A new optical filter architecture is proposed that employs optical subband and all-pass filters but circumvents the typical tradeoff between passband width and peak delay inherent to all-pass filters. A filter design for a dispersion compensator with a tuning range of /spl plusmn/1000 ps/nm and 95-GHz passband width on a 100-GHz grid is presented. Compared with a cascade architecture, a lower core-to-cladding index contrast for planar waveguide ring resonator implementations can be used, and lower filter losses are achieved, since the signal propagates through fewer all-pass filter stages for the same dispersion. A continuously variable delay line is designed with more than 90% bandwidth utilization. For a ten-stage all-pass filter with 25-GHz free spectral range (FSR) in a double-pass configuration, a 1000-ps continuous tuning range can be achieved. Finally, a dispersion-slope compensator design is presented with a change in dispersion of 700 ps/nm over a wavelength range determined by the filter FSR-to-channel-spacing ratio.


Why do interstate interventions, even when carried out with the best of intentions, so often fail to contain conflicts and support a peaceful settlement? We argue that the extent of local participation exerts a strong effect on the prospects for successful peace-building and reconstruction efforts in the wake of humanitarian interventions. Even though the population in target countries may sympathize with the goal of the intervention, local populations are unlikely to feel a personal attachment to a solution externally imposed unless actively consulted or involved in the intervention strategy. Humanitarian interventions without some form of local participation are likely to create cognitive dissonance among the local population between the outcome and the means chosen to implement it. We evaluate our hypotheses about the relationship between local involvement and successful post-conflict reconstruction by looking at variation in conflict and local involvement over time in two humanitarian interventions, Bosnia (1991–95) and Somalia (1987–97). Consistent with our hypotheses about how lack of local involvement can undermine post-conflict reconstruction efforts in the wake of interventions, we find that phases with more local involvement are associated with lower levels of conflict.


Thermooxidative stability and peak of heat release rates of thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites are improved by organoclays; but time to ignition of these composites is reduced. A cable with a thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposite jacket does not pass a simple flame spread test by a Bunsen burner, indicating that the reduction of the peak of heat release rate does not prevent the flame spread. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with organoclays shows a fast HCl release by an accelerated chain-stripping reaction of the polymer catalyzed by the quaternary ammonium compound within the organoclays resulting in strong discolorations. Synthesis routes based on ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) or thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) masterbatches of organoclays strongly diminish the darkening of the PVC compounds. Cone calorimeter experiments do not show remarkably improved flame retardancy properties of PVC filled with organoclays.


Orchard Knob is a 2.5 ha National Military Park near downtown Chattanooga, Tennessee. This historic site protects a bubble of limestone glade and xeric limestone prairie habitat in an otherwise heavily developed, urban area. A floristic survey was conducted across two growing seasons, yielding 212 taxa across 152 genera and 58 families. Seventy-four non-native taxa were documented, about 35% of the total flora. Six rare, state-ranked species were documented: Baptisia aberrans, Clematis fremontii, Hypericum dolabriforme, Packera paupercula var. appalachiana, Symphyotrichum ericoides var. ericoides, and Viola egglestonii. An exploration of Civil War-era herbarium specimens and historical documents illuminated the historical flora of the site, and through the geolocation of herbarium specimens of select "indicator species," the authors demonstrated that grassland habitats were once more abundant in the Chattanooga area.


Objectives: To compare detection and pain thresholds in the skin of female fibromyalgia patients who were either ketamine responders or ketamine nonresponders. Methods: Detection thresholds to innocuous warmth, of cold, heat or cold pain, and touch and dynamic touch sensation were determined in the skin. Pressure pain thresholds, local and widespread pain intensity, and pain duration were also registered. Results: Ketamine nonresponse was associated with more pronounced hypersensitivity for thermal pain [especially cold pain] than ketamine response. Conclusions: Blockade of N-metyl-D-aspartic acid receptors by ketamine and the recording of pain thresholds in the skin, especially for cold pain, might reveal different mechanisms of allodynia.


Not few renowned English courses have hired foreign English teachers to gain more learners, so do formal schools or universities. Some of the teachers are hired professionally, and some are volunteers as a part of an agreement between the institution and a non-profit organization to teach in developing countries. The presence of foreign English teachers or commonly known as NESTs (Native English-Speaking Teachers) in many Indonesian educational institutions is inevitable. Yet, so many pros and cons have shadowed their existence in ELT classes. Some people problematize their being overpaid and other question their educational background or teaching experience despite their being native. This phenomenon has created a gap between NESTs and their domestic counterparts. What are they supposed to think? Should domestic English teachers or known as NNESTs (Non-Native English-Speaking Teachers) be worried about this phenomenon? This paper tries to evaluate this phenomenon from several different points of view, especially with regards to the current status of English as a global language.


When dance music cultures converge and start to gain cultural momentum, they tend to produce utopian impulses. Well-documented historical examples such as early underground disco and hip-hop communities, as well as contemporary underground rave collectives, demonstrate that localized dance music cultures can generate viable utopian aspirations and even progress. But can mainstream electronic dance pop that aims for mass audiences and wide radio airplay also produce utopian impulses or explore utopian possibilities in a meaningful way? This article examines the recent explosion in popularity of electronic dance pop (2009–11) as a response to the global economic recession. Many recent dance hits imagine utopian environments of blissful release by narrating the interaction among dancers, the DJ, and the dance floor. I argue that the confines of the pop radio format prevent this type of dance hit from fully harnessing the capacity of electronic dance music for utopian expression. To assert the possibility of commercial dance pop engaging critically with utopian potentialities and transcending the sensualist utopianism featured in most mainstream hits, I examine the recent dance pop of the Pet Shop Boys, which displays a wide-ranging concern with utopianism as social dreaming as opposed to the physical pursuit of jouissance.


The argument given by strong representationalists about phenomenal consciousness usually has two steps. The first is to identify all phenomenal consciousness with representation. The second is to identify all phenomenal aspects of phenomenal consciousness with certain representational content. Pain is often thought to be a counterexample to representationalism. However, current objections from this perspective mostly focus on the second step and try to show that pains have some special qualities that representational content cannot explain. This paper objects to representationalism with regard to pain (that pain is not representation) by way of a focus on the first step. First, it shows that by borrowing the notion of "representation" from the causal co-variation theory of representation, representationalists are not able to demonstrate that pain is representation. Second, by laying out some well-accepted criteria for what counts as representation, it argues that pains do not satisfy them. Thus, pain is not representation.


This exploratory study sought to uncover the methods and techniques a student music therapist employed to support the participation of young people with complex needs in a school setting. Individual music therapy sessions were carried out over nine months, and clinical documentation was generated throughout this period. Data sources included clinical notes, a reflective journal, and audiovisual recordings from music therapy sessions. Once a research question had been established, the existing data was reviewed retrospectively through a process of secondary analysis, and both inductive and deductive methods of analysis were employed to enable meaningful interpretations of the data to occur. A process of coding and thematically linking elements of music therapy practice allowed for a model of understanding to emerge, and findings suggest that the behaviours and strategies utilised by the student music therapist to support the young people's participation in music therapy fell into three thematic groupings: creating a collaborative environment; following and leading; and dynamic flow. Themes are defined and the codes within elaborated upon, with case examples from the data included as appropriate to illustrate their meaning. Findings are discussed, and links are made to the literature in relevant fields. While results cannot be generalised to other settings, it is hoped that the detail and in depth analysis of practice provide a thorough and meaningful insight into the types of interaction that can occur in music therapy with young people with complex needs, and the value of specific supports to participation identified in this research.


SPES-2 is a sensing board for room-level monitoring in a home environment. It constitutes a vital modality of the SPHERE architecture: a multi-modal sensing platform for healthcare in a residential environment. SPES-2 uses an optimised implementation of the IEEE 802.15.4-2015 TSCH (Time-Slotted Channel Hopping) standard to operate efficiently and reliably in unknown environments for more than one year without battery replacement, providing continuous information about the ambient characteristics of the room (such as temperature, humidity and light levels), as well as presence information captured through a motion sensor.


Over $5 trillion in pension liabilities have been promised to individuals in close to 30,000 private and public pension plans across the U.S. Yet the vast majority of these pension plans do not fully incorporate their liabilities when making investment decisions. This article analyzes the fundamental risk factors common to a plan's assets and liabilities and proposes a risk factor framework for LDI. At a very basic level, pension plans should focus on assets minus liabilities, that is, their surplus portfolio. They should understand what investment and actuarial risks are expected to be rewarded. The surplus portfolio should be constructed to have a diversified set of positive exposures to rewarded risk factors. Further, these surplus exposures should be scaled in accordance to the investor's conviction that the risk factor will be rewarded and to the extent to which it diversifies other risk factor exposures. In this article, we demonstrate that pension plans that incorporate their pension liabilities into investment decisions in this risk factor framework can expect to achieve their funding status goals with considerably less uncertainty and better ensure that pension promises are kept.


The problem of environmental pollution brought by the rapid economic development in China caught increasingly great attention of the world. The wide-range of hazy weather since 2013 has shown the seriousness of problem of its environmental pollution. This paper, using the Synthetical Index Method to build the urban "Pollution Index" and "Urban Economy-Pollution Index", makes the analysis of the environmental pollution and evolvement features of the 30 major Chinese cities. According to the results, during 2005- 2012, the pollutants discharge per unit economic output in its 30 cities showed by and large a downward trend. Urban pollution in this country underwent a development process from concentrating in a handful of cities to scattering to more extensive space. Of these cities, 8 currently fell into the category of "Severity", with a large amount of discharge of urban pollutants, being in the state of extensive growth. In terms of types of pollutants causing urban pollution, there are differences between each city.


