William Newton (1750-1830), the son of a Peak District carpenter and himself a professional machinery carpenter and later mill-owner at Tideswell, was the protege of Anna Seward, the Swan of Lichfield, who fashioned a role for him as "the Peak Minstrel." In an appreciative biographical article that Seward contributed to the Gentleman's Magazine in 1785, she had recommended Newton, the labouring-class poet, to her readers. In January, 1789, in the Gentleman's Magazine, Newton in turn published "Sonnet to Miss Seward," a tribute celebrating her "melting and pathetic lyre," which publicly cemented their friendship. (1) While Newton enjoyed a local reputation during the Romantic period and was celebrated in William Wood's Genius of the Peak (1837), he has fared less well among major and lesser known late 18th century authors. The lack of biographical information and the unavailability or complete loss of Newton's poetry may explain this oversight. Although Seward encouraged Newton to write poetry, he did not collect his verse for publication in a single edition. Instead, he submitted his poems to the publisher and editor of an important Yorkshire newspaper, the Sheffield Register (1787-94). In Industrial Revolution in Yorkshire, Frederick Bernard Singleton has termed the newspaper a "paper with a policy," as it was "one of the first provincial papers to publish editorials expressing political opinions" (188). Alter Joseph Gales resigned (for political reasons) as editor of the paper, his onetime clerk James Montgomery (1771-1854), the popular poet, accepted the post and re-launched the paper under the new name of Sheffield Iris (1794-1816), (2) Both the Sheffield Register and its successor had designated sections for the publication of poetry - the "Repository of Genius" (later "the Bower of the Muses") - in which some of the most celebrated poets of the day published their verse, among them, Helen Maria Williams, Anna Seward, Charlotte Smith, Coleridge, and Holcroft. From its inception, the Sheffield Register promoted interest in local literary activity, featuring an article on the Rev. James Cawthorn (1721-61), a minor Sheffield poet, as well as other notices of Yorkshire poets. It also encouraged female writers such as Susanna Pearson, a domestic servant and author of two collections of poems, Mary Sterndale who published The Effusions of the Heart: Poems in 1798, and Barbara (Hoole) Holland, nee Wreaks (1770-1844). The latter, an author of didactic children's fiction, was acquainted with Montgomery and began her writing career in the late 1780s when she published verse in the Sheffield Courant. The local anthology, Flowers from Sheffield Park (1827), reflects the range of poetry published in the Sheffield Iris. Among other poems he contributed to the two papers over more than twenty years, Newton produced "Sonnet to a Mountain Cowslip," "Verses addressed to Mr. Home. Written upon reading his tragedy of Douglas," and "Verses occasion'd by the tolling of a passing bell." It is likely that poems such as "Song. Written by the Moonlight" (January 1, 1796), using the nom de plume Edwin, are also by Newton, as that was Seward's poetic and epistolary name for her friend. (3) Some of his productions shed light on the writing activities of a number of forgotten or little known poets such as Josiah Bardsley, John Aikin. Mr Tyson of Leeds, and Susanna Pearson. (1) Others reveal Newton as a skilful imitator of earlier 18th century models and poetic practice. By 1790, he was recognized in the Sheffield Register as a regular and prominent contributor of verse and frequently commended the works of new poets or advocated the causes of fellow writers. Seward had known Newton since the summer of 1783, and repeatedly mentioned him in her literary correspondence. Her interest in his life and work was stimulated by her general fascination with literary primitivism, labouring-class poetry, and the "wild" poetry of Macpherson's Ossian. …


Over the course of four years (2012–2015) the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archeology (LBI ArchPro), in collaboration with the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG) and on behalf of the provincial government of Lower Austria, has conducted the comprehensive, non-invasive archaeological prospection project entitled "ArchPro Carnuntum". The purpose of this project has been to generate a basis for future archaeological research and the sustainable spatial planning and cultural heritage management in the area. By combining new information on buried archaeology using different aerial and ground-based archaeological prospection methods and a thorough archaeological interpretation of the combined data within the framework of a GIS environment, it was possible to document Carnuntum's archaeological heritage, which is threatened by a dramatic increase in erosion and destruction through ploughing, infrastructure development and looting by treasure hunters. In total, an area covering eight square kilometres was explored at very high sampling resolution using magnetic prospection methods, while 2.5 square kilometres were mapped with ultra-high resolution ground-penetrating radar measurements. The results of the project and the spatio-temporal analysis and interpretation of the prospection data are presented here as a preliminary report.


In an era of servants and masters, respondeat superior emerged to hold the powerful accountable for the acts of those they control. That doctrine's significance has only grown in an economy driven by large corporations that rely heavily on legions of subsidiaries and independent contractors, such as banks deploying independent call centers, oil companies using drilling contractors, and tech platforms connecting consumers to app developers. It is widely believed that firms can avoid thirdparty liability for many laws by outsourcing or creating subsidiaries. This Article shows that common narratives of the demise of third-party liability are incomplete. Respondeat superior is alive and well. Moreover, in environmental, employment, consumer protection, discrimination, and other areas, the law requires large companies to act as gatekeepers by regulating third parties. These gatekeepers incur liability when they fail to enforce the law. In light of these features, the expansion of liability would be aptly described as respondeat gatekeeper. The task ahead is to understand and reinforce liability's ongoing adaptation to a financially and digitally intermediated world. Updating courts' analytic tools to include economics and network theory would more accurately measure power compared to the current, intuitive approach. Moreover, courts should view pervasive technologies of control—most importantly surveillance tools and online platforms—as stronger evidence of liability. The revival has the potential to restructure corporations, markets, and society in a beneficial manner by bringing harmful activities, as a matter of law, back within the fold of the firm.


Background: Chronic pain is a common condition among older adults. While cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) has been tested in numerous studies on adults and children there are fewer studies on older persons. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a six-session CBT group treatment for older persons with chronic pain. As a secondary aim we investigated whether treatment credibility was associated with outcome. Method: We included 21 persons (mean age = 72.0 years) who were randomly allocated to either a waitlist condition or treatment consisting of applied relaxation, with the addition of problem solving, assertiveness, communication strategies, sleep management, and relapse prevention. Results: Few statistically significant effects were found on measures of pain, mood, anxiety, and quality of life; however, a significant treatment effect with a between group effect size of d = 1.0 was observed with respect to perceived ability to function despite the discomfort of pain. Conclusion: The study provides some preliminary support for the use of group-based CBT with a focus on applied relaxation for older adults with chronic pain.


Children are capable of acquiring a large repertoire of motor skills and of efficiently adapting them to novel conditions. In a previous work we proposed a hierarchical modular reinforcement learning model (RANK) that can learn multiple motor skills in continuous action and state spaces. The model is based on a development of the mixture-of-expert model that has been suitably developed to work with reinforcement learning. In particular, the model uses a high-level gating network for assigning responsibilities for acting and for learning to a set of low-level expert networks. The model was also developed with the goal of exploiting the Piagetian mechanisms of assimilation and accommodation to support learning of multiple tasks. This paper proposes a new model (TERL - Transfer Expert Reinforcement Learning) that substantially improves RANK. The key difference with respect to the previous model is the decoupling of the mechanisms that generate the responsibility signals of experts for learning and for control. This made possible to satisfy different constraints for functioning and for learning. We test both the TERL and the RANK models with a two-DOFs dynamic arm engaged in solving multiple reaching tasks, and compare the two with a simple, flat reinforcement learning model. The results show that both models are capable of exploiting assimilation and accommodation processes in order to transfer knowledge between similar tasks, and at the same time to avoid catastrophic interference. Furthermore, the TERL model is shown to significantly outperform the RANK model thanks to its faster and more stable specialization of experts.


Worldwide, estuaries have been recognized as critical habitats for nearshore fish productivity through their capacity as nursery grounds and nutrient sources. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the importance of the habitat characteristics of estuaries to commercial fish catch in Queensland, Australia, with particular focus on the role of mangrove, saltmarsh, and seagrass habitats, and their connectivity. Traditionally, such analyses have taken the single-habitat approach, i.e., assessing the value of individual habitat types. Combined occurrence of these habitats and their collective accessibility may better explain the importance of estuaries to nekton. A literature review identifies the role of estuaries as integrated systems for fisheries. Our study provides strong supportive evidence for habitat-based, not species-based, management of fisheries in Queensland. Outcomes from preliminary analyses in Queensland suggest that collective spatial characteristics of estuarine habitats such as size and structural connectivity significantly correlate with fish catch data with r(2) values > 0.7 for 17 commercial species groups. The catch of one quarter of the investigated species was best explained by the presence of mud- and sandflats. An exploration of currently available data on habitat distribution and fisheries catch shows the need to scrutinise their spatial and temporal accuracy, and how best to use them to understand estuarine-fisheries links. We conclude that structural connectivity of estuarine habitats is fundamental to the size of fish stocks and to optimizing the sustainable yield for commercial and recreational fishers.


Food‐borne benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) was administered daily to juvenile grouper (Epinephelus areolatus) at two environmentally realistic concentrations (a low dose of 0.25 μg B[a]P/g body wt/d and a high dose of 12.5 μg B[a]P/g body wt/d) to investigate and relate temporal changes in body burden of B[a]P, hepatic ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase (EROD) activities, growth, RNA:DNA ratio, estradiol, testosterone, and triiodothyronine (T3). After feeding with B[a]P diets for four weeks, fish were fed with normal diet for another four weeks to study recovery of the various biomarkers during the depuration period. After one week of exposure, both body muscle B[a]P burdens and hepatic EROD activities significantly increased. Body burdens were stable in tissues until the fourth week of exposure, when concentrations in the high‐dose group increased markedly, at which time a concomitant decrease in EROD was found. During the depuration period, body burdens decreased in the second week, and EROD declined in the first week. Growth and RNA:DNA ratio were unaltered. Despite large variations found in sex steroid levels, elevation of testosterone was clearly evident in the fourth week, showing that B[a]P may disrupt the balance of sex steroids in fish. Significantly, increases in plasma‐free T3 concentrations were found in the fourth week of exposure and the first week of depuration, suggesting that development and reproduction may potentially be at risk during chronic exposures. Our data also suggest that these hormonal disturbances are not persistent and that normal hormonal levels can be restored soon after contamination is abated.


