This study has demonstrated the complex lives of PLH in Ireland, North and South. Assessment of such complexity will naturally need to be considered carefully, to ensure that all aspects of QL of PLH are included. A number of domains have been identified that form part of the lives of PLH. Firstly, PLH can be assessed in terms of how they function in their daily lives, such as physical functioning, emotional functioning, social functioning, domestic functioning, spiritual functioning, employment functioning, financial functioning, and sexual functioning. This study found that physical, emotional and sexual functioning were severely affected in PLH. Secondly, PLH are susceptible to stigma and discrimination, and the actual or perceived stigma and discrimination has an impact on the day to day lives of PLH. The fear of stigma and discrimination onto themselves, their partners and family, significantly determines who they disclose their diagnosis to. Thirdly, how PLH respond to a HIV diagnosis and adjust to HIV illness is determined partly by their individual lifestyles, whether they are gay, IDUs or alcoholics, women, prostitutes, or whether they have existing mental illness. Such complex lifestyles contribute further to an inability of PLH to remain in paid employment, and subsequently suffer financial difficulties. Fourthly, social support varies noticeably from one PLH to another, as does the perception of what social support should entail. Furthermore, the social networks of PLH do not necessarily resemble social networks of non-HIV infected people in society. As such, while individuals may state that social support is important to them, the assessment of this requires further elucidation. Being happy and satisfied with life is important as it seems to mediate psychosocial adjustment to HIV illness.In possibly more than any other disorder, HIV illness has substantial impact on, not only the PLH, but also on spouses, family members, other relatives, work colleagues and other people in the social network. In particular there is added stress in terms of the stigma associated with HIV itself, and the associated lifestyles that PLH often live. Many PLH, because they come from ostracised micro populations, appear to have adapted to a life without traditional family support, and are thus not reliant on this traditional social support to achieve good QL and adjust well to HIV illness. In a way PLH have learnt to be self-sufficient, and exist on minimal support from a small group of people.To survive physical and emotional health crises, it was shown that PLH went through a range of emotions and behaviours when finding out that they were HIV positive. Life then progressed through complex cycles of physical and psychological battles associated with treatment for dependencies, the HIV virus and HAART. During this time, PLH attempt to take control of their life, and most PLH aim for active participation in their care and treatment. This transformational experience has been reported in adaptation to other chronic illnesses, and probably represents the adaptive ideal – the transformation from uncertainty to more certainty and control. Reflection and self-appraisal are critical elements in this dynamic process. Thus PLH see adherence to HAART as important, but dealing with their dependencies are equally or more important, in fact managing dependencies and meeting other family and social needs may be a requirement for successful HAART treatment. As such then, each individual person has to find his or her own way of living with HIV, within the constraints of HIV illness, and seeking out a future that is focused on positive living and that encompasses partners, family and friends in a non-judgemental environment.


The study was conducted in order to determine the effect of metallic manual grinding machine on metal concentrations in food condiments. Food condiments (tomato, crayfish, dika nut, melon and pepper) were purchased from three local markets (Ndoro, Ubani and Ahiaeke) and were each divided into two parts. One part of each condiment from a specific market was pulverized with plastic mortar and pestle while the other part was pulverized using manual grinding machine. In all, three different metallic grinders (Corona ® brand) were used for the three condiment lots from the three markets. The samples (plastic mortar samples, PMS and metallic grinder samples, MGS) were digested with HNO3 and aqua regia and analyzed for metals (Fe, Zn, Cr and Ni) using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS). The results show enrichment of condiment samples with the metals as a result of the use of the metallic grinder for crushing them since metal concentrations were higher in all metallic grinder samples (MGS) compared to plastic mortar samples (PMS). Mean Fe concentrations in PMS for the three condiment lots were significantly lower (P<0.05) than mean Fe concentration in MGS indicating substantial Fe enrichment.


Although there appears to be a broad recognition of the key role that Public Sector Information (PSI) can play in the development of societies, there are still significant gaps in our understanding of how PSI is actually being utilized and of its wider societal value, especially in developing countries. The overarching goal of this dissertation was to analyze the PSI utilization process within the knowledge creation context and the factors and conditions that affect its value and usability from the user perspective. More specifically, the thesis investigates the PSI-related factors and conditions that facilitate or hinder the utilization process, as well as the PSI attributes that affect its usefulness and value in two organizations working on social and economic development issues in South Africa: the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) and the Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA). The dissertation uses the information management process framework (Choo, 1995) and the information value-in-use framework (Repo, 1986) to guide the study's design, data collection, data analysis, and presentation of the results. Employing a qualitative approach, a single case study was used to gather data through in-depth, semi-structured interviews, informal interviews, and document review. The study demonstrates that in their attempts to find and acquire the PSI needed for their work, the study participants faced a wide range of technical, institutional, and political obstacles and challenges. The study also demonstrates that several of the assumptions in the literature about PSI-related policies and resources were not applicable to a developing country. Despite these access challenges and issues related to PSI quality, the utilized PSI resources were still instrumental to the knowledge creation processes at the study sites and to the overall socioeconomic development of the country. The study concludes that in addition to the progressive legislation on information access and use in South Africa, effective PSI utilization for knowledge creation and development requires defined and clear national standards and mechanisms to ensure that the policies and guidelines are adhered to, and that the bureaucratic restrictions on information access and use are minimal. It also requires the development of an organizational culture that is sensitive to the value of its information assets and the effective management of relations with users. It is hoped that this effort can help PSI holders in South Africa and elsewhere to create more enabling environments so that the value of these resources can be maximized. UTILIZATION AND VALUE OF PUBLIC SECTOR INFORMATION FOR KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF SOUTH AFRICA


The elasticity feature of cloud attracts the application providers to host the application in a cloud environment. The dynamic resource provisioning arranges the resources on-demand according to the application workload. The over-utilization and under-utilization of resources can be prevented with autonomic resource provisioning. In literature, the Service Level Agreement (SLA) based, load-aware, resource-aware and user-behavior aware solutions have been proposed. The solutions are rigid for a particular metric which provides benefit either to end users or to the application providers. In this article, we proposed a Triangulation Resource Provisioning (TRP) technique with a profit-aware surplus VM selection policy. This policy ensures the fair resource utilization in hourly billing cycle while giving the Quality of Service (QoS) to the end-users. The proposed technique used time series workload forecasting, CPU utilization and response time in the analysis phase. The experiment results show that the TRP resource provisioning technique is a profit-aware approach for the application providers and ensure the QoS to the end-users.


Does the timing of labour earnings taxation encroaches upon capital income taxation and individual risk-taking investment decisions, i.e. portfolio selection? This paper presents the results of a laboratory experiment that is, contrary to previous approaches, not restricted to the analysis of capital income taxation (fully taxable vs. tax-exempt investment earnings) and individual risktaking, but adds other dimensions of taxation, i.e. deferral or immediate labour earnings taxation. Empirical findings support the view that tax framing effects affect tax burden visibility, changing individuals' risk-taking propensity substantially. A tax system applying deferral taxation of labour earnings turns out to be more attractive to taxpayers with regard to risk-taking investment than immediate labour taxation with tax-exempt earnings from investment.


This study examined the levels of depression reported by women who had used a domestic violence shelter. Depressive symptoms were assessed three times: immediately after shelter exit, 10 weeks thereafter, and 6 months later. Whereas 83% of the women reported at least mild depression on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale upon shelter exit, only 58% were depressed 10 weeks later. This did not change at the 6-month follow-up. An ecological, longitudinal model was evaluated to predict battered women's depression 8 1/2 months postshelter exit. Results of hierarchical regression analyses suggested that, after controlling for previous levels of depression, the women's feelings of powerlessness, experience of abuse, and decreased social support contributed to their depression symptoms. The women's scores on these three variables (feelings of powerlessness, abuse, and social support) at 10 weeks postshelter exit and at 6-month follow-up predicted depression at 6 months. Thus, there were both predictive and concurrent effects for these constructs. Implications for clinical and community interventions are discussed.


This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an intensive fear of flying treatment program. Data on generalized, anticipatory and in-flight anxiety, somatic and cognitive complaints were collected pretreatment and posttreatment through FAM and FAS. Number of flights and no-shows 12 months before and after the program and the boarding rate on the therapeutic flight were also assessed. Results show a moderate reduction effect in generalized flight anxiety and a substantial reduction effect in all other subscales. The number of flights increased, whereas the noshows decreased, both with statistical significance. Boarding rate on the therapeutic flight was 96%. This study suggests that, when adequately helped, aerophobics can overcome their fear and that this program seems to be an effective treatment.


Recently, island fox (Urocyon littoralis) populations on 4 of 6 California Channel Islands (USA) were greatly reduced by colonizing golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) and a suspected outbreak of disease, creating concern for subspecies on all islands. Consequently, efforts of live-trapping foxes for research, monitoring, and vaccination has increased. Despite increased trapping efforts, evaluation of factors that influence capture success has not been conducted. We examined capture success of island foxes at 85 random trapping locations on San Clemente Island during 170 trap-nights during 2006–2007. We captured 98 island foxes, and found that traps placed ≤10 m from primary roads had higher overall capture success (i.e., 1.52 times more likely to capture foxes) than traps placed at random locations throughout the study area. We found no evidence to suggest that the density of edges between land-cover types (i.e., sum length of edges per 100-m buffered area [m/m2]), nightly temperature, proportions of land-cover, or type of attractant tested (n = 3) affected capture success. All attractants captured similar proportions of sex and age classes of foxes. Our findings suggest that future trapping efforts would have the most success if conducted along roads. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.


