The upper Ludington and lower Pardonet formations at Black Bear Ridge, northeastern British Columbia, Canada repre- sent a continuously exposed succession through the upper Carnian and lower Norian (medial Upper Triassic). These strata were depos- ited in a deep marine setting (distally steepened carbonate ramp / medial to distal slope) on the northwestern margin of Pangaea. The Black Bear Ridge section is apparently continuous, with no evidence for either subaerial exposure or submarine erosion. The absence of erosional scours in the study interval confirms emplacement of these strata below both fair-weather and storm wave base. Event beds, particularly those resulting from sediment gravity flows, dominate the Carnian-Norian boundary interval at Black Bear Ridge. Upper Carnian strata, primarily assigned to the Ludington Formation at Black Bear Ridge, record an upward transition from moderate-scale, olistolith-bearing debris flow deposits (debrites) to medium / thin-bedded turbidites remobilised as small-scale sediment slump /slides. The Carnian-Norian boundary interval and the lower Norian succession is dominated by medium- to thin-bed- ded calcareous turbidites and lesser hemipelagic suspension deposits. Diverse and abundant fossil assemblages, particularly conodonts and bivalves, occur within the study interval. Despite evidence of post-depositional sediment remobilisation (i.e debrites and turbidites) conodont faunal successions indicate that the Black Bear Ridge section represents a complete and continuously exposed Carnian-Norian boundary succession. Rapid and relatively continuous sedi- mentation is attested to by the thickness of the section, the abundance of calcareous turbidites and the thin nature of intercalated hemipelagic beds. Abundant well-preserved fossils, evidence of continuous and rapid sedimentation and minimal alteration by tectonic disturbances, metamorphism or diagenesis make Black Bear Ridge an excellent candidate Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the Carnian-Norian boundary.


During the Gilded Age, which saw the dawn of America's enduring culture wars, Robert Green Ingersoll was known as "the Great Agnostic." The nation's most famous orator, he raised his voice on behalf of Enlightenment reason, secularism, and the separation of church and state with a vigor unmatched since America's revolutionary generation. When he died in 1899, even his religious enemies acknowledged that he might have aspired to the U.S. presidency had he been willing to mask his opposition to religion. To the question that retains its controversial power today-was the United States founded as a Christian nation?-Ingersoll answered an emphatic no. In this provocative biography, Susan Jacoby, the author of Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism, restores Ingersoll to his rightful place in an American intellectual tradition extending from Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine to the current generation of "new atheists." Jacoby illuminates the ways in which America's often-denigrated and forgotten secular history encompasses issues, ranging from women's rights to evolution, as potent and divisive today as they were in Ingersoll's time. Ingersoll emerges in this portrait as one of the indispensable public figures who keep an alternative version of history alive. He devoted his life to that greatest secular idea of all-liberty of conscience belonging to the religious and nonreligious alike.


Cruciferous vegetables contain glucosinolates that, after conversion to isothiocyanates (ITC), are capable of inducing cytoprotective genes. We examined whether broccoli seeds can elicit a chemoprotective response in mouse organs and rodent cell lines and investigated whether this response requires nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The seeds studied contained glucosinolate at 40 mmol/kg, of which 59% comprised glucoiberin, 19% sinigrin, 8% glucoraphanin, and 7% progoitrin. Dietary administration of broccoli seeds to nrf2(+/+) and nrf2(-/-) mice produced a approximately 1.5-fold increase in NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities in stomach, small intestine, and liver of wild-type mice but not in mutant mice; increased transferase activity was associated with elevated levels of GSTA1/2, GSTA3, and GSTM1/2 subunits. These seeds also increased significantly the level of glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic (GCLC) subunit in the stomach and the small intestine of nrf2(+/+) mice but not nrf2(-/-) mice. An aqueous broccoli seed extract was prepared for treatment of cultured cells that contained ITC at approximately 600 mumol/L, composed of 61% 3-methylsulfinylpropyl ITC, 30% sulforaphane, 4% allyl ITC, and 4% 3-butenyl ITC. This extract induced GSTA1/2, GSTA3, NQO1, and GCLC between 3-fold and 10-fold in mouse Hepa-1c1c7 and rat liver RL-34 cells. The broccoli seed extract affected increases in GSTA3, GSTM1, and NQO1 proteins in nrf2(+/+) mouse embryonic fibroblasts but not in nrf2(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts. These experiments show that broccoli seeds are effective at inducing antioxidant and detoxication proteins, both in vivo and ex vivo, in an Nrf2-dependent manner.


As in many other countries Turkish trade unions have become increasingly active in applying transnational mechanisms to target transnational corporations (TNCs) and suppliers that do not respect labor rights. This article focuses on the contributions of Global Union Federations (GUFs) in coordinating transnational solidarity campaigns and the European trade union movement's use of its 'social dialogue' policy to support Turkish struggles. The method of organizing transnational solidarity campaigns through a coalition building process among unions and pro-labor NGOs is explained and three solidarity campaigns from Turkey, (UPS campaign in the transport sector, Novamed campaign in the chemical sector and the DESA campaign in the textile-leather sector) are compared. This coalition building process offers suitable conditions to unite the power coming from production with the power coming from consumption and is able to put effective pressure on TNCs to respect labor rights. The ability of transnational campaigns to follow up issues and coalitions' willingness to work together for a long period determine the fate of unions' activities.


This paper focuses on Service Level Agreements (SLAs) for industrial applications that aim to port some of the control functionalities to the cloud. In such applications, industrial requirements should be reflected in SLAs. In this paper, we present an approach to integrate safety-related aspects of an industrial application to SLAs. We also present the approach in a use case. This is an initial attempt to enrich SLAs for industrial settings to consider safety aspects, which has not been investigated thoroughly before.


Short‐term increases in surface velocity have long been observed on alpine glaciers and more recently across the Greenland Ice Sheet. Alpine speed‐up events typically occur when the subglacial drainage system is unable to accommodate a sudden and large influx of water. The ensuing backup of water in the drainage system commonly leads to a rise in subglacial water pressure, local ice–bed decoupling and enhanced sliding. Through horizontal stress coupling, this locally induced high pressure forcing also increases glacier motion in regions adjacent to the decoupled regions by enhanced, non‐locally forced basal motion. These speed‐up events demonstrate the importance of subglacial hydromechanical adjustments for patterns of glacier flow. This article applies Kavanaugh and Clarke's ( 2006 ) numerical model, which simultaneously solves equations that describe the time‐evolution of subglacial sediment pore‐water pressure, bed deformation, glacier sliding and ice‐dynamical shear stress transfer, to Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland. Model input parameters are determined from field observations and interpretations of the basal hydrological system beneath the main glacier tongue and in particular during an approximate fivefold increase in surface velocity observed in June 1998 (Mair et al., 2003 ). Model output, in the form of synthetic subglacial instrument responses, is compared with signals recorded by instruments emplaced at the glacier bed. Sensitivity analyses demonstrate that while the model outputs are sensitive to input parameters, modelled sediment strength and shear strain rate responses show good agreement, in both magnitude and form, with values recorded in the field under specific realistic parameterizations. The qualitative agreement between measurements and modelled output suggests that the key assumptions regarding hydraulically induced changes in sediment strength, sediment deformation and basal shear stress distribution are sound. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The aim of this thesis is to understand the basic physico/chemical behaviour of novel nitrospiropyran-substituted-(poly)terthiophene materials. Attractive characteristics that distinguish these materials include electrochemical/photochemical-switching processes. Understanding the fundamental behaviour of these new derivatives is the key to taking advantage of these characteristics. The stimuli induced isomerisation between the colourless spiropyran and the highly coloured merocyanine is the key-process studied in this research.
Chapter 2 reports the electrochromic behaviour of spiropyran, through irreversible electrooxidative isomerisation in at least two merocyanine isomers. The molecular photophysical processes of the electrochemically-generated polymer are reported and the properties studied.
In Chapter 3 a new monomer, which differs by a single methylene group in the linking ester-linker functionality from the previous one, will be introduced. A nitrospiropyran was used as a reference, and a detailed spectroscopy analysis will help in the description of the thermodynamic properties.
Chapter 4 highlights how the polymeric molecular switches can bind an important extracellular protein, fibronectin, and explores by means of microscopy the on-demand tuning of the protein adhesion.
A new derivative is presented in Chapter 5, wherein a spiropyran moiety is intercalated between two thiophenes. The electrochemical and optical switching of the spiropyran and thiophene groups were investigated.
In Chapter 6 three new spiropyran-based derivatives are presented, and routes to multi-modal switching behavior are explored via photochemical, electrochemical and chemical stimuli, such as pH. Their reversibility and their properties are investigated using both spectroscopic and electroanalytical methods.
The final chapter outlines future work and initial progress related to the integration of spiropyran-thiophene polymers into photo-electro active portable analytical devices.


We consider the problem of generating rankings that are fair towards both users and item producers in recommender systems. We address both usual recommendation (e.g., of music or movies) and reciprocal recommendation (e.g., dating). Following concepts of distributive justice in welfare economics, our notion of fairness aims at increasing the utility of the worse-off individuals, which we formalize using the criterion of Lorenz efficiency. It guarantees that rankings are Pareto efficient, and that they maximally redistribute utility from better-off to worse-off, at a given level of overall utility. We propose to generate rankings by maximizing concave welfare functions, and develop an efficient inference procedure based on the Frank-Wolfe algorithm. We prove that unlike existing approaches based on fairness constraints, our approach always produces fair rankings. Our experiments also show that it increases the utility of the worse-off at lower costs in terms of overall utility.


