From the first few teaching courses in translation at the university level (the 1930s in Mannheim, Heidelberg and Ottawa) to the many translatortraining programmes in existence today, attitudes and pedagogical points of view have been multiplied (Pym 2009). Conferences, workshops, round tables and special issues of Journals dedicated to pedagogy now occur frequently. Two journals are specialized in the area: The Interpreter and Translator Trainer (since 2007), Revista Electronica de Didactica de la Traduccion y la Interpretacion (REDIT, since 2009). The number of publications has increased enormously. However, this does not imply that translation pedagogy is now based on clear and strong pedagogical and translation principles. There is actually no consensus on a basic methodology of translation training, even though we can notice a shift in many places from a teacher-oriented approach to a learner-centered approach, or rather a mixture of approaches.


Cloud computing is a technological reality that is being widely adopted by large companies. This study discusses cloud computing and information security. It also includes some of the advantages and risks, models of system and service adopted, as well as key services offered by the providers of cloud computing. It also addresses the legal issues of cloud computing contracts, with a focus on the contracting parties, on their goal and main clauses that must be addressed in this atypical contract, among them the integrity and confidentiality of data plus information requirements for supplying information and the purpose of the content stored in the case of breach of contract.


Large amounts of different materials are used when building and maintaining railway infrastructure, and the environmental impacts from the upstream production stages are significant. Industry's motivation to innovate is low, new products or methods are rarely used, and the lowest price is the main driver for selecting a tender. Integrated Product Service Offerings, or IPSO, has been put forward in the research literature as a potential concept to, from a life-cycle perspective, reduce the environmental impact of products and services, increase cost efficiency and quality, and act as a driver for change. Therefore, this thesis attempts to answer to the aim: "Can the concept of Integrated Product Service Offerings improve the management of rail infrastructure and if so, what would such an implementation induce in terms of risk factors?" The Swedish rail infrastructure is used as a case to discuss the considerations and feasibility of such an implementation. Theories such as product development, information asymmetry and innovation are used to complement the literature focusing on IPSO. The empirical part of the thesis has been collected using individual interviews, group interviews and a survey approach. The contracts currently used in the railway industry have several advantages, such as being a familiar business model that is straightforward to calculate for the contractors. However, they are not optimal for innovation due to e.g. detailed specifications, standards and technological and market lock-in effects. Technological and market lock-in, in combination with a lack of information transfer between different contracts and actors, are major disadvantages with the current practice. Furthermore, the buyer's conservative business culture makes it difficult to implement new types of contracts since it is difficult to break old habits. Even though the providers are part of the same mature market, the organizational changes needed for them to fulfill IPSO contracts are not seen as a barrier. A benefit with IPSO is the holistic life-cycle perspective that provides incentives for dematerialization, resulting in a more resource-efficient and durable infrastructure. IPSO requires improved information transfer, something which stimulates innovation as well as processes for evaluation of the contracts. Further benefits are potential incentives to get contractors involved in the design phase, where the major decisions about the life-cycle are made, in order to reduce the infrastructure's environmental impact and total life-cycle cost. The contractors hope that IPSO contracts will make the buyer focus less on e.g. the initial purchasing price and more on the total life-cycle cost in relation to quality in order to get the best solution. The actors see themselves as parties with opposing interests. At the same time, IPSO will most likely imply more long-term cooperation, something that calls for common interests, shared risks and flexibility. The innovation possibilities with IPSO could benefit from loosening up the material handling monopoly that the buyer currently holds. Since the buyer is a dominant actor within the industry, this organization has major possibilities to introduce changes that the other actors would have to conform to. Several challenges with IPSO are discussed, and most of them are derived from the risk and uncertainty aspects that come with long-term contracts and inexperience with a new business model. On one hand, the contractors request more flexibility; on the other hand, they are reluctant to take on more responsibility that could lead to increased risk. However, risk does not have to be seen as something completely negative, as it depends on how the contractors choose to deal with it. They can either develop the necessary skills and competence needed to identify and handle the risk in a strategic manner, foster a competitive advantage, or take the problems as they come in a more ad hoc way. A way to reduce risk and uncertainty seems to be to focus on transparency and information sharing between the actors and the contracts. This would also open up IPSO contracts for reinvestments, where the current lack of information concerning the condition of the facilities results in reluctance for IPSO contracts. This research has focused on IPSO for rail infrastructure management, using the Swedish rail infrastructure as a case to discuss the considerations and feasibility of such an implementation. The conclusions, therefore, are valid for rail infrastructure in other geographical locations as well.


Recent years have seen international political economy (IPE) become an increasingly bifurcated field of inquiry. On the one hand deductive, rational choice driven analysis has taken IPE increasingly in the direction of economic analysis toute courte. This has especially been the case in the United States. On the other hand, driven more by the largely inductive tradition in the non-economic social sciences, IPE, especially in a European and 'southern' context has become more, indeed as some would argue excessively, 'reflexive' in direction. One approach asserts its social scientific status while the other asserts its normative imperatives. This bifurcation is undesirable and, this paper argues, unsustainable in the contemporary era. The need to understand and explain globalisation should, in both theory and practice, make this bifurcation redundant. Fortunately there are elements of an evolving IPE that is increasingly historically and empirically grounded, analytically sophisticated and in search of tighter, less indulgent, more policy relevant, normative purchase on key issues of IPE such as justice, equality and development. It is doing this by paying close attention to work on these issues by normative political philosophers. Similarly, political philosophers are recognising the need to come to terms with the research agendas of IPE. This coming together is not an easy process. Indeed it is in its formative stages. But it is an important scholarly project, and one which should cast larger policy shadows over the global order, which is likely to gather momentum over the next few years.


Urban areas occupy a large and growing proportion of the earth. Such sites exhibit distinctive characteristics relative to adjacent rural habitats, and many species have colonised and now successfully exploit urban habitats. The change in selection pressures as a result of urbanisation has led to trait divergence in some urban populations relative to their rural counterparts, but studies have generally been local in scale and the generality of differentiation thus remains unknown. The European blackbird Turdus merula is one of the commonest urban bird species in the Western Palearctic, but populations vary substantially in the length of time they have been urbanised. Here we investigate patterns of morphological variation in European blackbirds occupying 11 paired urban and rural habitats across much of the urbanised range of this species and spanning 25 degrees of latitude. First, we assessed the extent to which urban and rural blackbirds are differentiated morphologically and the consistency of any differentiation across the range. Paired urban and rural Blackbird populations frequently exhibited significant morphological differences, but the magnitude and direction of differentiation was site dependent. We then investigated whether the nature of latitudinal gradients in body-size differed between urban and rural populations, as predicted by differences in the climatic regimes of urban and rural areas. Blackbird body-size exhibited strong latitudinal gradients, but their form did not differ significantly between urban and rural habitats. The latitudinal gradient in body size may be a consequence of Seebohm's rule, that more migratory populations occurring at high latitudes have longer wings. We conclude that while there can be substantial morphological variation between adjacent urban and rural bird populations, such differentiation may not apply across a species' range. Locality specific differentiation of urban and rural blackbirds may arise if the selection pressures acting on blackbird morphology vary in an inconsistent manner between urban and rural habitats. Alternatively, phenotypic divergence could arise in a stochastic manner depending on the morphological traits of colonists, through founder effects.


2003.-Trillium grandiflorum is a widely distributed, non-clonal, long-lived, white-flowered perennial herb. We examined the pollination biology and self-compatibility of Trillium grandiflorum in five populations distributed across northern Wisconsin and the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Self-pollination was almost entirely ineffective in producing seeds in all populations, suggesting strong self-incompatibility. Natural seed set varied slightly across populations, with an average of 71% of ovules fertilized per fruit. At the population level, seed set was not limited by receipt of pollen. At the plant level, seed set per flower first increased, then decreased in response to an increasing density of flowering plants within 2 m. This suggests that neighboring flowers facilitate pollinator visitation at low densities then compete for visits at higher densities. Observed pollinator visitation rates support this interpretation. The presence of self-incompatibility and the absence of clonal spread could make Trillium grandifiorum vulnerable to disruptions in pollinator service.


Among 1,000 German brokerage clients for whom both survey responses and actual trading records are available, investors who report enjoying investing or gambling turn over their portfolio at twice the rate of their peers. Including entertainment attributes as additional explanatory variables in cross-sectional regressions of portfolio turnover on objective investor attributes more than doubles the fraction of the total variation of portfolio turnover that can be explained. The results are robust to controlling for gender and proxies for overconfidence constructed from survey responses. Nonpecuniary benefits of trading thus appear to offer a straightforward explanation of the "excessive trading puzzle."


Climate change simulated with climate models needs a significance testing to establish the robustness of simulated climate change relative to model internal variability. Student's t-test has been the most popular significance testing technique despite more sophisticated techniques developed to address autocorrelation. We apply Student's t-test and four advanced techniques in establishing the significance of the average over 20 continuous-year simulations, and validate the performance of each technique using much longer (375–1000 yr) model simulations. We find that all the techniques tend to perform better in precipitation than in surface air temperature. A sizable performance gain using some of the advanced techniques is realised in the model Ts output portion with strong positive lag-1 yr autocorrelation (> + 0.6), but this gain disappears in precipitation. Furthermore, strong positive lag-1 yr autocorrelation is found to be very uncommon in climate model outputs. Thus, there is no reason to replace Student's t-test by the advanced techniques in most cases.