This thesis offers a new interpretation of providentialism in late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century England. Historians have seen this as a transitional period in providential belief and expression, between heightened engagement and gradual decline, and have provided us with many perspectives on the changing role of providence in English culture. But we still have yet to understand fully the role of providence in individual lives, where change occurred at an experiential and quotidian level. This thesis aims to fill this historiographical gap by examining practical, subjective and individual experiences of providentialism. Drawing on first-person narratives such as diaries and memoirs, conceptualised as sites of personal agency, it sheds light at the micro-level on broader shifts in providential belief and thought. These primary sources show how individuals exercised a personal providentialism, writing their relationship with God's providence into their own emerging sense of self. Investigation of the emotional resonances of providentialism also emphasizes its centrality to inner lives and personal identity, characterised by subtle but significant modes of feeling. Several case studies demonstrate how people constantly shaped and re-shaped themselves, and moulded ideas and beliefs relating to providence to fit particular social and religious circumstances and changing intellectual concerns. Providentialism is therefore shown to be elastic and subjective – a subjectivity that ensured the adaptability and durability of the concept of providence in an era of atheism, science and expanding secular authority. Far from seeing this period as a stage in an inexorable decline, the thesis shows how people continued to find uses for providence in creative and imaginative ways to make sense of themselves and their world in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.


Nowadays, academic researchers maintain a personal library of papers, which they would like to organize based on their needs, e.g., research, projects, or courseware. Clustering techniques are often employed to achieve this goal by grouping the document collection into different topics. Unsupervised clustering does not require any user effort but only produces one universal output with which users may not be satisfied. Therefore, document clustering needs user input for guidance to generate personalized clusters for different users. Semi-supervised clustering incorporates prior information and has the potential to produce customized clusters. Traditional semisupervised clustering is based on user supervision in the form of labeled instances or pairwise instance constraints. However, alternative forms of user supervision exist such as labeling features. For document clustering, document supervision involves labeling documents while feature supervision involves labeling features. Their joint use has been called dual supervision. In this thesis, we first explore and propose a framework to use feature supervision for interactive feature selection by indicating whether a feature is useful for clustering. Second, we enhance the semi-supervised clustering with feature supervision using feature reweighting. Third, we propose a unified framework to combine document supervision and feature supervision through seeding. The newly proposed algorithms are evaluated using oracles and demonstrated to be more helpful in producing better clusters matching a single user's point of view than document clustering without any supervision or with only document supervision. Finally, we conduct a user study to confirm that different users have different understandings of the same document collection and prefer personalized clusters. At the same time, we demonstrate that document clustering with dual supervision is able to produce good personalized clusters even with noisy user input. Dual supervision is also demonstrated to be more effective in personalized clustering than no supervision or any single supervision. We also analyze users' behaviors during the user study and present suggestions for the design of document management software.


The chemical composition and water extractable dry matter (DM) of foliages from Erythrina (Erythrina variegata), Fig (Ficus racemosa), Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill), Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) and Mango (Mangifera indica) and the feed intake, digestibility and N retention when feeding these foliages were studied in two experiments. In Experiment 1, 12 male goats, 3.5 months old and weighing 14.6 kg, were randomly allocated to a diet consisting of one of the foliages in a change-over design with three periods. The foliages were offered ad libitum at the level of 130% of the average daily feed intake. The Erythrina foliage had a low content of DM and condensed tannins (CT) and a high concentration of crude protein (CP) in leaves plus petioles (193 g/kg DM) and stem, while the Mango foliage had a low CP (69 g/kg DM) and high DM content. The other foliages were intermediate. High content of CT was found in the leaves plus petioles of Jackfruit foliage and in the stem of Fig and Mango foliage. There was a difference in feed intake, nutrient intake, apparent digestibility and N retention between the foliages, with Erythrina, Jackfruit and Kapok foliage being significantly higher in these parameters than Fig, Jujube and Mango foliage. The water extractable DM could be used to estimate N retention, but not DM digestibility in this study. In Experiment 2, 4 male goats weighing 13.4 kg and 6 months old were allocated to a 4x4 Latin square design. The treatments were: water spinach ad libitum and Fig, Jujube or Mango foliage ad libitum +0.5% of BW as water spinach DM. Feed intake, apparent digestibility and N retention were not significantly different among the foliage diets, but higher than for water spinach alone (p<0.05). Supplementation with water spinach to a diet consisting of low quality foliages such as Fig, Jujube and Mango, increased DM and CP intake, apparent digestibility and N retention, compared to feeding these foliages as sole feeds.


This article explores Islamic websites providing normative content for European Muslim minorities. It focuses on four distinct Sunni websites and analyzes their fatwas, i.e. legal and religious recommendations issued in matters related to family law. Drawing from a broader research of more than 450 fatwas, this article presents the various ways, in which Muslim authorities associated with these sites deal with the conflicting areas between Islamic law and European legal systems. Essentially, it argues that the Internet and information and communication technology create new public spheres where different, and oftentimes conflicting, concepts of coexistence between Islam and the State are negotiated. Moreover this article demonstrates how these concepts are later incorporated into existing legal frameworks through the institutions of arbitration and marriage contracts. At the same time it explores the underlying rationale behind the fatwa-issuing websites, which emphasize the role of the individual and promote voluntarily adherence to Islamic law. On a more general level, this article aims to provide case studies on how technology redefines the politics of religious authority.


In this talk, I will discuss electrical and optical properties of infrared photodetectors/solar cells based on square millimeter ensembles (> 1 million) of vertically processed InP/InAsP semiconductor nanowires grown on InP substrates. To investigate current generation processes in InP p+-i-n photodetectors/solar cells, we fabricated a sample series where the p+-segment length was varied, as well as optimized solar cells with 9.3 % efficiency with similar design. The electrical data generally display excellent rectifying behavior with small leakage currents. From spectrally resolved photocurrent measurements, we conclude that the photocurrent generation process depends strongly on the p+-segment length. Without p+-segment, photogenerated carriers funneled from the substrate into the NWs contribute significantly to the photocurrent. Adding a p+-segment decouples the substrate and shifts the depletion region, and collection of photogenerated carriers, to the nanowires, in agreement with sophisticated theoretical modeling. In optimized solar cells, clear spectral signatures of interband transitions in the ZB and WZ InP layers of the mixed-phase i-segments are observed. Complementary measurements of the dependence of the photocurrent on angle of incidence and polarization, as well as electroluminescence, support our interpretations. I will also discuss large area photoconductors based on n+-i- n+ InP NWs with embedded InAsP QWs grown in axial geometry on InP substrates. Spectrally resolved photocurrent measurements and photoluminescence measurements reveal clear interband transitions both in the InP segments and InAsP quantum wells. By increasing the number of incorporated quantum wells in the nanowires, the contribution from intersubband transitions in the quantum wells can be enhanced thereby facilitating detectors/focal plane arrays with a broad detection window from near-infrared to long-wavelength infrared regions.Finally, I will briefly mention efforts targeting large area p+-n-n- InP/InAsP avalanche nanowire photodiodes with low electric field in the low-bandgap InAsP segment and high electric field in the InP multiplication region. Besides clear interband photocurrent signals from the InP and InAsP regions, a strong bias-dependent blueshifted photocurrent peak appears at forward bias offering an interesting novel tunability of the spectral window.The presented nanowire-based photodetectors can potentially be grown on silicon substrates due to the small footprint of the nanowires. Successfully developed, novel detector families of low-cost, high performance broadband detectors for optical communication, thermal imaging and solar cell applications can thus be realized.


The notion of presidentialisation, applied to the British Prime Minister, usually focuses more on the personal style of the of the officeholder, less on the institutional substance of the office itself. The Prime Minister is the product of the British parliamentary system, and this system—and the institutional structures it imposes—provides for and circumscribes his or her powers. Comparing Britain with the US demonstrates that in executive-legislative terms a British Prime Minister is more commanding than any US President, while in intra-executive terms the President is more powerful. The presidentialisation notion fails to acknowledge that its legislative purchase makes the British parliamentary executive more authoritative than its US presidential counterpart. Should, as is often but not always the case, a Prime Minister be able to lead his or her executive, determine its key decisions, shape its agenda and guide the work of its ministers, he or she will be a more influential actor than the President. Systemic differences distinguish Prime Ministers from Presidents. Britain does not have a presidential system, so it cannot have a presidential chief executive.


The paper seeks to provide a broad analysis and deep evaluation of the present and future profitability, availability and financial stability of the oil and gas upstream market with regards to how they are managed using the data ware house system as supported by the senior system analyst in Shell Corporation, in order to improve the performance of the company's proceedings. This document explains the stakeholder's analysis and the company's scope statement such as requirements, characteristics and deliverables of the project. Several assumptions were made on the project cost and benefits in regards to the data warehouse system and its benefits estimate per annum. Other calculations included equipment bought, training of staffs, as well as loses in regards to hours and sales. The result of the analysed data show that, all cost was below the company's average income especially for the fact that comparative market performance is poor in the areas of quantity, cost and benefits. Furthermore, the company's prospect in its present position is weak in regards to the upstream market and an improvement may be realised by the introduction of the data warehouse system, creating a training program for staffs to enable easy incorporation of the data warehouse system, and reconstructing the entire forecast potential growth of Shell Corporation.