Recent interest in the implicit self-esteem construct has led to the creation and use of several new assessment tools whose psychometric properties have not been fully explored. In this article, the authors investigated the reliability and validity of seven implicit self-esteem measures. The different implicit measures did not correlate with each other, and they correlated only weakly with measures of explicit self-esteem. Only some of the implicit measures demonstrated good test-retest reliabilities, and overall, the implicit measures were limited in their ability to predict our criterion variables. Finally, there was some evidence that implicit self-esteem measures are sensitive to context. The implications of these findings for the future of implicit self-esteem research are discussed.


See it done, do it yourself! Spend less time reading and more time doing with this simple, step-by-step approach. Excel 2003 provides powerful new tools with which to create, analyze, and share spreadsheet information. Based on a proven, successful series format, this book uses a visual page design with easy-to-read text to teach beginning to intermediate level Excel tasks. Troubleshooting guides, "see also" referencing, sample projects, and MOS objectives add even more for the ambitious learner. Author Steve Johnson is a professional trainer and author of several best-selling books.


C1q receptors (C1qR) have been identified on a variety of somatic and cultured cells including peripheral blood platelets. Since platelets are likely to encounter both circulating C1q multimers and C1q associated with the extracellular matrix after complement activation by the classical pathway, the present study was designed to assess the effect of fluid phase and immobilized C1q on platelet function. Platelet adhesion to C1q-coated surfaces was accompanied by the induction of fibrinogen receptors. Scatchard analysis of fibrinogen binding to adherent platelets revealed the binding of approximately 10,000 molecules of fibrinogen per platelet with a Kd of 0.1 +/- 0.03 microM (mean +/- SD, n = 4). Furthermore, fluid phase C1q multimers were noted to aggregate platelets at doses > 5 micrograms/ml. This aggregation was preceded by a rise in inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) (6.9 +/- 2.4 pmoles/10(9) platelets at 15 s, n = 4), and activation of GPIIb-IIIa complexes supporting fibrinogen binding. Platelet aggregation in response to C1q multimers was accompanied by the aspirin-inhibitable release of granule contents and P-selectin (CD62) expression. Platelet aggregation was inhibited by the collagenous domain of C1q (c-Clq) and a monoclonal antibody directed against C1q receptors, suggesting the direct involvement of the 67-kD platelet C1qR. Antibodies against the very late antigen 2 or CD36 collagen receptors were without effect. Platelet exposure to C1q multimers was also accompanied by the expression of procoagulant activity, as demonstrated by the dose-dependent shortening of the kaolin recalcification time of normal plasma from 108 +/- 12 s in the presence of unstimulated platelets to 62 +/- 14 s in the presence of platelets that had been preincubated (5 min, 37 degrees C) with 100 micrograms/ml multimeric C1q (n = 3). These data suggest that platelet interactions with C1q multimers or immobilized C1q, resulting in the activation of GPIIb-IIIa fibrinogen binding sites and the expression of P-selectin as well as platelet procoagulant activity, are likely to contribute to thrombotic events associated with complement activation and inflammation.


BACKGROUND
There is evidence that vulnerability to depression and anxiety disorders is markedly increased by traumatic life events. While childhood abuse has been reported to be associated with poorer outcomes in bipolar disorder, little is known about the neurobiological basis underlying this association. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether bipolar patients who were exposed to a traumatic event or events (TE) have lower brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and more severe psychopathology as indicated by increased comorbidity and other clinical features when compared to those who were not exposed to TE.

METHODS
One-hundred and sixty-three consecutively recruited bipolar outpatients were assessed by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) and standard protocol in order to evaluation psychopathology and clinical features. The reported TE was assessed using DSM-IV stem criteria for trauma (as defined by A1 and A2 criteria for trauma for post-traumatic stress disorder). Subjects were divided into 2 groups according to presence or absence of lifetime TE. The levels of BDNF, comorbidity and other clinical features were compared between groups.

RESULTS
After adjusting for confounders, results indicated that bipolar patients with a history of TE have alcohol abuse/dependence (p < 0.001), anxiety comorbidity, and lower levels of serum BDNF (p < 0.01) compared to those without a history of TE. There was no difference between the 2 groups in age of onset, presence of psychosis, other substance abuse and dependence, rapid cycling or suicide attempts.

CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that TE are associated with significantly increased prevalence of alcohol and anxiety comorbidity as well as lower BDNF levels in bipolar patients. It is possible that a decrease in BDNF levels may account for increased comorbidity, but further prospective studies are required to confirm this.


Triaxial braid composite materials are beginning to be used in fan cases for commercial gas turbine engines. The primary benefit for the use of composite materials is reduced weight and the associated reduction in fuel consumption. However, there are also cost benefits in some applications. This paper presents a description of the braided composite materials and discusses aspects of the braiding process that can be utilized for efficient fabrication of composite cases. The paper also presents an approach that was developed for evaluating the braided composite materials and composite fan cases in a ballistic impact laboratory. Impact of composite panels with a soft projectile is used for materials evaluation. Impact of composite fan cases with fan blades or blade-like projectiles is used to evaluate containment capability. A post-impact structural load test is used to evaluate the capability of the impacted fan case to survive dynamic loads during engine spool down. Validation of these new test methods is demonstrated by comparison with results of engine blade-out tests.


Effective classroom management is playing a vital role in strengthening instructional process and makes it more productive, effective and successful. Without effective classroom management, teaching learning process has no fruitful results. Classroom disruptive behaviour of students is one of the important issues in field of education that affects the teaching learning process negatively. The purpose of the study was to explore the techniques used by secondary school teachers in managing classroom disruptive behaviours. All the secondary school teachers and students in District Karak constituted the population of the study. Only 135 secondary school teachers and 920 students (at the rate of 75% and 15% respectively) were selected as sample through simple random sampling technique. As the study was descriptive in nature therefore questionnaire was used as research instrument. Data was collected through personals visits. Percentage and chi square were used as statistical tools for the analysis of the data. After analysis of the data, the researchers arrived at the results that the overall performance of the secondary school teachers in managing classroom disruptive behaviour is satisfactory as they use constructive and appropriate techniques to control the classroom disruptive behaviour. However, the negative area of the secondary school teachers in managing classroom disruptive behaviour is that they do not devise any rules and regulations of classroom management at the opening day of the class. Parents are not informed through letters about the disruptive behaviour of their children. Therefore it is strongly recommended that at opening day of the class, classroom management norms, rules and regulations should be formulated and announced so that students may understand the conduct of a teacher. A special training programme regarding management of classroom disruptive behaviour should be launched to equip the existing teachers with modern techniques to control and manage classroom disruptive behavior properly. KEYWORDS: Techniques, Secondary School Teachers, Classroom Disruptive Behavior, Secondary School Students


This PhD research analyses the institutional and organisational determinants of shareholder engagement on environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) issues in Brazil and South Africa. Using an institutional framework, this study investigates the institutional incentives and barriers faced by domestic investors when engaging with companies on ESG issues. It also identifies which types of investors are more likely to engage. The key research question of this PhD study was investigated using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Statistical analysis was used to identify which types of investors are more likely to engage, and the results were explored in semi-structured interviews. The institutional influences on shareholder engagement in these countries were also explored through semi-structured interviews. The research findings demonstrate that the engagement strategies most commonly employed by South African investors are individual meetings with companies to address ESG issues, while Brazilian investors mainly use collaborative engagement and appointment of investor representatives onto Boards of Directors of investee companies. As for the determinants of engagement in these countries, legislation and the influence of investor associations are driving local investors to engage with companies both directly and indirectly. Moreover, the influence of the legal and self-regulatory guidelines is encouraging pension funds to question asset managers about their RI practices and, to a lesser extent, to outsource engagement activities. This is because, since most pension funds in Brazil and South Africa are small and lack financial resources, staff and investment knowledge, they are shifting the RI responsibilities imposed on them by mandatory and voluntary regulations to service providers. In terms of investor characteristics, the statistical data and the interviews show that larger investors and asset managers are more likely to engage with investee companies than smaller investors and pension funds. This is largely because smaller investors and pension funds have insufficient resources available to them, pension fund trustees lack investment understanding, and the potential for smaller investors to influence companies is limited.
In addition, active investors are more likely to engage than passive investors as they are motivated by their goal to outperform the market as well as the remuneration incentives available to active managers. Furthermore, passive investors are unable to divest from companies. By studying the determinants of shareholder engagement in the emerging markets, this study offers academic and practical contributions. Academically, the study contributes to the literature on shareholder engagement, and particularly on emerging markets where the level of RI and engagement activities is increasing, but on which limited literature is available. Furthermore, the research shows that the institutional frameworks in place in Brazil and South Africa are likely to bring further growth for the practice of RI and shareholder engagement. As practical contributions, the identification of the most common engagement strategies employed and of the determinants of engagement will help investors to develop more effective engagement strategies and will help public and non-governmental organisations develop policies to foster engagement.