Objectives & Background Non-accidental injury in children is generally understood to have a different injury and age profile from accidental injury. The Trauma Audit Research Network (TARN) in the UK recently compared the demographics of paediatric versus adult trauma. This paper compares accidental with non-accidental major injury in children. Methods The national trauma registry of England and Wales – Trauma Audit and Research Network (TARN) database was interrogated for the classification of mechanism of injury in children by intent, from January 2004 to December 2013. Contributing hospitals' data was classified into accidental injury (AI), suspected child abuse (SCA) or alleged assault (AA) to enable demographic and injury comparisons. Results In the study population of 14,821 children, 13,695 (92.4%) were classified as accidental injury, 368 as alleged assault (2.5%) and 758 as suspected child abuse (5.1%). Nearly all cases of severely injured children suffering trauma because of suspected child abuse occurred in the 0-5 year old age group (740 of 758, 97.6%). Of all suspected abuse cases, 584 of 758 (77%) occurred in babies under the age of one year. Compared with accidental injury, abused children have higher injury severity scores, particularly as a result of head injury and a three-fold higher mortality rate. Conclusion This study highlights that major injury occurring as a result of child abuse has a typical demographic pattern. Abused children tend to be under 12 months of age, with more severe injury, especially head injury. Understanding the demographics of this patient group could help receiving hospitals identify children with major injuries resulting from abuse, and ensure swift transfer to specialist care.


A facile, aluminium chloride mediated, one-step conversion of 7 - methoxy - 3 - benzylphthalides (6a-d) into 3 - aryl - 8 - hydroxy - 3 , 4 - dihydroisocoumarins (7a-d) is described. The 7 - methoxy - 3 - benzylphthalides (6a-d) are prepared from phthalides (2& and b) via the intermediacy ofhydroxyphthalides (4a-d) and 3 - benzylidenephthalides (5a-e).[PhSeSePhr are found to effect stereoselective oxyselenylation of I,n- dioletins (I) leading to a novel methodology to the synthesis of a,a' -trans-dialkyl cyclic ethers (8). Keywords: Photosensitized electron transfer (PET), episelenonium radical cation, oxyselenylation, a,a' -trans-dialkyl cyclic ethers.been subjected to some kind of chemical or biological examination; thus vast majority of natural wealth remains unexplored. Studies on marine natural products initiated only recently have yielded molecules with exotic molecular architecture and diverse bioactivity. Well-directed research on natural products will enrich our bioresource base. In the current millennium, India is in a pre-eminent position to contribute towards natural product research with the utilization of its rich knowledge base and biodiversity.


This paper explores semi-monotonicity constraints in the distribution of potential outcomes, first, conditional on an instrument, and second, in terms of the response function. The imposed assumptions are strictly weaker than traditional instrumental variables assumptions and can be gainfully employed to bound the counterfactual distributions, even though point identification is only achieved in special cases. The bounds have a simple analytical form and thus have much practical relevance in all instances when strong exogeneity assumptions cannot be credibly invoked. The bounding strategy is illustrated in a simulated data example and applied to the effect of education on smoking.


A method for generating rational interpolant reduced order models of two-parameter linear systems, Appl. Math. Abstract We provide a unifying projection-based framework for structure-preserving interpo-latory model reduction of parameterized linear dynamical systems, i.e., systems having a structured dependence on parameters that we wish to retain in the reduced-order model. The parameter dependence may be linear or nonlinear and is retained in the reduced-order model. Moreover, we are able to give conditions under which the gradient and Hessian of the system response with respect to the system parameters is matched in the reduced-order model. We provide a systematic approach built on established interpolatory H2 optimal model reduction methods that will produce parameterized reduced-order models having high fidelity throughout a parameter range of interest. For single input/single output systems with parameters in the input/output maps, we provide reduced-order models that are optimal with respect to an H2 ⊗ L2 joint error measure. The capabilities of these approaches are illustrated by several numerical examples from technical applications.


New tools are required to provide estimates of pasture biomass as current methods are time consuming and labour intensive. This proof-of-concept study tested the suitability of photogrammetry to estimate pasture height in a grazed dairy pasture. Images were obtained using a digital camera from one site on two separate occasions (May and June 2017). Photogrammetry-derived pasture height was estimated from digital surface models created using the photos. Pasture indices were also measured using two currently available methods: a Rising Plate Meter (RPM), and Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Empirical pasture biomass measurements were taken using destructive sampling after all other measurements were made, and were used to evaluate the accuracy of the estimates from each method. There was a strong linear relationship between photogrammetry-derived plant height and actual biomass (R2=0.92May and 0.78June) and between RPM and actual biomass (R2=0.91May and 0.78June). The relationship between NDVI and actual biomass was relatively weaker (R2=0.65May and 0.66June). Photogrammetry could be an efficient way to measure pasture biomass with an accuracy comparable to that of the RPM but further work is required to confirm these preliminary findings.


Fusarium graminearum is the predominant causal species of Fusarium head blight in Europe and North America. Different chemotypes of the species exist, each producing a plethora of mycotoxins. Isolates of differing chemotypes produce nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON), which differ in toxicity to mammals and plants. However, the effect of each mycotoxin on volatile emissions of plant hosts is not known. Host volatiles are interpreted by insect herbivores such as Sitobion avenae, the English grain aphid, during host selection. Previous work has shown that grain aphids are repelled by wheat infected with DON-producing F. graminearum, and this study seeks to determine the influence of pathogen mycotoxins to host volatile chemistry. Volatile collections from infected hosts and olfactometer bioassays with alate aphids were performed. Infections with isolates that produced DON and NIV were compared, as well as a trichothecene deficient transformant derived from the NIV-producing isolate. This work confirmed the repellent nature of infected hosts with DON accumulation. NIV accumulation produced volatiles that were attractive to aphids. Attraction did not occur when NIV was absent and was, therefore, a direct consequence of NIV production.


Modeling phenomena with networks has a wide application in many disciplines including biology, economics, sociology, and computer science. In network analysis modularity is an important measure for automatically extracting communities of closely connected nodes. Another important aspect of the network analysis is network visualization. Different techniques for network layout generation exist and the force-driven layout is one of the most popular ones. However, generating force-driven layouts of large networks is both time consuming and can produce a layout where distinct communities of nodes are not separated, but rather remain untangled. Such layouts are harder to be visually inspected by an end-user. In this paper, we propose a GPU-based implementation of a force-driven algorithm for layout generation. By exploiting the massively parallel architecture of modern GPUs we reduce the computational time by orders of magnitude compared with the CPU-based implementation. Secondly, we implement a multi-layer force-driven method for network layout generation where communities are less entangled. Again, by exploiting the GPU we obtain significant speed-up of computation over the CPU implementations. Our results imply that GPUs can speed up significantly the computations in network analysis and thus larger networks can be analyzed in real-time.


In 1986-1987 the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) constructed a demonstration project on I-57 near Effingham, Illinois to evaluate the viability of recycling an existing jointed reinforced concrete pavement for use as its primary aggregates in the surface mixture of a 10-in. continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP). This CRCP test section on northbound and southbound I-57 contained a 7-in. cement-stabilized subbase and a 13.5-ft extended lane width. Longitudinal reinforcement bars were placed using the tube feeding method. Functional and structural data, including falling weight deflectometer testing (FWD), distress surveys, friction testing, surface profile testing, and conditions rating surveys were collected periodically throughout the life of the pavement. Structural test data demonstrate a pavement section that has exhibited excellent load carrying capacity (less than 0.006-in. deflection under 9-kip load), and load transfer efficiency across the transverse cracks. Furthermore, the cement-treated subbase and subgrade have performed well over the CRCP's service life. There also was no structural response or cracking difference between the sections with the stabilized base extended under the shoulder versus the base that is only a standard lane width. Few structural distresses are observed except for the prominent amount of longitudinal cracking that appears over the reinforcement bars in all lanes. This abnormal cracking pattern has been noted for many years and has been attributed to settlement cracking associated with the original tube feeding process, the bar size selected, the bulk density of the concrete with recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), and the higher drying shrinkage of RCA concrete. The section has developed a significant amount of localized distresses and patches over the past 5 years as a result of the further deterioration of this longitudinal cracking distress. A petrographic examination has concluded that there is no deleterious alkali-silica reaction occurring in the RCA test section, and that the air void system is normal. The mean transverse crack spacing is approximately 1.5 ft, which is significantly shorter than normal CRCP and can be attributed to the greater drying shrinkage potential, slightly lower tensile strength, and reduced fracture properties of RCA. Functionally, the pavement shows good skid resistance and fair-to-good ride quality. Overall, the performance of this CRCP with RCA has exceeded roughly 50% of the 10-in. CRCP within Illinois in terms of age and 25% in terms of traffic. Based on the 20 years of performance on the I-57 CRCP section, the future use of RCA on concrete pavement in Illinois can be approached with confidence and optimism. IDOT's original material assessment has avoided any material-related distress such as freeze–thaw damage (D-cracking), ASR, and corrosion of the steel from excess chloride content. Future application of RCA in concrete pavements should consider its higher drying shrinkage potential and lower tensile strength and fracture energy. Future implementation of moist curing on concrete pavements with RCA or use of two-lift construction technique would minimize risk of the extremely close crack spacing due to excessive drying shrinkage noted on the I-57 CRCP test section.


