PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To examine maternal parenting during the time when a mother is diagnosed with and treated for breast cancer from the mothers' and adolescent daughters' perspectives.

RESEARCH APPROACH
Empirical phenomenologic.

SETTING
Sites in Indiana and Arizona.

PARTICIPANTS
8 mothers and 1 of their adolescent daughters. The mothers were aged 37-46 years at the time of diagnosis, had stage 0-IV cancer, and had completed treatment 1-12 years earlier. Participants had one to four children ranging in age from 13-24 years at the time of the interview. Ages of the adolescent daughters at the time of diagnosis ranged from 10-15 years with an average of 13.5 years.

METHODOLOGIC APPROACH
An open-ended, audiotaped interview was conducted with each participant.

FINDINGS
Six major theme categories were found: (a) a battle to be fought on many fronts-what is at stake if the battle is lost, (b) I tried to tell her, (c) standout moments in our family's cancer journey, (d) mobilizing to protect self while preserving parenting, (e) voices of fear, and (f) after treatment is over, you are not done.

CONCLUSIONS
Mothers set a high priority on parenting and experienced difficulty in setting priorities to meet their own needs and those of their families, including those of their adolescent daughters. Mothers need assistance learning ways to help their daughters through the breast cancer experience, particularly related to maintaining their relationship and communicating.

INTERPRETATION
Mothers should be given assistance with strategies for realizing their own needs and finding positive ways to deal with the needs of their families. Nurses can play an integral part of this development.


Abstract
Poor oral hygiene leads to the presence of dental plaque which is a non-mineralized organized content of microorganisms in the organic matrix of carbohydrates located on the teeth surface. The amount of the plaque and the number of bacteria in the saliva are directly related to the threat of caries in every individual. This shell on the surface of the teeth is difficult to remove, is colorless and invisible, but with coloring it can be seen, and it can be removed only by mechanical cleaning. That, which is noted in the modern literature is increasingly considered that is more the result of the disruption of the ecological balance of the oral cavity, than the result of poor diet or lack of oral hygiene.
Aim: Our aim is to determine the index of the oral hygiene and its association with the show of dental caries.
Material and method: The study included 70 subjects (35 male, 35 female), aged 12, randomly selected. The research was realizedby the recommendations for action resulting from the basic criteria for the assessment of oral and dental health that are recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). For the assessment of the oral hygiene habits and the presence of soft plaque we used the simplified method of Greene Vermillion which evaluates six surfaces of six teeth that are representative sample of the entire dentition.
Results: The results indicate higher values for distribution of OHI (Oral Hygiene Index)-the index distribution among male (0.51 ± 0.57, X ± SD), unlike the subjects who were female (0.49 ± 0.76, X ± SD), with significance (p <0 , 01).
Discussion: Our obtained results undoubtedly show in addition to numerous authors' claims that in patients with poor oral hygiene caries is more often. In children with poor oral hygiene and consummation of sweets between meals are the two most intensive risk factors for appearance of caries. As a result of poor oral hygiene higher values of plaque index in children are determined.

Keywords
 caries, dental plaque, oral hygiene, oral hygiene index, saliva.


We argue that reading comprehension tests are not particularly suited for the evaluation of NLP systems. Reading comprehension tests are specifically designed to evaluate human reading skills, and these require vast amounts of world knowledge and common-sense reasoning capabilities. Experience has shown that this kind of full-fledged question answering (QA) over texts from a wide range of domains is so difficult for machines as to be far beyond the present state of the art of NLP. To advance the field we propose a much more modest evaluation set-up, viz. Answer Extraction (AE) over texts from highly restricted domains. AE aims at retrieving those sentences from documents that contain the explicit answer to a user query. AE is less ambitious than full-fledged QA but has a number of important advantages over QA. It relies mainly on linguistic knowledge and needs only a very limited amount of world knowledge and few inference rules. However, it requires the solution of a number of key linguistic problems. This makes AE a suitable task to advance NLP techniques in a measurable way. Finally, there is a real demand for working AE systems in technical domains. We outline how evaluation procedures for AE systems over real world domains might look like and discuss their feasibility.


In accordance with s3 of the Institution of Legal Proceedings against Organs of State Act (40 of 2002) any party wishing to institute legal proceedings against a state organ must provide written notice of its intention to the state organ concerned, within six months from the date the debt became due. There are, however, exceptions to the rule allowing for condonation and, if circumstances permit it, to delay the giving of a notice and institution of legal proceedings until the facts relevant to the institution of a case has been ascertained.


Broad analytic assessments of research areas can be invaluable for scholars because they can inform the ongoing feedback process between theory and research that is at the heart of scientific inquiry. Unfortunately, Simowitz's (1998) evaluation of diffusion analyses of conflict has several problematic characteristics that make it less useful to the research community than might otherwise be the case. The major difficulties we see in her article are: (1) the forced, idiosyncratic synthesis of the standard of scientific progress and its consequent application; (2) the excessively unilinear conception of scientific process (and progress); (3) the inaccurate understanding of some of the research on war diffusion; (4) the failure to include in the evaluation several studies and results that might have led to different conclusions; and (5) the absence of any constructive suggestion of where research on the topic of war and conflict diffusion might profitably be directed.


This Article examines how governments in the world's two largest economies are diverging in their approaches to regulating hazardous products and packaging, with major ramifications for manufacturing, waste management, and trade. The European Union is implementing product-oriented environmental regulation based on the principle of Extended Producer Responsibility ("EPR"), which assigns responsibility to manufacturers to take back their products after consumers discard them. In theory, EPR could dramatically alter production practices by internalizing externalities from products and providing incentives for environmentally friendly design. However, practical problems of implementation raise questions about the effectiveness of EPR as a policy tool. This Article explores the European experience with EPR, the reasons for apparent resistance to EPR in the United States, and the implications of a move toward product-oriented environmental law. It critiques EPR on the grounds that the transaction costs of EPR may outweigh its environmental benefits and that practical problems of implementation may preclude the achievement of expected product design incentives. Given the substantial cost and technical hurdles to establishing the legal underpinnings of EPR programs, this Article recommends that the United States consider alternative policy instruments to address environmental externalities from products.


For the past century, the urban underground has been developed piece-meal out of necessity rather than as the object of a long-term planning effort. The underground contains not only potential usable space, but also raw materials, groundwater and geothermal energy sources with which urban areas interact. Questioning the role of underground resources in future urbanization throws into relief the norms and procedures that are poorly adapted to a volumetric planning of the city, yet offers a new realm of possibilities for urban land use intensification, green space preservation and the restructuring of the urban topology. This paper presents the theoretical and practical issues at hand and then builds upon a methodological framework developed by the Deep City project at the EPFL in Switzerland, taking San Antonio, Texas, as a case study. The preliminary results of the urban and hydrogeological analyses illustrate the challenge of integrating a reflection about the third dimension into an already complex urban context.


Designing with digital materials is sometimes challenging due to material properties that are for all practical purposes invisible. Here we present our work on exploring one such material, radio, and how we have worked with making radio a more tangible and accessible design material for multidisciplinary design teams to work with. Starting from an account of a previous project of ours, the LEGA project, we describe a design situation involving radio that exemplifies some of the challenges that working with radio can involve. We thereafter describe how we have used the Inspirational Bits approach to further investigate the peculiarities of radio as an immaterial design material and what possibilities it holds for interactive systems design.


Closely related species often have similar traits and sometimes interact with the same species. A crucial problem in evolutionary ecology is therefore to understand how coevolving species diverge when they interact with a set of closely related species from another lineage rather than with a single species. We evaluated geographic differences in the floral morphology of all woodland star plant species (Lithophragma, Saxifragaceae) that are pollinated by Greya (Prodoxidae) moths. Flowers of each woodland star species differed depending on whether plants interact locally with one, two, or no pollinating moth species. Plants of one species grown in six different environments showed few differences in floral traits, suggesting that the geographic differences are not due significantly to trait plasticity. Greya moth populations also showed significant geographic divergence in morphology, depending on the local host and on whether the moth species co-occurred locally. Divergence in the plants and the moths involved shifts in combinations of partially correlated traits, rather than any one trait. The results indicate that the geographic mosaic of coevolution can be amplified as coevolving lineages diversify into separate species and come together in different combinations in different ecosystems.


The central claim of the present article is that some form of government intervention is necessary to make telework arrangements sufficiently binding in the long-run for employees living in, or near, city centers to feel comfortable incurring the costs of relocating to more remote, lower-priced areas, and to ensure the long-run financial self-sufficiency of private telework centers, which provide important benefits, not just to employers and employees, but to society generally. The public benefit considered here is the capacity for telework, and telework centers specifically, to provide lower-priced housing alternatives for middle- and high-income earners who choose to live in, or near, the city center to reduce the time spent commuting, but who would otherwise choose to live in more remote, lower-priced areas if commuting costs were lower. As explained, a minimal amount of government intervention is necessary, however, to overcome several key economic challenges that preclude employees from relocating to remote, lower-priced exurban or rural communities, as well as the formation of a new and exciting private-sector enterprise: the privately-operated telework center.


Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer death. The incidence of prostate cancer is rising due to increased screening and awareness, and there is epidemiological evidence suggesting an interaction among biological and environmental risk factors in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Vegetables and fruits provide a wide range of antioxidants and phytochemicals that have been demonstrated to have a negative, positive, or no association with prostate cancer risk. Therefore, it is evident that the effect of dietary antioxidants on risk of prostate cancer remains undecided and inconclusive. The main focus of this review was to examine recent and past literature of the chemoprotective properties of five major groups of phytochemicals against prostate cancer development including both in vivo and in vitro findings.