Valeri presents an overview of Hawaiian religious culture, in which hierarchies of social beings and their actions are mirrored by the cosmological hierarchy of the gods. As the sacrifice is performed, the worshipper is incorporated into the god of his class. Thus he draws on divine power to sustain the social order of which his action is a part, and in which his own place is determined by the degree of his resemblance to his god. The key to Hawaiian society-and a central focus for Valeri-is the complex and encompassing sacrificial ritual that is the responsibility of the king, for it displays in concrete actions all the concepts of pre-Western Hawaiian society. By interpreting and understanding this ritual cycle, Valeri contends, we can interpret all of Hawaiian religious culture.


An upflow, partially packed biological aerated filter (BAF) reactor was used to remove nitrogen in the form of ammonia ions by a nitrification process that involves physical, chemical and biological phenomena governed by a variety of parameters such as dissolved oxygen concentration, pH and alkalinity. Dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH were shown to have effects on the nitrification process in this study. Three C:N ratios i.e., 10, 4 and 1 were compared during this study by varying the nitrogen loading while the carbon loading was kept constant at 0.405 ± 0.015 kg chemical oxygen demand m −3 d −1 . The removal efficiencies of ammonia linearly increase with a rise of the initial concentration of ammonia-nitrogen. The results of the 115 days9 operation of the BAF system showed that its overall NH 3 -N performance was good, where a removal efficiency of 87.0 ± 2.9%, 89.2 ± 1.38% and 91.1 ± 0.7% and COD removal of 87.6 ± 2.9%, 86.4 ± 2.1% and 89.5 ± 2.6% were achieved for the C:N ratios of 10, 4 and 1, respectively on average, over 6 h hydraulic retention time (HRT). No clogging occurred throughout the period although backwashing was eliminated. It was concluded that the BAF system proposed in this study removed nitrogen by the nitrification process extremely well.


CORTICAL INVOLVEMENT DURING SUSTAINED LOWER LIMB CONTRACTIONS Marnie Lynn Vanden Noven Marquette University, 2014 Despite the critical role of the lower limb during functional tasks such as walking, most studies examining the role of the cortex during muscle contractions have been conducted in upper limb muscles. Modulation of force by the cortex in the lower extremity and the influence of cortical inputs are poorly understood. The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the role the cortex plays in modulating force control during static contractions with the lower limb and to determine the influence of manipulating cortical inputs. Aim 1 determined the cortical regions involved in force-related changes between low and high forces and those areas that modulate steadiness (force fluctuations) during sustained isometric ankle dorsiflexion contractions in young men and women. This was achieved using functional magnetic imaging (fMRI). Both motor and some typically associated non-motor brain areas were active during lower limb force production and scaled linearly as force increased. Steadiness was associated with both motor and nonmotor brain areas with minimal differences in areas activated between men and women. Aim 2 examined the influence of cognitive demand (null, low-cognitive demand, highcognitive demand) on fatigability and steadiness of lowto moderate-force isometric contractions in young and older men and women. Women demonstrated greater force fluctuations than men during both the lowand moderate-force contractions and their motor output was influenced by changes in cognitive demand. Older adults were less steady than young during lowand moderate-force contractions, had greater age-related reductions in steadiness, and greater variability in fatigability when cognitive demand was increased. This dissertation shows that cortical inputs are very important to lower limb motor control of static voluntary contractions. Cortical motor and non-motor regions that are important for control of force intensity and steadiness of lower limb contractions were identified and are key areas for potential cortical plasticity with impaired or enhanced leg function. Steadiness was altered by increasing cortical inputs (cognitive demand) especially in older adults whose motor performance was impaired and more variable than young. These results have important performance implications for cognitively demanding and lowto moderate-force tasks that are common to daily function in older adults.


A prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicentre (n = 6) study was conducted to compare the influence of either a 150 or 250 IU daily fixed-dose regimen of recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (FSH, Puregon) on the number of oocytes retrieved and the total dose used in down-regulated women between 30 and 39 years of age undergoing ovarian stimulation. In all, 138 women were treated with recombinant FSH, 67 with 150 IU and 71 with 250 IU. The number of oocytes retrieved in the low-dose group was 9.1 compared to 10.6 in the high-dose group (not significant). In the 30-33 years of age class receiving the 250 IU dose, a surplus of 4.2 oocytes (14.8 versus 10.6) was found, whereas in the 37-39 age class nearly one oocyte more was retrieved in the 150 IU group (8.1 versus 7.4). The total dose used to reach the criterion for human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) administration was 1727 IU for the women treated with 150 IU daily and 2701 IU for the 250 IU treated women (P < 0. 001). No significant relationships were found between serum FSH concentrations as obtained in the early follicular phase and the number of oocytes collected, or the total dose. It is concluded that in women between 30 and 39 years of age, the decline in number of oocytes retrieved with increasing age cannot be overcome by augmenting the daily dose of recombinant FSH from 150 to 250 IU.


During the past decade, academics, bloggers, media practitioners and civil society groups in Bangladesh have criticized the tobacco industry for bringing about negative effects on societal health, environment, agriculture and education. Moreover, several newspaper reports have suggested these companies to be corrupt – engaging in bribery, breaking of government regulations and laundering of money. In reply to these criticisms, tobacco firms have propagated discourses through the art of rhetoric in the public domain and initiated corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities to project themselves as caring and responsible entities. In light of this, the paper studied and evaluated the discourses on governance, transparency and responsibility as well as the CSR undertakings of the leading tobacco firms in the country – British American Tobacco Bangladesh (BATB), Dhaka Tobacco Industries (DTI), Akij Group and Nasir Tobacco Industries. We searched related electronic and/or printed documents using a snowball technique and discourse analysis approach to review the documents. Findings indicated that tobacco companies highlighted in their communication materials (websites, annual reports, news releases, brochures, etc.) the following: ethical business practices, social responsibility, sound corporate governance, quality management and economic success. They likewise made it a point to associate themselves with important events in the nation's history, particularly the 1971 Liberation War. More importantly, these companies conducted CSR activities in the areas stakeholders criticized them the most – environmental protection (afforestation, biodiversity conservation and renewable energy), health (hospitals), education (primary education, youth development and scholarships) and agriculture (extension services). In so doing, these firms have managed to divert criticisms and instead, create a buzz regarding their social initiatives and governance practices. In this sense, the tobacco industry had succeeded in placing itself at a high moral ground in the country. In this light, it is recommended that further studies should be conducted regarding the CSR projects of tobacco companies in the country analyzing whether these fit to the relevant criteria and acceptable standards of a CSR. South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.5(2) 2015: 13-22


KElEs, A. E., M. GorGulu and s. Goncu, 2014. The effect of feeding regime without roughage during the pre-weaning period on pre- and postweaning performance of dairy calves . Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 20: 675-679 A total of 44 Holstein calves (3 days old and average body weight 30 kg; 22 male and 22 female) were used to investi gate the effect of method of feeding of roughage during pre-weaning on performance of Holstein calves during the pre- and postweaning period. Calves within each gender were assigned to two treatment groups. The first group was fed calf starter and ground alfalfa hay (1–2 cm lengths) and the second treatment group was fed calf starter only during pre-weaning period. calves were weaned after 8 week then all calves were fed a total mixed diet containing 60% alfalfa hay and 40% calf grower for another 8 weeks. Gender had significant effects on all parameters except pre-weaning and overall daily gain. Daily gains for both genders receiving calf starter only were not different after weaning, but the male calves had higher daily gain than the female calves when calf starter and alfalfa hay were offered. There were no gender differences in feed to gain ratios when al falfa hay and calf starter, but male calves consumed more feed per kg gain during postweaning when calf starter was supplied only during preweaning period. The results indicated that the calves receiving calf starter only during pre-weaning period consumed more feed and gained more live weight after weaning and the overall study. calves may be raised without roughage in pre-weaning period but it could be deteriorate feed efficiency and feed cost per unit of gain due to increase in feed intake.


Bisphosphonates inhibit bone resorption and are used to treat a range of pathologies, including Paget disease, osteoporosis, multiple myeloma and metastases associated with breast or prostate cancer. At present, there is no effective treatment for bisphosphonate induced osteonecrosis, so prevention is extremely important. Since quality of life deteriorates for those suffering osteonecrosis, maximum precautions should be taken with patients at risk, and especially whenever oral surgery, including dental implant placement, is contemplated. Dentists and oral or maxillofacial surgeons must keep up to date with the latest approaches to prevention, particularly when treating patients who are presently taking, or who will be taking bisphosphonates and are also candidates for dental implants.


This is the timeless business book that still brings perspective and guidance to today's bottom-line executives. When first published in 1963, IBM CEO Thomas Watson Jr.'s "A Business and Its Beliefs" gave readers an unprecedented look inside IBM's executive offices. Watson-son of IBM's founder - candidly discussed how the company clung to its values during the first great technological shift, and how this refusal to compromise became IBM's strength. He also became one of the first CEOs to question business's place and responsibility in society, and openly discuss how firms could meet expanding social expectations while still turning a profit. The groundbreaking ideas in this book still resonate with today's managers. This newly published edition reintroduces Watson's ideas to a new generation of decision-makers in search of IBM-style standards for their own organizations. It offers a to-the-point examination of the values and beliefs that built and sustained IBM, its message is as valuable today as it was four decades back - and will once again strike a resounding chord with executives everywhere.


Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), defined as bleeding within the brain parenchyma, remains a challenging and controversial neurosurgical entity to treat. ICH has a broad range of etiology—stemming from complications associated with traumatic head injury to complications of hemorrhagic stroke. The role of medical management lies in optimizing blood pressure and intracerebral pressure, preventing secondary injury from complications of the hematoma such as seizures, and correcting coagulopathy. Given the mass effect of a hematoma and the possibility of expansion, surgical interventions attempt to evacuate the clot to restore normal intracerebral pressure and prevent worsening neurologic injury. This chapter reviews the recent controversy associated with surgical evacuation of intracerebral hemorrhage placing particular emphasis on the size and location of the hemorrhage and the methods used to evacuate the expanding ICH. Moreover, this chapter reviews considerations and therapeutic goals of the preoperative and postoperative window to minimize complications and optimize patient care.


Character Transplant When engineering bacteria, it can be advantageous to propagate the genomes in yeast. However, to be truly useful, one must be able to transplant the bacterial chromosome from yeast back into a recipient bacterial cell. But because yeast does not contain restriction-modification systems, such transplantation poses problems not encountered in transplantation from one bacterial cell to another. Bacterial genomes isolated after growth in yeast are likely to be susceptible to the restriction-modification system(s) of the recipient cell, as well as their own. Lartigue et al. (p. 1693, published online 20 August) describe multiple steps, including in vitro DNA methylation, developed to overcome such barriers. A Mycoplasma mycoides large-colony genome was propagated in yeast as a centromeric plasmid, engineered via yeast genetic systems, and, after specific methylation, transplanted into M. capricolum to produce a bacterial cell with the genotype and phenotype of the altered M. mycoides large-colony genome. A Mycoplasma mycoides genome was engineered in yeast and then transplanted into M. capricolum cells to produce a new strain. We recently reported the chemical synthesis, assembly, and cloning of a bacterial genome in yeast. To produce a synthetic cell, the genome must be transferred from yeast to a receptive cytoplasm. Here we describe methods to accomplish this. We cloned a Mycoplasma mycoides genome as a yeast centromeric plasmid and then transplanted it into Mycoplasma capricolum to produce a viable M. mycoides cell. While in yeast, the genome was altered by using yeast genetic systems and then transplanted to produce a new strain of M. mycoides. These methods allow the construction of strains that could not be produced with genetic tools available for this bacterium.


In a certain sense uncertainty and ignorance have been recognized in science and philosophy from the time of the Greeks. However, the mathematical sciences have been dominated by the pursuit of certainty. Therefore, experiments under simplified and idealized conditions have been regarded as the most reliable source of knowledge. Normally, uncertainty could be ignored or controlled by applying probability theory and statistics. Today, however, the situation is different. Uncertainty and ignorance have moved into focus. In particular the global character of some environmental problems has shown that the problems cannot be disregarded. Therefore, scientists and technologists have in many ways come into a new situation. This situation encompasses totally different problems than scientists and technologists are traditionally trained to deal with. The new situation requires interdisciplinarity, and in general a "democratization" of science is required.


This work centres around the electrochemical and structural studies of 1,2,3,5 and 1,3,2,4 dithiadiazolylium salts and associated radical derivatives. Chapter one provides a brief history of sulphur nitrogen chemistry, in particular developments of 1,2,3,5 and 1,3,2,4 dithiadiazolyUum/ heterocyclic species. Also a quick outline of the pathways my research took are discussed. The following chapter is solely dedicated to the electrochemical investigations of (i) mono substituted aryl 1,2,3,4 and 1,3,2,4, (ii) di substituted aryl 1,2,3,4 and 1,3,2,4 and (iii) pyridyl 1,2,3,5 dithiadiazolylium salts and associated derivatives. This electrochemical process of interest involved the reduction of the 6π dithiadiazolylium cation going to the 7π radical. This was studied using a technique called Cyclic Voltammetry. Results from this survey revealed that all the derivatives studied were quasi-reversible to the same degree under these experimental conditions. The E(_pc/2) potentials of meta and Para derivatives were observed to increase with acceptor property of the substituent group attached. Using the relationship E(_pc/2) = σp, when the potentials of these derivatives were plotted against corresponding Hammett a values two excellent linear free energy relationships for both sets of derivatives were seen to exist. For the other systems this is not found to be so. Rationalisation of these responses are described by examination of electronic, solvent and steric factors of analogous benzoic acid and dithiadiazolylium/zolyl derivatives and how they compare with each other. Chapter three concentrates on the structural properties of dithiadiazolyls and discusses the potential of these types of derivatives to form conducting, charge transfer or magnetically interesting materials. The X-ray structures of the following compounds were obtained and are described in detail: pMeS-C(_6)H(_4)-CNSSN•, pF-C(_6)H(_4)-CNSSN•, pCF(_3)-C(_6)H(_4)-CNSSN•, pNO(_2)-C(_6)H(_4)-CNSSN•, mBr- C(_6)H(_4)-CNSSN•, mClpMe-C(_6)H(_4)-CNSSN•,| mC(_5)H(_4)N-CNSSN• and pC(_5)F(_4)N-CNSSN•. Comparisons of how these and similar dithiadiazolyl compounds pack with a view to rationalising packing trends, in order to molecular tailor materials for applications, is tackled as well. The forth chapter concerns the experimental details of this research and features information on technical procedures, synthetic routes and characterisation on the compounds examined. Finally chapter five attempts to bridge the results of the previous chapters all together.


Capital investment as high as US$16 tn is required to address the shortage of adequate and affordable housing worldwide. Market-driven housing approaches that produce quality units, reduce dwelling costs, and provide access to a range of capital sources can help to solve this challenge. This article describes the experience of a social enterprise in Mexico that is taking its proven, market-driven housing solution to countries in Africa using a joint venture franchising company to execute a master franchising strategy. Its experience and the innovative approach it used to scale internationally offer useful insights and lessons for housing practitioners, policymakers, and researchers.


Social law is perceived as evolving through the competition of individual social strategies held by the agents. A strategy with strong authority, accepted by many agents, will tend to diffuse to the remaining agents. The authority of a social strategy is determined by not only the number of but also the collective social positions of its overlaid agents. This paper presents a novel collective strategy diffusion model in agent social law evolution. In the model, social strategies that have strong authority are impressed on the other agents. The agents will accept (partially or in full) or reject them based on their own social strategies and social positions. The diffusion of social strategies proceeds in a series of steps and the final result depends on the interplay between the forces driving diffusion and the counteracting forces.


ABSTRACT Graphs are powerful and versatile data structures that can be used to represent a wide range of different types of information. In this article, we introduce a method to analyze and then visualize an important class of data described over a graph—namely, ensembles of paths. Analysis of such path ensembles is useful in a variety of applications, in diverse fields such as transportation, computer networks, and molecular dynamics. The proposed method generalizes the concept of band depth to an ensemble of paths on a graph, which provides a center-outward ordering on the paths. This ordering is, in turn, used to construct a generalization of the conventional boxplot or whisker plot, called a path boxplot, which applies to paths on a graph. The utility of path boxplot is demonstrated for several examples of path ensembles including paths defined over computer networks and roads. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.


Contemporary approaches to the digital transformation of practice in university research and teaching sometimes assume a convergence between the digital and openness. This assumption has led to the idea of 'digital open scholarship,' which aims to open up scholarship to participants from outside academic scholarly communities. But scholarship, digitality and openness exist in tension with each other – we can see the individual features of each, but we cannot make sense of the whole picture. It resembles an 'impossible triangle'. Particularly confounding is the tension between digital scholarship and open knowledge, where the former is focused on the creation by specialist communities of knowledge of a stable and enduring kind, whilst the latter is characterised by encyclopaedic knowledge and participation that is unbounded by affiliation or location. However, we need not be permanently thwarted by the apparent impossibility of this triangle. It is a stimulus to look critically at the contexts of practice in which a relationship between scholarship, digitality and openness is sought. Constructive examples of such critique can be found in the emerging research field of literacy and knowledge practice in the digital university. Keywords:  open scholarship, digital scholarship, research, public engagement, literacy, digital university (Published: 31 January 2014) Citation : Research in Learning Technology 2014,  21 : 21366 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v21.21366


Radio waves carry both energy and information simultaneously. Nevertheless, radio-frequency (RF) transmissions of these quantities have traditionally been treated separately. Currently, the community is experiencing a paradigm shift in wireless network design, namely, unifying wireless transmission of information and power so as to make the best use of the RF spectrum and radiation as well as the network infrastructure for the dual purpose of communicating and energizing. In this paper, we review and discuss recent progress in laying the foundations of the envisioned dual purpose networks by establishing a signal theory and design for wireless information and power transmission (WIPT) and identifying the fundamental tradeoff between conveying information and power wirelessly. We start with an overview of WIPT challenges and technologies, namely, simultaneous WIPT (SWIPT), wirelessly powered communication networks (WPCNs), and wirelessly powered backscatter communication (WPBC). We then characterize energy harvesters and show how WIPT signal and system designs crucially revolve around the underlying energy harvester model. To that end, we highlight three different energy harvester models, namely, one linear model and two nonlinear models, and show how WIPT designs differ for each of them in single-user and multi-user deployments. Topics discussed include rate-energy region characterization, transmitter and receiver architectures, waveform design, modulation, beamforming and input distribution optimizations, resource allocation, and RF spectrum use. We discuss and check the validity of the different energy harvester models and the resulting signal theory and design based on circuit simulations, prototyping, and experimentation. We also point out numerous directions that are promising for future research.


