In this paper, we analyze the data extracted from several open source software repositories. We observe that the change data follows a Zipf distribution. Based on the extracted data, we then develop three probabilistic models to predict which files will have changes or bugs. The first model is Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE), which simply counts the number of events, i.e., changes or bugs, that happen to each file and normalizes the counts to compute a probability distribution. The second model is Reflexive Exponential Decay (RED) in which we postulate that the predictive rate of modification in a file is incremented by any modification to that file and decays exponentially. The third model is called RED-Co-Change. With each modification to a given file, the RED-Co-Change model not only increments its predictive rate, but also increments the rate for other files that are related to the given file through previous co-changes. We then present an information-theoretic approach to evaluate the performance of different prediction models. In this approach, the closeness of model distribution to the actual unknown probability distribution of the system is measured using cross entropy. We evaluate our prediction models empirically using the proposed information-theoretic approach for six large open source systems. Based on this evaluation, we observe that of our three prediction models, the RED-Co-Change model predicts the distribution that is closest to the actual distribution for all the studied systems.


* email@example.com , +989137156495 Abstract Problem statement: Beyond the external form, cultural heritage, carries the meaning that forms its internal and essential aspect. In the protection of works, since, it is necessary to pay attention to both their semantic and formal aspects, it is necessary to pay attention to the "protection and transmission of meaning" in cultural heritage through an appropriate approach. A wide range of forms of cultural heritage, including the creation of art, writing, principles and approaches in the traditional profession and oral expression, in addition to forming various manifestations of heritage, are also a method and means of transmitting the meaning. Among these, due to their imperceptibility, non-physical methods, have received less attention and their various dimensions take little regard. Consequently, the risk of forgetting and destroying these methods and, of course, the meanings conveyed through them increases. One of these methods is the oral transmission method. Research objective: The present article aims at recognizing the oral method in the protection of works and paving the way for its revival in the protection of Iran's spiritual heritage, assuming that the oral transmission of meanings in the spiritual heritage, in many cases, has taken place for reasons beyond the impossibility of written recordings. Therefore, it can be said that this article seeks to answer the question of what capabilities have caused the oral method to be used as one of the methods of transmitting and preserving meanings in traditional societies Research method: Referring to written texts in this paper, some negative and positive reasons for the use of oral methods are analyzed and then their logical analysis is performed. The cause behind choosing this method is its relevance to the essence of meaning. Conclusion: The paper concludes that, based on the interpretations and concepts mentioned in the text of the article, in the oral method, in addition to preserving the meaning from the damage of the incompetent, the meaning continues vividly and dynamically; another result of the paper is that, due to the importance and use of human inner capabilities in accepting and transmitting meaning to revive it in the protection in contemporary meaning, it is necessary to train qualified human beings as bearers of meaning.


I have never been a brave mouse. but lately, my fears were taking over my life! So Thea and Trap decided to cure me. They dragged me away on an airplane (I'm afraid of flying!) all the way to the jungle. There I was forced to eat bug soup, climb trees as tall as skyscrapers, swim in raging rivers, and even wrangle snakes! How would a 'fraidy mouse like me ever survive?


This article offers a critical account of efforts to engage people with the issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). It analyses how public health workers encourage what they understand as responsible antibiotic use or antibiotic stewardship, and how their efforts are shaped by different theories of 'behaviour' or social action. Discourse analysis of all major UK campaigns and their evaluations over the last two decades reveals how different versions of the citizen jostle for attention in a public health that draws on sociology, psychology, and increasingly behavioural economics. Rejecting an explanation which focuses solely on the appeal of emotion in new forms of governance, I deploy theories of expert and lay ignorance to show how public health is pushed towards new approaches as it struggles with an apparently recalcitrant public in the case of AMR. Here ignorance is both problematic and productive, prompting a shift to campaigns based on unreflective action, that are accompanied by decisions to work with potential misunderstandings about antibiotics and their effects. I suggest the term 'shrug' as a provocative counterpart to the 'nudge' of behavioural economics, drawing attention to the ways in which behavioural interventions may be linked to strategic retreats from engagement, when policy makers feel unable to affect or predict the understanding and views of non-experts. The article thus contributes to sociological and political critique of narrow forms of behavioural thinking and their effects on relations between governments and their citizens.


A tolerance test was conducted with total 48 male turkeys (strain, Big 6, of three months old) over a period of 70 days, to find the effect of basil and thyme (medicinal plants) and some enzymes (kemzyme and zymogen) as feed additives on turkey toms' performances. Forty-eight male turkeys (3 months old) were randomly divided into eight groups (6 toms/each). The control group (C) was fed a basal diet without feed supplementation. Group (B) was supplemented with basil (3 g basil/kg diet) group (T) was fed thyme (2 g thyme/kg diet), group (TB) was fed a mixture of basil and thyme (3 g basil + 2 g thyme kg diet), group (Z) was fed zymogen (1 ml/4 liter water); and group (K) was supplemented with kemzyme (0.5 g/kg diet), group (BTK) was fed a mixture of basil, thyme and kemzyme, the last group was fed with diet supplemented with basil, thyme and zymogen. Body weight gain, feed conversion ratio was measured at the end of 10th week of experiment. Blood samples were taken to measure some biochemical parameters, at the same time some tissues for morphological and molecular studies were prepared. Toms fed with either basil, thyme or kemzyme (BT) had significantly (p < 0.05) heaviest body gain than the control, (Z) or (BTZ). Significant increase occurred of the dressing percent (DP%) in group (B) and (BT) compared to the groups (T, Z, BTK and BTZ).Supplementation with (K) significantly decreases the serum total lipids than the (C) group and all supplemented groups at P < 0.05. Serum cholesterol levels of the groups (T), (BT) and (Z) recorded a significant increase than those of groups (C), (K), (BTK) and (BTZ). Meanwhile; triglyceride levels revealed significant decrease in control group at (p < 0.05) than all other groups. All experimental groups recorded no differences in both serum protein and albumin. Although there were an increased levels of serum AST of groups (T) and (Z) compared to control and other groups, meanwhile; (T) and (Z) groups revealed the lowest level of serum ALT.Concerning the antioxidant parameters, results reviewed that (T), (BT), (BTK) and (BTZ) had a higher level of MDA activity than the (B), (K) and (Z) supplemented groups illustrate no difference versus the serum (MDA) activity of the (C) group. Serum SOD activity revealed no differences within all groups. Serum TAC recorded significant increase in all supplemented groups compared to their level in control group.Studies of intestinal integrity; morphometry studies indicated that the villous height increased in groups (T), (Z) and (BTK) with a higher villous to crypt ratio and goblet cell numbers of group supplemented with (BTK). Moreover, the villous width revealed a significant increase in the (C) and (Z) groups. The measurement of total DNA of duodenal tissues which reflect the cell mitosis was higher in (T), (Z) and (BTK), (BTZ) at P < 0.05; the recorded results of DNA/protein of the same segment of the duodenal tissues revealed higher ratio (higher ribosomal activity) of (T), (Z), and (BTK) groups. Cell size of the duodenal tissues as indicated by (protein/DNA) was increased by (K) and decrease by (T) and (Z) supplementation at P < 0.05.


The mandatory Polar Code was finally adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in May 2015. The present article examines the role and contribution of the Russian Federation in the decision-making process of the Polar Code through its proposals, in the form of submissions, statements, and oral interventions. The purpose of these proposals is investigated with respect to the safety and environmental protection goals of the IMO and Russian interests in the Arctic, by looking at the reasoning used by Russia in its proposals. The major issue areas represented in the Russian proposals include, among others, the role of coastal State legislation, environmental regulations, and icebreaker assistance; however, the majority of these do not contribute to the IMO's goals of creating globally uniform standards for maritime safety and protecting the marine environment. The Russian proposals served State interests through misrepresentation and reference to Russia's experience in Arctic shipping. While the latter frames Russia as a leading user of Arctic waters, the role that Russia played in the Polar Code negotiations indicates that Russia has more than shipping interests to protect in the Arctic. (Published: November 2016) Citation: D. Bognar. ''Russian Proposals on the Polar Code: Contributing to Common Rules or Furthering State Interests?'' Arctic Review on Law and Politics, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2016, pp. 111–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.17585/arctic.v7.415


Aim/Purpose: This paper presents a data mining approach for analyzing responses to advanced declarative programming questions. The goal of this research is to find a model that can explain the results obtained by students when they perform exams with Constructed Response questions and with equivalent Multiple-Choice Questions.

Background: The assessment of acquired knowledge is a fundamental role in the teaching-learning process. It helps to identify the factors that can contribute to the teacher in the developing of pedagogical methods and evaluation tools and it also contributes to the self-regulation process of learning. However, better format of questions to assess declarative programming knowledge is still a subject of ongoing debate. While some research advocates the use of constructed responses, others emphasize the potential of multiple-choice questions.

Methodology: A sensitivity analysis was applied to extract useful knowledge from the relevance of the characteristics (i.e., the input variables) used for the data mining process to compute the score.

Contribution: Such knowledge helps the teachers to decide which format they must consider with respect to the objectives and expected students results.

Findings: The results shown a set of factors that influence the discrepancy between answers in both formats.

Recommendations for Practitioners: Teachers can make an informed decision about whether to choose multiple-choice questions or constructed-response taking into account the results of this study.

Recommendation for Researchers: In this study a block of exams with CR questions is verified to complement the area of learning, returning greater performance in the evaluation of students and improving the teaching-learning process.

