Climate change and urbanization are among the most serious threats to amphibians, although little is known about their combined effects. We used a predictive spatial habitat suitability model to explore the potential impacts of climate change and urban development on the spotted marsh frog (Limnodynastes tasmaniensis) on the urban-fringe of Melbourne, Australia. The CSIRO climate-change predictions for the region indicate likely temperature increases of 3°C, and annual rainfall reductions of around 200 mm by the year 2070. Much of the study area overlaps a region that has been identified as one of the city's growth corridors. We used Bayesian logistic regression modelling to estimate current and future habitat suitability of pond sites in the Merri Creek catchment, exploring a range of best- to worst-case scenarios through the use of hydrological and urbanization models. Our predictions for 2070, even under a moderate climate-change scenario, suggest that the majority of ponds in the study area will be dry throughout much of the year. This has obvious implications for L. tasmaniensis, which is an aquatic breeding species. However, in the short term, urbanization is likely to have a more significant effect on the distribution of L. tasmaniensis in the Merri Creek catchment, particularly if development moves beyond the current urban growth boundary. The combined effects of climate change and urbanization could have a profound impact on the species, potentially causing it to disappear from within the study area. We provide recommendations for including such predictive models in urban planning and restoration activities to prepare for future conservation challenges.


Natural rubber (NR) is polyisoprene with 100% of cis-1,4 structure on main chain. NR is a natural resource de-rived from a tropical tree called Hevea brasiliensis (para rubber tree) that produces latex. NR is an industrial raw material, and global NR production and consumption are about 12 million ton per year (2014) which are about 40% in total rubber usage. Since NR shows superior physical properties such as break strength or durability comparing with synthetic rubber, NR demand is expected to rise in the future. In this review, we describe the present state, trend of new research and development of NR.


After the 2007 financial crises, the idea of contingent convertible (CoCo) capital was revived and manifold proposed as a means to stabilize individual banks, and hence the entire banking system. The purpose of this paper is to empirically test, whether CoCo-bonds indeed improve the stability of the banking system and reduce systemic risk. Using the broadly applied SRISK metric, we obtain contradicting results, based on the classification of the CoCo-bond as debt or equity. We remedy this short-coming by proposing an adjustment to the original SRISK formula that now correctly accounts for CoCo-bonds. Using empirical tests, we show that the undue disparity has been solved by our adjustment, and that CoCo-bonds reduce systemic risk.


Experimental evidence has convincingly shown the existence of reciprocal inclinations, i.e., a tendency for people to respond in-kind to hostile or kind actions. Little is known, however, about: (i) the prevalence of reciprocity in the population, (ii) individual determinants of reciprocity, (iii) the correlation between positive and negative inclinations within person, and (iv) consequences of reciprocal inclinations for wages, subjective well-being, friendships and other economic and social outcomes. Answering these questions requires moving out of the lab and using a large and representative subject pool, which combines information about subjects' reciprocal inclinations with extensive socioeconomic background information. In this paper we measure the reciprocal inclinations of 21,000 individuals. We show that most people state reciprocal inclinations, in particular in terms of positive reciprocity. However, there is substantial heterogeneity in the degree of reciprocity, and quite surprisingly, only a weak correlation between positive and negative reciprocity for an individual. In terms of determinants, being female, and increasing age, lead to greater positive and less negatively reciprocal tendencies. Taller people are more positively reciprocal, but height has no impact on negative reciprocity. The asymmetric impact of these determinants provides further indication that positive and negative reciprocity are fundamentally different traits, rather than the outcome of a single underlying tendency. In terms of economic implications, we provide the first evidence using a large representative survey that corroborates an important hypothesis arising from laboratory experiments: Positively reciprocal workers are in fact paid more, and exert greater effort, on the job. Moreover, positively reciprocal people are more likely to be employed, report having more close friends, and have a higher overall level of life satisfaction. In this sense, Homo Reciprocans - in the positive domain - is in fact more successful than his or her non-reciprocal fellows.


AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To investigate health professionals' evaluation of a computer-based resource designed to improve discussions about sexual and relationship health with young people.

BACKGROUND
Evidence suggests that some health professionals can experience discomfort discussing sexual health and relationship issues with young people. Professionals within hospital settings should have the knowledge, competencies and skills to be able to ask young people sexual health questions and provide accurate sexual health education. Despite some educational material being available for community and adult services, there are no resources available, which are directly relevant to holding opportunistic discussions with young people within an acute children's hospital.

DESIGN
A descriptive survey design.

METHODS
One hundred and fourteen health professionals from a children's hospital in the UK were involved in evaluating a computer-based resource. All completed an online questionnaire survey comprising of closed and open questions.

RESULTS
The health professionals reported that the computer-based resource had a positive influence on their knowledge and clinical practice. The videos as well as the concise nature of the resource were evaluated highly. Learning was facilitated by professionals being able to control their learning through rerunning and accessing the resource on numerous occasions.

CONCLUSIONS
An engaging, accessible computer-based resource has the capability to positively impact on health professionals' knowledge of, and skills in, starting and holding sexual health conversations with young people accessing a children's hospital.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
Health professionals working with children and young people value accessible, relevant and short computer-based training. This can facilitate knowledge and skill acquisition despite variation in working patterns. Improving the knowledge and skills of professionals working with young people to facilitate appropriate yet opportunistic sexual health discussions is important within the public health agenda.


This paper presents a case study centered on the virtual restitution and virtual life simulation of a highly complex and endangered heritage edifice: the church of Hagia Sophia, in Istanbul, Turkey (added in 1996 in the annual list of endangered monuments by the World Monuments Watch). The goal of this article is to describe the techniques used in order to achieve a photo-realistic simulation of the selected space and its characters, as well as to point out the challenges and solutions that such a work implies at different stages in production. Most of these issues are mainly focused on the reconstruction of the architecture of the site, but in order to achieve an accurate simulation the social aspect must not be forgotten. The importance of a heritage site resides as well in the historical characters and the social interactions that were taking place there: this information allows a better understanding of the function and the importance of the selected site in connection with the cultural aspects of the life at a certain time. In order to strengthen the feeling of immersion in a heritage edifice virtually restituted, it is important to recreate virtual life and describe the timely evolutionary aspects of the edifice as well.


Associations between parenting behaviors of support, behavior control and overcontrol, and psychological control/disrespect with adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems have been studied extensively (Barber et al., 2012; Kerr & Stattin, 2000), and also adolescent behaviors of disclosure and secrecy in the context of these problems (Frijns et al., 2010). However, few studies have assessed how parent and child behaviors might moderate each other's associations with problems (Keijsers et al., 2009). This study investigates interaction effects of the above-mentioned parent and adolescent behaviors when predicting depression, loneliness, and low self-esteem (internalizing), and delinquency, aggression, and drug/alcohol use (externalizing). Given the variety of behaviors and problems under study, it is hypothesized that various kinds of moderation effects will emerge.An ethnically diverse sample of 1,281 adolescents attending grades 7 to 10 in a Southern Swedish municipality (age 12.5 to 19.3, M = 15.2, SD = 1.2) filled out questionnaires in class. All scales have been published internationally; however, some items were added to short scales. Each of the internalizing and externalizing problems was regressed on all possible combinations of one of the four parenting variables and one of the two adolescent behaviors under study, resulting in 48 regression analyses.Confirming previous findings, parent psychological control and overcontrol were associated with internalizing and externalizing problems, and behavior control and insufficient support with internalizing problems. Adolescent disclosure predicted low levels of both kinds of problems and secrecy predicted high levels. Two-way interactions of parent and adolescent behaviors added significantly (p < .05) to the variance in 13 of 48 analyses which is beyond chance level (p < .001). In addition to the inspection of significant effects, t-values across all analyses were analyzed in order to distinguish between more general trends and solitary effects on specific internalizing or externalizing problems only. Confirming the hypothesis, interaction effects varied across the combinations of parent and adolescent behaviors (η2 = .26) and were further moderated by the distinction between internalizing and externalizing problems (η2 = .38). These effects were grouped into five kinds of interaction effects: In mutually enhancing and mutually exacerbating effects, two positive or two negative, respectively, behaviors increased each other's associations with problem levels. In protection effects, usually adolescents' behavior reduced associations between negative parenting and problems. Relationship split effects might reflect an alienated parent-adolescent relationship in which negative behaviors cannot do much additional harm. Finally, maintained relationship/sabotage means that the lowest level of problems occurred if one generation maintained the relationship by a positive behavior and the other generation abstained from "sabotaging" it by a negative behavior. Otherwise, problem behaviors increased sharply without the other generation's behavior having any large effect any longer.In conclusion, analyses provide ample evidence that adolescents' behavior moderates links between parents' behaviors and adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problems. Possible causal interpretations include adolescents as "gatekeepers" of parenting efforts, families' functional and dysfunctional adaptations, and parent and child behavior combinations as consequences of internalizing and externalizing problems.


Any final exam for a course must be scheduled during the final exam period. Each quarter, the Office of the Registrar posts the final exam schedule on its website at www.du.edu/registrar. Students must attend all final exams as scheduled by faculty. Students are expected to let their instructors know when they have more than one exam being held at the same time. The Office of the Registrar will attempt to resolve conflicts whenever possible. Final exams are not changed to accommodate student travel plans, and students should only plan travel after the official end date of the term.