After the recent crisis, the Basel Committee decided to create a new regulatory framework, Basel III. This is because the recession demonstrated the inability of Basel II accord to prevent the economic crisis. Basel III on the other hand, has come to rectify all these weaknesses, however its focus is on liquidity risk and on regulatory capital requirements. For this reason, Basel III makes changes on capital definition and has increased the capital charges for derivatives and securities. Also, Basel III has introduced the liquidity and coverage ratio that the former is separated into Liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) and Net stable funding ratio (NSFR), which their main objective is to increase liquidity during economic stress periods. Even though Basel III has not been fully implemented and it's under construction, its main provisions of capital requirements, liquidity coverage ratio (LCR), Net stable funding ratio (NSFR) and the leverage ratio have been criticized as increasing the cost of bank lending to borrowers. Finally, it is argued that Basel III could have a dampening effect on economic growth.


Many signaling pathways control cell survival, and it has become apparent that the intracellular localization of some pathway components is critical for their effect. For example, activation of protein kinase B (PKB, also called Akt) protects cells from apoptosis, but this activation process requires two steps--translocation to membranes and then phosphorylation on serine and threonine residues. Fukuda et al. report that the translocation step depends on calponin homology domain-containing integrin-linked (ILK)-binding protein (CH-ILKBP). This adaptor protein interacts with ILK and the cytoskeletal proteins paxillin and actin, and it is found at actin-plasma membrane junctions. Loss of CH-ILKBP expression by interfering RNA treatment of cells did not affect focal adhesion formation or ILK localization to adhesion sites. However, this condition caused a decrease in PKB membrane localization and phosphorylation, yet increased caspase activity and apoptosis. Expression of a myristoylated, constitutively membrane-bound form of PKB in CH-ILKBP-depleted cells restored PKB phosphorylation and rescued cells from apoptosis. Because ILK can phosphorylate PKB and both proteins localize at or near sites of cell-extracellular matrix contact, the authors propose that CH-ILKBP could facilitate localized activation of PKB. T. Fukuda, L. Guo, X. Shi, C. Wu, CH-ILKBP regulates cell survival by facilitating the membrane translocation of protein kinase B/Akt. J. Cell. Biol. 160, 1001-1008 (2003). [Abstract] [Full Text]


In the United Kingdom, the Department of Health and many funding bodies require public involvement in health and social care research. However, members of the public are still mostly engaged in research as subjects/participants, or in a limited consultative capacity. Although little has been published about researcher attitudes, it is known that some resist greater public involvement in research, through fears articulated in terms of control and quality maintenance. Including non-professionals and non-academics as full team members invariably impacts on how research is conducted, and demands that researchers 'do' research in ways with which they are not necessarily familiar or comfortable. In particular, researchers may need to re-examine constructions of 'research' and the researcher role, and the relationship between 'expert' (professional/academic) and 'situated' (non-professional/academic) knowledge. Over the last two years, the University of the West of England, Bristol (UWE) has developed a system through which service users, carers and/or members of the public can actively contribute to the conception, design and conduct of research. This paper presents UWE researchers' reflections on the impact of public involvement on their role, drawing on their experience across three projects with substantial public input. These include a national evaluation for the Department of Health and a project supported by the Higher Education Innovation Fund. Key aspects of these reflections include researchers' recognition of their own preconceptions about public involvement in research; their perceptions of academic-public power relationships within the research process; and positions they have adopted with a view to optimising research outputs.


Introduction Suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviours are common yet complex mental health presentations that can pose significant challenges for health professionals. The inability to accurately predict the individuals who may move from experiencing suicidal ideation and associated behaviours, to completing suicide, presents one such challenge. This can make it difficult to provide interventions and support to those most in need. Online health communities are one possible source of support for individuals who experience suicidal ideation and behaviours. These communities are becoming an increasingly popular way of accessing support, often with life-saving consequences. Within online communities, support is offered by various individuals including, in some instances, health professionals from various backgrounds, who work as online health community moderators. Given the growth of online communities and the increasing number of health professionals working as moderators, this scoping review seeks to map the literature that has focused on health professionals working as online community moderators, who interact with members experiencing suicidal ideation and behaviours. Mapping the existing literature offers benefits to both research and practice by identifying gaps in the research and providing a beginning knowledge base of current practice that can inform the training and development of health professionals working as community moderators. Methods and analysis This scoping review will follow the methodological framework of Arksey and O'Malley, later adapted by Levac et al. To ensure appropriate rigour, this protocol uses the 20-item Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and extension for Scoping Reviews. Literature will be identified using a search strategy developed in consultation with a specialist research librarian at the university where the researchers are employed. Ten multidisciplinary databases will be independently searched by two researchers, and both researchers will screen for inclusion, and undertake the data extraction. The first author will perform a quality assessment of the articles that are selected for inclusion. A second researcher will complete a random audit of 20% of the included articles to assess for quality and suitability in answering the research questions. The first author will complete the analysis and synthesis of the data. A numerical and narrative synthesis of the included studies will be provided. Ethics and dissemination The scoping review has been deemed as being exempt from ethical review as no data will be collected from human participants. The results of the scoping review may be published in a peer-reviewed journal, thesis, presented at relevant conferences, and shared with relevant knowledge users.


We present techniques for gathering data that expose errors of automatic predictive models. In certain common settings, traditional methods for evaluating predictive models tend to miss rare-but-important errors--most importantly, rare cases for which the model is confident of its prediction (but wrong). In this paper we present a system that, in a game-like setting, asks humans to identify cases that will cause the predictive-model-based system to fail. Such techniques are valuable in discovering problematic cases that do not reveal themselves during the normal operation of the system, and may include cases that are rare but catastrophic. We describe the design of the system, including design iterations that did not quite work. In particular, the system incentivizes humans to provide examples that are difficult for the model to handle, by providing a reward proportional to the magnitude of the predictive model's error. The humans are asked to "Beat the Machine" and find cases where the automatic model ("the Machine") is wrong. Experiments show that the humans using Beat the Machine identify more errors than traditional techniques for discovering errors in from predictive models, and indeed, they identify many more errors where the machine is confident it is correct. Further, the cases the humans identify seem to be not simply outliers, but coherent areas missed completely by the model. Beat the machine identifies the "unknown unknowns".


Can localized deposition resulting from river avulsion produce downstream sediment-starvation effects similar to those in channels downstream from dams? We explore this question by examining a 130 km reach of the Saskatchewan River (Canada) downstream of an active, 500 km 2 avulsion belt initiated in the 1870s. Progradation history and measurements of bedload and channel-bed grain size indicate that little coarse sediment has escaped the avulsion belt since its inception. Comparisons of 17 channel cross sections surveyed in 1911, 1954–1956, and 2011–2012 show that bankfull areas enlarged by deepening and widening in the upper two-thirds of the study reach since 1911. Between 1911 and 1954–1956, average channel area increased by 35% in the upper 45 km, and as much as 44% locally. From 1954–1956 to 2011–2012, additional enlargement occurred in the upper 35 km, averaging 52% since 1911. These increases occurred despite a 24% decrease in mean annual discharge since 1913. These changes are interpreted as effects of sediment sequestration in the upstream avulsion belt. Net erosion by sediment-deficient outflows from areas of avulsive deposition may be an underappreciated process in evolving floodplains.


The method of indirect structural analysis by using influence lines is extended to the analysis of elastic continua plates, shells, or three dimensional solids. Effective incorporation with the finite element method is made possible by a concept similar to the Mueller-Breslau principle. The introduction of equivalent nodal forces makes it possible to find the influence surfaces for every deflection and for every internal stress in the continuum by a single inversion of the global stiffness matrix. With the influence surfaces known, critical live load positioning can then be determined to find the extreme stresses and extreme deflections. Numerical examples are given for the simply supported isotropic plate and a three-span simply supported continuous isotropic plate for accuracy and convergence check. The results are remarkably good.


Researchers have long been interested in the synergy between portability and computing power but had been limited by unwieldy, uncommonly used devices. The latest generation of mobile phones, i.e. 'smartphones', are equipped with hardware powerful enough to develop novel, interesting applications with allow users to directly interact with the world around them. This paper describes a multimodal, augmented reality translator developed using a smartphone's (Nokia N900) camera and touchscreen combined with OCR (Tesseract) and online translation services (Google Translation API). We describe our methods for tracking, text detection, OCR and translation, and provide results quantifying OCR accuracy on a set of signs collected around the UCSB campus.


IT IS increasingly evident that emissions of nitrogen gases from agriculture to the atmosphere represent a loss of N to agriculture and can have important environmental effects. The main gases of concern are the direct greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) and the indirect greenhouse gases nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), the last two being known collectively as NOx, and ammonia (NH3). Nitrous oxide is a powerful greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 298 times that of CO2. In the atmosphere, the indirect greenhouse gases take part in chemical reactions and eventually, they and their products are deposited on earth where they can undergo nitrification and denitrification with the consequent formation of N2O. Previous work with sugarcane showed that emissions of NH3-N to the atmosphere from surface applications of urea could be as much as 40% of the N applied. New practices that bury the fertiliser can reduce NH3 losses although whole of season reductions have not been quantified previously; nor have those of NOx. This paper reports emissions of N2O, NOx and NH3 from a rain-fed, fertilised, trashblanketed sugarcane soil at Mackay, Queensland. Emissions were measured using near-continuous automatic chamber and micrometeorological techniques for the whole of the 2006–2007 season and for the first 2 months of the 2007–2008 season. The nitrogen fertiliser was mostly urea applied at a rate of 150 kg N/ha into slits 10 to 15 cm deep. Nitrous oxide emissions accounted for around 5 kg N/ha, or 3% of the applied N in the 2006–2007 season, with NOx and NH3 together accounting for around 1.5 kg N/ha, or about 1% of applied N. Allowing for an estimated loss of 20 kg N2-N/ha through denitrification, the net loss would amount to 26.5 kg N/ha or 17 % of the N applied. The main drivers of N2O and NOx emissions appeared to be the availability of a mineral N source and the water content of the near-surface soil. However, NH3 emissions appeared to have a source different from the soil, possibly the trash and the sugarcane foliage. Our emission measurements indicate that only insignificant Macdonald BCT et al. Proc Aust Soc Sugar Cane Technol Vol 31 2009 ______________________________________________________________________ 86 amounts of N2O are likely to be formed through the deposition pathway in the main sugarcane growing regions and that burying urea fertiliser is very effective in preventing N losses through NH3 volatilisation. Only 0.3% of the fertiliser applied was lost as NH3 over the 2006–2007 growing season.