Impact on Society: The results of this research confirm the findings of several other researchers that the use of ICT and the application of MCQ is an added value in the evaluation process. In most cases the student is more likely to succeed with MCQ, however if the teacher prefers to evaluate with CR other research approaches are needed.

Future Research: Future research must include other question formats.


This paper presents a new approach to modelling and verification of function block applications of the IEC 61499 standard. The approach uses the language of logic programming Prolog to represent a model of function block network and to verify its properties. The class of properties that can be checked is extended to more substantial queries providing in return not only "yes" or "no", but also the parameters explaining the reasons. The models essentially use the topological properties of the function block network and allow data of arbitrary types (not only Boolean) be used in the queries.


Abstract. Using measurements of the surface-ocean CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) and 14 different pCO2 mapping methods recently collated by the Surface Ocean pCO2 Mapping intercomparison (SOCOM) initiative, variations in regional and global sea–air CO2 fluxes are investigated. Though the available mapping methods use widely different approaches, we find relatively consistent estimates of regional pCO2 seasonality, in line with previous estimates. In terms of interannual variability (IAV), all mapping methods estimate the largest variations to occur in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Despite considerable spread in the detailed variations, mapping methods that fit the data more closely also tend to agree more closely with each other in regional averages. Encouragingly, this includes mapping methods belonging to complementary types – taking variability either directly from the pCO2 data or indirectly from driver data via regression. From a weighted ensemble average, we find an IAV amplitude of the global sea–air CO2 flux of 0.31 PgC yr−1 (standard deviation over 1992–2009), which is larger than simulated by biogeochemical process models. From a decadal perspective, the global ocean CO2 uptake is estimated to have gradually increased since about 2000, with little decadal change prior to that. The weighted mean net global ocean CO2 sink estimated by the SOCOM ensemble is −1.75 PgC yr−1 (1992–2009), consistent within uncertainties with estimates from ocean-interior carbon data or atmospheric oxygen trends.


We used the largest DNA-based phylogeny of flowering plants to date to evaluate the importance of energy vs. past climate change in predicting global patterns in diversification. Relative diversification rates increased towards the equator, suggesting that differences in per-lineage net diversification may be an important component of the latitudinal diversity gradient. The amplitude of Quaternary climate oscillations experienced by families explained variation in diversification equally well compared to contemporary energy measures, and energy and climate change measures were intercorrelated, making it difficult to reject either as a causal mechanism. Many putative mechanisms linking diversification to energy availability do not apply to plants, whereas the climate change mechanism has more support. We also present the first global map of angiosperm diversification, showing that, after correcting for family range-size, tropical diversification rates were fastest for clades currently in regions with high endemic species richness outside the main lowland rainforest areas.


In this study we assessed a Kohonen network's ability to represent visual similarity between grayscale pictures and whether these representations were associated with human ratings of perceived similarity. We trained a Kohonen network (SOM) with 370 standardized grayscale pictures deriving from 70 basic level object categories (e.g. dog, apple, chair, etc.) and measured, for each category, the average Euclidean distance of the SOM output patterns to provide an index of the visual similarity between exemplars of the same basic level category. We then asked human subjects to provide visual similarity ratings for the same categories of stimuli and compared these with the measures extracted from the SOM. The significant correlation between the SOM and human measures suggests that a SOM may be a useful way of modeling certain stages of human visual categorization. Interestingly, the human ratings showed category-specific differences in the level of similarity ascribed to living and nonliving things. However, this pattern was not reflected in the SOM representations of the same stimuli. This has important implications for theories of object recognition and, specifically, our understanding of category-specific naming impairments.


Governments and regional agencies of the Pacific Islands are strengthening their commitment to sustainable oceans management through proactive policies and programs. The Blue Economy concept is increasingly being invoked, yet clarity on definitions and implementation steps remain vague. This paper reviews reports, academic literature and regional speeches to develop a Blue Economy conceptual framework which is then applied to three case studies from the fisheries sector – small scale fisheries, urban fish markets and onshore tuna processing. The cases illustrate an imbalance in attention paid to key components of the Blue Economy and missed opportunities for integration across scales, time and stakeholders with a few noteworthy exceptions. Issues of power, agency and gender remain weakly addressed even in the most recent initiatives. While clearly defining components of the Blue Economy provides a valuable tool for assessing coverage of key elements of sustainable ocean management, it is less obvious that the new label, Blue Economy, significantly advances practice beyond existing sustainable development frameworks. A proliferation in terms adds more complexity to an already challenging management space. Nevertheless, the conceptual framework is useful for structuring evaluations of practice, and helping to reveal missing ingredients necessary for the sustainable development of


A large current archeological work study the space occupation evolution in time by the societies. The observation of these spatial transformations can depend on a geostatistical approach through global and local Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA). The map is a unique exploratory tool. In fact, exploratory spatial data analysis methods provide a way of observing the spatial organizations. By combining these calculation methods, it is clearly possible to bring out spatial structures or put forward new hypotheses. These approaches allow identifying any possible spatial particularities or local clusters at different step of time (Cressie 1993, Fotheringham et al 2000). They are used to create in fine map of change. However, questions remain about how to evaluate the reliability or robustness of these hypotheses and these results? How to compare these spatial forms over time? How to interpret these maps of change? To extend that, firstly, the "statistical sample" used is based on archaeological information including complex inventory properties (heterogeneity, incompleteness, data missing) are not measurable. On the other hand, statistical processes tested in the methods used (K Ripley) are based on homogeneous spatial phenomena, which is not appropriateness to archaeological data. Indeed, Orton has underlined that "their use [of K-Ripley statistics] is based on the assumption of a homogeneous and isotropic point process; there may well be reasons in practice why such an assumption does not hold" (Orton 2004, p. 303), suggesting the Pelissier and Goreaud's approach (Goreaud, Pelissier 2001) wich consists to dissect spatial patterns into different scale. As, archaeologists deal with vast inventories, the recurring question is how to use them? How to incorporate this uncertainty in data analysis? An experience could be carried out with very different geographically and chronologically sets of archeological data from several programs. This experience inspired in part the work of Bevan and Conolly (2006). They are the pioneers to show that the robustness of statistical results could be validated with application of multi-scalar and sampling approaches for each study area. These methods seem to overcome some of the problems of missing data. Finally, one of the perspectives of this experiment is the use in archeology from the comparison of seed points to non-homogeneous point process as developed and described these recent years in the field of ecology (Perry, Miller 2006). These methods are used to explore the soundness of spatial pattern detection for archaeological inventories. A modified form of the K-function suitable for inhomogeneous point pattern is used (Baddeley, Turner 2005), which takes into account the variation of pattern's intensity in space.


The aim of this paper is to analyse the influence of the economic growth process on the Romanian employment, in the 1990-2010 period. The results of this study highlight, on the one hand, the existence of a negative employment intensity in Romania (expressed by the employment elasticity of economic growth). This fact invalidates the economic theory, which states that there is a direct relationship between employment and economic growth, but of different intensity from one period to another and from one country to another. On the other hand, these results also underline the profound changes that have happened in terms of employment intensity over the last two decades, as well as the factors that have determined these changes.


Given a spatio-temporal network, a source, a destination, and a desired departure time interval, the All-departure-time Lagrangian Shortest Paths (ALSP) problem determines a set which includes the shortest path for every departure time in the given interval. ALSP is important for critical societal applications such as eco-routing. However, ALSP is computationally challenging due to the non-stationary ranking of the candidate paths across distinct departure-times. Current related work for reducing the redundant work, across consecutive departure-times sharing a common solution, exploits only partial information e.g., the earliest feasible arrival time of a path. In contrast, our approach uses all available information, e.g., the entire time series of arrival times for all departure-times. This allows elimination of all knowable redundant computation based on complete information available at hand. We operationalize this idea through the concept of critical-time-points (CTP), i.e., departure-times before which ranking among candidate paths cannot change. In our preliminary work, we proposed a CTP based forward search strategy. In this paper, we propose a CTP based temporal bi-directional search for the ALSP problem via a novel impromptu rendezvous termination condition. Theoretical and experimental analysis show that the proposed approach outperforms the related work approaches particularly when there are few critical-time-points.


An assessment was made to determine the suitability of RAPD analysis for identification of the Australian wildflower Ozothamnus diosmifolius (Vent.) DC [syn. Helichrysum diosmifolium (Vent) Sweet] cultivars and lines. Of 19 arbitrary primer sequences tested, 16 revealed a high degree of polymorphism between the six most important genotypes with commercial significance, producing a total of 166 markers, of which 70% were polymorphic. Several primers (such as OPD-03 and OPM-07) were able to distinguish all tested genotypes from one another, showing an intracultivar consistency. These results indicate that RAPD analysis is a useful tool for establishing genetic diversity in this species as well as assisting in commercial protection of plant breeders' rights.