In this paper we present a general-purpose GaAs FET nonlinear circuit model, for universal use (DC, small-signal and large-signal) which is valid at multiple DC operating points. Novel features of the model include: (i) a direct and reliable multi-bias point parameter extraction methodology (no optimisation required), based solely on CW S-parameter measurements, with an improved approach to the extraction of the parasitic resistances; (ii) more accurate models for the main non-linearities, with special attention paid to the gate capacitances, the intrinsic resistance and high-frequency dispersion in the drain circuit. The validity of the model is demonstrated through extensive power-sweep tests, carried out at different DC bias-points and different frequencies.


Classification rules are a convenient method of expressing regularities that exist within databases. They are particularly useful when we wish to find patterns that describe a defined class of interest, i.e. for the task of partial classification or "nugget discovery". In this paper we address the problems of finding classification rules from databases containing nominal and ordinal attributes.

The number of rules that can be formulated from a database is usually potentially vast due to the effect of combinatorial explosion. This means that generating all rules in order to find the best rules (according to some stated criteria) is usually impractical and alternative strategies must be used. In this paper we present an algorithm that delivers a clearly defined set of rules, the pc'-optimal set. This set describes the interesting associations in a database but excludes many rules that are simply minor variations of other rules. The algorithm addresses the problems of combinatorial explosion and is capable of finding rules from databases comprising nominal and ordinal attributes.

In order to find the pc'-optimal set efficiently, novel pruning functions are used in the search that take advantage of the properties of the pc'-optimal set. Our main contribution is a method of on-the-fly pruning based on exploiting the relationship between pc'-optimal sets and ordinal data.

We show that using these methods results in a very considerable increase in efficiency allowing the discovery of useful rules from many databases.


Anomia is a characteristic symptom of aphasia. Impairments in functional communication associated with aphasia have been found to negatively impact upon an individual"s quality of life (QoL) in a number of areas, including independence and the ability to participate in social and leisure activities (Cruice, Worrall, & Hickson, 2006).

Our review of the literature suggests that measurement of treatment effects has been influenced by treatment type and intensity, the measurement phases applied, the outcome measures used, aphasia severity and type, and the presence of concomitant impairments. It is clear that both constraint-induced and alternative/multi-modality treatments can be effective for reducing anomia. However, the question of which treatments, particularly constraint-induced and alternative/multi-modality treatments, are most efficacious for certain types, severities, and chronicities of aphasia remains unanswered. Only three known studies (Barthel, Meinzer, Djundja, & Rockstroh, 2008; Kurland, Baldwin, & Tauer, 2010; Maher et al., 2006) have involved direct comparisons between constraint-induced and multi-modality interventions. This is a particularly interesting comparison, given the great distinction between the two forms of therapy, and the interpretation that the research underpinning the principle of constraint in aphasia rehabilitation is inconclusive. Further, a number of methodological flaws in the reviewed studies weaken the research findings. Thus, we identified a need for continued study in this area.


Extreme weather events increasingly threaten the economic situation of households and enterprises around the world. Insurance against extreme weather events is among the climate change adaptation instruments that are currently discussed by the policy community. This overview paper provides a synopsis of the state of research on insurance against extreme weather events, outlining advantages and limitations inherent in three main types of insurance: indemnity-based insurance, index-based insurance, and insurance-linked securities. The paper discusses issues related to insurance uptake, distributional effects, misleading incentives and potentially negative side effects, as well as the role of the state.


One illuminating example of the interplay between mathematics and physics is the relation between symplectic geometry and mechanics. A symplectic manifold is characterised by a closed, non-degenerate form of degree two. In modern physics higher degree differential forms play an important role too. In this thesis, we study geometries that are either completely or partly specified in terms of a differential form. In the first part of the thesis, three-forms play the main role. When the form is closed, we call the geometry strong. One particular class of examples comes from torsion geometry, where the three-form appears as the torsion of a metric connection. Our first main result is a classification of invariant strong Kahler with torsion structures on four-dimensional solvable Lie groups. We then pass on to study strong geometries in general. When these come with a Lie group action which preserves the strong structure, we introduce a notion of moment map. While the basic ideas come from the theory of symplectic moment maps, the adaption to strong geometry with symmetry group requires several fundamentally new approaches. We show existence of our multi-moment maps in many circumstances, including mild topological assumptions on the underlying manifold. Such maps are also shown to exist for all groups whose second and third Lie algebra Betti numbers are zero. We show that these form a special class of solvable Lie groups and provide a structural characterisation. We give many examples of multi-moment maps for different geometries, including strong hyperKahler manifolds with torsion and strict nearly Kahler six-manifolds. By generalising the arguments, we obtain a notion of multi-moment map for geometries with closed forms of higher degree. As in the three-form case, these maps often exist, for instance, under mild topological assumptions on the underlying manifold, or if the Lie group of symmetries has a vanishing pair of Lie algebra Betti numbers. One intriguing application of multi-moment maps addresses the classification of Riemannian manifolds with exceptional holonomy and an isometric action of a torus. We explore the cases when the multi-moment map is a scalar function. Via a reduction procedure, the study of these exceptional holonomy spaces is related to tri-symplectic geometry in dimension four. In the last part of the thesis, we introduce a Calabi-Yau problem for hyper-Kahler manifolds with torsion, and we take the first steps towards a solution via the continuity method.


This study investigates a pump scheduling problem for the collection, transfer and storage of water in water supply systems in urban networks. The objective of this study is to determine a method to minimize the electricity costs associated with pumping operations. To address the dynamic and random nature of water demand, we propose a two-stage stochastic programming model with recourse, where the random variables are represented by a finite, discrete set of realizations or scenarios. The developed mathematical model is an extension of a previously developed deterministic model in the literature and reflects the basic assumption that a fixed cost could be incurred by the activating/deactivating activities of the hydraulic pumps. To control the possible violations of the water demand constraints for different scenarios, we also analyze a robustness technique in an attempt to obtain "almost feasible" solutions. In addition, we adopt the so-called Mean Absolute Deviation criterion, which is a risk-aversion criterion, to obtain second-stage costs that are less dependent on the realizations of the scenarios. The scenarios were generated using a Monte Carlo simulation procedure that may use any probability distribution to produce empirical probabilities of the random variables. Because the proposed pump scheduling problem with fixed cost is a two-stage stochastic mixed 0− 1 program, we developed an efficient hybrid heuristic to obtain acceptable solutions for practical scenarios with a reasonable computational time. The overall results evidence the stability of the scenario generation method, the sensitivity of the solution based on the key parameters of the mathematical model, and the efficiency of the heuristic in solving large scenarios. Finally, we show that it is possible to conserve resources by solving the stochastic programming model rather than adopting simpler approaches based on the expected value.


Land pressures today and government policy-requires previously developed, 'brownfield' land to be brought back into beneficial use. The nature of these sites means that they may have been subject to some form of contamination from previous uses. The risk any pollutant has to human health and the environment must be assessed and, if deemed unacceptable, remediation must be undertaken. Risk assessment may be carried out utilising generic values for contaminant properties that can give misleading results. This thesis describes the effort to further assess the controls on adsorption of organic pollutants and its spatial variability. Spatial sampling of two brownfield sites was undertaken with generic soil parameters being measured. To better describe soil organic matter, organic extracts were prepared from soils, allowing NMR spectra to be collected. The collected soil dataset is analysed to discern any correlations between soil parameters. The nature of the organic pollutants used in this study (benzene, phenol, p-xylene and p-cresol) is described using calculated molecular descriptors. The variation in experimental adsorption results, provided by Sheffield University, were then statistically analysed using soil measures as predictors and then also adding molecular descriptors to the analysis. The percentage of black carbon may also have an influence on adsorption and so this was also measured and added to the list of predictors available for inclusion in stepwise regression. Results show that adsorption of these organic compounds can be partially described using the measured soil parameters. Molecular descriptors such as a molecule's surface area can also be used to predict adsorption. The percentage black carbon was an important predictor in only one instance for p-xylene adsorption. Soil parameters were also shown to be predicted by other soil variables from the dataset, giving good results that were improved upon by transforming all parameters to normality.


Bayesian methods are ubiquitous in machine learning. Nevertheless, the analysis of empirical results is typically performed by frequentist tests. This implies dealing with null hypothesis significance tests and p-values, even though the shortcomings of such methods are well known. We propose a nonparametric Bayesian version of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test using a Dirichlet process (DP) based prior. We address in two different ways the problem of how to choose the infinite dimensional parameter that characterizes the DP. The proposed test has all the traditional strengths of the Bayesian approach; for instance, unlike the frequentist tests, it allows verifying the null hypothesis, not only rejecting it, and taking decisions which minimize the expected loss. Moreover, one of the solutions proposed to model the infinite-dimensional parameter of the DP allows isolating instances in which the traditional frequentist test is guessing at random. We show results dealing with the comparison of two classifiers using real and simulated data.


