Abstract. The deep polar ice cores provide reference records commonly employed in global correlation of past climate events. However, temporal divergences reaching up to several thousand years (ka) exist between ice cores over the last climatic cycle. In this context, we are hereby introducing the Antarctic Ice Core Chronology 2012 (AICC2012), a new and coherent timescale developed for four Antarctic ice cores, namely Vostok, EPICA Dome C (EDC), EPICA Dronning Maud Land (EDML) and Talos Dome (TALDICE), alongside the Greenlandic NGRIP record. The AICC2012 timescale has been constructed using the Bayesian tool Datice (Lemieux-Dudon et al., 2010) that combines glaciological inputs and data constraints, including a wide range of relative and absolute gas and ice stratigraphic markers. We focus here on the last 120 ka, whereas the companion paper by Bazin et al. (2013) focuses on the interval 120–800 ka. Compared to previous timescales, AICC2012 presents an improved timing for the last glacial inception, respecting the glaciological constraints of all analyzed records. Moreover, with the addition of numerous new stratigraphic markers and improved calculation of the lock-in depth (LID) based on δ15N data employed as the Datice background scenario, the AICC2012 presents a slightly improved timing for the bipolar sequence of events over Marine Isotope Stage 3 associated with the seesaw mechanism, with maximum differences of about 600 yr with respect to the previous Datice-derived chronology of Lemieux-Dudon et al. (2010), hereafter denoted LD2010. Our improved scenario confirms the regional differences for the millennial scale variability over the last glacial period: while the EDC isotopic record (events of triangular shape) displays peaks roughly at the same time as the NGRIP abrupt isotopic increases, the EDML isotopic record (events characterized by broader peaks or even extended periods of high isotope values) reached the isotopic maximum several centuries before. It is expected that the future contribution of both other long ice core records and other types of chronological constraints to the Datice tool will lead to further refinements in the ice core chronologies beyond the AICC2012 chronology. For the time being however, we recommend that AICC2012 be used as the preferred chronology for the Vostok, EDC, EDML and TALDICE ice core records, both over the last glacial cycle (this study), and beyond (following Bazin et al., 2013). The ages for NGRIP in AICC2012 are virtually identical to those of GICC05 for the last 60.2 ka, whereas the ages beyond are independent of those in GICC05modelext (as in the construction of AICC2012, the GICC05modelext was included only via the background scenarios and not as age markers). As such, where issues of phasing between Antarctic records included in AICC2012 and NGRIP are involved, the NGRIP ages in AICC2012 should therefore be taken to avoid introducing false offsets. However for issues involving only Greenland ice cores, there is not yet a strong basis to recommend superseding GICC05modelext as the recommended age scale for Greenland ice cores.


Temporal Changes in Gas Hydrate Mound Topography and Ecology: Deep-sea Time-lapse Camera Observations. (May 2004) Michael Fredric Vardaro, B.S., Georgetown University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Mahlon C. Kennicutt II A deep-sea time-lapse camera and several temperature probes were deployed on the Gulf of Mexico continental shelf at a biological community associated with a gas hydrate outcropping to study topographic and hydrologic changes over time. The deployment site, Bush Hill (GC 185), is located at 27°47.5' N and 91°15.0' W at depths of ~540m. The digital camera recorded one still image every six hours for three months in 2001, every two hours for the month of June 2002 and every six hours for the month of July 2002. Temperature probes were in place at the site for the entire experimental period. The data recovered provide a record of processes that occur at gas hydrate mounds. Biological activity was documented by identifying the fauna observed in the time-lapse record and recording the number of individuals and species in each image. 1,381 individual organisms representing 16 species were observed. Sediment resuspension and redistribution were regular occurrences during the deployment periods. By digitally analyzing the luminosity of the water column above the mound and plotting the results over time, the turbidity at the site was quantified. A significant diurnal pattern can be seen in both luminosity and temperature records, indicating a possible tidal or inertial component to deep-sea currents in this area. Contrary to expectations, there was no major change in shape or size of the gas hydrate outcrop at this site on the time frame of this study. This indicates that this particular mound was more stable than suggested by laboratory studies and prior in situ observations. The stable topography of the gas hydrate mound combined with high bacterial activity and sediment turnover appears to focus benthic predatory activity in the mound area. The frequency and recurrence of sediment resuspension indicates that shortterm change in the depth and distribution of surface sediments is a feature of the benthos at the site. Because the sediment interface is a critical environment for hydrocarbon oxidation and chemosynthesis, short-term variability and heterogeneity may be important characteristics of these settings.


An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of age, memory load, and stimulus type on facial recognition. As these three factors have been implicated as important determinants in facial recognition (see Backman, 1991 ; Fulton & Bartlett, 1991 ; Shapiro & Penrod, 1986), the potential interactive role of these variables was examined. Thirty-two young and 64 older adults completed a facial recognition task to determine whether there were differences in recognition memory for three factors. The betweengroups factors included the age of the participant (<40, 60 75, and >75) and memory load (low vs. high). The within-group factor was the stimulus face type (young vs. old). Participants saw 20 or 40 stimulus faces and then immediately attempted to recognise these faces when they were randomly mixed with an equal number of distractor faces in a singleinterval, forced choice task. Signal detection analyses indicated that facial recognition accuracy declined with age. Older adults showed consistently poorer recognition than young adults. A main effect for memory load emerged. Performance decrements accompanied increased memory load but as all age groups were similarly affected, memory load did not interact with age. Neither did memory load interact with stimulus face type. In contrast to prior findings, stimulus face age affected only older adults who showed a marked deficit in the recognition of young stimulus faces. Young adults, however, were equally adept at recognising young and older stimulus faces. Differences between groups were not attributable to changes in response criterion , as all groups demonstrated similar levels of response bias. Results were discussed in terms of the marked interaction between stimulus face age and participant age, and the methodological implications of the ways in which variables such as load, stimulus face age, and participant age can affect the outcome of facial recognition studies. Changes in performance were shown to be a real difference in recognition memory rather than being a tendency toward reporting faces as 'old' or 'new'.


This 8th Edition of "Moss and Adams' Heart Disease in Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Including the Fetus and Young Adult", provides updated and useful information from leading experts in pediatric cardiology. Added chapters and a companion web site that includes the full text with bonus question and answer sections make this Moss and Adams' edition a valuable resource for those who care for infants, children, adolescents, young adults, and fetuses with heart disease. Features: access to online questions similar to those on the pediatric cardiology board examination to prepare you for certification or recertification; leading international experts provide state-of-the-art diagnostic and interventional techniques to keep you abreast of the latest advances in treatment of young patients; and, chapters on quality of life, quality and safety, pharmacology, and research design add to this well-respected text.


Effective professional supervision (PS) offers nurses the opportunity to develop both personally and professionally through formal conversations with a trained supervisor. Perceived benefits, in the situation of efficacious supervision, have included improved wellbeing, increased self-awareness, confidence levels and more clientfocused, innovative care. The aim of this research study was to ascertain the perceptions of Canterbury nurses, involved in professional supervision, of the effectiveness of and benefits from supervision activities. These activities included establishing a supervisory relationship, training, contracting and the learning gained from the supervision session. An existing survey-questionnaire (survey), that was part of an interdisciplinary study within the mental health sector in Canterbury in 2001, was adapted to survey a group of Canterbury nurses undergoing supervision. The survey included questions for both nurse-supervisees and nurse-superivsors. Over half of the participants worked in mental health areas whilst the remainder came from a wide range of nursing specialties. Findings from 107 surveys obtained from this study rendered a high degree of satisfaction and perceived benefits experienced by this cohort. Personal benefits included recognition of personal issues, feeling valued and having increased confidence. Joint problem-solving and creative-thinking resulted in perceived changes in the degree of therapeutic perception and the provision of more client-focused care and treatment options. In addition, the qualitative comments from the survey acknowledged further benefits through the promotion of best practice, the increased ability to manage challenges, cultivation of positive attitudes and increased efficiency. Interestingly, the participants were forthcoming in their suggestions on how to assure the quality of supervision. Support from all levels of staff, financial backing for standardised training and ongoing education, greater numbers and choice of supervisors, evaluation of supervision and review of contractual agreements, were all identified as foundational elements for successful PS. However, a limitation to this study was the low return rate and overall positive bias towards supervision of nurses who participated in the survey. Firstly, the positive leaning towards PS left a gap, omitting the non-survey participants experiences of iii professional supervision. Secondly, disproportionate sizes of groups of participants and the different models used within the nursing specialties limited the opportunity for comparative testing. Thirdly, as a sole researcher there was a risk of bias in the interpretation of results, and any generalisations needed to be made with caution. Along with the benefits and limitations, significant findings from this study highlighted the point of view that effective PS is required if benefits are to be realised. Noticable inconsistencies in supervision activities and overall functional arrangements were emphasised. Suggestions made included: standardisation using generic standards and guidelines that could assist in operationalising, maintaining and sustaining PS as a quality support and professional development system. The present study indicated that further research may add to the baseline information gained from these findings. Suggested research included: (1) a study situated in one location, in a generalist setting, utilising a well recognised research tool (2) an area that endorses and supports PS at all levels could be compared with an area where PS has not been introduced (3) contrasting formats of supervision, assessing personality traits and motivational characteristics of participants attending voluntary supervision are other research areas that have emerged from this study. This research could provide additional information to encourage the expansion and development of supervision in nursing.


