Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to enhance phosphorus (P) acquisition by plants, but it has been suggested that AM strategy becomes ineffective in strongly weathered soils, where P availability is extremely low. Using high-throughput DNA sequencing, we determined changes in the diversity and composition of AMF communities along a 2 M year old sand dune chronosequence in the south-western Australia global biodiversity hotspot. AMF have thus far been largely ignored in biodiversity hotspots, and it is unknown how these communities vary during long-term ecosystem development. We show that AMF spore density decreased from 90,000 spores m-³ in the young dunes to 55,000 spores m-³ in the old dunes. Mycorrhizal colonisation was dominated by Rhizophagus species where it peaked to 24% in 120,000 year old dunes and then dropped again to 9% in 2 M year old dunes. This reduction in colonisation was perhaps due to antagonistic effects of non-mycorrhizal, cluster-rooted Proteaceae plants that dominate on the oldest soils, or to the very low P levels in the soil (<10 ppm total P). Multivariate analyses of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) show that richness and diversity of the AMF communities are the greatest in the 120,000 year old dunes. A sharp 50% loss of OTUs richness was found in the oldest dunes. The AMF community structure in the mid-aged dunes also differ from the younger and older dunes. Our results are consistent with the view that the AM strategy becomes less effective when P availability declines to very low levels.


To secure the future of the UK retail sector, retailers must understand how to present emerging technology in a format that facilitates consumer purchase behaviour, based on established consumer investigation methods (Parker & Wang, 2016). Despite being worth over £60,800 million (Dover, 2018), the UK fashion retail sector faces an uncertain future. High street footfall is at crisis level, electronic commerce's (e-Commerce) performance is weakening and retailers are increasingly reliant on debt (Santi, 2019). According to KPMG (2018), overall sales were down by 3.1% in April 2018, the biggest decline since 1995. Online retail sales also experienced the lowest November growth since 2011, increasing by only 8.1% year-over-year (IMRG, 2018). Developing disruptive technologies such as Virtual Commerce (v-Commerce) has great potential to increase the competitive advantage of any retailer who can tap into the shopping behaviours of consumers. Despite such a perspective being heralded for over a decade (Arakji & Lang, 2008; VRARA, 2017) v-Commerce has yet to have a significant impact on the shopping behaviours of consumers. V-Commerce's lack of disruption is due to no consensus existing on what the optimal experience is and how virtual stores can be effectively designed (Xue, Parker, & McCormick, 2018). Without understanding the format consumers desire from v-Commerce interactions, virtual retail will remain an interesting toy of marketing (e.g. Hope Allwood, 2016) instead of a pivotal driver of sales (Bonetti, Warnaby, & Quinn, 2018). To address these issues, this paper investigates which format (e.g. fully immersive/ augmented) of V-Commerce experience fashion consumers best respond to. To address this research aim, this paper embodies three research objectives: 1. To understand the consumer response (attitudes and motivations) of v-Commerce, allowing retailers to meet the growing and diversified needs of consumers and enhance competitiveness. 2. To understand the moderating variables that affect shoppers' perception when developing a virtual environment for retailing, allowing designers to develop more effective and emotional seductive v-Commerce platforms 3. To understand how to create effective v-Commerce environments, allowing designers to create v-Commerce platforms that encourage buying behaviours This paper suggests consumers are expected to see a vivid shopping environment and real product features rather than virtual built. Hedonic consumers are proven to be more open to accept v-Commerce than utilitarian consumers, consumers aged 18 to 34 regard as important the functionality including interactivity, personalisation and social networking that VR could offered and expect to obtain a cost-efficiency shopping experience through VR platforms.


Building on his reputation as one of the most innovative paper-engineers working in children's books, Robert Sabuda dazzles us with his reworking of Alice in Wonderland. The book consists of 7 spreads with breathtaking super-size pop-ups and additional pop-ups contained within mini story books. Special effects include printed foil, acetate pull-tab scenes and on the first spread a peep show of Alice falling into Wonderland.


The work presented in this paper constitutes a part of a global approach aiming at defining the theoretical foundations of a platform for designing and implementing Multi-Agents Systems. This paper is primarily centered around the study of the negotiation as a technique needed to support the cooperative activity within this kind of systems. Our contribution is mainly about the definition of formal models for negotiation and negotiating agent. These models enable to specify the relations between the concepts of plans, plan proposals and resource allocations, on the one hand, and concepts of roles, knowledge, beliefs and capabilities, on the other hand.