Some studies have looked at how people from different countries share knowledge, information and ideas but the research is still limited. Therefore, this research takes up the challenge to find out the relationship of societal culture and knowledge sharing in multi-national and crosscultural 'virtual community.' The purpose of this paper is to quantitatively assess the relationship of long-term orientation which influences sharing of knowledge, ideas and information in virtual community among different cultural groups. Data were collected from the world's second largest multinational PC manufacturing company that serves customers across 160 countries. The analysis from five of the countries specifically examines the relationship of long-term orientation with knowledge sharing in the virtual community context. The finding is a positive relationship implying that managers of virtual communities need to provide both resources and time for members to build relationships and to positively share and co-create knowledge (aimed at the future) rather than concentrate on the past and present thus stifling knowledge sharing. The study contributes by uniquely combining in one study, long-term (cultural) orientation, and knowledge sharing in virtual communities from different countries. The limitation of the study is the use of only one cultural dimension of Hofstede. Future studies should use other dimensions as well as dimensions other than Hofstede's. Nonetheless, this study has given practical guides to managers of virtual communities.


A prominent problem with the WTO dispute settlement procedures is the practical difficulty faced by small and developing countries in finding the capacity to effectively retaliate against trading partners that are in violation of their WTO commitments. In light of this problem, Mexico has proposed that retaliation rights be made tradeable.' We offer a first formal analysis of the possibility that retaliation rights within the WTO system be allocated through auctions. We show that the auctions exhibit externalities among bidders, and we characterize equilibrium bidder behavior under alternative auction formats. A key feature of auction format is whether the country in violation of its WTO commitments is prevented from bidding to retire the right of retaliation: if so, then the possibility of auction failure' arises, in which no bids are made despite positive valuation by the bidders; if not, then auction failure is precluded, and indeed the right of retaliation is always retired. We also evaluate these different auction formats from normative (revenue, efficiency) standpoints.


International criminal law lacks a coherent account of individual responsibility. This failure is due to the inability of international tribunals to capture the distinctive nature of individual responsibility for crimes that are collective by their very nature. Specifically, they have misunderstood the nature of the collective action or framework that makes these crimes possible, and for which liability can be attributed to intellectual authors and leaders. In this paper, I draw on the insights of comparative law and methodology to propose a new doctrine of perpetration that reflects the role and function of high level participants in mass atrocity while simultaneously situating them within the political and social climate which renders these crimes possible. This new doctrine is developed through a novel approach which combines and restructures divergent theoretical perspectives on attribution of responsibility in the English and German domestic criminal law systems as major representatives of the common law and civil law systems. At the same time, it harnesses social science literature to identify and capture, in doctrinal terms, the unique circumstances in which mass atrocity occurs.


The centrosome is responsible for nucleating microtubules and performing other cellular roles. To define the organization of the centrosome more completely, a human anti-centrosome serum was used to screen a human cDNA library, and a cDNA encoding a >350 kDa centrosome protein was identified. Sequence analyses revealed that this novel centrosome protein contains two coiled-coil domains bounded by non-coiled regions. The N-terminal region of the protein, named pericentrin-B, shares 61% identity (75% similarity) with pericentrin, suggesting an evolutionary relationship between these proteins. Antibodies against pericentrin-B stain centrosomes at all stages of the cell cycle, and pericentrin-B remains associated with centrosomes following microtubule depolymerization. Immunodepletion of neither pericentrin-B nor PCM-1 from cellular extracts inhibited the ability of salt-stripped centrosomes to recover microtubule nucleation potential, demonstrating that neither protein plays a key role in microtubule nucleation processes. Moreover, the binding of both PCM-1 and pericentrin-B with salt-stripped centrosomes required intact microtubules, demonstrating that the association of PCM-1 and pericentrin-B with centrosomes is a late event in the centrosome maturation process. Finally, pericentrin-B and PCM-1 coimmunoprecipitate, suggesting that PCM-1 and pericentrin-B form a functional complex in cells. This observation may help to explain the generation of anti-centrosome autoantibodies in certain autoimmune patients and may be important for centrosome function.


We present preliminary observations on three waters impacts from the Mw7.8 14th November 2016 Kaikōura Earthquake on wider metropolitan Wellington, urban and rural Marlborough, and in Kaikōura township. Three waters systems in these areas experienced widespread and significant transient ground deformation in response to seismic shaking, with localised permanent ground deformation via liquefaction and lateral spreading. In Wellington, potable water quality was impacted temporarily by increased turbidity, and significant water losses occurred due to damaged pipes at the port. The Seaview and Porirua wastewater treatment plants sustained damage to clarifier tanks from water seiching, and increased water infiltration to the wastewater system occurred. Most failure modes in urban Marlborough were similar to the 2010-2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence; however some rural water tanks experienced rotational and translational movements, highlighting importance of flexible pipe connections. In Kaikōura, damage to reservoirs and pipes led to loss of water supply and compromised firefighting capability. Wastewater damage led to environmental contamination, and necessitated restrictions on greywater entry into the system to minimise flows. Damage to these systems necessitated the importation of tankered and bottled water, boil water notices and chlorination of the system, and importation of portaloos and chemical toilets. Stormwater infrastructure such as road drainage channels was also damaged, which could compromise condition of underlying road materials. Good operational asset management practices (current and accurate information, renewals, appreciation of criticality, good system knowledge and practical contingency plans) helped improve system resilience, and having robust emergency management centres and accurate Geographic Information System data allowed effective response coordination. Minimal damage to the wider built environment facilitated system inspections. Note Future research will include detailed geospatial assessments of seismic demand on these systems and attendant modes of failure, levels of service restoration, and collaborative development of resilience measures.


Abstract : The anti-vehicular landmine threat has increased greatly since 2005. It has now become one of theimportant causes of vehicle losses in combat operations, and a major threat to vehicle occupants in manycountries. Experimental and numerical studies of buried charge effects on structure and the measurement ofthe loading produced by landmines become important topics to study. These types of researches are done tosupport the development of improved vehicle protection to resist blast from landmines and ImprovisedExplosive Devices (IED's). Since it is a very challenging task to model explosive detonation, shock waveformation and propagation as well as interaction with structures from first principles, a phenomenologicalapproach was investigated. Many non-impulsive pressure models were investigated to model the damage ona plate from a blast landmine. The assumption that the loading generated by the blast is purely impulse iscritically investigated and rejected. A new non-impulsive time-distribution pressure model is then proposed.The outputs of the new pressure model were validated using experimental data from 6 kg TNT experimentaltests on plate flat.


Abstract. This presentation will highlight Stanford University Libraries' development of institutional best practices for identifying relationships among cartographic resources stored within the university's digital preservation repository and made available to end users from contextualized discovery catalogs: SearchWorks and EarthWorks. The use of map interfaces as a tool for searching and retrieving of geographic information has greatly influenced the design of structural metadata and the related management of elegant workflows for supporting consistent procedures, both amongst the cartographic metadata librarians, as well as across greater Stanford Library policies. As collections of maps, atlases, and geospatial imagery are increasingly being digitized and georeferenced for use in a number of research contexts and purposes, new digital data are produced and made available through spatial data infrastructures, geoportals, and programmatic APIs. Our goal is to preserve the lineage that exists between primary source materials - such as centuries-old maps - and their derivative or versioned datasets, and to make this track both transparent and easily actionable for end users who are evaluating materials found through search engines or contextualized discovery platforms. The goal is to provide users with easily navigable links between the source materials and all subsequent versions. Our work relies on the use of structured metadata to define relationship types that commonly exist between cartographic materials old and new, and includes the use of persistent links that direct users to both source materials, as well as to georectified imagery, or shapefile index maps that are based upon those source materials. Using examples of Japanese maps of Tokyo, from several of Stanford's rare and historic cartographic collections (housed at the East Asia Library, David Rumsey Map Center, and Branner Earth Sciences Library), we will present a standardized list of relationships which are prevalent among cartographic data collections and we will demonstrate how we have designed and leveraged metadata in these cases in order to facilitate the user's intuitive discovery, reuse, and citation of related map content.


Covering the volatile period from 1945 to 1962, Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov explore the personalities and motivations of the key people who directed Soviet political life and shaped Soviet foreign policy. They begin with the fearsome figure of Joseph Stalin, who was driven by the dual dream of a Communist revolution and a global empire. They reveal the scope and limits of Stalin's ambitions by taking us into the world of his closest subordinates, the ruthless and unimaginative foreign minister Molotov and the Party's chief propagandist, Zhdanov, a man brimming with hubris and missionary zeal. The authors expose the machinations of the much-feared secret police chief Beria and the party cadre manager Malenkov, who tried but failed to set Soviet policies on a different course after Stalin's death. Finally, they document the motives and actions of the self-made and self-confident Nikita Khrushchev, full of Russian pride and party dogma, who overturned many of Stalin's policies with bold strategizing on a global scale. The authors show how, despite such attempts to change Soviet diplomacy, Stalin's legacy continued to divide Germany and Europe, and led the Soviets to the split with Maoist China and to the Cuban missile crisis. Zubok and Pleshakov's groundbreaking work reveals how Soviet statesmen conceived and conducted their rivalry with the West within the context of their own domestic and global concerns and aspirations. The authors persuasively demonstrate that the Soviet leaders did not seek a conflict with the United States, yet failed to prevent it or bring it to conclusion. They also document why and how Kremlin policy-makers, cautious and scheming as they were, triggered the gravest crises of the Cold War in Korea, Berlin, and Cuba. Taking us into the corridors of the Kremlin and the minds of its leaders, Zubok and Pleshakov present intimate portraits of the men who made the West fear, to reveal why and how they acted as they did


We demonstrate the generation of high-energy sub-2-cycle laser pulses generated through hollow core fibre pulse compression. We demonstrate their full characterization with two independent methods. For all-optical characterization in amplitude and spectral phase, we employ spatially encoded arrangement spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction using spectrally filtered ancilla beams to characterize the sub-4-fs pulses with spatial resolution. For field-sensitive pulse characterization, we generate isolated attosecond pulses around 93 eV. The attosecond pulse as well as the infrared few-cycle pulse is characterized in amplitude and phase using the frequency resolved optical gating for complete reconstruction of the attosecond bursts technique. We find good agreement between the two methods.