Ajanta:Year by Year is planned as a biography of this remarkable site, starting with the earliest caves, dating from some two thousand years, to its startling renaissance in the brief period between approximately 462 and 480. Concentrating on the excavations of the later period, during the reign of the Vakataka emperor Harisena, it attempts to show how, after a surprising gap of some three hundred years, Ajanta's proud and pious courtly patrons and its increasingly committed workmen created not only the greatest but the latest monument of India's Golden Age. Nearly three hundred illustrations, in color and black and white, reveal the exuberant flowering of Ajanta and related Vakataka monuments, as well as the manner of their sudden demise.


Present erosion and sediment flux in the semiarid intra- montane Santa Maria Basin, NW Argentina, are compared with con- ditions during a period of wetter and more variable climate at about 30,000 14 C yr ago. The results suggest that the influence of climate change on the overall erosional sediment budget is significant, mainly because of a change in the erosion regime coupled with an increase in mass movements. The most effective mechanism to increase landslide activity in this environment is a highly variable climate on interannual timescales. In contrast, Quaternary changes in erosional budgets due to variations in moisture regimes is small in the Santa Maria Basin. Because the magnitude of a potential increase in background erosion as well as enhanced landsliding is smaller than typical levels of uncer- tainty of erosional budgets for such large basins, it is not likely that climate-driven erosional unloading can influence tectonic style and rates in this semiarid environment on time scales of several thousands to a few tens of thousands of years.


Although agriculture is the prime source of livelihood for a majority of rural population in the North-Eastern region (NER) of India, dependence on livestock as an alternative source of income is significant. Responding to the burgeoning demand for livestock products in a sustainable manner is a big challenge. The widening gap between the demand and supply of livestock products can be met through bringing out changes in the production structure or opening up the international trade. In this context, an analysis of performance and factors influencing development of the livestock sector in NER has been carried out. The growth of livestock sector has been found slower in the NER than at the national level. However, a significant proportion of landless labourers, small and marginal farmers have access to livestock resources and acceleration in the growth of livestock in NER offers significant opportunities for household income augmentation and employment generation. Several factors identified to influence households' decision to rear livestock include availability of labour, occupation, caste, farm-size, availability of irrigation, and access to information sources. The study has shown that the NE states should take technical, institutional and policy initiatives for the improvement of breeds, feed availability, disease control and food safety of livestock.


Since 2004, with the aim to provide a consistent picture of the European microfinance sector, the European Microfinance Network (EMN) carried out, on a biennial basis, a survey of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Europe. The MFIs surveyed by EMN self-report data mainly about their mission, target, social and financial impact; an overview of the main results of these surveys are reported on EMN overview publications1. The surveys covered a growing and changing group of participants in terms of institutional types and geographical coverage (from 394 microlenders from 16 European countries in 2006 to 195 institutions from 29 countries in 2014) through a survey questionnaire subject to adjustments throughout the different editions.The last survey (run in 2016 with reference to the years 2014-2015) has been jointly managed by the EMN and the Microfinance Center (MFC2) and it included a wider participation of Eastern European MFIs members of the MFC.The significant volatility of observed institutions, questionnaire structure, and variables definition undermined so far the quality and comparability of collected data and prevented to conduct a comprehensive analysis of European MFIs' performance through time.


Shaping an epidemic with an adaptive contact restriction policy that balances the disease and socioeconomic impact has been the holy grail during the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of the existing work on epidemiological models focuses on scenario-based forecasting via simulation but techniques for explicit control of epidemics via an analytical framework are largely missing. In this paper, we consider the problem of determining the optimal control policy for transmission rate assuming SIR dynamics, which is the most widely used epidemiological paradigm. We first demonstrate that the SIR model with infectious patients and susceptible contacts (i.e., product of transmission rate and susceptible population) interpreted as predators and prey respectively reduces to a Lotka-Volterra (LV) predator-prey model. The modified SIR system (LVSIR) has a stable equilibrium point, an "energy" conservation property, and exhibits bounded cyclic behaviour similar to an LV system. This mapping permits a theoretical analysis of the control problem supporting some of the recent simulation-based studies that point to the benefits of periodic interventions. We use a control-Lyapunov approach to design adaptive control policies (CoSIR) to nudge the SIR model to the desired equilibrium that permits ready extensions to richer compartmental models. We also describe a practical implementation of this transmission control method by approximating the ideal control with a finite, but a time-varying set of restriction levels. We provide experimental results comparing with periodic lockdowns on few different geographical regions (India, Mexico, Netherlands) to demonstrate the efficacy of this approach.


"In the Western Australian mining sector, a significant portion of the workforce (at least 50 per cent) is employed in fly-in fly-out (FIFO) arrangements. This involves flying to isolated mining sites and working consecutive days usually for 11 or 12 hour shifts and returning home after a period of time (days or weeks). Such employment presents unique stresses on employees and at the same time offers significant opportunities such as high pay levels. During a decade of substantial growth in the industry, high levels of employee turnover have been experienced. This article examines the individual and organisational factors which contribute to this turnover. A questionnaire was used to measure employee views about their job and company, along with their intentions to stay or quit their job. This was administered in an iron-ore company with FIFO work arrangements. Findings show both organisational factors (rosters, supervisors, managers, and company culture) and personal factors (career goals and family circumstances) can influence turnover intentions."


One of the perennial questions in corporate law is how much deference should be given to directors' judgments. The introduction of a statutory business judgment rule in Australia in 2000 was designed to bolster the autonomy and discretion of the board. At the same time, however, an intriguing departure from this policy position emerged in the context of takeovers. The courts traditionally acted as umpire in determining whether directors had breached their duty to act for proper purposes in the face of a hostile takeover. The problem of how much deference to accord to directors' judgments has always been particularly acute in the takeover arena, where the "omnipresent specter" of self-interest is present. The traditional mode of regulation in this area, therefore, used judicial monitoring to ensure compliance by directors with duty-based rules. This basic regulatory picture was, however, radically altered by the Corporate Law Economic Reform Program (CLERP) Act 2000, which moved the role of umpire from the court to a specialist commercial body, the Takeovers Panel. This paper discusses the implications of that change, and an interesting paradigm shift emerging in the Panel's decisions. Under this shift, the board's former autonomy and discretion is constrained through use of shareholder consent as a regulatory mechanism for defensive tactics. This constitutes a significant alteration to the balance of power between the board of directors and shareholders under Australian takeover law.


Numerous claims have been made that the computer, when used as an intellectual partner, has the potential to enhance learning (Salomon, 1993), and even transcend the boundaries of human information processing (Pea, 1985). This 'intellectual partnership' however, is an elusive concept, one that has rarely been documented and only superficially defined.

The notion of 'partnership' implies teamwork where the task of learning something is distributed between the student, the computer or any other tool that facilitates the learning process. When learning is distributed, cognition is not solely an individual pursuit, but rather is shared amongst resources found within the learning environment (Pea, 1993). A type of communal milieu is developed within which students, together with other students and resources, construct new knowledge and understandings.

While comprehensive discussions about distributed cognition have provided us with insights into the value of this phenomenon, few have addressed what it actually looks like as an instructional model. If this construct can facilitate effective use of computerised cognitive tools then the question remains, how do we do it?

The following paper attempts to address this question and reports the findings from the first stage of a PhD study that examined the fundamental characteristics of a distributed learning environment. These findings have emerged from the literature and from the subsequent implementation of a proposed framework within a tertiary learning context.


The scroll compressor with high cooling efficiency and lower oscillating noise can be a candidate material for a part of car air conditioner, household air conditioner and so on. When Al alloy with high strength is used for scroll compressor instead of cast iron, rotation speed can be increased by weight reduction. To design Al alloy which has enough mechanical properties to replace cast iron, the effect of alloying elements, such as Si(13-15%), Cu(4-5%), and Mg(0.5-1%) and cooling rates on the mechanical properties of squeeze cast Al alloy was studied. The influence of Sr and P modification treatment on Si morphology was also studied. Aluminum alloy over 400MPa of tensile strength and 2% elongation was developed. Al scroll samples was fabricated by squeeze casting machine(UBE 800ton) with using 2 cavity mold. Flow-3D which is a three dimensional melt flow analysis program was used to find most proper mold design and optimum process conditions for squeeze casting before making samples. Relationship between secondary dendrite arm spacing and cooling rate was simulated by Flow-3D and compared with experimental results.