We compared hippocampal volume measures obtained by manual tracing to automatic segmentation with FreeSurfer in 44 younger (20–30 years) and 47 older (60–70 years) adults, each measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over three successive time points, separated by four months. Retest correlations over time were very high for both manual and FreeSurfer segmentations. With FreeSurfer, correlations over time were significantly lower in the older than in the younger age group, which was not the case with manual segmentation. Pearson correlations between manual and FreeSurfer estimates were sufficiently high, numerically even higher in the younger group, whereas intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC) estimates were lower in the younger than in the older group. FreeSurfer yielded higher volume estimates than manual segmentation, particularly in the younger age group. Importantly, FreeSurfer consistently overestimated hippocampal volumes independently of manually assessed volume in the younger age group, but overestimated larger volumes in the older age group to a less extent, introducing a systematic age bias in the data. Age differences in hippocampal volumes were significant with FreeSurfer, but not with manual tracing. Manual tracing resulted in a significant difference between left and right hippocampus (right > left), whereas this asymmetry effect was considerably smaller with FreeSurfer estimates. We conclude that FreeSurfer constitutes a feasible method to assess differences in hippocampal volume in young adults. FreeSurfer estimates in older age groups should, however, be interpreted with care until the automatic segmentation pipeline has been further optimized to increase validity and reliability in this age group. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4236–4248, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Cloud computing has become the primary model of pay-per-use to obtain cloud services in a short time. Companies are using the cloud services to get access to computing resources located in a virtualized environment. However, the traditional method of using a single cloud provider has numerous limitation in terms of privacy, security, performance, and geography reach. Furthermore, companies are focusing their efforts on avoiding dependent on a single vendor for products and services. As a result, companies start to use multiple clouds and look for methods to move or migrate their infrastructure from a cloud provider to another one. In previous work, we have presented ARGON, which is an infrastructure modeling tool for cloud provisioning. In this paper, we propose an extension of ARGON to provide a model-driven migration approach among cloud


Thrombin stimulation of human platelets results in the release of a preformed proteinaceous human eosinophil (Eo)-chemotactic activity. By the use of different high-performance liquid chromatography techniques, two Eo-chemotactic polypeptides (EoCPs), tentatively termed EoCP-1 and EoCP-2, were purified to homogeneity. Upon SDS-PAGE analysis, these chemotaxins showed molecular masses near 8 kD. NH2-terminal amino acid sequence analysis revealed identical sequences for both EoCP-1 and EoCP- 2, which are also identical to that of RANTES, a cytokine that structurally belongs to the interleukin 8 superfamily of leukocyte selective attractants, and that is known to be a "memory-type" T lymphocyte-selective attractant. In the major Eo chemotaxin, EoCP-1, the residues 4 and 5, which in EoCP-2 were found to be serine residues, could not be identified. Electrospray mass spectrometry (ESP-MS) of EoCPs revealed for EoCP-2 a molecular mass of 7,862.8 +/- 1.1 daltons, which is 15.8 mass units higher than the calculated value of RANTES, indicating that EoCP-2 is identical to the full-length cytokine, and oxygenation, probably at methionine residue number 64, has taken place. Upon ESP-MS, EoCP-1 showed an average molecular mass of 8,355 +/- 10 daltons, suggesting O-glycosylation at these serine residues. Both natural forms of RANTES showed strong Eo-chemotactic activity (ED50 = 2 nM) with optimal chemotactic migration at concentrations near 10 nM, however, there were no significant migratory responses with human neutrophils. Chemotactic activity of RANTES for human Eos could be confirmed using recombinant material, which has been found to be as active as the natural forms. Since RANTES gene expression has been detected in activated T lymphocytes, and recombinant RANTES was shown to be a "memory" T lymphocyte-selective attractant, it is now tempting to speculate about an important role of RANTES in clinical situations such as allergene-induced late-phase skin reactions in atopic subjects or asthma, where in affected tissues both memory T cells and Eos are characteristic.


