in poly(methyl methacrylate). Dispersion measurements of the dye solutions were performed in the visible one-photon resonant region of the dyes defined by their linear-absorption spectra. The dyes' third-order molecular susceptibility response γxxxx(-ω2;ω1,-ω1, ω2) in this spectral region is markedly different, with R{γISQ}>0 and R{γSiPc}<0. Analysis of the dyes' OKE response requires the inclusion of high-lying two-photon states and suggests that a purely electronic mechanism dominates their OKE response. The results are used to calculate the dyes' off-resonant third-order molecular susceptibilities, which are well within the limits predicted by the Thomas–Reiche–Kuhn sum rule [
 M. G.
 Kuzyk

 , Opt. Lett.25, 1183–1185 (2000)].


This paper will attempt to provide an answer to the question: will tax havens continue to
provide financial and banking services to non-resident investors in the face of sustained
pressure from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
1
and
the developed nations, in particular the G20? The question encompasses more than just the
issue of whether or not tax havens and Offshore Financial Centres (OFCs) will continue to
operate as financial centres attracting mobile capital from individuals and Multi-National
Enterprises (MNEs) because they have low or no taxes. Two other important considerations
which are fundamental to the future of tax havens are: first, whether these nations will amend
their bank secrecy laws; and second whether tax havens and OFCs will enter into Tax
Information Exchange Agreements (TIEAs) so that non-resident taxpayers and MNEs will be
deterred from locating capital in those tax havens to minimise the impact of taxation in their
home country.


Design for Sustainability is a practical approach to design which focuses on the challenges and issues faced by those designing consumer products in the 21st Century. It is written from a design perspective and aimed at both professional and student industrial and product designers, and those involved in managing design.The book begins by summarising the historical and current issues of the environmental debate in the context of sustainable product development, highlighting the benefits gained from considering the impact on the environment and issues of sustainability when designing. The authors answer the questions: What is sustainable product development and why is it important? What are the main drivers of sustainable product development? They explain how design can help to control human impact on the environment by not only minimising pollution, waste, energy use and use of scarce resources, but also by thinking outside the box to create systems and services that can reduce the number of products manufactured. The aim is to put sustainable development within a commercial context and introduce a new focus for design.Design for Sustainability outlines and assesses the methods, tools and techniques available to designers, both for design innovation and design improvement. A wide range of case studies are presented across a number of product sectors including electrical goods, IT and furniture. Initially they demonstrate product improvement and redesign, examples include those that reduce waste, pollution and energy consumption, designing for recycling and reuse of parts. Further examples are then provided exemplifying the more radical approach of system and service design.The final section takes the reader through a whole sustainable design project from start to finish, from brief to manufacture. References and sources of information are also included.


The MPEG-21 Multimedia Framework aims to realize interoperable access to content across heterogeneous networks and devices. Within the Framework, the concept of Digital Items is introduced as a structured digital representation for multimedia. To demonstrate the applicability of MPEG-21 to seamless multimedia interactions on limited platforms, the authors have produced an implementation of MPEG-21 for a mobile device, in Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME). This paper examines the design and implementation of the Mobile MPEG-21 Peer, including a specialized architecture and processing mechanisms specific to the J2ME platform.


Sugarcane breeding programs have been adapting to a new market demand: aside from high sucrose yield per hectare, the sector needs new cultivars with higher fiber percentages. The selection of sugarcane clones based on phenotype alone is a complex task. The selected clones should display high performance in a series of yield- and quality-related traits. Selection indices can provide information about which clones can best combine the traits of agronomic interest. In this study, different selection indices were evaluated in a population of 220 clones. The following traits were evaluated: weight of 10 stalks with straw, weight of 10 stalks with no straw, tons of cane per hectare with straw, tons of cane per hectare with no straw, sucrose content, fiber percentage, and tons of fiber per hectare. The selection indices of Smith (1936) and Hazel (1943) and Mulamba and Mock (1978), the base index (Williams, 1962), and the index of Pesek and Baker (1969) were used. The selection index of Mulamba and Mock (1978) without economic weight estimates, the index of Mulamba and Mock with economic weights based on heritability, and the index of Pesek and Baker (1969) with the desired gains based on genetic standard deviations were efficient for the selection of energy cane clones with good fiber yield, sucrose content, and tons of cane per hectare.


Abstract Wild Desert Tortoises, Gopherus agassizii, are eating different foods now than they were decades ago, because exotic plant species have invaded and flourished in the Mojave Desert over the last century. Reservations about the nutritional quality of exotic vegetation compared to native vegetation led us to conduct feeding experiments with growing, juvenile Desert Tortoises. We determined the digestibility of dry matter, energy, fiber, and nitrogen in four foods: Achnatherum hymenoides (a native grass), Schismus barbatus (an exotic grass), Malacothrix glabrata (a native forb), and Erodium cicutarium (an exotic forb). The largest nutritional differences among diets were between food types (fresh forbs and dry grasses) rather than between native and exotic species. The two grass diets were higher in fiber content and they contained less digestible energy than the two forb diets. The grasses contained little protein, and tortoises actually lost mass and body nitrogen while eating them. The exotic forb yielded more energy and nitrogen per unit dry mass than did the native forb, but this may be related to differences in phenological stages and associated fiber contents of these foods when they were collected. Juvenile tortoises gained weight rapidly when eating forbs and showed no evidence of having a lower digestive capability than did adults, despite their small size and immaturity. Estimates of nitrogen requirements compared to annual nitrogen intake on these diets suggested that growth of juveniles may be limited in part by dietary nitrogen.


We study the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the groundnut value chain and all the actors involved in its value chain in Ananthapuramu district of Andhra Pradesh, a leading groundnut producing state in south India. The results revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic created a double burden on farmers by disrupting farm production on one side and decreased diet diversity on the other. Disruption in farm productions resulted in a decline in household income and increased consumer food prices. The effect on farmers snowballed to other actors in the value chain, and all the actors were affected variably. Availability of storage infrastructure would have saved the farmer's household income to some extent during the pandemic. Supply of diverse nutrient foods through the existing public distribution system, which mostly provides wheat and rice, might have helped tackle the diet diversity issue amongst farmers. Farmer's collectives were perceived to reduce the negative impact during natural disasters like the COVID-19 pandemic by helping to organise smallholder farmers, minimise transaction costs and increase their bargaining power. In addition, effective farm extension services, including market information, could have benefited farmers during the crisis.


This Commentary examines how the choice of a pension plan discount rate affects the tradeoff between the risk of holding insufficient assets to pay promised benefits and the cost of acquiring more assets. The choice of discount rate can have a dramatic effect on the value of a plan's liabilities and, therefore, the assets needed to meet plan obligations. When assessing the performance of different discount rate rules, it is crucial to recognize the unpredictable nature of pension plan assets and obligations. In a fantasy world of no uncertainty and where the discount rate is equal to the rate of return on pension plan assets, the value of a fully funded plan's projected liabilities equals the value of actual future plan benefit payments. Such a plan will, as a result, be able to pay the pension benefits promised and have no excess assets. However, in a realistic world of uncertainty, the expected pension payouts, projected at the time when contributions are made, may differ significantly from actual future pension payments due to, for example, unanticipated inflation when pension benefits are indexed. Furthermore, asset returns are unpredictable and often volatile, so yields on plan assets may differ greatly from expected returns. As a consequence, the assets accumulated by the plan can differ markedly from the assets required to meet actual future payments. A key innovation of our analysis is that, through the use of simulation methods, we observe the performance of a wide range of discount rates under equivalent movements in plan obligations and asset returns. We analyze six discount rate types, or rules, and assess each rule's success in meeting the competing objectives of minimizing the accumulation of excess assets and ensuring a high probability that future benefit obligations are met. The choice of a discount-rate rule depends on the relative importance attached to these two factors. If approximately equal weight is given to achieving these two objectives, the best performing rules are a 10-year moving average of the high-quality corporate bond yield and an inflation forecast supplemented by a constant real interest rate. Both of these rules yield average discount rates below the expected rate of return on assets, but higher than the riskless rate of interest. Our results indicate there is considerable risk associated with choosing a relatively high pension plan discount rate, such as the expected return on plan assets. However, many pension plan sponsors in Canada prefer this rate, which they argue keeps their pension plans affordable. Current employers and employees have an incentive to keep the discount rate high in order to reduce current contributions, but a higher rate increases the probability that the plan will have insufficient assets to meet obligations. This suggests there is a need for prudent regulation of pension plan discount rates. Public-sector pension plans receive little guidance on the choice of discount rate and, in practice, many such plans use a rate higher than our best performing rules.


In 2050, over three quarters of the world's population will live in cities. This follow-up to Phaidon's successful The Endless City is a close look at the issues that affect cities, and thus human life across the globe in the twenty-first century. Based on a series of conferences held by the London School of Economics, Living in the Endless City examines Mumbai, Sao Paolo and Istanbul through a series of essays by global scholars and thinkers, photographs illustrating key aspects of life in the three cities, and compellingly presented analytical data.