Summary

Accurate age estimation is important for stock assessment and management. The importance of reliable ageing is emphasized by the impending analytical assessment of whiting (Merlangius merlangus) in the Baltic Sea. Whiting is a top predator in the western Baltic Sea, where it is fished commercially although less extensively compared to the North Sea. Although the species is considered one of the most difficult gadoids to age, few efforts have been made to shed light on the ageing problems. The aim of the present study was to identify and validate the 1st winter ring and to examine the visibility of the subsequent winter rings. Microstructure analysis was used to confirm the 1st winter ring. Additionally, otolith growth trajectories were obtained, confirming the allometric growth as seen in many fish species. The method for ageing of whole otoliths presented in this study can be directly implemented in future ageing of whiting otoliths from the Baltic Sea – and potentially also adjacent areas where the conspecifics have similar growth rates.


Although data on the carcinogen icily of agricultural pesticides are still being generated and are thus incomplete, research such as the Agricultural Health Study indicates that populations with increased, regular exposure to pesticides have high rates of a variety of cancers (National Institutes of Health & Environmental Protection Agency 2008). Policies that regulate toxins such as pesticides are envisioned by the public to be empirical and objective, but toxins are socially produced and their regulation is just as often based on political and economic factors as it is on science (Luke 2000). This does not bode well for farmworkers who are simultaneously burdened by disproportionate exposure to pesticides, low socioeconomic status, and political disenfranchisement—factors that can prohibit them from accomplishing change. The social, political, and economic barriers that farmworkers have historically faced are so deeply intertwined and embedded that the community remains unable to address the environmental injustice of adverse occupational exposure through current pesticide policy.


Mesoscale and submesoscale eddies play an important role in the distribution of heat and biogeochemical properties throughout the global oceans. Such eddies are important in the Arctic Ocean, particularly in the frontal regions, but are difficult to detect using traditional satellite‐based methods. Here we use high‐resolution in situ data from an underwater glider to identify a surface eddy that was masked from remote‐sensing observations. We hypothesize that this masking was driven by thermal stratification driven by surface heat fluxes. The eddy was likely generated north of the Polar Front, before crossing the front and traveling south. We estimate that the observed eddy contained 4 × 1010 m3 of Arctic Water. The observation of this eddy, masked in satellite observations of sea surface temperature, suggests a historical underestimation of the prevalence and importance of eddies in this key mixing region. The water column of the Barents Sea, one of the circumpolar Arctic seas has a seemingly simple structure. In the south, warm Atlantic Water dominates; in the north, cold Arctic Water dominates; while at their boundary, the Arctic Water overlies the Atlantic Water. In the summer, the Arctic Water is largely devoid of the nutrients required to fuel the growth of phytoplankton, which is key to maintaining life in the ocean. In contrast, the Atlantic Water is one of the primary sources of nutrient‐rich water into the Arctic. In this study, we have used an underwater robotic instrument to identify a patch of Arctic Water which has been shed from the Arctic sector of the Barents Sea into the Atlantic sector. This patch of water is seen to have lower phytoplankton concentrations than the surrounding water. Due to atmospheric heating of the surface, this patch would be indistinguishable from the surrounding Atlantic Water and so would be absent for satellite observations of sea surface temperature. We suggest that this temperature masking has meant that we have previously underestimated how much water is moved within these patches in the Arctic seas.


This paper presents an experimental study on cache memory designs for vector computers. We use an execution-driven simulator to evaluate vector cache performance of a set of application programs from Perfect Club and SPEC92 benchmark suites. Our simulation results uncover a few important facts which were unknown before: First of all, the prime-mapped cache that we newly proposed shows great performance potential in vector processing environment. Because of its conflict-free property, the prime-mapped cache performs significantly better than conventional cache designs for all applications considered. Second, performance results on the benchmarks indicate that data locality in vector processing does exist, although the effects of line size, associativity, replacement algorithm, and prefetching scheme on cache performance are very different from what has been commonly believed. A medium size vector cache (e.g., 128 Kbytes) eliminates the necessity for a large number of interleaved memory banks in vector computers. Our experiments show that the vector computer that has a medium size prime-mapped cache with small cache line size and limited amount of prefetching provides significant speedup over conventional vector computers without cache. Performance results reported in this paper can also provide guidance to general-purpose computer designers to enhance cache performance for numerical applications.


One of two areas of concern in the ongoing study of immigration theory from Mexico to the United States is the level of analysis in which to operate. To this end, various analyses at the macro-, meso-, and micro-sociological levels of theory have been applied in order to understand the full range of factors that underlie immigration. The second area of concern is completeness of coverage and literature gaps. That is to say, due to the difficulty in generalizing any one ethnography or data analysis to every sending region or town in Mexico, we must always demand coverage of new regions and towns. This, in turn, will provide the broadest range of data possible in order to promote the appropriate changes in the structure of immigration policy. This project contributes to these areas of concern in at least two ways. First, this sample of more than fifty ethnographic interviews emerges from the southeastern Mexican state of Yucatan. Yucatan represents a newer sending region than its more central and northern counterpart states, where immigration is both more pervasive and of a longer historical duration. Because of this, Yucatan is under-researched on the application of theoretical models of immigration. Second, this sample seems to support the "new economics" of immigration. That is to say, this sample appears to support a meso-sociological, familial approach to the agency of the immigrant actor, effectively placing them within a "household economics" model of immigration. Briefly, the meso-sociological level of analysis consists of informal social groups, as well as formal social institutions such as religion, government, or education. The focus here, though, is on the institution of the family. This project contributes to these areas of concern by providing the point-of-view insights and experiences of more than fifty immigrants who had either not yet returned or had returned to Madrina [pseudonym], Mexico, from either San Francisco, California, or Kalamazoo, Michigan. The interviews delved into biographical components of their lives, their families, and the impact of immigration on the town, as well as their motivations for immigrating from and returning to Madrina. This article focuses on the motivations for immigrating and returning. All respondents speak both Yucatec-Maya and Spanish and were primarily interviewed in Spanish, with occasional flourishes of Yucatec-Maya; one interview was done in English. In order to prevent confusion, I use the term "immigration" consistently throughout. Neither "migration" nor "immigration" adequately defines the life trajectories of all the respondents in this sample. To be sure, people who expect to only migrate temporarily stay in the United States forever, and people who expect to immigrate and settle forever return to their sending community. The Main Contention I contend that Yucatec-Mayan immigrants use a ch'i'ibal-centered, or family-centered, value-rational decision-making process in which to frame leaving and returning to their hometown. This "family-centered immigration model" supports Douglas Massey and others (1994), Massey, Jorge Durand, and Nolan J. Malone (2002), and Jeffrey Cohen's (2004) "household" or "new economics of migration" model. However, I employ Max Weber's "wert-rational" or "value-rational" social action to theoretically underpin this sample. Weber states, "Wert-rational [involves] a conscious belief in the absolute value of some ethical, aesthetic, religious, or other form of behavior, entirely for its own sake and independently of any prospects of external success" (1947, 114). More simply defined, went-rationality is rational action that symbolizes or represents sentimental or emotional values such as respect, caring, and love. Therefore, it is a went-rational or value-rational action to immigrate on behalf of the family's well-being, as that value is the true motivation that underpins immigrating for rational, economic gain. …


Modifications to a neural network's input and output layers are often required to accommodate the specificities of most practical learning tasks. However, the impact of such changes on architecture's approximation capabilities is largely not understood. We present general conditions describing feature and readout maps that preserve an architecture's ability to approximate any continuous functions uniformly on compacts. As an application, we show that if an architecture is capable of universal approximation, then modifying its final layer to produce binary values creates a new architecture capable of deterministically approximating any classifier. In particular, we obtain guarantees for deep CNNs, deep ffNN, and universal Gaussian processes. Our results also have consequences within the scope of geometric deep learning. Specifically, when the input and output spaces are Hadamard manifolds, we obtain geometrically meaningful feature and readout maps satisfying our criteria. Consequently, commonly used non-Euclidean regression models between spaces of symmetric positive definite matrices are extended to universal DNNs. The same result allows us to show that the hyperbolic feed-forward networks, used for hierarchical learning, are universal. Our result is also used to show that the common practice of randomizing all but the last two layers of a DNN produces a universal family of functions with probability one.


The paper presents a market oriented resource allocation strategy for grid resource. The proposed model uses the utility functions for calculating the utility of a resource allocation. This paper is target to solve above issues by using utility-based optimization scheme. We firstly point out the factors that influence the resources' prices; then make out the trading flow for resource consumer agents and provider agents. By doing these, the two trading agents can decide their price due to the dynamic changes of the Grid environment without any manmade interferences. Total user benefit of the computational grid is maximized when the equilibrium prices are obtained through the consumer's market optimization and provider's market optimization. The economic model is the basis of an iterative algorithm that, given a finite set of requests, is used to perform optimal resource allocation.


Personalization is becoming increasingly important in agent programming, particularly as it relates to the Web. We propose to develop underspecified, task-specific agent programs, and to automatically personalize them to the preferences of individual users. To this end, we propose a framework for agent programming that integrates rich, non-Markovian, qualitative user preferences expressed in a linear temporal logic with quantitative Markovian reward functions. We begin with DTGOLOG, a first-order, decision-theoretic agent programming language in the situation calculus. We present an algorithm that compiles qualitative preferences into GOLOG programs and prove it sound and complete with respect to the space of solutions. To integrate these preferences into DTGOLOG we introduce the notion of multi-program synchronization and restate the semantics of the language as a transition semantics. We demonstrate the utility of this framework with an application to personalized travel planning over the Web. To the best of our knowledge this is the first work to combine qualitative and quantitative preferences for agent programming. Further, while the focus of this paper is on the integration of qualitative and quantitative preferences, a side effect of this work is realization of the simpler task of integrating qualitative preferences alone into agent programming as well as the generation of GOLOG programs from LTL formulae.