GABAergic interneurons play a major role in the emergence of various types of synchronous oscillatory patterns of activity in the central nervous system. Motivated by these experimental facts, modeling studies have investigated mechanisms for the emergence of coherent activity in networks of inhibitory neurons. However, most of these studies have focused either when the noise in the network is absent or weak or in the opposite situation when it is strong. Hence, a full picture of how noise affects the dynamics of such systems is still lacking. The aim of this letter is to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which the asynchronous states in large, fully connected networks of inhibitory neurons are destabilized as a function of the noise level. Three types of single neuron models are considered: the leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) model, the exponential integrate-and-fire (EIF), model and conductance-based models involving sodium and potassium Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) currents. We show that in all models, the instabilities of the asynchronous state can be classified in two classes. The first one consists of clustering instabilities, which exist in a restricted range of noise. These instabilities lead to synchronous patterns in which the population of neurons is broken into clusters of synchronously firing neurons. The irregularity of the firing patterns of the neurons is weak. The second class of instabilities, termed oscillatory firing rate instabilities, exists at any value of noise. They lead to cluster state at low noise. As the noise is increased, the instability occurs at larger coupling, and the pattern of firing that emerges becomes more irregular. In the regime of high noise and strong coupling, these instabilities lead to stochastic oscillations in which neurons fire in an approximately Poisson way with a common instantaneous probability of firing that oscillates in time.


Subject motion is one of the major challenges in clinical routine MR imaging. Despite ongoing research, motion correction has remained a complex problem without a universal solution. In advanced quantitative MR techniques, such as MR Fingerprinting, motion does not only affect a single image, like in single-contrast MRI, but disrupts the entire temporal evolution of the magnetization and causes parameter quantification errors due to a mismatch between the acquired and simulated signals. In this work, we present a deep learning-empowered retrospective motion correction for rapid 3D whole-brain multiparametric MRI based on Quantitative Transient-state Imaging (QTI). We propose a patch-based 3D multiscale convolutional neural network (CNN) that learns the residual error, i.e. after initial navigator-based correction, between motion-affected quantitative ∗ Contributed equally © 2021 C.M. Pirkl et al. Residual learning for 3D motion corrected quantitative MRI T1, T2 and proton density maps and their motion-free counterparts. For efficient model training despite limited data availability, we propose a physics-informed simulation to apply continuous motion-patterns to motion-free data. We evaluate the performance of the residual CNN on 1.5T and 3T MRI data of ten healthy volunteers. We analyze the generalizability of the model when applied to real clinical cases, including pediatric and adult patients with large brain lesions. Our study demonstrates that image quality can be significantly improved after correcting for subject motion. This has important implications in clinical setups where large amounts of motion affected data must be discarded.


The thermo-hygrometric risk analysis, regulated by several International Standards, is one of the more relevant facets of workplace assessment. Based on the predicted heat strain (PHS) model, the last version of ISO Standard 7933 devoted to the hot stress evaluation requires the measure of four physical (air temperature, mean radiant temperature, humidity and air velocity) and two subjective (metabolic rate and thermal clothing insulation) parameters. As far as the measurement of microclimatic parameters is concerned, ISO 7726 Standard suggests minimum and maximum accuracy values. On the other hand, for subjective measurements the situation does not appear so clear since the metabolic rate accuracy requirements are strictly related to the calculation method, whereas any accuracy is actually suggested for the clothing insulation evaluation. In order to evaluate the effect of the measurement accuracy on the reliability of the hot stress assessment, this work reports a sensitivity analysis of the PHS model to its independent variables. The results obtained clearly show that the mean radiant temperature measurement appears a tricky matter since only an error within the accuracy range can result in a very strong overestimation (up to 5 hours) of allowable exposure times.


Regardless of the setting, edge computing has drawn much attention from both the academic and industrial communities. For edge computing, content delivery networks are both a concrete and production deployable use case. While viable at the WAN or telco edge scale, it is unclear if this extends to others, such as in home WiFi routers, as has been assumed by some.In this work-in-progress, we present an initial study on the viability of using smart edge WiFi routers as a caching location. We describe the simulator we created to test this, as well as the analysis of the results obtained. We use 1 day of e-commerce web log traffic from a public data set, as well as a sampled subset of our own site - part of an ecosystem of over 111 million users. We show that in the best case scenario, smart edge routers are inappropriate for e-commerce web caching.


This thesis furthers work on and identifies two Rrf2 regulators with distinct biochemistry
and regulons involved in redox homeostasis in S. coelicolor and S. venezuelae.
Members of the Rrf2 superfamily of transcription factors are widespread in bacteria and
have a range of known regulatory functions including sensing and responding to nitric
oxide stress, iron limitation, cysteine availability and the iron sulfur cluster status of the
cell. Here we report further study of the Rrf2 protein named NsrR and the identification
and characterisation of a novel putative redox sensor RsrR in S. coelicolor and S.
venezuelae respectively.
NsrR is a global regulator in a range of bacteria, controlling gene expression of a diverse
regulon (~35 to >60 genes in B. subtilis and E. coli, respectively) in response to nitrogen
stress through a [4Fe-4S] co-factor. We show through ChIP-seq and in vitro DNA-binding
studies that NsrR controls only hmpA1, hmpA2 and nsrR by binding to a 11-bp inverted
repeat sequence upstream of each gene. Hmp is an NO-detoxifying flavohemoglobin,
indicating that NsrR contains a specialised regulon responsible for NO detoxification. We
also report an NsrR-independent, NO dependent delay of sporulation in S. coelicolor
through an unknown route.
RsrR, encoded by a diverse group of actinomycetes, contains an oxygen stable, putative
redox-sensing [2Fe-2S] cluster that cycles between an oxidised and reduced state. ChIPseq
suggests RsrR binds strongly to an 11-3-11bp inverted repeat to, at least, 16 target
sites and more weakly to an 11bp half site at the remaining >100 targets while dRNA-seq
indicates a distinctly different set of targets while suggesting the main function of RsrR is
regulation of the sven6562 (nmrA) gene, which is transcribed divergently from RsrR.
NmrA is a putative LysR-type regulator containing a C-terminal DNA-binding domain and
an N-terminal NmrA domain that we hypothesis senses redox poise by binding NAD(P)+
but not NAD(P)H.


This paper presents an ergodic capacity analysis of an amplify-and-forward multiple-input, multiple-output two-hop system including the source to destination (direct) link. We first derive an expression for the probability density function of an unordered eigenvalue of the system. Then, using this result, a closed form expression for the ergodic capacity of the system is derived. The ergodic capacity expression has one integral that needs to be evaluated numerically. The results produced are valid for all SNR values and for arbitrary numbers of antennas at the source, relay and destination. We also present simulation results to validate our analysis. The results show that the analysis exactly matches the simulations and quantifies the improvements in capacity due to the diversity offered by the direct link.


It is claimed in this paper that the well known incongruence between the phonology and the syntax is resolved by removing syntactic boundaries by means of the rhythmic patterning. Resulting from this is a direct interface between the phonological phrasing and the syntax. The intermediary of the prosodic component is thereby eliminated. Accordingly, it is emphasized that language is rhythmic and that the rhythm of any given language directly interprets the syntactic constituency. The instrument by which this is achieved is the rhythmic foot, which contravenes the syntactic constituency directly and restructures it to align it with the rhythmic patterning. In contrast to Nespor (1990), therefore, this approach takes into account no separation between the prosody and rhythm. As a result, it limits the need for pre-compiled rules as proposed by Hayes (1990). Especially targeted in relation to this discussion is the behavior of French schwa.


With marine ecosystems endangered by a warming climate and exploding human population growth, a critical transformation is taking place in the way the world's ocean resources are managed. "Marine Ecosystem-Based Management" presents a state-of-the-art synopsis of the conservation approaches that are currently being translated from theory to action on a global scale. With contributions from an international team of experts, this volume synthesizes the scientific literature of holistic practices in ecosystem-based management (EBM), focusing on protecting the marine ecologies that humans and countless other organisms vitally depend upon.Human uses of ocean ecosystems have usually been divided into separate sectors--fisheries, transportation, tourism, and recreation, for example--and ecosystem boundaries defined as much by politics as geography. This approach is giving way to a broader strategy based on integrated management of human activities in scientifically identified regions of the marine environment. Spanning a range of issues from the tropics to the poles, the authors present analyses of open ocean systems and high-impact regions such as coastlines, coral reefs, and estuaries. Methods of modeling and evaluating marine EBM are explored, as well as the role of governmental and other regulatory frameworks in ocean management and the lessons to be learned from past ecological interventions.It is now widely recognized that any viable strategy for sustaining the world's oceans must reflect the relationships among all ecosystem components, human and nonhuman species included. "Marine Ecosystem-Based Management "is an in-depth report of new advances in the rapidly evolving discipline of coupled Human-Ecological Systems.


Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate food insecurity in students in a developing country with high national food insecurity. Design: This was a cross-sectional survey. Subjects and setting: Registered students at the University of the Free State were invited to participate. Thirty-one thousand and fourteen students were enrolled in 2013. One thousand, four hundred and sixteen students completed a self-administered web-based questionnaire. Outcome measures: Food insecurity was assessed using a one-item measure, i.e. the Australian National Nutrition Survey, and a 10-item measure, i.e. the United States Department of Agriculture Community Food Security Assessment Toolkit. Associations of food insecurity with biographical attributes, food procurement measures and coping strategies were determined using the chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of food insecurity according to the one-item measure was 65%. Using the 10-item measure, 60% of the students experienced food insecurity "with hunger", and 26% food insecurity "without hunger". The highest prevalence of food insecurity was in black and coloured, undergraduate, first-generation and male students, as well as in students who were unmarried, unemployed and those relying on loans or bursaries. Using the regression model, the strongest significant predictors of food insecurity were race, gender, being a first-generation student, not having enough food money, having borrowed food money from parents, having asked for food and having sold belongings to obtain food. Conclusion: Severe food insecurity in students may be contributing to the high attrition rates experienced by universities in South Africa. Urgent intervention is required, as not having access to enough nutritionally adequate and safe food could be one of the reasons why more than 50% of South African university students never graduate.


This paper proposes a new meta-learning method -- named HARMLESS (HAwkes Relational Meta Learning method for Short Sequences) for learning heterogeneous point process models from a collection of short event sequence data along with a relational network. Specifically, we propose a hierarchical Bayesian mixture Hawkes process model, which naturally incorporates the relational information among sequences into point process modeling. Compared with existing methods, our model can capture the underlying mixed-community patterns of the relational network, which simultaneously encourages knowledge sharing among sequences and facilitates adaptively learning for each individual sequence. We further propose an efficient stochastic variational meta-EM algorithm, which can scale to large problems. Numerical experiments on both synthetic and real data show that HARMLESS outperforms existing methods in terms of predicting the future events.


Nowadays the consumption of organic foods has an outstanding importance from the aspects of health and environmental consciousness. In this study the habits of organic food consumption in Debrecen are examined by the help of a questionnaire-based survey and a personal interview. On the basis of our results the supply of organic foods in the local markets satisfies the requirement of the consumers, and this tendency is expected to be maintained for the future. The most popular products are vegetables, fruits, dairy products, meat and honey. Generally the consumers are very satisfied with these products. Most of the buyers choose organic foods not only because these products are healthy, but for the fact that they are aware of the environmentalfriendly technology by which the production happens. Consumers visiting the markets buy organic foods mainly at a weekly occasion, thus their consumption is conscious, and the healthy way of life is relevant for them. Many people do not know that there are such markets in Debrecen, in this way the promotion of these places is outstandingly important.


Abstract. Fires are an important factor in shaping Earth's ecosystems. Plant and animal life, in almost every land habitat, are at least partially dependent on the effects of fire. However, their destructive force, which has often proven uncontrollable, is one of our greatest concerns, effectively resulting in several policies in the most important industrialised regions of the globe. This paper aims to comprehensively characterise the Forest Fire Finder (FFF), a forest fire detection system based mainly upon a spectroscopic technique called differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS). The system is designed and configured with the goal of detecting higher-than-the-horizon smoke columns by measuring and comparing scattered sunlight spectra. The article covers hardware and software, as well as their interactions and specific algorithms for day mode operation. An analysis of data retrieved from several installations deployed in the course of the last 5 years is also presented. Finally, this paper features a discussion on the most prominent future improvements planned for the system, as well as its ramifications and adaptations, such as a thermal imaging system for short-range fire seeking or environmental quality control.


The development of applications for CAL relate to three levels of instructional design: a micro-level, the design of mediacomponents; a meso-level, the choice and formulation of an instructional method and a macro-level, the integration of CAL into the social context of learning. Whereas the first two levels have gained much attention the third aspect has been neglected in research so far. At this level the compatibility of instructional technology and the content and organisational structure of the learning has to be analysed. One aspect refers to the mostly implicit concepts for implementing CAL in organisations: CAL is viewed as either a substitute, an enrichment or as an organisational innovation. Problems contained in each of these concepts in corporate training are discussed.


Zeolite was hydrothermally synthesized from coal fly ash in NaOH solution and static condition, at various times of crystallization and treatment. Gel treated with ultrasonication before heating resulted in the formation of pure zeolite P (Na-P) while untreated gel formed a mixture of sodalite and Na-P. Pure zeolite P was produced in 5 days and stable up to 31 days of crystallization time without the trace of sodalite formed. The synthesized Na-P was then ion-exchanged with potassium (K-P) and cesium (Cs-P) ions in order to increase the basicity of the Na-P obtained. The reactivity of the catalysts was tested in Knoevenagel reaction between benzaldehyde and malononitrile, producing solid benzylidenemalononitrile as single product. The reactivity was measured by the time when the first solid product formed. K-P catalyst was found to be the most reactive followed by Cs-P and Na-P in which the reactivity depends more on the number of base sites as well as the basic strength of zeolite. In conclusion, zeolites synthesized from CFA is potential catalysts for the Knoevenagel reaction.


Studies have shown that adversity in childhood has harmful effects on well-being across the lifespan. This study examined the prevalence of children's cumulative experiences of adversity, based on parent report, in a national sample of low-income children (N=3,208) enrolled in a high quality early childhood education (ece) program. It explored the association between family adversity that occurred within the year prior to the parents' interview and the child's well-being measured after the interview. Well-being was based on language, school readiness, and social emotional outcomes. Almost half of all families reported experiencing at least one adversity. Family adversity was associated with worse school readiness and health outcomes. Adversity had mixed associations with socialemotional outcomes and no association with language outcomes. This study also explored time enrolled in ece (dosage) as a protective or promotive factor in relation to adversity. Time in program had a positive relationship to most child outcomes and could be interpreted as a promotive factor within the context of adversity for all outcomes except behavioral concerns.


In this paper a comparison between test and modelling results are performed for two large-scale facade fire testing methods, namely SP Fire 105 and BS 8414-1. In order to be able to compare tests and modelling the uncertainties have to be quantified both in the test and the modelling. Here we present a methodology based on deterministic sampling to quantify uncertainties in the modelling input. We find, in general good agreement between the models and the test results. Moreover, temperatures estimated by plate thermometers is indicated to be less sensitive to small variations in model input and is thus suitable for these kind of comparisons. © Owned by the authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2016 Language: en


Titanium (Ti) and tantalum (Ta) metals have been widely used as implants for their favorable mechanical features and good biocompatibility. However, the results on their osteogenic capacity have been conflicting due to the synergistic effects of complex and multiple material surface features (such as topography, surface chemistries etc.) on cellular behaviors. Here, we directly compare the osteogenic response of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to Ti and Ta metal surfaces with alterable surface hydroxyl groups. Although no difference was found on both surface topographies, cellular adhesion, proliferation, and the expression of osteogenic-related markers were upregulated with the increasing amount of surface hydroxyl groups (-OH) after ultraviolet (UV) light treatment. Moreover, Ti showed better effects in promoting osteogenic differentiation of MSCs than Ta before UV light treatment, but demonstrated the opposite after UV light treatment. These results might be attributed to the comparative quantity of the distinct type of surface hydroxyl groups (bridging-OH and terminal-OH), which regulated the conformation of the initial protein adsorption and subsequent cellular behaviors. Our results demonstrate the central role of the surface hydroxyl groups in mediating cell-material interactions and implicate this interface as helping in optimizing osteointegration of Ti and Ta based orthopaedic and dental implants.


A Comparative Case-Study in Formal Verification Groote and the second author verified (a version of) the Bakery Protocol in $\muCRL$. Their process-algebraic verification is rather complex compared to the protocol. Now the question is: How do other verification techniques perform on this protocol? In this paper, we present a new correctness proof by using I/O-automata theory and discuss the relative merits of both approaches. Subject classification:


The standard of living, measured as gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, increased dramatically in Venezuela relative to that of the United States from 20 percent in 1920 to 90 percent in 1958, but since then has collapsed to around 30 percent nowadays. What explains these remarkable growth and collapse episodes? Using a standard development accounting framework, we show that the growth episode is mainly accounted for by an increase in capital accumulation and knowledge transfer associated with the foreign direct investment in the booming oil industry. The collapse episode is accounted for equally by a fall in total factor productivity and in capital accumulation. We analyze Venezuela during the collapse episode in the context of a model of heterogeneous production units were policies and institutions favour unproductive in detriment of more productive activities. These policies generate misallocation, lower TFP, and a decline in capital accumulation. We show in the context of an heterogeneous-establishment growth model that distortionary policies can explain a large portion of the current differences in TFP, capital accumulation, and income per capita between Venezuela and the United States.


ABSTRACT. We studied the mating system and flower visitors of 2 threatened species of Sclerocactus (Cactaceae) in the Uintah Basin of eastern Utah—an area undergoing rapid energy development. We found that both S. wetlandicus and S. brevispinus are predominantly outcrossed and are essentially self-incompatible. A third presumptive taxon (undescribed; here called S. wetlandicus-var1) is fully self-compatible but cannot produce seeds unless the flowers are visited by pollinators. We found tentative evidence for pollinator limitation of fruit set in S. brevispinus but not in the other taxa. Pollinators are largely species of native ground-nesting bees in the subfamily Halictinae. These bees are indiscriminate collectors of pollen and nectar from Sclerocactus flowers and other plant species. The well-being of Sclerocactus populations requires that land managers ensure the preservation of halictid bee habitat, which includes both nesting sites and a diversity of floral resources. These bees are also undoubtedly the pollen vectors responsible for the production of hybrids in areas where S. wetlandicus and S. brevispinus meet. We experimentally confirmed that reciprocal crosses between S. wetlandicus and S. brevispinus are indistinguishable from each other or from pure crosses in fruits/flower, seeds/fruit and seed weights. We suggest that hybridization preceded energy development, that it attests to the ongoing process of evolution in the Sclerocactus group, and that it should not be suppressed by anthropogenic activity.