In 1995, Procter & Gamble (P&G) scientists began researching methods of water treatment for use in communities facing water crises. P&G, one of the world's largest consumer products companies, was interested in bringing industrial-quality water treatment to remote areas worldwide, because the lack of clean water, primarily in developing countries, was alarming. In the latter half of the 1990s, approximately 1.1 billion (out of a worldwide population of around 5.6 billion) people lacked access to clean drinking water or sanitation facilities. An estimated 6 million children died annually from diseases, including diarrhea, hookworm, and trachoma, brought about by contaminated water. Many of these deaths were preventable if a water sanitation product was paired with effective education and distribution. With a long history of scientific research and innovation in health, hygiene, and nutrition, P&G considered ways it could address the safe drinking-water crisis as the new millennium approached. Although the company had a vast array of successful products, P&G did not offer anything that involved water purification, either domestically or in developing countries where poverty, lack of infrastructure, and inaccessibility of remote communities made the prospect of cleaning up the water more difficult.


While linear programming (LP) decoding provides more flexibility for finite-length performance analysis than iterative message-passing (IMP) decoding, it is computationally more complex to implement in its original form, due to both the large size of the relaxed LP problem and the inefficiency of using general-purpose LP solvers. This paper explores ideas for fast LP decoding of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. By modifying the previously reported Adaptive LP decoding scheme to allow removal of unnecessary constraints, we first prove that LP decoding can be performed by solving a number of LP problems that each contains at most one linear constraint derived from each of the parity-check constraints. By exploiting this property, we study a sparse interior-point implementation for solving this sequence of linear programs. Since the most complex part of each iteration of the interior-point algorithm is the solution of a (usually ill-conditioned) system of linear equations for finding the step direction, we propose a preconditioning algorithm to facilitate solving such systems iteratively. The proposed preconditioning algorithm is similar to the encoding procedure of LDPC codes, and we demonstrate its effectiveness via both analytical methods and computer simulation results.


Mixed forests are proposed as a management strategy that enables high levels of wood production while also supporting ecological and social benefits that are weakened by traditional monoculture strategies. An ecological benefit of mixed forestry is that it is expected to reduce plant damage caused by specialist insect pests because theory suggests that heterogeneous habitats such as mixed forests should limit fluctuations in pest insect population dynamics. Two main hypotheses have been proposed to explain this reduction in plant damage. The first is based on a bottom-up effect whereby plants grown in a diverse habitat have more effective defences against herbivores. The second is based on a top-down effect whereby plant species diversity creates habitat diversity that supports a higher abundance of pests' natural enemies. However, the mechanisms underlying these bottom-up and top-down effects are not fully understood.
To fill this gap, I investigated how heterogeneity affects the bottom-up and top-down mechanisms influencing pest insect population dynamics. As a model organism, I used the European pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer), an herbivorous insect that frequently reaches outbreak densities and whose larvae cause severe damage when feeding on pine needles. Sawfly performance is known to be affected by pine needle chemistry – particularly the concentration of di-terpenes, which affect larval survival, and nitrogen levels, which affect cocoon weight and thus adult fecundity. Generalist and specialist natural enemies have been showed to cause significant mortality in sawfly larvae and cocoons. Despite their importance, the effects of plant chemistry and natural enemies on insect herbivores have not been studied in the context of forest heterogeneity.
I found that the variation in cocoon weight within groups of sawfly larvae feeding on Scots pine needles increased with the needles' contents of di-terpenes, and that this trend was stronger in mixed forests than monocultures. Additionally, the rate of generalist predation on sawfly larvae was higher in more densely planted spots within forest stands. Predation on sawfly cocoons was favoured by tree diversity, but the presence of dead wood mitigated the negative effect of low tree diversity. In addition, forest heterogeneity had no discernible effect on specialist enemies, which were able to locate their hosts equally well in simple and complex habitats.
This thesis shows that bottom-up effects on sawfly larvae cannot explain the observed reduction in tree damage in heterogeneous habitats. It may be that the higher variation in cocoon weight observed in mixed stands increases the average fecundity of adult sawflies, resulting in higher likelihood of outbreaks. Conversely, heterogeneity promoted top-down effects because it favoured generalist predators without negatively affecting specialists. These results will be useful to forest managers seeking to understand how mixed forestry can be used to mitigate anticipated increases in insect pest damage due to future climate change.


Recent and increased interest of wireless mobile ad hoc networking motivates detailed examination of routing schemes specifically targeted for the demanding constraints that an unreliable, time varying and broadcast like wireless medium imposes. Incorporation and exploitation of radio characteristics are fundamental keys to successful and near optimal operation of routing schemes in a wireless environment. In this paper, forwarding methods for wireless mobile multihop networking in Rayleigh fading and non-fading channels are examined. An adaptive forwarding scheme denoted Selection Diversity Forwarding (SDF) is introduced and compared with two classical forwarding methods. It is shown that SDF presents significant performance improvements. In particular and in contrast to the reference methods NFP and MFR, the performance of SDF is enhanced under fading channel conditions. It is found that local path adaptation has potential to perform better than routing approaches along a single path.


1. Deviance, Definitions, and the Medical Profession Sociological orientations to deviance * Witchcraft in Salem Village * Universality and relativity of deviance * Social control * The medical profession and deviance in America * Emergence of the medical profession: up to 1850 * Crusading, deviance, and medical monopoly: the case of abortion * Growth of medical expertise and professional dominance * Structure of medical practice * Overview of the book * Suggested readings 2. From Badness to Sickness: Changing Designations of Deviance and Social Control A historical-social constructionist approach to deviance * Deviance as collective action: the labeling-interactionist tradition * Social construction of reality: a sociology of knowledge * Politics of definition * Politics of deviance designation * Deviance, illness, and medicalization * The social construction of illness * Illness and deviance * Medicalization of deviance * Expansion of medical jurisdiction over deviance * The medical model and "moral neutrality" * Summary * Suggested readings 3. Medical Model of Madness: The Emergence of Mental Illness Smitten by madness: ancient Palestine * Roots of the medical model: classical Greece and Rome * Dominance of the theological model: the Middle Ages * Witchcraft, witch-hunts, and madness * The European experience: madness becomes mental illness * The great confinement * Separation of the able-bodied from the lunatics * Entrance of the physician * Emergence of a unitary concept of mental illness * The 19th-century American experience: the institutionalization of mental illness * Asylum-building movement: a new "cure" for insanity * The science of mental disease * Freud, psychoanalysis, and medicalization * Reappearance of the somaticists * Mental illness and the public * Reform and institutionalization * Public acceptance * Mental illness and criminal law * The third revolution in mental health * Psychotropic medication * Decline in mental hospital populations * Sociological research * Psychiatric critique * Community mental health: a bold, new approach * Federal action and professional growth * Community psychiatry * Community psychiatry and the medical model * Medical model of madness in the 1970s * Summary * Suggested readings 4. Alcoholism: Drunkenness, Inebriety, and the Disease Concept Physiology of alcohol: uncontested applications of the medical model * Alcohol and behavior: the question of control and the beginning of contest * Disinhibitor hypothesis * Deviant drinking as disease: historical foundations * Colonial period * The disease of inebriety and the concept of alcohol addiction * Disease concept and the American temperance movement * An enemy and a weapon: disease and abstinence * Rise of the inebriate asylum and the rush to Prohibition * Post-Prohibition rediscovery: the Yale Center, Alcoholics Anonymous, and the Jellinek formulation * Yale Research Center of Alcohol Studies * Alcoholics Anonymous * Jellinek formulation * Is alcoholism a disease? * Medical response to the disease concept * Supreme Court and the disease concept * Future of the disease concept of alcoholism * A coming crisis? * Scientific claims * Summary * Suggested readings 5. Opiate Addiction: The Fall and Rise of Medical Involvement Nature of opiates * A miracle drug: pre- 19th-century use of opiates * Politics of opium in the 19th century * Recreational use in England and China * Medical uses: from a panacea to a problem * Discovery of addiction as a disease * Addicts and addiction in a "dope fiend's paradise" * Entrepreneurs and the morality of opium: the creation of an evil * American attitudes toward opiate addiction: from empathy to anxiety * First prohibition of smoking opium * Discovery of heroin * Criminalization and demedicalization * A quest for international control and the United States' response * Harrison Act: the criminalization of addiction * Reign of the criminal designation * Addiction becomes a "criminal menace" * Why narcotics laws have failed * Reemergence of medical designations of addiction * Support for a medical designation * Excursus: the British experience * Methadone and the remedicalization of opiate addiction * "Heroin epidemic" and available treatment * Adoption of methadone maintenance as public policy * Methadone revisionists * A final note on methadone and medicalization * Summary * Suggested readings 6. Children and Medicalization: Delinquency, Hyperactivity, and Child Abuse Discovery of childhood * Origins of juvenile delinquency * Childhood deviance into the 19th century * Child-savers and the house of refuge * Child-savers and the ideology of child welfare * Juvenile court * William Healy, court clinics, and the child guidance movement * Medical-clinical model of delinquency today * Discovery of hyperkinesis * Medical diagnosis of hyperkinesis * Discovery of hyperkinesis * A sociological analysis * Child abuse as a medical problem * Historical notes on the maltreatment of children * Child protection * Medical involvement and the discovery of child abuse * Child abuse as a medical and social problem * Social scientists' views of child abuse * Changes in the definitions of what constitutes child abuse * Children as a population "at risk" for medicalization * Suggested readings 7. Homosexuality: From Sin to Sickness to Life-Style Moral foundations: the sin against nature * Ancient origins: the Persians and Hebrews * Contributions of the Greeks * From sin to crime: early Christianity and the Middle Ages * New moral consensus: sin becomes sickness * Medicine and moral continuity in the 18th century * Masturbation and threatened manhood: a crusade in defense of moral health * Consolidating the medical model: the invention of homosexuality * Hereditary predisposition * Criminalization and medicalization * Homosexuality as a medical pathology * Rise of the psychiatric perspective * Contribution of Freud * Sacrificing Freud: the reestablishment of pathology and the promise of cure * Demedicalization: the continuing history of a challenge * The armor of pioneering defense: "nature," knowledge, and medicine * Spreading skepticism: social change and social science research * Rise of gay liberation: homosexuality as identity and life-style * Official death of pathology: the American Psychiatric Association decision on homosexuality * Beyond sickness, what? * Summary * Suggested readings 8. Medicine and Crime: The Search for the Born Criminal and the Medical Control of Criminality - Richard Moran The therapeutic ideal and the search for the born criminal * Lombroso and the emergence of a biological criminology * Danger of therapeutic tyranny * A century of biomedical research * Psychosurgery and the control of violence * The XYY chromosome carrier * The Lombrosian recapitulation * Behavior modification * Positive reinforcement * Negative reinforcement * Biotechnology * CIA and mind control * Summary and implications * Suggested readings 9. Medicine as an Institution of Social Control: Consequences for Society Types of medical social control * Medical technology * Medical collaboration * Medical ideology * Social consequences of medicalizing deviance * Brighter side * Darker side * Exclusion of evil * Medicalization of deviance and social policy * Criminal justice: decriminalization, decarceration, and the therapeutic state * Trends in medicine and medicalization * Punitive backlash * Some social policy recommendations * Medicalizing deviance: a final note * Summary 10. A Theoretical Statement on the Medicalization of Deviance Historical and conceptual background * American society as fertile ground for medicalization * An inductive theory of the medicalization of deviance * A sequential model * Grounded generalizations * Sociologists as challengers * Hunches and hypotheses: notes for further research * A concluding remark * Summary Afterword: Deviance and Medicalization: A Decade Later Some conceptual issues * Deviance and Medicalization and social constructionism * Reflections on medicalized deviance a decade later * Mental illness * Alcoholism * Opiate addiction * Homosexuality * Hyperactivity, child abuse, and family violence * New areas of study and future issues * References Bibliography Author Index Subject Index