OBJECTIVE Although blood pressure variability is increasingly appreciated as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, its relationship with heart failure (HF) is less clear. We examined the relationship between blood pressure variability and risk of HF in two cohorts of type 2 diabetes participating in trials of glucose and/or other risk factor management. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data were drawn from the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial and the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT). Coefficient of variation (CV) and average real variability (ARV) were calculated for systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) along with maximum and cumulative mean SBP and DBP during both trials. RESULTS In ACCORD, CV and ARV of SBP and DBP were associated with increased risk of HF, even after adjusting for other risk factors and mean blood pressure (e.g., CV-SBP: hazard ratio [HR] 1.15, P = 0.01; CV-DBP: HR 1.18, P = 0.003). In the VADT, DBP variability was associated with increased risk of HF (ARV-DBP: HR 1.16, P = 0.001; CV-DBP: HR 1.09, P = 0.04). Further, in ACCORD, those with progressively lower baseline blood pressure demonstrated a stepwise increase in risk of HF with higher CV-SBP, ARV-SBP, and CV-DBP. Effects of blood pressure variability were related to dips, not elevations, in blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS Blood pressure variability is associated with HF risk in individuals with type 2 diabetes, possibly a consequence of periods of ischemia during diastole. These results may have implications for optimizing blood pressure treatment strategies in those with type 2 diabetes.


Humanity is in the midst of profound changes at the threshold of the 21st century. The disparities between the living standards of the diverse populations of the world are becoming more pronounced. Hunger and poverty compound the difficulties of applying mitigating efforts to alleviate the intolerable conditions caused by unprecedented population growth.Industrialization and the increasing consumption of fossil fuels are increasing the risks to the global environment. The resulting destruction can be seen as akin to humanity conducting an enormous, unsanctioned, and globally pervasive experiment with ultimate consequences that are difficult to project, even with advanced computers, because they are no match for the complexity of the Earth's ecosystem. The concurrent challenges have grown large enough to affect vital ecosystems with the result that there isgrowing international consensus that renewable and inexhaustible energy sources based on solar energy applications on a macro-engineering scale will be required to achieve any measurable global impact. Continued economic global advancement with the least adverse effects on the Earth's ecology will require baseload energy generation methods that do not rely on finite energy resources, are not under the political control of any one nation, ensure environmentally sound development, and meet economic criteria.Now is the time to rethink the possible contribution that solar energy can make to meet the global demand for energy in the 21st century if the goal of sustainable development is to be achieved.The current forcing functions for the inevitable changes already under way are the continued rapid growth of population, the creation of a "global village" as a result of the instantaneous dissemination of information processed into knowledge, and the pervasive desire of the majority of humanity to achieve higher living standards.These forces will result in vastly enhanced demands for energy capable of closing the economic gap between developed and developing countries, as well as improvements in health, a reduction in the destruction of forests, increased availability of food and measures to ensure the safety of drinking water. To achieve these goals, increased use should be made of energy-efficient technologies by both industry and consumers. It will also be necessary to develop and apply advanced technologies utilizing renewable energy sources from Earth and from solar energy conversion systems in space.The objective must be to engage in successful global development, avoid investments in an infrastructure that will be economically and environmentally obsolete, and to ensure that humans, instead of consuming their own environment, will keep the Earth habitable for millennia. To achieve this challenging objective, existing as well as new and emerging technologies based on the use of wireless power transmission make it possible to access and utilize large-scale, renewable energy sources such as wind, hydro, photovoltaic, solar thermal, geothermal and ocean thermal energy conversion at undeveloped or underutilized sites available on several of the Earth's continents, and also the inexhaustible energy of the sun in space for use on Earth.Wireless Power TransmissionEfforts to develop wireless power transmission (WPT) started with Hertz (1857-94), and were pursued by Tesla (1856-1943). Tesla attempted to demonstrate global WPT with a tall tower on Long Island, New York, in the early 1900's but was not successful. WPT was not pursued until microwave generators were developed, used today in over 250 million microwave ovens worldwide, and microwave rectifiers were successfully demonstrated with a microwave-powered helicopter flying at a modest altitude in 1964. A microwave WPT demonstration was successfully completed in 1975 at the NASA Deep Space Antenna facility at Goldstone, California. In this demonstration, a microwave beam at a frequency of 2. …


This paper explains the continuing relevance of Keynes's philosophical thinking in terms of his anticipation of complexity thinking in economics. It argues that that reflexivity is a central feature of the philosophical foundations of complexity theory, and shows that Keynes employed an understanding of reflexivity in both his philosophical and economic thinking. This argument is first developed in terms of his moral science conception of economics and General Theory beauty contest analysis. The paper advances a causal model that distinguishes direct causal relationships and reflexive feedback channels, uses this to distinguish Say's Law economics and Keynes's economics, and explains the economy as non-ergodic in these terms. Keynes's policy activism is explained as a complexity view of economic policy that works like self-fulfilling and self-defeating prophecies. The paper closes with a discussion of the ontological foundations of uncertainty in Keynes's thinking, and comments briefly on what a complexity-reflexivity framework implies regarding his thinking about time.


Thin films of copper oxide nanoparticles mixed with 6% nickel oxide are deposited on glass and Si substrates with orientation (111) utilizing pulsed laser deposition technique for the manufacture of hydrogen gas sensor. The films are annealed in air at 400 °C for two hours, then the structural and morphological properties are characterized using x-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. The results of CuO:NiO/Si films are exhibited a polycrystalline monoclinic CuO and cubic NiO phases. In addition, the peak of Si located at 28.3º which refer to (111) direction. Furthermore, this peak becomes very broad with varying full width at half maximum for etching current density of 30 mA/cm 2 at time of 30 min which confirms the formation of pores on the crystalline silicon surface. On the other hand, the average diameter of 84.31 nm and 34.98 nm for CuO:NiO on a glass substrate and PS, respectively, were obtained. A sponge-like structure is produced for PS which reveal that a part of pores transform to a larger structure. The peak sensitivity of 204.8% was observed at optimum operating temperature of 350°C.


Abstract Research of the last years pointed out that most soils are neither completely hydrophilic nor hydrophobic, but exhibit a subcritical level of water repellency (i.e. contact angle, CA > 0° and < 90°). Soil water repellency (SWR) is mainly caused by organic compounds of different origin and structure, showing the relevance of biofilms and organic coatings present at many particle surfaces. Despite the importance of SWR for hydraulic processes like preferential flow phenomena, generation of heterogeneous moisture patterns, or surface run-off generation, detailed investigations on the spatial variability of SWR at various scales have rarely been carried out. We introduce a new and easy-to-apply operation for measuring the spatial distribution of SWR using a modified sessile drop method for direct optical assessment of CA at a small scale. The specific objectives of this paper are to apply a sampling and preparation technique that preserves the original spatial arrangement of soil particles and to characterize soil wettability in terms of CA at a high spatial resolution. Results revealed that the sampling and preparation technique allows determination of CA at the millimeter scale using droplets of 1 μL volume. Direct measurement on grain surfaces of the sand fraction is possible for grain sizes > 300 μm using drop volumes down to 0.1 μL. Geostatistical evaluation showed that the measurement grid scale is below the range of spatial dependency for droplets of 1 μL volume, but not for measurements on single grains (pure nugget effect). Results show further that the small-scale differences in wettability, especially for CA < 90°, cannot be detected by the conventional WDPT test. From these findings it can be concluded that the proposed technique allows the identification of small-scale variations in wettability that may promote the formation of heterogeneous flow fields and moisture patterns in soil under unsaturated conditions.


Sports Illustrated Knockouts: Five Decades of Swimsuit Photography celebrates the best of the Sports Illustrated annual swimsuit issue. Beginning with the inaugural issue on January 24, 1964, which featured model Babette March in a modest four-page spread, Knockouts goes on to document the evolution of the swimsuit issue through five decades of models who, largely by virtue of their appearances here, became celebrities, including Elle Macpherson, Cheryl Tiegs, Tyra Banks and Kathy Ireland. Besides assembling a selection of the best photographs in book form for the first time, Knockouts offers an ample selection of outtakes and other previously unpublished photos, various quotes from models, photographers, art directors, and commentaries on the logistics and technical aspects of the shoots and the exotic ports of call in which they were staged.


The R package mice imputes incomplete multivariate data by chained equations. The software mice 1.0 appeared in the year 2000 as an S-PLUS library, and in 2001 as an R package. mice 1.0 introduced predictor selection, passive imputation and automatic pooling. This article documents mice, which extends the functionality of mice 1.0 in several ways. In mice, the analysis of imputed data is made completely general, whereas the range of models under which pooling works is substantially extended. mice adds new functionality for imputing multilevel data, automatic predictor selection, data handling, post-processing imputed values, specialized pooling routines, model selection tools, and diagnostic graphs. Imputation of categorical data is improved in order to bypass problems caused by perfect prediction. Special attention is paid to transformations, sum scores, indices and interactions using passive imputation, and to the proper setup of the predictor matrix. mice can be downloaded from the Comprehensive R Archive Network. This article provides a hands-on, stepwise approach to solve applied incomplete data problems.