Purpose: The characterization of actionable mutations in human tumors is a prerequisite for the development of individualized, targeted therapy. We examined the prevalence of potentially therapeutically actionable mutations in patients with high-risk clinically localized prostate cancer. Experimental Design: Forty-eight samples of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded prostatectomy tissue from a neoadjuvant chemotherapy trial were analyzed. DNA extracted from microdissected tumor was analyzed for 643 common solid tumor mutations in 53 genes using mass spectroscopy–based sequencing. In addition, PTEN loss and erythroblast transformation-specific–related gene (ERC) translocations were examined using immunohistochemistry (IHC) in associated tissue microarrays. Association with relapse during 5 years of follow-up was examined in exploratory analyses of the potential clinical relevance of the genetic alterations. Results: Of the 40 tumors evaluable for mutations, 10% had point mutations in potentially actionable cancer genes. Of the 47 tumors evaluable for IHC, 36% had PTEN loss and 40% had ERG rearrangement. Individual mutations were not frequent enough to determine associations with relapse. Using Kaplan–Meier analysis with a log-rank test, the 16 patients who had PTEN loss had a significantly shorter median relapse-free survival, 19 versus 106 months (P = 0.01). Conclusions: This study confirms that point mutations in the most common cancer regulatory genes in prostate cancer are rare. However, the PIK3CA/AKT pathway was mutated in 10% of our samples. Although point mutations alone did not have a statistically significant association with relapse, PTEN loss was associated with an increased relapse in high-risk prostate cancer treated with chemotherapy followed by surgery. Clin Cancer Res; 20(5); 1306–12. ©2013 AACR.


Stabilizer is a very important description method of quantum error-correcting code. Before to generate quantum codes based on the stabilizer it needs to generate seed generator. The problem of finding seed generators is transformed into the problems of determining linear independence or linear dependence of vectors and finding the solutions of equations; we also present quick determinant method, sort and find method and solve equations method to verify the validity of the operator; we present the total number of seed generators of the stabilizer code. The method introduced in this paper can be applied to the quantum stabilizer code contains both type 1 and type 2 generator; and also can be applied to the quantum stabilizer code contains only type 1 generators. Through standardize the generator of the stabilizer and the seed generators at the same time; it can quickly get the quantum encoding circuit. It also presented the number of 2-qubit gates and 1-qubit gates needed for the encoding circuit.


Since poor service delivery has been linked to the inability to build a desired culture driven by inter-alia, a lack of vision and leadership, this article reports on a study which explored the above relationship by conducting a survey among a convenient cluster sample of respondents in specific public sectors in South Africa, using predeveloped and validated questionnaires. It became evident that although transformational and transactional leadership have a significant relationship with organisational culture, there was no significant correlation between "power" and "task" culture and performance. Transactional leadership showed a direct effect on employee performance, compared to transformational leadership. The implication for service delivery is that appointments to leadership positions in the South African public service should be on the basis of assessments rather than 'comradeship.'


Human trisomy 21, which results in Down syndrome (DS), is one of the most complicated congenital genetic anomalies compatible with life, yet little is known about the molecular basis of DS. It is generally accepted that chromosome 21 (Chr21) transcripts are overexpressed by about 50% in cells with an extra copy of this chromosome. However, this assumption is difficult to test in humans due to limited access to tissues, and direct support for this idea is available for only a few Chr21 genes or in a limited number of tissues. The Ts65Dn mouse is widely used as a model for studies of DS because it is at dosage imbalance for the orthologs of about half of the 284 Chr21 genes. Ts65Dn mice have several features that directly parallel developmental anomalies of DS. Here we compared the expression of 136 mouse orthologs of Chr21 genes in nine tissues of the trisomic and euploid mice. Nearly all of the 77 genes which are at dosage imbalance in Ts65Dn showed increased transcript levels in the tested tissues, providing direct support for a simple model of increased transcription proportional to the gene copy number. However, several genes escaped this rule, suggesting that they may be controlled by additional tissue-specific regulatory mechanisms revealed in the trisomic situation.


Background: Caenorhabditis elegans has traditionally been used as a model for studying nematode biology, but its small size limits the ability for researchers to perform some experiments such as high-throughput tissue-specific gene expression studies. However, the dissection of individual tissues is possible in the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum due to its relatively large size. Here, we take advantage of the recent genome sequencing of Ascaris suum and the ability to physically dissect its separate tissues to produce a wide-scale tissue-specific nematode RNA-seq datasets, including data on three non- reproductive tissues (head, pharynx, and intestine) in both male and female worms, as well as four reproductive tissues (testis, seminal vesicle, ovary, and uterus). We obtained fundamental information about the biology of diverse cell types and potential interactions among tissues within this multicellular organism. Methodology/PrincipalFindings: Overexpression and functional enrichment analyses identified many putative biological functions enriched in each tissue studied, including functions which have not been previously studied in detail in nematodes. Putative tissue-specific transcriptional factors and corresponding binding motifs that regulate expression in each tissue were identified, including the intestine-enriched ELT-2 motif/transcription factor previously described in nematode intestines. Constitutively expressed and novel genes were also characterized, with the largest number of novel genes found to be overexpressed in the testis. Finally, a putative acetylcholine-mediated transcriptional network connecting biological activity in the head to the male reproductive system is described using co-expression networks, along with a similar ecdysone-mediated system in the female. Conclusions/Significance: The expression profiles, co-expression networks and co-expression regulation of the 10 tissues studied and the tissue-specific analysis presented here are a valuable resource for studying tissue-specific biological functions in nematodes.


The PARIMA project has facilitated collective action, empowerment of women, and increased involvement in livestock marketing among pastoralists on the Borana Plateau since 2001. Fifty-nine collective-action groups formed by PARIMA and her partners have been recently merged into market-oriented cooperatives, consistent with government policy. We used focus groups and participatory appraisals to assess the extent that market linkages have been sustained since previously reported in 2006. The markets have been growing, but are volatile. Members report they need access to early warning and livestock market-information systems, as well as more capital, to promote trade. Export firms have imposed added conditions on animal delivery that puts cooperatives at a disadvantage versus wealthy traders. This suggests that pastoral cooperatives may be increasingly sidelined from effective market participation. Connecting pastoral producers to markets is a dynamic process, and gains achieved can be quickly eroded. To promote sustainability of market linkages we recommend that third parties monitor the cooperatives and marketing chains to identify problems and build capacity. Early-warning and livestock market information systems need to be implemented. Local researchers can identify animal production constraints that limit market supply and use action research to test interventions in partnership with communities.


This study presents a revision, using type material, of the tiny foraminifera Discorbina minutissima Chaster, D. chasteri Heron-Allen & Earland (erected as a nomen novum for D. minutissima Chaster, non Seguenza) and D. chasteri var. bispinosa Heron-Allen & Earland. All are referred to the genus Rotaliella Grell. Heron-Allen & Earland's new name chasteri is shown to be only applicable as a replacement name for Chaster's species; their own material from Clare Island is a new species, named here R. heronalleni sp.nov. In addition, two other species — Rotaliella ? simplex (Sidebottom) and R. antarctica sp.nov. — have been recognised amongst the specimens labelled as D. chasteri in the Heron-Allen & Earland Collection in the Natural History Museum (BMNH). Lectotypes are designated for Rotaliella chasteri and R. bispinosa.


Social stories are a commonly used intervention practice in early childhood special education. Recent systematic reviews have documented the evidence-base for social stories, but findings are mixed. We examined the efficacy of social stories for young children (i.e., 3-5 years) with challenging behavior across 12 single-case studies, that included 30 participants. The What Works Clearinghouse standards for single case research design were used to evaluate the rigor of studies that included social stories as a primary intervention. For studies meeting standards, we synthesized findings on the efficacy of social stories using meta-analysis techniques and a recently developed parametric effect size measure, the log response ratio. Trends in participants' response to treatment also were explored. Results indicate variability in rigor and efficacy for the use of social stories as an isolated intervention and in combination with other intervention approaches. Additional studies that investigate the efficacy of social stories as a primary intervention are warranted.


Operators are looking to introduce services over Segment Routing (SR)
LSPs in networks running Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP-TE) LSPs.
In some instances, operators are also migrating existing services from
RSVP-TE to SR LSPs. For example, there might be certain services that
are well suited for SR and need to co-exist with RSVP-TE in the same
network. Such introduction or migration of traffic to SR might require
co-existence with RSVP-TE in the same network for an extended period
of time depending on the operator's intent. The following document
provides solution options for keeping the traffic engineering database
consistent across the network, accounting for the different bandwidth
utilization between SR and RSVP-TE.