Abstract : In the Advanced Vehicle Architecture for a Net-Enabled Combat Environment Technology Demonstrator Project (ADVANCE TDP), there is a need to define the requirements of the active suspension system and how the resulting motion affects performance and well-being (i.e. incidence and severity of motion sickness). At the request of the Director Armoured Vehicles Program Management (DAVPM), a study to investigate the effects of motion disturbance in the LAV III (light armoured vehicle) was completed. During a two-week mechanized platoon commander course held at Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Gagetown, an anonymous questionnaire concerning the rating of 1) motion sickness symptoms and 2) mood and alertness was distributed daily to all of the course participants. Although the participants were encouraged to complete the questionnaire several times each day, compliance with instructions was adversely affected by the operational and physical demands of the course. In addition, uncontrolled variables such as noise, vibration, adverse weather, stress and fatigue likely affected the scores of diagnostic motion sickness symptoms and mood. The most frequently reported motion sickness symptoms were drowsiness, feeling warm and headaches. The most frequently reported mood parameters were weariness, sleepiness, and physical discomfort. Anecdotal reports suggested that the course participants, who were experienced infantry members, had habituated to the motion of the LAV III and were thus less susceptible to motion disturbance than less experienced members.


[From the Introduction]. The first part of this article looks at the bases of the EU's legitimacy in general and EMU's legitimacy in particular. Much of the EU's legitimacy rests on output legitimacy, and the expected output of EMU was price stability and greater competitiveness, based on economic theories of the importance of price stability and its role in enhancing credibility and promoting investment. These were institutionalized in the highly independent European Central Bank, the Maastricht Treaty convergence criteria and the Stability and Growth Pact. However, despite the convergence towards neoliberal economic policies among European countries in the 1980s and 1990s, the institutions and policies adopted evoked controversy among academics and politicians, 3 and these initial disagreements later spilled over into the public debate over EMU's implementation at the national level. The subsequent section examines how EMU's legitimacy suffered as a result of expectations surrounding EMU were not fulfilled during its initial years of operation. In particular, the economic slowdown in the larger countries that contributed to the return of more politicized monetary policymaking and did a considerable amount of damage as a primary motivation for monetary integration was the expectation of higher economic growth. The next section looks at the politicization of EMU in more detail. In particular the implementation (and lack thereof) of the Stability and Growth Pact and its reform in 2005 demonstrated how the management of EMU had become a competition between EU institutions as well as participating member states. The most damaging one is that between the ECB and the Eurogroup. I offer three interrelated explanations to explain this rift: the differing incentives of the two institutions, the open-ended institutional design of monetary union, and the struggle for legitimacy that both face. This is followed by proposals for enhancing the legitimacy of EMU through market sanctioning, the European Parliament, the Commission and finally through political union. The final section concludes.


The leading cause of death in women is cardiovascular disease. The major cardiovascular risk factors have a greater impact on women. The prognosis for women with CAD is worse than for men. Women frequently present with symptoms of heart disease at a much later age and have a greater frequency of atypical chest pain. Noninvasive testing is less reliable in women. Do these facts indicate that CAD is inherently a more lethal disease in women? Or is CAD, as some would suggest, traditionally ignored in women? Stay tuned!


The content of a policy is one of the factors that determine success in the policy implementation process. This study aims to analyze how the content of Regional Regulation (Perda) No. 3 of 2016 as a policy for reducing infant mortality in Kupang regency, using one of the elements of the implementation model by Najam (1995), namely content. The method used is qualitative with data collection techniques in the form of observation, interviews and literature studies. The results of the study show that the content of Regional Regulation (Perda) No. 3 of 2016 clearly contain the objectives to be achieved, and how to achieve these objectives. The way to achieve the stated goals is also in accordance with the causes of infant mortality problems in Kupang Regency


The modern federal estate and gift tax imposes a graduated tax schedule on transfers of property at death (the estate tax) and while living (the gift tax). Supporters of the tax see it as a way of ensuring that the wealthiest of Americans pay a larger share of taxes or else give away a larger share of their wealth to charity. Detractors view it as a death tax--a complex, unfair, and inefficient levy that penalizes the thriftiness of the deceased.


The Hanford Waste Vitrification Plant (HWVP) is being built to process the high-level and TRU waste into canistered glass logs for disposal in a national repository. Testing programs have been established within the Project to verify process technology using simulated waste. A parallel testing program with actual radioactive waste is being performed to confirm the validity of using simulates and glass property models for waste form qualification and process testing. The first feed type to be processed by and the first to be tested on a laboratory-scale is pretreated neutralized current acid waste (NCAW). The NCAW is a neutralized high-level waste stream generated from the reprocessing of irradiated nuclear fuel in the Plutonium and Uranium Extraction (PUREX) Plant at Hanford. As part of the fuel reprocessing, the high-level waste generated in PUREX was denitrated with sugar to form current acid waste (CAW). Sodium hydroxide and sodium nitrite were added to the CAW to minimize corrosion in the tanks, thus yielding neutralized CAW. The NCAW contains small amounts of plutonium, fission products from the irradiated fuel, stainless steel corrosion products, and iron and sulfate from the ferrous sulfamate reductant used in the PUREX process. This paper will discuss the results andmore » status of the laboratory-scale radioactive testing.« less


There is strong experimental evidence for pairing of polaronic carriers in the normal state, two distinct energy scales, d-wave superconducting order parameter,and charge segregation in the form of stripes in several cuprates.All these remarkable phenomena might be unified in the framework of the bipolaron theory as a result of the formation of mobile bipolarons in the normal state and their Bose-Einstein condensation. Extending the BCS theory towards an intermediate and strong-coupling regime we show that there are two energy scales in this regime, a temperature independent incoherent gap and a temperature dependent coherent gap combining into one temperature dependent global gap. The temperature dependence of the gap and single particle (Giaver) tunnelling spectra in cuprates are quantitatively described. A framework for understanding of two distinct energy scales observed in Giaver tunnelling and Andreev reflection experiments is provided. We suggest that both d-wave superconducting order parameter and striped charge distribution result from the bipolaron (center-of-mass) energy band dispersion rather than from any particular interaction.