The giving of gifts both delights the recipient and pleases the giver. Practiced in all societies, gift exchange has a history as long as humanity. This gloriously illustrated catalogue is the first investigation of gift-giving and its impact on the development of art in the Islamic world. Presenting some 240 rare and costly works of art associated with gift exchanges among the courts of Islam, Byzantium, western Europe, and eastern Asia, the book provides a wide-ranging view of Islamic art and culture from the 8th through the 19th century. At courts across the Islamic world, gift-giving often served as a nexus of art and diplomacy, religion, and interpersonal relations. The book examines the complex interplay between artistic production and gift-based patronage through numerous examples of deluxe, aesthetically pleasing objects either commissioned or repurposed as gifts. Tracing the unique histories of selected artworks, the book also explores how the exchange of luxury objects played a central role in the circulation, emulation, and assimilation of artistic forms within and beyond the Islamic world.


This study characterized the diet of Leopardus colocolo from the surroundings of Junin lake, in the center of Peru, from prey remnants found within 43 scats. Origin of predator scats was determined from mitochondrial DNA from intestinal epithelial cells existing on the surface of the scats, using as a marker the control region. The prey remnants were identified using specialized literature and comparison with a voucher collection, identifying a total of 14 food items belong to mammals of Cricetidae (6), Chinchillidae (1) and Caviidae (1) families, birds of Anatidae (3) and Rallidae (2) families and one group of unidentified birds. The rodents were the main component of the diet of L. colocolo, in frequency and biomass, followed by birds. Among the food items consumed, the small cricetine rodent Calomys sp. was the most frequent; however, the greatest relative biomass contribution was provided by the medium rodent Cavia tschudii. The niche breadth obtained was low (B sta = 0.17), indicating a specialized diet. Our results confirm that, as with most neotropical small felids, L. colocolo is a predator specialized in capturing vertebrates, mainly small mammals. No seasonal variation was recorded in the diet and the analysis of the age class of the cricetine rodents showed that the adults were the most consumed. It is inferred that L. colocolo have diurnal and nocturnal activity patterns.


The content and composition of carbohydrates comprising polysaccharides in sapwood and heartwood of 12 industrially important pulpwood species were analysed. The total polysaccharide content was between 60 and 80% (w/w) for all species. The main noncellulosic polysaccharides in the wood samples were galactoglucomannans, except in larch heartwood where arabinogalactans were predominant. The amount of xylans was high in red pine heartwood and northern white-cedar heartwood and sapwood. The main acidic carbohydrate unit in all species was galacturonic acid from pectins. The largest amounts of pectins were found in northern white-cedar and in balsam fir wood. The amount and composition of water-soluble carbohydrates from ground wood samples were also analysed. The main polysaccharides released from the spruce species were mannans, together with starch from sapwood. Especially balsam fir stemwood, but also Siberian fir heartwood, released considerable amounts of pectins, suggesting that more detrimental anionic polysaccharides can be released from fir than from spruce species in mechanical pulping. The heartwood of several species released substantial amounts of acidic arabinogalactans. A recently developed method for recovering galactoglucomannans from mechanical pulp of spruce could also be used for recovering water-soluble polysaccharides from other tree species. The recovered polysaccharides could be used in papermaking to improve runnability and to increase the final paper strength, or in food and pharmaceutical applications.


The results are reported here of a XAS study of the O K -edge in oxide minerals, focused on triangular ( C 2ν site symmetry) and tetrahedral ( T d , C 2ν and C 1 ) environments involving diverse coordinating cations within four crystal structure types: rutile-type (rutile, pyrolusite and cassiterite), fluorite-type (thorianite), spinel-type (spinel s.s. ) and garnet-type (andradite). Full multiple-scattering calculations are compared to actual spectra with the aim of interpreting pre-edge peaks and post-edge features. Comments are presented on the role of combinations between O 2 p and metal valence bands. It is concluded that the details and the energy of the O K -edge are influenced by the electronic state and coordination geometry of the surrounding cations in connection with the site symmetry constraints of the coordinated oxygen atoms within the host crystal structure.


The growth of electronic media and communication has provided new tools for academics, but also poses several fundamental challenges to the future of universities as centers of research and higher education. One result of the rapid increase in the production and dissemination of information is that the advantage of physical proximity of researchers in universities is diminished. The strength of the university of the future may lie less in pure centers of information and more in college as a community.


Delivering effective data analytics is of crucial importance to the interpretation of the multitude of biological datasets currently generated by an ever increasing number of high throughput techniques. Logic programming has much to offer in this area. Here, we detail advances that highlight two of the strengths of logical formalisms in developing data analytic solutions in biological settings: access to large relational databases and building analytical pipelines collecting graph information from multiple sources. We present significant advances on the bio db package which serves biological databases as Prolog facts that can be served either by in-memory loading or via database backends. These advances include modularising the underlying architecture and the incorporation of datasets from a second organism (mouse). In addition, we introduce a number of data analytics tools that operate on these datasets and are bundled in the analysis package: bio analytics. Emphasis in both packages is on ease of installation and use. We highlight the general architecture of our components based approach. An experimental graphical user interface via SWISH for local installation is also available. Finally, we advocate that biological data analytics is a fertile area which can drive further innovation in applied logic programming.


the dissemination of usable knowledge by publishing innovative and high-quality research and teaching content. Today, we publish more than 850 journals, including those of more than 300 learned societies, more than 800 new books per year, and a growing range of library products including archives, data, case studies, reports, and video. SAGE remains majority-owned by our founder, and after Sara's lifetime will become owned by a charitable trust that secures our continued independence.


OBJECTIVE: To analyze the spatial pattern of leprosy case occurrences in order to identify areas with a probability of disease transmission risks. METHODS: This was an ecological study in which the analysis units were municipalities in the State of Sao Paulo that were georeferenced at their centroids. The data source was the electronic database of notified leprosy cases at the Epidemiological Surveillance Center of the State of Sao Paulo, from 1991 to 2001. Geostatistical techniques were used for detecting areas with a probability of leprosy risk, and for quantifying the spatial dependency of cases. RESULTS: The spatial dependence detected extended outwards to 0.55 degrees from the georeferenced coordinates, which corresponded to approximately 60 km. The main areas identified as presenting a probability of risk were the northeastern, northern and northwestern regions of the State. CONCLUSIONS: Verification of areas with the probability of leprosy risk using spatial dependence analysis may be a useful tool for assessing health conditions and planning budget allocations.


Supernovae
General relativity indicates that any sufficiently massive object bends the path of light passing by it. This effect is known as gravitational lensing. Goobar et al. have identified a supernova that is strongly lensed by a foreground galaxy, causing it to be highly magnified and splitting the light into four separate images. What is more, it is a type Ia supernova, a well-studied variety with reliable properties that can be used to constrain models of the lensing. This distinctive object will enable cosmological measurements and can be used to probe the distribution of mass in the foreground galaxy.

Science , this issue p. [291][1]

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aal2729


Society and name use. Hungarian onomastic research projects in Slovakia. A summary of a habilitation dissertation
The aim of the habilitation dissertation is to provide insight into the Hungarian-related onomastic research projects in Slovakia; into the relationship between society and name use; and into the contact phenomena arising from the connection between the Hungarian and the Slovak languages in the world of proper names. The dissertation consists of ten chapters that are thematically inter-related; however, they discuss the subjects of society and the use of proper names, the name use of Hungarians in Slovakia, the impacts of the Hungarian-Slovak bilingual environment on proper names from various aspects. The chapters also deal with several issues from the history of onomastic scholarship as well as onomastic terminology. The chapters deal with the topics as follows: (1) The place of onomastics in the system of linguistics and co-sciences and a review on the research domains of socio-onomastics focusing on the relations between society and name use; (2) The history of onomastic research projects in Slovakia; (3) A comparison of Hungarian and Slovak (Slavic) onomastic terminology; (4) The characteristics of the minority name policy in Slovakia after the change of the political regime; (5) Proper name standardization and name planning in the native language in Slovakia; (6) The identity-making function of proper names, the relationship between name and identity; (7) The change of fashion in giving first names in Slovakia; (8) Contact phenomena in the use of personal names of the Hungarians living in Slovakia; (9) The semiotic landscape of names in the Hungarian-inhabited settlements of Slovakia; (10) The Hungarian–Slovak pairs of mountain names in the High Tatras in the light of bilingualism and translation.


Background Most research on dietary patterns and health outcomes does not include longitudinal exposure data. We used an innovative technique to capture dietary pattern trajectories and their association with haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and prevalence of newly diagnosed diabetes. Methods We included 4096 adults with 3–6 waves of diet data (1991–2006) and biomarkers measured in 2009 from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Diet was assessed with three 24-h recalls and a household food inventory. We used a dietary pattern previously identified with reduced rank regression that positively predicted diabetes in 2006 (high in wheat products and soy milk and low in rice, legumes, poultry, eggs and fish). We estimated a score for this dietary pattern for each subject at each wave. Using latent class trajectory analysis, we grouped subjects with similar dietary pattern score trajectories over time into five classes. Results Three trajectory classes were stable over time, and in two classes the diet became unhealthier over time (upward trend in dietary pattern score). Among two classes with similar scores in 2006, the one with the lower (healthier) initial score had an HbA1c 1.64% lower (−1.64 (95% CI −3.17 to −0.11)) and non-significantly a HOMA-IR 6.47% lower (−6.47 (−17.37 to 4.42)) and lower odds of diabetes (0.86 (0.44 to 1.67)). Conclusions Our findings suggest that dietary pattern trajectories with healthier scores longitudinally had a lower HbA1c compared with those with unhealthier scores, even when the trajectories had similar scores in the end point.