Prior work on command recommendations for feature-rich software has relied on data supplied by a large community of users to generate personalized recommendations. In this work, we explore the feasibility of using an alternative data source: web documentation. Specifically, our approach uses QF-Graphs, a previously proposed technique that maps higher-level tasks (i.e., search queries) to commands referenced in online documentation. Our approach uses these command-to-task mappings as an automatically generated plan library, enabling our prototype system to make personalized recommendations for task-relevant commands. Through both offline and online evaluations, we explore potential benefits and drawbacks of this approach.


A premature warning about the potential dangers of transgenic potatoes sparked a global media frenzy last week and appears to have ended the career of a food safety expert at the Rowett Research Institute in Aberdeen, Scotland. In a press statement, the institute said it regretted "the release of misleading information about issues of such importance." The incident has left a bitter taste in the mouths of biotech boosters. It "caused a tremendous amount of confusion among consumers, which will take years to undo," claims Anthony Arke of EuropaBio, a Brussels-based biotech association.


Otedama (御手玉) /beanbag
Japanese beanbags are made of colorful scraps of cloth and usually are filled with red azuki beans or rice. They are round and small enough to fit into the palm of a child's hand; some have bells attached. The beanbag game, traditionally played by girls, uses a set of five, seven, or nine beanbags. The complexity of the game ranges from simply juggling to performing various maneuvers with one or more of the other bags while one bag is in midair. An ancient game originally played with pebbles, it assumed its present form around the 17th century.
Source: Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan (1983)
Step 1: Measure & Cut (00:34)
1) Cut out 4 pieces of 2" x 4" rectangular fabric with 2 contrasting patterns
2) With a pen and a ruler, measure 1 3/4" from the edge of the cloth and make a mark
3) Turn it around and again measure 1 3/4" from the edge of the cloth
4) With a scissor, snip about 1/4" on the markings you just made
5) Do the same on the other one

Step 2: Pin to Shape (01:50)
1) Pin the corner together
2) On the slit, pin the fabric by the slit diagonally
3) Turn the cloth 90 degrees and match the slit to the edge of the cloth 1/4" in
4) Pin diagonally again
5) Turn the cloth 90 degrees to make a square
6) Pin the corner diagonally
7) Pin another one on the corner diagonally next to the square slit
8) Pin the other corner as well. Pin on the corner diagonally next to the square slit
9) Adjust if it doesn't fit quite right
10) There should be 6 pins in total and 4 corners that are pinned
11) Do exactly the same to the other two pieces of the cloth

Step 3: Sew the Pieces (04:39)
1) Start somewhere on one of the edges and sew a 1/4" seam by hand
2) Make a couple of small stitches and go back one stitch
3) Make sure the seam comes to the corner
4) Backstitch on the edge of the corner
5) Turn the bottom cloth 90 degrees
6) Make one stitch and go back one stitch again
7) Sew around the seam until the edge
8) Tie a knot and cut the excess thread
9) Do exactly the same sewing method as before to the other one
10) Tie a knot and cut the excess thread

Step 4: Iron the Folds (08:22)
1) Fold the cloth towards the print side
2) Iron on the right side up with the cloth folded towards the patterned side
3) Iron the other side with the cloth folded towards the patterned side
4) Fold the top along the seam and iron
5) Do exactly the same as before to the other one

Step 5: Measure and Cut (10:14)
1) With a pen and a ruler, measure 1 1/2" from the seam or 1 3/4" from the edge, to make the corners
2) Measure the other side as well
3) Do exactly the same as before to the other one
4) With a scissor, snip about ¼" on the markings you just made
5) Do the same on the other one

Step 6: Pin into One Shape (11:11)
1) Pin the two seams together so they line up to form the center
2) Pin the (soon to be) corner diagonally
3) Do the other side as well. Pin the corner diagonally
4) Rotate the fabric 90 degrees at the seam and pin diagonally
5) Pin the rest of the corners like you did previously
6) Adjust if it doesn't fit quite right
7) Pin the other two seams together so they line up to form another center
8) Pin the rest of the corners
9) All of the corners should form a square slit with two pins on the sides
10) Pin it all together to form a small bag

Step 7: Sew to Form a Bag (13:51)
1) From one of the centers, make a ¼" seam along the edge
2) Make a couple of small stitches and go back one stitch
3) Sew all around the seam of the bag except for one side to put the beans in
4) Make one last corner before the opening
5) Sew at about 3/8", a little bit closer to the edge. Make one stitch and go back one stitch
6) Tie a knot and cut the excess thread

Step 8: Iron the Edges (17:10)
1) Fold and iron the opening and the section next to it inwards
2) Iron one section at a time, folding towards the bag
3) Iron the rest of the seams

Step 9: Turn it Right Side Out (18:20)
1) Open the hole and get the center of the other side with a needle
2) Lift the center of the other side through the opening to reveal the right side up
3) Use your finger to find the corners and push a little bit to form a more prominent corner
4) You can also use a needle for this

Step 10: Place Beans & a Bell Inside (19:28)
1) Use whatever is available to you (rice, beans etc). We used split peas to fill the otedama
2) If using split peas, dry them in a frying pan for preservation and for a better sound
3) Use a scoop or a spoon to transfer the peas to the bag through the opening
4) Optional: Place a small bell inside for a greater effect

Step 11: Sew the Opening Shut (20:59)
1) Close the opening by sewing it shut
2) Tie a knot and cut the excess thread

Instructor/Demonstrator: Lilly Tsubaki
International Collections at the University of Kansas Libraries August 10, 2016


The mating-type region of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe comprises three loci: mat1, mat2-P and mat3-M. mat1 is expressed and determines the mating type of the cell. mat2-P and mat3-M are two storage cassettes located in a 17 kb heterochromatic region with features identical to those of mammalian heterochromatin. Mutations in the swi6+, clr1+, clr2+, clr3+, clr4+ and clr6+ genes were obtained in screens for factors necessary for silencing the mat2-P-mat3-M region. swi6+ encodes a chromodomain protein, clr3+ and clr6+ histone deacetylases, and clr4+ a histone methyltransferase. Here, we describe the cloning and characterization of clr2+. The clr2+ gene encodes a 62 kDa protein with no obvious sequence homologs. Deletion of clr2+ not only affects transcriptional repression in the mating-type region, but also centromeric silencing and silencing of a PolII-transcribed gene inserted in the rDNA repeats. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we show that Clr2 is necessary for histone hypoacetylation in the mating-type region, suggesting that Clr2 acts upstream of histone deacetylases to promote transcriptional silencing.


The Smartville complex is a Jurassic volcanic and plutonic arc in the northwestern Sierra Nevada that was deformed during the Late Jurassic Nevadan "orogeny." We interpret the Smartville intrusive complex to have formed during the incipient rifting of an active volcanic arc. This interpretation is supported by the close relationship between volcanism and plutonism and by the close association between sheeted dikes and the younger plutonic rocks. Further support is found in the similarities that exist between the Smartville complex and modern arcs that developed on oceanic crust, either at a continental margin or in the ocean basins. Smartville volcanic rocks consist of a lower unit of tholeiitic submarine flows and pillowed flows that grades upward into an upper unit of calc-alkaline pyroclastic and volcaniclastic deposits. Intrusive rocks include older units of metamorphosed gabbro and massive diabase, which are intruded by a unit of 100% mafic and felsic, sheeted and unsheeted dikes. Biotite-hornblende tonalite and granophyric hornblende tonalite plutons are coeval with the dike complex, and both rock types occur locally as dikes within the dike unit. Continuously and reversely zoned gabbro-diorite plutons are also coeval with the dike complex. Granodiorite plutons are the youngest intrusive unit and may be related to the Sierra Nevada batholith. Relative age relations suggest that the Smartville complex formed in a single volcanic-plutonic system of pre-Nevadan age. The dike complex intrudes and is intruded by both the tonalite and zoned gabbro-diorite plutons. Both the upper and lower volcanic units are intruded by all of the plutonic and hypabyssal units and were deformed prior to the intrusion of the sheeted dike complex. Clasts of plutonic and hypabyssal rocks resembling the younger intrusives, however, occur locally in some of the youngest volcaniclastic rocks, suggesting that shallow plutonism and volcanism could be broadly coeval. Early Nevadan thrust faults juxtapose volcanic and older plutonic rocks of the Smartville complex and Mesozoic(?) chert-argillite broken formation to the east. The younger plutons and the dike complex in the Smartville are deformed by steep, late Nevadan faults and do not intrude chert-argillite broken formation. The youngest granodiorite plutons in the area truncate Nevadan faults, intrude the chert-argillite formation, and appear to be unrelated to the Smartville complex. The Smartville volcanic arc underwent pre-Nevadan intra-arc extension. The sheeted dike complex is the primary manifestation of the rifting event. The elongate shapes of the younger plutons, which are coeval with the dike complex, reflect extensional control on their emplacement. Volcanic rocks in the western and southern Smartville complex were deformed prior to the intrusion of the dike complex.


Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis is a widespread plant nutrition strategy in Australia, especially in semiarid regions. This study aims to determine the diversity, community structure and host preference of ECM fungi in a Tasmanian wet sclerophyll forest. Ectomycorrhizal fungi were identified based on anatomotyping and rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-large subunit (LSU) sequence analysis using taxon-specific primers. Host tree roots were identified based on root morphology and length differences of the chloroplast trnL region. A total of 123 species of ECM fungi were recovered from root tips of Eucalyptus regnans (Myrtaceae), Pomaderris apetala (Rhamnaceae) and Nothofagus cunninghamii (Nothofagaceae). The frequency of two thirds of the most common ECM fungi from several lineages was significantly influenced by host species. The lineages of Cortinarius, Tomentella-Thelephora, Russula-Lactarius, Clavulina, Descolea and Laccaria prevailed in the total community and their species richness and relative abundance did not differ by host species. This study demonstrates that strongly host-preferring, though not directly specific, ECM fungi may dominate the below-ground community. Apart from the richness of Descolea, Tulasnella and Helotiales and the lack of Suillus-Rhizopogon and Amphinema-Tylospora, the ECM fungal diversity and phylogenetic community structure is similar to that in the Holarctic realm.