Sanctions are a crucial part of enforcing environmental regulations. We discuss the determinants and the levels of monetary penalties for environmental offenses found in practice. Three major categories of variables are distinguished: the circumstances of the offense, the characteristics of the offenders, and the indirect political and institutional effects. Some general trends emerge: fines increase with the harm caused by the offense and fines are higher for repeat offenders as well as for intentional offenses. Also, the studies discussed indicate that political and institutional factors matter. The empirical studies provide some initial insights into the objective functions of courts and agencies.


Taking into account the schedule of Romania's monetary integration: the entrance into Exchange Rate Mechanism II in 2012 and the euro adoption in 2014, our authorities have become preoccupied in accelerating the convergence process. This paper aims to analyze Romania's progress in the convergence process, as well as, the current stage of the fulfilment of nominal and real convergence criteria required for euro adoption. In the same time we compare the results obtained by our country and those recorded in other Central and Eastern European states in the integration process. We also debate on the main reasons responsible for delaying the convergence process in Romania and the prospect of speeding up this process without a negative impact on the economy.


The need to strengthen the Village Development and Security Committee (VDSC)
members as the primary machinery for the participation of the people in development
programmes has been a concern in the State of Sarawak in its attempt to improve and
develop the rural sector. The Kuching District Office in its survey on the participation of
VDSC members in community development programmes found that their involvement in
the programmes were low. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine factors
associated with the participation of Village Development and Security Committee (or
locally referred to as JKKK) in community development programmes in Sejingkat area of
Kuching District, Sarawak, East Malaysia.
Data for the study were solicited from 123 VDSC members from 12 villages
through personal interview using a structured questionnaire. The data were analysed by using a simple frequency distribution for all the variables in the study. Pearson
Correlation was used to determine the association between participation in development
programmes and selected demographic variables, understanding of their functions as
VDSC members and exposure to information on development programmes.
The findings of the study revealed that income, age, length of stay in their village,
understanding of functions and exposure to information indicate a positive correlation
with participation. It was found that frequency of dissemination of information on
development programmes was the most significant variable (r=.65), followed by
understanding of their functions (r =.60). The findings of the study also revealed that the
frequency of participation of the VDSC members in the process of developing the
programmes were low.
It was concluded that the VDSC members as leaders at the grassroot level must be
competent and possess the necessary management skills in order to be able to participate
actively in development programmes. Suggestions made include a systematic training
programmes to be developed for the VDSC members in order to acquaint them with their
functions as grass root leaders and be able to participate actively in development
programmes. It is also suggested that more information channels should be opened to
disseminate information on development programmes which is accessible to the VDSC
members especially in those villages where there are limited sources of communication
network.


This study evaluated the susceptibility of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and 9 clinical isolates from Thai children to different formulations of Citrus hystrix essential oils. All strains were incubated for 3 and 6 h to form biofilms suitable for susceptibility tests. This study also evaluated the inhibitory effect of each oil formulation on growth and biofilm formation of S. mutans (ATCC 25175) using a 96-well polystyrene plate biofilm assay, and analysed the selected formulations that showed the most inhibitory effect from the susceptibility and biofilm assay tests and 3 clinical isolations for further evaluation using fluorescent dyes (SYTO9 and propidium iodide) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Results show that all strains of S. mutans tested in this study were sensitive to most of the oil formulations (3⁄4 99.9%) when compared to the controls. Most of the oil formulations had an inhibitory effect on 3 h and 6 h biofilm formation (3⁄4 50%) compared to the control. Most of the oil formulations inhibited biofilm formation of the standard strain and all clinical isolates in biofilm assay. All formulae of the essence from the leaf and fruit of C. hystrix oil exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) inhibitory effect on S. mutans and all clinical isolations when compared to the control group and visualized by CLSM. Thus C. hystrix essential oils might be an alternative, inexpensive natural medication to prevent dental caries.