The success of ozone depletion as a social problem is used to examine and understand the relative failure of global warming. Starting with the (aborted) 'hot crisis' of the Greenhouse summer of 1988, this paper tries to show why, despite dire scientific warning, advantages in claims- making, and the perceived emergence of strange weather, global warming consistently obtained lesser outcomes. Whereas global warming is a complex and uncertain scientific issue, the ozone hole was associated and resonated with easy-to-understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture. The latter problem not only gave rise to a hot crisis, but was also caught up in a cultural whirl- wind—a rapidly evolving and progressive sequence of dynamic and often surprising events that surge through a variety of public arenas with a strong conversational and practical presence. Effec- tively, ozone loss provided a sense of concrete risk with both strong emotional overtones and every- day relevance for talk and action. Global warming, in contrast, is not amenable to bridging metaphors and did not lend itself to a cultural whirlwind.


Although there are many positive outcomes of growing up with a sibling having a psychological or behavioral disorder, typical siblings can potentially experience harmful effects of managing and coping with the special demands and stresses of having a sibling with these kinds of difficulties. The college years are often a time to restructure sibling relationships. It is a time when young adults experience what it is like to be away from home for the first time, develop new groups of friends, and start new behavior patterns, attitudes, goals, and relationships that call for a more mature individual. The current study was designed to investigate psychosocial experiences of college students who have siblings with psychological and behavioral disorders as compared to college students who have typically developing siblings. A stress and coping model was used to examine cognitive appraisal, coping, and adapta40nal outcome. Using the data from approximately 250 students, 36 students who identified their siblings as having a psychological or developmental disorder and 36 students with typically developing siblings were identified. Analyses were conducted to test hypotheses about (a) group differences in sibling-related worries, adaptational outcome, and coping, and (b) associations among cognitive appraisal, coping and the outcome variables. This study enriches the limited research literature on the experiences of college-aged siblings with respect to their sibling-related worries and coping styles.


We present a method for multispectral imaging. This method uses color CCD cameras with a multiple-bandpass filter, which modifies the spectral response of the cameras used and enables concurrent acquisition of multiple images at defined spectral bands. We experimentally demonstrate methodological feasibility using two color CCD cameras and a polychroic mirror to simultaneously capture eight spectral bands. We discuss how the method developed is well suited for multispectral applications of transient phenomena or for real-time measurements.


Neural scene representations, both continuous and discrete, have recently emerged as a powerful new paradigm for 3D scene understanding. Recent efforts have tackled unsupervised discovery of object-centric neural scene representations. However, the high cost of ray-marching, exacerbated by the fact that each object representation has to be ray-marched separately, leads to insufficiently sampled radiance fields and thus, noisy renderings, poor framerates, and high memory and time complexity during training and rendering. Here, we propose to represent objects in an object-centric, compositional scene representation as light fields. We propose a novel light field compositor module that enables reconstructing the global light field from a set of object-centric light fields. Dubbed Compositional Object Light Fields (COLF), our method enables unsupervised learning of object-centric neural scene representations, state-of-the-art reconstruction and novel view synthesis performance on standard datasets, and rendering and training speeds at orders of magnitude faster than existing 3D approaches.


Many countries like Singapore are planning to introduce Electric Vehicles (EVs) to replace traditional vehicles to reduce air pollution and improve energy efficiency. The rapid development of EVs calls for efficient deployment of charging stations both for the convenience of EVs and maintaining the efficiency of the road network. Unfortunately, existing work makes unrealistic assumption on EV drivers' charging behaviors and focus on the limited mobility of EVs. This paper studies the Charging Station PLacement (CSPL) problem, and takes into consideration 1) EV drivers' strategic behaviors to minimize their charging cost, and 2) the mutual impact of EV drivers' strategies on the traffic conditions of the road network and service quality of charging stations. We first formulate the CSPL problem as a bilevel optimization problem, which is subsequently converted to a single-level optimization problem by exploiting structures of the EV charging game. Properties of CSPL problem are analyzed and an algorithm called OCEAN is proposed to compute the optimal allocation of charging stations. We further propose a heuristic algorithm OCEAN-C to speed up OCEAN. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithms significantly outperform baseline methods.


We are often interested in explaining data through a set of hidden factors or features. When the number of hidden features is unknown, the Indian Buffet Process (IBP) is a nonparametric latent feature model that does not bound the number of active features in dataset. However, the IBP assumes that all latent features are uncorrelated, making it inadequate for many realworld problems. We introduce a framework for correlated non-parametric feature models, generalising the IBP. We use this framework to generate several specific models and demonstrate applications on realworld datasets.


The Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) has been employed to explore the sensitivity of the forecast skill of mixed-layer properties to the initial conditions, boundary conditions, and vertical mixing parameterisations. The initial and lateral boundary conditions were provided by the Mediterranean Forecasting System (MFS) or by the MERCATOR global ocean circulation model via one-way nesting; the initial conditions were additionally updated by the assimilation of observations. Nowcasts and forecasts from the weather forecast models COSMO-ME and COSMO-IT, partly melded with observations, 5 served as surface boundary conditions. The vertical mixing was parameterised by the GLS (Generic Length Scale) scheme (Umlauf and Burchard, 2003) in four different setups. All ROMS forecasts were validated against observations which were taken during the REP14-MED oceanographic survey to the west of Sardinia. Nesting ROMS in MERCATOR and updating the initial conditions by data assimilation provided the best agreement of the predicted mixed-layer temperature and the mixedlayer depth with time series from a moored thermistor chain. Further improvement was obtained by the usage of COSMO-ME 10 atmospheric forcing which was melded with real observations, and by the application of the k− ǫ vertical mixing scheme with increased vertical eddy diffusivity. The predicted temporal variability of the mixed-layer temperature was reasonably well correlated with the observed variability in the frequency range above one cycle per day, while the modelled variability of the mixed-layer depth exhibited only agreement with the observations near the diurnal frequency peak. For the forecasted horizontal variability, reasonable agreement was found with observations from a ScanFish section, but only for the mesoscale 15 wavenumber band; the observed sub-mesoscale variability was not reproduced by ROMS.


Acquiring abilities in the absence of a task-oriented reward function is at the frontier of reinforcement learning research. This problem has been studied through the lens of empowerment, which draws a connection between option discovery and information theory. Information-theoretic skill discovery methods have garnered much interest from the community, but little research has been conducted in understanding their limitations. Through theoretical analysis and empirical evidence, we show that existing algorithms suffer from a common limitation -- they discover options that provide a poor coverage of the state space. In light of this, we propose 'Explore, Discover and Learn' (EDL), an alternative approach to information-theoretic skill discovery. Crucially, EDL optimizes the same information-theoretic objective derived from the empowerment literature, but addresses the optimization problem using different machinery. We perform an extensive evaluation of skill discovery methods on controlled environments and show that EDL offers significant advantages, such as overcoming the coverage problem, reducing the dependence of learned skills on the initial state, and allowing the user to define a prior over which behaviors should be learned. Code is publicly available at this https URL.


There has been a continuous increase in the proportion of consumers using dietary supplements worldwide. Evidence based on former surveys suggests that in Hungary more than half of the population buy at least one type of dietary supplement (hereinafter DS). By using secondary research, the authors of the present paper examine the demographic factors determining the consumption of DS on a global scale. Consumption of DS increases with age and is more frequent among women. Consumers with higher qualifications and income tend to buy products containing vitamins and minerals to a greater degree. In the vast majority of cases the purchase and consumption of DS is based on consumers' personal preferences and decisions, rather than on their physicians' advice. It has been found that a high percentage of DS consumers probably do not even need any extra nutrient intake. In our primary research (N=1000) the specific attitudes to and characteristics of DS consumption among Hungarian adults are analysed on the basis of on a nationally representative survey. First, we identify the most important reasons which encourage consumers to buy DS. Consumer awareness concerning DS with a particular vitamin and mineral content and of other sources is examined, and we also assess the consumption of the product which is the most popular. The current paper attempts to identify the outlets Hungarian consumers typically buy DS from, and also what resources they use to keep themselves informed about these products. Consumers who admittedly reported (regular) consumption of a certain kind of DS product 6 months prior to the survey are further examined in relation to certain additional issues. The results of our survey provide an accurate picture of the DS consumption habits of the Hungarian population.


Recognizing the need and importance of environmental education (EE) in India, recently several efforts have been made to reorient and reorganize school education and establish EE more formally. School textbooks, in all subjects and at all levels, have been revised to integrate environmental concepts. The effects of these curricular revisions will not be sustained unless they are coupled with appropriate changes in teacher education curricula. Efforts have been made to develop curriculum and other support materials for introducing EE at all four levels of teacher education in the country. Incorporating EE in teacher education involves deliberating several issues relating to content, learning and teaching methodologies, materials development and capacity building requirements for its effective implementation. This paper, by reviewing some exemplar experiences from India, seeks to examine the focus given to EE in teacher education and the challenges for teacher education in achieving the goals of sustainable development in the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (UNDESD).


In an adaptive generalized sidelobe canceler interference signals are canceled when the reference inputs, or auxiliary beams, contain information about those interference signals while not containing information about the mainlobe signal of interest. Assuming a wide sense stationary scenario, the behavior and performance of this adaptive system approach the behavior and performance of the corresponding optimal (Wiener) solution as the adaptive filter stepsize approaches zero. We show here that, with narrowband interferers from the look-direction, time-varying adaptive weight behavior may lead to better performance – in terms of estimating the signal of interest – than that associated with the stationary Wiener solution.