Vladimir Prelog, one of the truly influential organic chemists of the past century, died in Zurich after a short illness on 7 January 1998. For his contributions to stereochemistry, he shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with J.W. Cornforth. In his 1991 autobiographical sketch (53)* Prelog told what he wanted to tell about himself and his work. The present memoir borrows heavily on this, but we have also drawn on our own perceptions gathered over many years of companionship and communion.


Over the last two decades policy reforms in the Netherlands have increased work incentives, resulting in rising employment rates at older ages. Over the same period health of the population has increased as well. A natural question is how much people could work taking into account their health status. As the other chapters in this volume, we use two approaches to answering this question. The first approach takes the relation between mortality and employment in 1981 as a base and then estimates what employment rates could be in 2010 if the relation between mortality and employment were the same in 1981 and 2010. The estimated additional work capacity based on this approach is about 50 percentage points for males at age 65. A second approach estimates the relation between health and employment in the age interval 50-54 and then predicts employment at later ages using health at these later ages. This leads to an estimated additional work capacity in 2010 of more than 75 percentage points for males aged 65-74. When including mortality as an additional health indicator to control for unobserved health differences in the latter approach, the estimated work capacities are more in line with those from the former approach: about 53 percentage points for males aged 65-69 and 44 percentage points for males aged 70-74.


Top-down stress testing is one way of assessing the resilience of the financial system to the risks it might face now, or in the future. And by considering a range of different risks, top-down stress testing can also provide an indication of the key vulnerabilities of the system. The Bank of England's Risk Assessment Model of Systemic Institutions (RAMSI) is an example of a top-down stress-testing model and is one part of the Bank's risk assessment toolkit. This paper offers an overview of RAMSI and provides, by way of illustration, a detailed description of its implementation as part of the comprehensive set of stress tests carried out during the IMF's 2011 UK Financial Sector Assessment Program (FSAP).


CQL, Continuous Query Language is suitable for data stream queries. Sometimes it is better if the queries operate on relational databases and data streams simultaneously. The execution of a CQL query takes a long time (several hours, days or even more). It is not clear what kind of semantics is suitable for the user when the database is updated during the execution of a CQL query. In this paper we give a short description of CQL, a characterization of update-problems, and we offer possible suggestions for the semantic extension of CQL. After the expansion, the CQL would be suitable for solving much more practical problems. The parallel usage of continuous data streams and updatable databases would be settled.


Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) frequently harbors genetic alterations that activate the B cell receptor (BCR) and TLR pathways, which converge to activate NF-κB. While selective inhibition of BTK with ibrutinib causes clinical responses in relapsed DLBCL patients, most responses are partial and of a short duration. Here, we demonstrated that MyD88 silencing enhanced ibrutinib efficacy in DLBCL cells harboring MyD88 L265P mutations. Chemical downregulation of MyD88 expression with HDAC inhibitors also synergized with ibrutinib. We demonstrate that HDAC inhibitor regulation of MyD88 expression is mediated by STAT3. In turn, STAT3 silencing caused a decrease in MyD88 mRNA and protein levels, and enhanced the ibrutinib antilymphoma effect in MyD88 mutant DLBCL cells. Induced mutations in the STAT3 binding site in the MyD88 promotor region was associated with a decrease in MyD88 transcriptional activity. We also demonstrate that treatment with the HDAC inhibitor panobinostat decreased phosphorylated STAT3 binding to the MyD88 promotor. Accordingly, combined treatment with panobinostat and ibrutinib resulted in enhanced inhibition of NF-κB activity and caused regression of DLBCL xenografts. Our data provide a mechanistic rationale for combining HDAC inhibitors and ibrutinib for the treatment of DLBCL.


A set of seismic hazard maps, expressed as horizontal peak ground acceleration, have been computed for a large area of Central and Eastern Europe covering the North Balkan area (Former Yugoslavia, Hungary, Romania). These are based on: a) a compound earthquake catalogue for the region; b) a seismic source model of 50 zones compiled on the basis of tectonic divisions and seismicity, and c) a probabilistic methodology using stochastic (Monte Carlo) modelling. It is found that the highest hazard in the region comes from intermediate focus earthquakes occurring in the Vrancea seismic zone; here the hazard exceeds 0.4 g at return periods of 475 years. Special account has been taken of the directional nature of attenuation from this source.


Public monuments to significant individuals or to political concepts are all too familiar. But the notions underlying them are not so obvious. Sergiusz Michalski traces the history of the public monument from the 1870s, when erecting them became an artistic, political and social pre-occupation, to today when the distinction between public monuments and public sculpture is increasingly blurred. The author shows how, in its golden age up until 1914 the public monument served the purpose of both education and legitimization. The French Third Republic, for example, envisaged the monument as a symbol of bourgeois meritocracy. In more recent decades, the public monument has been charged with the task of commemorating and symbolizing one of humankind's most terrible catastrophes - the Holocaust. Today, although the artistic failure of countless European war memorials has signalled the beginning of the demise of the public monument in the West, it continues to flourish elsewhere, commemorating despotic leaders from Kim Il Sung to Saddam Hussein.


Cortical activity patterns change in different depths of general anesthesia. Here we investigate the associated network level changes of functional connectivity. We recorded ongoing electrocorticographic (ECoG) activity from the ferret temporo-parieto-occipital cortex under various levels of isoflurane and determined the functional connectivity by computing amplitude envelope correlations. Through hierarchical clustering, we derived typical connectivity patterns corresponding to light, intermediate and deep anesthesia. Generally, amplitude correlation strength increased strongly with depth of anesthesia across all cortical areas and frequency bands. This was accompanied by the emergence of burstsuppression activity in the ECoG signal and a change of the spectrum of the amplitude envelope. Normalizing the functional connectivity patterns showed that the topographical structure remained similar across depths of anesthesia, resembling the functional association of the underlying cortical areas. Thus, while strength and temporal properties of amplitude co-modulation vary depending on the activity of local neural circuits, their network-level interaction pattern is presumably most strongly determined by the underlying structural connectivity.


This study takes researcher and reader down the rabbit hole of story with its unique approach to the phenomena of professional identity, professional learning, and school change. It examines the perspectives of 14 educators: a range of teachers and leaders in one independent Australian school and in the context of a teacher growth intervention. Set against the backdrop of the global push for teacher quality, and consequent worldwide initiatives in the arenas of teacher professional learning and school change, the study generates context-specific connections between lived critical moments of identity formation, learning, and leading.

A bricolaged paradigmatic stance weaves together a social constructionist, phenomenological approach to narrative inquiry. Data were generated primarily from individual narrative-eliciting interviews, of the researcher, two teachers, and 11 school leaders. Extended literary metaphor and known literary characters operate as a symbolic and structural frame. Alice, the White Rabbit, and the Cheshire Cat, from Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, are analytical tools for the presentation and analysis of the perspectives of researcher, teacher, and leader participants.

While the study set out to explore the ways in which educators' experiences of professional learning (trans)form their senses of professional identity, it found that it is not just professional learning, but epiphanic life experiences, which shape professional selves and practices. School context, and the alignment of the individual with the collective, emerged as key factors for individual and school change. Transformation of educators' identities and practices was evident in environments which were supportive, challenging, and growth focused, rather than evaluation driven. Identity formation, individual professional growth, and collective school change were revealed to be unpredictable, fluid processes in which small, unexpected moments can have far-reaching effects. The findings have implications for the theorisation of identities, and the research and implementation of professional learning and school change.


The brain has been traditionally viewed as a deterministic machine where certain inputs give rise to certain outputs. However, there is a growing body of work that suggests this is not the case. The high importance of initial inputs suggests that the brain may be working in the realms of chaos, with small changes in initial inputs leading to the production of strange attractors. This may also be reflected in the physical structure of the brain which may also be fractal. EEG data is a good place to look for the underlying patterns of chaos in the brain since it samples many millions of neurons simultaneously. Several studies have arrived at a fractal dimension of between 5 and 8 for human EEG data. This suggests that the brain operates in a higher dimension than the 4 of traditional space-time. These extra dimensions suggest that quantum gravity may play a role in generating consciousness.


Along with the rapid growth of the Chinese economy over the past decades, information systems (IS) research in China has undergone a profound transformation. This exploratory study reports on a survey involving 107 university researchers, focusing on the input aspects of IS research and how institutional factors affect the input. In this paper, input mainly refers to research activities, effort, methods and reference disciplines. Data show researchers are withdrawing from IS development projects, while increasing their effort in academic research. Compared to the past, IS research topics are now more aligned to the international mainstream. A major hurdle for empirical research is the lack of familiarities with empirical research methodology, as indicated by nearly half of the respondents. Effort in academic research tends to correlate with the researchers' income scheme, i.e., sources and proportion of base salary and benefits in their overall income. However, surprisingly, emphasis on quality of publication has not significantly influenced researchers' effort yet, nor has the increased degree of internationalization affected the selection of research methods and the shift to empirical research. The underlying reasons are explored, and implications are also discussed.