Title of Document: THE LINEAMENTS OF PERSONALITY: ESQUIRE AND THE PROBLEM OF THE MALE CONSUMER. Stefan K. Cieply, Doctor of Philosophy, 2006 Directed By: Professor James B. Gilbert, History The male consumer has proven problematic for historians of consumer culture and gender. By approaching consumption as the expression or by-product of gender identity, historians and other commentators on gender fail to account for consumer culture as an important site where difference is itself constituted through the goods we purchase, the items we desire and the worlds we imagine. To this end, the male consumer becomes problematic when prevailing historiographic models construct him solely as a rational, goal-oriented purchaser of goods or as an amoral libertine who rejects responsibility for fleeting pleasures. Both approaches are untenable since they rely upon a problematic rhetoric of gender essentialism. What I argue for instead is an approach that places consumption within the unsettled discursive practice of gender. In this sense, the problem of the male consumer speaks in part to a larger issue in historiography, namely how we historicize pleasure and desire. My work on Esquire in the period from 1945-1965 attempts to address this gap by examining the role of cultural intermediaries in developing a discourse on socially legitimate forms of consumption. Against the background of the misogynistic "Masculinity Crisis" rhetoric, the postwar mass culture debates and a nascent counterculture, Esquire transformed itself from a crude men's magazine to one of America's premier periodicals. Between 1956 and 1963, Esquire published work by such distinguished figures as Richard Rovere, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Norman Mailer, Saul Bellow, Dwight Macdonald, Paul Goodman, Diana Trilling, Terry Southern, and Nat Hentoff. During this same period, Esquire also ran monthly fashion spreads, service articles on the newest consumer goods, travel advice columns and an annual Christmas gift guide. Through the figure of the "Uncommon Man," the name given to the magazine's imagined reader, and the rhetoric of the "New Sophistication," Esquire attempted to negotiate the tension inherent in its contradictory parts. Drawing on research in cultural and intellectual history, gender theory, material culture studies and the sociology of culture, my dissertation investigates how Esquire opened a discursive space in which men could simultaneously construct themselves within and outside of consumer culture. THE LINEAMENTS OF PERSONALITY: ESQUIRE AND THE PROBLEM OF THE MALE CONSUMER.


The integration of renewable power supplies into existing electrical grids, or other major technology transitions in electric power, is a complex sociotechnical process. While the technical challenges are well-understood, the process of adapting electricity policy and market rules to these new technologies is understudied. Planning and market rules are a critical determinant of the technical success of renewable energy integration efforts and the financial viability of renewable energy investments. Organizational adaptation can be particularly complex in electric power, where transmission grids cross multiple political boundaries and decisions are made not by central authorities or governments, but in cooperative regional frameworks that must accommodate many divergent interests. We add to a recently emerging literature on the governance of regional organizations that plan and operate electric power grids by developing and illustrating a novel approach to the study of political power in multistakeholder electricity organizations. We use semistructured interviews with participants in a specific regional electric grid authority, the PJM Regional Transmission Operator in the Mid-Atlantic United States, to elicit perceptions of where tensions arise in stakeholder-driven processes for changing PJM's rules and perceptions of those groups of stakeholders that possess political power. We treat these perceptions as hypotheses that can be evaluated empirically using five years of data from PJM on how stakeholders voted on a wide variety of regional electricity policy issues. Representing voting behavior as a network, we use a community detection method to identify strong coalitions of stakeholders in PJM that provide support for some stakeholder perceptions of political power and refute other perceptions. The degree distribution of the voting network exhibits a fat tail relative to those in other canonical graph models. We show, using relatively simple network metrics including degree, betweenness, and the mixing parameter, that the reason for this fat tail in the degree distribution is the existence of "swing" voters in RTO stakeholder networks. These voters are identifiable in the tail of the degree distribution of the voting network and are influential in pushing highly contentious rule change proposals towards passage or failure. The method we develop is generalizable to other contexts and provides a new framework for the study of regional electricity policy formation.


A simple and compact sensor based on a cascaded fiber Bragg grating (FBG)/droplet-like fiber structure is proposed for simultaneous measurement of refractive index (RI) and temperature. The sensor can be easily constructed by mechanically bending a section of coating-stripped single-mode fiber at an FBG's pigtail. In the transmission spectrum, two kinds of dips induced by FBG and droplet-like structure are observed. The central wavelength of the dip caused by droplet-like structure is susceptible to both of surrounding RI and temperature, while that caused by FBG is only dependent on temperature. A sensor with a 9.5-mm diameter of droplet-like structure is fabricated and experimentally studied. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed sensor and show that sensor possesses a high RI sensitivity of 157.8891 nm/RIU for the RI range from 1.3330 to 1.3785 and a temperature sensitivity of 10.3 pm/°C.


It is now well accepted that theory of mind (ToM) functioning is impaired in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. However, what remain unknown are the functions that underlie this impairment. It has been suggested that cognitive skills may be key in this area of functioning; however, many of the cognitive tests used to assess this have relied on intact visuospatial abilities. This study aimed to examine whether deficits in ToM were generated by cognitive or visuospatial dysfunction and the mediating effect of visuospatial function on ToM performance. Fifty PD patients (31 male, 19 female; mean age = 66.34 years) and 49 healthy controls (16 male, 33 female; mean age = 67.29 years) completed a ToM task (reading the mind in the eyes) and visuospatial task (line orientation). The results revealed that current cognitive status was a significant predictor for performance on the ToM task, and that 54% of the total effect of cognitive status on ToM was mediated by visuospatial abilities. It was concluded that visuospatial functioning plays an important mediating role for the relationship between executive dysfunction and affective ToM deficits in PD patients, and that visuospatial deficits may directly contribute to the presence of affective ToM difficulties seen in individuals with PD.


For autonomous agents to successfully operate in the real world, anticipation of future events and states of their environment is a key competence. This problem has been formalized as a sequence extrapolation problem, where a number of observations are used to predict the sequence into the future. Real-world scenarios demand a model of uncertainty of such predictions, as predictions become increasingly uncertain - in particular on long time horizons. While impressive results have been shown on point estimates, scenarios that induce multi-modal distributions over future sequences remain challenging. Our work addresses these challenges in a Gaussian Latent Variable model for sequence prediction. Our core contribution is a "Best of Many" sample objective that leads to more accurate and more diverse predictions that better capture the true variations in real-world sequence data. Beyond our analysis of improved model fit, our models also empirically outperform prior work on three diverse tasks ranging from traffic scenes to weather data.


Seebeck coefficients of randomly distributed single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) combined with Silicon Carbide (SiC) nanoparticles were experimentally determined. The Seebeck coefficients of pristine SiC/SWCNT samples were compared with those of SiC/SWCNT samples doped with P-type (Boron) and N-type (Phosphorous) sol–gel dopants. Pristine SiC/SWCNT samples were prepared by depositing SiC nanoparticles and SWCNTs on a non-conductive glass substrate. Doped SiC/SWCNT samples were prepared by coating each half of the samples alternately with B and P sol–gel dopants. Thermoelectric circuits were prepared by creating hot and cold junctions on the P and N-doped ends of the SiC/SWCNT samples with conductive Silver epoxy and Alumel (Ni–Al) wire. Voltage, current and resistance were measured across the samples against temperature difference. The SWCNTs used were approximately 60% semiconducting and 40% metallic. The Seebeck coefficient for pristine SWCNTs was 0.10 ± 0.006 mV per degree Celsius. When diffused with B–P, the Seebeck coefficient increased to 0.308 mV per degree Celsius. Pristine SiC nanoparticles showed no presence of thermoelectric (TE) effect, but substantial TE effects were observed upon inclusion of SWCNTs. Although the samples with various SWCNT compositions showed similar Seebeck coefficients, the current, resistance and power factor (PF) changed accordingly. Resistance of the pristine SWCNTs slightly decreased with increase in temperature. Structure–property relations were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. It was revealed that fibre-like SWCNTs created randomly distributed networks with nano-contact junctions inside the SiC matrix. Diffusion of dopants into CNTs in the doped samples increased the charged carrier concentration enhancing the thermopower of SWCNTs. Analysis of the Raman spectra showed an upshift in the tangential vibrational G-band modes of SWCNTs when doped with an electron-acceptor dopant (Boron), and a downshift in the case of an electron-donor dopant (Phosphorus). Incorporation of the dopant materials in the SWCNT structure was also evidenced by the presence of disorder induced D-band peaks in the doped SWCNTs.


This paper uses the tropospheric pressure, temperature, and water vapor pressure observed by six micro-satellites of the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (F3/C) constellation to study El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events from July 2006 to January 2012. The temperature and pressure profiles are used to derive the height, pressure, temperature, and potential temperature of the lapse rate tropopause. Following the calculation of the standard normalized Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and the Niño 3.4 index, the corresponding indices of the four tropopause parameters are derived. Good agreements between the standard and F3/C-derived indices show that the derived indices are significant for monitoring ENSO signatures. With the uniform coverage, the global F3/C profiles are used to construct three-dimensional structures of temperature, pressure, and water vapor pressure to gain a better understanding of tropospheric structures and dynamics during the ENSO events.