Consequences of submarine landslides include both their direct impact on offshore infrastructure, such as subsea electric cables and gas/oil pipelines, and their indirect impact via the generated tsunami. The simulation of submarine landslides and their consequences has been a long-standing challenge majorly due to the strong coupling among sliding sediments, seawater and infrastructure as well as the induced extreme material deformation during the complete process. In this paper, we propose a unified finite element formulation for solid and fluid dynamics based on a generalised Hellinger-Reissner variational principle so that the coupling of fluid and solid can be achieved naturally in a monolithic fashion. In order to tackle extreme deformation problems, the resulting formulation is implemented within the framework of the particle finite element method. The correctness and robustness of the proposed unified formulation for single-phase problems (e.g. fluid dynamics problems involving Newtonian/Non-Newtonian flows and solid dynamics problems) as well as for multi-phase problems (e.g. two-phase flows) are verified against benchmarks. Comparisons are carried out against numerical and analytical solutions or experimental data that are available in the literature. Last but not least, the possibility of the proposed approach for modelling submarine landslides and their consequences is demonstrated via a numerical experiment of an underwater slope stability problem. It is shown that the failure and post-failure process of the underwater slope can be predicted in a single simulation with its direct threat to a nearby pipeline and indirect threat by generating tsunami being estimated as well.


PURPOSE
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of dapsone gel 5% in the treatment of acne when used in combination with adapalene gel 0.1%, benzoyl peroxide gel 4% or moisturizer.

METHODS
This was a twelve-week, randomized, double-blind study. Patients aged 12 years and older (n=301) applied dapsone gel twice daily and were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to one of three additional treatments, applied once daily.

RESULTS
By week 12, dapsone gel combined with any of the three additional treatments reduced the mean number of inflammatory lesions. However, the authors did not detect a significant difference in the reduction of inflammatory lesions when dapsone was used in combination with adapalene gel or with benzoyl peroxide gel compared to the dapsone plus moisturizer combination group (P=0.052 for both versus moisturizer combination). Patients treated with dapsone gel combined with adapalene showed a significantly better response in reduction in non-inflammatory and total acne lesion count than those who received the moisturizer combination. Local adverse reactions in all three treatment groups were minimal and generally mild in severity.

CONCLUSION
Dapsone gel in combination with adapalene gel or benzoyl peroxide gel is safe and well tolerated for the treatment of acne vulgaris.


The rapid proliferation of 3D volume data, including MRI and CT scans, is prompting the search within computer graphics for more effective volume visualisation techniques. Partially because of the traditional association with medical subjects, concepts borrowed from the domain of scientific illustration show great promise for enriching volume visualisation. This thesis describes the first general system dedicated to creating user-directed, variable-detail, scientific illustrations directly from volume data. In particular, using volume segmentation for explicit abstraction in non-photorealistic volume renderings is a new concept. The unique challenges and opportunities of volume data require rethinking many non-photorealistic algorithms that traditionally operate on polygonal meshes. The resulting 2D images are qualitatively different from but complementary to those normally seen in computer graphics, and inspire an analysis of the various artistic implications of volume models for scientific illustration.


$*$-Polynomials are natural generalizations of usual polynomials between complex vector spaces. A $*$-polynomial is a function between complex vector spaces $X$ and $Y,$ which is a sum of so-called $(p,q)$-polynomials. In turn, for nonnegative integers $p$ and $q,$ a $(p,q)$-polynomial is a function between $X$ and $Y,$ which is the restriction to the diagonal of some mapping, acting from the Cartesian power $X^{p+q}$ to $Y,$ which is linear with respect to every of its first $p$ arguments, antilinear with respect to every of its last $q$ arguments and invariant with respect to permutations of its first $p$ arguments and last $q$ arguments separately.
In this work we construct formulas for recovering of $(p,q)$-polynomial components of $*$-polynomials, acting between complex vector spaces $X$ and $Y,$ by the values of $*$-polynomials. We use these formulas for investigations of $*$-polynomials, acting from the $n$-dimensional complex vector space $\mathbb{C}^n$ to $\mathbb{C},$ which are symmetric, that is, invariant with respect to permutations of coordinates of its argument. We show that every symmetric $*$-polynomial, acting from $\mathbb{C}^n$ to $\mathbb{C},$ can be represented as an algebraic combination of some "elementary" symmetric $*$-polynomials.
Results of the paper can be used for investigations of algebras, generated by symmetric $*$-polynomials, acting from $\mathbb{C}^n$ to $\mathbb{C}.$


Since the publication of its first issue in 1989, the Korean Journal of Medical Education (KJME) has been acknowledged as the only professional journal in the field of medical education in Korea. KJME has become an educational venue in which Korean medical educators share their experiences and study results and also contributes to the development and improvement of medical education in Korea through communications and scientific motivations among educational researchers. Many researchers of KJME have also participated in many activities, making presentations and contributions in internationally well-known conferences and journals. All of these efforts have nourished the rapid growth of KJME, and we achieved MEDLINE indexing in 2015.

Starting from the March 2016 issue, KJME will be published in English only to open interactions with international researchers. The change from being a Korean publication to becoming an English journal was not easy, prompting many concerns, such as the English requirements leading to a misunderstanding of the contents of papers. Of course, it is understandable that researchers with some English language barriers might encounter difficulties in the initial stages with reading and writing. But, if KJME wants to be an internationally recognized journal, all of us must overcome these issues.

In transforming into an English journal, KJME is now prepared for indexing in PubMed, after which it is expected that KJME will be introduced to international researchers and become an important medical education journal. As editor-in-chief, I expect and hope that KJME will provide a basis for research on making qualitative improvements to medical education. I also wish that all colleagues and supporters of medical education increase their interest and readership in the reborn KJME.


Polybius and Diodorus each cite a league of Italiote city-states while chronicling events of the fifth and fourth centuries bc respectively. Scholarly opinion holds that the authors describe the same alliance. This article argues that each ancient historian refers to a different alliance with dissimilar goals. Evidence is marshaled to show that Polybius9s fifth-century league was not formed to combat an Italic threat, as is commonly stated by modern authors. Three Achaean states established this alliance to counter their aggressive Italiote neighbors, Thurii and Locri, both of whom were supported by major powers. By the first part of the fourth century, however, the situation in southern Italy had changed dramatically, and the growing power of Dionysius I as well as Italic people threatened the Italiotes. Diodorus describes another alliance formed by a larger group of Italiote states to counter a different set of enemies.


Purpose
Mobile apps offer construction workers a quick, affordable and user-friendly platform for meeting their information, communication and computing needs, with nearly 13,000 construction apps currently available in the market. This study aims to report construction managers' perspectives on the uptake of mobile apps in the New Zealand construction industry.

Design/methodology/approach
Exploratory research methods were used in two stages. First stage involved interviews with 14 construction managers who were registered with the New Zealand Registered Master Builders Association, followed by an online questionnaire in the second stage. The link of online questionnaire was sent to all members of participating professional organisations by their administrators. In total, 228 responses were received, of which 60 per cent participants completed the entire questionnaire.

Findings
Results show an overall positive attitude towards the use of apps. Perceptions of top management personnel differed slightly from those of middle managers; the former expressed interest in apps usage at strategic level such as improving long-term client relationship management and satisfaction; while the latter were more interested in the apps use at operational and tactical levels such as task- or project-level productivity improvement.

Research limitations/implications
Though bias has been minimised by giving equal opportunity to each member of trade and professional organisations to participate in this survey, of the 228 responses received, only 60 per cent participants completed the entire questionnaire. This is below the minimum requirement for a holistic representation of views. As a result, the findings might not be generalised beyond the study's scope.

Originality/value
The study provides new insights on the uptake of smartphone apps in New Zealand's construction sector from the perspective of construction managers who make strategic decisions. The findings have implications for policy formulation and implementation in regards to the use of mobile apps for productivity improvement in the sector. Mobile apps developers could also gain understanding on functional needs and preferences of the construction workforce, which will help in development of more relevant apps.


Estimating the normalization constants (partition functions) of energy-based probabilistic models (Markov random fields) with a high accuracy is required for measuring performance, monitoring the training progress of adaptive models, and conducting likelihood ratio tests. We devised a unifying theoretical framework for algorithms for estimating the partition function, including Annealed Importance Sampling (AIS) and Bennett's Acceptance Ratio method (BAR). The unification reveals conceptual similarities of and differences between different approaches and suggests new algorithms. The framework is based on a generalized form of Crooks' equality, which links the expectation over a distribution of samples generated by a transition operator to the expectation over the distribution induced by the reversed operator.

Different ways of sampling, such as parallel

tempering and path sampling, are covered by the framework.

We performed experiments in which we estimated the partition function of restricted Boltzmann

machines (RBMs) and Ising models. We found that BAR using parallel

tempering worked well with a small number of bridging distributions,

while path sampling based AIS performed best with many bridging

distributions. The normalization constant is measured w.r.t.~a reference distribution, and the choice of this distribution turned out to be very important in our experiments.