This paper examines the economic environments in which past U.S. stock market booms occurred as a first step toward understanding how asset price booms come about and whether monetary policy should be used to defuse booms. We identify several episodes of sustained rapid rise in equity prices in the 19th and 20th Centuries, and then assess the growth of real output, productivity, the price level, money and credit stocks during each episode. Two booms stand out in terms of their length and rate of increase in market prices -- the booms of 1923-29 and 1994-2000. In general, we find that booms occurred in periods of rapid real growth and productivity advance, suggesting that booms are driven at least partly by fundamentals. We find no consistent relationship between inflation and stock market booms, though booms have typically occurred when money and credit growth were above average.


The possibility to dispose of two-dimensional (2D) approaches to problems originally posed in a three-dimensional (3D) geometry is always desirable since it reduces significantly the computing resources needed for numerical studies. In this work we report on a new 2D approach called Generalized Plane Piezoelectric (GPP) problem [1] and apply it to the calculation of the strain and electric fields in heterostructure (core-shell) nanowires. The approach is based on the idea that for systems with infinite length or with large aspect ratio, all the cross sections can be considered to be at identical conditions, and hence the strain and electric fields depend only on in-plane coordinates (x_1,x_2) [2]. The GPP approach is able to accommodate piezoelectric problems with any cross-section geometry, symmetry and a wide range of compatible boundary conditions. Therefore, it is well suited to treat piezoelectric problems in nanowires of any material type under different kinds of externally applied constraints or stresses and imposed potentials or surface charges. As an illustration of the potential applications of the GPP approach, we present a study of the piezoelectric problem in a lattice mismatched zincblende InN/GaN core-shell nanowire with axis along the [111] crystallographic direction. The numerical calculations of GPP are performed on a discretized form of the GPP problem in the framework of continuum piezomechanics by using COMSOL Multiphysics® software. When compared with results of the equivalent problem solved by direct 3D calculations, our 2D calculations exhibit an excellent agreement. This agreement shows the reliability of the GPP approach to obtain efficiently accurate strain, electric and potential distributions for wire-like systems. This work has been financially supported by the European Union through the Grant Agreement No.265073-NANOWIRING of the Seventh Framework Program, and by the Ministry of Finances and Competitiveness (MINECO) of Spain through Grants CSD201000044 of the Programme ''Consolider Ingenio 2010'' and MAT2012-33483.


In this article the authors take up the invitation to respond to the previous articles in the special issue. They discuss why it is so difficult to speak and write about gender and sexuality, and difference more generally, in the neoliberalised university. They make the case that the neoliberal university engages and uses categorical difference, and the individuals inhabiting these, mainly for auditing purposes. The authors develop the argument that despite the enterprise university's official commitments to diversity and inclusion, it remains indifferent to difference, understood as openness to becoming different, to differenciation in a Deleuzian sense. Difference is privatised and depoliticised and is only acceptable if it is useful and exploitable in pre-specified ways and if it conforms to and facilitates neoliberal agendas.


This brochure presents examples of analyses included in the first four Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) national technical reports. Its purpose is to introduce the reader to the kinds of information available in these and subsequent FHM national technical reports. Indicators presented here include drought, air pollution, forest fragmentation, and tree mortality. These and other indicators were generally analyzed by broad ecological regions characterized by similar climate, vegetation, geology, and soils. Sources are provided for additional information about these analyses, as well as the FHM Program in general.


Targeted cancer immunotherapy with irradiated, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-secreting, allogeneic cancer cell lines has been an effective approach to reduce tumor burden in several patients. It is generally assumed that to be effective, these cell lines need to express immunogenic antigens coexpressed in patient tumor cells, and antigen-presenting cells need to take up such antigens then present them to patient T cells. We have previously reported that, in a phase I pilot study (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00095862), a subject with stage IV breast cancer experienced substantial regression of breast, lung, and brain lesions following inoculation with clinical formulations of SV-BR-1-GM, a GM-CSF-secreting breast tumor cell line. To identify diagnostic features permitting the prospective identification of patients likely to benefit from SV-BR-1-GM, we conducted a molecular analysis of the SV-BR-1-GM cell line and of patient-derived blood, as well as a tumor specimen. Compared to normal human breast cells, SV-BR-1-GM cells overexpress genes encoding tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) such as PRAME, a cancer/testis antigen. Curiously, despite its presumptive breast epithelial origin, the cell line expresses major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes (HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB3, HLA-DMA, HLA-DMB), in addition to several other factors known to play immunostimulatory roles. These factors include MHC class I components (B2M, HLA-A, HLA-B), ADA (encoding adenosine deaminase), ADGRE5 (CD97), CD58 (LFA3), CD74 (encoding invariant chain and CLIP), CD83, CXCL8 (IL8), CXCL16, HLA-F, IL6, IL18, and KITLG. Moreover, both SV-BR-1-GM cells and the responding study subject carried an HLA-DRB3*02:02 allele, raising the question of whether SV-BR-1-GM cells can directly present endogenous antigens to T cells, thereby inducing a tumor-directed immune response. In support of this, SV-BR-1-GM cells (which also carry the HLA-DRB3*01:01 allele) treated with yellow fever virus (YFV) envelope (Env) 43–59 peptides reactivated YFV-DRB3*01:01-specific CD4+ T cells. Thus, the partial HLA allele match between SV-BR-1-GM and the clinical responder might have enabled patient T lymphocytes to directly recognize SV-BR-1-GM TAAs as presented on SV-BR-1-GM MHCs. Taken together, our findings are consistent with a potentially unique mechanism of action by which SV-BR-1-GM cells can act as APCs for previously primed CD4+ T cells.


The time interval represented by marine isotope stages (MIS) 11 and 12 (ca. 360–470 ka) may contain the most extreme glacial and interglacial climate conditions of the late Pleistocene. Sediments from the Bermuda Rise (western North Atlantic) provide clues to the nature of climate variability during this period. Our geochemical records indicate that millennial-scale climate instability and associated changes in North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) production occurred during both interglacial MIS 11 and glacial MIS 12. Stage 12 is punctuated by a series of interstadial events that occurred at a 5–6 k.y. periodicity, and the occurrence of ice-rafted debris at various times during stage 12 indicates that icebergs were present at least as far south as 34°N during this glacial period. Within the limits of our correlation, the atmospheric temperature changes recently reported for the Vostok ice core for the stage 11 time period appear to be represented by coeval changes in NADW flow. Specifically, warming in Antarctica is associated with increased production of NADW.


Water deficits must be imposed on crops during non-critical growth periods to maximize net economic output per unit of water consumed by the plant. The reference ET-crop coefficient procedure widely used for managing fully irrigated crops would be easiest to implement for irrigation management of deficit irrigated crops provided the water stress coefficient (Ks) used in the procedure was more responsive to plant water stress. The objective of this paper was to further investigate the use of a canopy temperature (Tc) ratio calculated as a quotient of Tc measured over a fully irrigated crop divided by Tc measured over the water stressed crop as a substitute for Ks presently used in the reference ET-crop coefficient irrigation scheduling procedure. Four irrigation levels were imposed on corn (Zea mays L.) ranging from fully irrigated to 55% of seasonal ET applied at critical growth stages. Canopy temperature was continuously monitored in the four treatment levels and the Tc ratio was computed for the warmest period of the day (1300 to 1500 h MST). Crop ET was calculated solely as reference ET multiplied by the basal crop coefficient times the Tc ratio to estimate soil water deficit (SWD) with a water balance. This SWD estimate was compared to the SWD estimated by the traditional reference ET-crop coefficient-Ks procedure and measured SWD. The estimated SWD via the Tc ratio technique compared favorably with measured SWD for the 55% ET treatment. Advantages of this technique is that it does not require knowledge of soil water properties such as field capacity and total available water as well as the crop root depth.


We characterize the unique Markov perfect equilibrium of a tug-of-war without exogenous noise, in which players have the opportunity to engage in a sequence of battles in an attempt to win the war. Each battle is an all-pay auction in which the player expending the greater resources wins. In equilibrium, contest effort concentrates on at most two adjacent states of the game, the "tipping states", which are determined by the contestants' relative strengths, their distances to final victory, and the discount factor. In these states battle outcomes are stochastic due to endogenous randomization. Both relative strength and closeness to victory increase the probability of winning the battle at hand. Patience reduces the role of distance in determining outcomes. Applications range from politics, economics and sports, to biology, where the equilibrium behavior finds empirical support: many species have developed mechanisms such as hierarchies or other organizational structures by which the allocation of prizes are governed by possibly repeated conflict. Our results contribute to an explanation why. Compared to a single stage conflict, such structures can reduce the overall resources that are dissipated among the group of players. solche Strukturen den Ressourceneinsatz der Spieler reduzieren.