The portrayal of Scotland as a particularly patriarchal society has traditionally had the effect of marginalizing Scottish women, both teachers and students, in both Scottish and British history. The Schooling of Working-Class Girls in Victorian Scotland examines and challenges this assumption and analyzes in detail the course of events which has led to a more enlightened system. Education was, and is, seen as integral to Scottish distinctiveness, but the Victorian period saw anxious debate about the impact of outside influences at a time when Scottish society seemed to be fracturing. This book examines the gender-blindness of the educational tradition, with its notion of the 'democratic intellect', testing the claim of superiority for the Scottish system, and questioning the assumption that Scottish women were either passive victims or willing dupes of a peculiarly patriarchal ideal. Considering the influences of the related ideologies of patriarchy and domesticity, and the crucial importance of the local and regional economic context, in focusing on female education, this book provides a much wider comparative study of Scottish society during a period of tremendous upheaval and a perceived crisis in national identity, in which women, as well as men, participated.


A sensitivity study of the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting regional model (WRF, version 3.7) to the use of different microphysics, cumulus, and boundary layer parameterizations for short- and medium-term precipitation forecast is conducted in the Central Andes of Peru. Lin-Purdue, Thompson, and Morrison microphysics schemes were tested, as well as the Grell–Freitas, Grell 3d, and Betts–Miller–Janjic cumulus parameterizations. The tested boundary layer schemes were the Yonsei University and Mellor–Yamada–Janjic. A control configuration was defined, using the Thompson, Grell–Freitas, and Yonsei University schemes, and a set of numerical experiments is made, using different combinations of parameterizations. Data from 19 local meteorological stations and regional and global gridded were used for verification. It was concluded that all the configurations overestimate precipitation, but the one using the Morrison microphysical scheme had the best performance, based on the indicators of bias ( ) and root mean square error (RMSE). It is recommended not to use the Betts–Miller–Janjic scheme in this region for low resolution domains. Categorical forecast verification of the occurrence of rainfall as a binary variable showed detection rates higher than 85%. According to this criterion, the best performing configuration was the combination of Betts–Miller–Janjic and Morrison. Spatial verification showed that, even if all the configurations overestimated precipitation in some degree, spatial patterns of rainfall match the TRMM and PISCO rainfall data. Morrison's microphysics scheme shows the best results, and consequently, this configuration is recommended for short- and medium-term rainfall forecasting tasks in the Central Andes of Peru and particularly in the Mantaro basin. The results of a special sensitivity experiment showed that the activation or not of cumulus parametrization for the domain of 3 km resolution is not relevant for the precipitation forecast in the study region.


In this study, the system thinking approach was used to explain the challenges of the beef value chain in Mashhad, Iran. Due to the complexity of the system and its dynamic nature, rich picture and CATWOE analysis were used to structure the problem. After structuring the problem, the relationships between the chain actors were drawn in the causal loop diagram. Then, the system archetypes were identified. Results showed that the dynamics of this value chain could be explained by limit to growth, fixes that fail and shifting the burden archetypes. The results indicated that the beef import policy has not been effective to regulate the domestic market. Also, it can be concluded that beef cattle production in Mashhad is largely dependent on sustainable supply of livestock feed. So, enhancing cattle production requires policy making to increase availability of livestock feed. Therefore, it is recommended to plan for increasing its production through changing irrigation system and using early maturing and drought-tolerant varieties of corn.


Electronic data — everything from e-mails and text messages to Facebook and Instagram posts to Twitter pronouncements to drone warfare data to search algorithms to financial transactions to cloud data storage — travels around the globe with little relationship to physical territory. In addition, all of this data is often in the custody and control of data intermediaries such as Google, Facebook, Twitter, Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, private military contractors, and so on.
Three important consequences flow from this ubiquitous technology-enabled, data-driven global societal activity. First, the territorial location of data becomes increasingly arbitrary and substantively unimportant. If I, as a U.S. citizen based in Maryland, have a g-mail account and Google, a U.S. corporation, decides to store my archived e-mails in Ireland or France or Indonesia (or indeed to split up the data fragments that make up each e-mail message among data warehouses in all three countries), that decision seems irrelevant to any question of whether I have somehow affiliated myself with any of those communities or governments for purposes of jurisdictional or choice-of-law analysis. Second, because of this deterritorialization of data, it will often be the case that territorially-based courts (or law enforcement authorities generally) are unable to easily enforce their decisions because those decisions require cooperation from relevant actors in far-flung communities. Third, as a direct result of the first two problems, governmental and judicial authorities are increasingly turning to multinational corporate data intermediaries to carry out and enforce their orders because only those companies have sufficient global reach to make legal rulings effective. But deputizing these intermediaries to become enforcement agents, while logical and possibly effective, raises new problems regarding the scope of governmental authority and the distortions involved in privatizing law enforcement.
This Article therefore offers a set of principles that might guide legal regimes considering these sorts of jurisdictional dilemmas in the data-driven era in which we find ourselves.


ABSTRACT This paper examines factors affecting parental expectations of higher education prospects for their children using Australian household survey data. We find that a variety of factors influence parental expectations, of which parents' assessment of their children's academic performance is the strongest. Factors known to impact upon actual higher education participation, such as parental education and remoteness, are already evident in parental expectations, but with limited evidence of expectations being shaped by financial constraints. We also find evidence of a 'same gender' effect, with mothers exhibiting higher expectations for higher education for their daughters. This may be in part due to significantly lower expectations held by fathers with sub-bachelor qualifications. These factors contribute to higher expectations overall for girls entering university. The research points to the importance of interventions commencing in early childhood, and accounting for key household background characteristics when designing, implementing and evaluating programmes for widening participation in higher education.


With the advent of improved sonographic techniques, it is quite common to find ovarian masses during pregnancy. Most of these are benign and are usually managed conservatively. It is rare to find a malignant ovarian tumor in pregnancy with a reported incidence of 1 in 12,000 to 1 in 47,000. Up to 8% of the adnexal masses could be borderline in nature. We present a case of a 29-year-old woman whose ultrasound in early first trimester (5 weeks) identified a solid-cystic ovarian mass with a raised CA125, suspicious of ovarian malignancy. She did not have any symptoms arising from this mass. She underwent a laparotomy and unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy at 6 weeks gestation. Frozen section was reported as borderline papillary serous ovarian tumor and hence omentectomy was done to complete the staging. Histology confirmed micropapillary variant of serous borderline tumor with a few foci of stromal micro-invasion. She was staged as FIGO stage IC. She was managed conservatively with regular follow-up at the antenatal clinic. She delivered a healthy baby at term by cesarean section. She is currently free of disease and is on regular follow-up at the gynae-oncology clinic. We wish to highlight that although borderline ovarian tumors (BOTs) in general have a very favorable prognosis, those diagnosed during pregnancy can be associated with aggressive features. The micropapillary variant of the serous BOT has the potential of malignant transformation and may represent an early stage in the continuum of development of low-grade serous tumors of the ovary. These patients should be closely followed up to detect any recurrence or progressive disease early. J Med Cases. 2016;7(9):406-410 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jmc2617w


This paper examines the influence on estimates of the value of statistical life (VSL) of the worker's relative position in the wage distribution and relative position in the life cycle. Whereas past work on relative position effects in the labor market have been based on illustrative hypothetical examples, this paper develops empirical tests using actual market behavior. To test for the effect of relative wage position, we use two different measures: the individual's wage rank in the state and the wage rank by gender in the state. Using the CPS coupled with constructed BLS fatality risk measures by industry and occupation group, we show that inclusion of relative position variables in a canonical wage equation reduces VSL estimates by 25-33%. This effect is the opposite of what the relative position theorists have hypothesized. In contrast, recognition of the worker's relative position within the life cycle raises VSL estimates by up to 20%, especially for older workers.


The EPID (electronic portal imaging device) was designed for in vivo imaging of patients during radiotherapy treatment. The ability of EPIDs to promptly acquire two dimensional data, lends them to be considered for use in quality assurance of the linac. This thesis set out to investigate the possibility of using a radionuclide, technetium 99 m (Tc99m), to produce a flood field for the calibration of an EPID, because using a beam calibrated EPID to measure the beam is self-referential. The difference in relative response between the energy spectrum of a 6MV beam and the Tc99m was investigated using EGSNRC DoseXYZ Monte Carlo Modelling. The relative output ratio was calculated to be less than 1.6%. The dose response of the EPID with respect to dose rate was checked using different activities of Tc99m and found to be linear. The flatness from a phantom was calculated, with a model in MATLAB, for a range of heights, overlaps, thickness, and deformations, to find the optimum balances between signal strength and flatness. This model was checked for accuracy using diagnostic radiographic film. The culmination of the energy response, linearity and the calculated flatness is a flood field taken with a flood phantom on the EPID with low signal strength. To get a signal to noise ratio of 3% the mean of over 2000 flood field images were used. This accuracy was not adequate for clinical use but the averaging of pixels it is accurate enough for QA.