Overall, BAR gave the best empirical results, outperforming AIS.


We demonstrate a simple method for three-dimensional (3D) cell culture controlled by ultrasonic standing waves in a multi-well microplate. The method gently arranges cells in a suspension into a single aggregate in each well of the microplate and, by this, nucleates 3D tissue-like cell growth for culture times between two and seven days. The microplate device is compatible with both high-resolution optical microscopy and maintenance in a standard cell incubator. The result is a scaffold- and coating-free method for 3D cell culture that can be used for controlling the cellular architecture, as well as the cellular and molecular composition of the microenvironment in and around the formed cell structures. We demonstrate the parallel production of one hundred synthetic 3D solid tumors comprising up to thousands of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) HepG2 cells, we characterize the tumor structure by high-resolution optical microscopy, and we monitor the functional behavior of natural killer (NK) cells migrating, docking and interacting with the tumor model during culture. Our results show that the method can be used for determining the collective ability of a given number of NK cells to defeat a solid tumor having a certain size, shape and composition. The ultrasound-based method itself is generic and can meet any demand from applications where it is advantageous to monitor cell culture from production to analysis of 3D tissue or tumor models using microscopy in one single microplate device.


Clinical Image: This is a 56 year old male with history of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) presented with hypoxia and cough with mucopurulent sputum. Since past 34 years patient has been troubled by recurrent severe lung infections requiring multiple hospital admissions. PCD is characterized by obstructive pattern of lung disease. The images depict classic cystic bronchodilatation (Figure 1) with bronchiectasis predominantly affecting lower lung lobes (Figure 2). The mainstays of treatment are airway clearance and aggressive antibiotic therapy. PCD is a rare ciliopathic autosomal recessive genetic disorder that causes defects in action of cilia lining the respiratory tract, fallopian tubes, as well as the flagella of sperm cells. The prevalence of PCD is about 1:10,000. Severe lung infections by virulent bacteria are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. Lung transplant is the only curative treatment in these patients.


Due to the adverse impacts of the consumption of fossil fuels on our environment, the quest for a more sustainable energy supply is increasingly intensifying worldwide. Many renewable energy sources, such as wind, solar and tidal power generate electricity. Therefore, the development towards a sustainable energy supply leads to increasing electrification. The decreasing degree of controllability of electricity production and the high, but rare production peaks caused by distributed generation require involving electricity consumption in balancing supply and demand. To this end, electricity networks must develop into "Smart Grids". One of the consequences of this trend is a vastly increased need to acquire, process and communicate data, both for measurement and control purposes. In the contribution, first the background of the development towards Smart Grids will be studied in more detail. Then, the various functionalities and corresponding architectures and sensing and control requirements will be discussed for different Smart Grid concepts.


The study of dark matter, in both astrophysics and particle physics, has emerged as one of the most active and exciting topics of research in recent years. This book reviews the history behind the discovery of missing mass (or unseen mass) in the universe, and ties this into the proposed extensions to the Standard Model of Particle Physics (such as Supersymmetry), which were being proposed within the same time frame. This book is written as an introduction to these problems at the forefront of astrophysics and particle physics, with the goal of conveying the physics of dark matter to beginning undergraduate majors in scientific fields. The book goes on to describe existing and upcoming experiments and techniques, which will be used to detect dark matter either directly or indirectly.


Background: Choosing the right drug with the least side effects and highest effective-ness for the control of seizures in the elderly is important. The aim of this study was compare the efficacy of lamotrigine and levetiracetam in the management of epilepsy in the elderly. Methods: This study was performed as a double-blind randomized clinical trial in patients that referred to the neurologic clinic at Sina University Hospital, Tehran, Iran in 2012. The patients over sixty years old with a diagnosis of epilepsy were selected. They had one seizure in year at least and one attack in the last 6 months. First, the patients divided to two groups; Group one were treated with lamotrigine, 25 mg per day and group two were treated with levetiracetam, 250 mg per day for 24 weeks. In the ab-sence of drug complications, the dose was increased to the maximum dose listed in the treatment protocol. Second the patients were followed in number of attacks, abnormali-ties in laboratory data and side effects of drug in 2, 4, 8, 12 and 20 weeks. The collect-ing data of the study were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics methods. Results: Forty nine cases, 28 males and 21 females in lamotrigine group and 46 cases in levetiracetam group, 27 males and 19 females participated in the final analysis. Mean age of patients was 72.40±5.87 (63-85). Drug side effects were observed in 57 cases, 26 cases of lamotrigine group and 31 cases of levetiracetam group. Seizure frequency showed a declining trend in both groups but in lamotrigine group more than levetiracetam group in last week (P= 0.039). Conclusion: The findings of the study showed lamotrigine and levetiracetam were ef-fective in management of epilepsy in the elderly. Levetiracetam has a higher seizure-free effect than lamotrigine but lamotrigine is better tolerated than levetiracetam. Abstract


Ten years ago, Bowen and Ostroff (2004) criticized the one-sided focus on the content-based approach, where researchers take into account the inherent virtues (or vices) associated with the content of HR practices to explain performance. They explicitly highlight the role of the psychological processes through which employees attach meaning to HRM. In this fi rst article of the special section entitled "Is the HRM Process Important?" we present an overview of past, current, and future challenges. For past challenges, we attempt to categorize the various research streams that originated from the seminal piece. To outline current challenges, we present the results of a content analysis of the original 15 articles put forward for the special section. In addition, we provide the overview of a caucus focused on this theme that was held at the Academy of Management annual meeting in Boston in 2012. In conclusion, we discuss future challenges relating to the HRM process approach and review the contributions that have been selected—against a competitive fi eld—for this special issue. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


OBJECTIVE: Cerebrovascular abnormalities are serious but underrecognized complications of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, clinical presentation, imaging findings, and prognosis of cerebral arteriopathies in childhood NF1. METHODS: Patients followed at the NF1 clinic at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, between 1990 and 2007 were studied. Patients with confirmed NF1 diagnosis and neuroimaging results were included. All neuroimaging studies were reviewed for the presence of arteriopathy by 2 study pediatric neuroradiologists blinded to clinical information. Clinical records of children with cerebral arteriopathy were reviewed. RESULTS: Among 419 children with confirmed NF1, 266 (63%) received neuroimaging. Among children with neuroimaging results, 17 had cerebral arteriopathy (minimum prevalence rate of 6%). Among the 35 patients who received magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), arteriopathy was more common in patients with NF1 with optic gliomas (11 of 21) compared with those without optic glioma (4 of 14). Forty-seven percent of children developed focal deficits months to years after the diagnosis of the arteriopathy. Follow-up at a mean of 7 years after diagnosis of arteriopathy showed that 35% (6 of 17) had progressive arteriopathy requiring revascularization surgery. Seven patients received aspirin for primary stroke prevention. On retrospective review of imaging studies, a mean delay of 51 months to clinical radiographic reporting of these findings was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of cerebral arteriopathy in children with NF1 in this study was at least 6% and was associated with young age and optic glioma. Arteriopathy causes stroke with resultant neurologic deficits. Medical and/or surgical interventions may prevent these complications. Therefore, the addition of vascular imaging (MRA/conventional angiography) to brain imaging studies for early detection of arteriopathy should be considered for children with NF1, particularly young patients with optic glioma.


Summary Strategies to achieve controlled nanoparticle aggregation have gained much interest, due to the versatility of such systems and their applications in materials science and medicine. In this article we demonstrate that coiled-coil peptide-induced aggregation based on electrostatic interactions is highly sensitive to the length of the peptide as well as the number of presented charges. The quaternary structure of the peptide was found to play an important role in aggregation kinetics. Furthermore, we show that the presence of peptide fibers leads to well-defined nanoparticle assembly on the surface of these macrostructures.


ABSTRACT The commercial fishery for American lobster Homarus americanus Milne Edwards in Maine has experienced the highest landings during the past 2 decades than at any time since the 1950s. However, there is no scientific consensus on why landings have increased nearly 250% from 1990 to 2010, and no one can predict how long landings can be expected to remain at current levels. This uncertainty has sparked a renewed interest in lobster stock enhancement using cultured individuals. Historically, lobster stock enhancement in North America has focused primarily on releasing early benthic phase (stage IV) animals. It is not cost-effective to feed and maintain animals in the laboratory or hatchery until they are larger (ca. stage X–XI), as is typical of enhancement efforts with cultured individuals of Homarus gammarus (L.) in Europe, even though survival to commercial size presumably would be greater. One difficulty with releasing early benthic phase animals is that they have the capacity to swim away from the release site, making tests to determine the efficacy of such programs logistically difficult and expensive. A low-cost, low-maintenance, ocean-based nursery grow-out system for stage IV H. americanus was tested in waters off eastern Maine using technology first developed and implemented successfully for cultured individuals of H. gammarus in Ireland. A single individual was added to a plastic soda bottle (ca. 350 mL) or Petri dish (440 mL) containing a series of small holes to allow continuous flow of seawater into and out of the units. Bottles (n = 630) and dishes (n = 420) were added to rigid nursery cages constructed of traditional vinyl-coated lobster trap wire and deployed in July 2002 ca. 2 m off the bottom in depths of 10 m, 15 m, and 25 m in and around Chandler Bay near Jonesport. After nearly 70 days, survival in the bottles varied from 20% at the deepwater site to 90% at the shallow-water site; however, after an additional 244–288 days, most bottles had filled with muddy sediments, and mortality rate was nearly 100%. Conversely, survival rates after 448 days in the dishes varied, on average, from 21.5–47.2% per cage originally deployed at the deepest and shallowest site, respectively. Growth rates in the dishes generally doubled during the 14-mo field trial from a carapace length of 4.2 mm to that of 8.9 mm. Results suggest that ocean nurseries can be used to rear cultured lobsters to larger sizes prior to release for stock enhancement purposes; however, these animals are too small to apply visible tags (i.e., streamer or T-bar tags) that fishers could discern easily.