Background— Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Shortfalls in treatment quantity and quality are well-established, but the specific gaps in pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy are poorly understood. This paper analyzes the gap in treatment coverage for MDD and identifies critical bottlenecks. Methods— Seventeen surveys were conducted across 15 countries by the World Health Organization-World Mental Health Surveys Initiative. Of 35,012 respondents, 3,341 met DSM-IV criteria for 12-month MDD. The following components of effective treatment coverage were analyzed: (a) any mental health service utilization; (b) adequate pharmacotherapy; (c) adequate psychotherapy; and (d) adequate severity-specific combination of both. Results— MDD prevalence was 4.8% [SE, 0.2]. 41.8% [SE, 1.1] received any mental health services, 23.2% [SE, 1.5] of which was deemed effective. This 90% gap in effective treatment is due to lack of utilization (58%) and inadequate quality or adherence (32%). Critical bottlenecks are underutilization of psychotherapy (26 percentage-points reduction in coverage), underutilization of psychopharmacology (13-point reduction), inadequate physician monitoring (13-point reduction), and inadequate drug-type (10-point reduction). High-income countries double low-income countries in any mental health service utilization, adequate pharmacotherapy, adequate psychotherapy, and adequate combination of both. Severe cases are more likely than mild-moderate cases to receive either adequate pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy, but less likely to receive an adequate combination. Conclusions— Decision-makers need to increase utilization and quality of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Innovations such as telehealth for training and supervision plus non-specialist or community resources to deliver pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy could address these bottlenecks.


What is known and Objective:  Imatinib is a specific BCR/ABL inhibitor, commonly used for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), a hematological malignancy resulting from a chromosomal translocation that generates the BCR/ABL fusion protein. Recent studies showed that the imatinib has cytotoxic and apoptotic effects on many BCR/ABL‐negative cancers. Numerous compounds with cytotoxic potential exert their functions by interfering with the DNA topoisomerase. In this study, we examined the effects of imatinib on tumour cell‐killing in relation to DNA topoisomerase enzyme inhibition.


In this paper we propose a no-reference image blur assessment model that performs partial blur detection in the frequency domain. Specifically, our method exploits the information derived from the power spectrum of the Fourier transform. The latter is computed for both the entire image and several patches of it, in order to estimate the distribution of low and high frequencies, and is appropriately encoded so as to preserve some information about the spatial arrangement of the frequency distribution in the image. Finally, a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier is applied to the above features, serving as the image blur quality evaluator. For a proper training and evaluation of the proposed method, we proceeded with creating and using a large image dataset consisting of more than 2400 digital photographs, which we make publicly available. The results show the efficiency of our method in assessing not only artificially-distorted images but also naturally-blurred ones.


Post-mortem studies with ion beam analysis, thermal desorption, and secondary ion mass spectrometry have been applied for investigating the long-term fuel retention in the JET ITER-like wall components. The retention takes place via implantation and co-deposition, and the highest retention values were found to correlate with the thickness of the deposited impurity layers. From the total amount of retained D fuel over half was detected in the divertor region. The majority of the retained D is on the top surface of the inner divertor, whereas the least retention was measured in the main chamber on the mid-plane of the inner wall limiter. The recessed areas of the inner wall showed significant contribution to the main chamber total retention. Thermal desorption spectroscopy analysis revealed the energetic T from DD reactions being implanted in the divertor. The total T inventory was assessed to be > 0.3 mg ?> .


Computational probability encompasses data structures and algorithms that have emerged over the past decade that allow researchers and students to focus on a new class of stochastic problems. COMPUTATIONAL PROBABILITY is the first book that examines and presents these computational methods in a systematic manner. The techniques described here address problems that require exact probability calculations, many of which have been considered intractable in the past. The first chapter introduces computational probability analysis, followed by a chapter on the Maple computer algebra system. The third chapter begins the description of APPL, the probability modeling language created by the authors. The book ends with three applications-based chapters that emphasize applications in survival analysis and stochastic simulation. The algorithmic material associated with continuous random variables is presented separately from the material for discrete random variables. Four sample algorithms, which are implemented in APPL, are presented in detail: transformations of continuous random variables, products of independent continuous random variables, sums of independent discrete random variables, and order statistics drawn from discrete populations. The APPL computational modeling language gives the field of probability a strong software resource to use for non-trivial problems and is available at no cost from the authors. APPL is currently being used in applications as wide-ranging as electric power revenue forecasting, analyzing cortical spike trains, and studying the supersonic expansion of hydrogen molecules. Requests for the software have come from fields as diverse as market research, pathology, neurophysiology, statistics, engineering, psychology, physics, medicine, and chemistry.


The interaction between the contracting left ventricle and the conduit arterial tree is of fundamental relevance to cardiovascular functioning, yet remains incompletely characterized. This interaction determines the central aortic blood pressure (CBP) waveform, left ventricular systolic load, coronary perfusion and load on the conduit vascular tree with important implications in a range of disease states including arterial hypertension, heart failure and myocardial ischaemia. The overarching goal of this compendium of work was to investigate ventricular-vascular interaction as manifested by the CBP waveform, with particular attention to its measurement, morphological characteristics, interaction with coronary blood flow and relationship to cardiovascular outcomes. The findings presented in this compendium of work provide further insights into the influence of ventricular vascular interaction on the CBP waveform and coronary blood flow. The following principal conclusions may be drawn: • Non-invasive measurement of CBP is highly device dependent. Errors introduced by calibration to brachial blood pressures may result in significant output error. • Parameters derived from the CBP waveform are predictive of cardiovascular outcome and provide incremental value in risk prediction • Left ventricular systolic motion is temporally associated with morphological features of the CBP waveform, indicating a role for ventricular-vascular interactions in influencing this waveform. • Early diastolic suction generated within the myocardial microcirculation is a critical determinant of coronary blood flow and the response to increased myocardial oxygen consumption. • The presence of an epicardial coronary artery stenosis attenuates the transmission of the two major accelerative waves, in systole and diastole. Restoration of early diastolic suction wave intensity may represent the principal mode by which PCI enhances coronary blood flow


MiRNAs are highly conserved small noncoding RNAs which are widely expressed in multicellular organisms and participate in the regulation of various cellular processes, including autophagy and viral replication. Evidently, miRNAs are able to modulate host gene expression and thereby inhibit or enhance HBV replication. Interestingly, the plasma levels of miR-99 family in the peripheral blood correspond with HBV DNA loads. As previous studies identified, the mRNA of IGF-1R, Akt, and mTOR as direct targets with binding sites for miR-99 family members. Thus, we addressed whether the miR-99 family regulated HBV replication and analyzed the underlying molecular mechanism. We found that ectopic expression of miR-99 family members could markedly increase HBV replication, progeny secretion, and antigen expression in hepatoma cells. However, miR-99 family members showed no effect on modulating HBV transcription and HBV promoter activities, suggesting that they may regulate HBV replication through other mechanisms. Consistent with bioinformatic analysis and recent reports, we further found that ectopic expression of miR-99 family attenuated IGF-1R/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and repressed insulin-stimulated activation in hepatoma cells. Moreover, the experimental data revealed that the miR-99 family promoted the formation of autophagosomes through inhibiting the phosphorylation of ULK1, followed with the autophagic degradation of cargo receptor SQSTM1/p62. Thus, these results implied that the miR-99 family enhanced HBV replication through mTOR/ULK1 signaling induced complete autophagy. We further explored the definite mechanisms of different autophagic phases affecting HBV production. Consistent with our findings by silencing the components of ULK1 complex or using autophagic inhibitor 3-MA, HBV replication and HBsAg production were significantly decreased by silencing of Rab5. In contrast, silencing of Rab7 significantly enhanced HBV replication and HBsAg production, while activation of Rab7 obviously decreased the levels of HBV production. Thus, these data indicated that the delivery of HBV capsids and HBsAg to lysosomes could facilitate their degradation. Conclusion: the miR-99 family promotes HBV replication post-transcriptionally through IGF-1R/PI3K/Akt/mTOR/ULK1 signaling-induced complete autophagy. We provide new evidence that HBV replication and HBsAg production requires early autophagic process, but may be degraded to a significant extent in the autophagosome compartment.


Context. H i and CO large scale surveys of the Milky Way trace the diffuse atomic clouds and the dense shielded regions of molecular hydrogen clouds, respectively. However, until recently, we have not had spectrally resolved C + surveys in sufficient lines of sight to characterize the ionized and photon dominated components of the interstellar medium, in particular, the H2 gas without CO, referred to as CO-dark H2, in a large sample of interstellar clouds. Aims. We use a sparse Galactic plane survey of the 1.9 THz (158 μm) [C ii] spectral line from the Herschel open time key programme, Galactic Observations of Terahertz C+ (GOT C+), to characterize the H2 gas without CO in a statistically significant sample of interstellar clouds. Methods. We identify individual clouds in the inner Galaxy by fitting the [C ii] and CO isotopologue spectra along each line of sight. We then combine these spectra with those of H i and use them along with excitation models and cloud models of C + to determine the column densities and fractional mass of CO-dark H2 clouds. Results. We identify1804 narrow velocity [C ii] components corresponding to interstellar clouds in different categories and evolutionary states. About 840 are diffuse molecular clouds with no CO, ∼510 are transition clouds containing [C ii ]a nd 12 CO, but no 13 CO, and the remainder are dense molecular clouds containing 13 CO emission. The CO-dark H2 clouds are concentrated between Galactic radii of ∼3.5 to 7.5 kpc and the column density of the CO-dark H2 layer varies significantly from cloud to cloud with a global average of 9 × 10 20 cm −2 . These clouds contain a significant fraction by mass of CO-dark H2, that varies from ∼75% for diffuse molecular clouds to ∼20% for dense molecular clouds. Conclusions. We find a significant fraction of the warm molecular ISM gas is invisible in H i and CO, but is detected in [C ii]. The fraction of CO-dark H2 is greatest in the diffuse clouds and decreases with increasing total column density, and is lowest in the massive clouds. The column densities and mass fraction of CO-dark H2 are less than predicted by models of diffuse molecular clouds using solar metallicity, which is not surprising as most of our detections are in Galactic regions where the metallicity is larger and shielding more effective. There is an overall trend towards a higher fraction of CO-dark H2 in clouds with increasing Galactic radius, consistent with lower metallicity there.