Much research has been done addressing the issue of language and dialect and has attracted much interest in the Sinophone world. In this paper, the issue is approached from the perspective of Speech Community Theory (SCT) with discussion of the identification of Chinese varieties. There are mainly two approaches in previous research: linguistic and sociolinguistic. In the linguistic approach, the classification of languages and dialects is through comparison of linguistic descriptions and intelligibility. In the sociolinguistic approach, actual language use and attitudes of the speakers are investigated and ethnic and political factors are considered. The two approaches tend to result in different classifications. The purely linguistic classification tends to be narrower than the classification invoking attitudinal, cultural and political factors, resulting in a larger number of languages than the sociolinguistic approach. The different approaches are traced to divergent understandings of what a language is. A language is often understood purely as a tool of communication or, alternatively, it is regarded primarily as an identity device. Applying SCT, we analyze the connection between communication and identity formation, taking the example of Cantonese speakers. That case shows a correlation of linguistic contact with linguistic identity among native speakers. Consequently, the relevance of cultural and socio-political factors is explained through their impact on communication rather than directly on a linguistic identity.


Sleep enhances memories, especially, if they are related to future rewards. Although dopamine has been shown to be a key determinant during reward learning, the role of dopaminergic neurotransmission for amplifying reward-related memories during sleep remains unclear. In the present study, we scrutinize the idea that dopamine is needed for the preferential consolidation of rewarded information. We blocked dopaminergic neurotransmission, thereby aiming to wipe out preferential sleep-dependent consolidation of high over low rewarded memories during sleep. Following a double-blind, balanced, crossover design 20 young healthy men received the dopamine d2-like receptor blocker Sulpiride (800 mg) or placebo, after learning a Motivated Learning Task. The task required participants to memorize 80 highly and 80 lowly rewarded pictures. Half of them were presented for a short (750 ms) and a long duration (1500 ms), respectively, which enabled to dissociate effects of reward on sleep-associated consolidation from those of mere encoding depth. Retrieval was tested after a retention interval of 20 h that included 8 h of nocturnal sleep. As expected, at retrieval, highly rewarded memories were remembered better than lowly rewarded memories, under placebo. However, there was no evidence for an effect of blocking dopaminergic neurotransmission with Sulpiride during sleep on this differential retention of rewarded information. This result indicates that dopaminergic activation is not required for the preferential consolidation of reward-associated memory. Rather it appears that dopaminergic activation only tags such memories at encoding for intensified reprocessing during sleep.


Jus cogens are a species of supernorm in international law. They are universally binding and trump all contrary rules—such as treaties and customary international law. They are typically framed in terms of substantive prohibitions: no genocide, no slavery, no crimes against humanity, etc. This Article seeks to identify a procedural jus cogens; namely, the right to due process of law made up of notice, a hearing, and an impartial and independent decisionmaker. To do so, it draws from what are called "general principles of international law"; that is, principles common to legal systems around the world, which make up a source of international law. It argues that a comparative approach to these principles can reveal an empirically supported, objective underlying natural law right. In particular, by looking to rights states deem most important, hierarchically superior, and foundational to their legal systems as contained in their constitutions, this approach solves major seemingly intractable jurisprudential and practical dilemmas for the international law of jus cogens by providing an alternative to horizontal, consent-based positivistic law of treaties and custom.

To make its argument it examines the 193 member states of the United Nations, plus Kosovo, the Republic of China (Taiwan), and the Vatican City (Holy See). Diligent research has revealed that virtually all states in the world secure the most basic requirements of due process: notice, a hearing, and an impartial and independent decisionmaker. More specifically, 189 states provide notice to the accused, 196 states provide for the right to a hearing, and 196 states provide for an impartial and independent decisionmaker. Moreover, the vast majority of these protections are constitutional. The right to notice is protected in 179 constitutions, the right to a hearing is protected in 193 constitutions, and the right to an impartial and independent decisionmaker is protected in 193 constitutions. This analysis easily satisfies the recent International Law Commission criteria that for a norm to qualify as jus cogens it must be accepted by "a very large majority of states . . . across regions, legal systems and cultures."

Discovering a procedural jus cogens would be revolutionary in some respects. A procedural jus cogens norm would expand the concept of jus cogens because such a norm would qualitatively differ from a substantive one since it is not merely a negative obligation on a state but imposes a positive duty to provide a right. Further, the Article's argument holds powerful implications not just for international law but for domestic U.S. law as well. The Supreme Court long ago held that international law is part of our law, including the law of jus cogens, and mechanisms exist to enforce that law in U.S. courts.


Inside-out activation of the β2 integrin subunit CD11b inhibits Toll-like receptor signaling in macrophages. The activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by microbial components is critical to the mounting of an effective innate immune response. Stimulation of TLRs results in the production of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines, which help to clear the host of pathogens. However, excessive cytokine production damages, and may even kill, the host; thus, a number of mechanisms exist to inhibit TLR signaling. Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)–containing proteins are thought to regulate TLR signaling through the activation of the kinase Syk; however, the mechanism involved is unclear (see commentary by Means and Luster). Noting that integrins can signal through ITAM-mediated activation of the Src-Syk axis, Han et al. studied mice lacking Itgam, the gene that encodes CD11b, one subunit of the integrin Mac-1. They found that Itgam–/– mice produced more proinflammatory cytokines after exposure to the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) than did Itgam+/– mice and were more susceptible to LPS-induced death. Stimulation of various TLRs in human and mouse macrophages resulted in the activation of CD11b, which depended on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and RapL, an effector of the integrin-associated GTPase, Rap. In vitro, TLR-dependent activation of the kinase Src and its target Syk in Itgam–/– macrophages was reduced compared with that in Itgam+/– cells. In response to TLR4 stimulation of macrophages, Syk interacted with, and phosphorylated, the TLR adaptor proteins MyD88 and TRIF, which was inhibited in Itgam–/– cells. Phosphorylation of MyD88 and TRIF led to their degradation, which depended on Cbl-b, an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Together, these data suggest that the integrin subunit CD11b is activated by TLR signaling and initiates a Syk-dependent, negative feedback mechanism that targets components of TLR signaling pathways for degradation. C. Han, J. Jin, S. Xu, H. Liu, N. Li, X. Cao, Integrin CD11b negatively regulates TLR-triggered inflammatory responses by activating Syk and promoting degradation of MyD88 and TRIF via Cbl-b. Nat. Immunol. 11, 734–742 (2010). [PubMed] T. K. Means, A. D. Luster, Integrins limit the Toll. Nat. Immunol. 11, 691–693 (2010). [PubMed]


SOCIAL MISSION SISTERS OF THE HOLY GHOST were invited by Bp. JOSEPH SCHREMBS to work in Cleveland before World War I, but due to wartime and postwar conditions, the first sisters, Sr. Hildegarde and Sr. Judith, did not arrive until 1922. Associated with the St. Margaret Parish of Hungary until about 1932, when they became an independent American community, the Social Mission Sisters worked in Cleveland until 1948. Working in parishes only upon invitation, they used the methods of SOCIAL SETTLEMENTS--home visitation, neighborhood clubs, social activities (untraditional in the Catholic church)--to instruct children and attract "lapsed" Catholics from Cleveland's ethnic communities. Community members, trained in the National Catholic School of Social Service in Washington, DC, dressed in secular clothes. Although the sisters averaged only around 4 in number, the success of their visitation methods in tracking down "lost" church members led to invitations from nonethnic parishes. The success eventually led to invitations from Tucson, AZ, and Saginaw, MI, where the order moved in 1948. Sr. Hildegarde eventually returned to Hungary.


Introduction: Interventions are often developed without the guidance of the target group to be worked with. Action research (programme development with the input of researchers and clients) has been highlighted as a useful method for increasing programme engagement and achieving programme outcomes [1]. Hearty Lives Renfrewshire (HLR), is a British Heart Foundation a community-based intervention aiming to increase knowledge and awareness of CVD risk factors in young people, adopted an action research methodology. HLR delivers a school-based intervention to young people aged 13-16; this intervention was developed by the young people, with elements of the intervention delivered by the young people. Objectives: To evaluate the use of an action research approach to designing, developing and delivering HLR. Method: Semi-structured interviews with stakeholders (n = 5, 22-56 minutes), and focus groups interviews with participants [attending the HLR intervention] (n = 9, 15 minutes). Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Results: Students suggested they felt empowered when consulted with about improving and refining the programme. The HLR delivery team were responsive to participant ideas and facilitated the implementation of ideas. Intervention content was also refined to become more engaging – this was a product of participant feedback. To increase programme reach, a Parkour (acrobatic free running) club was set up which had health messages embedded in its design. All participants cited an improved knowledge, yet behaviour change was less apparent. Conclusion: HLR successfully engaged with participants in all stages of the intervention. Moreover, the programme expanded using alternate modes of delivery (e.g. Parkour) to engage a traditionally hard-to-engage demographic. Action Research should be considered when designing, developing and refining an intervention rather than a traditional problem-solution orientated approach.