The conflict following the Arab Spring is not the first wave of civil war in the Muslim world in recent time. From the mid-1980s to the end of the century, an average of one in 10 predominantly-Muslim countries experienced violent civil war in any given year. We provide a partial explanation for this statistic: a foreign aid windfall to poor, non-oil producing Muslim countries during the twin oil crises of the 1970s allowed the recipient states to become more repressive and stave off rebellion. When oil prices fell in the mid-1980s, the windfall ended, and the recipient countries experienced a significant uptick in civil war. To provide a causal interpretation we leverage a quasi-natural experiment of oil price induced aid disbursements which favored Muslim countries over non-Muslim countries. Our empirical findings are consistent with existing theories that foreign aid can "buy" stability.


Sail into the South Caribbean with other parrot enthusiasts onboard the Parrot Lover's Cruise. This annual cruise, now in its 5th year, supports parrot conservation and helps raise funds for the World Parrot Trust. It sets sail on October 26 from San Juan, Puerto Rico, and hits the ports of Saint Croix and Saint Thomas in the Virgin Islands, Saint Kitts, Dominica and St. George's in Grenada. Cruise goers will have a chance to explore the islands and local sights. There will also be onboard seminars, from speakers Robin Shewokis of Leather Elves and Jamie Gilardi of the World Parrot Trust, with more speakers to be announced soon. The cruise ends November 2, 2013. Before you set sail however, participants have a unique chance to visit the Vivaldi (Rio Abajo) Aviary, home of the Puerto Rican Parrot Recovery Program and the critically endangered Puerto Rican Amazon parrots. The Puerto Rican Parrot Recovery Program helps conserve, protect and manage the wild and captive populations of the Puerto Rican Amazon parrot (Amazona vitatta). As the only parrot native to Puerto Rico, and the last remaining native parrot to the United States, the program wants to help lower the Puerto Rican parrot's status from "critically endangered" to "threatened." With only an estimated 33 to 47 mature adult Puerto Rican Amazon parrots in the wild, according to BirdLife International, the program wants to build the population up to at least 500 birds. It is working toward this goal through captive breeding programs and releases. The program is a joint effort of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service, the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources and the U.S. Geological Survey. Those who attend the tour will get a chance to visit the aviary, which is located in the 5,000 acre Rio Abajo Forest Reserve, and is generally closed to the public. While on site, you will meet with members of the Puerto Rican Amazon Recovery team and receive a tour of the facilities. You will learn more about the captive breeding and release program, and you may even get a chance to view one of the parrots that has recently been returned to the wild. Learn more about the Parrot Lover's Cruise here. Read more about the Puerto Rican parrot, and the effect of climate change on the species here. Check out the Puerto Rican Parrot on a U.S. quarter here. Read more BirdChannel news here.


The development of a large and productive community of criminal justice programs, scholars, and researchers in the United States since the 1970s has not led to the emergence of a general norm of evidence-based policy making. Nor on many subjects have accumulations of improved knowledge had much influence. On a few they have. The two best examples of influence are policing and early childhood prevention programs. Concerning policing, a plausible story can be told of an iterative process of research showing that police practices and methods do and do not achieve sought-after results, followed by successive changes in how policing is done. Concerning early childhood programs, a conventional scientific process of hypothesis testing and repeated pilot projects with strong evaluations led to widespread adoption of improved programs and techniques. Concerning sentencing, sanctioning policies, firearms and violence, and drug policy, by contrast, strong bodies of accumulating evidence have consistently been ignored. Correctional rehabilitation research is a hybrid. Eclipsed in the 1970s by a gloomy view that "nothing works," research on correctional treatment in the 1980s and 1990s demonstrated that a wide variety of programs can improve offenders' lives and reduce reoffending. The findings have influenced the development of reentry and other programs that focus primarily on risk classification and reduction of recidivism rates, but only incidentally on addressing offenders' social welfare needs.


IMPORTANCE
Developing effective vaccines against Ebola virus is a global priority.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate an adenovirus type 26 vector vaccine encoding Ebola glycoprotein (Ad26.ZEBOV) and a modified vaccinia Ankara vector vaccine, encoding glycoproteins from Ebola virus, Sudan virus, Marburg virus, and Tai Forest virus nucleoprotein (MVA-BN-Filo).

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Single-center, randomized, placebo-controlled, observer-blind, phase 1 trial performed in Oxford, United Kingdom, enrolling healthy 18- to 50-year-olds from December 2014; 8-month follow-up was completed October 2015.

INTERVENTIONS
Participants were randomized into 4 groups, within which they were simultaneously randomized 5:1 to receive study vaccines or placebo. Those receiving active vaccines were primed with Ad26.ZEBOV (5 × 10(10) viral particles) or MVA-BN-Filo (1 × 10(8) median tissue culture infective dose) and boosted with the alternative vaccine 28 or 56 days later. A fifth, open-label group received Ad26.ZEBOV boosted by MVA-BN-Filo 14 days later.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The primary outcomes were safety and tolerability. All adverse events were recorded until 21 days after each immunization; serious adverse events were recorded throughout the trial. Secondary outcomes were humoral and cellular immune responses to immunization, as assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and enzyme-linked immunospot performed at baseline and from 7 days after each immunization until 8 months after priming immunizations.

RESULTS
Among 87 study participants (median age, 38.5 years; 66.7% female), 72 were randomized into 4 groups of 18, and 15 were included in the open-label group. Four participants did not receive a booster dose; 67 of 75 study vaccine recipients were followed up at 8 months. No vaccine-related serious adverse events occurred. No participant became febrile after MVA-BN-Filo, compared with 3 of 60 participants (5%; 95% CI, 1%-14%) receiving Ad26.ZEBOV in the randomized groups. In the open-label group, 4 of 15 Ad26.ZEBOV recipients (27%; 95% CI, 8%-55%) experienced fever. In the randomized groups, 28 of 29 Ad26.ZEBOV recipients (97%; 95% CI, 82%- 99.9%) and 7 of 30 MVA-BN-Filo recipients (23%; 95% CI, 10%-42%) had detectable Ebola glycoprotein-specific IgG 28 days after primary immunization. All vaccine recipients had specific IgG detectable 21 days postboost and at 8-month follow-up. Within randomized groups, at 7 days postboost, at least 86% of vaccine recipients showed Ebola-specific T-cell responses.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
In this phase 1 study of healthy volunteers, immunization with Ad26.ZEBOV or MVA-BN-Filo did not result in any vaccine-related serious adverse events. An immune response was observed after primary immunization with Ad26.ZEBOV; boosting by MVA-BN-Filo resulted in sustained elevation of specific immunity. These vaccines are being further assessed in phase 2 and 3 studies.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02313077.


A general problem for microbiologists is determining the number of phenotypically similar colonies growing on an agar plate that must be analyzed in order to be confident of identifying all of the different strains present in the sample. If a specified number of colonies is picked from a plate on which the number of unique strains of bacteria is unknown, assigning a probability of correctly identifying all of the strains present on the plate is not a simple task. With Escherichia coli of avian cellulitis origin as a case study, a statistical model was designed that would delineate sample sizes for efficient and consistent identification of all the strains of phenotypically similar bacteria in a clinical sample. This model enables the microbiologist to calculate the probability that all of the strains contained within the sample are correctly identified and to generate probability-based sample sizes for colony identification. The probability of cellulitis lesions containing a single strain of E. coli was 95.4%. If one E. coli strain is observed out of three colonies randomly selected from a future agar plate, the probability is 98.8% that only one strain is on the plate. These results are specific for this cellulitis E. coli scenario. For systems in which the number of bacterial strains per sample is variable, this model provides a quantitative means by which sample sizes can be determined.


This paper presents a chat tool, called LoL classroom, which recreates the environment of a physical university classroom. The tool draws inspiration from the basic principles of constructivism and overcomes the main limitations of traditional chat rooms. We discuss the underlying teaching and interaction models, we outline the main features and we present the user interface of the tool. LoL classroom has been integrated in the LoL e-learning platform (Land of Learning, by MEC informatica) adopted in several online degree programs of the University of Urbino. The effectiveness of the tool has been demonstrated by the satisfaction of students and instructors revealed by questionnaires administered at the end of each academic year.


Maxwell's equations for the apparently complicated generation and propagation of femtosecond four-wave-mixing signals in optically thick samples can be solved by triple Fourier transformation into the three-dimensional (3D) frequency domain. Given the linear absorption and refractive-index spectra, the propagation problem can be solved in three dimensions under the assumption that nonlinear distortions of the excitation pulses can be neglected. A propagation function exactly incorporates the linear evolution of the excitation pulses, the nonlinear generation of the signal, and the linear propagation of the signal. A quantitative treatment of the directional filtering of the 3D susceptibility that arises from excitation with noncollinear pulses and selective interference detection of signal in one phase-matched direction is developed. This 3D treatment is used to examine the influence of phase-matching bandwidth, directional filtering, and sample absorption on femtosecond four-wave-mixing signals in the rectangular and square boxcars phase-matching geometries.