The 220,000 second homes in Denmark are very important tourism and leisure resources. This study documents the development in property values and the trade in second homes during the period 1994–2008 and links property values to socio-economic characteristics, events in the lives of the owners and geography. The study finds that ownership of second homes is still fairly well distributed socially, but that there is a clear trend towards the exclusion of those with lower incomes and of families with children. The average age of owners is rising. Second homes play a subtle role not only as holiday resources, but also in the combined housing economy and investment of Danish families. Indirectly, the developments in the trade and value of second homes have implications for future tourism policies. The continuous availability of privately owned second homes on the rental market is of immense importance for the attractiveness of the Danish tourism product in general, and for specific destinations in particular. Rising property prices in the years up to 2008 and a lack of incentives to upgrade the standard of these houses may compromise mainstream Danish tourism policies.


In his Presidential Address to the European Economic Association, Tony Atkinson introduced the idea of a "Charitable Conservatism" position in public policy, which "exhibits a degree of concern for the poor, but this is the limit of the redistributional concern and there is indifference with respect to transfers above the poverty line." This contrasts with the perspective of poverty indices, which give zero weight to those above the poverty line, which we call "Poverty Radicalism," and with standard "Inequality Aversion" where the weights decline smoothly as we move up the income scale. The object of this paper is, first, to clarify the interrelationships between Charitable Conservatism, Poverty Radicalism and Inequality Aversion. We do this by showing how the patterns of welfare weights to which each of these gives rise are related to each other. Secondly, we are concerned to demonstrate the implications of these different views for optimal income taxation. In terms of levels and patterns of marginal tax rates, we show that Charitable Conservatism and Poverty Radicalism are on a continuum, and by choice of low or high Inequality Aversion one can approximate either outcome fairly well.


These are lecture notes from the 44th IFF Spring School "Quantum Information Processing" in Juelich, discussing applications of entanglement theory in condensed matter. The focus of the notes is on tensor network states, in particular Matrix Product States (MPS) and Projected Entangled Pair States (PEPS), which provide an efficient description of many-body states based on their entanglement structure; both numerical and analytical aspects of tensor networks are being covered. The notes close with a brief introduction to quantum complexity, which allows to assess the limitations to our ability to simulate quantum many-body systems.


South Korea's 2007 presidential elections marked a watershed in the country's democratic development, an event that came about on the force of four key developments. First, turn-taking in governance has turned political figures and factions into "responsible stakeholders." Second, the inclusion of leftists and progressives has produced a flexible, open, and liberal political system. Third, "elite pact-making" between various political factions and figures has smoothed transitions between governments with radically different ideological orientations. Finally, even major internal and external shocks contributed to the consolidation of the democratic system each time they were successfully overcome.


Background and Aim: Intratracheal suctioning is a standard method of nursing care for
intubated patients with the aim of cleaning airway for good oxygenation. The aim of this study
was to evaluate the effects of intratracheal suctioning on blood pressure, heart rate, and arterial
oxygen saturation.
Materials and Methods: This was a semi-experimental research in which the patients
admitted to intensive care unit of Kashani teaching center of Shahr-e-kord University in 2005.
The data were collected by a questionnaire form 35 patient by observation and measurement of
blood pressure, heart rate and arterial oxygen saturation.
Results: The findings showed that during suctioning, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure,
and heart rate increased and arterial oxygen saturation decreased significantly, when compared
with pre-suctioning period. The same occurred when these parameters were compared between
pre-suctioning period and 1 minute post-suction, except for arterial oxygen saturation that had
not statistically significant decline, 1 minute after suctioning. The parameters under study
remained increased (including arterial oxygen saturation that decreased during suctioning) 3
minutes after suctioning, but this increase was not statistically significant when compared with
pre-suctioning period. The study showed that parameters in 1 and 3 minutes after suctioning
were also significantly different from those of suctioning period.
Conclusion: The finding of this research showed that the maximum changes of blood
pressure and heart rate (increase) and arterial oxygen saturation (decrease) occurs during
suctioning and maximum changes of blood pressure and heart rate (decrease) and arterial
oxygen saturation (increase) occurs 3 minutes after suctioning. Therefore, hyper oxygenation,
hemodynamic and SpO2 monitoring before, during and after suctioning are recommended.


The inflorescence of Thalia geniculata is among the most complex in a family characterized by complex inflorescences. The main axis of the inflorescence bears primary bracts which subtend either enriching branches, in the enriching zone, or pairs of flowers, in the florescence. The enriching branches repeat the structure of the inflorescence as a whole, with the addition of two specialized bracts: a prophyll and an interphyll. The paired flowers of the Marantaceae are mirror images of each other. The first bract of the inflorescence is formed in the plane of distichy of the leaves. Subsequent bracts are formed slightly to one side of the apex, giving a one-sided distichous arrangement. On an enriching branch the sterile prophyll is formed adaxially, followed by a fertile, abaxial interphyll. The first bract following the interphyll lies in a plane approximately perpendicular to the plane of the prophyll and interphyll. With the second bract the alternating divergence angles of approximately 115 and 145° begin to be established. The paired flowers of the florescence are subtended by a single, adaxial prophyll. Unlike many other Marantaceae no interphyll or bracteoles are formed below the flowers.


An ultrabroadband mid-infrared supercontinuum (SC) source has been designed and modeled using a 10-mm-long all-chalcogenide triangular-core fiber (TCF). The TCF structure can be fabricated from Ge11.5As24Se64.5 chalcogenide glass as a core and Ge11.5As24S64.5 chalcogenide glass for its cladding running along the length of the fiber instead of air holes. Assuming the pump operates at 4 μm, the TCF is optimized by varying its side length using both anomalous-dispersion and all-normal-dispersion SC generation. Mid-infrared-region SC spectral broadening spanning beyond 15 μm could be generated with a low peak power of 3 kW by the proposed TCF structure optimized with varying its side length between 7 and 8 μm in anomalous-dispersion pumping. On the other hand, the TCF side length has to be decreased to 5.5 μm and below to optimize it for pumping in all-normal-dispersion-region SC generation. A coherent flat-top SC evolution in the mid-infrared region of up to 7 μm could be observed by this design with the same pump peak power and pulse duration applied before. The ultrawide optical bandwidth obtained by the proposed TCF design can be an effective tool for mid-infrared-region applications such as optical coherence tomography, molecular fingerprint spectroscopy, and biomedical imaging.


Methane (CH4) emissions were measured at the Wilma H. Schiermeier Olentangy River Wetland Research Park (ORWRP) over three summers and two winters using an eddy covariance system. We used an empirical model to determine the main environmental drivers of methane emissions. Methane emissions covary strongly with water vapor fluxes, CO2 fluxes, and soil temperature. We adjust our models to account for the heterogeneous environment of the wetland by including the flux footprint distribution among different microsites as a predictive variable in the methane model. We used a forward linear stepwise model in combination with an Akaike information criteria‐based model selection process and neural network modeling to determine which environmental variables are most effective in modeling methane emissions in our site. Different models and environmental variables best represented methane fluxes in the winter and summer and also during the day or night within each season. We parameterized an optimal empirical model for methane emissions from the ORWRP that is used for gap filling of site‐level methane fluxes over 2 years. Some of the most effective variables for modeling methane were carbon, water vapor, and heat fluxes, all of which typically have the same data gaps as the time series of methane flux. In order to determine if these variables were useful for modeling methane despite the additional gap‐filling error, we determined through an error propagation experiment that eddy covariance gap‐filling models for methane may be best developed by including other gap‐filled fluxes as predictors, despite the high level of shared gaps and subsequent gap‐fill error propagation.


This article does not aim to give a full account of China's practice in the area of private international law (hereafter PIL). Rather it answers certain questions which in the author's view are of great significance to foreign understanding of China's PIL. These include: what is China's attitude towards PIL? What is the current state of development and status of PIL in China? What are the fundamental principles of China's PIL? And lastly, what is Chinese PIL's relevance for South Africa.


BACKGROUND
This study is part of a programme of research aiming to develop a quantitative measure of quality of life for children with communication needs. It builds on the preliminary findings of Markham and Dean ( 2006 ), which described some of the perception's parents and carers of children with speech language and communication needs had regarding children's experience of quality of life. However, this earlier study did not observe and evaluate the perceptions of children themselves and consequently left a vital gap in the evidence. The study reported here seeks to address this by describing the quality of life experiences reported by children and young people themselves.