Digital innovations in finance, loosely known as fintech, have garnered a great deal of attention across the financial industry. Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is one such innovation that has been cited as a means of transforming payment, clearing, and settlement (PCS) processes, including how funds are transferred and how securities, commodities, and derivatives are cleared and settled. DLT is a term that has been used by the industry in a variety of ways and so does not have a single definition. Because there is a wide spectrum of possible deployments of DLT, this paper will refer to the technology as some combination of components including peer-to-peer networking, distributed data storage, and cryptography that, among other things, can potentially change the way in which the storage, recordkeeping, and transfer of a digital asset is done.


LA–ICP–MS has proven to be an extremely important analytical tool within the Earth, environmental, and archaeological sciences. New developments in both instrumentation and methodology now provide the ability to extract age and isotopic tracer information in situ at a variety of scales (from nm to cm), in 2- and 3-dimensions, quickly and cost-effectively, providing considerable analytical flexibility compared to other micro-analytical techniques. Here, we review the current state of the art in laser ablation isotope ratio determination and provide some insights into future developments.


OBJECTIVE
To map central benzodiazepine receptors (BZRs) in the brain of cats by use of positron-emission tomography (PET) and [11C]flumazenil.

ANIMALS
6 male cats that weighed between 2.0 and 3.6 kg.

PROCEDURE
Brain images obtained by PET evaluation of [11C]flumazenil were superimposed on T2-weighted magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the same cats. Detailed anatomic regions, such as the cerebral cortex, striatum, thalamus, midbrain, and cerebellum, on the PET images were evident by PET-MRI registration. Regional binding of [11C]flumazenil to BZRs was quantitatively measured by use of a model with 2 tissue compartments and 4 variables.

RESULTS
The highest value for distribution volume was observed in the cerebral cortex, and the lowest value was found in the midbrain of cats.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Binding of [11C]flumazenil to BZRs in the brain of cats can be quantitatively measured by use of PET with the aid of PET-MRI registration. It is difficult to diagnose changes in these neuroreceptors within the field of current veterinary science. In the future, PET should prove useful for investigating and diagnosing brain disorders in animals in clinical settings.


The link between inequality and poverty has been highlighted by a number of international organisations, which have outlined a series of policy recommendations supporting the view that high levels of inequality need to be tackled even if the central objective is to reduce poverty. This report makes clear there is a positive correlation between income inequality and relative income poverty in the UK. The strength of this connection depends on which measure of inequality is used and this report makes no claim about causation – but the central conclusion is clear. We can no longer treat poverty and economic inequality as separate problems which can be tackled in isolation. They are instead closely linked and must be tackled together.


Biological functions and genetic features of DNA, such as duplication, transcription and gene expression, are mainly determined by its structure, but depend also on the temperature and features of solution, such as salt concentration. We study the influence of temperature and salt concentration on the conformation changes and transcription of DNA by using a new dynamical model. This new model admits three degrees of freedom per base-pair: two displacement variables related to the vibrations of hydrogen atom in the hydrogen bonds and base (nucleotide), respectively, and an angular variable related to the rotation of base. The important role of motion of hydrogen atom in the hydrogen bonds is specially stressed in this model. This is helpful to reveal the mechanism of transcription of DNA. According to their properties of motion, we first give the Hamiltonian of the system, corresponding equations of motion and their soliton-solutions. The solitons are the excitation states formed by the displacements of hydrogen atoms and bases and the rotations of bases, arising from the energy absorbed by DNA, in the systems, respectively. By applying the transfer integral method we obtain the thermodynamic properties (e.g. free energy and entropy) of the thermal excitation state of DNA at the biological temperature in this model. According to the properties of these thermodynamic functions obtained we study the mechanism and processes of melting and transcription of DNA with the aid of the transforms of energy carried by the soliton in such a case. We further give the properties of the transcription of DNA with the help of the average value of the mean square of displacement of hydrogen atom, and the values of subcritical temperature and force of the phase transition are also found. Finally, we conclude that the transcription of DNA not only depends directly on the properties of its structure and of energy absorbed by it, but also is influenced by the temperature and salt concentration in the solution of DNA, which is consistent with experimental data. Therefore this new model not only can predict the transcription of DNA, but also can give the relationship among the conformation changes and the temperature and salt concentration. Finally we discuss in simple terms the influences of water or solution around DNA on its dynamics and further point out the defects and limitations of the new model of the dynamics of DNA and its direction of development.


The question of whether tillers are a burden or a resource in durum wheat is of concern in the variable Mediterranean climates. The contribution of tillers to grain yield was investigated in commercial cultivars differing in time to anthesis, tillering and spike size, in response to three sowing dates:mid-autumn (recommended), winter, and early spring. The thermal time of phenological phases was calculated, and yield-components and floret production were analysed separately in main culm and tillers. Tiller spikes showed higher spikelet abortion coupled to lower spikelet fertility and mean kernel weight, so that grain yield was 40-60% lower than in main culm spikes. Despite this, tillers contributed 35 to 50% to plant yield. The sowing date affected tiller number rather than one tiller yield. In winter sowings (December), lower main culm yield was fully compensated by increased tiller yield, whereas shifts of sowing date to early spring (February) reduced tillering, which caused a yield loss ranging from 12 to 20%. Cultivars differed in one tiller yield rather than in tiller number, and higher grain yield of tillers was primarily due to increased grain recovery. A more equal partitioning of resources within main culm and tillers corresponded to better yield stability across sowing dates. Starting from this, we suggest that early anthesis, a long stem elongation phase, a high primordium initiation-rate and small spikes, could be positive traits for durum wheat yield stability in changing environments, since they allow plants directing more time and resources to floret production and grain filling both in main culm and tiller spikes. From a methodological point of view, our results show that the number of fertile florets per spike is highly correlated with the average floret number of five given spikelets.


I give a brief introduction to how Feynman diagrams are used. I review arguments to the effect that they are only used as calculation tools and should not be interpreted as representations of physical processes. Against these arguments, I propose to regard Feynman diagrams as visual models that explain, in some respects, how elementary particles interact.


The Irish and English languages are spoken by groups of people who belong tothe same cultural environment, i.e. both are Irish in the overall cultural sense.This study investigates whether the pragmatics of the Irish language and of IrishEnglish are identical and, if not, to what extent they are different and wherethese differences lie. There are pragmatic categories in Irish which do not haveformal equivalents in English, for instance, the vocative case, the distinctionbetween singular and plural for personal pronouns (though vernacular varietiesof Irish English do have this distinction). In addition there are discoursemarkers in Irish and Irish English which provide material for discussion, e.g.augmentatives and downtoners. Historically, the direction of influence hasbeen from Irish to English but at the present the reverse is the case with manypragmatic particles from English being used in Irish. The data for the discussionstem from collections of Irish and Irish English which offer historical andpresent-day attestations of both languages.


ABSTRACT A new technique, using empirical relationships between median grain size and density and velocity to calculate proxy values for density and velocity, avoids many of the problems associated with the use of well logs and shipboard measurements to construct synthetic seismograms. This method was used to groundtruth and correlate across both analog and digital shallow high-resolution seismic data on the New Jersey shelf. Sampling dry vibracores to determine median grain size eliminates the detrimental effects that coring disturbances and preservation variables have on the sediment and water content of the core. The link between seismic response to lithology and bed spacing is more exact. The exact frequency of the field seismic data can be realistically simulated by a 10-20 cm sampling in erval of the vibracores. The estimate of the percentage error inherent in this technique, 12% for acoustic impedance and 24% for reflection amplitude, is calculated to one standard deviation and is within a reasonable limit for such a procedure. The synthetic seismograms of two cores, 4-6 m long, were used to correlate specific sedimentary deposits to specific seismic reflection responses. Because this technique is applicable to unconsolidated sediments, it is ideal for upper Pleistocene and Holocene strata.


Electricity generation in South Africa is changing, but whether the electricity grid will be able to adapt to these changes is uncertain. This paper presents an alternative frame for the current electricity challenges by focusing on the electricity grid. Using the International Futures forecasting model, the African Futures Project has built three scenarios to 2050 to inform policymakers of the long-term implications of grid decisions. With coordinated planning, improved operational strategies and coherent policies, renewable energy can contribute significantly to the energy mix by 2050, help increase economic growth and benefit all South Africans. These interventions, however, will only be successful if there is a clear plan for the structure of the electricity sector.


Large, labeled datasets have driven deep learning methods to achieve expert-level performance on a variety of medical imaging tasks. We present CheXpert, a large dataset that contains 224,316 chest radiographs of 65,240 patients. We design a labeler to automatically detect the presence of 14 observations in radiology reports, capturing uncertainties inherent in radiograph interpretation. We investigate different approaches to using the uncertainty labels for training convolutional neural networks that output the probability of these observations given the available frontal and lateral radiographs. On a validation set of 200 chest radiographic studies which were manually annotated by 3 board-certified radiologists, we find that different uncertainty approaches are useful for different pathologies. We then evaluate our best model on a test set composed of 500 chest radiographic studies annotated by a consensus of 5 board-certified radiologists, and compare the performance of our model to that of 3 additional radiologists in the detection of 5 selected pathologies. On Cardiomegaly, Edema, and Pleural Effusion, the model ROC and PR curves lie above all 3 radiologist operating points. We release the dataset to the public as a standard benchmark to evaluate performance of chest radiograph interpretation models.