The sequel to the highly successful and critically praised book, Bar and Club Design, New Bar and Club Design is an elegant photographic journey through the latest international design trends in the bar and club industries, highlighting locations completed since 2001. New Bar and Club Design documents a resurgence of cocktail culture and an explosion of the "style bar," places that are professionally designed and serve high-quality spirits, wine, and cocktails. Such bars have continued to open in cities such as New York, London, and Tokyo, as well as in locales like Beirut and Bangkok. Bethan Ryder has also documented a new interest in creating lower budget designer bars that are as visually interesting and unusually designed as the big-budget productions, such as Andy Wahloo in Paris and Loungelover in London. Club culture also continues to thrive, albeit on a far smaller scale than the superclubs of the 1990s. Nightclubs have grown cozier. Late-night lounge bars have emerged to cater to the "grown-up clubber," offering comfort and luxury. The futuristic "superclubs" still being built now offer the very latest in technology and audiovisual entertainment. Divided by category into bars and restaurant bars, hotel bars, and clubs, each profile includes imaginative photographs, thoughtful descriptions, and architectural plans of the design. Sure to be an excellent guide for bar and club owners, architects, and designers, New Bar and Club Design also will appeal to travelers and trendsetters of every description.


Detailed analysis of the animal bone assemblage at Gola Dhoro here throws light on the expansion of the Indus civilisation into Gujarat. A square fort, imposed on a settlement of livestock herders in the later third millennium BC, was shown to have contained people who introduced a broader diet of meat and seafood, and new ways of preparing it. These social and dietary changes were coincident with a surge in craft and trade.


Since their introduction in 1987, statins have become the largest-selling prescription drugs worldwide, and have kept both the scientific and lay press captivated. There were reports this year alone that statins may prevent hysterectomies in women with fibroids, are linked to better health outcomes after brain haemorrhage, may protect against the microvascular complications of diabetes, as well as against cerebral reperfusion injuries, may lower the risk of Barrett's oesophagus, alter the inflammatory response to the common cold, slow the progression of advanced multiple sclerosis, and offer added benefit to men with erectile dysfunction.1 Amid this hype and against a backdrop of more the a billion people potentially taking statins,11 the obvious question is whether or not current evidence on the safety and efficacy of statins still overwhelmingly favours these agents for their licensed indication of lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality.


Quail Island (Ōtamahua) is an 85 ha island in Lyttelton Harbour, Banks Peninsula, New Zealand. Since 1997, community volunteers have eradicated rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), cats (Felis catus), hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus), and ship rats (Rattus rattus) from the island as preliminary steps towards ecological restoration. At present, a network of traps on the adjacent mainland and a stepping-stone island successfully intercepts mustelids and other unwanted vertebrate pests en route to Quail Island. However, the public use of the island, its close proximity to, and intertidal link with, the mainland makes this island a signifi cant risk to reinvasion, particularly by rodents. Lessons learnt from 13 years of pest work are outlined.


Fat and lean body mass have important implications for health and physical functioning in older age, and physical activity is purported to be an important modifiable determinant. However, our evidence-based understanding of its role is limited. We examined the associations of physical activity, assessed both by self-report (using data on leisure time physical activity (LTPA) collected on 4 occasions over a 28-year period) and objectively (using 5-day heart rate and movement monitoring), with fat and lean mass at ages 60–64 years in 1,162 British participants from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development in 1946–2010. Higher objectively assessed physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) at ages 60–64 years was associated with lower fat mass and android (abdominal):gynoid (hip) fat ratio (mean differences in fat mass per 1–standard deviation increase in PAEE were −0.79 kg/m1.2 in men (95% confidence interval: −1.08, −0.50) and −1.79 kg/m1.2 (95% confidence interval: −2.15, −1.42) in women). After adjustment for fat mass, higher PAEE was associated with higher appendicular lean mass. Both light and moderate-to-vigorous intensities of activity were associated with fat mass, and the latter was associated with lean mass. More frequent LTPA across adulthood was associated with lower fat mass (in women only) and higher appendicular lean mass (in both sexes, after adjustment for fat mass). These results support the promotion of LTPA across adulthood, as well as both light and moderate-to-vigorous intensities of activity among older adults.


Laser-induced breakdown of an optically trapped nanoparticle is a unique system for studying cavitation dynamics. It offers additional degrees of freedom, namely the nanoparticle material, its size, and the relative position between the laser focus and the center of the optically trapped nanoparticle. We quantify the spatial and temporal dynamics of the cavitation and secondary bubbles created in this system and use hydrodynamic modeling to quantify the observed dynamic shear stress of the expanding bubble. In the final stage of bubble collapse, we visualize the formation of multiple submicrometer secondary bubbles around the toroidal bubble on the substrate. We show that the pattern of the secondary bubbles typically has its circular symmetry broken along an axis whose unique angle rotates over time. This is a result of vorticity along the jet towards the boundary upon bubble collapse near solid boundaries.


In Australia, a grass-roots revolution called 'landcare' has turned land conservation
extension on its head. Close to two thousand voluntary community landcare groups are
working to develop more sustainable systems of land use, supported by a national ten year
funding programme. This paper introduces landcare in Australia as a community-based
approach to the development of more sustainable ways of using the land. It is not easy to
define landcare or even to draw its boundaries. Landcare is not really an extension
programme at all in the sense of a system of planned interventions with discrete objectives.
Rather, landcare blends elements of community and environmental education, action
research and participatory planning to tackle a range of environmental and production
issues in a tremendous diversity of bio-physical and administrative environments. Policy
makers are reacting to on-ground developments, rather than precipitating action in a
strategic way.


Mutations in CUC1 and CUC2 (for CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON), which are newly identified genes of Arabidopsis, caused defects in the separation of cotyledons (embryonic organs), sepals, and stamens (floral organs) as well as in the formation of shoot apical meristems. These defects were most apparent in the double mutant. Phenotypes of the mutants suggest a common mechanism for separating adjacent organs within the same whorl in both embryos and flowers. We cloned the CUC2 gene and found that the encoded protein was homologous to the petunia NO APICAL MERISTEM (NAM) protein, which is thought to act in the development of embryos and flowers.


Body movements of flying insects change their effective wing kinematics and, therefore, influence aerodynamic force and torque production. It was found that substantial aerodynamic damping is produced by flapping wings through a passive mechanism termed "flapping countertorque" during fast yaw turns. We expand this study to include the aerodynamic damping that is produced by flapping wings during body translations and rotations with respect to all its six principal axes-roll, pitch, yaw, forward/backward, sideways, and heave. Analytical models were derived by the use of a quasi-steady aerodynamic model and blade-element analysis by the incorporation of the effective changes of wing kinematics that are caused by body motion. We found that aerodynamic damping, in all these cases, is linearly dependent on the body translational and angular velocities and increases with wing-stroke amplitude and frequency. Based on these analytical models, we calculated the stability derivatives that are associated with the linearized flight dynamics at hover and derived a complete 6-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) dynamic model. The model was then used to estimate the flight dynamics and stability of four different species of flying insects as case studies. The analytical model that is developed in this paper is important to study the flight dynamics and passive stability of flying animals, as well as to develop flapping-wing micro air vehicles (MAVs) with stable and maneuverable flight, which is achieved through passive dynamic stability and active flight control.


University Courses Timetabling problem has been extensively researched in the last decade. Therefore, numerous approaches were proposed to solve UCT problem. This paper proposes a new approach to process a sequence of meetings between instructors, rooms, and students in predefined periods of time with satisfying a set of constraints divided in variety of types. In addition, this paper proposes new representation for courses timetabling and conflict-free for each time slot by mining instructor preferences from previous schedules to avoid undesirable times for instructors. Experiments on different real data showed the approach achieved increased satisfaction degree for each instructor and gives feasible schedule with satisfying all hard constraints in construction operation. The generated schedules have high satisfaction degrees comparing with schedules created manually. The research conducts experiments on collected data gathered from the computer science department and other related departments in Jordan University of Science and Technology- Jordan.


Background: Isomerase activity for Synechocystis apocarotenoid oxygenase (ACO) has not been verified biochemically. Results: ACO exclusively produces all-trans-retinal from all-trans-apo-8′-carotenol and is inhibited by linear polyoxyethylene detergents. Conclusion: ACO cleaves but does not isomerize all-trans-8′-apocarotenol. Significance: This study clarifies the activity of and influence of detergent on ACO, a classical non-isomerizing member of the carotenoid cleavage enzyme family. Carotenoid cleavage enzymes (CCEs) constitute a group of evolutionarily related proteins that metabolize a variety of carotenoid and non-carotenoid substrates. Typically, these enzymes utilize a non-heme iron center to oxidatively cleave a carbon-carbon double bond of a carotenoid substrate. Some members also isomerize specific double bonds in their substrates to yield cis-apocarotenoid products. The apocarotenoid oxygenase from Synechocystis has been hypothesized to represent one such member of this latter category of CCEs. Here, we developed a novel expression and purification protocol that enabled production of soluble, native ACO in quantities sufficient for high resolution structural and spectroscopic investigation of its catalytic mechanism. High performance liquid chromatography and Raman spectroscopy revealed that ACO exclusively formed all-trans products. We also found that linear polyoxyethylene detergents previously used for ACO crystallization strongly inhibited the apocarotenoid oxygenase activity of the enzyme. We crystallized the native enzyme in the absence of apocarotenoid substrate and found electron density in the active site that was similar in appearance to the density previously attributed to a di-cis-apocarotenoid intermediate. Our results clearly demonstrated that ACO is in fact a non-isomerizing member of the CCE family. These results indicate that careful selection of detergent is critical for the success of structural studies aimed at elucidating structures of CCE-carotenoid/retinoid complexes.