AIMS
The study aimed to provide a qualitative, child-centred, description of the quality of life experiences of children and young people with speech language and communication needs.

METHODS & PROCEDURES
The study used a qualitative methodology to provide a credible and thick description of the quality of life experiences of children and young people with speech language and communication needs. Children and young people participating in the study were selected to represent a range of speech and language pathologies, according to their capacity to comprehend and participate within the data-collection activities. A modified focus group technique was used as a method of data collection and data were analysed according to the principles of Grounded Theory and Framework analysis.

OUTCOMES & RESULTS
Seven focus group interviews were conducted with a range of children and young people in full-time education and in receipt of speech and language therapy. The data showed a number of key themes regarding children's quality of life experiences. These themes ranged from the participant's perceptions of what improves their daily lives to the difficulties they experience and consequently the negative impacts perceived on their quality of life.

CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS
This study illuminates the quality of life experiences of children with speech language and communication needs. The findings are of direct benefit to clinicians, researchers, and policy-makers alike as they broaden the understanding of children's speech and language difficulties. Despite the potential bias inherent in qualitative research with children, the findings provide support for the development of a quality of life scale for children with speech language and communication needs. Such an outcome measure would enable clinicians and researchers to quantify children's quality of life, thereby broadening the range of clinical outcomes available.


Purebred dog rescuers are doing their part to reduce the problems of homeless pets and pet overpopulation. The volunteers studied are doing the daily and invisible work of saving dogs. Because of their perception of the animal rights movement, however, they do not consider themselves part of the animal welfare or animal rights movement, nor do they care to be. Dog rescue organizations agree with academics and activist organizations on the cause of the problem of homeless pets and pet overpopulation, but they differ on the theoretical, political, and ideological solutions to the problem. This paper focuses on the disagreements between rescue workers, activists, and academics and asks whether there is a place for rescue workers within the larger animal protection movement.


Ubiquitous learning is a set of methods using new technologies to enhance learning and expand the traditional perspective of the learning process itself. In a broad sense, one of the main objectives of ubiquitous learning is to provide learners the right resource at the right time and in the best way. In order to provide learners with adequate learning experience, factors such learner's characteristics and context should be considered. Managing the learner context can help delivering the best resource adaptation services. Learning object proposed to the learner is obtained from learner context using the decision tree model. On  the  present  paper, a recommender system for ubiquitous learning using learner context and a decision tree model is presented, and k-fold cross validation is used in the experiment for estimating and validating the performance of our recommender system for U-learning.


Wireless ad hoc networks are so vulnerable to passive attacks and eavesdropping adversaries due to their shared medium which makes network traffic easy to capture and analyze. Therefore, security and privacy protections are of extreme importance for protocols and applications in such networks. In this paper, we introduce a new framework for anonymous routing, named chain-based routing, to improve the privacy. In our framework, nodes on a path are virtually bound to each other like a chain. Each node is only aware of its associated links in a flow and does not require any other information about source, destination, or other parts of the chain. Based on this framework, we propose an on-demand routing protocol, called Chain-based Anonymous Routing (CAR), which uses unicast-based broadcast data transfer to fulfill anonymous communication in wireless ad hoc networks. Through hiding identifiers of nodes inside the chain, CAR realizes sender, receiver, and relationship anonymity in addition to untraceability in the network. Moreover, it is resistant to a wide range of passive attacks while adapting to implement other security mechanisms in the presence of active attacks.


Since the days of Darwin, scientists have used the framework of the theory of evolution to explore the interconnectedness of life on Earth and adaptation of organisms to the ever-changing environment. The advent of molecular biology has advanced and accelerated the study of evolution by allowing direct examination of the genetic material that ultimately determines the phenotypes upon which selection acts. The study of evolution has been furthered through examination of microbial evolution, with large population numbers, short generation times, and easily extractable DNA. Such work has spawned the study of microbial biogeography, with the realization that concepts developed in population genetics may be applicable to microbial genomes (Martiny et al., 2006; Manhes and Velicer, 2011). Microbial biogeography and adaptation has been examined in many different environments. Here we argue that the deep biosphere is a unique environment for the study of evolution and list specific factors that can be considered and where the studies may be performed. This publication is the result of the NSF-funded Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI) theme team on Evolution (www.darkenergybiosphere.org).


Life expectancy in the developed world is increasing, but this comes with a simultaneous explosion in 'age-related' as well as 'lifestyle-related' diseases, resulting in a decline in quality of life. Three such diseases are Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which all share a common reduced cellular response to the hormone insulin (termed insulin resistance). In T2DM, insulin resistance is clearly a contributing factor to disease progression, and is associated with obesity, the single greatest risk factor for all three conditions. Current research is focused on identifying the initial molecular lesion that results in reduced sensitivity to insulin, as improving insulin sensitivity would be beneficial to the prognosis of these conditions. However, the bulk of evidence suggests that more than one molecular defect in the insulin signalling pathway can lead to an insulin resistant phenotype. This raises the possibility that individuals with the same clinical phenotype may have distinct molecular reasons for the presence of the syndrome, and that the specific lesion influences the rate and direction of progression to the associated disease. Clearly the same insulin sensitiser could be of equal benefit in each disorder, if it reversed multiple signalling problems, however we suggest that appropriate molecular diagnosis of the defect may lead to a more targeted and effective therapeutic approach. This review discusses the molecular pathology of insulin resistance in relation to T2DM, PCOS and NASH. We highlight the shortcomings of current therapies, and suggest potential novel drug targets for each disorder.


Biogeochemical rate processes in the Southern Ocean have an important impact on the global environment. Here, we summarize an extensive set of published and new data that establishes the pattern of gross primary production and net community production over large areas of the Southern Ocean. We compare these rates with model estimates of dissolved iron that is added to surface waters by aerosols. This comparison shows that net community production, which is comparable to export production, is proportional to modeled input of soluble iron in aerosols. Our results strengthen the evidence that the addition of aerosol iron fertilizes export production in the Southern Ocean. The data also show that aerosol iron input particularly enhances gross primary production over the large area of the Southern Ocean downwind of dry continental areas.


This book develops deterministic chaos and fractals from the standpoint of iterated maps, but the emphasis makes it very different from all other books in the field. It provides the reader with an introduction to more recent developments, such as weak universality, multifractals, and shadowing, as well as to older subjects like universal critical exponents, devil's staircases and the Farey tree. The author uses a fully discrete method, a 'theoretical computer arithmetic', because finite (but not fixed) precision cannot be avoided in computation or experiment. This leads to a more general formulation in terms of symbolic dynamics and to the idea of weak universality. The connection is made with Turing's ideas of computable numbers and it is explained why the continuum approach leads to predictions that are not necessarily realized in computation or in nature, whereas the discrete approach yields all possible histograms that can be observed or computed.


The effort to build a political economy of war without politics is finding its limits. The question now is what comes next. How to put politics back in? This article compares systematically two non-state armed groups that participate in the Colombian conflict, the main guerrilla (FARC) and the paramilitary. It shows that despite their similar financial bases, they appear to exhibit systematic differences— regarding both their social composition and their internal/external behavior—and claims that the key to understanding them is the set of organizational devices that each group crafts in its process of survival and growth. All this suggests that a main tenet of the early political economy of war, that all non-state armed groups can be understood as being strategically identical, is flawed. It also poses a classificatory challenge.


If Botswana is to continue its success story as an African anomaly, it will have to manage its transition to a less diamond-dependent economy skilfully. Until alternative and new sources of economic growth can be found, eco-tourism will be the keystone sector. If well governed, tourism can sustainably provide livelihood opportunities while contributing to wildlife and biodiversity preservation. An important component of its success is the extent to which local communities benefit from it and are central to management decisions. Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) is a formal policy in Botswana designed to achieve this end. This policy insights paper examines the history of CBNRM and the efficacy of its current iteration. Although there are a number of challenges to overcome with the Botswana CBNRM model, the paper ultimately argues that communities are better off with CBNRM than without it. It does, however, have to be more effectively governed, and a greater diversification of economic activities has to be encouraged. If it is to be successful, CBNRM must also be politically supported through the investment in appropriate CBNRM legislation and policy.


Matthew Burton's life has been fine until his American cousin crash-lands into it. Sam was only ever a distant rumour, a hippy kid who travels around the States with his wacky mother. Now he's an orphan, dumped suddenly on the Burtons' doorstep. According to Sam, everything in England sucks, and pretty soon he's making trouble for Matthew and his friends. They want revenge -- and Operation Samantha is born. For Sam -- small, long-haired and blond -- is the perfect secret weapon in the war at school between the boys and a gang of snooty girls. And when Sam sets about rewriting the rules for how boys and girls behave, he discovers an entirely new side to his personality. Soon it's not only Sam that is changing ...BOY2GIRL is one of the funniest comic novels you will ever read. A classic cross-dressing comedy like Some Like It Hot, set in a contemporary school.