The existence of a complete, embedded minimal surface of genus one, with three ends and whose total Gaussian curvature satisfies equality in the estimate of Jorge and Meeks, was a sensation in the middle eighties. From this moment on, the surface of Costa, Hoffman and Meeks has become famous all around the world, not only in the community of mathematicians. With this article, we want to fill a gap in the injectivity proof of Hoffman and Meeks, where there is a lack of a strict mathematical justification. We exclusively argue topologically and do not use additional properties like differentiability or even holomorphy.


Seismic imaging of evaporite bodies is notoriously difficult due to the complex shapes of steeply dipping flanks, adjacent overburden strata, and the usually strong acoustic impedance and velocity contrasts at the sediment-evaporite interface. We consider the geology of salt bodies and the problems and pitfalls associated with their imaging such as complex raypaths, seismic velocity anisotropy, P- and S-wave mode conversions, and reflected refractions. We also review recent developments in seismic acquisition and processing, which have led to significant improvements in image quality and in particular, reverse time migration. We tried to call attention to the form, nature, and consequences of these issues for meaningful interpretation of the resulting images.


A basic assumption of the lexical decision task is that a correct response to a word requires access to a corresponding mental representation of that word. However, systematic patterns of similarities and differences between words and nonwords can lead to an inherent bias for a particular response to a given stimulus. In this paper we introduce LD1NN, a simple algorithm based on one-nearest-neighbor classification that predicts the probability of a word response for each stimulus in an experiment by looking at the word/nonword probabilities of the most similar previously presented stimuli. Then, we apply LD1NN to the task of detecting differences between a set of words and different sets of matched nonwords. Finally, we show that the LD1NN word response probabilities are predictive of response times in three large lexical decision studies and that predicted biases for and against word responses corresponds with respectively faster and slower responses to words in the three studies.


Although research has established a very strong relationship between the presence of a psychiatric disorder and victimization in prisons, some gaps remain in our understanding. This study considers the importance of gender differences in this relationship. Estimates based on the 2004 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities show that psychiatric disorders have a stronger relationship with victimization among male inmates than among female inmates. Yet the size of the gender difference varies greatly depending on the specific disorder. Depressive disorders have a much stronger relationship with victimization among men than among women, but other disorders, such as psychosis, show no gender difference. Symptom-specific analyses further confirm the nature of the difference. Victimization appears to be based in part on how well symptoms do or do not overlap with traditional gender roles. Male-atypical symptoms (e.g., sadness) have a stronger relationship with victimization among men, whereas female-atypical symptoms (e.g., anger) have a stronger relationship with victimization among women. Gender-neutral symptoms (e.g., hallucinations and delusions) have an equivalent relationship between genders. Further analyses suggest that these gender differences are not explained (with some exceptions) by verbal or physical provocation. These findings are interpreted in light of the literature on the nature of social control in men's and women's prisons as well as the literature on stigma.


Register allocation (mapping variables to processor registers or memory) and instruction scheduling (reordering instructions to increase instruction-level parallelism) are essential tasks for generating efficient assembly code in a compiler. In the past three decades, combinatorial optimization has emerged as an alternative to traditional, heuristic algorithms for these two tasks. Combinatorial optimization approaches can deliver optimal solutions according to a model, can precisely capture trade-offs between conflicting decisions, and are more flexible at the expense of increased compilation time. This article provides an exhaustive literature review and a classification of combinatorial optimization approaches to register allocation and instruction scheduling, with a focus on the techniques that are most applied in this context: integer programming, constraint programming, partitioned Boolean quadratic programming, and enumeration. Researchers in compilers and combinatorial optimization can benefit from identifying developments, trends, and challenges in the area; compiler practitioners may discern opportunities and grasp the potential benefit of applying combinatorial optimization.


This volume presents the proceedings of ECSCW09, the 11th European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Each conference offers an occasion to critically review our research field, which has been multidisciplinary and committed to high scientific standards, both theoretical and methodological, from its beginning. These proceedings represent discussions and contributions to ongoing challenges. One challenge comes from emerging new technologies connected to social computing, gaming, as well as applications supporting citizen participation in their communities. As boundaries between home and work erode with the increased movement of work into home environments, and new applications further blur the once separate conceptions of work and leisure, our intellectual community faces challenges in the ways we think about and study work. Other challenges result from transformations of the world of work itself and the role of IT in these. They have been taken up in in-depth studies of design practice, software development, and manufacturing, as well as in the growing body of research on health care contexts and applications. Finally, there is the question of what is the European perspective in our community and whether it is worthwhile to anchor our research more firmly in such a perspective. Of high relevance to our field is the strong grounding of technology development in an understanding of human activity. The nineteen full papers, four short papers and one discussion paper selected for this conference deal with and reflect on some of these challenges, thus representing the lively debate currently ongoing in our field of research.


Haulage Costs account for a considerable portion of a surface mine's operational budget. It is therefore vital that, for a particular pit configuration, the optimum utilisation of the available truck fleet is adopted during the mine's life. Also, if the optimisation methods are established beforehand, it is possible to determine exactly how many trucks will be required. Both decisions can be made at the planning stage by the application of linear programming and discrete simulation to computer models of the haulage network.

The project presented herein investigates the practicality of developing a general-purpose mine transportation selection and scheduling system within the context of a Computer Aided Design (CAD) environment. Compatibility with a purpose-built, interactive graphics package is shown to enable rapid, semiautomatic generation of model networks and the planning engineer is assisted further by the robust and friendly user-interface which has also been developed. Unlike a number of existing packages, which either make use of commercially available software on a stand-alone basis or were specifically designed for the analysis of a particular operation, this system is completely integrated with a central database which makes it applicable to any mine.

The enhanced ability to produce valid mathematical solutions and their associated network models using the above systems, allows a large number of configurations and dispatching policies to be compared in a relatively short space of time. However, attention is also paid to the degree of correspondence with what can be achieved in reality since this will also effect the selection decision.

All the modules mentioned form part of a much larger planning system currently being developed at The University of Nottingham, Department of Mining Engineering, known as NUmine.


According to ongoing scholarly work in the information systems discipline, Business Process Management (BPM) and Service-oriented Architecture (SOA) are top-priorities gaining a great deal of attention in both industry and academia. Both approaches aim at convergence in order to bring business-oriented and technology-oriented stakeholders closer together and enable business system engineering in an increasingly viable manner. In our paper, we claim that only a holistic and complete approach to business system engineering is capable of creating sustainable value by facilitating the emergence of new and innovative electronic business models within and between organisational borders. Therefore, we provide a service-oriented methodology combining two well-established and promising approaches, the Semantic Object Model (SOM) and the Business Process Modelling Notation (BPMN). With this combined methodology, we are able to cover the design of an entire enterprise architecture. By addressing a business system in Home Telecare and deriving a business process model, which can eventually be controlled and executed by machines; in particular by composed web services, the full potential of a process-centric SOA is exploited. The guided design of enterprise architectures is highly relevant for both practitioners and researchers in the field of information systems.


Working in a psychiatrically innovative environment created by the Government of Saskatchewan, Canada, Abram Hoffer and Humphry F. Osmond enunciated the adrenochrome hypothesis for the biogenesis of schizophrenia in 1952, slightly later proposing and, apparently, demonstrating, in a double-blind study, that the symptoms of the illness could be reversed by administering large doses of niacin. After placing the hypothesis within its ideological framework, the author describes its emergence and elaboration and discusses the empirical evidence brought against it. Hoffer's idiosyncratic diagnostic procedures, especially his creation and use of a supposed biochemical marker for schizophrenia, are examined. The author argues that Hoffer's conceptualization of schizophrenia, as well as his treatment approach, depended on a tautology. Following David Healy, the author treats the adrenochrome hypothesis as a version of a transmethylation theory, thus incorporating it into mainstream psychopharmacology.


ABSTRACT Large mobility projects in Flanders end up in wicked problems. In the quest for efficient and sustainable mobility, the Flemish government becomes entangled in endless struggles between ever more involved and changing stake- and shareholders. The role and effectiveness of the government is exposed to rising challenges from inside and outside. Since most new projects focus on infrastructural (hardware) or (socio-)technical innovations in the use of mobile means (software), innovations within the organizational structure of mobility ('orgware') have mostly remained untouched. We address this hiatus by approaching mobility projects as complex adaptive systems, comprising various, dynamic actor-networks. Following actor-networks through space and time is necessary to obtain an idea of the upcoming, and leading associations of various mobility actors, that are decisive for the success, failure and efficiency of mobility projects. To grasp these complex challenges, one needs to unravel the orgware and identify the potentials of the mobility systems regarding the travel, transport and traffic mobility arenas. We draw upon a combination of actor-network theory and institutional theory insights applied to conceptual mobility frameworks. The resulting research framework for the Flemish mobility orgware will be first applied to the Oosterweel link case in Antwerp.