Using a novel style identification procedure, we show that style-shifting is a dynamic strategy commonly used by hedge fund managers. Three quarters of hedge funds shifted their investment styles at least once over the period from January 1994 to December 2013. We perform empirical tests of two hypotheses for the motivations of hedge fund style-shifting, namely backward-looking and forward-looking hypotheses. We find no evidence that style-shifting funds are backward-looking. Instead, we show evidence that managers of style-shifting funds exhibit both style-timing ability and the skill of generating abnormal returns in new styles. The new styles that hedge funds shift to on average outperform their old styles by 0.76% and style-shifting funds on average outperform their new style benchmark by 1.10% over the subsequent 12-month horizon. Finally, we show that small funds, winner funds, and funds with net inflows are more likely to shift styles. This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, finance.


Introduction I bring to this consultation a Latin. American perspective on church and society that is rooted in the reality of Brazil. My experience of God stretches from the church pew to base communities in their struggle for life, dignity and justice. I see the task of my Brazilian church as being: a) o stimulate people, and to be stimulated by them to recognize 'the presence of a compassionate and benevolent God amidst poverty and the difficulties of everyday life, and to confess faithfulness to Christ. This confession of faith is proclaimed in a country characterized as much by injustice and suffering as by hope and faithful trust. b) o reawaken trust and self-confidence, specifically in those people written off by society and pushed to the margins. Every human being is of inalienable value and has inalienable cultural, social and political dignity. In the following text I shall describe and explain this aspect by use of the term cidadania. I begin my contribution with a quote from a woman called Maria Clara. To the question, "Have you always been a religious person?", she replied: I grew up in a Catholic family. Today I go to the Protestant church (1). I'm often a bit confused. I'm not quite sure what it is I'm looking for there. I think that I go to church regularly not because of religion but because of the people who go there, because of the group's spirit. Every time we repeat the phrase, "The Spirit of God is amongst us" there are some who think it's just nonsense. 'But I don't agree with them. The people who are there with me and next to me treat me with great love. They care about me. Now I also attended spiritualist meetings and know a bit about Buddhism too. All religions point to a higher power that I call God. I have to thank him daily that I am alive and healthy. (2) This quotation is a good representation of how religion is being lived out in postmodem times in Brazil. Its characteristic features are: * the rupture with family religion combined with the need to experience individuality in new ways; * the search for religious experience rooted in miracles, healing, human warmth and feeling; * the intensive search for spirituality without the mediation of priests or bishops; * active participation in the church; * the atomization of the religious landscape. Religion has made the transition from the altar to the individual. In this transition everyone helps themselves to religious symbols and sews together his or her own religious blanket and biography. One of the most noticeable results of this new movement is the atomization of the religious landscape. Fragmentation of the religious landscape The results of the 2000 census in Brazil, published by the Brazilian Geographical Statistical Institute (IBGE), show a 70.7% growth in Protestant churches over the last ten years. Today, 14.45%, or 26.1 million, of the total population of around 170 million people belong to these churches. This compares with an 11.9% drop in the share of the Roman Catholic established church, whose membership now stands at 73.77% of the total Brazilian population. We normally differentiate between three categories of Protestant churches: * churches that came into being through European immigration in the 19th century, and above all the Evangelical Lutheran Church, which gathered German and Swiss immigrants; * churches such as the Methodist, Presbyterian and Baptist that entered the country later as the result of mission from the USA; * so-called Pentecostal churches that, from 1910, and again through the influence of foreign missionaries, emerged from within the Protestant churches but are now fully under Brazilian leadership and manage without any foreign help. As in other parts of the world, it is the Pentecostal churches that have shown the strongest growth. …


We discuss a novel worldline framework for computations of the chiral magnetic effect (CME) in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. Starting from the fermion determinant in the QCD effective action, we show explicitly how its real part can be expressed as a supersymmetric worldline action of spinning, colored, Grassmannian particles in background fields. Restricting ourselves for simplicity to spinning particles, we demonstrate how their constrained Hamiltonian dynamics arises for both massless and massive particles. In a semiclassical limit, this gives rise to the covariant generalization of the Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi equation; the derivation of the corresponding Wong equations for colored particles is straightforward. In a previous paper [N. Mueller and R. Venugopalan, arXiv:1701.03331.], we outlined how Berry's phase arises in a nonrelativistic adiabatic limit for massive particles. We extend the discussion here to systems with a finite chemical potential. We discuss a path integral formulation of the relative phase in the fermion determinant that places it on the same footing as the real part. We construct the corresponding anomalous worldline axial-vector current and show in detail how the chiral anomaly appears. Our work provides a systematic framework for a relativistic kinetic theory of chiral fermions in the fluctuating topological backgrounds that generate the CME in a deconfined quark-gluon plasma. We outline some further applications of this framework in many-body systems.


KL-regularized reinforcement learning from expert demonstrations has proved successful in improving the sample efficiency of deep reinforcement learning algorithms, allowing them to be applied to challenging physical real-world tasks. However, we show that KL-regularized reinforcement learning with behavioral reference policies derived from expert demonstrations can suffer from pathological training dynamics that can lead to slow, unstable, and suboptimal online learning. We show empirically that the pathology occurs for commonly chosen behavioral policy classes and demonstrate its impact on sample efficiency and online policy performance. Finally, we show that the pathology can be remedied by non-parametric behavioral reference policies and that this allows KL-regularized reinforcement learning to significantly outperform state-of-the-art approaches on a variety of challenging locomotion and dexterous hand manipulation tasks.


The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) has seen its portfolio of wind power projects increase substantially, a trend which is expected to continue. This report is intended to provide expert guidance regarding wind wildlife risk issues, and to ensure that environmental impact considerations are sufficiently incorporated into the IDB's wind energy projects. Guidance is provided in 3 specific areas corresponding to the 3 chapters of this report as follows: Efficacy of bird and bat impact minimization/mitigation measures (Chapter 1); Efficacy of preconstruction collision risk prediction models (Chapter 2); and Postconstruction fatality monitoring protocols for birds and bats (Chapter 3).


Reinforcement learning tasks are often used to assess participants' tendency to learn more from the positive or more from the negative consequences of one's action. However, this assessment often requires comparison in learning performance across different task conditions, which may differ in the relative salience or discriminability of the stimuli associated with more and less rewarding outcomes, respectively. To address this issue, in a first set of studies, participants were subjected to two versions of a common probabilistic learning task. The two versions differed with respect to the stimulus (Hiragana) characters associated with reward probability. The assignment of character to reward probability was fixed within version but reversed between versions. We found that performance was highly influenced by task version, which could be explained by the relative perceptual discriminability of characters assigned to high or low reward probabilities, as assessed by a separate discrimination experiment. Participants were more reliable in selecting rewarding characters that were more discriminable, leading to differences in learning curves and their sensitivity to reward probability. This difference in experienced reinforcement history was accompanied by performance biases in a test phase assessing ability to learn from positive vs. negative outcomes. In a subsequent large-scale web-based experiment, this impact of task version on learning and test measures was replicated and extended. Collectively, these findings imply a key role for perceptual factors in guiding reward learning and underscore the need to control stimulus discriminability when making inferences about individual differences in rein-


When given the choice between a smaller reward now and a larger reward at some time in the future, individuals discount the delayed reward as a function of the delay, and choose the more immediate option. Less commonly studied in humans is the effect of spatial discounting, where one must choose between a close reward and a farther one. In general, people tend to give less weight to geographically distant effects than to local effects - for example, the willingness to pay to live further away from undesirable facilities decreases exponentially as a function of distance. So-called spatial discounting has been harder to demonstrate in the lab: a target's distance is often confounded by the time it will take to reach it. Across two experiments using a virtual environment, we compared spatial and temporal discounting (Experiment 1) and designed a spatial discounting task in which we isolated the effects of distance on discounting (Experiment2). Our first experiment (n=22) replicated previous findings of a hyperbolic discounting effect in the temporal domain. We also observed the same finding in the spatial domain, with longer/farther rewards progressively discounted. In the second experiment (n=21), subjects again performed the spatial discounting task, but this time the walking speed varied between trials. We found that participants discounted rewards that were farther away relative to those that were closer, even when the time taken to reach the two rewards was the same. These results demonstrate spatial discounting in humans that is distinct from temporal discounting, suggesting a coding of reward distance that is distinct from the time taken to travel to the reward. These results have important implications for understanding spatial decision making in individuals in relation to their environmental surrounds. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


This paper documents a self-study research group's development and its effects on 11 participants. Drawing on the scholarship of the self-study tradition within educational research, we see teacher knowledge as an important and largely untapped source for the improvement of teaching. Positioning participants to look at the sense and selves being made on a continual basis is the task embraced by this self-study group. The paper reveals professional development risks and opportunities confronted by educators through vulnerably, accountably, integrally, and mindfully negotiating teaching-learning lives. The findings suggest that our bodies are the reflexive ground of comprehension, confronting vulnerability, seeking accountability to self, negotiating theory as working notions, and experiencing the pull of teaching-learning possibilities. Thus the role of embodiment within teaching-learning practices is elucidated through educator professional development in action.