This paper is concerned with data-driven unsupervised domain adaptation, where it is unknown in advance how the joint distribution changes across domains, i.e., what factors or modules of the data distribution remain invariant or change across domains. To develop an automated way of domain adaptation with multiple source domains, we propose to use a graphical model as a compact way to encode the change property of the joint distribution, which can be learned from data, and then view domain adaptation as a problem of Bayesian inference on the graphical models. Such a graphical model distinguishes between constant and varied modules of the distribution and specifies the properties of the changes across domains, which serves as prior knowledge of the changing modules for the purpose of deriving the posterior of the target variable $Y$ in the target domain. This provides an end-to-end framework of domain adaptation, in which additional knowledge about how the joint distribution changes, if available, can be directly incorporated to improve the graphical representation. We discuss how causality-based domain adaptation can be put under this umbrella. Experimental results on both synthetic and real data demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed framework for domain adaptation. The code is available at this https URL .


Christine A. Bosco THE PHILADELPHIA PHILLIES: WHY DO THEY PLAY TO AN EMPTY STADIUM? 2001/02 Dr. Donald Bagin Master of Arts in Public Relations The purpose of this study was threefold: 1) to determine fans' attitudes about the Philadelphia Phillies, 2) to determine why there is low attendance at Phillies home games, and 3) to determine how fans can be lured back to the stadium. A sample (n = 100) from the Philadelphia and southern New Jersey areas was chosen to complete a 12-question survey. Both quantitative and qualitative data were gathered. Data was processed through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for frequencies and cross-tabulations. Major findings from the study include: 36% of respondents indicated that ticket price was their first consideration when deciding to attend a game, 37% of respondents need to see a winning team as incentive to attend a game, and 24% of respondents identified themselves as Phillies fans and did not attend a single home game last season. Suggestions of ways to improve attendance at Phillies home games were discussed.


Pharmacogenetics, the use of genetic testing to prescribe and develop drugs, has been hailed as a revolutionary development for the pharmaceutical industry and modern medicine. Supporters of 'personalised medicine' claim the result will be safer, cheaper, more effective drugs, and their arguments are beginning to influence policy debates. Based on interviews with clinicians, researchers, regulators and company representatives, this book explores the impact of pharmacogenetics on clinical practice, following two cases of personalised medicine as they make their way from the laboratory to the clinic. It highlights the significant differences between the views of supporters of pharmacogenetics in industry and those who use the technology at the clinical 'coal face'. Theoretically, this work builds on the developing area of the sociology of socio-technical expectations, highlighting the way in which promoters of new technologies build expectations around it, through citation and the creation of technological visions.


Two-period Cournot competition between n identical firms producing at constant marginal cost and able to store before selling has pure strategy Nash-perfect equilibria, in which some firms store to exert endogenously a leadership over rivals. The number of firms storing balances market share gains, obtained by accumulating early the output, with losses in margin resulting from increased sales and higher operation costs. This number and the industry inventories are non monotonic in n. Concentration (HHI) and aggregate sales increase due to the strategic use of inventories.


Tobacco use and cigarette smoking have long been causally linked to a wide variety of poor health outcomes, resulting in a number of public health policy initiatives to reduce prevalence and consumption. Benefits of these initiatives, however, have not been well-established quantitatively. Using 2005–2008 New York Adult Tobacco Survey data, we developed a simulation model to estimate the effectiveness and net benefits of the New York Tobacco Control Program's (NY TCP's) adult smoking cessation assistance initiatives, specifically media campaigns, telephone quitline counseling, and nicotine replacement therapy. In 2008, we estimate that NY TCP generated an estimated 49,195 additional, non-relapsing adult quits (95% CI: 19,878; 87,561) for a net benefit of over $800 million (95% CI: $211 million; $1,575 million). Although the simulation results varied considerably, reflecting uncertainty in the estimates and data, and data sufficient to establish definite causality are lacking, the cessation initiatives examined appear to yield substantial societal benefits. These benefits are of sufficient magnitude to fully offset expenditures not only on these initiatives, but on NY TCP as a whole.


Introduction: We wished to better understand primiparous women's childbirth experiences in private and public hospitals. Within the context of high caesarean section rates, in both private and public hospitals in Turkey, the experiences of women who delivered vaginally needs to be considered if we aim to decrease the number of caesarean births. We, therefore, conducted a descriptive study of women's vaginal birth experiences in two hospitals in Istanbul. Methods: Two hundred and forty primiparous women, from two hospitals (one public, one private), who had vaginal births, were included in this descriptive study. Information was obtained from medical records and through personal interviews with women in the early postpartum period. Birth perceptions, interventions, and supportive practices were investigated. Results: Women in both the private and public hospitals had high rates of obstetric interventions. Interventions, such as enemas, amniotomies, fundal pressure and episiotomies commonly occurred in both hospitals. Oxytocin induction was twice as common in the private hospital. The most common supportive practice was position and mobility during the first stage. Women seldom received oral nourishment or had skin-to-skin contact with the baby. The women in the private hospital, significantly, more often reported that protection of privacy and encouragement from the midwife and from the gynecologist were greater than expected. Conversely, these women, significantly, more often indicated that their levels of fear and anxiety were greater than expected. Conclusions: Primiparous women in both hospitals, who delivered vaginally, experienced multiple interventions during the course of labour and birth. The overall context of high caesarean section rates and high interventions in labour in women at full term illustrate the over-medicalisation of birth. These findings point to the need for greater understanding by women, maternity care providers and policy makers about the potential harm of such practices. Midwives are an essential part of the healthcare system, who can improve the quality of care 35 Journal of Asian Midwives (JAM), Vol. 4, Iss. 1 [2017] Published by eCommons@AKU, 2017 for mothers and babies by providing education, counseling, and support to women and families and through implementing known best practices that promote normal childbearing.


Religious diversity poses a challenge to the view that exclusive religious beliefs can be justified and warranted. Equally upright and thoughtful people who appear to possess similarly well-grounded and coherent systems of belief, come up with irreconcilable religious views. The content of religious beliefs also seems unduly dependent upon culture, and no one religion has been shown to be more transformative than the others. Philosophers have recently made at least three kinds of claims about the effects of diversity on exclusive religious beliefs, and five kinds of claims about the proper effect of diversity on exclusivists themselves. Since there are numerous factors that can influence the epistemic impact of religious diversity on exclusive beliefs, each kind of blanket pronouncement made about the epistemic effects of religious diversity is inadequate.


The study of extremal problems related to independent sets in hypergraphs is a problem that has generated much interest. There are a variety of types of independent sets in hypergraphs depending on the number of vertices from an independent set allowed in an edge. We say that a subset of vertices is j-independent if its intersection with any edge has size strictly less than j. The Kruskal–Katona theorem implies that in an r-uniform hypergraph with a fixed size and order, the hypergraph with the most r-independent sets is the lexicographic hypergraph. In this paper, we use a hypergraph regularity lemma, along with a technique developed by Loh, Pikhurko and Sudakov, to give an asymptotically best possible upper bound on the number of j-independent sets in an r-uniform hypergraph.


Health care costs are unevenly distributed, with a small percent of patients accounting for most health care costs in this country.1,2 A population health perspective is necessary to understand and address the complex needs of patients in the high risk, high cost segment.

In the late 1980s and 1990s, managed care, characterized by "gatekeeping" and heavy-handed utilization authorization, was a version of population cost management.3 Contemporary population health approaches, exemplified by highly integrated delivery systems such as Kaiser Permanente and Geisinger are achieving demonstrable success in the Triple Aims of better care, healthy people/healthy communities, and affordable care.4 Current approaches to managing the most complex chronically ill patients range from turning over their care to highly specialized academic medical centers to building a longitudinal relationship with a primary care medical home employing highly functional interprofessional teams. In contrast to the managed care of the 1990s, the current medical home models are without strict gatekeeping and promote a cooperative relationship between primary care and specialists to create a highly coordinated medical neighborhood.

Academic health centers will always deliver quaternary services that few community providers can provide and will maintain a unique patient mix. They cannot succeed, however, in the new health care paradigm of population health without a strong primary care base. Primary care physicians provide the majority of care to patients with chronic illness in the United States.5 Nearly one-half (42%) of patients with chronic illness have more than a single condition6 and are, therefore, ill-suited for disease-specific, specialty-based medical homes. Primary care physicians comprehensively attend to the multiple medical needs and social needs of these patients, while collaborating with specialists as appropriate. These patients with multimorbidity are not a static group; rather, they frequently move from health to serious medical exacerbation and back to better health. These transitions in health status accompany changes in their life situations, which is why having primary care–based population management and continuity of relationships is critical. Mounting evidence indicates that advanced models of primary care are increasing value, especially for this subgroup of patients in the highest tier of medical costs.7

We, in the Association of Departments of Family Medicine (ADFM), recognize that academic health centers are not Kaiser Permanente and Geisinger. Many departments of family medicine around the country are vigorously engaged in the movement to transform care and to create high-performing medical homes and medical neighborhoods at academic health centers. A major pressure most academic health centers are currently facing is a need to enhance primary care capabilities to provide even the institution's own employees with highly accessible, well-coordinated, affordable care. We have devoted considerable effort in ADFM to understand how we can help move our academic health centers from volume-based to value-based care delivery8 with the ultimate goal of delivering the Triple Aim to all populations served by these large institutions.