A New Birth of Freedom: The Republican Party and Freedmen's Rights, 1861-1866, is an account of how laws, policies and constitutional amendments defining and protecting the personal liberty and civil rights of the country's African American population were adopted during the Civil War. A study in legal and constitutional history, it complements and forms a necessary predicate to the social history of emancipation that is the principal focus of contemporary Civil War scholarship. The relevance of the legal dimension in the struggle for black freedom is attested by the observation that many slaves learned the letter of the law so they could seemingly recite from memorypassages from congressional measures prohibiting the return of escaped slaves to disloyal owners and guaranteeing their personal liberty.


The negative carbon isotope excursion at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary is a chemo stratigraphic marker widely used for correlation of marine and continental stratigraphic sections. It is linked to massive dissociation of sedimentary methane hydrates and helps to explain an important greenhouse thermal event (Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum), marine extinctions, and mammalian faunal change on three continents. We show that the carbon isotope excursion recorded in dispersed organic carbon (DOC) from fine-grained terrestrial sedimentary rocks at Polecat Bench, Wyoming, is very similar to that described in two high-resolution studies of pedogenic soil-nodule carbonate from the same section. All show a rapid onset, an ∼40 m series of excursion values, and a slower recovery. However, the carbon isotope excursion in soil-nodule carbonate starts and ends ∼3–5 m lower stratigraphically than that in DOC. We hypothesize that enhanced diffusion of atmospheric CO2 and subsurface diagenesis in an environment of good drainage and elevated temperature and p CO2 may explain this offset. The reliability of δ13C in DOC is attributed to mixing and averaging of isotopic signals from different organic compounds and tissues.


Autonomous Systems (ASes) exchange reachability information between each other using BGP---the de-facto standard inter-AS routing protocol. While IPv4 (IPv6) routes more specific than /24 (/48) are commonly filtered (and hence not propagated), route collectors still observe many of them. In this work, we take a closer look at those "hyper-specific" prefixes (HSPs). In particular, we analyze their prevalence, use cases, and whether operators use them intentionally or accidentally. While their total number increases over time, most HSPs can only be seen by route collector peers. Nonetheless, some HSPs can be seen constantly throughout an entire year and propagate widely. We find that most HSPs represent (internal) routes to peering infrastructure or are related to address block relocations or blackholing. While hundreds of operators intentionally add HSPs to well-known routing databases, we observe that many HSPs are possibly accidentally leaked routes.


The aim of this study was to identify relationship between the level of nurse's  knowledge with the result of attitudes diabetic wounds dressing by moist wound healling technique. The  design of study was description of correlation with cross-sectional method. The  study conducted in the medical surgical wards of Eka Hospital Pekanbaru, with total number of 54 respondents. The sampling method was simple random sampling. The research  used  questionnaires to collect data, the knowledge had validity 0,469-0,911 > 0,444 and reliability was 0,951. The validity of attitude questionare was 0,462-0,809 > 0,444 and reliability was 0,873. The data was analized by univariate and bivariate . The result of univariate showed that there was mayority of respondent had high level of knowledge about diabetic wounds dressing by moist wound healling technique (59,3%)  and has mayority high positive attitude (53,7%). According to result of bivariate there was more significan between the level nurses's knowledge with attitude in diabetic wounds dressing by moist wound healling technique (p value: 0,033). Based on the result of study, the study suggest that  the Eka Hospital Pekanbaru hospital should make the standar procedures to be used as consideration for immediately for wound care diabetes  with moist wound healing technique. Keywords : attitudes, knowledge, techniques moist wound healing


We are living in a time of massive anthropogenic ecological and climatic shifts. Awareness of these changes and their effects on human lives is increasing, with recognised impacts on mental health. At present, a variety of different terms exist to describe ecological changerelated distress. They range from the philosophical to the clinical, and are already beginning to form part of professional practice as well as popular discourse, with prescriptive implications. In this piece, I explore some of the different names and frames for ecological distress by drawing on a sample of 30 online articles, blogs, and videos, and bringing these into dialogue with scholarly literature. My purpose is to open up a conversation about how medical anthropologists might attend to the meaning-making processes that surround ecological distress and (individual, institutional, and political) responses to it.


This paper studies the role of preference and income risk heterogeneity when risk sharing is partial due to limited commitment. I estimate the dynamic contract determining self-enforcing insurance transfers in a structural manner, and allow the coefficient of relative risk aversion and multiplicative income risk to differ across households. I find that the model explains the consumption allocation significantly better than the homogenous version and the benchmarks of perfect risk sharing and autarky, using household survey data from rural Pakistan. Enforcement constraints bind more often with heterogeneous households, implying less risk sharing. The paper then examines how social policies would interact with existing informal insurance arrangements. I simulate the effects of counterfactual transfers targeting the poor on consumption by both eligible and ineligible households. In the case of a one-time transfer, the heterogeneous (homogeneous) model predicts that consumption by ineligible households increases by one fifth (one fourth) of the transfer; if the transfer is permanent, the predicted share of ineligible households is one tenth (one fifth).


Woody plant species are threatened in Uganda. To conserve these species there is need to generate information that may be used to design management plans. This study was conducted in Balawoli Sub-county, Kamuli District, Uganda between July 2009 and January 2010. We addressed four questions: (1) which woody species are most preferred? (2) what is the conservation status of these species and for which species have changes in local availability been observed? (3) what management practices exist for woody species? and (4) what tenure rights exist for woody plants? Data were generated through guided questionnaire interviews. Seventeen species are valued most within the community. These species are multipurpose and altogether have 25 different uses for the community. The most frequently harvested products are edible fruits, firewood and timber. The value of these species as a source of income is low. Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg, Albizia coriaria Welw. ex Oliv., Combretum molle R. Br. ex G. Don, Terminalia glaucescens Planch. ex Benth., Coffea spp., Combretum collinum Fresen. and Citrus spp. are becoming scarce. However, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., Mangifera indica L., Ficus natalensis Hochst., Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, Acacia sp., Senna siamea (Lam.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby, Eucalyptus spp., Pinus spp., Carica papaya L. and Lantana camara L. are increasing in abundance. The main factors leading to the scarcity of some species include over-harvesting, destructive harvesting, pests, poor planting of trees by farmers, and droughts. The key factors contributing to some species' success are that the species are: planted, drought resistant, regenerate naturally, easy to manage, mature fast, available as seedlings. Farmers maintain 51 woody species that they plant or retain when found growing naturally on their land. Some farmers are constrained in planting trees by lack of seedlings, pest infestations, drought and lack of land. Species are managed in crop fields, the courtyard and home garden. Men own trees in the homestead, are more involved in tree management and selling of tree products, than women.


This study was conducted to evaluate the heritability, heterosis, and correlation among firmness, total soluble solid (TSS), and color in the F1 hybrids between two day-neutral (DN) and six short-day (SD) cultivars. The firmness of DN cultivars and the sweetness of SD cultivars were considered as a criterion in choosing parent cultivars. Parents and eleven F1 progenies were grown in completely randomized block design. Heritability of TSS, color (a*: opponent channel between red/magenta and green), and firmness was 0.67, 0.55, and 0.49, respectively. Most of the DN × SD hybrids had higher firmness and TSS than the crossing of SD × SD and DN × DN, respectively. In the DN × SD progenies, all heterosis values of TSS and most of heterosis of firmness were positive and negative, respectively. The genetic advance of TSS was higher than firmness. 'DNKW002' was a better donor for firmness and can be used as female parent in producing DN cultivar with high TSS. Correlation between firmness and TSS was negative, hence the simultaneous selection was recommended. Principle component analysis (PCA) based on characteristics indicated three groups: group of DN parents and hybrids of DN × DN, group of SD parents and SD × SD hybrids, and group of DN × SD and SD × DN hybrids.