Nkx2.5/Csx and dHAND/Hand2 are conserved transcription factors that are coexpressed in the precardiac mesoderm and early heart tube and control distinct developmental events during cardiogenesis. To understand whether Nkx2.5 and dHAND may function in overlapping genetic pathways, we generated mouse embryos lacking both Nkx2.5 and dHAND. Mice heterozygous for mutant alleles of Nkx2.5 and dHAND were viable. Although single Nkx2.5 or dHAND mutants have a morphological atrial and single ventricular chamber, Nkx2.5(-/-)dHAND(-/-) mutants had only a single cardiac chamber which was molecularly defined as the atrium. Complete ventricular dysgenesis was observed in Nkx2.5(-/-)dHAND(-/-) mutants; however, a precursor pool of ventricular cardiomyocytes was identified on the ventral surface of the heart tube. Because Nkx2.5 mutants failed to activate eHAND expression even in the early precardiac mesoderm, the Nkx2.5(-/-)dHAND(-/-) phenotype appears to reflect an effectively null state of dHAND and eHAND. Cell fate analysis in dHAND mutants suggests a role of HAND genes in survival and expansion of the ventricular segment, but not in specification of ventricular cardiomyocytes. Our molecular analyses also revealed the cooperative regulation of the homeodomain protein, Irx4, by Nkx2.5 and dHAND. These studies provide the first demonstration of gene mutations that result in ablation of the entire ventricular segment of the mammalian heart, and reveal essential transcriptional pathways for ventricular formation.


OBJECTIVE
Recent evidence suggests that naturally occurring low cholesterol concentrations (<4.14 mmol/liter) are associated with depression as well as poor psychological health. For the most part, these associations have been observed in men. The current study assessed the relation of naturally occurring low lipid and lipoprotein concentrations to trait measures of depression and anxiety in 121 healthy young adult women.

METHODS
Fasting lipid samples were collected at the same time as health history. Trait depression and anxiety were assessed using the Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness-Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) depression subscale and Spielberger's Trait Personality Inventory (STPI) anxiety subscale. Analyses were conducted using both univariate and multivariate procedures.

RESULTS
NEO depression was inversely associated with total cholesterol (p = .027), triglycerides (p = .012), and the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = .059). Similarly, STPI anxiety was inversely associated with total cholesterol (p = .002), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = .016), triglycerides (p = .024), and ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = .075). These associations were significant after adjustment for age, body mass index, physical activity, oral contraceptive use, and hostility. Neither depression nor anxiety was associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Univariate analyses indicated that women with low total cholesterol concentrations (<4.14 mmol/liter), relative to those with moderate to high cholesterol levels, were more likely to have higher scores on the NEO depression subscale (27 of 69 (39%) vs. 10 of 52 (19%)) and STPI anxiety subscale (24 of 69 (35%) vs. 11 of 52 (21%)).

CONCLUSIONS
In healthy young adult women, low lipid and lipoprotein concentrations are inversely associated with trait measures of depression and anxiety. These findings are independent of age, body mass index, physical activity, and other factors known to influence lipid concentrations.


This thesis investigates the use of evolutionary algorithms (EAs) to evolve and optimize lacing patterns of spokes for a bicycle wheel. There are multiple objectives and tradeoffs to be considered when evaluating a lacing pattern, for instance, strength versus balance. To handle this, an evolutionary multiobjective optimization (EMO) method has been used. Various EMO algorithms and approaches are tested. Among these, the new NSGA-III algorithm is used. Different representations of the lacing patterns for the wheels are compared, and also two different representations of the problem for the EMO. A novel wheel simulator has been made to test the lacing patterns. As the number of needed wheel simulations take a considerable amount of time, the work is distributed among multiple computers. The EMO is successful in the search for good lacing patterns. One of the most common patterns, the 3x, is found, along with other comparable patterns with different tradeoffs. The results show no improvement in using the new NSGAIII algorithm compared to the older NSGA-II. The representation with a bias for uniformly laced spokes let the EA evolve better wheels than other representations, showing that carefully choosing the representation for what is being optimized is important. The results also show how important it is to represent a problem using multiple objectives when possible, as the wheels evolved using a higher number of objectives were found to be best.