Neuronal regulation of chaperone production in nematodes leads to differential responses to misfolded proteins under conditions of acute or chronic stress. Cells and organisms have evolved quality control systems for sensing and responding to damaged and misfolded proteins, such as the induction of molecular chaperones through the heat shock transcription factor HSF-1 that occurs during the heat shock response (HSR). However, these systems fail to effectively control protein aggregation—and its deleterious consequences—in various disorders associated with chronic protein misfolding. Noting that the HSR in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is under neuronal control, Prahlad and Morimoto investigated the role of neuronal activity in the response to the chronic presence of abnormal proteins. Whereas C. elegans bearing loss-of-function mutations specifically affecting AFD thermosensory neurons and AIY interneurons (gcy-8 and ttx-3, respectively) show a decreased global HSR, these neuronal loss-of-function mutations led to decreased aggregation of a protein misfolding reporter (Q44::YFP, consisting of 44 glutamine residues fused to yellow fluorescent protein) expressed in intestinal cells. These mutations also decreased aggregation of Q35::YFP expressed in muscle cells and of a mutant aggregation-prone form of superoxide dismutase (SOD-1G93A) associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and attenuated a decrease in motility caused by muscle Q35, developmental defects associated with SOD-1G93A, and toxicity associated with misfolding of an isoform of paramyosin. Similarly, blocking the calcium-dependent neuronal secretion of dense core vesicles by deleting unc-31 decreased aggregation of Q44::YFP in intestinal cells and Q35::YFP in muscle. Knocking down HSF-1 restored protein aggregation in gcy-8 or unc-31 mutant worms, whereas combining gcy-8 with chronic expression of misfolded aggregation-prone proteins (but not either alone) elicited an HSF-1–dependent increase in the abundance of chaperone mRNA. Moreover, in contrast to their deficient response to acute heat shock, gcy-8 worms showed chaperone induction in response to chronic (repeated or prolonged) heat shock. The authors thus propose that neuronal regulation of chaperone production enables C. elegans to respond differently to acute or chronic stress. V. Prahlad, R. I. Morimoto, Neuronal circuitry regulates the response of Caenorhabditis elegans to misfolded proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 14204–14209 (2011). [Abstract] [Full Text]


In this paper, we develop a specific observable symptom of a banking system that underprices the default spread in non-recourse asset-backed lending. Using three different data sets for 18 countries and property types, we find that, following a negative demand shock, the "underpricing" economies experience far deeper asset market crashes than economies in which the put option is correctly priced. Furthermore, only one of the countries in our sample continues to exhibit the underpricing symptom following a market crash. This indicates that market crashes have a cleansing effect and eliminate underpricing at least for a period of time. This makes investing in such markets safer following a negative demand shock.


Scarce Palaeogene sediment remnants in the Eastern Alps and Western Carpathians are interpreted as remains of a continuous forearc basin. New apatite fission-track geochronological data corroborate mild Paleocene–Eocene exhumation and relief formation in the Eastern Alps. Palinspastic restoration and nine palaeogeographical maps of the Eastern Alps and Western Carpathians ranging from the Paleocene to the Late Oligocene epoch illustrate west to east migration of subsidence in the forearc basin. Subsidence isochrons indicate that oblique subduction of the European plate below the Adriatic plate was responsible for forearc basin migration at a rate of 8 mm a−1. The Periadriatic Lineament was formed as a result of shearing by oblique subduction. The Neogene to recent Sumatra forearc basin is an analogue for the evolution of the East Alpine–West Carpathian forearc basin.


This paper uses private and environmental cost data for the Netherlands to evaluate the social cost of two final waste disposal methods, landfilling versus incineration using waste-to-energy (WTE) plants. The data only provide some support for the widespread policy preference for incineration over landfilling if the analysis is restricted to environmental costs alone. Private costs, however, are so much higher for incineration, that landfilling is the social cost minimizing option at the margin even in a densely populated country such as the Netherlands. Implications for waste policy are discussed as well. Proper treatment of and energy recovery from landfills seem to be the most important targets for waste policy. WTE plants are a very expensive way to save on climate change emissions.


Killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs) control the activation of human NK cells via interactions with peptide-laden HLAs. KIR3DL1 is a highly polymorphic inhibitory receptor that recognizes a diverse array of HLA molecules expressing the Bw4 epitope, a group with multiple polymorphisms incorporating variants within the Bw4 motif. Genetic studies suggest that KIR3DL1 variation has functional significance in several disease states, including HIV infection. However, owing to differences across KIR3DL1 allotypes, HLA-Bw4, and associated peptides, the mechanistic link with biological outcome remains unclear. In this study, we elucidated the impact of KIR3DL1 polymorphism on peptide-laden HLA recognition. Mutational analysis revealed that KIR residues involved in water-mediated contacts with the HLA-presented peptide influence peptide binding specificity. In particular, residue 282 (glutamate) in the D2 domain underpins the lack of tolerance of negatively charged C-terminal peptide residues. Allotypic KIR3DL1 variants, defined by neighboring residue 283, displayed differential sensitivities to HLA-bound peptide, including the variable HLA-B*57:01–restricted HIV-1 Gag-derived epitope TW10. Residue 283, which has undergone positive selection during the evolution of human KIRs, also played a central role in Bw4 subtype recognition by KIR3DL1. Collectively, our findings uncover a common molecular regulator that controls HLA and peptide discrimination without participating directly in peptide-laden HLA interactions. Furthermore, they provide insight into the mechanics of interaction and generate simple, easily assessed criteria for the definition of KIR3DL1 functional groupings that will be relevant in many clinical applications, including bone marrow transplantation.


On May 4, 2009, President Obama in person introduced a set of proposals to reform U.S. international taxation that are the most significant advance toward preserving the income tax on cross-border transactions since the enactment of Subpart F by the Kennedy Administration in 1962. In essence, the Obama proposals (the "Obama Plan") introduce a 21st Century version of the vision begun by Thomas Adams in 1918 and continued by Stanley Surrey in 1961: A world in which source and residence taxation are coordinated so as to achieve the underlying goals of the international tax regime. As I have explained at length elsewhere, these goals are the Single Tax Principle (all income from cross-border transactions should be subject to tax once, not more and not less) and the Benefits Principle (active income should be taxed primarily at source, passive income primarily at residence). The Obama Plan does this by addressing the central problem of implementing corporate and individual income taxation in a world of open economies: Effective source taxation requires residence taxation, and effective residence taxation requires source taxation. In what follows, I will comment on the major proposals in the Obama Plan and explain how they form a coherent step forward toward achieving the Single Tax and Benefit Principles. I will first address the proposals related to the taxation of active income earned by corporations, and then the proposals related to the taxation of passive income earned by individuals.


Abstract Objectives: To review existing literature on obesity and Alzheimer's disease and evaluate evidence of an association between them. Methods: A selected review of the epidemiologic studies published from 1987 to June 2007 from MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychoINFO, and Cochrane Database about the relationship between obesity and Alzheimer's disease. Results: There was some evidence that obesity may increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease; the association was stronger for midlife than late-life obesity. Conclusions: Preliminary evidence indicates that obesity is a risk factor of Alzheimer's disease. Further large-scale, lifetime assessments are suggested to confirm the association and formulate effective measures to delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease. Key words: Alzheimer disease; Dementia; Epidemiologic studies; Obesity; Risk factors [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] Introduction In November 1906, Alois Alzheimer described the classical case of dementia as exhibiting typical clinical features with severe cognitive disturbances, delusions, and unpredictable behaviour. Neuropathological findings included military bodies (amyloid plaques) and dense bundles of fibrils (neurofibrillary tangles). In 1910, Kraepelin named this dementia as Alzheimer's disease (AD). (1) According to the Global Burden of Disease estimates for the 2003 World Health Report, (2) dementia contributed 11.2% of years lived with disability in people aged 60 years and older. Alzheimer's disease accounts for 50-60% of all patients with dementia, responsible for increasingly significant morbidity and mortality and ranked as the eighth leading cause of death among the elderly in the USA. (3) Over the last century, we have gained more understanding about AD. The amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles were found to develop as early as in the third decade. (4) The need for a life course approach to understanding the causes of AD was recognised because the consequences and timing of AD are relevant throughout life. There is increasing evidence that vascular risk factors, such as hypertension, (5-7) high cholesterol levels, (7,8) and diabetes mellitus (9,10) are also relevant, which often occur together with obesity. However, to date, there is no agreement on the association between obesity and AD. (11,12) Postulated explanations for an association include the coincidence of these common disorders in the elderly, vascular and cerebrovascular diseases precipitating AD, an additive or synergistic pathogenesis of dementia, and misdiagnosis of vascular dementia and AD. Obesity is a potentially remediable risk factor for many diseases, through lifestyle interventions. (13) Moreover, numerous pharmacological and surgical treatments are also available. (14-17) If obesity is a risk factor for AD, potentially it is modifiable. In this review, we examine the current literature and discuss the relationships between obesity and AD. Obesity is a complex, multifactorial chronic health condition, characteristically giving rise to increased morbidity and mortality. The discovery of leptin and other hormones affecting fat has led to the concept that adipose tissue is an endocrine organ and not merely an energy storage depot. Body mass index (BMI) is currently the most common measure of general obesity, calculated as the body weight in kilograms divided by the square of body height in metres. In 1993, a WHO (World Health Organization) expert committee proposed BMI cut-off points of 25.0-29.9 kg/[m.sup.2] for overweight grade 1, 30.0 to 39.9 kg/[m.sup.2] for grade 2, and 40.0 kg/[m.sup.2] or higher for grade 3. (18) Body mass index also reflects the risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, the cut-off points are affected by age and ethnicity. Body mass index is less useful in bodybuilders who have high BMI due to their muscular builds rather than fat. …