The use of orthonormal coordinates in the simplex and, particularly, balance coordinates, has suggested the use of a dendrogram for the exploratory analysis of compositional data. The dendrogram is based on a sequential binary partition of a compositional vector into groups of parts. At each step of a partition, one group of parts is
divided into two new groups, and a balancing axis in the simplex between both groups
is defined. The set of balancing axes constitutes an orthonormal basis, and the projections of the sample on them are orthogonal coordinates. They can be represented in a
dendrogram-like graph showing: (a) the way of grouping parts of the compositional vector; (b) the explanatory role of each subcomposition generated in the partition process;
(c) the decomposition of the total variance into balance components associated with
each binary partition; (d) a box-plot of each balance. This representation is useful to
help the interpretation of balance coordinates; to identify which are the most explanatory coordinates; and to describe the whole sample in a single diagram independently
of the number of parts of the sample


Glittering pools of light, bubbles of delirium, sub-troped as post-alien category 7/humanoid, deepspace cleansing operative 7S1A/Abiona (fly-head), including tentacle attachments and penis-vagina refurb, moving across the blackness – galaxy reflected in her visor. Bubbles as convex mirrors multiplied and enlarged with the reflections of perfumed jars and dust strewn with golden stars in imitation of heaven. Meat suit with bio implants. Rotating above Entrance hatch x117.
Even her eyes are flesh. She sprouts wings at her sides. Golden scales reflecting the sun. As an intensity of mimicry and acting out of the cadavers of place. Miming mime itself. Gliding upwards. An angel. Flames trembling with multiple scintillations and pearls glowing like white flowers, emitting long white spirals. As a movement across the material and the divine.

Half-burned carcasses, rose-tinted by the sea, ascending by insensible degrees to the edge of the sky. Luxury and fire. Crystal. The sun's latest fires gilding the carapaces of turtles as they come forth from the reeds to inhale the breeze. Stars. And a sheet of blood flowing over the mosaics. Coral. green, yellow, blue, violet. Gleaming like splashes of milk, blue icicles, and silver dust, black flames and silver vat, pearls. Rays of the sun. Soothing.


Advocacy at local, national, and international levels has resulted in significant progress in Latin America in the creation of regulatory frameworks and the implementation of a spectrum of accessible transport modes in the largest cities in the region. Initial steps toward access to transport and related infrastructure are now on the agenda in most of the major cities in Central and South America. Some Latin American innovations have become models of best practice now being replicated in other regions. However, the accessible design and operation of smaller vehicles has tended to be ignored, as has the implementation of access in smaller cities and rural areas. This paper reviews data on transit disabled populations and discusses the growth of advocacy for accessible transport over the past decade. The influence of international standards and the growth of regulatory frameworks is discussed. The status of implementation of accessible transport in the region's largest cities is presented.


There has been a growing debate regarding the role of the government and the effects of agricultural policies and interventions on agricultural markets. This therefore prompted this study to analyse the role of Malawi Agricultural Commodity Exchange (MACE) project as a market-enhancing intervention on aggregate market performance in Malawi using cointegration methods. MACE was introduced to improve agricultural market functioning through market information system. The study specifically examined the extent of spatial rice market integration, causality relationships among spatially separated markets and the dynamic adjustments of rice price series. The study used monthly price series data from 1994 to 2007 obtained from the ministry of agriculture. The data was divided into three sets; full sample, Pre-MACE and Post-MACE. Stationarity tests were done and it was noted that Salima and Bangula for full sample and Chitipa for Pre and Post-MACE price series were stationary in levels implying that these markets did not share the long-term trend with the major urban centres in Malawi in their respective samples. Cointegration results have shown that spatial rice market integration in Malawi is on average marginally improving. Compared to Pre-MACE period, cointegration and interdependence among markets appeared to be increasing during the Post-MACE era. Cointegration has also revealed that rice markets have been operating as a unified market system over the period of study. However, the study left out other factors affecting market integration due to financial and time constraints hence this improvement can not be fully accredited to MACE intervention. Nevertheless, since the aggregate picture observed in this study is an improvement of market integration the study recommends a promotion of MACE intervention to reach even more remote areas. The project needs to consider collecting and disseminating other market information such as trade flows, transaction costs and transfer costs. The study also recommends that further studies on market integration should take care of other structural determinants of market integration such as marketing infrastructure e.g. transportation, government policies and should consider application of the threshold autoregressive models (catering for transaction costs).


We herein report a patient without risk factors who presented acute bilateral Irvine-Gass syndrome after uneventful phacoemulsification. The novelty of our case lies on the fact that the patient presented acute bilateral Irvine-Gass syndrome without a predisposing systemic disease. Even though Cystoid Macular Edema (CME) was somehow expected in the first eye because of the ocular history of trauma, prophylactic measures were not strong enough to avoid its development. Furthermore, those measures could not avoid developing CME in the second eye. A 44-years-old male who underwent cataract surgery in both eyes presented bilateral Irvine-Gass syndrome. Despite prophylactic measures, both eyes developed CME after uneventful cataract surgery. Regular treatment options could not solve the situation and intravitreal Anti-VEGF injections were needed. Bilateral cases of Irvine-Gass Syndrome are rare and generally associated with systemic risk factors. Patients who developed CME following their first cataract surgery should be counseled about the risks of developing the condition following surgery on the contralateral eye. On top of that, aggressive prophylactic measures should be encouraged to prevent CME in these cases.


Databases often give incorrect answers when data are missing or semantic understanding of the data is required. Processing such queries requires human input for providing the missing information, for performing computationally difficult functions, and for matching, ranking, or aggregating results based on fuzzy criteria. In this demo we present CrowdDB, a hybrid database system that automatically uses crowdsourcing to integrate human input for processing queries that a normal database system cannot answer. CrowdDB uses SQL both as a language to ask complex queries and as a way to model data stored electronically and provided by human input. Furthermore, queries are automatically compiled and optimized. Special operators provide user interfaces in order to integrate and cleanse human input. Currently CrowdDB supports two crowdsourcing platforms: Amazon Mechanical Turk and our own mobile phone platform. During the demo, the mobile platform will allow the VLDB crowd to participate as workers and help answer otherwise impossible queries.


We present a computational framework suitable for a data-driven approach to structural equation modeling (SEM) and describe several workflows for modeling functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data within this framework. The Computational Neuroscience Applications Research Infrastructure (CNARI) employs a high-level scripting language called Swift, which is capable of spawning hundreds of thousands of simultaneous R processes (R Development Core Team, 2008), consisting of self-contained SEMs, on a high performance computing system (HPC). These self-contained R processing jobs are data objects generated by OpenMx, a plug-in for R, which can generate a single model object containing the matrices and algebraic information necessary to estimate parameters of the model. With such an infrastructure in place a structural modeler may begin to investigate exhaustive searches of the model space. Specific applications of the infrastructure, statistics related to model fit, and limitations are discussed in relation to exhaustive SEM. In particular, we discuss how workflow management techniques can help to solve large computational problems in neuroimaging.


Human gel-filtered platelets (GFP) and radiolabeled prostacyclin (PGI2), prostaglandin (PG) E2 and PGE1 were used to ascertain whether PGI2 and PGs of the E series share a common receptor or have their own specific receptors on platelets. Attention was given to ensuring the proper experimental conditions to compensate for the rapid half-life of PGI2 at physiologic pH. Specific [3H] PGI2 binding to GFP was maximal at 5 min and pH 7.45. Scatchard analysis indicated a single class of binding sites with an apparent KD of 4.52 X 10(-8) M and 1130 sites per platelet. Approximately 90% of specifically bound [3H]PGI2 could be dissociated by excess unlabeled PGI2 by 5 min. The IC50 for PGI2 was 66 nM. By 5 min, PGE1 and PGE2 were only 7.17 and 0.03%, respectively, as potent inhibitors of binding. Maximal specific binding of either [3H]PGE2 or [3H]PGE1 to GFP occurred by 60 min. During 60-min incubations with [3H]PGE2, the IC50 values for PGE2 and PGE1 were 3 and 6 nM, respectively. When [3H]PGE1 was used, the IC50 values for PGE1 and PGE2 were 30 and 10 nM, respectively. To examine PGI2 competition for [3H] PGE2 and [3H]PGE1 binding sites, 5-min incubation periods were used. PGI2 was only 0.38% as potent an inhibitor of [3H]PGE2 compared to PGE2 and only 30% as potent an inhibitor of [3H] PGE1 compared to PGE1. Scatchard analysis of the 60-min competition experiments using [3H]PGE2 and [3H]PGE1 and the homologous unlabeled ligand yielded curvilinear plots in both instances.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


This paper investigates the profitability of technical trading rules in the Athens Stock Exchange (ASE), utilizing the FTSE/ASE-20 index over the period 1995-2008. We focus on a less developed and efficient stock market, given the existing paucity of research in such markets. The technical rules that are going to be explored are simple moving averages. We compare technical trading strategies in the spirit of Brock, Lakonishok and LeBaron (Journal of Finance, 1992), employing traditional t-test and bootstrap methodology under the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model. The results provide strong evidence on the profitability of those technical trading rules against the "buy and hold" strategy and contradict with the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), since investors can gain abnormal returns.