The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a rapid accumulation of SARS-CoV-2 genomes, enabling genomic epidemiology on local and global scales. Collections of genomes from resources such as GISAID must be subsampled to enable computationally feasible phylogenetic and other analyses. We present genome-sampler, a software package that supports sampling collections of viral genomes across multiple axes including time of genome isolation, location of genome isolation, and viral diversity. The software is modular in design so that these or future sampling approaches can be applied independently and combined (or replaced with a random sampling approach) to facilitate custom workflows and benchmarking. genome-sampler is written as a QIIME 2 plugin, ensuring that its application is fully reproducible through QIIME 2's unique retrospective data provenance tracking system. genome-sampler can be installed in a conda environment on macOS or Linux systems. A complete default pipeline is available through a Snakemake workflow, so subsampling can be achieved using a single command. genome-sampler is open source, free for all to use, and available at https://caporasolab.us/genome-sampler. We hope that this will facilitate SARS-CoV-2 research and support evaluation of viral genome sampling approaches for genomic epidemiology.


As consumer demand for organic food grows, organic certification is increasingly promoted in many developing countries. Organic products earn a premium price on the market compared to conventional varieties. Hence, organic production is often seen as a valuable alternative for developing countries with many smallholders. Using value chain analysis for the case of the pineapple sector in Ghana and extensive data from the European market, this paper tries to shed light on the feasibility and profitability of organic small-scale production. Even though smallholders tend to have quality problems with their fruit and large farms benefit from economies of scale, production for the export market is a realistic option for both organic and conventional smallholders. The results indicate that organic production is more profitable for smallholders than conventional production and farmers collect a fair share of the price premium on the retail level. Even more, from a theoretical perspective, organic farmers should also be more likely to get into contractual relations with exporters. The results are set into perspective with relation to the debates on small versus large farms, environmental impact, and the selection effect of standards.


Insects are generally considered to be rare in the Upper Carboniferous Coal Measures. However, recent work in the Westphalian D of SW England suggests that many have been overlooked in the past. This is because wings, which are the most characteristic insect fossils, may be mistaken for detached 'fern' pinnules, which are much more common. The resemblance may be functional convergence rather than leaf-mimicry. The earliest members of the class Insecta in the strict sense occur in the Upper Carboniferous. Eleven major divisions or orders are represented in the Coal Measures of which only four are still living. Primitively wingless insects (Archaeognatha) are present, relatives of familiar living insects such as the silverfish. There are numerous winged insects, some of which could fold their wings (Neoptera) and others which could not (Palaeoptera). Palaeopterous insects were more diverse than today. They include three extinct orders (Palaeodictyoptera, Megasecoptera, Diaphanopterodea) which were probably plant suckers like present clay bugs. Other extinct palaeopterous insects (order Protodonata) were probably aerial predators like modern dragonflies, and included some of the largest insects of all time ('giant dragonflies'). By far the most common neopterous insects were cockroaches (Blattodea) which outnumber all other insects in the Upper Carboniferous. This abundance is perhaps less surprising when one considers the general picture of the coal forests as warm, humid, and rich in organic matter. Another important neopterous group was the extinct order Protorthoptera, which is probably related only in part to extant Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets and locusts). There is no evidence at this time of higher insects such as flies, fleas, beetles, moths and butterflies, ants, bees and wasps.


The corporate stock option backdating scandal has dominated business page headlines during the summer of 2006. The SEC is currently investigating more than seventy-five companies with respect to the timing and pricing of stock options granted during the boom years of the late 1990s and early 2000s, and the number of firms caught up in the scandal seems to increase every day. This essay contributes to our understanding of the backdating phenomenon by analyzing the economics of backdating and the characteristics of the firms under investigation. Its main points are the following: First, given the high volatilities of the stocks of the technology companies that dominate the list of firms under investigation and the fact that options granted to executives and employees typically may not be exercised for several years, press reports that focus on the size of the strike price "discounts" achieved by backdating significantly overstate the value of backdating. In some cases, reducing the strike price by a dollar per share by backdating increased the Black-Scholes value of the option by less than twenty cents per share. Second, completely unnoticed in the discussion so far is the fact that in many cases backdating dramatically reduced the apparent value of options. Because the size of executive stock option grants often is determined first by establishing the value to be delivered and then by calculating the number of shares to be covered by the option, reducing the apparent value of option shares may have substantially increased the size and true economic value of backdated executive option grants. Third, comparison of semiconductor firms under investigation for backdating with peer companies that are not suggests an association between backdating and the use of options in compensating non-executive employees. This essay considers several explanations for backdating non-executive options, including share limitations, minimizing apparent rank and file compensation, and cognitive biases. Finally, this essay argues that the backdating phenomenon is really not an accounting scandal. Backdating has accounting consequences, but it is unlikely to have been accounting driven.


The 3,4-dihydro-1H-naphtho[2,3-c]pyran ring system is found in many natural products as the 5,10- or 6,9-quinones. These compounds have been synthesized by various research groups as a result of their wide range of biological activities. This thesis describes several investigations directed towards syntheses of compounds in this general area. Quinone A (16) and quinone A'(17), derived from the naturally occurring aphid insect pigments protoaphin-fb and protoaphin-sl respectively, were of particular interest.

The first chapter describes the previous syntheses of some naphtho[c]pyrans including those relating to the aphid pigment derivatives, followed by the isolation and identification of the aphid pigments. Also described was the ability of these naphthopyranquinones to act as potential bioreductive alkylating or dealkylating agents. The latter part of the chapter deals with the syntheses of the racemates of the aphid pigment derivatives quinones A and A' and deoxyquinone as well as model studies toward the non-quinonoid cleavage product, glucoside B. The chapter concludes with the progress made towards the first asymmetric synthesis of these compounds.

Chapter 2 reports the establishment of conditions which led to ortho or para regioselectivity in the intramolecular cyclisation of tethered lactaldehydes to form benzo[c]pyrans. This regioselectivity depended on whether either benzyl or tbutyldimethylsilyl was used as protecting group. This chapter also described a model for the control of stereochemistry leading to quinone A'.

Chapter 3 describes the syntheses of naphthalenes as potential precursors to the naphthopyranquinones derived from the aphid insect pigments. This followed after problems were encountered in previous work with inappropriate protection in the oxidation of halogenated benzopyrans.

Chapter 4 develops the first successful syntheses of enantiopure quinone A and quinine A' with the correct absolute stereochemistry. This involved the regioselective addition of 1,3-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)-1-methoxybuta-1,3-diene toselectively halogenated benzopyranquinones. The latter were obtained through complementary series of highly diastereoselective transformations based on 2,5- dihydroxyacetophenone as starting material and (R)-lactate from the chiral pool as the source of asymmetry.


A hybrid method combining classical deterministic programming technique and evolutionary algorithm (EA)-enhanced stochastic optimization strategy is proposed for more effective and flexible computation of transient stability-constrained optimal power flow (TSC-OPF). The method consists of searching the maximum TSC-feasible solution region with EA and deterministically optimizing an operating point in the found region via a conventional OPF solution. Stability constraints are exactly treated by a rigorous transient stability assessment (TSA) procedure, where complex system model and multi-contingency can be readily considered and stability margin is applied as the transient stability index (TSI) to avoid over-stabilizing. Benefiting from both the EA and the deterministic programming, the proposed method can continuously approach the global optima in a robust, reliable and fast-convergent way. The method is verified on the New England test system and a dynamic equivalent system of a real-world large power grid. Comparing with existing methods, it has provided more economic solutions and better adaptability to multi-swing instability and multi-contingency stabilizing. It can also be a unified approach for solving other stability constrained-OPFs.


The electronic structure of the poly(3-hexylthiophene):indene-C60 bisadduct (P3HT:ICBA) blend is investigated with direct and inverse photoemission spectroscopy. The energy gap between the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of ICBA and the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of P3HT, which is central to the performance of photovoltaic cells made with this blend, is found equal to 1.68 eV. This value is larger than the difference between the ionization energy of the donor and the electron affinity of the acceptor, implying the existence of an interface dipole barrier between these two materials. Complementary contact potential difference measurements are done with a Kelvin probe in the dark on similar donor/acceptor pairs, e.g., P3HT:C60 and copper phthalocyanine (CuPc):C60, and confirm the existence of a dipole at these interfaces. It is estimated that a 0.3–0.4 eV ground state dipole exists at the P3HT:ICBA interface.