This work draws from history, theology, and political philosophy to address the question of whether it is possible to democratize the polity of the RC Church. Its historical part investigates two hypotheses. First, neither exegesis nor history warrants the absolute necessity for church unity of the political function of ἐπισκοπή: and much less do they provide sufficient evidence for upholding that such a function should be fulfilled exclusively or even only primarily by means of a top-down monarchical hierarchy. Second, in structuring their own faith community, Christians throughout history have adopted and at times critically adapted insights as well as structures from political philosophy and the human polity respectively.
Next, it examines the few central insights political philosophy has advanced concerning the socio-ethical conditions for the individual's cooperation in the common action of a group to be responsible. Particular attention is paid to the principle of subsidiarity which, it is argued, entails a precise understanding of 'delegation', as something justified only and exclusively with regard to decisions which the individual or lower levels deem beyond their capacity to make responsibly, because they lack either the relevant knowledge or the resources to implement them. The important implication is that the division between what can be decided autonomously and what should be decided by delegation must be determined by the delegating individual or group and not by the higher levels: it is only the former, in effect, who has the responsibility to decide on the appropriateness and extent of the delegation. The result is an original understanding of democracy's distinctiveness as consisting in its enabling and fostering the rationality and responsibility of the delegation of authority, rather than exclusively or even primarily in the number of people to whom ultimate decisional power has been freely, intelligently, and responsibly delegated.
The final section assesses the compatibility of those political insights with the ecclesial constitution on the basis of the scriptural and traditional evidence concerning the structural aspect of the Christian community. It highlights the potential hospitality of Christian ecclesiology to key insights of democratic political philosophy.
This work improves on the current state of ecclesiological research in two main ways. The first contribution is to supply a broad historical mapping of the symbiosis between the Christian and the human polities, as well as ecclesiology and political philosophy, complementary to the many already existing specific case-studies. At the theoretical level the work blends a variety of arguments developed in different domains, and thus also bridges several bodies of literature. To analyse the distinctiveness of the Christian community, it builds on traditional theological insights concerning the distinctiveness of the Christian individual qua Christian, as well as on political insights into the formation and development of community and of the cooperation it serves. In so doing the work links two related but—currently at least, although not in the past—largely disconnected literatures: that on ecclesiology, and that on political philosophy. The genuine insights the latter has developed throughout history retain a lasting significance which Christians in general and ecclesiologists in particular ignore at their own risk. This work is an initial attempt to suggest concretely why the traditional symbiosis between those two disciplines is still valid and can bear fruit toward the solution of their shared problems.


Automatic detection of particles in fluorescence microscopy images is crucial to analyze cellular processes. We introduce a novel deep learning method for 3D fluorescent particle detection. Instead of pixel-wise binary classification or direct coordinate regression, we perform image-to-image mapping based on regressing a density map. Detections close to particles are rewarded in the network training, and highly nonlinear direct prediction of point coordinates is avoided. To focus on particles in comparison to background image points, we suggest using the adaptive wing loss. We also employ a weighted loss map to cope with the very strong imbalance between particle and background image points for 3D images. We evaluated our approach using 3D images of the Particle Tracking Challenge and real 3D fluorescence microscopy images of chromatin structures and interneurons. It turned out that our approach generally outperforms previous methods.


In-plane tyre modal behaviour determines the response of tyres to ride excitations and braking/traction manoeuvres. In many studies, the interest is limited to relatively low frequencies and a detailed investigation into the ability of models to accurately simulate higher-order responses is unnecessary. In cases where an in-plane model is to be used for the generation of the contact deformation and stresses, or where modal reduction methods are implemented, a detailed knowledge of the modal response is desirable. The present work forms a study on the ability of a number of frequently used modelling approaches to generate realistic modal data throughout a wide frequency range. The analytical ring on elastic foundation model is used as a benchmark throughout the paper. Its predictions are compared with those of two discretised models, namely a truss- and a beam-based model. The sensitivity of the ring's response to a number of physical parameters is discussed. The results are used to inform the comparison between the analytical ring and the discretised models, providing explanations for any discrepancies observed. The limited applicability of the truss model is pointed out, while the accuracy of the beam-based model is enhanced by a circumferential inextensible string element. Both the ring and the enhanced beam models are further improved with the addition of a nonlinear string-based sidewall that accounts for the change in sidewall stiffness with inflation pressure. The findings may offer a reference when setting up in-plane models, including the stage of planning modal tests for parameter identification.


Abstract. Particle water and pH are predicted using meteorological observations (relative humidity (RH), temperature (T)), gas/particle composition, and thermodynamic modeling (ISORROPIA-II). A comprehensive uncertainty analysis is included, and the model is validated. We investigate mass concentrations of particle water and related particle pH for ambient fine-mode aerosols sampled in a relatively remote Alabama forest during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) in summer and at various sites in the southeastern US during different seasons, as part of the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) study. Particle water and pH are closely linked; pH is a measure of the particle H+ aqueous concentration and depends on both the presence of ions and amount of particle liquid water. Levels of particle water, in turn, are determined through water uptake by both the ionic species and organic compounds. Thermodynamic calculations based on measured ion concentrations can predict both pH and liquid water but may be biased since contributions of organic species to liquid water are not considered. In this study, contributions of both the inorganic and organic fractions to aerosol liquid water were considered, and predictions were in good agreement with measured liquid water based on differences in ambient and dry light scattering coefficients (prediction vs. measurement: slope = 0.91, intercept = 0.5 μg m−3, R2 = 0.75). ISORROPIA-II predictions were confirmed by good agreement between predicted and measured ammonia concentrations (slope = 1.07, intercept = −0.12 μg m−3, R2 = 0.76). Based on this study, organic species on average contributed 35% to the total water, with a substantially higher contribution (50%) at night. However, not including contributions of organic water had a minor effect on pH (changes pH by 0.15 to 0.23 units), suggesting that predicted pH without consideration of organic water could be sufficient for the purposes of aqueous secondary organic aerosol (SOA) chemistry. The mean pH predicted in the Alabama forest (SOAS) was 0.94 ± 0.59 (median 0.93). pH diurnal trends followed liquid water and were driven mainly by variability in RH; during SOAS nighttime pH was near 1.5, while daytime pH was near 0.5. pH ranged from 0.5 to 2 in summer and 1 to 3 in the winter at other sites. The systematically low pH levels in the southeast may have important ramifications, such as significantly influencing acid-catalyzed reactions, gas–aerosol partitioning, and mobilization of redox metals and minerals. Particle ion balances or molar ratios, often used to infer pH, do not consider the dissociation state of individual ions or particle liquid water levels and do not correlate with particle pH.


Proposals to amend the Constitution to prohibit same-sex marriages were recently actively discussed in the U.S. Senate and are likely to receive attention in the House before the year's end. This article situates arguments for these proposals within the history of attempts to amend the Constitution related to marriage by providing the first detailed, synthetic analysis of such previously proposed amendments. This examination reveals 133 previously proposed amendments to the Constitution relating to marriage, consisting primarily of proposals to prohibit interracial marriage, proposals to prohibit polygamy, and proposals to empower Congress to make uniform laws concerning marriage and divorce. By tracing the arguments made in support of these amendments, this article reveals a strong resonance between prior attempts to constitutionalize aspects of the institution of marriage and current proposed amendments. The article also argues that, in hindsight, the previously proposed amendments were not necessary because state and federal legislatures and courts were able to address problems relating to marriage without amending the Constitution and without destabilizing the delicate balance of power between states and the federal government. Against this background, the article concludes that current proposals to amend the Constitution are similarly neither necessary nor wise.


Prepared by the Task Committee on Overtopping Protection of the Hydraulics Division of ASCE. This report summarizes the results of an inventory and evaluation of innovative spillway designs and overtopping protection systems developed to provide cost-effective safety modifications for existing dams. The information in this report, which covers pertinent projects in all stages from initial design through construction and operation, was derived from a literature search and a direct survey of the engineering community involved in dam safety modifications. The report contains a brief review of procedures to be used for assessment of the consequences of dam failure and the associated risks is presented for development of the design flood. This is followed by a discussion of innovative spillway designs and the state of the art in dam overtopping protection alternatives. For spillway design, this report especially focuses on the use of labyrinth spillways and fuseplug embankments. For overtopping protection systems, the report assesses roller-compacted concrete and precast concrete blocks for smaller dams and cast-in-place reinforced concrete slabs for larger dams. Nonstructural alternatives such as revised reservoir operating requirements and downstream early warning systems are also addressed.


Economics is a science of human choice. The study of economics centers on what motivates us to act and, more importantly, the consequences to ourselves and to others of our actions. It provides a comprehensive view of how a society is organized to transform its limited resources into want-satisfying goods and services. It investigates the principles underlying the operation of the economic system and seeks to determine its weaknesses and to prescribe policies that will improve its operation. In the process, economic principles are used to address a host of the most important problems confronting contemporary society—the causes of and remedies for depression and inflation, the determinants of and methods for improving income distribution, poverty problems and welfare measures, the role of the government in economic activity, the requisites for economic growth and development, pollution and congestion and their control.


Bollywood or the Hindi Film Industry went through different trends in the last 70 years. After the 60s, problematic themes started being presented, which led to far-reaching negative implications. Subsequent decades of the 70s, 80s, 90s and 2000s followed with their own problematic themes. In the present decade, we have witnessed the release of many pseudo-progressive movies, which although claims to be progressive, do not give women their due part. Theories like the Social Cognitive Theory and the Cultivation Theory provide us with enough evidence to show how such a problematic portrayal affects the audience. Male domination in the industry remains the prominent cause of such a portrayal. Among these problematic movies, some really progressive movies are breaking this stereotypical, sexist, toxic, and misogynist spell of Bollywood. Production of such films, when clubbed with social initiatives, can potentially remedy the wrongs done by years of problematic cinema produced by Bollywood.