To philosophize is to communicate philosophically. From its inception, philosophy has communicated forcefully. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle talk a lot, and talk ardently. Because philosophy and communication have belonged together from the beginning--and because philosophy comes into its own and solidifies its stance through communication--it is logical that we subject communication to philosophical investigation. This collection of key works of classical, modern, and contemporary philosophers brings communication back into philosophy's orbit. It is the first anthology to gather in a single volume foundational works that address the core questions, concepts, and problems of communication in philosophical terms. The editors have chosen thirty-two selections from the work of Plato, Leibniz, Hegel, Husserl, Heidegger, Wittgenstein, Benjamin, Lacan, Derrida, Sloterdijk, and others. They have organized these texts thematically, rather than historically, in seven sections: consciousness; intersubjective understanding; language; writing and context; difference and subjectivity; gift and exchange; and communicability and community. Taken together, these texts not only lay the foundation for establishing communication as a distinct philosophical topic but also provide an outline of what philosophy of communication might look like.


We consider a market-based resource allocation model for batch jobs in cloud computing clusters. In our model, we incorporate the importance of the due date of a job rather than the number of servers allocated to it at any given time. Each batch job is characterized by the work volume of total computing units (e.g., CPU hours) along with a bound on maximum degree of parallelism. Users specify, along with these job characteristics, their desired due date and a value for finishing the job by its deadline. Given this specification, the primary goal is to determine the scheduling} of cloud computing instances under capacity constraints in order to maximize the social welfare (i.e., sum of values gained by allocated users). Our main result is a new ( C/(C-k) ⋅ s/(s-1))-approximation algorithm for this objective, where C denotes cloud capacity, k is the maximal bound on parallelized execution (in practical settings, k l C) and s is the slackness on the job completion time i.e., the minimal ratio between a specified deadline and the earliest finish time of a job. Our algorithm is based on utilizing dual fitting arguments over a strengthened linear program to the problem.
 Based on the new approximation algorithm, we construct truthful allocation and pricing mechanisms, in which reporting the job true value and properties (deadline, work volume and the parallelism bound) is a dominant strategy for all users. To that end, we provide a general framework for transforming allocation algorithms into truthful mechanisms in domains of single-value and multi-properties. We then show that the basic mechanism can be extended under proper Bayesian assumptions to the objective of maximizing revenues, which is important for public clouds. We empirically evaluate the benefits of our approach through simulations on data-center job traces, and show that the revenues obtained under our mechanism are comparable with an ideal fixed-price mechanism, which sets an on-demand price using oracle knowledge of users' valuations. Finally, we discuss how our model can be extended to accommodate uncertainties in job work volumes, which is a practical challenge in cloud settings.


Purpose Limited restoration of function is known to occur spontaneously after an ischemic injury to the primary motor cortex. Evidence suggests that Pre-Motor Areas (PMAs) may "take over" control of the disrupted functions. However, little is known about functional reorganizations in PMAs. Forelimb movements in mice can be driven by two cortical regions, Caudal and Rostral Forelimb Areas (CFA and RFA), generally accepted as primary motor and pre-motor cortex, respectively. Here, we examined longitudinal changes in functional coupling between the two RFAs following unilateral photothrombotic stroke in CFA (mm from Bregma: +0.5 anterior, +1.25 lateral). Methods Local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded from the RFAs of both hemispheres in freely moving injured and naïve mice. Neural signals were acquired at 9, 16 and 23 days after surgery (sub-acute period in stroke animals) through one bipolar electrode per hemisphere placed in the center of RFA, with a ground screw over the occipital bone. LFPs were pre-processed through an efficient method of artifact removal and analysed through: spectral,cross-correlation, mutual information and Granger causality analysis. Results Spectral analysis demonstrated an early decrease (day 9) in the alpha band power in both the RFAs. In the late sub-acute period (days 16 and 23), inter-hemispheric functional coupling was reduced in ischemic animals, as shown by a decrease in the cross-correlation and mutual information measures. Within the gamma and delta bands, correlation measures were already reduced at day 9. Granger analysis, used as a measure of the symmetry of the inter-hemispheric causal connectivity, showed a less balanced activity in the two RFAs after stroke, with more frequent oscillations of hemispheric dominance. Conclusions These results indicate robust electrophysiological changes in PMAs after stroke. Specifically, we found alterations in transcallosal connectivity, with reduced inter-hemispheric functional coupling and a fluctuating dominance pattern. These reorganizations may underlie vicariation of lost functions following stroke.