The current report details efforts to determine if observers attend more closely to moving work zone signs if those signs are surrounded by a fluorescent yellow green border. The logic of this signage change is that there is insufficient color contrast between the warning signs and the vehicles on which they are mounted. Two laboratory studies were conducted using very sensitive and robust techniques to measure attention to signs with and without the FYG border. In each study, a different method for assessing attention was used. In the first study, a perceptual change detection method was used in which observers were required to detect a change to an object in a traffic scene. Changes to more frequently attended objects are noticed more rapidly. A comparison of change detection times for signs with and without the FYG border revealed no difference in the amount of attention allocated to the sign when the FYG border was added. In the second study, eye-tracking data was collected for a set of observers. An increase in fixation time on an object indicates more attention is being paid to that object. In this study, there was again no difference between the two sign types. We conclude there is no evidence that the addition of a FYG border increases driver attention to vehicle mounted warning signs.


The paper is aimed at enhancing understanding of how under-representation of women in IT (Information Technology) research institutions, as well as other challenges related to gender equity, can be addressed with the help of IT-enabled idea crowdsourcing. A systematic literature review was conducted to understand how the topic of gender equity promotion via collaboratively used IT artefacts has been addressed in extant research. Insights from the literature review, overview of existing related IT artefacts, and iterative discussions with scholars in the IT field have resulted in a set of requirements to the idea crowdsourcing platform aimed at the promotion of gender equity in IT research institutions. These requirements were analysed further and could be categorised into those specific for the target platform and those relevant also for other idea crowdsourcing platforms (with or without further adaptation). This study addresses a novel and important research topic and might be of value for practitioners.


Full-degree mobility from Western countries is a topic that has been little researched. Existing literature tends to be normative; mobility is seen as an advantage per se. In this article it is questioned whether mobility is an advantage when investigating degree mobility and employability of students from the Nordic countries. Results show that students who undertake a full degree abroad constitute a selected group regarding social origin and "mobility capital." Overall, the employability of mobile and nonmobile students is fairly similar, and there is little evidence that degree mobility enhances employability. But the mobile degree students are more likely to hold international jobs in the domestic labor market; hence mobility has an impact on "horizontal" career opportunities. Degree mobility implies a risk of brain drain, and the authors find that a substantial proportion of students from Finland, Denmark, and the Faroe Islands stay abroad after graduation. Norwegian and Icelandic students are far more likely to return to their home country. It is suggested that this pattern is not only due to labor market opportunities but also due to the structure of public support schemes. Generous support systems encourage a larger number of students to go abroad, not only the most dedicated. Widened participation is seen to result in more students returning to their country of origin.


In the Ventrobasal (VB) thalamus, astrocytes are known to elicit NMDA-receptor mediated slow inward currents (SICs) spontaneously in neurons. Fluorescence imaging of astrocytes and patch clamp recordings from the thalamocortical (TC) neurons in the VB of 6-23 day old Wistar rats were performed. TC neurons exhibit spontaneous SICs at low frequencies (~0.0015Hz) that were inhibited by NMDA-receptor antagonists D-AP5 (50µM), and were insensitive to TTX (1µM) suggesting a non-neuronal origin. The effect of corticothalamic (CT) and sensory (Sen) afferent stimulation on astrocyte signalling was assessed by varying stimulus parameters. Moderate synaptic stimulation elicited astrocytic Ca2+ increases, but did not affect the incidence of spontaneous SICs. Prolonged synaptic stimulation induced a 265% increase in SIC frequency. This increase lasted over one hour after the cessation of synaptic stimulation, so revealing a Long Term Enhancement (LTE) of astrocyte-neuron signalling. LTE induction required group I mGluR activation. LTE SICs targeted NMDA-receptors located at extrasynaptic sites. LTE showed a developmental profile: from weeks 1-3, the SIC frequency was increased by an average 50%, 240% and 750% respectively. Prolonged exposure to glutamate (200µM) increased spontaneous SIC frequency by 1800%. This "chemical" form of LTE was prevented by the broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) inhibitor TBOA (300µM) suggesting that glutamate uptake was a critical factor. My results therefore show complex glutamatergic signalling interactions between astrocytes and neurons. Furthermore, two previously unrecognised mechanisms of enhancing SIC frequency are described. The synaptically induced LTE represents a form of non-synaptic plasticity and a glial "memory" of previous synaptic activity whilst enhancement after prolonged glutamate exposure may represent a pathological glial signalling mechanism.


A model of on-the-job training in the presence of a minimum wage is presented. This predicts that the minimum wage will have a negative effect on a worker's subsequent wage growth when the labour market is competitive but a U-shaped effect when it is not competitive. This prediction is then tested using data from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings in the United Kingdom. Workers who were affected by the minimum wage before age 22 are found to have significantly lower wage growth later in life than others, but only if they worked on jobs that were not covered by a collective labour agreement. Evidence suggests that this difference in wage growth reflects differences in productivity between workers. The results reconcile previous theoretical predictions by Becker and Acemoglu and Pischke.


Since around 2002, the performance of critical theory in architecture and the humanities has itself undergone a critical re-evaluation. Authors representing divergent perspectives, from theory's perennial naysayers to the standard bearers of critical theory themselves, have converged towards a similar conclusion: judged by outcomes, critical theory has proven ineffective at best, and arguably, corrosive to human progress. In architecture, the debate has revolved around the identification of a 'critical architecture' in education and production since the 1970s. In apparent rejection of the isolation and purity of critical architecture's orthodoxy, Rem Koolhaas and others have chosen engagement with the forces (and commissions) of late capitalism to which the term 'post-criticality' has been applied.

Beyond the confining dichotomies of the post-criticality debate is a perspective offered by sociologists Ulrich Beck, Scott Lash and Anthony Giddens on what they have called a 'second modernity' or 'reflexive modernisation'. This literature re-contextualises the modern-postmodern pairing within the larger trajectory of modernity and identifies a characteristic distinction from former modernities in the term 'reflexivity'. Where high modernism pursued utopian ideals of pure form and functional simplicity, reflexive modernisation acknowledges contingency in human systems establishing feedback loops that trigger course corrections in the process of modernisation itself.

Operating against the ossifications of twentieth-century modernity, reflexivity opens prospects for a second modernisation characterised by a heightened capacity to deal with complexity and time. Speculative architectures of reflexive modernisation benefit from a re-engagement in real-world problems, particularly at the scale of the city. To what extent can considerations of political economy, culture, globalisation, and environmental crisis be translated into the explicit performance criteria and computational parameters? What role is there for tools forged in the fires of 'critical architecture' in the emerging architectural creativity increasingly characterised by complexity, provisional outcomes, and unpredictable form?


The goal of this paper was to apply unsupervised machine learning techniques towards the discovery of latent clusters in COVID-19 patients. Over 6,000 adult patients tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 infection at the Mount Sinai Health System in New York, USA met the inclusion criteria for analysis. Patients' diagnoses were mapped onto chronicity and one of the 18 body systems, and the optimal number of clusters was determined using K-means algorithm and the elbow method. 4 clusters were identified; the most frequently associated comorbidities involved infectious, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine, and genitourinary disorders, as well as socioeconomic factors that influence health status and contact with health services. These results offer a strong direction for future research and more granular analysis.


Teach For America (TFA) began in 1990 as an organization purportedly interested in working towards ameliorating a national teacher shortage by sending its corps members into urban and rural schools. In the decades that followed, especially during and immediately following a nationwide onslaught of teacher layoffs instigated by the 2008 Great Recession, teaching shortages no longer exist in many of the districts TFA continues to place corps members. In response to growing criticism, TFA has altered its public rhetoric, suggesting now that their "corps members" are better than traditionally trained teachers – including veteran teachers – and are hired only through equal hiring processes rather than being afforded preferential treatment. We analyze Memorandum of Understandings (MOUs) between TFA and regional school districts, TFA's official literature, and public discourse to address the degree to which TFA is privileged in hiring practices. We provide evidence that school districts are contractually obligated to reserve and protect positions exclusively for corps members, jobs held by corps members are not a result of equal and open competition, corps member positions are specifically not limited to "so-called shortage areas," and TFA's partnership with charter schools and alumni of the organization have skewed hiring practices in favor of TFA over non-TFA teachers.


Considering the amount of material written on Codex Bezae down through the centuries a detailed history of research into the codex has long been overdue. Such a history is important not only to give future researchers an understanding of what has gone on before,. but also to facilitate an understanding of the development of ideas and their outcome. As Codex Bezae is the principal witness of the so-called Western text, much of what has been written centres upon its text. Nevertheless from the end of the last century there has been a growing awareness among scholars of the need to give the other details contained within the codex far more attention than hitherto.

Inasmuch as the D text is the main rival to the Alexandrian text as the best representative of the otiginal exemplar, it is of no surprise that Codex Bezae and its text have been of interest to the textual critics. Over the last century and a half there have always been those advocating the supremacy of the D text, and such claims have attracted much attention. For this reason, Codex Bezae has never been far from the focus of scholarly debate. This debate would be greatly helped if Codex Bezae could be accurately located historically, for this, briefly, is the nub of the problem - where and when was it written? Any avenue of inquiry ever pursued, any investigation ever embarked upon, has the answer to this question as its prime objective. Hence the importance of this history, for we need to know how the debate has progressed if we are to avoid repeating previous fruitless enterprises and if we wish to build upon previous fruitful endeavours.