In "Fiction Rivals Science", Allen Thiher describes the epistemic rivalry that the major 19th-century French novelists felt in dealing with science. After brief considerations of Stendhal, Thiher focuses on the four most important "realist" novelists in France: Balzac, Flaubert, Zola, and, going into the 20th century, Proust. According to Thiher, each of these novelists considered himself to be in competition with science to make the novel an instrument for knowledge. The first chapter sets forth the understanding of science that dominated the early 19th century in order to make it plausible that literary minds, throughout the 19th century, thought that they could not only rival science, but even make positive contributions to knowledge. The Newtonian paradigm that had dominated the Enlightenment was slowly being challenged by new developments both in physics and in nonphysical sciences such as biology. Especially in biology the development of a scientific discourse using narrative temporality favoured the idea that novelists could also use fiction to construct discourses that advanced knowledge. Balzac wanted to construct a natural history of society and correct the chemical theory of his time. Flaubert drew upon medicine and physiology for the rhetoric of his realist fiction. Zola used unsuccessful medical paradigms for his doctrine of heredity, and models drawn from thermodynamics to describe the relation of the individual to societal forces. Finally, Proust drew upon thinkers such as Poincare to elaborate an epistemology that put an end to the rivalry novelists might feel with scientists. Proust located certain knowledge within the realm of human subjectivity while granting the power of laws to rule over the contingent realm of physical reality, in which, after Poincare, neither mathematics not Newton was any longer a source of absolute certainty. Proust's novel is thus the last great realist work of the 19th century and the first modernist work of consciousness taking itself as the object of knowledge. By demonstrating that the great French realist novelists dealt with many of the same problems as did the scientists of the 19th century, "Fiction Rivals Science" attempts to show how culture unites literary and scientific inquiry into knowledge. Providing a new interpretation of the development of literary realism, this important new work should be welcomed not only by literary scholars, but by historians of science and culture as well.


Context: The extraction method and the crude wound healing effects of sacchachitin from Ganoderma tsugae Murr. (Ganodermataceae) has been cited. However, its purity is still largely limited. Objective: An improvement of the fractionation protocol to purify the sacchachitin from Ganoderma lucidum L. (Ganodermataceae) (SGL) is needed. Methods: Fruiting bodies were extracted with double distilled water and subsequently the residue treated with 95% ethanol and then 40% ethanol. After being filtered, the pH of the supernatant was adjusted to 4.0 with 1 N HCl and lyophilized. The supernatant was added (3:1 v/v) ethanol, the precipitate was collected, 2% NaOH was added and refluxed. The supernatant was collected with pH adjusted to 4.0, then treated with 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) with repeating acid precipitation and (3:1) ethanol precipitation twice more to obtain the sacchachitin. Results: SGL had a hexosamine content 16.3% (w/w), firmly linked to a talomannan. Its Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum revealed specific absorption (in cm–1) νO–H 3455.5 b,s, amide νC=O 1678.5, and amide I° δN–H 1550.4. The percentage deacetylation degree was 37.6 and 39.4% for SGL and MSC, respectively. As contrast, MSC contained only 6.6% of hexosamine with a low protein/carbohydrate ratio 0.35 comparing to 0.82 for SGL. SGL was only moderately strong antioxidant regarding the anti-DPPH, antihydroxyl free radical, and antisuperoxide anion capabilities, exhibiting an IC33 values of 10 mg/mL (the highest scavenging capability never exceeding 33%), 0.9 mg/mL, and 4.8 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: We have successfully isolated the pure sacchachitin from the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum that exhibits potent antioxidative activity and may be useful in fabrication of the artificial skin composite substitute.


The dialogical self proposes a far-reaching decentralization of both the concept of self and the concept of culture. At the intersection between the psychology of the self in the tradition of William James and the dialogical school in the tradition of Mikhail Bakhtin, the proposed view challenges both the idea of a core, essential self and the idea of a core, essential culture. In apparent contradiction with such a view, the present viewpoint proposes to conceive self and culture as a multiplicity of positions among which dialogical relationships can be established. Particular attention is paid to collective voices, domination and asymmetry of social relations, and embodied forms of dialogue. Cultures and selves are seen as moving and mixing and as increasingly sensitive to travel and translocality. Three perspectives for future research of self and culture are briefly discussed: the shifting attention from core to contact zones; increasing complexity; and the experience of uncertainty.


The plethora of mobile multimedia services that are expected to face high penetration, poses the need for the deployment of a resource economic scheme in Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks. To this direction, the Evolved Multimedia Broadcast / Multicast Service (EMBMS) is envisaged to play an instrumental role for LTE proliferation and set the basis for a successful 4th Generation (4G) standardization process. One of the most critical aspects of EMBMS performance is the selection of the most efficient radio bearer, in terms of power consumption. This chapter presents the prevailing radio bearer selection mechanisms and examines their performance in terms of power consumption. Furthermore, it discusses problems regarding the high power requirements for the realization of E-MBMS and evaluates the proposed techniques/solutions. Finally, this chapter presents a novel mechanism for efficient power control during E-MBMS transmissions that conforms to LTE requirements for simultaneous provision of multiple multimedia sessions.


This unique book describes and organizes nearly 2,500 mystery titles. Divided into sections-amateur, public, and private detective-titles are then categorized as traditional classic, eccentric, lone wolf, and so on. Niebuhr even notes whether each detective is of the hardboiled, softboiled (cozy), or traditional type. Author, title, subject, character, and location indexes offer further access. With more than 2,500 titles and more than 200 authors, this book provides an excellent understanding of the genre. An indispensable resource for librarians and mystery fans. If you've been searching for a comprehensive readers' advisory guide for mystery and detective fiction, look no further. With more than 2,500 titles and more than 200 authors, this book will provide you with an excellent overview and a thorough understanding of the genre, from topics of interest, a history of mystery fiction, and subgenres, to hints for advising readers, and a discussion of collection development and preservation techniques. Even with no prior knowledge about the genre, with this guide you will find it easy to answer questions raised by readers. And if you're an avid reader of mystery and detective fiction, you will love this book as you explore titles and gain an even deeper insight into the genre. Books can be searched by author, title, character, subject, and location. An indispensable resource for library professionals, educators, and mystery fans!


The growing number of tools for data novices are not designed with the goal of learning in mind. This paper proposes a set of pedagogical design principles for tool development to support data literacy learners.  We document their use in the creation of three digital tools and activities that help learners build data literacy, showing design decisions driven by our pedagogy. Sketches students created during the activities reflect their adeptness with key data literacy skills. Based on early results, we suggest that tool designers and educators should orient their work from the outset around strong pedagogical principles.


The use of the mass media has become a contemporary and fast-growing religious phenomenon within Pentecostal and charismatic churches. By drawing implications on the use of modern media technologies, this article presents a popular case of a Charismatic church in Ghana and shows how the idea of branding evolves around the use of the mass media. This article argues that the branding of the leaders' personality and the church is a marketing strategy aimed at attracting more people into the church.


The two target papers in this session present different approaches to substantiating the consensus position that both abstract and episodic levels of representation underlie speech processing. Cutler and Weber's paper provides an interesting illustration of the non-direct phonetic-to-lexical mapping in second language speech processing. Their contribution presents a series of studies in which meta-knowledge of a second language contrast facilitated representation of the contrast at a lower level. As a complement to this contribution, I discuss cases in which the lack of access to abstract category representations effectively blocks the passage of information across the episodic-to-abstract hierarchy. Second, picking up on the challenge of specifying the nature of exemplars as discussed in Goldinger's target article, I discuss recent data regarding experience-dependent shaping of the basic sensory circuitry. These data are particularly relevant to the case of second language speech learning as they help specify the levels of plasticity required for successful non-native language acquisition.


Bactrocera jarvisi (Tryon) is a moderate pest fruit fly particularly in northern Australia where mango is its main commercial host. It was largely considered non-responsive to the known male lures. However, male B. jarvisi are attracted to the flowers of Bulbophyllum baileyi, Passiflora ligularis, Passiflora maliformis and Semecarpus australiensis and this paper describes an attempt to determine the attractive compounds in the latter two species through chemical analysis. At about the same time, zingerone was identified as a fruit fly attractant in the flowers of Bulbophyllum patens in Malaysia, and this led the author to speculate that it could be attracting B. jarvisi to the flowers of B. baileyi. Two long-term traps, each with lures containing 2 g of liquefied zingerone and 1 mL maldison EC were established at Speewah, west of Cairns, in November 2001 and retained until April 2007. Over five complete years, 68 897 flies were captured, of which 99.6% were male B. jarvisi. Annual peaks in activity occurred between mid-January and early February, when they averaged 1428.5 +/- 695.6 (mean +/- standard error) male B. jarvisi/trap/week. Very few B. jarvisi were caught between June and September. Among 12 other species of Bactrocera and Dacus attracted to zingerone were the previously non-lure responsive Bactrocera aglaiae, a new species Bactrocera speewahensis, and the rarely trapped Dacus secamoneae. Four separate trials were conducted over 8- to 19-week periods to compare the numbers and species of Bactrocera and Dacus caught by zingerone, raspberry ketone/cue-lure or methyl eugenol-baited traps. Overall, 27 different species of Bactrocera and Dacus were recorded. The zingerone-baited traps caught 97.799.3% male B. jarvisi and no methyl eugenol responsive flies. Significantly more Bactrocera neohumeralis or Bactrocera tryoni were attracted to raspberry ketone/cue-lure than to zingerone (P < 0.001). Zingerone and structurally related compounds should be tested more widely throughout the region.


This research is the first attempt in Georgia to analyse hate speech emerging in Computer-Meditated Communication. Particular attention is paid to the polylogal, asynchronic remarks made by members of the public reacting to online newspaper articles or press releases concerning the LGPT pride event planned for 18 - 23 June 2019, in Tbilisi, Georgia.

The methodology is based on combining methods utilized in CDA and Genre Approach to (im)politeness which is in accord with the general approach to CMDA .