The purpose of this study is to explore attitudes and beliefs that affect decisions about prescribing and administering pain medications in older adults who live in long-term care (LTC), with a particular emphasis on those with cognitive impairment. At each of the four participating LTC facilities, data were gathered from three separate groups of health care professionals: physicians, registered nurses, and registered practical nurses. Based on grounded theory, a model was developed that highlighted critical decision points for nurses and physicians regarding pain management. The major themes that emerged from the data concerned pain assessment (lack of recognition of pain, uncertainty about the accuracy of pain assessment and diagnosis) and treatment (reluctance to use opioids, working to individualize pain treatments, issues relating to physician trust of the nurse on prescribing patterns). These findings may facilitate the development of innovative approaches to pain management in LTC settings.


Participation in a study abroad program to Zambia with intentional intercultural activities embedded in the course curriculum has been shown to enhance cultural competence as measured by the Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI®) (Krishnan, Masters, Holgate, Wang & Calahan, 2017). The purpose of this study was to assess whether a new program to India, developed using a. similar model, was effective in increasing student intercultural competence and to compare student outcomes with the previous program to evaluate possible differences in outcomes related to the destination country. Participants included 21 students who participated in the SLHS in India study abroad program, and 20 students who have not travelled abroad. Quantitative data included a pre- and post-program administration of the IDI® for both groups. Qualitative data included pre-departure and final reflection papers completed by participants in the intervention group. Results indicated a significant increase in intercultural competence in the intervention group and no change in score in the control group participants. The increase in group score is similar to increases seen in students who had travelled to Zambia. Results indicate that an intensive, service learning study abroad program can be a mechanism for students to enhance intercultural competence, possibly regardless of destination country.


This article is an effort influenced by previous works considered part of "trickster" discourse. But unlike other trickster stories meant to illustrate First Nations' contents and processes, this presentation creates a Metis-specific example of trickster methodology and knowledge. Similar to the historic role Metis individuals have had in Canadian history, this effort contains a type of "translator" system within its citations so that the main story parallels information about trends in Canadian legal analysis. By having this format, it is hoped that those less familiar with Metis courtroom struggles will gain insight into how the pursuit of Metis constitutionalism both protects a culture's existence and ensures Canada's constitution is interpreted in its most robust form. As an attempt to make more knowledge about Indigenous peoples more accessible, this piece is also meant to challenge assumptions within scholarly and judicial circles about the forms intellectual analysis can have.


OBJECTIVE
To describe the use of intravenous (IV) therapy in the South African (SA) prehopsital setting, and to determine the proportion of prehopsital cannulations considered unnecessary when graded against the South African Triage Score (SATS) chart.

METHODS
The study was conducted in the prehospital emergency medical care setting in the Western Cape Province, SA. Using a descriptive research design, we looked at the report forms of patients treated and transported by personnel currently employed in the public sector, serving the urban and rural areas stipulated by the municipal boundaries. All medical and trauma cases in which establishment of IV access was documented for the month of April 2013 were included. Interhospital transfers, unsuccessful attempts at IV access and intraosseous cannulation were excluded.

RESULTS
When graded against the SATS, prophylactic IV access was not justified in 42.3% of the total number of cases (N=149) in which it was established, and therefore added no direct benefit to the continuum of patient care. It is worth noting that 18.8% (n=39) of the IV lines were utilised for fluid administration, as opposed to 9.2% (n=19) for the administration of IV medications.

CONCLUSION
In view of the paucity of studies indicating a direct benefit of out-of-hospital IV intervention, the practice of precautionary, protocol-driven prophylactic establishment of IV access should be evaluated. Current data suggest that in the absence of scientific evidence, IV access should only be initiated when it will benefit the patient immediately, and precautionary IV access, especially in non-injured patients, should be re-evaluated.


Tim Wendel, High Heat: The Secret History of the Fastball and the Improbable Search for the Fastest Pitcher of All Time. Cambridge, MA: De Capo Press, 2010. 288 pp. Cloth, $25.00. Serious sports have wiled away many hours trying to answer such age-old questions as who was the all-time greatest athlete or the best at performing one particular facet of the game that they love. Boxing enthusiasts, for example, seem to never tire of arguing over who was the best heavyweight of all time, Muhammad Ali or Joe Louis, while college basketball aficionados regularly dispute the identity of the best team ever. Baseball fans are no different, endlessly contemplating such questions as who was the greatest hitter or pitcher, which slugger hit the ball the farthest, and, as discussed in this fast-paced, well-written volume, which pitcher threw the hardest. Author Tim Wendel traveled across the country in his attempt to uncover the fastest pitcher of all time, conducting archival research and interviewing numerous baseball writers, former and current players and managers, and some of the pitchers who can legitimately claim to be the fastest ever, including Bob Feller and Nolan Ryan. Not content to solely focus on modern-era players, Wendel begins his journey with a brief examination of nineteenth-century fireballers, including Pud Galvin, Amos Rusie, and James Creighton--perhaps the game's first flamethrower, who has been relegated to obscurity because he died at the age of twenty-one, just as he was coming into his own. Wendel's discussion of the fastest in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries includes most of the usual suspects--Walter Johnson, Smokey Joe Wood, Lefty Grove, Satchel Paige, Feller, Sandy Kou fax, Ryan, Billy Wagner, and Steve Dalkowski. Wendel invigorates his narrative by lacing it with colorful anecdotes about each pitcher's background, pitching prowess, and personality. We learn, for example, that Walter Johnson feared killing a batter with a pitch and regretted the one time that he went against his instincts and deliberately threw at an opposing player. We read about Lefty Grove's infamous temper tantrums after losses, Sandy Koufax's early wildness, and Nolan Ryan's early struggles--which nearly caused the future Hall of Famer to walk away from the game. But if there is a central character in Wendel's tale it is Steve Dalkowski, who, even though he might have been the fastest of them all, never made the majors due to his extraordinary wildness and his inability to bring his personal demons, including his love for alcohol, under control. The inspiration for the character "Nuke" LaLoosh in the movie Bull Durham, Dalkowski possessed speed and wildness that supposedly intimidated even the legendary Ted Williams, who, after watching the left-hander throw to a few batters before an Orioles-Red Sox spring training contest, asked to take some swings against Dalkowski. …


Legal texts cons� tute an unparalleled – and o� en untapped – source of informa� on for those studying the literature, languages and history of medieval and Viking Age Scandinavia. The Lexicon is a welcome contribu� on to the study of medieval Scandinavia on two counts: fi rstly, it makes accessible a wealth of vernacular historical documents for an English-speaking audience. Secondly, it presents legal terminologies that span the languages and geographies of medieval Scandinavia, drawing on twenty-fi ve legal texts composed in Old Swedish, Old Icelandic, Old Norwegian, Old Danish, Old Gutnish and Old Faroese. By colla� ng and juxtaposing legal terms, the Lexicon thus off ers its readers a fascina� ng, comprehensive window into the legal milieu of medieval Scandinavia as a unifi ed whole.


BACKGROUND
Recent investigations suggest that experience plays an important role in the development of face processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of experience in the development of the ability to process facial expressions of emotion.

METHOD
We examined the potential role of experience indirectly by investigating the relationship between the emotional environment provided by mothers (as indexed by affective measures of their personality) and 7-month-olds' processing of emotional expressions (as indexed by visual attention and event-related potentials [ERPs]).

RESULTS
For positive emotion, infants with highly positive mothers looked longer at fearful than happy expressions, and a subset of these infants who themselves also scored highly on positive temperament showed a larger negative central (Nc) component in the ERP to fearful than happy faces. For negative emotion, there were no detectable influences of maternal personality, although very fearful infants showed a larger Nc to fearful than happy expressions over the right hemisphere.

CONCLUSION
To the extent that these variations in maternal disposition reflect variations in their expression of positive facial expressions, these results suggest that the emotional environment experienced by infants contributes to the development of their responses to facial expressions.


There is continuing public and media debate in Australia and overseas about the worth of driver training for car drivers as a means of improving driver behaviour and reducing road crash involvement. In view of this there is a need for road safety professionals, and the public at large, to be well informed about the merits and effectiveness of such training as a crash countermeasure. This paper summarises an extensive review of the international literature on the effectiveness of driver training programs for learner drivers, young/recently licensed drivers and experienced drivers produced for the RACV Public Policy Group in mid 2001. Overall, the paper concludes that driver training could not be considered an effective crash countermeasure. Other approaches such as increased supervision and graduated licensing for novice drivers and traffic law enforcement for all drivers are likely to make greater and more lasting contributions to road safety.


Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is an optimization metaheuristic based in the foraging behavior of ants. This metaheuristic was originally proposed to find good solutions to discrete combinatorial problems. Many extensions of the ACO for continuous domains have been proposed, but even those with close similarity with classical (discrete domain) ACO do not use the heuristic information called visibility commonly used in the original ACO algorithm. In this paper we show the importance of the visibility in ACO and propose its implementation for a continuous domain ACO algorithm. The improvement in convergence speed is shown in results of experiments when the visibility heuristic is


INSTRUMENT DESIGN OPTIMIZATION WITH COMPUTATIONAL METHODS Michael H. Moore Old Dominion University, 2017 Director: Dr. Silviu Covrig Dusa Using Finite Element Analysis to approximate the solution of differential equations, two different instruments in experimental Hall C at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility are analyzed. The time dependence of density fluctuations from the liquid hydrogen (LH2) target used in theQweak experiment (2011-2012) are studied with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and the simulation results compared to data from the experiment. The 2.5 kW liquid hydrogen target was the highest power LH2 target in the world and the first to be designed with CFD at Jefferson Lab. The first complete magnetic field simulation of the Super High Momentum Spectrometer (SHMS) is presented with a focus on primary electron beam deflection downstream of the target. The SHMS consists of a superconducting horizontal bending magnet (HB) and three superconducting quadrupole magnets. The HB allows particles scattered at an angle of 5.5◦ to the beam line to be steered into the quadrupole magnets which make up the optics of the spectrometer. Without mitigation, remnant fields from the SHMS may steer the unscattered beam outside of the acceptable envelope on the beam dump and limit beam operations at small scattering angles. A solution is proposed using optimal placement of a minimal amount of shielding iron around the beam line.


While host mobility support for individual mobile hosts (MHs) has been widely investigated and developed over the past years, there has been relatively less attention to NEtwork MObility (NEMO). Since NEMO Basic Support (NEMO-BS) was developed, it has been the central pillar in Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) communication architectures for maintaining the vehicle's Internet connectivity. As the vehicle moves around, it attaches to a new access network and is required to register a new address obtained from the new access network to a home agent (HA). This location update of NEMO-BS often results in unacceptable long handover latency and increased traffic load to the vehicle. To address these issues, in this paper, we introduce new NEMO support protocols, which rely on mobility service provisioning entities introduced in Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), as possible mobility support protocols for ITS. As a base protocol, we present PMIPv6-based NEMO (P-NEMO) to maintain the vehicle's Internet connectivity while moving and without participating in the location update management. In P-NEMO, the mobility management for the vehicle is supported by mobility service provisioning entities residing in a given PMIPv6 domain. To further improve handover performance, fast P-NEMO (FP-NEMO) has been developed as an extension protocol. FP-NEMO utilizes wireless L2 events to anticipate the vehicle's handovers. The mobility service provisioning entities prepare the vehicle's handover prior to the attachment of the vehicle to the new access network. Detailed handover procedures for P-NEMO and FP-NEMO are provided, and handover timing diagrams are presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed protocols. P-NEMO and FP-NEMO are compared with NEMO-BS in terms of traffic cost and handover latency.


This provision has proven to be especially inhibiting to judgment creditors struggling to enforce court orders against organs of state, and has led to calls for its reconsideration or even invalidation (Roos ''Executive disregard for court orders: enforcing judgments against the state'' 2006 SALJ 744). The question of the constitutionality of section 3 has actually been broached in numerous cases over the last number of years (see the references in Malherbe n 118 119).


Effluents from production of petroleum bitumens were submitted to treatment by three different AOPs at basic pH (i.e., O3, H2O2 and the combination of O3 and H2O2, a so-called peroxone). The paper presents studies on the identification and monitoring of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) degradation present in the effluents and formation of byproducts, COD, BOD5, sulfide ions, biotoxicity, and biodegradability changes during treatment. Peroxone at 25 °C with a ratio of oxidant in relation to the COD of the effluents (rox) of 0.49 achieved 43% and 34% of COD and BOD5 reduction resulting in the most effective AOP studied. S2– ions were effectively oxidized in all technologies studied. Ozonation at 25 °C and with a rox of 0.34 was the most effective process to degrade VOCs. Decrease in the biotoxicity was reported in O3 and peroxone processes. Byproduct formation in different AOPs was reported. These reductions revealed that these technologies are effective if used as pretreatment methods.


Educational research has emphasised the importance of emotional intelligence, epistemic beliefs and academic intrinsic motivation to the teaching and learning process, with a large number of studies focusing on these areas in different contexts and at different levels of education. The contribution the present study makes to this scholarship is threefold: firstly, it fills a gap in the literature by exploring these constructs with students enrolled on teacher education courses. Secondly, the research is conducted in the context of Pakistan, where there is a paucity of educational research concerning these three constructs. This thesis argues that attention to these three significant elements of the teaching and learning process are neglected in Pakistani teacher education institutions, and thus paying attention to them may improve the quality of education in the country. Furthermore, the third contribution made by this study is its exploration of all three constructs in relation to some basic demographic variables and in investigating how the emotional intelligence scores and epistemological beliefs scores of Pakistani student teachers might relate to their academic intrinsic motivation. This extends the findings from previous research, which has tended to explore these constructs individually, and has not explored the concepts in the Pakistani teacher education context.
The main aims of the present study are to explore (a) the relationship of emotional intelligence, epistemic beliefs and academic intrinsic motivation with demographic variables such as gender, age, previous area of study and previous highest educational qualification; (b) the relationship between student teachers' epistemic beliefs and their academic intrinsic motivation; and (c) the relationship between the emotional intelligence and the academic intrinsic motivation of prospective teachers. The study used questionnaires to collect data from 617 prospective teachers in Pakistan. The questionnaire gathered basic data on four demographics variables: gender, age, previous area of study and previous educational highest qualification. The questionnaire also included a measure for each of the three constructs of emotional intelligence, epistemic beliefs and academic intrinsic motivation.
The thesis begins by setting out the context of teacher education in Pakistan, arguing that the quality of education in Pakistan would be enhanced by greater attention to developing student teachers' understanding of emotional intelligence, epistemic beliefs and academic intrinsic motivation, and how these constructs impact on their teaching as well as on students' learning. The thesis also reviews the international literature specifically regarding the three constructs, setting out the background of each of these constructs and discussing how they have been studied in the context of educational research. The review of the literature finds that while these constructs are highly significant in educational research, they have not been extensively studied in the context of a) teacher education, b) Pakistan, and c) how emotional intelligence and epistemic beliefs dimensions predict or relate to academic intrinsic motivation dimensions.
The current findings indicated that student teachers had high attributes related to emotional intelligence and academic intrinsic motivation compared to epistemic beliefs. For gender analysis in relation to the three measures, more significant results were found regarding emotional intelligence and epistemic beliefs. The age analysis in relation to the three constructs did not indicate many statistically significant differences. Differences based on the previous areas of studies of the research participants and the three constructs indicated some significant differences. The differences based on education level in relation to the three measures indicated significant results on two measures namely: academic intrinsic motivation and epistemic beliefs, however the results were very inconsistent. The analysis of the relationship between epistemic beliefs and academic intrinsic motivation revealed significant results on three dimensions, from which two were positively linked with academic intrinsic motivation dimensions. The analysis of the relationship between the emotional intelligence of student teachers and their academic intrinsic motivation revealed that all the emotional intelligence dimensions were positively linked with academic intrinsic motivation dimensions.
In comparison, emotional intelligence appears to be a better predictor of academic intrinsic motivation compared to epistemological beliefs, as there were more significant results and positive associations between the dimensions of emotional intelligence and academic intrinsic motivation. Overall, the study highlights the significance of the development of emotional intelligence and epistemic beliefs of student teachers in the context of Pakistan. It is advisable that teacher education institutions in the country should focus on these areas. Finally, recommendations related to the study are presented for the attention of teacher education institutions.


Abstract—'Energy for all', is a global issue of concern for the past many years. Despite the number of technological advancements and innovations, significant numbers of people are living without access to electricity around the world. India, an emerging economy, tops the list of nations having the maximum number of residents living off the grid, thus raising global attention in past few years to provide clean and sustainable energy access solutions to all of its residents. It is evident from developed economies that centralized planning and electrification alone is not sufficient for meeting energy security. Implementation of off-grid and consumer-driven energy models like Decentralized Renewable Energy (DRE) systems have played a significant role in meeting the national energy demand in developed nations. Cases of DRE systems have been reported in developing countries like India for the past few years. This paper attempts to profile the status of DRE projects in the Indian context with their scope and relevance to ensure universal electrification. Diversified cases of DRE projects, particularly solar, biomass and micro hydro are identified in different Indian states. Critical factors affecting the sustainability of DRE projects are extracted with their interlinkages in the context of developers, beneficiaries and promoters involved in such projects. Socio-techno-economic indicators are identified through similar cases in the context of DRE projects. Exploratory factor analysis is performed to evaluate the critical sustainability factors followed by regression analysis to establish the relationship between the dependent and independent factors. The generated EFA-Regression model provides a basis to develop the sustainability and replicability framework for broader coverage of DRE projects in developing nations in order to attain the goal of universal electrification with least carbon emissions.


Through presentation of a personal account of the emergence of Education Network Australia (EdNA) in 1995 through to its eventual demise some 15 years later this article uses narrative inquiry to reflect upon a number of critical issues regarding the sustainability of learning communities and of the digital infrastructure that is developed to support them. 'Digital amnesia' is introduced as a construct to describe practices that ultimately led to the disappearance of digital content and services associated with Internet domains associated with EdNA – and hence the learning community associated with it. EdNA's demise is described as in terms of squandering social and community capital. The formation of a new entity and services intended to fill the service vacuum has shown little evidence of a sustainable approach or an understanding of the affordances of digital technology, particularly with regards to information stewardship. A number of lingering questions are teased out from the narrative and together represent a challenge for further inquiry.