At modeling level, diagramming tools such as Microsoft Visio are used to design MySQL replication models. However, this type of tools do not allow validating if the MySQL replication model is free of errors, showing errors if exists. Thus, we can have erroneous documentation of the MySQL replication models. Due to the lack of this feature, this is done manually, which becomes a tedious task, time consuming and error prone. This paper proposes a MDE-based graphical modeling tool under the Eclipse platform for the automatic validation of MySQL replication models. In addition, once a model has been validated, the tool is capable of generating the mysqlreplicate commands of configuration. The results of the experiments for the errors correction of MySQL replication models with 25 servers demonstrate that by using the proposed tool the time is reduced in more than 87% compared with the tool Microsoft Visio 2013.


Vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a rare genetic disorder resulting from mutations in the α-1 chain of type III collagen (COL3A1) and manifesting as tissue fragility with spontaneous rupture of the bowel, gravid uterus, or large or medium arteries. The heterozygous Col3a1 knockout mouse was investigated as a model for this disease. The collagen content in the abdominal aorta of heterozygotes was reduced, and functional testing revealed diminishing wall strength of the aorta in these mice. Colons were grossly and histologically normal, but reduced strength and increased compliance of the wall were found in heterozygotes via pressure testing. Although mice demonstrated no life-threatening clinical signs or gross lesions of vascular subtype Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV, thorough histological examination of the aorta of heterozygous mice revealed the presence of a spectrum of lesions similar to those observed in human patients. Lesions increased in number and severity with age (0/5 [0%] in 2-month-old males vs 9/9 [100%] in 14-month-old males, P < .05) and were more common in male than female mice (23/26 [88.5%] vs 14/30 [46.7%] in 9- to 21-month-old animals, P < .05). Haploinsufficiency for Col3a1 in mice recapitulates features of vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in humans and can be used as an experimental model.


There has been a plurilingual tradition of communication in South Asia since precolonial times. Local scholars consider pluringualism as 'natural' to the ecology of this region. In plurilingualism, proficiency in languages is not conceptualized individually, with separate competencies developed for each language. The different languages constitute an integrated system to constitute a repertoire. After distinguishing plurilingualism from other forms of multilingual communication, the article shows how English has been accommodated in this tradition. What I label Plurilingual English is not an identifiable code or a systematized variety of English. It is a highly fluid and variable form of language practice. Speakers negotiate their different Englishes for intelligibility and effective communication. The article goes on to define plurilingual competence. For communication to work across such radical differences, it is important that acquisition and use go hand and hand. Such a competence is always in a state of becoming and, therefore, acquisition is emergent. Plurilingual communication works because competence does not rely solely on a form of knowledge, but rather, encompasses interaction strategies. In the final section, the article discusses how learner strategy training and language awareness go some way toward facilitating such interactional strategies and repertoire development.


Reusability of information models has been discussed in science and practice for many years. Reference models are information models that are developed with the aim of being reused for different but similar application scenarios. They primarily promise time and cost savings, since parts of the reference models can be reused. The topic of reference modeling is addressed in this book from different perspectives: Besides reference modeling languages that provide special modeling language concepts for the development and application of reference models, reference modeling methodologies are discussed, which additionally provide procedure models for the construction and application of reference models. Moreover, particular reference models are discussed and evaluated.


The thesis considers the parallel critiques of the notion of poesis as a mode of subjective power of self-determination in P.B. Shelley and Maurice Blanchot. It explores the terms in which, in the romantic-idealist tradition, the work of art is valorised as the realisation of the subject's access to spiritual significance. The thesis traces one of the sources of Blanchot's notion of modern literature' to his understanding of romanticism. It describes the ways in which Blanchot's notion of the non-romantic essence of romanticism deconstructs the romantic-idealist model of the work of literature as a mode of subjective self-realisation. Blanchot focuses on the fact that the presence of the critique of this model within the romantic/idealist theorization of the work of literature turns literature into a self-questioning, rather than a self-realizing structure. The idealist framework offers a notion of absolute reflection which significantly extends the model/figure of the autonomous subject. The thesis will argue that, on the evidence of some of Shelley's prose fragments, the empiricist and sceptical heritage of Shelley' s conception of the mind draws him away from subscribing to such a model, and ultimately leads him to repeal it. The thesis will also argue that a similar undermining of the individual integrity of the subject can be observed in Shelley's conception of self-identity. The analysis undertaken in the thesis concentrates on how a distinction between the ability to realize the poetical work and a process of self-realization is manifested in the three poems selected for scrutiny, and how this problematic is developed through the individual imaginative quest embodied in the figure of the poet in Alastor. The thesis will also explore the ways in which the ambivalence of the articulations around which the world of sanity and the notion of the accomplished work of literature are organized and dramatized in Julian and Maddalo. The Triumph of Life is then contrasted with the theme of the representative relation of the poet in concord to his community that is offered in A Defence of Poetry. In this poem, the principle of creation is likened to the course of history.


[Differences among civilizations are not only real; they are basic. Civilizations are differentiated from each other by history, language, culture, tradition and, most important, religion. The people of different civilizations have different views on the relations between God and man, the individual and the group, the citizen and the state, parents and children, husband and wife, as well as differing views of the relative importance of rights and responsibilities, liberty and authority, equality and hierarchy. These differences are the product of centuries. They will not soon disappear.1 Is he then who is a believer like him who is a transgressor? They are not equal.2 Differences among civilizations are a critical consideration in the development and enforcement of public international law. As "non-Western" countries gain a more sophisticated and influential presence in the UN and other intergovernmental bodies, these bodies are forced to reconcile their historic and elemental positions with those of member states that may have fundamental differences in their views of governmental power, human rights, and the role of international authority. Religion is one area of particular interest because of its divisive implications for major players on the world stage. Religious beliefs inform the moral frameworks of many of the world's most prominent policymakers. Whereas some nations are self-consciously religious in their policymaking, others, though potentially equally as informed in their moral structures by religion, claim to be secular in their statehood.3 Though the world is becoming more fragmented by ideology, it is also better connected through technology, and it is the role of legal scholars and policymakers to determine whether the maintenance of an international collaborative government body really is feasible in all areas of law. This Development explores the potential for compatibility between Islamic Law and human rights-in particular the freedom of religion and belief. As manifestations of Qur'anic law are as diverse as interpretations of "Western" liberal law, this Development focuses on Iranian Qur'anic law with only brief mentions of the implications of Islamic law for other countries.4 Though the Iranian interpretation of Islamic law is by no means representative of all Islamic nations, because of its conservative nature, it can serve as a benchmark in the analysis of other governmental systems. Section I outlines the relevant international law, namely Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ("Covenant").5 It includes a discussion of the UN's official interpretation of the Covenant and identifies potential differences in interpretation of the Covenant by Muslim nations. Section II outlines Iranian law, including a sketch of the pertinent portions of the Iranian Constitution, its governmental interpretation, and the tools utilized in this interpretation. Section III analyzes how the Iranian Constitution conflicts with the Covenant. Section IV concludes by discussing the potential implications of this conflict. Ultimately this Development finds an inherent incompatibility between Iranian Islamic Law and what might be called "Western-based" international law. Phrased differently, the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, both explicitly and as interpreted by the Iranian government, inherently violates the UN's commitment to protect freedom of religion and belief, a commitment that as a member state it has agreed to uphold. Unless the Islamic Republic of Iran undergoes a regime change or a significant evolution of either theological or political belief, it will be unable to comply with the Covenant and the subsequent UN mandates requiring the modification of national policies. The specific examples of Iran's violations that are explored in this Development are symptomatic of its general administrative policy as opposed to freestanding events or deviations from the norm. …


OBJECTIVE
To determine the sociodemographic factors associated with cervical cancer screening and follow-up of abnormal results.

DESIGN
Population cohort study.

SETTING
Ontario.

PARTICIPANTS
Women between the ages of 18 and 70 years who were eligible for Papanicolaou testing.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Rates of cervical cancer screening and follow-up of abnormal and inadequate Pap test results, and associated sociodemographic factors such as age, neighbourhood income level, and health region. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent factors associated with screening and follow-up.

RESULTS
Of the 3.7 million women eligible for screening, 69% had had Pap tests in the past 3 years. These rates varied by age, income, and region (P < .001). Women residing in the lowest-income neighbourhoods were half as likely to be screened (odds ratio 0.56, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.56). Only 44% of those whose Pap test results revealed atypical squamous cells of uncertain significance or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions had repeat Pap tests or colposcopy within 6 months, and this varied by age, income, and region (P < .001). Among women with unsatisfactory Pap test results, only 35% were retested within 4 months, and this varied by age (P < .001).

CONCLUSION
Despite universal health coverage, cervical cancer screening rates are suboptimal among low-income women at greatest risk. Follow-up among women with inadequate or abnormal test results is often poor. Novel models of cervical cancer screening are needed to address these inadequacies.


Aim: The present study is aimed at understanding the psychiatric morbidity among mastectomized women and in identifying differences in depression, anxiety, psychological impact and well-being based on psychiatric diagnosis. Method: One hundred and sixty breast cancer patients who had undergone mastectomy and were on either on adjuvant therapies or on waiting list were interviewed. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) - Plus, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Impact of Event Scale and the Psychological General Well-Being Schedule were used. Results: Around 68% of patients did not meet psychiatric diagnosis, while the remaining 32% patients were found to have psychiatric morbidity. Of these, 15% diagnosed with adjustment disorders, 13% patients with a major depressive disorder, while 4% patients with anxiety disorders. A significant difference in anxiety, depression, psychological impact and well-being was found among mastectomized women who were grouped on the basis of their psychiatric diagnosis. Conclusion: Psychiatric morbidity is evident in patients. This study reinforces the need for identifying psychiatric disorders among women who are undergoing mastectomy, in order to provide adequate psychological treatment.