This week, a long-awaited paper by U.S. government labs about the link between a virus and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) finally saw the light of day. The study confirms a controversial 2009 paper that reported CFS patients are often infected with the virus, called XMRV. Since then, four other studies have failed to duplicate those findings. Even skeptics are impressed by how much care the authors of the new study took to ensure accuracy. But that makes it even more baffling why some labs easily detect the virus while others can9t find a trace of it in any patient.


Declining Education and Inflaming Democratic Discourse This essay addresses two problems that are intimately related. The first problem has become public knowledge: the decline in educational performance in the U.S.A. On this point, the results of one recent survey suffice. American high school seniors were asked to identify the half-century during which the American Civil War took place. A majority failed to answer correctly -- and this was a multiple-choice question. The same study revealed that a majority of American high school seniors, when presented with statements taken from either the United States Constitution or Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto, could not identify which of the two texts was the source. It would seem that the two documents that, more than anything else, have shaped this century are virtually indistinguishable to most of today's American high school graduates. The second problem is the decline in the civility with which public discourse is conducted. Not only is it getting more and more difficult for people to talk to each other, but even less do people listen, preferring a scorched-earth policy over discussion and compromise. From the universities, to the National Endowment for the Arts, to even the Boy Scouts, the culture clash between "traditional values" and "cultural diversity" is stretching democratic sensibilities nearly to the breaking point. On the Right, fear and anger are escalating in response to the perceived moral dissolution. On the Left, "bourgeois" notions of economic and political liberty are denounced as sham rationalizations in the service of class inequality. And from the most recent entrant into the fray, multiculturalism, we learn that mere toleration of diversity, the classical liberal solution, will no longer do: not toleration but nothing less than "celebration" must be the new moral imperative. But if multiculturalists are unabashedly aggressive in their assaults on Western democracy, no less remarkable is the blanket passiveness with which their claims are met in American institutions of higher learning. The majority of my colleagues in the university, who believe in and practice mainstream liberalism, somehow find themselves intellectually and morally bound to support the multicultural agenda that is at this moment establishing ever more beachheads on the campuses. Or, if they do not support the new orthodoxy, they believe that their liberalism compels at least their silent acquiescence. Is Opposition to Multiculturalism Bigotry? At first glance, this is easy to understand. Among liberal Americans, who can be unsympathetic to multiculturalism's stated quest to give proper consideration to cultures other than America's own, and this as part of a larger project that aims both to broaden their vision and to abolish bigotry? Did not America's classical liberal Founders envision a society that practiced and cherished toleration? Given this, how could they object to the extension of this project to the universities? After all, liberal education at its deepest is the search for a common, basic human nature, unaffected by culture. In this search, liberal education can be the partisan of no particular culture, even of America's. Instead, it investigates and must investigate foreign ideas as well as cultures in its attempt to discover what it regards as the best, the most fully rational way of life. As the above observations suggest, multiculturalism's quest to produce a people that "celebrates diversity" appears at first to be only a logical, if more committed, extension of the classical liberal project. And were this the case, one could simply identify multiculturalism with liberal education or, more precisely, one could aver that liberal education fosters and requires what I shall call "true multiculturalism" true openness to the teachings of other cultures. But the harmony between liberal education and the current version of multiculturalism is only apparent. …


There is an increased focus on interdisciplinary research in hydroinformatic related projects for applications such as integrated water resources management, climate change modelling, etc. The solution of common problems in interdisciplinary projects requires the integration of hydroinformatic models into hydroinformatic systems by coupling of models, enabling them to efficiently share and exchange information amongst themselves.

Coupling of models is a complex task and involves various challenges. Such challenges arise due to factors such as models required to be coupled together lacking coupling capabilities, different models having different internal data formats, lack of a coupling mechanism, etc. From the perspective of physics, different models may use different discretisations in space and time, operate on different scales in space and time, etc.

A model coupling concept using a coupling broker, that is independent from the coupled models, has been developed in this work and been implemented as a prototype for a software framework for coupling hydroinformatic models. It is based on the approach of tensor objects and the ideas of the OpenMI standard for model coupling. Tensor objects are a complete representation of physical state variables including dimensions, units, values, coordinate systems, geometry, topology and metadata. They are autonomous entities that can adapt themselves to the requirements of coupled models through operations such as scaling, mapping, interpolation in space and time, etc. The central entity in coupling is the Tensor Exchange Server, which acts as the coupling broker. It is responsible for defining the coupling mechanism, brokering the communication between the models and adapting the information to the requirements of the coupled models by taking advantage of the functionality provided by tensor objects. By fulfilling these roles in coupling, the coupling broker concept goes one step further than tools such as the OpenMI standard and facilitates the task of coupling models since each coupled model doesn't individually need to be adapted to be able to perform these tasks on its own.

The usefulness of the coupling broker concept for coupling models is demonstrated with the help of three application examples: firstly, a subsurface-flow model coupled with a model simulating metabolism in the hyporheic zone, secondly, a subsurface-flow model coupled with a surface-flow model and finally, an information management system presenting the results of a hydrodynamic simulation of a section of the river Rhine. These examples demonstrate the extensibility and flexibility of the presented coupling concept, which can be used to couple multiple hydroinformatic models in hydroinformatic systems.


During infections, bacterial microorganisms initiate profound interactions with mammalian host cells. Usually defense mechanisms of the host destroy intruding bacteria in rapid manner. However, many bacterial pathogens have evolved in a way to avoid these mechanisms. By use of effector molecules, which can be small organic molecules or proteins with enzymatic activity, the host is manipulated on a molecular level. Effectors mediating post-translational modifications (PTMs) are employed by many pathogens to influence the biological activity of host proteins. In the presented thesis, two related PTMs are investigated in detail: Adenylylation, the covalent transfer of an adenosine monophosphate group from adenosine triphosphate onto proteins, and phosphocholination, the covalent transfer of a phosphocholine moiety onto proteins. Over the past years, enzymes mediating these modifications have been discovered in several pathogens, especially as a mechanism to influence the signaling of eukaryotic cells by adenylylating or phosphocholinating small GTPases. However, the development of reliable methods for the isolation and identification of adenylylated and phosphocholinated proteins remains a vehement challenge in this field of research. This thesis presents general procedures for the synthesis of peptides carrying adenylylated or phosphocholinated tyrosine, threonine and serine residues. From the resulting peptides, mono-selective polyclonal antibodies against adenylylated tyrosine and threonine have been raised. The antibodies were used as tools for proteomic research to isolate unknown substrates of adenylyl transferases from eukaryotic cells. Mass spectrometric fragmentation techniques have been investigated to ease the identification of adenylylated proteins. Furthermore, this work presents a new strategy to identify adenylylated proteins. Additionally, small effector molecules are involved in the regulation of infection mechanisms. In this work, the small molecule LAI-1 (Legionella autoinducer 1) from the pathogen Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of the Legionnaire's disease, was synthesised together with its amino-derivatives. LAI-1 showed are a clear pharmacological effect on the regulation of the life cycle of L. pneumophila, initiating transmissive traits like motility and virulence. Furthermore, LAI-1 was shown to have an effect on eukaryotic cells as well. Directed motility of the eukaryotic cells was significantly reduced and the cytoskeletal architecture was reorganised, probably by interfering with the small GTPase Cdc42.


The Integrated Project Real-SOFC joins 26 partners from throughout Europe active in planar SOFC technology. The project is funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme and aims at improving the understanding of degradation in SOFC stacks and extending the durability of planar SOFC devices such that they become viable for stationary applications. The project consortium comprises of universities, research institutions and industrial companies. The project concept is based on improving materials and materials processing by the provision of extensive test results allowing the identification of degradation mechanisms, and then to supply industrial components of enhanced quality for repeated testing analysis. An iterative programme of component development is employed resulting in the production of '2nd' and '3rd' generations of SOFC components/stacks. This paper offers some recent results on the degradation issues and covers selected aspects of other project-related output such as testing conditions, environmental impact assessment and educational activities.