Background : Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) is secreted from granulosa cells of growing follicles and is a useful marker of ovarian reserve. Fertility in women is determined by the quality and quantity of follicle pool and ovarian follicular reserve positively correlates with AMH . In this study we aimed to determine if AMH can predict ovarian response in IVF treatments. Methods : In this retrospective observational study undertaken in Mehr Institute during 2010 to 2011 , we studied the medical records of 101 patients and recorded the concentrations of AMH, day two or three FSH, LH, basal estradiol (E2), E2 on day of HCG administration and the number of metaphase II oocytes. Having undergone ovarian hyperstimulation, the women were divided into three groups: poor responders (retrieved oocytes ≤ 3 ), normal responders (retrieved oocytes 4 to 15 ) and high responders (retrieved oocytes ≥ 16 ). Results : Overall, 20% of patients were defined as poor responders, 71% as average responders and 10% as high responders. There were significant differences in the concentration of AMH, E2 on day of HCG administration, FSH , the number of metaphase II oocytes and age between the three groups. MII oocyte count correlated positively with AMH ( r =0.487) , basal E2 ( r =0.275) and LH ( r =0.07) but it did negatively with FSH ( r =-0.26) and age ( r =-0.04) . The areas under curve for AMH, FSH, LH, E2 and age were 0.799, 0.32, 0.429, 0.558 and 0.304, respectively. We determined the 0.85 ng/ml AMH concentration as the cut-off point with 71% specificity and 79% sensitivity for the prediction of poor responders. Conclusion: anti-müllerian hormone is an appropriate predicator of ovarian response following induction of ovulation. Abstract


Data-driven modeling is an imperative tool in various industrial applications, including many applications in the sectors of aeronautics and commercial aviation. These models are in charge of providing key insights, such as which parameters are important on a specific measured outcome or which parameter values we should expect to observe given a set of input parameters. At the same time, however, these models rely heavily on assumptions (e.g., stationarity) or are "black box" (e.g., deep neural networks), meaning that they lack interpretability of their internal working and can be viewed only in terms of their inputs and outputs. An interpretable alternative to the "black box" models and with considerably less assumptions is symbolic regression (SR). SR searches for the optimal model structure while simultaneously optimizing the model's parameters without relying on an a-priori model structure. In this work, we apply SR on real-life exhaust gas temperature (EGT) data, collected at high frequencies through the entire flight, in order to uncover meaningful algebraic relationships between the EGT and other measurable engine parameters. The experimental results exhibit promising model accuracy, as well as explainability returning an absolute difference of 3 ° C compared to the ground truth and demonstrating consistency from an engineering perspective.


Background: Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Qatar, aims to be MAGNET accredited (Nurse Excellence Program) by the American Nurse Credentialing Center (ANCC), in addition to be an academic health center. For these accreditations it is required to establish specialty foundation courses1 and one of these courses is the Critical Care Foundation Program (CCFP) which was designed by HMC critical care and educational experts. During the planning and curriculum design stages, the scientific and planning committee had a thematic focus on; learner-centeredness, active learning, and eustress learning strategies2,3. Methods: Stressful learning has negative impact on achieving learning outcomes2,3. For effective implementation of learner-centeredness and eustress learning, the CCFP design embedded different interactive teaching and assessment strategies including but not limited to; case-based teaching, competency-based teaching, interactive group learning conversations, and demonstration workshops1,2,4,5. To get the CCFP certificates learners should attend the whole program. However, there is a clinical attachment (competency assessment) and the CCFP was designed as eight teaching days over 8 weeks (one day per week). The program design was planned purposefully as the critical care nurses are given enough time to go to the critical care clinical fields to do the competency assessment for related CCFP teaching topics. Eight hundred critical care nurses have attended CCFP over the last four years. During the program, learners were given a chance and appropriate time to consolidate their knowledge and skills, in addition to bridge the gap between theory and practice, and to become competent and specialized ICU nurses with normal and tolerable levels of stress (eustress)3–5. As per the Qatar Certified Healthcare Practitioner Continuing Professional Development requirement, all course participants completed an evaluation form, which we administered online and combined with the participants' ability to download the program completion certificate. The data from the participants' evaluation forms was reviewed by the course scientific and planning committee which then was used to make further recommendations. Results: The CCFP curriculum design was helpful and effective in controlling critical care nurse's stress level which was evident by learner's self-reporting feedback and assessment tools (Table 1). Moreover, the program design was effective for active learner's engagement which was evident by the learner's feedback, educational experts, and peer review reports (Tables 1 and 2). A total of 800 nurses underwent the critical care specialty competency assessment process, and they were signed off as competent in all the domains assessed. Conclusion: Eustress learning allocates the learner at the center of the learning process and provides better learning outcomes. The design of this teaching curriculum which integrates different modalities of teaching and assessment methods helps learners to be actively involved in the learning and assessment process. Considering flexible and evidence based assessment methods in addition to written exams is recommended to decrease stress among learners. Reflection, and competency clinical attachment are recommended teaching and assessment methods to decrease learning and assessment stress levels, and to promote the effectiveness of the learning and teaching process.


This contribution focuses on the way in which the relationship between the fields of philosophy and science was the object of intense debate at the Berlin Academy. The contribution analyses some key papers in which members of the academy try to determine what they call the 'academic spirit'. An important source is Maupertuis's lecture, in which he explains his views, as president, about the division of classes and the advantages of carrying out research in an academy. But there are other important contributions; particularly that of Formey who, as secretary, wrote several papers on these questions, but also of Dieudonné Thiebault, Jakob Wegelin, and Christian Garve. These discussions took place at distinct periods and express different ways of conceiving of the production of academic scholarship. Most importantly, their representation of speculative philosophy changed, to the extent that some believed that this field should no longer be discussed in the context of the academy. Christian Garve maintains this view, which expresses a major change in the history of the institution. This position is also accompanied by a gradual disappearance of speculative reflections.


An initial-value problem is formulated for a three-dimensional wave packet in a compressible boundary layer flow. The problem is solved using a Laplace transform with respect to time and Fourier transforms with respect to the streamwise and spanwise coordinates. The solution can be presented as a sum of modes consisting of continuous and discrete spectra of temporal stability theory. Two discrete modes, known as mode S and mode F, are of interest in high-speed flows since they may be involved in a laminar-turbulent transition scenario. The continuous and discrete spectrum are analyzed numerically for a hypersonic flow with Mach number M=5.6. The following features are revealed: (1) The synchronism of mode S with acoustic waves at a streamwise wave number α→0 is primarily two-dimensional; (2) at high angles of disturbance propagation, mode F is no longer synchronized with entropy and vorticity waves; (3) at high angles of disturbance propagation, the synchronism between mode S and mode F is not accompanied...


It is well-established that active learning benefits students' learning (Freeman et al, 2014), however changing pedagogy can be challenging for academic staff. The "Clickers Project" described here, although originally envisaged primarily as an automated mechanism for monitoring student attendance and engagement, additionally made it easy for academic staff to increase in-class interactivity, giving students opportunities for self-assessment and feedback. Over 500 first year students were provided with their own electronic voting system (EVS) "clicker", which was used in-class to respond to questions and their responses were archived for analysis and monitoring attendance. The clicker used by the project, and the procedures being tested, could be adapted to use an alternative mechanism, such as Socrative or Mentimeter, with the student's own personal device, and as part of the project's evaluation we explored student and staff preferences in this regard.

To realise the advantages of using an EVS it must be integrated within the overall pedagogic approach. In a subset of the classes using clickers Peer Instruction was used within a flipped classroom (Jungic, 2014): Before the lecture, students have access to Open Educational Resources (OERs) using the Numbas e-assessment platform, with content developed by an undergraduate internship student. The OER comprises introductory subject material within a number of randomised quizzes that students can read through and attempt many times. After each attempt students receive a score and question-specific feedback so they can self-assess their mastery of concepts before class. From this, cohort-level information identifies for the instructor areas where the students are struggling, which informs concept and pair/share questions that students answer in-class using their clickers.

The evaluation here is in two parts: A broad overview of the Clickers Project is derived from the evaluation of attendance and progress data against entry level qualifications and other demographic data for the 500+ student participants, alongside data from a survey and focus groups with students and staff. Then we concentrate on the effectiveness of EVS and OER materials supporting the Peer Instruction methodology within a module with 85 students, where progression data are compared to previous years in which different models of instruction were used to achieve the same learning outcomes.

The data gathered in-class and from focus groups will be used to present student and staff perceptions of the project and their engagement with it. The project evaluated positively and will continue from September 2015 with a broader scope. However, the results highlight some challenges with infrastructure, methodology, and with student and staff attitudes, which we would like to share.

Freeman, S., Eddy, S. L., McDonough, M., Smith, M. K., Okoroafor, N., Jordt, H., & Wenderoth, M. P. (2014). "Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(23), 8410-8415.