Warlords compete for turf that provides them with rents and `taxable' resources, but they can also offer a semblance of security within their respective territories. This article first examines two economic models of warlord competition. Because such competition takes place through the use of force or the threat of the use of force, more competition typically leads to lower material welfare as resources are wasted on unproductive arming and fighting. This is in contrast to ordinary economic models, in which typically greater competition leads to higher material welfare. Furthermore, rents from oil, diamonds, and even foreign aid crowd out production. In extreme cases, this crowding out of ordinary production can be complete, whereby all economic resources can be devoted to the unproductive competition for rents. The article then reviews factors that lead either to actual war or to peace in the shadow of war. Because war is destructive, human beings are typically risk averse, and there exist numerous complementarities in production and consumption, we can expect peace in the shadow of war to be most often preferable by all parties. Actual war can take place because of incomplete information about the preferences and capabilities of the adversaries but also, somewhat surprisingly, when the shadow of the future is sufficiently long.


Recent years have seen a 'quiet revolution' in the way that the sex industry is regulated and governed. The consensus around what the problems of prostitution are has broken down and in its place a plethora of contradictory themes has emerged. "Regulating sex for sale" examines the total package of reforms and proposals that have been introduced in this area since May 2000. Bringing together some of the most well-known writers, researchers and practitioners in the field, it provides a detailed analysis and critical reflection on the processes, assumptions and contradictions shaping the UK's emerging prostitution policy. What are the unintended consequences of recent policies and how do they impact on the populations that they regulate? Do they contain any possibility for radical intervention and/or new ways of governing prostitution? The book describes the impact these policies have on indoor sex workers, street-based sex workers, young people, men or those with drug misuse issues. It also looks at the assumptions made by policy makers about the various constituencies affected, including the communities in which sex work takes place. This is the first book to address the contradictions in current policy on prostitution in England and Wales and will be of interest to academics, postgraduate students and policy makers in criminal justice, as well as in other areas, including children and young people, community safety and urban studies.


Abstract. The second-generation University of Colorado closed-path tunable-diode laser hygrometer (CLH-2) is an instrument for the airborne in situ measurement of total water content – the sum of vapor-, liquid- and ice-phase water – in clouds. This compact instrument has been flown on the NSF/NCAR Gulfstream-V aircraft in an underwing canister. It operates autonomously and uses fiber-coupled optics to eliminate the need for a supply of dry compressed gas. In operation, sample air is ingested into a forward-facing sub-isokinetic inlet; this sampling configuration results in particle concentrations that are enhanced relative to ambient and causes greater instrument sensitivity to condensed water particles. Heaters within the inlet vaporize the ingested water particles, and the resulting augmented water vapor mixing ratio is measured by absorption of near-infrared light in a single-pass optical cell. The condensed water content is then determined by subtracting the ambient water vapor content from the total and by accounting for the inertial enhancement of particles into the sampling inlet. The CLH-2 is calibrated in the laboratory over a range of pressures and water vapor mixing ratios; the uncertainty in CLH-2 condensed water retrievals is estimated to be 14.3% to 16.1% (1-σ). A vapor-only laboratory intercomparison with the first-generation University of Colorado closed-path tunable-diode laser hygrometer (CLH) shows agreement within the 2-σ uncertainty bounds of both instruments.


Historians have long recognised that volunteers from various countries, many of whom were immigrants in the South African Republic, fought as allies of the Boers during the Second Anglo-Boer War. Relatively little, however, has been published about the lives of those who were unfortunate enough to become prisoners of war. Norwegians and other Scandinavians were among them, and many of these immigrants spent months or years in captivity on St Helena, in Portugal or elsewhere. Their accounts of their experiences as prisoners of war shed light on living conditions in such camps and on the Boers themselves from the perspective of supporters whose sympathy for the republican cause wore thin as their periods of captivity continued.


An interesting failure involving geosynthetic basal reinforcement for embankments constructed on soft soil occurred at the Fresh Kills Landfill located on Staten Island, New York. The failure occurred in two stages, in May 1997 and April 1998, respectively. In this study, an attempt has been made to model the embankment from this case history using finite difference software - FLAC (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua, Itasca Consulting Group, 1996). The goal of such a study is to develop the finite difference model as an approximate design tool for future reinforced embankments. FLAC is a two-dimensional finite difference code that uses an explicit time-marching method to solve governing field equations. The paper presents the results of such an analysis and compares them to the field results. Various stages of construction are simulated by applying different model loading conditions at different stages of the analysis. The development of excess pore water pressures with staged construction are captured by using the undrained mode of analysis. The limits of failure and zone of movement are found to be strikingly similar to the field observations. It is expected that the proposed research will contribute to the state of the art of analyzing and designing embankments reinforced with geosynthetics in basal layers.


We study the war of attrition between two players when the players' signals are binary and affiliated. Our model covers both the case of common values and affiliated private values. We characterize the unique symmetric equilibrium and demonstrate the possibility of nonmonotonic symmetric equilibria, i.e. equilibria where the player with a lower signal wins With positive probability. Such an outcome is inefficient in the case of private valuations. We compare the war of attrition to other related mechanisms, the all-pay auction and standard firstand second-price auctions. The war of attrition dissipates the bidders' rents more effectively but at the same time distorts the allocation more severely than the other mechanisms. In terms of expected revenues, the war of attrition dominates the standard auctions, but the ranking against the all-pay auction is ambiguous.


For some time now, our trajectory and strategy in Afghanistan have been flat. We are not losing, and we are not winning. We find ourselves in an operational stalemate where progress on governance, reconstruction, and economic development--the core of our state-building strategy--is slowing while requirements for security and additional military force are accelerating. This condition is dangerous, given the American cultural urge to move on to new challenges. The Pakistanis and Afghans are not only aware of this tendency, they remember it, rendering our protestations of constancy moot. Even Mullah Omar, the Taliban leader, ousted by the United States in 2001, understands the virtue of patience. "Americans have all the watches," he once observed, "but we have all the time." What Mullah Omar is suggesting is that if we are not winning, we are losing. He seems to grasp, possibly better than we do, that the United States and the international community cannot maintain their current level of commitment to Afghanistan indefinitely, probably not even for another five years. His prognosis, if correct, carries profound implications for US strategy. Two Strategic Mistakes Why we are not winning is complex but can be traced to two strategic errors, both of which are remediable. The first error centers on state-building: We have adopted a standard western state-building template that does not fit Afghan conditions particularly well. Expectations, both ours and the Afghans', are not aligned with reality, not just in terms of outcomes but also in terms of the time it will take to achieve them. The second mistake is more dangerous to our overall objectives in Afghanistan. It centers on the Taliban insurgency, which we perceive in one dimension (as a military--our military--problem). This perception drives American strategy and the instruments of US power we choose, with decreasing returns, to apply to it. But there are other parties to the conflict. Pakistan, the Afghan people, and the insurgents themselves view the insurgency in ways that differ significantly from our perspective. A successful strategy for defeating the insurgency needs to be based on a clearer, deeper understanding of what these parties want. Barring a major revision in strategy, our trajectory in Afghanistan is likely to continue to be flat, or worse. Most Afghans still think things are a little better now than they were before we came. But they also wonder why things are not a lot better, and a lot safer. The longer they wonder, the harder our task becomes, because while we may have a reputation for impatience, we do not own it outright. Thus the Mullah's strategy: If he is not losing, he is winning. A Matter of Time The current approach is an acceptable strategy, but it is not without flaws. The Taliban cannot defeat NATO militarily, but they do not have to; their best weapon is time. They can retard governance, reconstruction, and development, diminish security for the population, and erode national will. In essence, they can shorten the time available for state-building. A waiting game, however, is passive. It cedes the tactical domain to the United States, NATO, and the international community, betting that under the conditions that support the insurgency those actors will make operational mistakes that will result in their losing the contest in the long run. This strategy also assumes that America lacks the vision and agility either to recover from our operational mistakes or to craft an overall strategy that could make time switch sides. That line of reasoning makes Afghanistan still ours to win or lose. If we are to win, it is commonly understood, we have to identify the mistakes being made in our operations, militarily as well as in project assistance. But beyond the simple identification of mistakes, we are actually expected to fix these errors and omissions, a much more difficult proposition that is often overcome by doctrine, politics, and budgets. …


U.S. public transit has experienced something of a renaissance in the 2000s, with per capita service levels increasing nationwide and public investment growing even faster—particularly expenditures on rail transit. Despite this expansion, overall transit patronage has been relatively flat, and has declined significantly since 2014. What is behind these trends, and what do they portend for the future of transit? In this paper we consider three challenges shaping transit today and in the years ahead: (1) the asymmetry of transit supply and use make it especially vulnerable to changes and disruptions; (2) many of the factors that determine transit ridership, such as levels of private vehicle ownership and use, are largely beyond the control of transit agencies; and (3) there remains no consensus about what purpose transit should serve—politically the industry thrives on the idea that it will reduce congestion or clean the air, while in practice it primarily moves poor people, a very different and sometimes conflicting role. How successfully transit systems manage each of these challenges will shape their future roles and significance.


And the word of the Lord came unto me, saying, Son of man, the house of Israel is to me become dross: all they are brass, and tin, and iron, and lead, in the midst of the furnace; they are even the dross of silver. Therefore saith the Lord God: Because ye are all become dross, behold, therefore I will gather you into the midst of Jerusalem. As they gather silver, and brass, and iron, and lead, and tin, into the midst of the furnace, to blow the fire upon it, to melt it; so will I gather you in mine anger and in my fury, and I will leave you there, and melt you. Yea, I will gather you, and blow upon you in the fire of my wrath, and ye shall be melted in the midst thereof. As silver is melted in the midst of the furnace, so shall ye be melted in the midst thereof; and ye shall know that I the Lord have poured out my fury upon you.