As we look to the future, we need to partner with others to proactively facilitate work of many individuals and organizations to address delivery of health care to populations within our communities. We applaud the innovative work by individual family physicians such as Jeff Brenner from Camden, New Jersey, who has demonstrated how health care costs can be cut by finding community "hot spots" where emergency departments are over-utilized.9 We commend the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) for publishing their report on how academic medical centers of the future must be system-based to survive.9 In a recently published report, the AAMC describes 4 options for academic medical centers to move toward a system identity, from forming a new system, to partnering, to merging, or to facing the reality of shrinking in isolation.10 Within ADFM, we are tracking how departments of family medicine (DFMs) are leading health care transformation within their academic health centers. Many of our DFMs are actively engaged in moving to team-based care, improving delivery of preventive services, and promoting more appropriate use of consultations and referrals.11 We will continue to collaborate with others who share the goal of using population health management approaches to improve affordable health care for the nation.


Background: Cardiovascular rehabilitation in Germany traditionally is offered as inpatient service often located far from patient's residence, and ambulatory rehabilitation still represents a minority. The German Registry of Ambulatory Cardiac Rehabilitation (KARREE) was designed to contribute to rehabilitation quality assurance and to evaluate clinical characteristics of patients participating in ambulatory rehabilitation centers. Methods: In four ambulatory rehabilitation centers 2989 patients were consecutively registered from 2008 to 2011 and evaluated with respect to social status, cardiovascular diagnoses and risk factors, psychological status, medication and short term clinical and social outcome. Results: Most patients referred to the ambulatory cardiac rehabilitation had an acute cardiovascular event, with patients after acute coronary syndrome representing the majority (59.9%). Female were strongly underrepresented (16.7%). Patient's clinical characteristics varied with the age groups evaluated ( 70 years). Whereas the reported physical inactivity, overweight and cigarette smoking was declining with age, diabetes and hypertension significantly increased. Furthermore the reported and evaluated psychosocial stress was declining with age. Regarding the group of patients still employed, 43.5 % were estimated as fit for work directly at the end of the rehabilitation program, whereas a stepwise reintegration into employment was performed in 16.7%. The majority of patients were transferred to ambulatory heart groups or other forms of after care for stabilizing regular physical activity. Conclusions: The large variation of the characteristics of patients participating cardiac rehabilitation underscore the need of an individualized approach for a successful implementation of secondary prevention and reintegration of these patients into their social life.


While individual differences and their influence on training and performance have been widely examined in fields such as industrial or educational psychology, they have not been a strong focus of human factors research. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between individual characteristics and complex task performance with special consideration of interaction effects. Fifty engineering students participated in a four-hour training session on a simulated process control task and a testing session one week later. Before the training session, the following individual characteristics were assessed: risk-taking behavior, general mental ability (GMA), and need for cognition (NFC). Interaction effects of risk-taking behavior and GMA, as well as of risk-taking behavior and NFC, on performance were found. Twenty to 30% of the variance in system control performance was accounted for by the individual characteristics and their interaction effects. Findings suggest that interaction effects should be systematically investigated in future research concerning individual differences in the context of human—system interaction.


This paper presents the first large‐scale investigation of the users and uses of WorldCat.org, the world's largest bibliographic database and global union catalog. Using a mixed‐methods approach involving focus group interviews with 120 participants, an online survey with 2,918 responses, and an analysis of transaction logs of approximately 15 million sessions from WorldCat.org, the study provides a new understanding of the context for global union catalog use. We find that WorldCat.org is accessed by a diverse population, with the three primary user groups being librarians, students, and academics. Use of the system is found to fall within three broad types of work‐task (professional, academic, and leisure), and we also present an emergent taxonomy of search tasks that encompass known‐item, unknown‐item, and institutional information searches. Our results support the notion that union catalogs are primarily used for known‐item searches, although the volume of traffic to WorldCat.org means that unknown‐item searches nonetheless represent an estimated 250,000 sessions per month. Search engine referrals account for almost half of all traffic, but although WorldCat.org effectively connects users referred from institutional library catalogs to other libraries holding a sought item, users arriving from a search engine are less likely to connect to a library.


In this research, various concentrations of layered silicate based on vinyl ester nanocomposites were prepared and the effect of the incorporation of layered silicate into the polymer matrix on the different properties was investigated.

The characterisations of interlaminar structure of the nanocomposites by X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry and Transmission Electron Microscopy are undertaken. This study revealed that the incorporation of layered silicate into the polymer matrix formed uniformly distributed nanocomposites structure at low clay content (i.e. 1, 2, and 3 wt.%). At 4 wt.% clay loading, the partially intercalated / exfoliated nanocomposites system was observed as proved by the different characterisations' results. However, the addition of more clay such as 5 wt.% resulted in decreasing the overall intercalation level due to the existence of aggregation layers.

The addition of layered silicate into the vinyl ester matrix increased the environmental, mechanical and thermal properties, and the enhancements were correlated to the results of the characterisations' outputs. The mechanical properties such as flexural, tensile, nanoindentation, impact, and creep properties of neat samples were improved by the incorporation of layered silicate. The presence of layered silicate into the polymer matrix increased the tensile strength and modulus and flexural strength and modulus up to 4 wt.% clay content. The level of intercalation of nanocomposites played an important role in the improvements of the mechanical properties. So, the tensile and flexural properties were correlated to the characterisations' results. At 5 wt.% clay content, the modulus and strength of both tensile and flexural were reduced due to the effect of aggregation layers where the interfacial interaction between the layered silicate and the polymer is reduced.

The nanoindentation test showed that the addition of layered silicate increased the reduced modulus and hardness of the nanocomposites compared to the neat vinyl ester. The presence of only 1 wt.% clay loading increased the hardness and reduced modulus at up to 13% and 11% respectively compared to the pristine polymer. The improvement percentage of hardness and modulus at 2 wt.% were 31% and 19% respectively. The ultimate improvements were observed at 4 wt.% clay loading, where the enhancements in hardness and modulus were 56 and 50% respectively compared to the neat vinyl ester. Further addition of clay resulted in marginal reductions in these properties.

The impact properties of the neat vinyl ester and the nanocomposites were investigated using a low velocity impact testing. The addition of layered silicate into the polymer matrix showed that an optimum range of nanoclay reinforcement in the vinyl ester matrix can produce enhanced load bearing and energy absorption capability compared to the neat matrix.

Likewise, the influence of the clay addition into the neat polymer on the creep relaxation behaviour at 25°C and 60°C was studied. In both cases, the presence of the layered silicate remarkably improved the creep behaviour. The strain reduction is related to the clay concentration level. The neat polymer illustrated higher strain compared to the nanocomposites samples.

Moreover, the addition of layered silicate into the polymer matrix improved the thermal properties. Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) showed that the nanocomposites represent better stability compared to the neat polymer. The onset temperature of the nanocomposites was higher than the neat polymer. At 1, 2, 3, and 4, wt.% clay content, the improvements in onset temperature were 7 %, 4.2 %, 4 %, 2.5 % respectively compared to the virgin polymer. In addition, the incorporation of layered silicate into the polymer matrix increased the thermal conductivity. At 4 wt.% clay, the thermal conductivity was increased by 12% compared to the neat polymer. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is also performed in order to study the effect of the addition of layered silicate into the polymer on the glass transition temperature. The level of intercalation is critical to the Tg values. The nanocomposites represented a marginal reduction in Tg, however at 4 wt.% clay loading the Tg was as same as the neat polymer which was traced to the well-dispersed structure.

Furthermore, the study of environmental measurements, which included the water absorption behaviour and its effect on the nanoindentation test, was investigated. The improvement of the water repellence behaviour was observed for the nanocomposites. The enhancements in barrier properties were related to the clay content. At 5 wt.% clay loading, the reduction of water uptake was about 1266% compared to the neat polymer. The hardness and elastic moduli after water absorption was reduced due to the effect of water molecules entering into the polymer chains. However, the higher amount of clay reinforcement led to less reduction in hardness due to the formation of the barrier properties by the layered silicate. The hardness of neat polymer after immersing in water was reduced by 30% whereas the hardness of 5 wt.% nanocomposites showed only a reduction by 10.3% compared to the dry sample.


The paper studies the so-called coaxial overhead transmission lines. The concentric phases are considered. The mathematical analysis for voltage and current is presented. The telegraphic equations of the double circuit power lines with the mutual effect between circuits are introduced. The condition for single circuit transmission line is checked. The mutual effect between both circuits is studied on the basis of the ratio between the two currents of both circuits. The appeared phase shift between the two vectors of currents is inserted in the investigation. The magnetic field intensity at an external point of a line is mathematically expressed. Its value is approximated for the purpose of zero mutual inductance between phases of the same circuit. The mutual inductance between the two nearest groups of phases due to the linkage flux for the studied line is formulated. Its dependency on the distance from the phases as well as on the ratio of currents of both circuits is analysed. Then, the effect of phase shift on the mutual inductance is investigated. An idea for the control of the ratio between currents of both circuits of a line is presented.