Title of Document: A "DESIGN FOR AVAILABILITY" METHODOLOGY FOR SYSTEMS DESIGN AND SUPPORT Taoufik Jazouli, Doctor of Philosophy, 2011 Directed By: Professor, Peter Sandborn, Mechanical Engineering Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) methods are incorporated into systems for the purpose of avoiding unanticipated failures that can impact system safety, result in additional life cycle cost, and/or adversely affect the availability of a system. Availability is the probability that a system will be able to function when called upon to do so. Availability depends on the system's reliability (how often it fails) and its maintainability (how efficiently and frequently it is pro-actively maintained, and how quickly it can be repaired and restored to operation when it does fail). Availability is directly impacted by the success of PHM. Increasingly, customers of critical systems are entering into "availability contracts" in which the customer either buys the availability of the system (rather than actually purchasing the system itself) or the amount that the system developer/manufacturer is paid is a function of the availability achieved by the customer. Predicting availability based on known or predicted system reliability, operational parameters, logistics, etc., is relatively straightforward and can be accomplished using several methods and many existing tools. Unfortunately in these approaches availability is an output of the analysis. The prediction of system's parameters (i.e., reliability, operational parameters, and/or logistics management) to meet an availability requirement is difficult and cannot be generally done using today's existing methods. While determining the availability that results from a set of events is straightforward, determining the events that result in a desired availability is not. This dissertation presents a "design for availability" methodology that starts with an availability requirement and uses it to predict the required design, logistics and operations parameters. The method is general and can be applied when the inputs to the problem are uncertain (even the availability requirement can be represented as a probability distribution). The method has been demonstrated on several examples with and without PHM. A "DESIGN FOR AVAILABILITY" METHODOLOGY FOR SYSTEMS DESIGN AND SUPPORT


In the present work, we describe the results obtained with a large (≈133cm3) TeO2 bolometer, with a view to a search for neutrinoless double-β decay (0νββ) of Te130. We demonstrate an efficient α-particle discrimination (99.9%) with a high acceptance of the 0νββ signal (about 96%), expected at ≈2.5 MeV. This unprecedented result was possible thanks to the superior performance (10-eV rms baseline noise) of a Neganov-Luke-assisted germanium bolometer used to detect a tiny (70-eV) light signal from the TeO2 detector, dominated by γ(β)-induced Cherenkov radiation but exhibiting also a clear scintillation component. The obtained results represent a major breakthrough toward the TeO2-based version of the CUORE Upgrade with Particle IDentification (CUPID), a ton-scale cryogenic 0νββ experiment proposed as a followup to the Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) project with particle identification. The CUORE experiment recently began a search for neutrinoless double-β decay of Te130 with an array of 988 125-cm3TeO2 bolometers. The lack of α discrimination in CUORE makes α decays at the detector surface the dominant background component, at the level of ≈0.01 counts/(keV kg y) in the region of interest. We show here, for the first time with a CUORE-size bolometer and using the same technology as CUORE for the readout of both heat and light signals, that surface α background can be fully rejected.


In the last generation, congressional moderates have become ideologically more extreme over the course of their careers. We explain this "ideological migration" of moderates as a side effect of close partisan competition for control of the US House since 1994. Competition for the House caused activists, donors and, indirectly, voters to focus on the battle for majority status. Increased attention to partisan competition reduced individual members' ability to escape blame for their parties' actions. Equivalently, it meant that members could deviate from their district preferences and pay a lower electoral penalty; they would be blamed in any event. Our empirical analysis shows that party-centeredness abruptly and dramatically increased after 1994, with the electoral penalty members paid for being out of step with their constituents correspondingly declining. This contributed to an important, albeit complicated, shift from local/personal to national/party representation.


Abstract Society and culture are interdependent. Religion, as an important factor of culture, offers its desired behaviour patterns. Art always follows society and is always a part of culture. One nation's culture can potentially be influenced by another's. In this paper, I have analysed the causes and consequences of the British influence on Indian culture, dating from the sixteenth century till India's independence in 1947. British influence is present in India's general culture, architecture, education system, sport, traffic, bureaucracy, fashion, infrastructure, etc. The indisputably significant British influence on the Indian lifestyle is proved by the fact that the English language is accepted as an official language in the Republic of India. Are the consequences, at large, bad or good? – It will probably always be an open issue for discussion. In her collection of stories Interpreter of Maladies (1999), Jhumpa Lahiri explores and analyses various topics related to the lives of Indian Americans. She describes and faithfully depicts their lives, both in India and outside their native country. The paper also shows her filigree-precise sense of the reality and feelings of Indians who are in the process of acculturation in other countries, as well as their personal and collective struggle with their own identity and the sense of displacement. The transparency theory, advocating free translation, is focused on the equivalency concepts both formal and dynamic, which will be analysed and illustrated in more detail in the paper.


The purpose of this project was to increase coaching effectiveness in complex assignments, such as those that have an objective of increasing an executive's capability to navigate complexity or where the coaching is crossXcultural. In the context of complex assignments, a flexible framework is required that supports the coach in the process of developing an individualised programme that meets the needs of the coachee in their specific environment.
It is argued that the concept of case formulation can be applied to executive coaching to provide the foundation for a flexible coaching framework. Through this project, the Purpose, Account, Intervention, Reflect (PAIR) framework was developed, applied and evaluated with 12 coaching case studies in Australia and South East Asia.
A Realistic Evaluation methodology (Pawson & Tilley 1997) was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the coaching and to identify what factors made the coaching effective and in which contexts. Outcomes were measured using a 360° survey, pre and postXcoaching interviews with the coachee and their manager, and coach and coachee session notes and reflections. The mechanisms of coaching and significant context factors were identified using session notes and reflections, and postXcoaching interviews. Successful coaching outcomes were identified in all 12 cases along with 17 key mechanisms of coaching effectiveness. Based on these findings, hypotheses regarding what makes coaching effective for which people and in what contexts were developed.
This study demonstrates that the use of the PAIR framework facilitates the application of a case formulation approach to executive coaching and its use assists coaches in creating individualised coaching programmes. This study also demonstrates how the PAIR framework is flexible enough to meet a range of different contexts, including complex executive development and crossXcultural coaching assignments. Different combinations of mechanisms of coaching effectiveness were identified in each of the 12 case studies assignments, reinforcing the need to develop individualised programmes to meet the specific needs of each coachee. The implications of these findings for executive coaching practice and future research are considered and recommendations made for both practising coaches and researchers in the field.


An analysis has been made and a design procedure established for fuses other than those using round wire and with, or without, a restricted cross-section for part of the fuse length. Fuses of restricted section are, however, the major interest since they may be used to give different current/time characteristics by varying their dimensions. These different characteristics may be predicted accurately by the method indicated in the paper. In all the cases of semi-enclosed tin-strip fuses investigated in this way very close agreement between predicted and experimental results has been obtained.


We use a recently developed right-tail variation of the Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test to identify and date-stamp periods of mildly explosive behavior in the weekly time series of eight U.S. fixed income yield spreads between September 2002 and April 2018. We find statistically significant evidence of mildly explosive dynamics in six of these spreads, two of which are short/medium-term mortgagerelated spreads. We show that the time intervals characterized by instability that we estimate from these yield spreads capture known episodes of financial and economic distress in the U.S. economy. Mild explosiveness migrates from short-term funding markets to medium- and long-term markets during the Great Financial Crisis of 2007-09. Furthermore, we statistically validate the conjecture that the initial panic of 2007 migrated from segments of the ABX market to other U.S. fixed income markets in the early phases of the financial crisis. JEL Classification: G01, G12, C58, C44 Keywords: Finance, investment analyss, fixed income markets, yield spreads, mildly explosive behavior.


Australia supports the control of tuberculosis in Papua New Guinea for reasons of aid effectiveness and a desire to decrease the chance of importing tuberculosis to Australia. This paper analyses the case for this support using both cost-utility and cost-benefit analysis. We reach three conclusions. First, Australia directly benefits from its investment in controlling tuberculosis in Papua New Guinea, with a cost of $US 13 million (in 2012 prices) over 10 years earning a net present value of $US 22 million. Second, the longer and more extensive the basic directly observed short course therapy, or basic DOTS, to control tuberculosis, the higher are the returns for Australia. Finally, in addition to surpassing all commonly used benchmarks for being a cost-effective investment for Australia, a basic DOTS expansion also generates a health benefit for Papua New Guinea that compares well as one of the 'ten best health buys' in developing countries.


The debate about the use of pre slaughter stunning (PSS) in halal slaughter is still an interesting topic to discuss due to the difficulties to determine the stunned animal are unconscious or dead. Indonesia and Malaysia as a country with majority Muslim population have recognized non-penetrative PSS (NPPSS) as a method in halal slaughter. Indonesian Council of Ulama (MUI) issued the Halal Assurance System (HAS 23103 2012)[1] as guidelines for animal slaughter process, while Department of Standard  Malaysia issued  Malaysian Standard (MS) 1500 2009[2], which regulate Halal Food-Production, preparation Handling and Storage-General Guidelines. Recently, the Indonesian National Standardization Body issued Indonesia's National Standard for ruminant halal slaughter (SNI 99003 2018) [3]. This article will discuss mechanical NPPSS based on these three guidelines in animal welfare and halal perspective


Access-control policies can be stated more succinctly if they support both rules that grant access and rules that deny access, but this introduces the possibility that multiple rules will give conflicting conclusions for an access. In this paper, we compare a new conflict-resolution method, which uses first specificity and then deny precedence, to the conflictresolution method used by Windows NTFS, which sometimes uses deny precedence before specificity. We show that our conflict-resolution method leads to a more usable policyauthoring system compared with the Windows method. We implemented both conflict-resolution methods in a simulated Windows NTFS file system and built a state-of-the-art policy authoring interface on top of the simulated file system. We ran a user study to compare policy authors' performance with each conflict-resolution method on a range of file-permissions policy-authoring tasks. Our results show that the conflict-resolution method has a significant effect on usability, and that, though no conflict-resolution method can be optimal for all tasks, our specificity-based conflictresolution method is generally superior, from a usability perspective, to the Windows deny-based method. Ours is the first user study we are aware of that demonstrates empirically the effect that an access-control semantics can have on usability, independent of the graphical user interface.