Having established the history of research on Codex Bezae it was opportune to assess the claims and counterclaims, to sift the data, and to separate the more factual evidence from the many hypotheses, in order to establish a solid base from which to launch future inquiries.

Consequently this thesis provides:
1. a detailed history of the research on Codex Bezae;
2. an analysis of the existing evidence;
3. a detailed catalogue of scholars who have contributed to the debate;
4. details of my own investigations into the historical use of unusually spelled words in the Bezan text; and
5. suggested avenues for future research.


Significance Engineered cardiac muscle can be used to promote the structural and functional maturation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs). However, previous studies have not yet produced cardiac tissues with metabolic and proliferative maturation. Here, we develop a 96-well screening platform and screen for cardiac maturation conditions in engineered cardiac muscle. We found that simulating the postnatal switch in metabolic substrates from carbohydrates to fatty acids promoted a switch in metabolism, DNA damage response, and cell cycle arrest in hPSC-CM. Our study shows that this mechanism can be harnessed to enhance the maturation of human hPSC-CM and cardiac tissues, which has major implications for stem cell sciences, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. The mammalian heart undergoes maturation during postnatal life to meet the increased functional requirements of an adult. However, the key drivers of this process remain poorly defined. We are currently unable to recapitulate postnatal maturation in human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs), limiting their potential as a model system to discover regenerative therapeutics. Here, we provide a summary of our studies, where we developed a 96-well device for functional screening in human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac organoids (hCOs). Through interrogation of >10,000 organoids, we systematically optimize parameters, including extracellular matrix (ECM), metabolic substrate, and growth factor conditions, that enhance cardiac tissue viability, function, and maturation. Under optimized maturation conditions, functional and molecular characterization revealed that a switch to fatty acid metabolism was a central driver of cardiac maturation. Under these conditions, hPSC-CMs were refractory to mitogenic stimuli, and we found that key proliferation pathways including β-catenin and Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) were repressed. This proliferative barrier imposed by fatty acid metabolism in hCOs could be rescued by simultaneous activation of both β-catenin and YAP1 using genetic approaches or a small molecule activating both pathways. These studies highlight that human organoids coupled with higher-throughput screening platforms have the potential to rapidly expand our knowledge of human biology and potentially unlock therapeutic strategies.


The population dynamics of marine top predators such as seabirds may be self-regulating through local prey depletion, or they may reflect environmentally induced fluctuations in prey availability. Both mechanisms are not mutually exclusive. We examined spatio-temporal variation in breeding success of black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla, a seabird widely monitored in the British Isles. Kittiwakes here feed mostly on lesser sandeels Ammodytes marinus, a species that is strongly tied to specific sediment types and therefore shows a strong regional population structure. Neither kittiwake colony growth rate nor breeding success correlated negatively with colony size as expected under local prey depletion in the absence of regional variation in carrying capacity. We used multivariate analyses of breeding success data for 42 kittiwake colonies to identify clusters showing synchronised variation in success, and compared these with known sandeel aggregations identified from fish and fishery surveys. A number of geographically distinct clusters of kittiwakes were identified, and these were largely congruent with sandeel aggregations. Major sandeel aggregations with clear associated clusters of kittiwake colonies occurred off of east England and east Scotland, while western coasts of Britain were characterised by smaller aggregations and less obvious kittiwake clusters. There was considerable regional variability in sandeel recruitment, and this was reflected in mostly uncorrelated time series of kittiwake breeding success between different regions. These results indicate that regional variation in prey availability had a stronger effect on kittiwake dynamics than local prey depletion. An appreciation of the appropriate spatial scale of prey dynamics thus improves understanding of the dynamics of marine predator ‐ prey systems.


This thesis explores, compares and analyses child care law; policy and practice of looked-after siblings within two urban conurbations in Denmark and Britain. The thesis advanced here is that sibling continuity planning depends upon the impact of strategies of prevention and protection on the timing, mode, and purpose of intervention and the way in which differences in service provision allow planning for sibling continuity to emerge as a process
rather than a series of events.
The argument presented is that practice impacts on sibling continuity planning for looked-after children are contingent in both localities upon an intricate interplay between resourcing, the form which legal intervention takes, rights based and needs based policy approaches and
the use of 'agreement' as an alternative to compulsory placement.
At a national level, similarities emerge in the form of underlying principles of partnership and inclusivity in care planning, the maintenance of natural bonds, the belief that children are best looked after within the family without resort to legal proceedingsa nd the recognition that care planning is a process rather than a series of events. Under examination, these principles are translated in policy at local level, but manifest very distinct practice impacts within the respective urban conurbations.
In the Danish locality, the purpose of such planning emerges as being integral to distinct practice theories and political, social and economic interventions in the family by the state where sibling continuity planning for looked-after siblings is formulated through the use of specialist placements and therapeutic provision. In the British locality, there is a distinct lack of theoretical application within social work practice in relation to sibling continuity planning. Such a pragmatic approach to sibling continuity is embedded in the reality of constraints created by a service-led provision characterised by a very narrow and limited range of placements.
Within these two key areas factors such as the availability of specialised placements, definitions of continuity and a pro-active commitment to the maintenance and continuity of
sibling relationships interact to define the decision-making process. The findings in the thesis suggest that whilst the decision-making process formed the central axiom of care planning for sibling groups, such planning was contingent upon other key factors. These factors include the definition of continuity, a pro-active commitment to the maintenance and continuity of the sibling relationship and most significantly, the availability of specialised
placements able to take sibling groups. All of these factors reside in clearly distinct legal and practice models, which were defined most distinctly by their differential commitments to preventative and family support approaches.
The most distinctive feature of care planning which emerges in Denmark in contrast to Britain is the integral part which parents and children play in planning for sibling continuity. Legally sanctioned by a series of children's and parental rights the model of care planning in
Denmark strives to be 'inclusive'. Translating notions of re-unification and espousing the integrity of the family involves supporting the family while the child is in care.


Most commercial cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) are susceptible to sheath blight (SB), a devastating fungal disease causing signifi cant losses in grain yield and quality. There are limited sources of genetic resistance adapted to U.S. growing conditions, and no commercial long grain cultivar of rice is currently available in the United States with a high level of SB resistance. Sheath blight resistance has been reported to be horizontal and quantitative. A population of 279 F 2:3 progeny rows derived from a cross between two tropical japonica U.S. rice cultivars, Rosemont (semi-dwarf, SB susceptible) and Pecos (tall, SB resistant), was used to map SB resistance. Progeny families were evaluated for disease reactions, plant height (PH), and heading date (HD) in replicated fi eld trials for 2 yr and genotyped with 149 simple sequence repeat markers. Correlation analysis between SB ratings with PH and HD showed that both agronomic traits were signifi cantly correlated with SB resistance. Four signifi cant (logarithm of odds ratio ≥ 3.6) quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identifi ed for SB resistance, with individual effects explaining 5.6 to 33.4% of the total phenotypic variation. Plant height appears to have a direct infl uence on SB resistance, with QTLs for these traits colocated on chromosome 1. Consistent results across years indicate the stability of the identifi ed QTLs and their potential for improving rice SB resistance using marker-assisted selection.


In Ireland one of the most serious invasive alien species which poses a threat to local biodiversity, particularly to our native woodlands, is Rhododendron ponticum L.. Rhododendron was first introduced to Ireland during the 19th century as an ornamental garden plant and has since become an established invasive species throughout Ireland. Rhododendron has also, in recent decades, become a significant management issue in plantation forests throughout Ireland. This study sets out to improve our understanding of the auto-ecology and invasion dynamics of rhododendron in Irish forests and to investigate control options to inform future rhododendron management plans. The study was divided into three broad areas.
The first study sought to investigate the efficacy of a recently discovered Irish isolate of the fungal pathogen Chondrostereum purpureum as an inhibitor of rhododendron and Betula pendula (birch) sprouting in Ireland. The treated stumps were monitored for fungal colonisation and adventitious sprouting for the ensuing 18 months. The results demonstrated that a combination of mechanical cutting and the subsequent application of C. purpureum is not an effective method of vegetation management for either rhododendron or birch.
As a successful primary invader, rhododendron is often found in areas when recent land management activities have taken place. Disturbed substrate coverage and the absence of predators provide rhododendron with optimum regeneration conditions. Many land management practices (particularly in a forestry situation) expose soil. To assess how the disturbance of vegetation relates to successful rhododendron establishment the degree to which the depth of substrate affects the germination of rhododendron seeds was tested. This second study demonstrated that even small decreases in forest litter depth, sufficient to expose bare substrate, facilitates rhododendron seedling establishment.
The third study set out to investigate whether the prevention of grazing of native scrub species in woodland sites could be used to prevent the spread of rhododendron. The findings to date suggest that fencing does increase the survival of native scrub species birch and Ilex aquifolium (holly). Also of note, in some of the plots, the holly and holly/ birch mix have successfully suppressed the re-growth of rhododendron.
In conclusion, rhododendron has become a huge problem in plantation forest habitats and in order to control it effectively and economically an integrated pest management strategy will have to be employed utilising a mixture of novel bio-controls, innovative management strategies exploiting weaknesses such as seed longevity, viability and litter depth, and ensuring that other plant species can compete free of grazing pressures.