Jungic, V., Kaur, H., Mulholland, J., & Xin, C. (2014) "On flipping the classroom in large first year calculus courses". International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, (published online December 2014), 1-13.


Purpose: The paper tries to estimate the willingness to pay the value of statistical life of drivers in Tabriz highways. Design/Methodology/Approach: Data were obtained using a questionnaire whish was distributed among people who travel daily on Tabriz highways to study or work in 2017. Stated choice technique and the mixed logit model are used to estimate the individual's preferences to reduce the risk of fatality and injury . Findings: The results indicated the effects of cost, trip time, number of fatalities and injuries, number of speed cameras and speed limits on choosing a driving route. In addition, investigation of interactive effects of demographic variables and indices shows that only the interactive effects of age, income with indices are statistically significant. Practical Implications: Some policy implications to increase investment on highways and financimg road projects by road users including drivers. Originality/Value: Goverment strategy on highways development is to eliminate or reduce the number of fatalities and injuries.


CONTENTS I. The so-called "Australian" Olethreutini in the Meyrick Collection, with selection of lectotypes 4 Anathamna, p. 4; Argyroploce, p. 7; Articolla, p. 30; Eucosma, p. 32; Peridaedala, p. 32; Procoronis, p. 33; Proschistis, p. 35. II. Appendix. 1. New genera and species from the so-called "Australian" Meyrick Collection 35 2. Papuan species described by Durrant........70 3. Records and descriptions of some other species......73 4. Records and descriptions of some Tortricinae from the "Australian" Meyrick Collection 76 5. Index to genera and species 85 In the course of a revision of South Asiatic Olethreutinae I have studied the material of this subfamily originating from New Guinea and dependances, from the Bismarck, and from the Solomon Islands, present in the Meyrick Collection in the British Museum (Natural History), London, and indicated by that author as his "Australian" collection. Only few species from this region have been incorporated in Clarke's (1958) monograph of Meyrick's types in that museum, viz. those described in 1938; lectotypes for these species have been selected by Clarke. Other species from the above-mentioned islands, described by Meyrick in his "Revision of the Australian Tortricidae" (1910-1911) and in the "Exotic Microlepidoptera" 3 and 4, have not yet been treated in this way. In the present paper the species of the tribe Olethreutini in the Meyrick Collection are listed and lectotypes are selected. Most species obviously


The prices of professional sports tickets have skyrocketed in recent years, depriving many fans of the time-honored tradition of taking their families out to a ball game. This article suggests that legal reform and political action are appropriate responses to these soaring prices. First, the article rebuts the threshold objection that economics alone justify current ticket prices. First, professional sports teams reap a windfall from the public through corporate welfare, special-interest legislation, and favorable antitrust and tax laws. This preferential legal treatment undercuts the argument that teams are simply charging, or should charge, what the market will bear. Second, teams cannot blame ticket prices on high player salaries, because the market for tickets is economically distinct from the market for players. Next, the article evaluates four possible legal or political responses to ticket prices: regulating professional sports leagues, eliminating their preferential legal treatment, taking individual teams through eminent domain, and encouraging local team ownership. It concludes that fans may be best able to keep tickets affordable by encouraging local governments, which have spent billions of dollars on stadium construction, to consider buying teams of their own.


Empirical methods to estimate the elemental abundances in planetary nebulae usually use the temperatures derived from the [O III] and [N II] emission-line ratios, respectively, for the high- and low-ionization zones. However, for a large number of objects these values may not be available. In order to overcome this difficulty and allow a better determination of abundances, we discuss the relationship between these two temperatures. Although a correlation is not easily seen when a sample of different PNe types is used, the situation is improved when they are gathered into excitation classes. From [OII]/[OIII] and HeII/HeI line ratios, we define four excitation classes. Then, using standard photoionization models which fit most of the data, a linear relation between the two temperatures is obtained for each of the four excitation classes. The method is applied to several objects for which only one temperature can be obtained from the observed emission lines and is tested by recalculation of the radial abundance gradient of the Galaxy using a larger number of PNe. We verified that our previous gradient results, obtained with a smaller sample of planetary nebulae, are not changed, indicating that the temperature relation obtained from the photoionization models are a good approximation, and the corresponding statistical error decreases as expected.


From the Publisher:
Bell Labs, the greatest research lab of the twentieth century, has been called America's national treasure and the crown jewel of AT&T and Lucent. To scientists all over the world, pursuing research at Bell Labs has long been a dream because of its brilliant scientists, numerous inventions, academic freedom, and plentiful resources. But now, forced by the marketplace, competition, and economic conditions, the world's most prestigious research lab is in the midst of radical cultural change.
Bell Labs: Life in the Crown Jewel tells the fascinating story of the transition Bell Labs undergoing as it adapts to new business conditions. After AT&T's settlement of a government anti-trust lawsuit, the boom years of basic research started to end. A much smaller AT&T, still a giant company, was thrust into the competitive world. The change, slow at first, picked up pace in the 1990s following the next breakup of AT&T, which created Lucent, Bell Labs' new parent. After a few good years, Lucent found itself in financial difficulty in a very tough telecommunications market. Lucent responded by breaking up into smaller companies, which led to a smaller Bell Labs. Lucent's worsening financial condition forced it to downsize with Bell Labs sharing the pain. Bell Labs is now being forced to moved faster and further towards helping Lucent's business needs.
Moving from university-style (basic) research to industrial (applied) research is much more difficult than going from industrial research to basic research because industrial research puts constraints on scientists while basic research frees them to explore new frontiers. Bell Labs researchers, who once were free to focus on innovation, research excellence, and prizes, now have to worry about business relevance. The culture of lifetime employment is gone and the pendulum has swung from basic to applied research.
Narain Gehani worked at Bell Labs for twenty-three years from 1978 to 2001. He was there during the critical years when AT&T changed from a monopoly to a competitive company. He was there when AT&T split up again and handed Bell Labs to Lucent. He was there during the rise and fall of Lucent. He was a witness to and participant in the changes in Bell Labs as its parent went from a million-employee company (AT&T) to a company (Lucent) that now has less than fifty thousand employees.
Narain Gehani, in his first non-technical book, shares his insights about Bell Labs and its culture and tells its glorious history. He describes the cultural differences between Research and the business units, the different research models and the challenges facing Bell Labs in the twenty first century. Bell Labs: Life in the Crown Jewel is full of interesting and amusing anecdotes. Narain Gehani's tale of a corporate crown jewel will keep you riveted to reading about a way of life possibly gone forever.

About the Author
NARAIN GEHANI is the author of many computer books including best selling books on UNIX typesetting and C. Dr. Gehani received his PhD in computer science from Cornell University. He was at Bell Labs for 23 years where his last position was that of VP, Communications Software Research. Narain co-founded www.mapsonus.com. He has coauthored several software systems, published many papers and authored many patents.


One of the main emphases of the Special Rural Development Programme in Kenya was supposed to be the involvement of local communities in economic development efforts. Self-help activity in the past has been strongly preoccupied with projects which absorb, rather than produce resources. In this paper the six S.R.D.P. areas are examined in terms of the intensity of socalled 'economic' or 'economy developing' self-help activity versus the 'social/domestic' or 'welfare' variety, and a comparison is made with selected non-S.R.D.P. areas. It is found that the preponderance of 'welfare' projects is as strong or stronger in the S.R.D.P. areas as elsewhere. Various means for promoting self-help along more economically productive lines are then discussed, along with the existing approaches and structures, and some alternatives are suggested. IDS/DP 2 m SELF-HELP AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN KENYA1


Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is used to modulate the activity of dysfunctional brain circuits. The safety and efficacy of DBS in dementia is unknown. Objective: To assess DBS of memory circuits as a treatment for patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods: We evaluated active "on" versus sham "off" bilateral DBS directed at the fornix-a major fiber bundle in the brain's memory circuit-in a randomized, double-blind trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01608061) in 42 patients with mild AD. We measured cognitive function and cerebral glucose metabolism up to 12 months post-implantation. Results: Surgery and electrical stimulation were safe and well tolerated. There were no significant differences in the primary cognitive outcomes (ADAS-Cog 13, CDR-SB) in the "on" versus "off" stimulation group at 12 months for the whole cohort. Patients receiving stimulation showed increased metabolism at 6 months but this was not significant at 12 months. On post-hoc analysis, there was a significant interaction between age and treatment outcome: in contrast to patients <65 years old (n = 12) whose results trended toward being worse with DBS ON versus OFF, in patients≥65 (n = 30) DBS-f ON treatment was associated with a trend toward both benefit on clinical outcomes and a greater increase in cerebral glucose metabolism. Conclusion: DBS for AD was safe and associated with increased cerebral glucose metabolism. There were no differences in cognitive outcomes for participants as a whole, but participants aged≥65 years may have derived benefit while there was possible worsening in patients below age 65 years with stimulation.