When designing algorithms for finite-time-horizon episodic reinforcement learning problems, a common approach is to introduce a fictitious discount factor and use stationary policies for approximations. Empirically, it has been shown that the fictitious discount factor helps reduce variance, and stationary policies serve to save the per-iteration computational cost. Theoretically, however, there is no existing work on convergence analysis for algorithms with this fictitious discount recipe. This paper takes the first step towards analyzing these algorithms. It focuses on two vanilla policy gradient (VPG) variants: the first being a widely used variant with discounted advantage estimations (DAE), the second with an additional fictitious discount factor in the score functions of the policy gradient estimators. Non-asymptotic convergence guarantees are established for both algorithms, and the additional discount factor is shown to reduce the bias introduced in DAE and thus improve the algorithm convergence asymptotically. A key ingredient of our analysis is to connect three settings of Markov decision processes (MDPs): the finite-time-horizon, the average reward and the discounted settings. To our best knowledge, this is the first theoretical guarantee on fictitious discount algorithms for the episodic reinforcement learning of finite-time-horizon MDPs, which also leads to the (first) global convergence of policy gradient methods for finite-time-horizon episodic reinforcement learning.


When Canada declared war on Germany in September 1939 the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve (RCNVR), and Royal Canadian Naval Reserve (RCNR) consisted of perhaps 3,000 officers and men. The RCN was manning six destroyers and seven smaller craft out of Halifax and Esquimalt. While the men of the RCNR had seagoing experience through the merchant navy and the fishing fleets, only a limited number of men from the RCNVR had managed to spend any time in RCN vessels. No reservist from either category that had any significant prewar training or experience in food supply or preparation for large groups could be located for an interview. However, former navy cooks who joined just before and during the course of the war have been interviewed by this author or by other researchers, as have seamen who served with these men and consumed the meals they prepared at sea. This study will examine the validity of the statement quoted in the title. It will look at the victualling and cook trades, the drafts (postings) these men had between 1939 and 1945, the type of trade training they received, the foods they were permitted to order and were given to prepare, the conditions under which they worked in different classes of ships, how the seamen responded to their meals, and the role they played in feeding the men as well as keeping up morale and playing their part in fighting the ship. W Tom macInTyre's remarks a fair assessment of the quality of the rations supplied to Royal Canadian Navy (rcn) ships and the food served up to the men at sea during the Second © Canadian Military History 2016 1 Gow: Pusser Grub? My God But it Was Awful! Published by Scholars Commons @ Laurier, 2016


Phosphoglycerate mutase 5 (PGAM5) limits T cell activation by dephosphorylating the histidine kinase NDPK-B. The availability of reagents has determined the types of posttranslational modifications that can be studied. The ability to study protein histidine phosphorylation in mammalian cells has benefited from the development of antibodies that recognize proteins phosphorylated at the nitrogen at the 1 position of the imidazole ring of histidine or the nitrogen at the 3 position. Panda et al. identified phosphoglycerate mutase 5 (PGAM5) as an interacting partner of the histidine kinase nucleoside diphosphate kinase B (NDPK-B) in HEK 293T cells and showed that the long form of PGAM5 dephosphorylated NDPK-B in vitro through a process involving the transfer of phosphate from NDPK-B to His105 of PGAM5. In T cells, histidine phosphorylation of the calcium-activated K+ channel KCa3.1 by NDPK-B contributes to calcium influx by maintaining the electrical gradient. Whereas the phosphatase PHPT-1 dephosphorylates KCa3.1, genetic knockout or knocking down PGAM5 in primary mouse or human T cells enhanced NDPK-B histidine phosphorylation at the 1 position and KCa3.1 histidine phosphorylation at the 3 position, increased T cell receptor–stimulated calcium influx, and enhanced proinflammatory cytokine production. Compared with transfer of T cells from wild-type mice, allogeneic transfer of T cells from Pgam5-knockout mice produced more severe graft-versus-host disease, which was associated with increased proinflammatory cytokines in the circulation of the recipient mice. Thus, rather than dephosphorylating the target proteins directly, PGAM5 limits histidine phosphorylation by preventing phosphotransfer from the histidine kinase (NDPK-B) to its targets, thereby regulating this posttranslational modification that is important for setting the threshold for T cell activation. S. Panda, S. Srivastava, Z. Li, M. Vaeth, S. R. Fuhs, T. Hunter, E. Y. Skolnik, Identification of PGAM5 as a mammalian protein histidine phosphatase that plays a central role to negatively regulate CD4+ T cells. Mol. Cell 63, 457–469 (2016). [PubMed]


In this paper, the impact of imperfect channel state information (CSI) on a downlink coordinated multipoint (CoMP) transmission system with non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is investigated since perfect knowledge of a channel cannot be guaranteed in practice. Furthermore, the channel estimation error is applied to estimate the channel information wherein its a priori of variance is assumed to be known. The impact of the number of coordinated base stations (BSs) on downlink CoMP NOMA is investigated. Users are classified into one of two groups according to their position within the cell, namely, cell‐center user (CCU) and cell‐edge user (CEU). In this paper, ergodic capacity and sum capacity for both CCU and CEU are derived as closed forms. In addition, various experiments are conducted with different parameters such as SNR, error variance, and power allocation to show their impact on the CoMP method. The results show that CoMP NOMA outperforms the CoMP orthogonal multiple access (OMA) wherein the condition of the channel impacts the performance of CoMP NOMA less. It is worth noting that a higher number of coordinated BSs enhances the total capacity of CoMP NOMA. Finally, the performance analysis is validated due to the close accordance between the analytical and simulation results.


Energy confinement comparable with tokamak quality is achieved in the Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) reversed field pinch (RFP) at a high beta and low toroidal magnetic field. Magnetic fluctuations normally present in the RFP are reduced via parallel current drive in the outer region of the plasma. In response, the electron temperature nearly triples and beta doubles. The confinement time increases ten-fold (to ~10 ms), which is comparable with L- and H-mode scaling values for a tokamak with the same plasma current, density, heating power, size and shape. Runaway electron confinement is evidenced by a 100-fold increase in hard x-ray bremsstrahlung. Fokker–Planck modelling of the x-ray energy spectrum reveals that the high energy electron diffusion is independent of the parallel velocity, uncharacteristic of magnetic transport and more like that for electrostatic turbulence. The high core electron temperature correlates strongly with a broadband reduction of resonant modes at mid-radius where the stochasticity is normally most intense. To extend profile control and add auxiliary heating, rf current drive and neutral beam heating are in development. Low power lower-hybrid and electron Bernstein wave injection experiments are underway. Dc current sustainment via ac helicity injection (sinusoidal inductive loop voltages) is also being tested. Low power neutral beam injection shows that fast ions are well-confined, even in the presence of relatively large magnetic fluctuations.


How did one of the great inventions of the nineteenth century-Thomas Edison's phonograph-eventually lead to one of the most culturally and economically significant technologies of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries? Sound Recording traces the history of the business boom and the cultural revolution that Edison's invention made possible. Recorded sound has pervaded nearly every facet of modern life-not just popular music, but also mundane office dictation machines, radio and television programs, and even telephone answering machines. Just as styles of music have evolved, so too have the formats through which sound has been captured-from 78s to LPs, LPs to cassette tapes, tapes to CDs, and on to electronic formats. The quest for better sound has certainly driven technological change, but according to David L. Morton, so have business strategies, patent battles, and a host of other factors.


The objective of this study was to develop a supported tri-metallic catalyst (nano-Ni-La-Fe/γ-Al2O3) for tar removal in biomass steam gasification, to significantly enhance the quality of the produced gas. For this purpose, the supported tri-metallic catalysts were prepared by a deposition-precipitation (DP) method. Different analytical approaches were used to characterize the synthesized catalysts. The results showed that the prepared tri-metallic catalysts had an egg-shell structure with a specific surface area of 214.7 m2/g. The activity of the catalysts for gas production and tar removal in the process of biomass gasification was also investigated using a bench-scale combined fixed bed reactor. The experiments indicated that the tar yield after adding catalyst was reduced significantly and the efficiency of tar removal reached 99% for the biomass steam gasification at 800oC, while the gas yield after adding catalysts increased markedly and less coke was found over the catalyst. Meanwhile, the compositions of gas products before and after adding catalyst in the process also changed significantly; in particular, the content of hydrogen in catalytic steam gasification was improved by over 10 vol%. Therefore, using the prepared tri-metallic catalyst in biomass gasification can significantly improve the quality of the produced gas and efficiently eliminate the tar generation, preventing coke deposition on the catalyst surfaces, thus demonstrating a long lifetime of the catalyst.


This thesis presents a measurement of charged-current inclusive cross sections of muon neutrino and antineutrino interaction on carbon, and antineutrino to neutrino cross section ratio, $r$, in the energy range 2 - 22 GeV, with data collected in the MINERvA experiment. The dataset corresponds to an exposure of 3.2$\times 10^{20}$ protons on target (POT) for neutrinos and 1.0$\times 10^{20}$ POT for antineutrinos.

Measurement of neutrino and antineutrino charged-current inclusive cross sections provides essential constraints for future long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment at a few GeV energy range. Our measured antineutrino cross section has an uncertainty in the range 6.1\% - 10.5\% and is the most precise measurement below 6~GeV to date. The measured $r$ has an uncertainty of 5.0\% - 7.5\%. This is the first measurement below 6~GeV since Gargamelle in 1970s.

The cross sections are measured as a function of neutrino energy by dividing the efficiency corrected charged-current sample with extracted fluxes. Fluxes are obtained using the low-$\nu$ method, which uses low hadronic energy subsamples of charged-current inclusive sample to extract flux. Measured cross sections show good agreement with the prediction of neutrino interaction models above 7 GeV, and are about 10\% below the model below 7 GeV. The measured $r$ agrees with the GENIE model over the whole energy region. The measured cross sections and $r$ are compared with world data.