Abstract Previous research has identified distinct genetic, life‐history and reproductive differences between populationsof common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus) upstream and downstream of a pulp and paper mill outfall on the Tarawera River in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. This study investigated the distribution of common bully in the Tarawera River by examining fish collected from upstream (37 km inland) and downstream (20 km inland) locations and comparing them to fish from similar inland locations (40 km and 17 km inland, respectively) in the nearby Rangitaiki River. Reproductive divergence was observed between upstream and downstream sites of both rivers by differing annual trends in gonadosomatic index. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes confirmed residency at each sampling site and otolith microchemistry demonstrated different life‐history strategies between upstream and downstream populations. Diadromous recruits dominated in both downstream river populations, with a general disappearance of diadromy upstream. A mixture of diadromous and non‐diadromous fish were found in the upstream Rangitaiki River, whereas diadromous recruits were absent in the upstream Tarawera River. A reduction in oculoscapular canal structures also coincided with loss of diadromy in fish from both rivers. A behavioural study to determine whether pulp and paper mill effluent may deter fish migration within the Tarawera River demonstrated a strong avoidance of effluent, but only at concentrations (>25%) greater than those that naturally occur in the river (<15%). The results of this study suggest that combinations of influences coupled with inland distance are likely to be responsible for the isolation of common bully subpopulations within the Tarawera River.


Events of the past few years, including the Brexit vote in the United Kingdom and the demise of the Trans-Pacific Partnership and election of Donald Trump as President in the United States, have reignited debates about the global trade regime. In particular, many have begun to question whether the trade regime has done enough for those who feel left behind by globalization. While some have held fast to the view that redistribution of trade's gains is primarily a matter of domestic policy, others have suggested tweaks to the international trade agreements aimed at better spreading the wealth.

But what if the problem isn't policy, but principle? The major international economic institutions of the last few decades have been based on and around a normative principle of "growing the pie" and "raising all boats." Most policy tweaks that have been suggested assume this neoliberal principle, even while trying to soften it harder edges. But it's not clear that those voting against trade agreements agree.

This essay reconsiders the normative basis of international economic law, searching for a new narrative that can reopen and reinvigorate trade politics while justifying and directing the regime going forward. Surveying various normative narratives put forward in the past, it asks what an embedded liberalism might look like in an era of complex transnational supply chains. It suggests that an international economic order built around a state's obligations to provide for the welfare of its people might need to reorient around other policy issues like tax and regulations, shifting trade from the driver to passenger in international negotiations.


Informaticians continue to rise to the challenge, set by the English Health Minister, of trying to replace doctors' judgement with computers. This issue describes successes and where there are barriers. However, whilst there is progress this tends to be incremental and there are grand challenges to be overcome before computers can replace clinician. These grand challenges include: (1) improving usability so it is possible to more readily incorporate technology into clinical workflow; (2) rigorous new analytic methods that make use of the mass of available data, 'Big data', to create real-world evidence; (3) faster ways of meeting regulatory and legal requirements including ensuring privacy; (4) provision of reimbursement models to fund innovative technology that can substitute for clinical time and (5) recognition that innovations that improve quality also often increase cost. Informatics more is likely to support and augment clinical decision making rather than replace clinicians.


A beetle species synthesizes an antimicrobial peptide to constrain a bacterial symbiont in specialized organs. How do hosts regulate internal symbionts to prevent them from taking over their bodies without compromising the advantages of the relationship? Login et al. explored the balance between host innate immune responses and bacterial replication of an endosymbiont in weevils, an important beetle pest of wheat. A single peptide, coleoptericin-A (ColA), synthesized by the beetle constrained the bacteria within bacteriocytes and blocked bacterial replication. When the weevil's ColA expression was silenced, the bacteria were able to replicate normally, escape the bacteriocyte, and spread throughout the insect. F. H. Login, S. Balmand, A. Vallier, C. Vincent-Monégat, A. Vigneron, M. Weiss-Gayet, D. Rochat, A. Heddi, Antimicrobial peptides keep insect endosymbionts under control. Science 334, 362–365 (2011). [Abstract] [Full Text]


The Privacy Nutshell briefly reviews the historical roots of privacy, and then examines each of these U.S. privacy statutes and regulations. Virtually all governments and businesses face privacy considerations as technology continues to evolve. Legal issues related to privacy are exploding on the U.S. legal scene. The EU has a long history of a strong regulatory privacy regime. The U. S., however, follows a sectoral approach to privacy, whereby Congress responds to each privacy "crisis" with a new statute and set of regulations. This sectoral approach has resulted in a unique series of privacy rules for different areas of society. The Privacy Nutshell is an excellent introductory guide to the legal privacy world.


Abstract. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are established platforms for photogrammetric surveys in remote areas. They are lightweight, easy to operate and can allow access to remote sites otherwise difficult (or impossible) to be surveyed with other techniques. Very good accuracy can be obtained also with low-cost UAV platforms as far as a reliable ground control is provided. However, placing ground control points (GCP) in these contexts is time consuming and requires accessibility that, in some cases, can be troublesome. RTK-capable UAV platforms are now available at reasonable costs and can overcome most of these problems, requiring just few (or none at all) GCP and still obtaining accurate results. The paper will present a set of experiments performed in cooperation with ARPA VdA (the Environmental Protection Agency of Valle d'Aosta region, Italy) on a test site in the Italian Alps using a Dji Phantom 4 RTK platform. Its goals are: a) compare accuracies obtainable with different calibration procedures (pre- or on-the-job/self-calibration); b) evaluate the accuracy improvements using different number of GCP when the site allows for it; and c) compare alternative positioning modes for camera projection centres determination, (Network RTK, RTK, Post Processing Kinematic and Single Point Positioning).


Though many religiosity scales originally developed for use with Judeo-Christian populations have been adapted for use with Muslim populations (Spilka et al. 2003), no known scales developed for Muslims have been adapted for use by non-Muslim adherents. In an attempt to measure religiosity of Malaysian youth across four faith communities (Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists and Christians), researchers required the use of an instrument that would be universally applicable and accepted. The Religious Personality subscale of the Muslim Religiosity-Personality Inventory (MRPI) (Krauss et al. 2006) was selected. The current paper set out to report on the process and results of scale adaptation. Psychometric results indicate that the scale is reliable, valid and relevant for use with multiple faith groups. Concerns about social desirability in relation to the religiosity scale are also considered. The study also highlights the need for more formal research on religiosity among non-Muslim faith groups in Malaysia as most of the formal research to date has been conducted on Muslim Malays.