At the first stage of the analysis, the examples of hate-speech acts were analysed according to the following criteria: identification of linguistic means and strategies employed while expressing impoliteness and specificity of identity construction (self-asserted versus others -asserted, positive versus negative, roles of participants and strategies of conflict generation or management). Next, linguistic peculiarities of hate speech (for instance, linguistic triggers [threats, insults, sarcasm incitements], wordplay, taboo, swear and derogatory words, metaphors, allusions and similes) were identified and analysed.

Quantitative methodology was employed while stating the number of proponents and opponents of the event as well as statistical data referring to the number of linguistic and politeness strategies employed while expressing an opinion.

This research shows particular tendencies of how impoliteness can be realised and how social identities can be construed using the example of hate discourse concerning LGBT pride

in Georgia. However, to fully explore the genre properties of hate discourse in Georgia further research based on examples of hate-discourse strategies applied when discussing ethnic minorities and gender roles, is needed.


The main purpose of this project was to study the effects of mangrove removal on the productivity of estuaries in Malaysia, and in particular the consequences for prawn fisheries.

Policy-makers in Malaysia and elsewhere long regarded mangroves as unproductive, and extensive areas were therefore cleared for agriculture, aquaculture, industry or residential purposes. However, mangroves and seagrasses are important as nursery habitats for the young of many fish and invertebrates, and prawns in particular are dependent on their nursery areas. Catches of many prawn species in Malaysia and of the banana prawn in Australia are known to be larger in areas with greater mangrove growth.

There was a need to investigate the commercial catch statistics for prawns in Malaysia and to examine the relationship between prawn catches and the extent of mangroves. Some of the prawn species caught in Malaysia did not depend on mangroves and it was not known whether the size of the prawn catch was a good representation of prawn numbers in a region.

The project topic was important because prawn fisheries are among the most valuable fisheries in Australia and Southeast Asia. On the west coast of peninsular Malaysia they account for 40% of the value (although only 5% of the biomass) of the total marine catch.


Performance of heat emitters in a room is affected by their interaction with the ventilation system. A radiator gives more heat output with increased air flow along its heat transferring surface, and with increased thermal difference to surrounding air. Radiator heat output and comfort temperatures in a small one-person office were studied using different positions for the ventilation air inlet. In two of the four test cases the air inlet was placed between radiator panels to form ventilation-radiator systems. Investigations were made by CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations, and included visualisation of thermal comfort conditions, as well as radiator heat output comparisons. The room model was exhaust-ventilated, with an air exchange rate equal to what is recommended for Swedish offices (7 l s 1 per person) and cold infiltration air ( 5 8C) typical of a winter day in Stockholm. Results showed that under these conditions ventilation-radiators were able to create a more stable thermal climate than the traditional radiator ventilation arrangements. In addition, when using ventilation-radiators the desired thermal climate could be achieved with a radiator surface temperature as much as 7.8 8C lower. It was concluded that in exhaust-ventilated office rooms, ventilation-radiators can provide energy and environmental savings. 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


Background: Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) affects all age groups in a population and is perceived as pain to any stimuli. From time immemorial, researchers have sought herbal or natural solutions to treat hypersensitivity. Propolis is one such natural, nontoxic resinous substance produced by honey bees, which is useful in various applications in dentistry and effective in treating dentinal hypersensitivity. Aim: The aim of this in vitro study is to assess the effect of propolis varnish on occlusion of dentinal tubules thus aiding in the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity. The objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed treatment using scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging. Materials and Methods: Twenty naturally extracted teeth were collected and stored until in vitro assessment. Discs obtained from each tooth were divided into two groups of 20 each – I (test) and II (control), with each tooth acting as its own control. Propolis varnish was applied only to the acid-etched surface of the exposed dentin of discs in the test group, whereas all the discs were subjected to SEM imaging. Results: Statistical analysis showed a significant reduction in open tubules (P < 0.001) from 160 ± 6.97 before treatment to 61.20 ± 9.10 after propolis varnish application in the test group. Conclusion: This study showed the promise of propolis varnish as a natural treatment modality for DH.


We report on a consistent large-signal and small-signal modeling and parameter extraction method for high-speed InP DHBT valid to 110 GHz. Electromagnetic simulation is applied to predict the embedded network model caused by pad parasitics. Applying direct parameter extraction on the de-embedded device response leads to accurate small-signal model description of the InP DHBT. We have solved the problem of consistent transit time modeling by a two step process. A parameter extraction approach is described for the Agilent ADS2004A HBT model, which assures consistency between large-signal and bias-dependent small-signal modeling


The EDM can machined some superhard conducting material that cannot be handled by the traditional method, such as carbide alloy, tool steel and engineering materials etc., however, it is also accompanied with slow material removal rate(MRR) and poor surface quality (surface roughness). For some fine machining having rigorous criterion on size and surface roughness, the EDM cannot meet the demand. Some researches indicate that the MRR of small hole by electrical discharge machining combined with ultrasonic vibration (UEDM) can increase in certain range, but the surface quality is still poor. Although there are lots of the researches on the UEDM, some debates on machining mechanism and applied scope existed, and technology of UEDM needs the further study. After small hole machined by the UEDM, it is polished by ultrasonic vibrating. Two steps are includes in this technology. In the first place, on a high velocity electro discharge small hole machine with high-pressure dielectric liquid and hollow electrode, a transducer and horn are attached between the spindle and the electrode. The ultrasonic vibration of the tool electrode is implemented by connecting the horn and the tool electrode together with a chucking appliance. The second, after the small hole is complete, with the same machine tool and tool electrode the process of polishing the inwall of the small hole is carried out by accompanying the ultrasonic vibration, revolution and feed of the tool electrode with the abrasive material. In the experiments, the reference point for UEDM is found and the new theory is proposed to explain the increase of the MRR and the decrease of the surface roughness value .The polish with the ultrasonic vibration can improve further the surface roughness. The ultrasonic vibrating polish after the hole by UEDM is an economical and effective technology, which realizes machining of two procedures in one machine tool. So the process for changing machine tool and tool is not needed any more and the efficiency is further improved.


Resource allocation is one of the main issues in solving database applications where resources and data fragments are distributed geographically. The query of each use case assigned into resources to solve parallel computing problems and avoid remote data access. Hence system resources have to be allocated to handle workload and minimize the cost of computing and maximize the utility of resources. In this paper, it is propose an algorithm for optimal allocation strategy that minimizes the cost of computation by predict the performance. The overall goal is to minimize the cost of allocated resources usage in distributed database system during early stages. We propose game theoretic approach for finding the optimum allocation strategy which determines the performance during the early stages of life cycle. General Terms Resource Utilization, UML model


The difficulty of making decisions in end of life is the subject of these reflections through two clinical cases. We considered the question of palliative sedation for existential distress through a phenomenological approach, focusing the relationship between a patient's clinical history and the reactions of the care team to the existential distress of the patients. We chose to introduce a concept, dynamic projective identifications, which is a powerful mechanism for communication between human beings. The hypothesis is that projective identification works as a powerful mechanism of emotional contagion between people facing death, families, and their health workers. In the cases, however, the use of this therapeutic tool is not oriented to provide psychotherapeutic methods of supporting dying patients but to sustain the awareness of the care team in the decision-making process. The psychological pressure on the care team may lead physicians to act considering "what you already know". Being aware of these mechanisms can help physicians to understand the phenomena that are happening. Even if palliative sedation is the best therapy, the care team must clarify the meaning of the projective identification and enter them into the flow of communication with the patients and their families.


Semen cryopreservation has an important role in assisted reproductive technology however, the cooling, freezing and thawing processes often result in a significant loss of sperm motility, viability and nuclear integrity. The destructive effects of cryopreservation are significantly exacerbated in samples exhibiting low sperm number and poor morphological characteristics. Recent research into infertility has focused on the correlation between excessive oxidation and subfertility, in particular radical induced lipid peroxidation within the phospholipid bilayer of the spermatozoon plasma membrane and the promotion of cellular damage as a result of antioxidant insufficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of vitamin E on the survival and integrity of sperm from oligozoospermic and teratozoospermic men following cryo preservation. Ejaculated semen samples from 43 men undergoing assessment for infertility were identified as normal (n=23) or abnormal (n=20) according to WHO standards. Each semen sample was divided into 3 aliquots: The first fraction remained untreated and the second and third fractions were treated with cryomedia containing either 1 00~-tM or 200~-tM of the vitamin E analogue Trolox (6hydroxy-2,5,7,8-teramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) prior to freezing. Postthaw analysis included sperm survival rate, vitality staining, and assessment of DNA fragmentation using the TUNEL assay. Motile sperm concentration and morphological normality was significantly higher in normozoospermic semen compared to the abnormal samples (P<0.001: unpaired t-tests). Whole semen volume was significantly higher in abnormal samples (P<0.05: unpaired t-tests). Post-thaw analysis found significant differences in post-thaw vitality between the normozoospermic and abnormal samples (P<0.05: Unpaired t-tests). Post-thaw survival and DNA


European institutions as well as member states have been recently promoting participatory procedures that are proclaimed to contribute to the legitimacy of political regimes and decision-making processes. Discussing three cases in the controversy over GMOs in the Czech Republic and France, this paper analyses participatory procedures as a power technique, and argues that they have a tendency to strengthen existing power and epistemic relationships. The paper goes on to focus on the initiative of Faucheurs volontaires (voluntary reapers) in France, a collective mobilised to destroy GMO fields. The paper contends that it is a strong and remarkable form of public participation and discusses its key features: focus on material effect on the world; the dispersed character of action; and the personal legal and bodily engagement of the reapers. On the basis of the three cases, the paper argues that the idea of an all-inclusive governance is treacherous.