Endoparasitism is one of the major constraints to the sheep industry in
Malaysia. In order to formulate control measures for endoparasitism an understanding
of the epidemiology of the infrapopulation and suprapopulation is required. Therefore
an epidemiological study of trichostrongyles in sheep was conducted.
The pattern of faecal egg output in lambs was observed for twelve months.
Infection was first observed at six weeks of age, peaked at twelve weeks, then steadily
decreased till it stabilised after eight months, thus indicating an acquired immunity
trichostrongyles around eight months. Periparturient rise in egg counts was seen in
ewes with a sharp increase in epg one month before and for two months after
parturition. From the meteorological parameters monitored, it showed that rainfall and
temperature influenced the egg output profile.Pooled faecal culture of samples from Iambs and ewes showed that
Haemonchus sp. was the predominant species, followed by Trichostrongylus sp., while
larval counts of Oesophagostomum sp. and Cooperia sp. did not exceed 5%. In the
lambs and ewes that died total worm counts had more numerous Haemonchus
contortus than Trichostrongylus colubriformis.
Two techniques for larval recovery from herbage were compared. The recovery
rate by the Modifted Parfitt1s technique was 25% and by the Modified Baermann's
technique was 33%. There was no consistent relationship between larval recovery and
weight of fresh herbage collected during wet and dry periods.
The time of development of infective larvae (L3) was measured in the field in
both wet and dry periods. In both periods L3 emerged from faecal samples on day four
and was present on herbage on day six with the highest number of larvae being present
on day seven. Monitoring of the survival of L3 found on herbage showed negligible
numbers of L3 after week seven in the wet period and negligible numbers of L3 at
week five in the dry period.


The Trump administration's willingness to violate trade rules to maximize its negotiating leverage is undermining its most important and most legitimate objective in international trade and investment: persuading China to reform its problematic economic system, in which foreign firms are discriminated against in high-tech projects. The administration could have dealt with the problems posed by China through measures that would have been consistent with preserving the rules-based trading system rather than threatening it with destruction. Instead of confronting China with unilateral actions, the administration should be working with its allies to put pressure on China to conform to World Trade Organization rules where these are applicable. But the administration's actions, coupled with China's retaliations, have so far been counterproductive. And overall they have weakened adherence to rules and norms that have contributed to the success of the global trading and investment system.


We propose a hybrid visual odometry algorithm to achieve accurate and low-drift state estimation by separately estimating the rotational and translational camera motion. Previous methods usually estimate the six degrees of freedom camera motion jointly without distinction between rotational and translational motion. However, inaccuracy in the rotation estimate is a main source of drift in visual odometry. We design a hybrid visual odometry algorithm which separately estimates the rotational and translational motion to achieve improved accuracy and low drift error. To improve the accuracy of rotational motion estimation, we exploit orthogonal planar structures, such as walls, floors, and ceilings, common in man-made environments. We track orthogonal frames with an efficient SO(3)-constrained mean-shift algorithm, resulting in drift-free rotation estimates. Based on the absolute camera orientation, we newly propose a way to compute the translational motion by minimizing the de-rotated reprojection error with the tracked features. We compare the proposed algorithm with other state-of-the-art visual odometry methods and demonstrate an improved performance and lower drift error.


Abstract Biotechnology, including genetic modifications, can play a vital role in helping to meet future food and environmental security needs for our growing population. The nature and use of biotechnology crops are described and related to aspects of food security. Biotechnological applications for food and animal feed are described, together with trends on global adoption of these crops. The benefits of biotechnology crops through increased yield, reduced pesticide use and decreased environmental damage are discussed. Examples of biotechnology crops which do not involve genetic modification are also described. Applications of biotechnology to drought and salt tolerance, and biofortification in which micronutrient content is enhanced are discussed. Emergent technologies such as RNA spraying technology, use of genome editing in agriculture and future targets for improved food and environmental security are considered.


This article treats book burning and censorship in England between the 1520s and the 1640s as part of the communications repertoire of the early modern state. Combating heresy, blasphemy, and sedition, Tudor and Stuart authorities subjected transgressive works to symbolic execution at key sites in London and the universities.The addition of the hangman to the ceremony in the 1630s reinforced the authority of the state over texts. But the ritual was not always performed according to the script. Through gesture, voice, and narrative, actors and spectators sometimes subverted the ceremony, imposing a contrary meaning on its message. Even as an exercise of power, book burning was unstable and ambivalent and was ultimately counterproductive.


Paediatricians and others involved in the area of child protection must work together with other professionals

Children have always been subjected to abuse and it is possible to read about the dreadful, by today's standards, things which befell them throughout history. Western society changed its attitude during the 19th century partly prompted by the graphic descriptions of Charles Dickens and other great writers of the day. Yet little was done about abuse of children until the famous case of Mary Ellen Wilson in New York in the 1860s. Mary Ellen was persistently beaten and abused by her adoptive parents. Although the abuse was widely known about amongst the local community, it was impossible to get the police to prosecute the parents, as the rights of parents to chastise their child were sacrosanct. There were no laws to protect children from such abuse but eventually the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals were persuaded to use the animal protection laws on the grounds that Mary Ellen Wilson was a member of the animal kingdom and, therefore, should be protected. Mary Ellen was removed from her parents and very soon afterwards in 1871 the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children was formed in New York, followed soon afterwards by the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) in the UK. Yet it was not until Henry Kempe in 19621 described "the battered child syndrome" that child protection really gained momentum.

Throughout the latter part of the 20th century there were many high profile cases of deaths of children following mistreatment, including that of Maria Colwell. There were a lot of official enquiries and most highlighted the fact that opportunities to intervene had been missed, very often because of poor communication between professionals. The recognition …


Excerpt] Over the past 15 years, U.S. corporations have searched desperately for ways to turn back stiff foreign competition. One of their strategies has been subcontracting—letting work out to outside firms, so as to gain access to both better production techniques and cheaper, more docile labor. Responding to subcontracting will be one of the principal challenges facing labor in the 1990s. The impact of subcontracting has already been quite severe, particularly for unionized workers. Tens of thousands of workers have lost their jobs, and others have taken pay cuts. Unions are responding to this challenge by using both collective bargaining and public policy mechanisms. This article will focus on innovative efforts by two unions: the Steelworkers (USWA) and the Auto Workers (UAW). It is not surprising that both these examples come from heavy manufacturing, since this was the unionized sector first hit by foreign competition; other sectors have not been faced with the problem as severely until recently. Even though the circumstances may differ, workers in sectors as diverse as hospitals, telecommunications and airlines can learn from the auto and steel industry experience because in these industries, deregulation has intensified competition in much the same way that the rise of foreign competition has affected manufacturing.


Aluminium alloys S1C, NS4, HE9, LM25 and the 'difficult' zinc containing U.S. specification alloy used for automobile bumpers (X-7046), have been successfully electroplated using pretreatments which utilized either conventional immersion, elevated temperature or electrolytic modified alloy zincate (M.A.Z.) deposits. Satisfactory adhesion in excess of 7•5 KN m -I was only achieved on X-7046 using an electrolytic M.A.Z. pretreatment. The limitations of simple zincate solutions were demonstrated. Growth of deposits ~as monitored using a weight loss technique and the morphology of the various deposits studied using scanning electron microscopy. The characteristics of a specific alloy and processing sequence selected had a significant influence on the growth and morphology of the N.A.Z. deposi t. These all affected subsequent adhesion of electrodeposited nickel. The advantages of double-dip sequences were confirmed. Superior adhesion was associated with a uniform, thin, fine grained M.A.Z. deposit which exhibited rapid and complete surface coverage of the aluminium alloy. The presence of this preferred type deposit did not guarantee adhesion because a certain degree of etching was essential. For a satisfactory combination of alloy and M.A.Z. pretreatment, there was a specific optimum film weight per unit area which resulted in maximum adhesion. An ideal film weight of 0•06 :!: 0•01 mg cm-2was determined for S1C. Different film weights were required for the other alloys due to variations in surface topography caused by pretreatment. S1C was the easiest alloy on which to achieve high bond strength. Peel adhesion was not directly related to tensile strength of the alloy. The highest adhesion value was obtained on S1C which had the lowest strength of the alloys studied. The characteristics of the failure surfaces after peeling depended on alloy type, adhesion level and pretreatment employed. Plated aluminium alloys exhibited excellent corrosion resistance when appropriately pretreated. The M.A.Z. layer was not preferentially attacked. There was a threshold value of adhesion below which corrosion performance ~a8 poor. Alloy type, pretreatment and coating system influenced corrosion performance. Microporous chromium gave better corrosion protection than decorative chromium.


The yield gap in rice production can be narrowed by improving farmers' access to information. In recent years, the Philippines has witnessed a profusion of information and communication technology (ICT) interventions expected to increase Filipino famers' access to rice farming information, led by the PhilRice Farmers' Text Center. Despite these initiatives, the digital divide further excludes the marginalized. Drawing from literature on ICT for development (ICT4D) and recent trends in Philippine ICT, this paper proposes policy directions that can be pursued by the agriculture sector for more relevant ICT interventions (i.e., making technology generation participatory, marrying of disciplines, exploring technological hybrids, focusing on critical evaluation of ICTs, and tapping farmers' children as infomediaries). It is essential to engage farmers in various stages (i.e., from design to evaluation) of ICT initiatives to maximize the impact of ICTs on their lives and to avoid the misdirection of ICT interventions.