Contents: Preface. Part I: Advising. Section I: Developing Strategies for Advising. R.W. Titley, B.S. Titley, Academic Advising: The Neglected Dimension in Designs for Undergraduate Education. R.P. Halgin, L.F. Halgin, An Advising System for a Large Psychology Department. J.F. Kremer, Three Obstacles to Improving Academic Consultation. U. Gielen, A Helping Hand for the Psychology Major: The Student Handbook. Section II: Improving Academic Performance. Study Techniques: E.J. O'Connor, M.B. Chassie, F. Walther, Expended Effort and Academic Performance. P.A. Spiers, R.O. Pihl, The Effect of Study Habits, Personality and Order of Presentation on Success in an Open-Book Objective Examination. M.G. Aamodt, The Effect of the Study Session on Test Performance. M.G. Aamodt, A Closer Look at the Study Session. M.R. Dean, R.W. Malott, B.J. Fulton, The Effects of Self-Management Training on Academic Performance. C.D. Hindman, Crib Notes in the Classroom: Cheaters Never Win. Note Taking Strategies: R.J. Palkovitz, R.K. Lore, Note Taking and Note Review: Why Students Fail Questions Based on Lecture Material. L. Baker, B.R. Lombardi, Students' Lecture Notes and Their Relation to Test Performance. Test Taking Strategies: C.A. Paul, J.S. Rosenkoetter, The Relationship Between the Time Taken to Complete an Examination and the Test Score Received. J.J. Johnston, Exam-Taking Speed and Grades. L. McClain, Behavior During Examinations: A Comparison of "A, " "C, " and "F" Students. G. Cirino-Gerena, Strategies in Answering Essay Tests. Changing Answers on Multiple Choice Tests: L.T. Benjamin, Jr., T.A. Cavell, W.R. Shallenberger, Staying With Initial Answers on Objective Tests: Is It a Myth? J.J. Johnston, Sticking With First Responses on Multiple-Choice Exams: For Better or For Worse. J.J. Johnston, Answer-Changing Behavior and Grades. N.F. Skinner, Switching Answers on Multiple-Choice Questions: Shrewdness or Shibboleth? J.B. Best, Item Difficulty and Answer Changing. K.A. Edwards, C. Marshall, First Impressions on Tests: Some New Findings. Section III: Investigating Graduate Education in Psychology. Admissions Variables: R.A. Smith, Advising Beginning Psychology Majors for Graduate School. J.V. Couch, J.O. Benedict, Graduate School Admission Variables: An Analysis of 1980-81 Students. R.H. Nowaczyk, J.D. Frey, Factors Related to Performance on the GRE Advanced Psychology Test. G.E. Littlepage, D.M. Bragg, J.O. Rust, Relations Between Admission Criteria, Academic Performance, and Professional Performance. J.H. Korn, M.E. Lewandowski, The Clinical Bias in the Career Plans of Undergraduates and Its Impact on Students and the Profession. D.C. Wright, D.H. Kausler, Commentary: Advising Students About Graduate Work. Professional School Considerations: C.J. Scheirer, Professional Schools: Information for Students and Advisors. D.L. Cole, Undergraduate Preparation for Admission to Professional Schools of Psychology. Additional Issues: D.B. Henderson, On Advising Undergraduates About Graduate School in Professional Psychology. M.C. Gottlieb, Introduction to the Fields of Psychology: A Course Proposal. P.W. Lunneborg, How Are Changes in Graduate Admissions Affecting the Teaching of Undergraduate Psychology? P.G. Zimbardo, Reducing the Agony of Writing Letters of Recommendation. Section IV: Promoting Graduate Student Development. Personal Development: P.E. Delfin, M.C. Roberts, Self-Perceived Confidence and Competence as a Function of Training in the Beginning Graduate Student in Clinical Psychology. L.J. Bloom, P.A. Bell, Making It in Graduate School: Some Reflections About the Superstars. B. Perlman, P. Dehart, The Master's-Level Clinician: Application and Admission to Doctoral Programs. Teaching Skills: A. Strachan, V. Ortega Welch, C. Barker, B. Compas, M. Lund Ferguson, A Framework for Training College-Level Teachers of Psychology: Five Basic Processes. K.A. Lattal, A Workshop for New Graduate Student Teachers of Undergraduate Psychology Courses. J.H. Grosslight, The Teaching Apprentice: A Community College-University Program. P. Hettich, S. Lema-Stern, J.V. Rizzo, Dear Graduate Student (and Future Professor): . Scholarly Skills: D. Glenwick, A.A. Burka, Research Collaboration Between Graduate Students: Facilitating the Rites of Passage. J.S. Blanton, Midwifing the Dissertation. D. Fox, The Pressure to Publish: A Graduate Student's Personal Plea. M. Heesacker, From One Without Tenure: A Response to Fox. D.R. Fox, Alternative Perspectives on the Pressure to Publish. Part II: Career Development. Section I: Stimulating Career Exploration and Development. T.V. McGovern, Development of a Career Planning Program for Undergraduate Psychology Majors. M.E. Ware, Evaluating a Career Development Course: A Two Year Study. M.E. Ware, M.L. Beischel, Career Development: Evaluating a New Frontier for Teaching and Research. K.A. Lattal, "Psychology as a Profession " A Brief Course Providing Career Information for Psychology Majors. V. Bluestein, Variations on the Fields of Psychology Course. M.E. Ware, J.R. Matthews, Stimulating Career Exploration and Research Among Undergraduates: A Colloquium Series. Section II: Identifying Occupational Opportunities for Psychology Majors. M.E. Ware, A.E. Meyer, Career Versatility of the Psychology Major: A Survey of Graduates. P. Sachs Wise, G.F. Smith, F.E. Fulkerson, Occupations of Psychology Majors Receiving Undergraduate Degrees from Western Illinois University. C. Erdwins, L.J. Olivetti, Psychology Related Employment Settings for Graduates of Submaster's Programs in Psychology: A Bibliography. Section III: Developing Occupationally Related Skills. T.V. McGovern, S.E. Ellett, Bridging the Gap: Psychology Classroom to the Marketplace. W.A. Marzano, Individualizing Job-Entry Skills. P.R. Korn, An Undergraduate Helping Skills Course: Skill Development and Career Education. F.J. Prerost, M.J. Reich, Factors Affecting Evaluation of Undergraduate Job Applicants: Urban vs. Rural Human Service Delivery Systems. Section IV: Assessing Job Satisfaction Among Psychology Majors. P.W. Lunneborg, V.M. Wilson, Job Satisfaction Correlation for College Graduates in Psychology. P.W. Lunneborg, Job Satisfactions in Different Occupational Areas Among Psychology Baccalaureates. Part III: Field Placement. Section I: Exploring Administrative Issues. L. VandeCreek, M. Fleischer, The Role of Practicum in the Undergraduate Psychology Curriculum. J.R. Matthews, Undergraduate Field Placement: Survey and Issues. L. VandeCreek, G. Thompson, Management of Undergraduate Psychology Internships. E.J. Barton, P.H. Duerfeldt, Undergraduate Psychology Practica Pragmatism. D.G. Wolfgang, The Psychology Teacher and Undergraduate Field Experience Courses: The Problem of Supervision. D.D. Anderson, D.K. Stein, Organization and Administration of the Psychology Practicum: Meeting Student, Agency, and Program Goals. P.A. Keller, Identifying Goals for Undergraduate Internships. J.H. Dalton, Discussing Ethical Issues in Practicum Courses. Section II: Describing Undergraduate Placements. Diversified Settings/Clientele: A.K. Hess, A.O. Harrison, D.W. Shantz, R.S. Fink, H. Zepelin, L. Lilliston, J.F. Aponte, J.H. Korn, Critical Issues in U


A double divide between English, the vernaculars or the regional dominant languages, and tribal minority languages characterizes Indian multilingualism. In India, multiple languages complement each other in meeting the communicative needs of people and, hence, education must necessarily foster multilingual proficiency in the languages of functional significance. However, the common school programs in India offer only nominal forms of multilingual education. Nature and implications of the linguistic double divide for educational failure of tribal children due to their language disadvantage in schools in a dominant language are analyzed. Recent programs of mother tongue based multilingual education in India to overcome the language barrier for the tribal mother tongue children and their limitations in rising above the linguistic discrimination are discussed.


Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate if three-dimensional power Doppler (3DPD) ultrasound (US) can detect bacterial cystitis in dogs better than two-dimensional (2D) US. Animals: Six mixed breed dogs Procedures: Ten ml of 0.1% alcoholic solution of salicylic acid was entered into the urinary bladder of six male mixed-breed dogs by catheter. Twenty four hours later, culture solution of Proteus mirabilis (10 3 CFU /ml) was inoculated into the urinary bladder. The dogs were examined with complete blood and urine analysis and bacteriological culture on specified days during the infection and the treatment period. The urinary bladders of dogs were assessed by both 3DPD and 2D US techniques. All dogs were treated with therapeutic doses of Ceftriaxone for two weeks, 14 days after the infection. Results: results showed that 3DPD can better define the morphological and vascular characteristics of cystitis; 1 however, the main lesions were identified by both 2D and 3DPD US. Clinical Significance: The data showed that, the indicators of 3DPD can differentiate the disease acuteness and treatment response better than 2D US.


Accountants continue to play technology catch-up - upgrading to more powerful computers and software, adding more peripheral equipment and, most important, using this high-tech gear to work more efficiently and effectively. That, in a nutshell, was the conclusion drawn from the latest Journal of Accountancy technology survey in which we examined the hardware and software CPAs use. We surveyed 256 CPAs at four professional conferences last year: The American Institute of CPAs microcomputer, national industry and private companies practice section (PCPS) conferences, and the accountants computer users technical exchange (ACUTE) conference. We selected those four because their attendees represent a wide spectrum of technological sophistication. The ACUTE conference generally is attended by techsavvy CPAs. The microcomputer conference draws a mixed bag: Some are very savvy and others are seeking to get on the technology fast track. The industry and PCPS attendees represent a spectrum of the average CPA with a generally light-to-moderate interest in and knowledge of technology. Thus, our goal was to assess how each of these representative groups was using technology. Some of the data surprised us. For example, a similar survey published by the Journal last year disclosed that computer novices tended to use relatively out-of-date hardware and software, while the more computer-knowledgeable tended to work with the latest tools. This year's study indicated that that gap has virtually disappeared. Most of those surveyed - novice or expert - were using fairly advanced hardware and appeared more discerning in their software choices. Thus, we surmised that more accountants have gotten the message: It pays to invest in computer technology. Most CPAs, whether in small CPA firms or in large corporations, were using hardware that was at least powerful enough to do their work effectively. Further, their use of peripherals such as modems, scanners and CD-ROMs was accelerating at a rapid rate - another sign of the catch-up effort. WINDOWS VIEW In recent years nearly all personal computers sold have had Windows preloaded, but few CPAs ever typed in the WIN command that evokes Windows. As recently as 1990, only about 5% of accountants used Windows for any applications. Last year's Journal survey indicated that Windows use - at least for some application programs - had jumped to 60%. And this latest survey shows (see exhibit 1, page 61) that Windows use, either running on a network or as a stand-alone, has risen to 77% for CPAS both in public practice and in industry. And of those who are not on Windows, 11% said they planned to make the switch within a year - possibly waiting for Microsoft's new Windows 95, a true Windows operating system that will replace DOS. For all CPA firms and for smaller corporations, Windows was configured to run most often (by a nearly 3:2 ratio) as a stand-alone, rather than on a network. As expected, the one exception was for very large corporations in which the network application was almost double that of the stand-alone. 486 AND UP It was no surprise that the 486 computer had made inroads in both CPA firms and in industry. What was surprising was the extent of those inroads. As exhibit 1 shows, 39% of all computer in accounting firms were 486 models. Compare that with the industry numbers: Only 31% were 486s. That gap is due to the fact that in industry more than half of the computers are workstations networked off a minicomputer or a mainframe. The size 6f an organization did not appear to affect its investment in new computers. Smaller firms (those with 5 or fewer professionals) and those with 51 or more were about equally invested in 486s. The trend was somewhat different in industry. Smaller organizations had a higher percentage of 486s, but larger organizations leaned more to workstations that run off a large server. Another surprise: No Pentiums were reported in any of the categories, probably because the survey was taken last year, when the Pentium was still too new and too expensive to gain favor among CPAs. …