Abstract The aim of this retrospective population-based study was to determine if there is any significant difference in academic achievement between students with a Pierre Robin Sequence (PRS) compared with the general population of Swedish students at the typical time of graduation from compulsory school (usually at 16 years of age). The data were obtained from the Swedish Medical Birth Register for the years 1973–1986 and linked to the Swedish School-Grade Register, which generated a data set of 68 individuals with PRS that were compared with a control group consisting of 1,249,404 individuals. The following outcomes were measured: not receiving a school leaving certificate; their odds of receiving lowest grade; and reduced odds of receiving high grade in the following subjects: mathematics; English; Swedish; and physical education, and their grade point average. For the control group 2.74% did not receive their leaving certificate, while for the individuals with PRS 9.68% (OR = 4.00; 95% CI = 1.81–8.86) did not receive their leaving certificate. There were no differences between the groups in mathematics, English, and Swedish, while, in physical education, individuals with PRS had significantly reduced odds of receiving a high grade in the relative grading system. Individuals with PRS had a significantly lower grade point average: 3.00 ± 0.09 in comparison to the control group: 3.23 ± 0.002, p = 0.002. This study indicates that individuals with PRS experience significant difficulties in their educational achievements in compulsory school in Sweden.


Research on happiness casts doubt on the notion that increases in income generally bring greater happiness. This finding can be taken to imply that economic migration might fail to result in increased happiness for the migrants: migration as a means of increasing one's income might be no more effective in raising happiness than other means of increasing one's income. This implication is counterintuitive: it suggests that migrants are mistaken in believing that economic migration is a path to improving one's well-being, at least to the extent that well-being means (or includes) happiness. This paper considers a scenario in which it is less likely that migrants are simply mistaken in this regard. The finding that increased incomes do not lead to greater happiness is an average (non)effect—and migrants might be exceptional in this regard, gaining happiness from increased incomes to a greater extent than most people. The analysis here, using data from the World Values Survey, finds that the association between income and happiness is indeed stronger for immigrants in the USA than for natives—but even for immigrants that association is still relatively weak. The discussion then considers this finding in light of the fact that immigrants also report lower levels of happiness than natives after controlling for other variables.


We present evidence of coral sexual recruitment, which has typically been low in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, on coral reefs and rocky sites of Gorgona Island, Colombia, and for the first time in the Colombian Pacific. With data obtained by thoroughly examining natural substrates, coral juveniles of at least ten species were found at ten out of 19 sites surveyed during scuba diving explorations performed around the island between 2010-2017; however, no corals were found on settlement plates of five different materials. The two most abundant coral species found as juveniles were Porites panamensis and Pocillopora sp., occurring at mean densities of 5.7 ± 4.7 and 0.07 ± 0.11 colonies m-2 (± SD), respectively, and with mean colony-sizes of 2.3 ± 0.9 cm and 3.5 ± 1.0 cm (± SD), respectively. These results indicate that, even though settlement plates do not seem to be as useful to study coral recruitment in the region as they are elsewhere, coral recruitment derived from the sexual reproduction of a diverse set of species is an active process at Gorgona Island.


As one of globalisation's most visible dimensions, foreign direct investment (FDI) is central to the prospects for developing countries in the world economy. Key issues include the direction of causation between FDI and growth, the potential role of the new information and communication technologies in attracting FDI flows (as well as the role of FDI in building such infrastructure), the process of skill acquisition associated with FDI, and the specific problems that Africa faces in attracting more FDI. Achievement of the Millennium Development Goals requires very fast growth in output and employment if global poverty is to be halved, and FDI could play a very positive role if its development benefits are maximised.


A few years ago, Camus & Lima (2002) wrote an essay to stimulate ecologists to think about how we define and use a fundamental concept in ecology: the population. They concluded, concurring with Berryman (2002), that a population is 'a group of individuals of the same species that live together in an area of sufficient size to permit normal dispersal and/or migration behaviour and in which population changes are largely the results of birth and death processes'. They pointed out that ecologists often forget 'to acknowledge that many study units are neither natural nor even units in terms of constituting a population system', and hence claimed that we 'require much more accuracy than in past decades in order to be more effective to characterize populations and predict their behaviour'. They stated that this is especially necessary 'in disciplines such as conservation biology or resource pest management, to avoid reaching wrong conclusions or making inappropriate decisions'. As a population ecologist and conservation biologist I totally agree with these authors and, like them, I believe that greater precision and care is needed in the use and definition of ecological terms. The point I wish to stress here is that we ecologists tend to forget that when we use statistical tools to infer results from our sample to a population we work with what statisticians term 'imaginary', 'hypothetical' or 'potential' popula-tions. As Zar (1999) states, if our sample data consist of 40 measurements of growth rate in guinea pigs "the population about which conclusions might be drawn is the growth rates of all the guinea pigs that conceivably might have been administered the same food supplement under identical conditions". Such a population does not really exist, and hence it is considered a hypothetical or imaginary population. Compare that definition with the population concept that would be in our minds when performing such measurements. We would probably assume that our study population consisted of pigs (not the growth rates of pigs!) and probably all the pigs at the farm we were sampling, rather than the all the growth rates of the pigs that might conceivably have been administered the same food. We overlook the fact that we are using the statistical tools to try to estimate ecological population para-meters (and test specific hypotheses on the values of these population parameters) but that the ecological population which is in our minds and the statistical (imaginary) population of our tests need not necessarily be the same (and most often are not). So, to avoid wrong inferences (with wide-ranging consequences if we are dealing with decision-making processes) we should do all we possibly can to ensure that our natural populations are as similar as possible to the imaginary populations of statisticians, or at least we should discuss our results within the framework in which our inference was developed. Statistics is not an ad hoc tool invented for us, but rather a tool that we have borrowed from statisticians for our purposes. We should always keep this in mind.


What he heard' is a creative exploration of Jacob von Uexkull's concept of Umwelt. von Uexkull posits that the earth comprises 'unique worlds with equal completeness' and that 'the first task of Umwelt research is to identify each animal's perceptual cues among the stimuli in its environment and to build up the animal's specific world with them' (von Uexkull 1957, 13). The three animals in the story perceive the world in markedly different ways. The first animal, the dog, perceives his environment as an olfactory space. He configures the world into a series of 'scent lines': the bushland becomes a 'familiar pathway' of action to take and obstacles to avoid (von Uexkull 1957, 50). The second animal, the human, follows a different line of perception. His 'relations of meaning' (von Uexkull 1957, 40) create an atmosphere based on his own psyche, even his own physicality. Trees become emaciated bones; roots become knuckles. Most importantly, the sounds of the bush become human breath and human agony. This presentation of the human Umwelt is influenced by current philosophical attempts to describe our world: in particular, the notion of the Anthropocene. Stiegler notes that the human vision of the Anthropocene is 'global', a discourse of domination over our environment. It is, he writes, 'a massive and high-speed process...operating on a planetary scale' (Stiegler 2015, 6). Beck confirms this: he writes that the identification of 'our' time as Anthropocene in some ways an attempt to claim the earth as an artefact of human 'posterity' (Beck 2014, 405). Even though there may be 'little time to ponder upon death', there is 'time enough to report the fact' (Beck 2014, 406). In other words, we are at least able to create a story about ourselves, even if it is a story about a cry of anguish and fear. The third animal's Umwelt, hidden until the end of the story, presents a different 'relationship between a living subject and its object' (von Uexkull 1957, 11). Oblivious to the human psyche, the animal nevertheless takes human experiences and incorporates them into his own melody. The human vision of the Anthropocene may be global, but there may be another ways to engage with the world, 'manifold and varied as the animals themselves' (von Uexkull 1957, 5). This journal article is available in Animal Studies Journal: http://ro.uow.edu.au/asj/vol4/iss2/13


Background In recent years mobile devices (smartphones) have been used to gather subjective and objective international athlete health and wellbeing data via athlete self-report measures (ASRM's). Aim To implement a system of ASRM's in elite women's international soccer players. Method ASRM's require players to rate their perceived level of fatigue, motivation, stress, sleep quality on a 10 point scale and objective data such as sleep hours, illness/injury and menstrual cycle. The Scotland women's national soccer team were asked to provide this data on a daily basis via a hand held mobile device both during periods of international duty and when with their domestic clubs. Results 26 international soccer players compiled this data over a period of six months. The adherence rate overall was 48% (home based players 64%, exiles 38%). Strengths of this process include decreased administration time for support staff, quantification of athlete wellbeing providing the ability to analyse this longitudinally and decrease both observer and peer bias. Weaknesses of this form of data collection include poor compliance, unstandardised timing of completion and decreased face-to-face conversations leading to a reduction in the identification of changes to body language. Conclusion ASRM's have proved an invaluable tool for the quantification of health and wellbeing within the Scottish women's national soccer team. They have provided important initial 'red flags' for many illness and injury situations during international and club duty. However, they cannot remove face-to-face wellbeing conversations completely and require practitioners to communicate the results obtained from ASRMs for continued athlete buy-in.


Lucas, Voss, and Paller sympathize with our intentions but disagree with our findings. They argue that a relation between frequency and conceptual priming may have been obscured by methodological details in our second experiment, therefore failing to complete a bridge between conceptual priming and FN400 with name frequency as the mediator. However, renewed inspections of our experiment and a new additional experiment, designed to meet the objections, fail to find any role for name frequency in conceptual priming and therefore re-establish the dissociation of priming and the FN400. On closer inspection, our differing views seem to derive from different interpretations of the term "concept."