The Caslon Analytics profile of Web Logs (blogs) supplements the more detailed guide on electronic publishing. It provides an overview of the blogging phenomenon, highlights regulatory and other issues such as defamation, points to academic studies and identifies blogging tools and services


Objectives Over 20% of employees in Europe work in shifts. Shift work increases the risk for chronic diseases, but a healthy lifestyle may attenuate the adverse effect of shift work. The aim of this study was to explore food and nutrient intake differences between working time groups. Methods The participants were 1478 employees (55% of men) of an airline divided into three working time groups: day work (n=608), shift work without in-flight work (n=541) and in-flight work (n=329). Measures included laboratory tests, physical measurements, a questionnaire, and food and nutrient intake estimations by a validated 16-item food intake questionnaire. Results Shift working men were less likely to consume vegetables (p<0.001) and fruits (p=0.049) daily than male day and in-flight workers. In women, energy intake from saturated fat was higher among shift workers compared with day workers (12.6 vs 12.2 E%, p=0.023). In older female participants, energy intake from fat and saturated fat was higher in the shift work and in-flight work groups than in the day work group (p<0.001). Conclusions In this study, shift work and working environment were associated with dietary habits, and this association was not explained by other characteristics such as workers' educational level. Shift workers' increased risk for chronic diseases should be taken into account and lifestyle counselling including advice in nutrition should be incorporated in routine occupational healthcare of shift workers.


The meaningful integration of technology in teaching and learning is consistently called for in all sectors of education. Recently it has appeared as a key tenet for achieving what has been termed as personalising learning. Personalising learning, a concept that addresses a range of current best-practice approaches with an added emphasis on ICT and the voice of individual learners, is becoming more prevalent in both general discussion, and in some countries, in policy regarding education. If its prevalence continues to grow, teacher educators need to consider how they too can incorporate personalising learning approaches in their courses to ensure graduate teachers are equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to implement personalising learning approaches in their own classrooms. This paper considers the components of personalising learning and describes one approach to creating a technology-infused learning environment that has been trialled in the tertiary sector. The key focus of this trial was the effective integration of technology as an enabler of personalising learning. Findings indicate that meaningful student learning experiences can be achieved through a personalised approach which also supports the emerging tenets of effective, pedagogical use of ICT for learning. These findings led to a model of Technology for Personalising Learning (TPL) which is presented as a planning framework through which personalising learning with technology can be achieved in higher education.


[1] The ability of the climate models submitted to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) database to simulate the Northern Hemisphere winter climate following a large tropical volcanic eruption is assessed. When sulfate aerosols are produced by volcanic injections into the tropical stratosphere and spread by the stratospheric circulation, it not only causes globally averaged tropospheric cooling but also a localized heating in the lower stratosphere, which can cause major dynamical feedbacks. Observations show a lower stratospheric and surface response during the following one or two Northern Hemisphere (NH) winters, that resembles the positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Simulations from 13 CMIP5 models that represent tropical eruptions in the 19th and 20th century are examined, focusing on the large-scale regional impacts associated with the large-scale circulation during the NH winter season. The models generally fail to capture the NH dynamical response following eruptions. They do not sufficiently simulate the observed post-volcanic strengthened NH polar vortex, positive NAO, or NH Eurasian warming pattern, and they tend to overestimate the cooling in the tropical troposphere. The findings are confirmed by a superposed epoch analysis of the NAO index for each model. The study confirms previous similar evaluations and raises concern for the ability of current climate models to simulate the response of a major mode of global circulation variability to external forcings. This is also of concern for the accuracy of geoengineering modeling studies that assess the atmospheric response to stratosphere-injected particles.


The concepts of modernity and modernism are amongst the most controversial and vigorously debated in contemporary philosophy and cultural theory. In this new, muscular, intervention Fredric Jameson, perhaps the most influential and persuasive theorist of postmodernity explores these notions in a fresh and illuminating manner. The extraordinary revival of discussions of modernity, as well as of new theories of artistic modernism, demands attention in its own right. It seems clear that the provisional disappearance of alternatives to capitalism plays its part in the universal attempt to revive 'modernity' as a social ideal. Yet the paradoxes of the concept illustrate its legitimate history and suggest some rules for avoiding its misuse as well. In this major new interpretation of the problematic, Jameson concludes that both concepts are tainted but nonetheless yield clues as to the nature of the phenomena they purported to theorize. His judicious and vigilant probing of both terms which can probably not be banished at this late date helps us clarify our present political and artistic situations.


Aim: Target in cervical cancer screenings is to use easy applying, cheap and diagnostic-assisted screening tests together. The most important thing is to do HPV-DNA analysis with Pap smear. The aim in this study is to perform a detailed follow-up program according to the results of patients who had been diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial lesion (SIL) who applied to the hospital for 2 years and to find out whether being used HPV-DNA results affected the SIL lesions without applying a smear test (pap test) in the menopausal patients with negative HPV-DNA analysis by performing only HPVDNA analysis.
Materials and Methods: A smear test was requested for 11,850 patients aged 50 ± 3.2 in the Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Training and Research Hospital between the years 2015-2016 for a 2-year period. 5180 patients are menopausal. HPV-DNA genotyping analyzes were performed for HPV 16,18,31,33,35,3 9,45,51,56,58,66 and 68 types while 1102 of these patients were followed by pap test for Low grade SIL, and colposcopies were performed and biopsies were taken by the same gynecologist. In this study, Chi-square test, Mann Whitney U test were used for the statistical analysis and Spearman Rho test was used for correlation analysis with IBM SPSS statistical program version 21.0. Values of p ≤ 0.001 were considered significant. Non-significant analyzes were not used in this study.
In the result of histopathological examination, cases were compared with smear findings. For colposcopy, Barcelona 2002 colposcopy terminology was used. In the histopathologic analysis of colposcopic biopsies, Bethesda System 2014 version and also HPV ascia LAST in ano-genital lesion coexistence were used for classification.
Findings: Patients were selected among 11,850 patients who applied to the hospital between 2015 and 2016 and were received cervical cytology specimens. 5180 patients were in menopausal period. 1102 of these patients have LSIL. 278 of the LSIL 1102 patients were reported as HPV (+) CIN I neoplasia and the remaining 824 patients as HPV (-) non-neoplastic lesion. CIN I lesion in 270 patients and CIN II lesion in 8 were determined with colposcopic biopsy performed in HPV-DNA (+) group (n=278). CIN I lesion in 670 patients and CIN II in 14 patients were also found with colposcopic biopsy performed in HPV-DNA (-) group (n=840); in 140 patients dysplasia was not observed.
We think that only HPV-DNA analysis is not appropriate for menopausal HPV (+), pap smear negative patients with negative


Dorsiflexion range of motion is a measure of flexibility of the ankle joint. The amount of influence of ankle range of motion on balance performance is still not clear. It is known that ankle injuries could affect reduced ankle range of motion, that inflexible ankles have nearly five times greater risk of ankle sprain, and that leg with history of ankle injury has a worse proprioceptive ability. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between ankle flexibility and unilateral balance. Fourteen healthy young women (age: 21, 00 ± 2, 50 years, height 167, 285 ± 4, 496 cm, weight 61, 071 ± 5, 827 kg, body fat 26, 514 ± 4, 214 %, students of kinesiology), participated in this study. The sample of variables included three tests of unilateral balance abilities (Overall, Anterior-Posterior and Medio-Lateral Stability Index), and one ankle flexibility measure (maximal dorsiflexion range of motion) estimated by performing Weight Bearing Lunge Test. There was no significant correlation between the Overall (mean: 2.04 ± 0.60 ; r=0.38, R2=0.14, p=0.18), Anterior-Posterior (mean: 1.66 ± 0.56 ; r=0.28, R2=0.08, p=0.33) and Medio-Lateral Stability Index (mean: 14, 32 ± 3, 4 ; r=0, 11, R2=0, 01, p=0, 71) with the maximal dorsiflexion range of motion. Based on these findings it could be concluded that better results of unilateral balance measured on Biodex Stability System, among young, healthy physically active women, does not depend on greater dorsiflexion range of motion.


This paper describes a rapid and accurate technique for the numerical modeling of band transmittances and radiances in media with nonhomogeneous thermodynamic properties (i.e., temperature and pressure), containing a mixture of absorbing gases with variable concentrations. The optimal spectral sampling (OSS) method has been designed specifically for the modeling of radiances measured by sounding radiometers in the infrared and has been extended to the microwave; it is applicable also through the visible and ultraviolet spectrum. OSS is particularly well suited for remote sensing applications and for the assimilation of satellite observations in numerical weather prediction models. The novel OSS approach is an extension of the exponential sum fitting of transmittances technique in that channel-average radiative transfer is obtained from a weighted sum of monochromatic calculations. The fact that OSS is fundamentally a monochromatic method provides the ability to accurately treat surface reflectance and spectral variations of the Planck function and surface emissivity within the channel passband, given that the proper training is applied. In addition, the method is readily coupled to multiple scattering calculations, an important factor for treating cloudy radiances. The OSS method is directly applicable to nonpositive instrument line shapes such as unapodized or weakly apodized interferometric measurements. Among the advantages of the OSS method is that its numerical accuracy, with respect to a reference line-by-line model, is selectable, allowing the model to provide whatever balance of accuracy and computational speed is optimal for a particular application. Generally only a few monochromatic points are required to model channel radiances with a brightness temperature accuracy of 0.05 K, and computation of Jacobians in a monochromatic radiative transfer scheme is straightforward. These efficiencies yield execution speeds that compare favorably to those achieved with other existing, less accurate parameterizations.