River plumes discharging into continental shelf waters have the potential to influence the distributions, predator−prey relationships, and thus survival of nearshore marine fish larvae, but few studies have been able to characterize the plume environment at sufficiently fine scales to resolve the underlying mechanisms. We used a high-resolution plankton imaging system and a sparse convolutional neural network to automate image classification of larval fishes, their planktonic prey (calanoid copepods), and gelatinous planktonic predators (ctenophores, hydromedusae, and siphonophores) over broad spatial scales (km) and multiple pulses of estuarine water exiting Mobile Bay (Alabama, USA) into the northern Gulf of Mexico from 9−11 April 2016. Fine-scale (1 m) plankton distributions were examined to analyze predator−prey relationships across 3 distinct plume regimes that varied by degree of wind-forcing and mixing rates. In calm wind conditions, the water column was highly stratified, and fish larvae and zooplankton were observed aggregating in a region of river plume-derived hydrodynamic convergence. As winds strengthened, the water column was subjected to downwelling and highly turbulent conditions, and there was decreasing spatial overlap between larval fishes and their zooplankton prey and predators. Our results indicate that high-discharge plume regimes characterized by strong wind-forcing and turbulence can rapidly shift the physical and trophic environments from favorable to unfavorable for fish larvae. Multiple pathways for both nearshore retention and advective dispersal of fish larvae were also identified. Documenting this variability is a first step toward understanding how high discharge events and physical forcing can affect fisheries production in river-dominated coastal ecosystems worldwide.


textabstractAs early as in Hippocrates' medical writings, clinical pictures of patients experiencing delirium
were described . The syndrome we currently refer to as delirium was originally based on
two distinct syndromes. A syndrome called Phrenitis, in which patients showed cognitive
disturbances, exited and restless behaviour, with disruption of sleep, and a syndrome
called Lethargus, in which patients were somnolent, apathetic, listless and showed slow
mentation. Although it was known that Phrenitis could change into Lethargus, and vice
versa, it was not until the late eighteenth century that both terms were displaced by the
single term delirium. There is some uncertainty whether the word 'delirium' is derived from
the Greek word ληρος, meaning empty drivel , or from the Latin word for disturbance of
mind, deliratio . Even in ancient times it was known that the emergence of a delirium was a
bad prognostic sign and often a herald of death, but the pathophysiology remained obscure.
Based on meticulous observations of patients, the German psychiatrist Bonhoeffer reported
in 1910 that the presence of the symptom clouding of consciousness could discriminate
organic-psychiatric disorders from functional or endogenous psychiatric disorders .
Furthermore, he postulated that toxic substances originating from disease processes in the
body or brain might cause delirium. A theory that is remarkably similar to the present-day
inflammatory delirium theory, in which cytokines produced by glia cells induce delirium .
Engel and Romano in 1959 further elaborated on the delirium concept by describing the
association between a reduced level of consciousness and the degree of slowing of the
electro-encephalogram (EEG) . Combined with the finding that slowing of the EEG was
associated with derangements of cerebral metabolism, this provided additional evidence
that delirium should be regarded as a syndrome of cerebral insufficiency.
Currently, delirium is the most frequently occurring organic-psychiatric syndrome in the
general hospital. The incidence of delirium in the general hospital ranges from 5 to 32% ,
but in specific populations, such as older patients (aged 65 years or more) or patients in the
intensive care unit (ICU), the incidence of delirium can be much higher.


The real world use and design of personal informatics has been increasingly explored in HCI research in the last five years. However, personal informatics research is still a young multidisciplinary area of concern facing unrecognised methodological differences and offering unarticulated design challenges. In this review, we analyse how personal informatics has been approached so far using the Grounded Theory Literature Review method. We identify a (1) psychologically, (2) phenomenologically, and (3) humanistically informed stream and provide guidance on the design of future personal informatics systems by mapping out rising concerns and emerging research directions.


Computer support for intervention planning is often a two-stage process: In a first stage, the relevant segmentation target structures are identified and delineated. In a second stage, image analysis results are employed for the actual planning process. In the first stage, model-based segmentation techniques are often used to reduce the interaction effort and increase the reproducibility. There is a similar argument to employ model-based techniques for the visualization as well. With increasingly more visualization options, users have many parameters to adjust in order to generate expressive visualizations. Surface models may be smoothed with a variety of techniques and parameters. Surface visualization and illustrative rendering techniques are controlled by a large set of additional parameters. Although interactive 3d visualizations should be flexible and support individual planning tasks, appropriate selection of visualization techniques and presets for their parameters is needed. In this chapter, we discuss this kind of visualization support. We refer to model-based visualization to denote the selection and parameterization of visualization techniques based on 'a priori knowledge concerning visual perception, shapes of anatomical objects and intervention planning tasks.


We study the long-run effects of contact with individuals from other regions on beliefs, preferences and national identity. We combine a natural experiment, the random assignment of male conscripts to different locations throughout Spain, with tailored survey data. Being randomly assigned to complete military service outside of one's region of residence fosters contact with conscripts from other regions, and increases sympathy towards people from the region of service, measured several decades later. We also observe an increase in identification with Spain for individuals originating from regions with peripheral nationalism. Our evidence suggests that intergroup exposure in early adulthood can have long-lasting effects on individual preferences and national identity.


PurposeThe purpose of the research work is to investigate the importance of the communication in the cross-functional teams and in what which communicational tools provide better convenience of communication in cross-functional team members.MethodologyAn empirical study including the data collection from the interviews conducted from the participants working in cross-functional teams. Qualitative approach has been adopted to understand the communicational attributes in the cross-functional teams. For the analysis both deductive and abductive approach has been used. With the help of theoretical framework and empirical data, conclusions drown for better understanding of the concept.FindingsThe author has divided the search in two main segments, communicational effects on cross-functional team performance and effectiveness of particular communicational tools used by team members and team leaders. Empirical findings shows that without proper communication, cross-functional team are less tend to perform well to achieve set goals as well as face to face communications are more effective than other communicational tools. Research limitationsThe research work is limited to Scandinavian countries. Organizational communicational structures are not studied due to time factor. Other limitation of this research work is effect of cultural differences on communication.ImplicationsThe research work provides deep understanding of the different communicational effects on cross-functional team performance. The choice of communicational tool and proportional importance for the team members will help managers while selecting the tools of communication with the team members.Originality / valueDuring the literature studies, author determined that there is potential of research for the communicational tools used in cross-functional team communications. The social media is taking over the traditional communicational tools which provide value for findings.


The thesis focuses on characterisation of two different protein families, kinesins and ubiquitin ligases, that are involved in different biological processes. Kinesins constitute a superfamily of microtubule-based motor proteins, fulfilling important cellular functions, ranging from intracellular transport to cell division. They also play a role in primary cilia and Hedgehog signalling. Ubiquitin ligases are enzymes that catalyse the transfer of ubiquitin to the lysine residues of the substrate. Marking protein substrates with ubiquitin alters their functions and fates. With nearly 700 different ubiquitin ligases in humans, they control a vast array of cellular processes. The first part of this thesis summarises results relating to kinesins. Protocols for creation of a panel of kinesin motor domains, a useful tool for anti-mitotic inhibitors specificity testing are presented. Furthermore, biochemical, kinetic and structural features of a poorly described kinesin motor protein - Kif15 are reported. Kif15's motor domain structure is described and compared to Eg5's catalytic core. Moreover, the influence of Eg5 inhibitors on Kif15 ATPase activity is investigated. Scouting for small molecules targeting Kif15 is also performed. Kif15 interaction with microtubules in various nucleotide-bound states is characterised. The possibility of a secondary microtubule binding site in the tail of Kif15 is examined. The binding of Kif15 with partner proteins is also investigated. Additionally the high-resolution structure of the human Kif7 motor domain is presented, providing the first step towards structural characterisation of this Kinesin-4 family member. The second part of this thesis concerns a ubiquitin ligase, Trim28. Trim28 was first reported as a transcription corepressor, working by recruiting proteins that drive the heterochromatin state, whilst its mechanism of action as a ubiquitin ligase remains elusive. Attempts to crystallise and determine the three-dimensional structure of Trim28 are described. Additionally, Trim28 functioning as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and its interactions with E2s, KRAB domains of various zinc finger proteins and with the Mage-C2 protein are investigated. The results provide the foundation for future studies on Trim28.


Synthesis of program fragments from specifications can make programs easier to write and easier to reason about. To integrate synthesis into programming languages, synthesis algorithms should behave in a predictable way - they should succeed for a well-defined class of specifications. They should also support unbounded data types such as numbers and data structures. We propose to generalize decision procedures into predictable and complete synthesis procedures. Such procedures are guaranteed to find code that satisfies the specification if such code exists. Moreover, we identify conditions under which synthesis will statically decide whether the solution is guaranteed to exist, and whether it is unique. We demonstrate our approach by starting from decision procedures for linear arithmetic and data structures and transforming them into synthesis procedures. We establish results on the size and the efficiency of the synthesized code. We show that such procedures are useful as a language extension with implicit value definitions, and we show how to extend a compiler to support such definitions. Our constructs provide the benefits of synthesis to programmers, without requiring them to learn new concepts or give up a deterministic execution model.