This paper presents SafeStore, a distributed storage system designed to maintain long-term data durability despite conventional hardware and software faults, environmental disruptions, and administrative failures caused by human error or malice. The architecture of SafeStore is based on fault isolation, which Safe-Store applies aggressively along administrative, physical, and temporal dimensions by spreading data across autonomous storage service providers (SSPs). However, current storage interfaces provided by SSPs are not designed for high end-to-end durability. In this paper, we propose a new storage system architecture that (1) spreads data efficiently across autonomous SSPs using informed hierarchical erasure coding that, for a given replication cost, provides several additional 9's of durability over what can be achieved with existing black-box SSP interfaces, (2) performs an efficient end-to-end audit of SSPs to detect data loss that, for a 20% cost increase, improves data durability by two 9's by reducing MTTR, and (3) offers durable storage with cost, performance, and availability competitive with traditional storage systems. We instantiate and evaluate these ideas by building a SafeStore-based file system with an NFS-like interface.


This present study investigated the causal relationships among the dimensions of consumer-based brand equity in the context of service shop; and to improve the conceptualization of service quality, which serves as a sub-dimension of perceived quality. A total of 602 self-administrated questionnaires were distributed via non-probability sampling. Findings suggested that the dimensions of service quality in the service shop were comprised of tangibles, responsiveness, empathy, assurance, recovery, and knowledge. The causal effects of service quality are significantly greater than product cues in formatting favorable consumer response towards the brand. The major contribution is that it provides imperative insight into the development of consumer-based brand equity in the service industry that is based on typology-specific. Future study should include simultaneous examination of the four service quadrants as classified by Schmenner's (1986), and investigates the universal dimensional of consumer-based brand equity in service industry by typology-specific.


The same object can look different to an observer because of changes in viewpoint, lighting, and other parameters. This makes object recognition that is invariant to viewing condition a staggering challenge. It has been suggested that spatiotemporal association can support invariant learning; combining information gained during distinct encounters can improve one's estimates of an object's true features. But spatiotemporal association is insufficient; one needs to know whether spatiotemporally close encounters include the same object. We hypothesized that spatiotemporal association should therefore be constrained by the rules of object persistence, the object physics thought to make up core knowledge in infants and known to guide online perception of token identity. We tested this hypothesis with an incidental-encoding paradigm followed by a recognition test. During each encoding trial a single object appeared twice, via an apparent motion manipulation, in a way that made it look like encounters with two distinct individuals (discontinuous motion) or that made it look like two encounters with the same individual (continuous motion). Participants then judged test objects each as old, similar, or new. Signal detection measures of recognition were used to compare performance as a function of motion continuity. In Experiment 1, encoding involved encounters with an object embedded each time in independent noise. In Experiment 2, encoding occurred without noise, but test images were embedded in varying degrees of noise. And in Experiment 3, each encoding encounter included the object oriented differently, with old objects at test appearing at a third, never-before-seen orientation. (Additional control and extension experiments were run as well). In all three experiments, objects encountered through continuous motion were recognized significantly better than objects encountered through discontinuous motion. These results demonstrate how invariant object learning is supported by constraints from object physics that control the online perception of token identity. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


Since all astrophysical objects spin, it is important to study the dynamics of spinning objects in curved space-time. The dynamics of spinning particles are described with a covariant Hamiltonian formalism. In this formalism, the closed set of equations of motion are obtained from Poisson-Dirac brackets. Since the brackets are model-independent, a large class of Hamiltonians are used to describe a variety of models. We apply our formalism to study the dynamics of spinning particles in Schwarzschild background, and establish a number of new results. First, we obtain the equations with minimal Hamiltonian for the circular orbit of the particle in the equatorial plane. By generalizing the method of geodesic deviation in General Relativity to world lines of particles carrying spin, we derive the complete first-order solution for the non- circular bound orbits. This solution leads to the surprising insight that the periastron is not only subject to an angular shift, but show radial variations as well. Then analyzing the stability criterion for circular motion we find the Innermost Stable Circular Orbits as a function of spin. Finally we show that the spin-orbit coupling leads to geodetic precession of the bound orbits.


The steady laminar flamelet model (SLFM) [1, 2] has been shown to be reasonably good for the predictions of mean temperature and the major species in turbulent flames [3, 4]. However, the SLFM approach has limitations in the prediction of the slow chemistry phenomena like NO formation [5, 6]. In case of SLFM, the turbulence and chemistry are coupled through a single variable, called scalar dissipation, which is representative of the strain inside the flow. The SLFM model is not able to respond to the steep changes in the scalar dissipation values and generally tend to approach to the equilibrium solution as the strain relaxes [7]. The pollutant like NO is formed in the post flame zones and with a high residence time, where the scalar dissipation diminishes and hence the NO is over predicted using SLFM approach. In order to improve the prediction of slow forming species, a transient history of the scalar dissipation evolution is required. In this work, a multiple unsteady laminar flamelet approach is implemented and used to model the NO formation in two turbulent diffusion flames using detailed chemistry. In this approach, multiple unsteady flamelet equations are solved, where each flamelet is associated with its own scalar dissipation history. The time averaged mean variables are calculated from weighted average contributions from different flamelets.The unsteady laminar flamelet solution starts with a converged solution obtained from steady laminar flamelet modeling approach. The unsteady flamelet equations are therefore solved as a post processing step with the frozen flow field. The domain averaged scalar dissipation for a flamelet at each time step is obtained by solving a scalar transport equation, which represents the probability of occurrence of the considered flamelet. The present work involves the study of the effect of number of flamelets and also the different methods of probability initialization on the accuracy of NO prediction. The current model predictions are compared with the experimental data. It is seen that the NO predictions improves significantly even with a single unsteady flamelet and further improves marginally with an increase in number of unsteady flamelets.Copyright © 2013 by ASME


Eucalyptus nitens is an important species in plantation forests in Tasmania
and is becoming important in other cool temperate regions of the world.
Reliable initiation of roots in cuttings is needed, to enhance forest productivity
through the establishment of clonal plantations.
Adventitious root initiation is dependent on the re-polarisation of cells to form a
new root meristem. Failure to initiate roots may be due to the inability of the
plant to undergo re-polarisation of cells to form a new meristem. The research
undertaken has been directed at the manipulation of some of the factors that
are implicated in the establishment of cellular polarity in plants. Several new
techniques for enhancing root initiation have been investigated and shown to
promote root formation in cuttings of E. nitens. The principle conclusions of
the research are outlined below.
It was demonstrated that a high proportion of E. nitens seedlings have the
ability to initiate adventitious roots in cuttings collected from very young
seedlings. This ability is lost quickly as the plant ages. The loss of rooting
ability does not appear to be related to any specific changes in the stem
morphology. Histological examination demonstrated that the loss of rooting
ability is not correlated with the formation of structural barriers within the
stem or callus. Root primordium formation appears to occur in regions of
undifferentiated callus in most cuttings but can also occur directly from the
cambium, with little or no intervening callus phase.
Root initiation was found to be sensitive to the timing and method of auxin
applications. It was possible to increase the proportion of cuttings that initiate
roots by delaying the application of auxin until several weeks after the cuttings
were first placed on the mist-bed. Calcium ions are part of the mechanism by
which auxin signals are translated into cellular actions. Attempts to increase
the rate of root initiation in cuttings by altering calcium levels in the
surrounding medium were inconclusive.
Electric potential differences are known to play a role in the establishment of
cellular polarity and in organogenesis from callus. It was demonstrated that
low voltage electric currents could be used to stimulate root initiation in some cuttings. It was hypothesised that cuttings with substantial basal callus would
be most receptive to this treatment, but this was found not to be the case. The
experiments using electric currents were difficult to replicate and were subject
to unexplained variation in results. Further development of the technique is
required to quantify the effects of such currents and to identify the mode of
action.
Stigmasterol and vitamin D were demonstrated to act as auxin synergists in
the promotion of root initiation in cuttings and also to stimulate the growth of
tissue cultures. ATPase extracts were prepared to investigate whether the
action of sterol potentiation of auxin is associated with changes in membrane
bound I-1+-ATPase activity.
The treatment of cuttings with G compounds, as a method of promoting root
initiation, was investigated. G compounds are a group of naturally occurring
chemicals found in some eucalypt species and are known to inhibit and to boost
root initiation in some species. In cuttings of E. nitens, they were found to
have no significant effects on root initiation.
The results obtained are discussed in terms of the role that the treatments
might play in root morphogenesis through the re-polarisation of cells to create a
new axis. The results support the general hypothesis that treatments aimed at
enhancing the development of cellular polarity are useful in stimulating root
initiation in cuttings. Some suggestions are made for future research, to
develop these initial findings into practical treatments for the propagation of
E. nitens.


Common conceptions about the history of insider trading norms in the United States are inaccurate and incomplete. In his landmark 1966 book Insider Trading and the Stock Market, Dean Henry Manne depicted a world in which insider trading was both widespread and universally accepted. It was SEC enforcement efforts in the early 1960s, he contended, that swayed public opinion to condemn what had previously been considered a natural and unobjectionable market feature. For five decades, the legal academy has largely accepted Manne's historical description and the vigorous debates over whether the federal government should prosecute insider trading have assumed, either explicitly or implicitly, the accuracy of those views. This paper challenges that conventional wisdom and shows that the shift in insider trading norms began earlier than has previously been supposed and substantially preceded governmental enforcement efforts. Insider trading, while generally believed to be ubiquitous in turn-of-the-century stock markets, was not universally condoned. In fact, the propriety of the practice at publicly traded companies was highly contested. Those debates coincided with the growth of public companies and an ongoing shift in views about how the stock market functioned. The early twentieth century debate over insider trading thus featured both modern arguments about property rights in information and the effect that insider trading has on stock market participation and older ideas about manipulation and market inefficiency that would generally not be accepted today.