Despite wide achievement gaps across California between students from different racial and socioeconomic backgrounds, some school districts have excelled at supporting the learning of all their students. This analysis identifies these positive outlier districts—those in which students of color, as well as White students, consistently achieve at higher levels than students from similar racial/ethnic backgrounds and from families of similar income and education levels in most other districts. These results are predicted, in significant part, by the qualifications of districts' teachers, as measured by their certification and experience. In particular, the proportion of underprepared teachers—those teaching on emergency permits, waivers, and intern credentials—is associated with decreased achievement for all students, while teaching experience is associated with increased achievement, especially for students of color.


Since half a century ago, the number and area of dead zones (dissolved oxygen (DO) < 2 mg L–1 or 30% saturation) in the coastal oceans has increased dramatically. As widely recognized, the increased terrestrial nutrient and organic matter inputs are the two main factors causing the eutrophication of many coastal oceans. Here we show with decadal observed time series data from stations off the Pearl River Estuary and in the northern South China Sea (nSCS) that a strong intrusion into the nSCS of the West Philippine Sea (WPS) seawater in the form of Kuroshio branch occurred during the warm phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) around 2003–2004 and 2015–2016 (also a strong El Niño event). Consequently, the DO concentration increased but NO3– and PO43– concentrations decreased in the subsurface layers of the nSCS. The WPS seawater was observed to reach the hypoxic area off the Pearl River Estuary in 2003–2004. Likely, due to the oxygen supply carried by the Kuroshio, little hypoxia developed. Yet, anoxic condition developed in the cold phase of PDO or strong La Niña years with weak Kuroshio intrusions.


The Left-Hand Path is a controversial form of new Esoteric spirituality, often labeled Satanic, and often perceived as entertaining right-wing political sympathies. It is therefore important to note that two of the most prominent Left-Hand Path groups——the Temple of Set and Dragon Rouge——foster animal rights ideologies, something which is generally considered leftist. Animal rights ideology would seem to be a less than perfect fit with the epistemological individualism, goals of self-deification, and antinomian approaches to predominant religious culture——fundamental elements in Left-Hand Path philosophies. It has nonetheless become an integral part of both the Temple of Set and Dragon Rouge. In this article I examine the manifestations and possible reasons for the rise of the apparent paradox of animal rights ideologies in the Left-Hand Path.


The number of international doctoral students in American universities continues to grow, and very little is known about their learning of research. This study explored international doctoral students' views and perceptions in learning of research at a private faith-based South-Central Texas university in the United States. The literature on the subject is limited and this study aimed at covering the gap that exists in this domain. Through this basic interpretative qualitative study, findings revealed that international doctoral students value taking courses, collaborating with others, working individually, and using available resources at the university in their learning of research. Understanding of international students and the issues they face, may help in their retention, success and understanding of their learning of research. It is recommended that the universities in the United States support international students so that these underrepresented population succeed in their studies.


Background: The main objective of the research endeavor was to highlight the impacts of heavy metals in waste water irrigation on soil, ground water and leafy vegetables (Indian mustard, Spinach and Fodder) in the catchment of Charrar Drain, Lahore. Materials and methods: The wastewater, groundwater, soil and vegetable samples were collected from seven sampling areas with an average distance of 2.5 km among the sampling sites in catchment area of Charrar Drain. Results: The Concentration of Cd and Cr in drain water at all sampling sites, except at W1(Cd) and W5(Pb) were exceeding the limit value (0.1 mg/l) and (1.0 mg/l) respectively, whereas, Pb concentrations were higher than limit value (0.5 mg/l) in drain water at all sampling sites. The heavy metals concentrations in the ground water of all the sampling sites along the Charrar Drain were found within the permissible limits of NEQS (0.05 mg/l for both Cr and Pb). However, the Cd concentrations were exceeding the limit value (0.01mg/l). The Pb and Cr concentrations have shown an increasing trend towards downstream. In soil samples, Cd, Cr and Pb levels ranged from 0.43 to 2.45 mg/l, 0.75 to 1.89 mg/l and 0.86 to 2.35 mg/l, respectively. The leafy vegetables grown around Charrar Drain, irrigated with its wastewater have shown variation in heavy metals concentrations in Indian mustard; spinach and fodder. Conclusion: The current study highlighted the heavy metals bioaccumulation issue due to continuous input of heavy metals from wastewater irrigation that may exceed the threshold limits in near future.


Modeling the time evolution of discrete sets of items (e.g., genetic mutations) is a fundamental problem in many biomedical applications. We approach this problem through the lens of continuous-time Markov chains, and show that the resulting learning task is generally underspecified in the usual setting of cross-sectional data. We explore a perhaps surprising remedy: including a number of additional independent items can help determine time order, and hence resolve underspecification. This is in sharp contrast to the common practice of limiting the analysis to a small subset of relevant items, which is followed largely due to poor scaling of existing methods. To put our theoretical insight into practice, we develop an approximate likelihood maximization method for learning continuous-time Markov chains, which can scale to hundreds of items and is orders of magnitude faster than previous methods. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on synthetic and real cancer data.


The CAADP is a commitment of African countries to pursue economic growth through agriculture-led development to reduce poverty and hunger on the continent. It stems from the failure of previous interventions on the continent largely attributed to their weak ownership. CAADP is expected to serve as a framework that adds value to national and regional strategies for the development of agriculture. Some of its key principles that are expected to add value are the building of partnerships, dialogue, peer review, and mutual accountability at all levels as well as exploitation of regional complementarities. CAADP countries are expected to achieve 6 percent growth in the agricultural sector and allocate at least 10 percent of the national budget to agriculture. The objective of this paper is primarily to understand how continental initiatives such as CAADP can and do influence country commitment to seek agriculture-led development. This paper employs Ghana as a case study to examine whether CAADP processes leading up to and including the country roundtable process enhance the visibility of the role of agriculture as a means of reducing poverty. The study explores whether countries take the leadership in adopting the CAADP framework. First, the paper provides perspective on the agricultural sector in Ghana and the role of agriculture in development strategies. Further, it reviews how the processes for implementation of CAADP have evolved and how they have influenced implementation in Ghana. It evaluates what impact CAADP may have on the content of agricultural policies in Ghana. Finally, the paper makes some suggestions for improving CAADP implementation.


This article reports on the experience of returning knowledge produced through an educational research action in health carried out in a local community and shows that the dialogue afforded by problematization allows for opportunities for collective reflection on problems experienced by everyone, offering conditions for the development of citizens who are more participatory, more critical and, particularly, more active in confronting their realities. The goal was to discuss with the population the relationship there is between houseflies and environmental health, bringing up issues relating to health and environment in the Morada do Sol Garden and Park Residencial Francisco Belo Galindo neighborhoods, in the city of Presidente Prudente, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. To achieve this goal, the research action approach was used based on Paulo Freire's popular education theoretical framework, debating health conditions in impoverished periurban areas and analyzing the experience of coordinating social players to solve their health issues. At the end, the authors bring up a few aspects that were seized in the investigation of the community health educational processes, by which, starting from the reflections on the environment, health and environmental problems affecting the wider community were unveiled.


Abstract The Goshgarian transpalatal bar is a fixed appliance that can be used inthe treatment of Class II malocclusions. This study examines the effects of the appliance on the maxillary molars and determines the force-activation characteristics of the appliance with a laboratory model. The pretreatment and posttreatment cephalometric films and dental cast records of 11 patients with Class II malocclusions are evaluated. Results show that Class II correction is achieved as a result of distobuccal rotation and distal tipping of the activated molar. A potential negative side effect on the nonactivated molar is a slight mesial movement. Both intermolar and interbicuspid widths were substantially increased with buccal root torquing. Intrusion and extrusion of the molars did not occur. The distal and transverse forces generated by the Goshgarian palatal bar were linear, however, when distal activation exceeded 35°, the appliance became plastic. Transverse forces were twice as great as with a quad helix and distal forces were one fourth to one eighth of those generated with a headgear.


This paper develops estimates of environmental improvement based on a two-stage hedonic price analysis of the single family housing market in the Puget Sound region of Washington State. The analysis — which focuses specifically on several EPA-designated environmental hazards and involves 226,918 transactions for 177,303 unique properties that took place between January 2001 and September 2009 — involves four steps: (i) ten hedonic price functions are estimated year-by-year, one for each year of the 2000s; (ii) the hedonic estimates are used to compute the marginal implicit price of distance from air release, superfund, and toxic release sites; (iii) the marginal implicit prices, which vary through time, are used to estimate a series of implicit demand functions describing the relationship between the price of distance and the quantity consumed; and, finally (iv) the demand estimates are compared to those obtained in other research and then used evaluate the potential scale of benefits associated with some basic environmental improvement scenarios. Overall, the analysis provides further evidence that it is possible to develop a structural model of implicit demand within a single housing market and suggests that the benefits of environmental improvement are substantial.


Iconic and devotional, but also fraught with social and political significance, the image of the Virgin Mary has shaped Western art since the sixth century. Depictions of the Virgin Mary in art through the ages are examined from a unique combination of Christian, Jewish, Muslim and contemporary art-historical perspectives. The thought-provoking texts examine Mary's image as an enthroned queen, a tender young mother and a pious woman, demonstrating how her personification of womanhood has resonated throughout history to the present day.