Identifying relationships between habitat selection and population processes is important for habitat management and wildlife conservation. For prairie-obligate species, space use and demography in extant grasslands are influenced by habitat conditions caused by rangeland management practices associated with livestock production. Greater prairie-chickens (Tympanuchus cupido) are an indicator species for native tallgrass prairie ecosystems, but populations have declined in the Flint Hills ecoregion of eastern Kansas, USA because of intensification of rangeland management practices, including annual prescribed fire and high stocking densities. Patch-burn grazing is a rotational system that provides heterogeneous habitats and can improve productivity of grassland birds, but the effects of grazing systems on habitat use or survival of greater prairie-chickens are unknown. We used 3 types of survival analyses to investigate impacts of rangeland management on female greater prairie-chickens in the central Flint Hills during 2011–2013: Kaplan–Meier models and Cox proportional hazards to examine factors affecting annual survival rates, hazard functions to assess seasonal patterns of mortality, and Andersen–Gill models to explore the links between habitat selection and cause-specific mortality risk. Females captured at properties managed with patch-burn grazing had annual survival rates (0.61 ± 0.07 SE) that were 35% higher than females on properties managed with annual burning and intensive early cattle stocking (0.45 ± 0.06). Moreover, females that selected habitats associated with intensive management had increased mortality risk and were particularly vulnerable to avian predators, whereas females that selected habitats created by patch-burn grazing experienced lower overall mortality risk but were more vulnerable to mammalian predators. Overall mortality risk was significantly reduced under patch-burn grazing management, and widespread implementation of annual spring burning and intensive early stocking is likely depressing survival of greater prairie-chickens in the Flint Hills ecoregion. Our results join a growing body of evidence that patch-burn grazing can provide higher quality grassland habitats for native wildlife species than current rangeland management associated with intensive cattle production. © 2017 The Wildlife Society


We discuss recent advances on robust unfitted finite element methods on cut meshes. These methods are designed to facilitate computations on complex geometries obtained, for example, from computer‐aided design or image data from applied sciences. Both the treatment of boundaries and interfaces and the discretization of PDEs on surfaces are discussed and illustrated numerically. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Introduction The exponential growth of scientific literature, interdisciplinary nature of research, and trend towards specialization have posed many problems both to the scientists and librarians. The extensive investigations and the abundance of literature being published and contributed to immense escalation of cost for the libraries, as the acquisition of published literature became an increasingly difficult task. To maintain a reasonable collection of periodicals, at least in broad fields, it is necessary for the librarians to know the characteristics of subject literature used by the users. Information is not only increasing exponentiality but the growth rates also differ from one discipline to another. The multiplicity of journals, the constraints of limited financial resources and the ever increasing needs of user community necessitated the librarians to develop need based information resources and services to meet the literature requirements of psychologists. Thus, a clear understanding of the characteristics of subject literature used by scientists is important for planning and designing of information system relating to a particular field. Bibliometric techniques are used for a variety of purposes like determination of various scientific indicators, evaluation of scientific output, selection of journals for libraries and even forecasting potential Nobel Laurates. Bibliometric analysis has become a well established part of information research. The most obvious use of bibliometric data is to improve bibliographic control, as it is clearly not possible to provide efficient secondary services without knowing the size and characteristics of a literature. Bibliometrics has grown out of the realization that literature is growing and changing at a rate which no librarian or information worker equipped with traditional bibliographic methods and skills could keep abreast. The popularity in the adoption of bibliometric techniques in various disciplines stimulated stupendous growth in literature on bibliometrics and its related areas. The present research is undertaken to analyse the characteristics of literature used by researchers in the field of psychology as a whole and sub-fields of psychology. The present study will help the scientists and librarians in the selection of core journals and other sources in psychology. Objectives The following are the objectivess of the study * To know the various sources of information consulted by the researchers in psychology; * To observe the nature of authorship pattern in the literature of psychology; To examine the core journals of psychology; * To trace the core book and journal publishers of psychology; * To study the distribution of citations by subject, country of origin and language; * To examine the applicability of Bradford's Law of scattering to the pattern of journals used by the researchers in psychology; * To find the obsolescence of literature used; and * To assess the availability of the cited journal articles and journals in the library of Sri Venkateswara University, Osmania University and Andhra University. Hypotheses * Journals are the mostly cited sources by the researchers in the field of Psychology. * Researchers of Psychology prefer foreign journals rather than Indian journals. * The half-life value of book citations is high compared to journal citations in Psychology. * Collaborative authorship is high compared to single authorship in the period of study. * Most of the cited journal literature in Psychology is published by developed countries. * The literature of Psychology is found predominantly in English language * The literature of Psychology is spread over a wide range of allied subjects. Review of the Literature Citations in Theses/Dissertations Verma and Murthy (1971) (1) analysed the citations in the fields of Political Science and Economics. …


According to economic-technical optimization objective of distribution network to which distributed generation is added, a multi-objective model is proposed in this paper. The model contains DG construction investment and operation fee, network loss, reliability, as well as environmental factor. and then puts forward the multi-objective quantum particle swarm optimization (QSPO) algorithm, and the distributed power supply after installation position and capacity for the comprehensive planning research. The result proves that QPSO has advantages of speedy searching for the optimum and keeping the population diversity. Compared to Particle Swarms Optimization (PSO), QSPO shows high efficiency and robustness. The Planning of Distribution Generation (DG) Based on MultiObjective Quantum Particle Swarms Optimization (QPSO)


One of the fundamental problems of computer vision is to represent images with compact semantically relevant embeddings. These embeddings could then be used in a wide variety of applications, such as image retrieval, object detection, and video search. The main objective of this thesis is to study image embeddings from two aspects: color embeddings and deep embeddings. In the first part of the thesis we start from hand-crafted color embeddings. We propose a method to order the additional color names according to their complementary nature with the basic eleven color names. This allows us to compute color name representations with high discriminative power of arbitrary length. Psychophysical experiments confirm that our proposed method outperforms baseline approaches. Secondly, we learn deep color embeddings from weakly labeled data by adding an attention strategy. The attention branch is able to correctly identify the relevant regions for each class. The advantage of our approach is that it can learn color names for specific domains for which no pixel-wise labels exists. In the second part of the thesis, we focus on deep embeddings. Firstly, we address the problem of compressing large embedding networks into small networks, while maintaining similar performance. We propose to distillate the metrics from a teacher network to a student network. Two new losses are introduced to model the communication of a deep teacher network to a small student network: one based on an absolute teacher, where the student aims to produce the same embeddings as the teacher, and one based on a relative teacher, where the distances between pairs of data points is communicated from the teacher to the student. In addition, various aspects of distillation have been investigated for embeddings, including hint and attention layers, semi-supervised learning and cross quality distillation. Finally, another aspect of deep metric learning, namely lifelong learning, is studied. We observed some drift occurs during training of new tasks for metric learning. A method to estimate the semantic drift based on the drift which is experienced by data of the current task during its training is introduced. Having this estimation, previous tasks can be compensated for this drift, thereby improving their performance. Furthermore, we show that embedding networks suffer significantly less from catastrophic forgetting compared to classification networks when learning new tasks.


Command and Control interweaves the minute-by-minute story of an accident at a missile silo in rural Arkansas, where a single crew struggled to prevent the explosion of the most powerful nuclear warhead ever built by the United States, with a historical narrative that spans more than fifty years. It depicts the urgent effort to ensure that nuclear weapons can't be stolen, sabotaged, used without permission, or detonated inadvertently. Schlosser also looks at the Cold War from a new perspective, offering history from the ground up, telling the stories of bomber pilots, missile commanders, maintenance crews, and other ordinary servicemen who risked their lives to avert a nuclear holocaust. Drawing on recently declassified documents and interviews with men who designed and routinely handled nuclear weapons, Command and Control takes readers into a terrifying but fascinating world that, until now, has been largely hidden from view.


Effective university-industry collaboration has become a major focus for governments in
recent years. Universities are increasingly expected to play a greater role in the
innovation system and evidence their contribution to economic development. At the
same time, the growth in research quality assessment exercises makes it imperative that
all opportunities to discover excellent research with the university context are uncovered.
This research was conducted at a commercial design consultancy based within an
academic institution, PDR (International Centre of Design and Research). The interaction
between applied research and commercial consultancy within PDR led to a recognition of
research potentially existing within commercially designed output. The Research
questions posed within this PhD thesis are:

 Research Question 1: How best to recognize where commercial outputs can be
characterized as research?
Research Question 2: Where a research characterization is met, how best to recognize
and describe the research quality?

 The aim of this research is to identify whether research value exists within commercial
design outputs produced in an academic context and how the quality of this research
could be assessed.
This thesis adopts grounded action research inquiry using semi-structured interviews to
explore the barriers to, and drivers of, reconciling commercial design activities with
research quality in design.

 The thesis uncovers opportunities to capture value beyond the commercial impact, which
university-industry collaboration projects are initiated for. The research led to the
identification of a knowledge creation spiral resulting from the knowledge and technology
transfer activities taking place within the commercial design projects in a university-
industry context. In some instances, this new knowledge can be of excellent research
quality if it meets the necessary research criteria.

 A discovered barrier to the identification of research quality within in commercial outputs
was the lack of granular data on the projects thus demonstrating appropriate rigour. It
was concluded that there is a need to build a documentation framework to capture the
needed information and assess the research potential of commercial design projects from
the outset, in order to capture the exchanged and created knowledge. A prototype of a documentation process was developed and tested with two of PDR's lead designers. The
documentation process barriers are limited to technical issues, and its implementation
could assist in learning and development, as well as generating new knowledge of
research quality.


The declarative semantics of definite programs is the basis of an elegant and practical framework for static analysis of definite logic programs. We define a core semantics parameterised by a pre-interpretation of the language underlying the program. The concrete semantics is given by an extended Herbrand interpretation, capturing the correct answers of a program. The semantics is computed as the least fixed point of an immediate consequences operator. An abstract semantics is specified simply by giving, for each constant and function in the program, a denotation in an abstract domain of interpretation. No abstract operations such as abstract unification need to be defined. The directness and simplicity of this approach is then illustrated by specifying and implementing a number of abstract interpretations. These include various mode analyses, analyses on the structure of lists and the length of lists, and simple and polymorphic types. The implementations used for the experiments are based on abstract compilation and existing bottom-up analysis tools. Even without any domain-specific optimisations, the results indicate that the approach is practical for many useful domains.