The presence of high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or villous component (VC) defines an advanced adenoma (AA) in patients with 1 or 2 adenomas <1 cm in size. Current consensus guidelines recommend that patients with AA undergo more intense postpolypectomy surveillance. In these clinical situations, the interobserver reliability in determining VC and HGD would play a major role in the credibility of these consensus guidelines. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate interobserver variability of VC and HGD in polyps <1 cm before and after the development of consensus criteria among gastrointestinal (GI) pathologists. Five GI pathologists independently evaluated 107 colorectal adenomas <1 cm, and classified them into tubular adenomas or adenomas with a VC (A-VC) and into low-grade dysplasia or HGD. Then a consensus conference was held and consensus criteria for VC and HGD were developed by group review. The same set of 107 slides were rereviewed independently by the same 5 GI pathologists. Interobserver variability using &kgr; statistical analysis before and after the application of consensus criteria was assessed. A 1-sided z-test was used to determine whether &kgr; scores increased after the consensus conference. Interobserver agreement before and after the consensus conference was poor for assessment of A-VC, HGD, and AA. These data calls into question the validity of basing clinical decisions on this distinction.


Background In resource-poor settings, lack of awareness and low demand for services constitute important barriers to expanding the coverage of effective interventions. In India, childhood immunization is a priority health strategy with suboptimal uptake. Objective To assess study feasibility and key implementation outcomes for the Tika Vaani model, a new approach to educate and empower beneficiaries to improve immunization and child health. Methods A cluster-randomized pilot trial with a 1:1 allocation ratio was conducted in rural Uttar Pradesh, India, from January to September 2018. Villages were randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group. In each participating village, surveyors conducted a complete enumeration to identify eligible households and requested participation before randomization. Interventions were designed through formative research using a social marketing approach and delivered over 3 months using strategies adapted to disadvantaged populations: (1) mobile health (mHealth): entertaining educational audio capsules (edutainment) and voice immunization reminders via mobile phone and (2) face-to-face: community mobilization activities, including 3 small group meetings offered to each participant. The control group received usual services. The main outcomes were prespecified criteria for feasibility of the main study (recruitment, randomization, retention, contamination, and adoption). Secondary endpoints tested equity of coverage and changes in intermediate outcomes. Statistical methods included descriptive statistics to assess feasibility, penalized logistic regression and ordered logistic regression to assess coverage, and generalized estimating equation models to assess changes in intermediate outcomes. Results All villages consented to participate. Gaps in administrative data hampered recruitment; 14.0% (79/565) of recorded households were nonresident. Only 1.4% (8/565) of households did not consent. A total of 387 households (184 intervention and 203 control) with children aged 0 to 12 months in 26 villages (13 intervention and 13 control) were included and randomized. The end line survey occurred during the flood season; 17.6% (68/387) of the households were absent. Contamination was less than 1%. Participation in one or more interventions was 94.0% (173/184), 78.3% (144/184) for the face-to-face strategy, and 67.4% (124/184) for the mHealth strategy. Determinants including place of residence, mobile phone access, education, and female empowerment shaped intervention use; factors operated differently for face-to-face and mHealth strategies. For 11 of 13 intermediate outcomes, regression results showed significantly higher basic health knowledge among the intervention group, supporting hypothesized causal mechanisms. Conclusions A future trial of a new intervention model is feasible. The interventions could strengthen the delivery of immunization and universal primary health care. Social and behavior change communication via mobile phones proved viable and contributed to standardization and scalability. Face-to-face interactions remain necessary to achieve equity and reach, suggesting the need for ongoing health system strengthening to accompany the introduction of communication technologies. Trial Registration International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) 44840759; https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN44840759


In 1957, Harper published its first I Can Read title, Little Bear, written by Else Holmelund Minarik and illustrated by Maurice Sendak. Large type, simple vocabulary, chapter-like divisions, and decorative pictures made Little Bear perfect for emerging readers


BACKGROUND
Eye injuries are common in sports. Sports-related eye injuries have the potential for major morbidity

OBJECTIVES
To investigate the occurrence and to classify sport-related eye trauma in northern Israel.

METHODS
We analyzed the records of the ophthalmology emergency department for the years 2007-2011 and classified the admissions according to type, severity of injury and demographic data.

RESULTS
In 2% of the patients the injuries occurred during a sport activity. Most of the injuries occurred during soccer, basketball or school sport activity (74%). The majority of patients were young males.

CONCLUSIONS
Most sports-related eye injuries can be prevented with adequate eye protection.


We study the fine structure of the phonon G peak in the inelastic light scattering spectra of strained graphene in the presence of a quantizing magnetic field. We show that under the conditions of magnetophonon resonance (MPR), the spectral line shape in Raman spectra of the Gamma-point longitudinal optic-transverse optical phonon undergoes multiple splitting and acquires a strong dependence on the polarization of the incoming and detected light. Interference of strain and MPR leads to the modification of the anticrossing branches, introducing the variation of the light polarization preferences depending on the proximity to the resonance, and their better resolution between neighboring anticrossings.


In 4 field experiments at 2 sites in Western Australia, wheat was sown at different times in autumn and early winter. Within each sowing, incidence of barley yellow dwarf luteovirus (BYDV) was monitored by ELISA tests on leaf samples, using antiserum specific to BYDV serotype PAV. Delaying sowing decreased BYDV incidence in all 4 experiments. At the higher rainfall site, decreased BYDV incidence due to delayed sowing was associated with increased grain yield and size, and in 1 experiment also with a decrease in the proportion of shrivelled grain. In contrast, at the lower rainfall site, grain yield penalties derived from late sowing negated the yield increases associated with decreased BYDV levels. When imidacloprid seed-dressing followed by foliar sprays of alpha-cypermethrin were applied to control aphids at the lower rainfall site, within each sowing BYDV incidence and the proportion of shrivelled grain decreased and grain yield and size increased. Applications of pirimicarb at the higher rainfall site also decreased BYDV incidence and the proportion of shrivelled grain within each sowing, and grain yield and size were increased. In all experiments, the only, or predominant, colonising aphid species was Rhopalosiphum padi. At flag leaf emergence, delayed sowing decreased the number of aphids on plants.

In high BYDV risk zones, when an appropriate insecticide is not applied to control aphid vectors in autumn-sown wheat, delaying sowing may be advisable to minimise BYDV-induced grain yield losses. However, the yield benefits from decreased BYDV infection need to be balanced against possible yield penalties due to late sowing.


Ubiquitination is an essential post-translational regulatory process that can control protein stability, localization, and activity. Ubiquitin is essential for eukaryotic life and is highly conserved, varying in only 3 amino acid positions between yeast and humans. However, recent deep sequencing studies in S. cerevisiae indicate that ubiquitin is highly tolerant to single amino acid mutations. To resolve this paradox, we hypothesized that the set of tolerated substitutions would be reduced when the cultures are not grown in rich media conditions and that chemically induced physiologic perturbations might unmask constraints on the ubiquitin sequence. To test this hypothesis, a class of first year UCSF graduate students employed a deep mutational scanning procedure to determine the fitness landscape of a library of all possible single amino acid mutations of ubiquitin in the presence of one of five small molecule perturbations: MG132, Dithiothreitol (DTT), Hydroxyurea (HU), Caffeine, and DMSO. Our data reveal that the number of tolerated substitutions is greatly reduced by DTT, HU, or Caffeine, and that these perturbations uncover "shared sensitized positions" localized to areas around the hydrophobic patch and to the C-terminus. We also show perturbation specific effects including the sensitization of His68 in HU and tolerance to mutation at Lys63 in DTT. Taken together, our data suggest that chemical stress reduces buffering effects in the ubiquitin proteasome system, revealing previously hidden fitness defects. By expanding the set of chemical perturbations assayed, potentially by other classroom-based experiences, we will be able to further address the apparent dichotomy between the extreme sequence conservation and the experimentally observed mutational tolerance of ubiquitin. Finally, this study demonstrates the realized potential of a project lab-based interdisciplinary graduate curriculum.


Policy gradient methods in reinforcement learning have become increasingly prevalent for state-of-the-art performance in continuous control tasks. Novel methods typically benchmark against a few key algorithms such as deep deterministic policy gradients and trust region policy optimization. As such, it is important to present and use consistent baselines experiments. However, this can be difficult due to general variance in the algorithms, hyper-parameter tuning, and environment stochasticity. We investigate and discuss: the significance of hyper-parameters in policy gradients for continuous control, general variance in the algorithms, and reproducibility of reported results. We provide guidelines on reporting novel results as comparisons against baseline methods such that future researchers can make informed decisions when investigating novel methods.


This document specifies IPv4 compatibility mechanisms that can be implemented by IPv6 hosts and routers. These mechanisms include providing complete implementations of both versions of the Internet Protocol (IPv4 and IPv6), and tunneling IPv6 packets over IPv4 routing infrastructures. They are designed to allow IPv6 nodes to maintain complete compatibility with IPv4, which should greatly simplify the deployment of IPv6 in the Internet, and facilitate the eventual transition of the entire Internet to IPv6. This document obsoletes RFC 1933.


We motivate the need for, and describe the contents of a novel patent research collection, publicly available and for free, covering multimodal and multilingual data from six patent authorities. The new patent test collection complements existing patent test collections, which are vertical (one domain or one authority over many years). Instead, the new collection is horizontal: it includes all technical domains from the major patenting authorities over the relatively short time span of two years. In addition to bringing together documents currently scattered across different test collections, the collection provides, for the first time, Korean documents, to complement those from Europe, US, Japan, and China. This new collection can be used on a variety of tasks beyond traditional information retrieval. We exemplify this with a task of high-relevance today: de-anonymisation.