This paper presents results of a case study on cliff recession mechanism and progressive development of talus deposits around Xiangshan of the Sishou Hills in the southeast of the Taipei Basin. Based on photogrammetric analysis and physical modeling, the geomorphologic changes of talus deposits are carefully examined and the cliff recession rates from 1904 to 2005 are thus measured and tabulated. Our study identified the fundamental control factors on mechanisms of cliff recession and proposed a possible scenario of cliff recession and progressive development of talus deposits around the Xiangshan region from 1904 to 2005.


This thesis conducts empirical analysis on the intergenerational transmission of adiposity, using various types of data from various countries; the same intergenerational transmission in China and how it varies with the family socioeconomic factors and age levels; the way in which health impinges on the decision to migrate in China. In the first empirical chapter we find that the intergenerational elasticity of adiposity is relatively constant – at 0.2 per parent, and this elasticity is comparable across time and countries. Quantile estimates suggest that this intergenerational transmission mechanism is more than double for the fattest children as it is for the thinnest children. The second empirical chapter examines the intergenerational transmission of adiposity in China: we use BMI z-score as another measure of adiposity, the longitudinal structure of CHNS data (1993-2009) allows us to control for individual fixed effects or family fixed effects and focus on changes in BMI z-score over the life cycle. We report patterns of the intergenerational relationship of BMI z-score varying by family socio-economic factors and the age of the child, the magnitude of this relationship reaches the peak over the stage between childhood and later adolescence. In the third empirical chapter, which also uses the CHNS data, we examine whether migrants are healthier than those who do not migrate in the places of origin in the context of internal migration in China. Based on the relative wage rates, costs of migration and the assumption of optimization, we set up a theoretical model and estimate the effects of health on the migration probability, we find that people self-evaluating as having "good" or "excellent" health are more likely to migrate, this health effects vary with the type of occupation, we also find evidence on the indirect health effects which operates through the education attainment.


This paper sets out to ascertain whether Ronald Dworkin's jurisprudence has had an influence on the Supreme Court of India. Dworkin's approach to constitutional adjudication is characterised by judges exercising a more judgmental and less mechanical role in interpreting the Constitution. This paper undertakes a comparative excursus by looking at a few landmark Indian cases where reliance has been placed on judgments from the United States of America that have been the subject of Dworkinian exposition. With the aid of Dworkin's critique of legal pragmatism, a theory of constitutional adjudication that several judges relied on in crafting the 'basic structure' doctrine, the paper demonstrates that what the judges did was to substitute their own moral convictions for that of the legislature. In order to bolster this contention, the paper also discusses Dworkin's critique of originalism and demonstrates how originalism alone does not support the 'basic structure' limitation on the amending power of Parliament. It is argued that what does lend support to the conclusion reached in the 'basic structure' case, is what Dworkin calls 'the moral reading of the Constitution'. This conception allows judges to make fundamental moral judgments about conflicting political values. The paper then situates Dworkinian virtues like 'equal concern and respect' and a 'constitutional conception of democracy' in the larger context of the basic structure doctrine, thereby concluding that Dworkin's philosophy has found, and will continue to find, expression in the theories and practices of the Indian Supreme Court.


This study positions Percy Bysshe Shelley as an important though ultimately unwilling contributor to the development of mixed-style mimesis and thus to the evolution of Western drama from neoclassicism to realism. To capture the historical dimensions and final irony of this thesis, I frame my analysis of Shelley's dramatic style with a set of poetic and critical contrasts. Judged in the light of twentieth-century treatments of the Cenci story by Antonin Artaud, Bertrand Tavernier, and George Elliott Clarke, Shelley's style appears comparatively unmixed and unrealistic or, as Stuart Curran has argued from different evidence, essentially neoclassical. Viewed in the light of Racinian tragedy, however, or even in the more restricted context of the post-Restoration English drama, Shelley's style appears radically mixed, not an antithesis to twentieth-century approaches to mimesis but a revolutionary anticipation of them. Situating Shelley by means of this double perspective, I show how he disposes the modern mixed style in Prometheus Unbound and The Cenci to make it subserve the ideal poetics and metaphysics of antiquity. As his Defence of Poetry argues and his stylistic treatment of Beatrice Cenci confirms, Shelley thus intended to legislate against his own mimetic breakthrough and, it would appear, significantly failed.