Introduction explains in detail the stages of development of speech and generally
accepted classification of speech disorders. The author presents the results of epidemiological
studies, as well as the risk factors of previous research in the field of speech and voice
disorders.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for speech
disorders in first grade pupils of elementary schools city of Nis and its surrounding.
Materials and method. The research is sectional study and included 1030 pupils
(aged 7 years) of elementary schools city of Nis and its surrounding (generations 2012 and
2013). The survey used: questionnaires for parents, parent and teacher interviews,
examination of children with disorders of speech, hearing test in children with disorders of
speech, global articulation test, a test of auditory perception and test of oral praxis.
Results of the research presented in the order of implementation, a number of relevant
tables and graphs and fully derived from applied research methodology. Pathological
conditions were recorded with 202 pupils (19. 6%). It was found that the most common
speech disorder in children dyslalia which included children with irregular saying to ten
votes. The discussion was posted on the issues raised in the objectives of the dissertation.
Conclusion provides a solution set of scientific goals and encourages further
investigation of the prevalence and risk factors for disorders of speech, for preventive action
and timely implementation habilitacionih treatment, with the purpose of being improving the
quality of life of children with these disorders and facilitate their involvement in the
educational and social environment.
Scientific contributions. This cross sectional study in the field of public health is an
original and independent scientific work of the author. Epidemiological studies has not been
conducted in Southeast Serbia. Application of modern literature, research methods and
scientifically valid statistical data processing obtained results are applicable to clinical
practice. Knowing that there are in the first grade of elementary schools represented
pathological conditions allow authors recommend for early assessment of speech disorders in
children, because the overall success and future of a child can be significantly improved by
early identification of communication disorders, their causes, detection and timely and
appropriate intervention. Results can be used for scientific purposes, and for the
implementation of the National Programme and organization of professional teams for the
control and treatment of these disturbances. They can also be used to promote prevention, as
well as education of parents to participate fully in the health care of their children.


We describe the process of modification of the platinum (Pt) nanowire surface and subsequent immobilisation of enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) on Pt nanowires (PtNWs) for direct glucose measurement. A cyclic voltammetry technique was used to measure electrochemical oxidation between GOx and glucose. PtNW arrays were first fabricated and then functionalised with cysteamine, which in turn acted as a chemical linkage for the enzyme conjugation. Afterward, the enzyme modified PtNWs arrays were subjected to the model test to check the effect of the process modification. The cyclic voltammograms of GOx immobilised Pt chips in PBS (1M, pH of 7) showed the most stable result. The enzymatic modified PtNW electrodes were then successfully determined glucose in diabetic blood samples with the concentrations from 125 µM to 16.5 mM, a deviation of ± 3%. The obtained results clearly indicate the potential of a next–generation of glucose sensor based on PtNW in application diabetic diagnosing.


There has been recent interest in the radiation dose delivered to the public as a result of medical imaging in both children and adults. Reports in the public press as well as hearings held by our public servants have concerned themselves with the need to be judicious about the use of medial imaging that involves ionizing radiation and to consider ways to reduce the radiation dose to the public without compromising the quality of the diagnostic information provided to our clinical collaborators. For these reasons, it is imperative that health professionals understand the nature of the health risks associated with ionizing radiation, the dosimetry in the context on medical imaging and ways that may be considered for the reduction of radiation dose. This presentation will cover these topics in the context nuclear medicine imaging performed in both children and adults. The basis for radiation risk estimation will be discussed as well as estimates of risk in the dose range associated with clinical nuclear medicine. Ways to communicate this risk to our patients and their families will also be described. The dosimetric models used in nuclear medicine, factors that affect dose and methods that may be used to reduce dose will be presented. The dosimetry of computed tomography in the context of hybrid imaging will also be described. Lastly, efforts and plans of both the Image Gently (in children) and Image Wisely (in adults) campaigns with respect to nuclear medicine will be discussed including the recently published North American Consensus Guidelines for Children and Adolescents developed by the Image Gently Group. Learning Objectives: 1. List 2 factors that affect radiation dose in nuclear medicine 2. Discuss 3 approaches that may lead to dose reduction in nuclear medicine 3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of 3 ways of conversing about the radiation from nuclear medicine with their patients


In the scope of the International Polar Year 2007/2008, marine sediment cores were retrieved with RV Polarstern offshore the Prydz Bay to gain insight into land-ocean linkages of East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) dynamics, sea-ice formation, and regional palaeooceanography during the late Cenozoic. The scientific conception is based on the reconstruction of glaciomarine processes, comprising variations in ice-rafting, ice-shelf dynamics, and coastal bottom-water productivity. From our oldest sediment record, reaching back to 4.0 Ma, the results suggest a persistent presence of the EAIS in the Prydz Bay area during that time. The strongest glacial influence in the adjacent ocean appeared around the Plio-/Pleistocene boundary and during the mid-Pleistocene, consistent with maximum glaciation in the hinterland. The EAIS also fluctuated at glacial-interglacial timescales, documented by repeated stages of sediment reworking along the continental slope, prior to interglacials. The most apparent glacial retreat during the late Pleistocene took place after climate termination II, some 130 kyr ago. Another postglacial retreat event is evident from the inner shelf and commenced around 12 ka BP in agreement with ice shrinkage in adjacent onshore regions and global sea-level rise towards the Holocene. The variability of bottom-water formation in coastal polynyas reveals strong affinities to climate change that controls sea-ice extension. Strongest bottom-water activity apparently is related to intermediate interglacial stages, while it diminishes during both glacial stages and peak warmth. During glacial stages the permanent presence of near-shore sea-ice prevents the formation of polynyas, while during very warm stages the seasonal waxing and waning of sea ice is reduced and retards the brine-release effect needed for dense-water formation. The latter phenomenon in conjunction with glacial retreat was well expressed during climate termination II, which is also documented as an exceptionally warm event in Antarctic ice cores.


Continuous activity in nickel mining has resulted in steadily growing numbers of contaminants which influence the environment. Cattle rising nickel mining in East Halmahera are exposed to high contamination. This study was conducted to assess the presence of heavy metal contamination on soil, water, grass and animal products such as liver and meet. The method used were survey and case study. The parameters measured were the heavy metal content (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As) and Mercury (Hg) in soil, water, grass and sample of cattle liver and meat. The samples were analyzed using AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. Thedata obtained were analyzed descriptively and t-test was used to asses the difference results of all parameters measured from two locations. The results showed that Pb in water and outside mining location were 0.1367 and 0.0770 ppm, respectively. Hg concentration in soil, water, grass, liver and meet callte raised around mining location were 17.8725, 0.0447, 6.6925, 7.4910 and 4.7210 ppb, respectively. The water around mining was contaminated with Pb. The contaminanion of Hg on soil, water and grass around mining areas, and also the liver and meat samples of cattle were exceeded the maximum standard that could be tolerated. Keywords: heavymetal,mining nickel,contamination, beef cattle.


The Victorian novel has been a fertile ground for filmmakers, and of the novels of the period, Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre has been among the most popular sources of adaptation, having been brought to the screen seven times.1 By far the best known - and generally most esteemed - version is that directed by Robert Stevenson (1944). Recently, the Delbert Mann film (1971) was shown as a television special in the United States and was released as a theatrical feature world wide. Despite their obvious narrative similarities, the two films are strikingly different, so different, in fact, that a close comparison provides a useful means of considering just what constitutes fidelity in cinematic adaptation of novels. While no adaptation can embrace all the details of its literary source, there is in the case of well-known novels an assumption by both audiences and critics that an adaptation will follow the major outlines of the plot, present the principal characters, express the important themes, and attempt to capture the prevailing tone. Obviously, this constitutes an insufficient prescription for fidelity. When the literary work is from another era, filmmakers must also consider differences in the taste and sensibility of contemporary audiences from those of the earlier period. Pauline Kael has suggested that the key to success lies in dealing with the "characters and situations in terms of the greatest honesty possible in the film's own time."2 In other words, just as a successful novel speaks to its readers, so. too, must a successful film adaptation speak to its viewers. A respect for the literary source and, even more importantly, an understanding of it are required. But these are not enough, for filmmakers must serve the demands of their own art. Initially, a film adaptation's claim upon our attention may rest upon the book's reputation as a literary classic, but beyond that initial attraction it is the film which must hold and move us. The Stevenson Jane Eyre has much to commend it, and it has long been regarded as a model of successful adaptation. Even those who have not seen the picture for many years tend to remember it with enthusiasm as an effective mood piece distinguished by a literate screenplay, Orson Welles's vivid presence, and the beautiful, evocative cinematography of George Barnes. The production embraces the Gothic aspects of the novel rather than shrinking from them. The Mann film, on the other hand, seems much less Gothic and brooding. It tends to downplay the stong melodrama inherent in the novel, focussing instead upon the psychological realism and emotional power of Bronte's characters. Jack Pulman's screenplay, which is largely faithful to the narrative line of its original, has eloquence and wit. And under Delbert Mann's sensitive and thoughtful direction, George C. Scott creates a strong, richly detailed, and finally quite moving Edward Rochester. Although some English critics accused this version of failing to capture the spirit of the novel, I think that it is a very successful adaptation, that, indeed, it is in general superior to the Stevenson production. Charlotte Bronte's novel3 is the story of an education, in many respects spiritual or moral, for its principal lessons are those of duty to God and man, strength of character, humility, sacrifice, love, and redemption. Both as a child and as a young woman, Jane Eyre's status as a dependent renders her vulnerable to hardship, hypocrisy, and capricious fortune, but the strong will and independent spirit so evident in her early youth are gradually tempered by Christian humility and wisdom. As an adult. Jane is able to cope with the uncertainties and difficulties of her circumstances because of her honesty with herself and the moral and psychological liberty which results from that trait. Her humility is genuine, but it never contradicts her conviction that she must stand up for herself and for what she knows to be right. Jane's love for the master of Thornfield Hall. …