We present a sensitivity analysis, and discuss the probabilistic forecast capabilities, of the novel sea ice model neXtSIM ::: used :: in ::::::: hindcast ::::: mode. The study pertains to the response of the model to the uncertainty on winds using probabilistic forecasts of ice trajectories. neXtSIM is a continuous Lagrangian numerical model, and uses an elasto-brittle rheology to simulate the ice response to external forces. The sensitivity analysis is based on a Monte Carlo sampling of 12 members. The response of the model to the uncertainties is evaluated in terms of simulated ice drift distances from their initial positions, 5 and from the mean position of the ensemble, over the mid-term forecast horizon of 10-days :: 10 :::: days. The simulated ice drift is decomposed into advective and diffusive parts that are characterised separately both spatially and temporally and compared to what is obtained with a free-drift model, that is, when the ice rheology does not play any role on the modelled physics of the ice. The seasonal variability of the model sensitivity is presented, and shows the role of the ice compactness and rheology in the ice drift response at both local and regional scales in ::: the Arctic. Indeed, the ice drift simulated by neXtSIM in 10 summer is close to the one obtained with the free-drift ::::::: free-drift model, while the more compact and solid ice pack shows a significantly different mechanical and drift behaviour in winter. For the winter period analysed in this study, we also show that, in contrast to of free-drift ::: the :::::::: free-drift model, neXtSIM reproduces the sea ice Lagrangian diffusion regimes as found from observed trajectories. The forecast capability of neXtSIM is also evaluated using a large set of real buoys' :::::: buoy's trajectories, and compared to the capability of the free-drift ::::::: free-drift model. We found that neXtSIM performs significantly better in 15 simulating sea ice drift, both in terms of forecast error and as a tool to assist search-and-rescue operations, although the sources of uncertainties assumed for the present experiment are not sufficient for a complete coverage of the observed IABP positions.


Data are structured in a standard link list format, including source, destination, frequency and any associated descriptive text. See the readme file for more detailed information.


Background: Melanin pigmentation of the gingiva occurs in all ethnicities. Excessive pigmentation is an esthetic concern that has increased awareness about depigmentation procedures. The purpose of the present study is to correlate skin color and gender with intensity and distribution of gingival melanin pigmentation in a group of South Indians for treatment strategies. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 male and female non-smoking healthy subjects were included aged 18-35 years. A clinical examination of gingiva was performed to assess the anatomic distribution of gingival pigmentation. The intensity of gingival pigmentation and phenotype of gingiva were also assessed. Subsequently, the skin color was visually examined and assessed as fair, wheatish brown and dark. Results: Six classes of gingival pigmentation were defined based on the anatomic distribution. Gingival pigmentation was observed as highest being in the attached gingiva and interdental papilla (25.4%) and least being in the marginal gingiva and interdental papilla (10.2%). Correlation between skin color and intensity of pigmentation was statistically significant, with dark skinned subjects having heavy gingival pigmentation. However, no correlation was found between gender and phenotype of the gingiva with intensity and distribution of pigmentation. Conclusion: South Indians predominantly have pigmentation in attached gingiva and interdental papilla and their skin color is positively correlated with the intensity of pigmentation. Incidence of pigmentation did not differ between the sexes. Majority of subjects had thick gingival phenotype. Anatomic delineation of gingival pigmentation and their contributory factors may help design treatment strategies in depigmentation procedures.


Recent years have witnessed a breakdown in consensus about what history should be taught within Canadian schools; there is now a heightened awareness of the political nature of deciding whose history is, or should be, included in social studies and history classrooms. Meanwhile, as educators are debating what history should be taught, developments in educational and cognitive research are expanding our understanding of how best to teach it. To the Past explores some of the political, cultural and educational issues surrounding what history education is, and why we should care about it, in the twenty-first century in Canada. Originally broadcast in the fall of 2002 on the CBC Radio program Ideas, the lectures that comprise this volume not only address how history is taught in Canadian classrooms, but also explore strands within larger discussions about the meaning and purposes of history more generally. Contributors show how Canadians are demonstrating a new interest in what scholars have termed 'historical consciousness' or collective memory, through participation in a wide range of cultural activities, from visiting museums to watching the History Channel. Canadian adults and children alike seem to be seeking answers to questions of identity, meaning, community and nation in their study of the past. Through this series of essays, readers will have the opportunity to explore some of the political and ethical issues involved in this emerging field of Canadian 'citizenship through history' as they learn about public memory and broadly defined history education in Canada.


Burden sharing within an international alliance is a contentious topic, especially in the current geopolitical environment, that in practice is generally imposed by a central authority's perception of its members' abilities to contribute. Instead, we propose a cost sharing mechanism such that burden shares are allocated to nations based on their honest declarations of the alliance's worth. Specifically, we develop a set of multiobjective nonlinear optimization problem formulations that respectively impose Bayesian Incentive Compatible (BIC), Strategyproof (SP), and Group Strategyproof (GSP) mechanisms based on probabilistic inspection efforts and deception penalties that are budget balanced and in the core. Any feasible solution to these problems corresponds to a single stage Bayesian stochastic game wherein a collectively honest declaration is a Bayes-Nash equilibrium, a Nash Equilibrium in dominant strategies, or a collusion resistant Nash equilibrium, respectively, but the optimal solution considers the alliance's central authority preferences. Each formulation is shown to be a nonconvex optimization problem. The solution quality and computational effort required for three heuristic algorithms as well as the BARON global solver are analyzed to determine the superlative solution methodology for each problem. The Pareto fronts associated with each multiobjective optimization problem are examined to determine the tradeoff between inspection frequency and penalty severity required to obtain truthfulness under stronger assumptions. Memory limitations are examined to ascertain the size of alliances for which the proposed methodology can be utilized. Finally, a full block design experiment considering the clustering of available alliance valuations and the member nations' probability distributions therein is executed on an intermediate-sized alliance motivated by the South American alliance UNASUR.


SADC Lawyers' Association participated in a co-ordinated civil society election observation mission to Lesotho for the National Assembly Elections held on 28 February 2015. The mission was in conjunction with the SADC Council of Non-Governmental Organisations and the Media Institute of Southern Africa. These much anticipated elections were held to ease political instability in the country following an attempted coup in 2014 and stalled peace talks between deadlocked political parties. This followed a breakdown in the coalition government after only two and a half years of ruling the country.


The effect of probenecid (PBD) on the distributional transport of zidovudine (AZT) between plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain extracellular fluid (ECF) was investigated by using microdialysis. New Zealand White rabbits received AZT, in a crossover design, during control and treatment periods. PBD was coadministered at one of two rates. One additional study involved a repeated control to investigate the possible existence of a period effect. In the low- and high-dose treatment groups, PBD decreased the total body clearance of AZT by 47.7 +/- 8.9 and 51.7 +/- 9.7%, respectively. PBD also decreased the clearance of AZT from CSF and thalamus ECF, prolonging the half-lives of AZT disappearance from the brain. Additionally, PBD elevated the AZT area under the concentration-time curve in the ventricular CSF 3- to 5-fold and the area under the thalamic ECF concentration-time curve by 5- to 6-fold, whereas the area under the plasma concentration-time curve increased only 2-fold. During PBD treatment the ratio area under the thalamic ECF concentration-time curve/area under the ventricular CSF concentration-time curve approached unity. These results provide evidence that AZT is actively transported outwardly across the CSF- and brain ECF-blood barriers, and this transport system is sensitive to PBD. A pharmacokinetic model that considers the effect of PBD on the AZT clearance from brain to plasma suggests that 73% of this pathway is subject to competitive inhibition by PBD.


In plant and photosynthesizing cyanobacteria, light is not only essential for photosynthesis but also damages the photosystem II (PSII) reaction centers. A repair cycle replenishes the PSII with newly synthesized subunits, and this process appears to require movement of the PSII from the grana (stacks of thylakoid membranes) to the stroma lamellae (membranous connections between the grana). Sarcina et al. used the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp PCC7942 as a model system to study the mobility of PSII to different wavelengths of light. Chlorophyll is naturally fluorescent, with 80% of the fluorescence from PSII and 20% from PSI, so the mobility of PSII was monitored using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) of the chlorophyll. Exposure of the cells to red light stimulated the movement of chlorophyll, which in no light, blue light, or green light conditions was immobile. The movement in response to red light was dose dependent, with 3-second exposure triggering movement of 20% of the chlorophyll and 15-second exposure triggering a maximum movement of 60% of the chlorophyll. When entire cells were exposed to red light, the fluorescence became concentrated in discrete areas. Both red light and blue light cause photodamage to PSII; however, red light appears to engage the repair mechanism more quickly than does blue light. PSII damage was monitored by measuring oxygen production in response to blue or red light in the presence or absence of lincomycin, which inhibits protein synthesis and blocks the repair process. Blue light-treated cells exhibited sustained oxygen production (no loss in production for the first 20 minutes after exposure) in the absence of lincomycin, indicating rapid initiation of the repair process. Red light-treated cells showed loss of oxygen production within the first 10 minutes, and the repair cycle was engaged after 20 minutes. Thus, red light appears to produce a specific signal that alters PSII mobility, allowing it to effectively engage the repair cycle and maintain photosynthesis under conditions that cause photodamage. Exactly how the red light is perceived and how it stimulates PSII mobility remain to be determined. M. Sarcina, N. Bouzovitis, C. W. Mullineaux, Mobilization of photosystem II induced by intense red light in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp PCC7942. Plant Cell 18, 457-464 (2006). [Abstract] [Full Text]