The application of river-system models to inform water-resource planning and management is a growing global phenomenon. This requires models to be applied so that they are useful to water decision makers charged with setting targets that provide adequate water flows to sustain landholders and communities. This article examines why and how the innovative application of river-system models can facilitate interactions between water science and water management in Australia's Murray–Darling Basin (the Basin). A trajectory river-modelling method was applied to run multiple short historical climate sequences through a river-system model to provide historical probabilities. These can allow better assessment of the risks and impacts associated with stream flow and water availability. This method allows known historical variability to be presented, and produces relevant results for a 10–15-year water-sharing plan lifetime. The benefits were demonstrated in the Basin's Lachlan Catchment where modelled river-flow results demonstrated the increased variability between shorter 15-year sequences than for a single 114-year run. This approach highlighted the benefits of expressing modelling results as historical probabilities to inform short-term and strategic water-planning efforts.


The Kneser graph $KG_{n,k}$ is the graph whose vertices are the $k$-element subsets of $[n],$ with two vertices adjacent if and only if the corresponding sets are disjoint. A famous result due to Lovász states that the chromatic number of $KG_{n,k}$ is equal to $n-2k+2$. In this paper we discuss the chromatic number of random Kneser graphs and hypergraphs. It was studied in two recent papers, one due to Kupavskii, who proposed the problem and studied  the graph case, and the more recent one due to Alishahi and Hajiabolhassan. The authors of the latter paper had extended the result of Kupavskii to the case of general Kneser hypergraphs. Moreover, they have improved the bounds of Kupavskii in the graph case for many values of parameters.In the present paper we present a purely combinatorial approach to the problem based on blow-ups of graphs, which gives much better bounds on the chromatic number of random Kneser and Schrijver graphs and Kneser hypergraphs. This allows us to improve all known results on the topic. The most interesting improvements are obtained in the case of $r$-uniform Kneser hypergraphs with $r\ge 3$, where we managed to replace certain polynomial dependencies of the parameters by the logarithmic ones.


A 10.5-year-old crossbreed dog was presented with a history of hypoglycaemic episodes and elevated serum insulin concentration. A pancreatic mass was removed at surgery along with an enlarged draining lymph node. An unresectable hepatic nodule was also present. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the pancreatic and lymph node masses as functional mixed acinar-endocrine carcinoma, previously unreported in domestic species. Persistent hypoglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia post-operatively was highly suggestive of the hepatic mass being a functional metastasis. The dog was managed on prednisolone and remained asymptomatic 9 months post-operatively. This tumour type has only been rarely reported in human patients and may highlight the need for more rigorous immunohistochemical staining of pancreatic masses in veterinary species to identify the prevalence of this tumour type.


Objective: It was our aim to investigate the quality of life (QOL) among family caregivers of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Subjects and Methods: The Short Form-36 QOL scale, Beck Depression Inventory and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form were used to evaluate the presence and degree of depression and anxiety and their association with sociodemographic features of 50 family caregivers of diabetic patients compared to 54 controls. Results: The groups were similar in terms of age, sex, health insurance, educational status and marital and financial status. Beck Depression Inventory scores were significantly higher in family caregivers (p = 0.001) than in controls. Depression as a categorical variable was significantly more frequent among family caregivers of diabetic patients than among controls (p < 0.001). The social function component of the QOL of controls was better than that of family caregivers (p < 0.005). There was no difference between groups in terms of anxiety. Conclusion: Family caregivers of diabetic patients appeared to be more prone to depression and tended to have a poorer QOL.


The northern krill, Meganyctiphanes norvegica, is an important member of North Atlantic shelf ecosystems, serving both as prey for whales, fish and seabirds, and as a predator on phytoplankton and other zooplankton. However, understanding in-situ krill feeding is technically challenging; incubations may not be representative of krill feeding in-situ, while biomarkers and microscopic examination of gut contents suffer from limited prey type resolution and have a limited range of detectible prey. Analyzing DNA in gut contents may offer insight into M norvegica feeding in-situ unobtainable using other methodologies. The major technical difficulty in using DNA as a marker of gut contents is the overwhelming quantity of predator DNA; two approaches are taken here to exclude predator DNA from analysis, firstly the use of species specific primers, and secondly the use of a krill-specific peptide nucleic acid probe. Species specific primers were used to sequence and quantify known phytoplankton prey (Thalassiosira weissflogii and Rhodomonas sp.) from the guts of captive krill, showing that even low abundance prey items can be successfully detected using DNA in gut contents. A krill-specific peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe was used to sequence all non-krill I 8S DNA present in the guts of krill collected in-situ in the Gulf of Maine. PNA is a synthetic, uncharged, DNA analog which binds strongly and specifically to complimentary DNA, and thus inhibits PCR amplification of the target sequence. Including a krill-specific PNA probe in a PCR using universal I 8S primers allowed for amplification of all eukaryotes present in the krill fore-gut. Gut contents amplicons were sequenced from a clone library and compared with known sequences to determine their identity. The most common prey item, found in M norvegica guts at every station, was an uncultured and poorly known protist, which previous studies suggest represents a novel kingdom of eukaryotes, and may suggest krill feeding on the sediment interface. M norvegica in the Gulf of Maine also consumed the copepod Calanus finmarchicus at 7 of the 8 stations samples, in agreement with results found using other methods. Additionally, Centropages sp., 4 other protists, another copepod, 5 phytoplankton and the salp Thalia democratica were found as gut contents. In addition to providing interesting information about M norvegica feeding in-situ in the Gulf of Maine, these results demonstrate the utility of the PNA-PCR clone library approach to gut contents analysis, elucidating prey, such as protists and T. democratica, which would have been difficult or impossible to detect with other methodologies.


For five decades Tanah Papua, or the West Papua half of the island of New Guinea on the intersection of Asia and the Pacific, has been a critical issue for the region with a majority of the Melanesian population supporting self-determination, and ultimately independence. While being prepared for eventual post-war independence by the Dutch colonial authorities, Indonesian paratroopers and marines invaded the territory in 1962 in an ill-fated military expedition dubbed Operation Trikora ('People's Triple Command'). However, this eventually led to the so-called Act of Free Choice in 1969 under the auspices of the United Nations in a sham referendum dubbed by critics as an 'Act of No Choice' which has been disputed ever since as a legal basis for Indonesian colonialism. A low-level insurgency waged by the OPM (Free West Papua Movement) has also continued and Jakarta maintains its control through the politics of oppression and internal migration. For more than five decades, the legacy media in New Zealand have largely ignored this issue on their doorstep, preferring to give attention to Fiji and a so-called coup culture instead. In the past five years, social media have contributed to a dramatic upsurge of global awareness about West Papua but still the New Zealand legacy media have failed to take heed. This article also briefly introduces other Asia-Pacific political issues—such as Kanaky, Timor-Leste, Papua New Guinean university student unrest, the militarisation of the Mariana Islands and the Pacific's Nuclear Zero lawsuit against the nine nuclear powers—ignored by a New Zealand media that has no serious tradition of independent foreign correspondence.


A physical and chemical dataset collected in the Jabuka (Pomo) depression area (middle Adriatic Sea) was analysed for seasonal and interannual changes in temperature, salinity, density, dissolved oxygen and nitrates. A historical dataset collected from 1980 to 1997 was extended with data from 15 oceanographic cruises conducted between 1998 and 2002 in the framework of the SINAPSI research program. The bottom water masses of the Jabuka pits are periodically renewed by Northern Adriatic Deep Water (NAdDW) at 1 to 3 yr intervals. During late winter-early spring, the new water eventually flows into the western pit and then into the central and eastern ones. During 1 yr of residence in the pits, bottom water nitrates increase 3-fold and dissolved oxygen decreases by 28% due to mineralisation processes. Some aspects of recently observed decadal climatic anomalies in the Northern Adriatic Sea, in particular the average winter sea surface warming, are revealed by the analysed dataset. Relationships were observed between these anomalies and the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT), and from this (and other indirect indications) we infer that since 1999 the Adriatic Sea has re-emerged as a major source of Eastern Mediterranean Deep Water (EMDW). These findings confirm the worth of the mesoadriatic depressions as an easily accessible recording site of interannual oceanographic variations in the Adriatic basin.


Time, as they say, is of essence in the financial world. Every second counts. But the reality is that the economic system in which the finance sector operates is not constricted by our traditional perceptions of time, nor is it a black-and-white world where price monitoring only can keep you afloat. In this article, Vladimir Petrov, PhD research fellow of Marie Sklodowska-Curie initiative BigDataFinance at the University of Zurich, and Anton Golub, Founder and CEO of flov technologies, explore agent-based models in directional-change intrinsic time to help navigate this increasingly unpredictable economy.


Resection of musculoskeletal sarcoma can result in large bone defects where regeneration is needed in a quantity far beyond the normal potential of self-healing. In many cases, these defects exhibit a limited intrinsic regenerative potential due to an adjuvant therapeutic regimen, seroma, or infection. Therefore, reconstruction of these defects is still one of the most demanding procedures in orthopaedic surgery. The constraints of common treatment strategies have triggered a need for new therapeutic concepts to design and engineer unparalleled structural and functioning bone grafts. To satisfy the need for long-term repair and good clinical outcome, a paradigm shift is needed from methods to replace tissues with inert medical devices to more biological approaches that focus on the repair and reconstruction of tissue structure and function. It is within this context that the field of bone tissue engineering can offer solutions to be implemented into surgical therapy concepts after resection of bone and soft tissue sarcoma. In this paper we will discuss the implementation of tissue engineering concepts into the clinical field of orthopaedic oncology.