Abstract Energy efficiency is providing the same services consuming less energy. Less energy means less energy bill and less greenhouse emissions. Bhutan presents a unique scenario in promoting the use of energy efficiency equipment and investments. Bhutan enjoys availability of adequate low cost hydropower energy resource that is green and clean and enjoys cheap electrical energy. To aggravate the situation, the domestic tariffs are subsidized and even free up to 100 units in rural parts of the country. Export tariffs are determined independently according to entirely different principles. However for cooking, Bhutan imports LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) from India. With increasing threats of climate change, it is reported water flow in rivers is decreasing. For energy security and related socio environmental issues, prospects of energy supply constraints and increasing demand of quality power in the country, there is a need to take appropriate policy measures which would lead to the development of indigenous, local and dispersed clean energy sources in the future. When a customer is asked to retrofit the house with energy efficiency, the owner questions oneself if the available investment resources are being directed to an effective return. Various criteria are available but all can not to be considered to come to a final decision. This paper presents an overview of many factors which affect energy efficiency investment in building in Bhutan. Abstract: Energy efficiency is providing the same services consuming less energy. Less energy means less energy bill and less greenhouse emissions. Bhutan presents a unique scenario in promoting the use of energy efficiency equipment and investments. Bhutan enjoys availability of adequate low cost hydropower energy resource that is green and clean and enjoys cheap electrical energy. To aggravate the situation, the domestic tariffs are subsidized and even free up to 100 units in rural parts of the country. Export tariffs are determined independently according to entirely different principles. However for cooking, Bhutan imports LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) from India. With increasing threats of climate change, it is reported water flow in rivers is decreasing. For energy security and related socio environmental issues, prospects of energy supply constraints and increasing demand of quality power in the country, there is a need to take appropriate policy measures which would lead to the development of indigenous, local and dispersed clean energy sources in the future. When a customer is asked to retrofit the house with energy efficiency, the owner questions oneself if the available investment resources are being directed to an effective return. Various criteria are available but all can not to be considered to come to a final decision. This paper presents an overview of many factors which affect energy efficiency investment in building in Bhutan.


Due to the recent proliferation of cyber-attacks, improving the robustness of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), so that they can withstand node failures has become a critical issue. Scale-free WSNs are important, because they tolerate random attacks very well; however, they can be vulnerable to malicious attacks, which particularly target certain important nodes. To address this shortcoming, this paper first presents a new modeling strategy to generate scale-free network topologies, which considers the constraints in WSNs, such as the communication range and the threshold on the maximum node degree. Then, ROSE, a novel robustness enhancing algorithm for scale-free WSNs, is proposed. Given a scale-free topology, ROSE exploits the position and degree information of nodes to rearrange the edges to resemble an onion-like structure, which has been proven to be robust against malicious attacks. Meanwhile, ROSE keeps the degree of each node in the topology unchanged such that the resulting topology remains scale-free. The extensive experimental results verify that our new modeling strategy indeed generates scale-free network topologies for WSNs, and ROSE can significantly improve the robustness of the network topologies generated by our modeling strategy. Moreover, we compare ROSE with two existing robustness enhancing algorithms, showing that ROSE outperforms both.


OBJECTIVE
To define the advantages and disadvantages of various rendering techniques to obtain three-dimensional (3D) displays of intrahepatic venous structures with helical CT data.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
After rapid preprocessing segmentation of the liver, helical CT data (8 mm slice thickness overlapped every 4 mm) from 10 patients were reconstructed using maximum intensity projection (MIP), volume rendering, and surface rendering algorithms. Three-dimensional imaging was evaluated blindly and independently by three observers for presence of artifacts and overall quality.

RESULTS
Three-dimensional displays showed the hepatic veins and fifth order portal branches with the volume and MIP rendering techniques. Best overall quality in the 3D representation of the liver was achieved with the MIP technique (p < 0.05). Small details in venous anatomy and portal involvement by tumor were better imaged with the MIP technique. "Stair-step" artifacts markedly degraded the 3D displays obtained with the surface rendering technique, making it inappropriate for imaging the intrahepatic venous structures.

CONCLUSION
Maximum intensity projection appears to be an adequate technique to perform 3D imaging of intrahepatic venous structures with helical CT data when 8 mm slice thicknesses overlapping every 4 mm are used. However, optimization of imaging protocols needs to be done and compared in a larger series.


Conduct a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study in order to determine the sphere of action of the imponderable remedy Pink 30CH on healthy volunteers who recorded the signs and symptoms produced in order to determine the substances potential usefulness in a future clinical setting according to the Law of Similars. Determine and highlight the commonalities shared between the symptoms and themes produced by remedy Pink 30CH and the other selected imponderable remedies. In the homoeopathic drug proving of remedy Pink 30CH, provers were uninformed to both the nature of the substance as well as to the potency selected and used for proving purposes. Neither the provers nor the research investigator had any knowledge of who received the verum or the placebo until the end of the proving. Thirty (30) provers were selected after meeting the inclusion criteria of which thirty percent (30%) of the subjects received placebo in a randomised fashion. Verum and placebo were dispensed to the proving body in a set of six (6) powders which were taken sublingually three (3) times daily or until any proving symptoms were experienced. All provers were examined and made to record in their journals before, during and after the administration of the proving substance so as to serve as their own intra-individual controls. At the end of the proving period all journals were then recalled and all proving data recorded was then collated and edited into a repertory and materia medica format, which was then used to formulate a homoeopathic drug picture of the remedy that could be used in future clinical settings. The homoeopathic drug picture thus derived was then analysed with the aim of highlighting the important themes that were elicited during the proving. These symptoms and themes were then related and compared to seven (7) other imponderable remedies: Luna (Moonlight); Magnetis Polus Arcticus (North pole of the magnet); Magnetis Polus Australis (South pole of the magnet); Positronium (Anti-matter); Radium bromatum (Radium bromide); Sol (Sunlight) and X-ray, in order to expand the overall understanding of the commonalities shared by the imponderabilia as an entirety.


Abstract. This paper presents a new retrieval scheme for tropospheric carbon monoxide (CO), using measured radiances from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) onboard the MetOp-A satellite. The University of Leicester IASI Retrieval Scheme (ULIRS) is an optimal estimation retrieval scheme, which utilises equidistant pressure levels and a floating pressure grid based on topography. It makes use of explicit digital elevation and emissivity information, and incorporates a correction for solar surface reflection in the daytime with a high resolution solar spectrum. The retrieval scheme has been assessed through a formal error analysis, via the simulation of surface effects and by an application to real IASI data over a region in Southern Africa. The ULIRS enables the retrieval of between 1 and 2 pieces of information about the tropospheric CO vertical profiles, with peaks in the sensitivity at approximately 5 and 12 km. Typical errors for the African region relating to the profiles are found to be ~20% at 5 and 12 km, and on the total columns to range from 18 to 34%. Finally the performance of the ULIRS is shown for a range of simulated geophysical conditions.


Bimetallic AZ91/AlSi17 samples were produced by compound casting. The casting process involved pouring the AZ91 magnesium alloy heated to 650C onto a solid AlSi17 aluminum alloy insert placed in a steel mould. Prior to casting, the mould with the insert inside was heated to about 370C. The bonding zone formed between AZ91 and AlSi17 had a thickness of about 200 μm; it was characterized by a non-homogeneous microstructure. Two different areas were distinguished in this zone: the area adjacent to the AZ91 and the area close to the AlSi17. In the area closest to the AZ91 alloy, a eutectic composed of an Mg17Al12 intermetallic phase and a solid solution of Al in Mg was observed. In bonding zone at a certain distance from the AZ91 alloy an Mg2Si phase co-occurred with the eutectic. In the area adjacent to the AlSi17 alloy, the structure consisted of Al3Mg2, Mg17Al12 and Mg2Si. The fine Mg2Si phase particles were distributed over the entire Mg-Al intermetallic phase matrix. The microhardness of the bonding zone was much higher than those of the materials joined; the microhardness values were in the range 203-298 HV. The shear strength of the AZ91/AlSi17 joint varied from 32.5 to 36 MPa.


Histones are DNA binding proteins that bind without regard to the sequence of the DNA and help determine the three-dimensional organization of the chromatin into chromosomes. A paper in this week's issue (Taunton et al., p. 408) reports the cloning of histone deacetylase, an ezyme that modifies histones by removing an acetyl group. In his Perspective, Wolffe explains how the action of this enzyme can lead to the regulation of the transcription of certain genes.