The 7th Scientific Meeting of the ASPA (Asian Society of Paediatric Anaesthesiologists) Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 26–27 March Information: Phuoc Tan Nguyen Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital #1, 341 Su van Hanh, Q.10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Tel: +84 8927 1119 Fax: +84 8927 0053 Email: email@example.com Website: http://www.aspa-2000.com/index.html Main Topics: Anaesthesia for Neonatal Surgery, and Cardiac Surgery Guest speakers include Professor George Gregory on ''Fetal Surgery and Exit Surgery'' Pediatric Anesthesia 2009 19: 74


This study brings together qualitative and quantitative data to better understand the lives of people with disabilities who beg in Ethiopia. It sets out to provide an initial understanding of the lives of disabled beggars with particular emphasis on determining social and economic factors, and sequences of events or patterns of behaviour that are common to people with disabilities who now work as beggars. Chapter 3 provides an overview of the demographic characteristics of the survey respondents, including their education and vocational training levels and work history. Additional attention was directed to identifying possible areas of intervention that might sever the links between disability and poverty. The study yielded an intriguing set of results that identify: the complex set of issues with which disabled beggars grapple; a series of points where targeted intervention by governments, UN agencies, NGOs and disabled people's organizations could help break the on-going cycle of disability and poverty; and choices that lead some men and women with disabilities to beg. The study contains recommendations for policy, programming and areas for further research.


William Blake (1757-1827) was a poet of striking originality, whose poetic world of myth and mysticism continues to fascinate. By turns a haunting lyricist, an apocalyptic visionary, and an unorthodox thinker, Blake was for years ignored or derided. Sustained by his belief in the artistic imagination, he drafted poetry, prose visions, and epigrams, and manufactured beautiful illustrated volumes of his lyrics and verse narratives. Towards the end of his life, Blake's unique and irreducible talent was recognized by a group of younger artists, who rescued much of his achievement from oblivion. This selection represents the full range of Blake's accomplishment as a poet, ranging from early "Poetical Sketches" to late lyrics, and including such major works as "The Book of Thel", "Songs of Innocence", "The Marriage of Heaven and Hell", "Visions of the Daughters of Albion", "America", "Songs of Experience", and "Europe". The collection is chosen from the "Oxford Authors" critical edition, with Michael Mason's introduction and notes providing a guide to a remarkable oeuvre.


We examine the role of diffusivity, whether molecular or turbulent, on the steady-state stratification in a ventilated filling box. The buoyancy-driven displacement ventilation model of Linden et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 212, 1990, p. 309) predicts the formation of a two-layer stratification when a single plume is introduced into an enclosure with vents at the top and bottom. The model assumes that diffusion plays no role in the development of the ambient buoyancy stratification: diffusion is a slow process and the entrainment of ambient fluid into the plume from the diffuse interface will act to thin the interface resulting in a near discontinuity of density between the upper and lower layers. This prediction has been corroborated by small-scale salt bath experiments; however, full-scale measurements in ventilated rooms and complementary numerical simulations suggest an interface that is not sharp but rather smeared out over a finite thickness. For a given plume buoyancy flux, as the cross-sectional area of the enclosure increases the volume of fluid that must be entrained by the plume to maintain a sharp interface also increases. Therefore the balance between the diffusive thickening of the interface and plume-driven thinning favours a thicker interface. Conversely, the interface thickness decreases with increasing source buoyancy flux, although the dependence is relatively weak. Our analysis presents two models for predicting the interface thickness as a function of the enclosure height, base area, composite vent area, plume buoyancy flux and buoyancy diffusivity. Model results are compared with interface thickness measurements based on previously reported data. Positive qualitative and quantitative agreement is observed.


The concept of "information fiduciaries" has surged to the forefront of debates on online-platform regulation. Developed by Professor Jack Balkin, the concept is meant to rebalance the relationship between ordinary individuals and the digital companies that accumulate, analyze, and sell their personal data for profit. Just as the law imposes special duties of care, confidentiality, and loyalty on doctors, lawyers, and accountants vis-a-vis their patients and clients, Balkin argues, so too should it impose special duties on corporations such as Facebook, Google, and Twitter vis-a-vis their end users. Over the past several years, this argument has garnered remarkably broad support and essentially zero critical pushback.

This Article seeks to disrupt the emerging consensus by identifying a number of lurking tensions and ambiguities in the theory of information fiduciaries, as well as a number of reasons to doubt the theory's capacity to resolve them satisfactorily. Although we agree with Balkin that the harms stemming from dominant online platforms call for legal intervention, we question whether the concept of information fiduciaries is an adequate or apt response to the problems of information insecurity that he stresses, much less to more fundamental problems associated with outsized market share and business models built on pervasive surveillance. We also call attention to the potential costs of adopting an information-fiduciary framework—a framework that, we fear, invites an enervating complacency toward online platforms' structural power and a premature abandonment of more robust visions of public regulation.


Abstract. The three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of urban buildings from point clouds has long been an active topic in applications related to human activities. However, due to the structures significantly differ in terms of complexity, the task of 3D reconstruction remains a challenging issue especially for the freeform surfaces. In this paper, we present a new reconstruction algorithm which allows the 3D-models of building as a combination of regular structures and irregular surfaces, where the regular structures are parameterized plane primitives and the irregular surfaces are expressed as meshes. The extraction of irregular surfaces starts with an over-segmented method for the unstructured point data, a region growing approach based the adjacent graph of super-voxels is then applied to collapse these super-voxels, and the freeform surfaces can be clustered from the voxels filtered by a thickness threshold. To achieve these regular planar primitives, the remaining voxels with a larger flatness will be further divided into multiscale super-voxels as basic units, and the final segmented planes are enriched and refined in a mutually reinforcing manner under the framework of a global energy optimization. We have implemented the proposed algorithms and mainly tested on two point clouds that differ in point density and urban characteristic, and experimental results on complex building structures illustrated the efficacy of the proposed framework.


The use of insensitive propellants for propelling Low Vulnerability Ammunitions (LoVA) requires a appropriate ignition system for preserving interior ballistics performances. This paper presents the upgrading of the French Interior Ballistics code Mobidic in order to render the dynamics of ignition and combustion of insensitive propellant ignited with nanothermites. This upgrade consists in a set of numerical models whose parameterizing allows rendering the experimentally observed phenomena.


Using unique survey data from Great Place to Work® Institute, we investigate the association of intra-organizational trust (i.e., employees' trust in management) with three aspects of financial reporting: accruals quality, misstatements, and internal control quality. We find that trust is associated with better accrual quality, lower likelihood of financial statement misstatements, and lower likelihood of internal control material weakness disclosures. However, these effects are not uniform across all companies. Consistent with trust improving financial reporting quality through improved information production and information sharing, we find that trust is significantly associated with financial reporting quality in relatively decentralized firms, but not in firms that are relatively centralized. Our results are robust to several analyses that attempt to control for potential alternative explanations.


In Norway, there is no water fluoridation and little naturally occurring fluoride in drinking water. Fluoride toothpaste is used by 95% of the population and there is a long tradition of fluoride supplement use. The purpose of this study was to record the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in 8-year-old children and relate this to systemic fluoride exposure (supplements and toothpaste). All children (n = 551, born 1988) in a municipality in Norway were invited to participate. Dental fluorosis on the buccal surface of the upper permanent incisors was recorded according to the Thylstrup-Fejerskov index (TF). Parents provided data on use of supplements and toothpaste. Complete data were obtained from 383 children. Sixty-seven percent of the children had used fluoride supplements regularly during childhood. At 8 months or earlier, the teeth of 26% of the children, and at age 14 months or earlier the teeth of 82%, were being brushed. Among children who used fluoride supplements regularly, periodically, seldom and not at all, 45%, 21%, 10% and 0%, respectively, had dental fluorosis. The dental fluorosis was mild (TF = 1) in 87% of the cases. Bivariate and multivariate analyses showed that, in addition to use of fluoride supplements, starting toothbrushing at an early age was associated with higher prevalence of dental fluorosis. The child's birth weight and liking for or swallowing of toothpaste did not influence the prevalence of fluorosis. Risk factors for fluorosis were use of toothpaste before the age of 14 months and regular use of fluoride supplements during childhood.