The science around the use of masks by the general public to impede COVID-19 transmission is advancing rapidly. Policymakers need guidance on how masks should be used by the general population to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. In this narrative review, we develop an analytical framework to examine mask usage, considering and synthesizing the relevant literature to inform multiple areas: population impact; transmission characteristics; source control; PPE; sociological considerations; and implementation considerations. A primary route of transmission of COVID-19 is via respiratory droplets, and is known to be transmissible from presymptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Reducing disease spread requires two things: first, limit contacts of infected individuals via physical distancing and other measures, and second, reduce the transmission probability per contact. The preponderance of evidence indicates that mask wearing reduces the transmissibility per contact by reducing transmission of infected droplets in both laboratory and clinical contexts. Public mask wearing is most effective at reducing spread of the virus when compliance is high. The decreased transmissibility could substantially reduce the death toll and economic impact while the cost of the intervention is low. Given the current shortages of medical masks we recommend the adoption of public cloth mask wearing, as an effective form of source control, in conjunction with existing hygiene, distancing, and contact tracing strategies. Because many respiratory droplets become smaller due to evaporation, we recommend increasing focus on a previously overlooked aspect of mask usage: mask-wearing by infectious people ("source control") with benefits at the population-level, rather than mask-wearing by susceptible people, such as health-care workers, with focus on individual outcomes. We recommend that public officials and governments strongly encourage the use of widespread face masks in public, including the use of appropriate regulation.


Borehole temperature data from the eastern parts of Brazil has been examined in an attempt to extract information on surface thermal perturbations of the recent past at low latitudes. Forward models were employed in the analysis of temperature logs from 17 localities and, in addition, Bayesian inverse modeling was carried out for data from 14 selected sites. The model results have allowed determination of the magnitude as well as the duration of ground surface temperature (GST) changes in three major geographic zones of Brazil. Prominent among such changes are the warming episodes that occurred over much of the subtropical highland regions in the southeastern parts of Brazil. The present magnitude of GST changes in this region are in the range of 2 to 3.5C but have had their beginning during the early decades of the 20th century. Nearly similar trends are also seen in temperature-depth profiles of bore holes in the subtropical humid zones of the interior and coastal areas of southern Brazil. The data from semi arid zones of northeast Brazil also indicate occurrence of surface warming events but the magnitudes are in the range of 1.4 to 2.2 C while the duration of the warming event is larger, extending back into the last decades of the 19th century. There are indications that changes in both climate and vegetation cover contribute to variations in GST. Thus the magnitudes of GST variations are relatively large in localities which have undergone changes in vegetation cover. Also there are indications that GST changes are practically insignificant in areas of tropical rain forest. Another important result emerging from model studies is that the climate was relatively cooler during the 17th and 18th centuries. The climate histories, deduced from geothermal data, are found to be consistent with results of available meteorological records in southern Brazil. Comparative studies also indicate that the magnitudes and duration of recent climate changes in southern and eastern Brazil are similar to those found in other continental areas such as North America, Asia and Europe. Correspondence to: V. M. Hamza (firstname.lastname@example.com)


The importance of electrostatics on microgel adsorption at a liquid interface is studied, as well as its consequence on emulsion stabilization. In this work, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) microgels bearing different numbers of charges and various distribution profiles are studied, both in solution and at the oil-water interface of emulsion drops. Charged microgels are compared to neutral ones, and electrostatic interactions are screened by adding salt to the aqueous solution. In solution, electrostatics has a significant impact on microgel swelling, as induced by the osmotic pressure exerted by mobile counterions in the gel network. At the interface of drops, microgels pack in a hexagonal array, whose lattice parameter is independent of the number of charges and range of electrostatic interactions. Microgel morphology and packing are ruled only by the adsorption of the pNIPAM chain at the interface. Conversely, decreasing the charge density of microgels by the protonation of the carboxylic groups leads to unstable emulsions, possibly as a result of the impact of hydrogen bonding on microgel deformability.


Expert golf instructors self-monitor their instruction and communication more than any other aspects of their teaching (Schempp, McCullick, Busch, Webster, & Sannen-Mason, 2006). Despite its apparent importance, however, the communication of expert golf instructors has received little investigative attention. The purpose of this study was to examine the instructional communication behaviors of 4 of the most highly accomplished golf instructors in the United States. Ladies Professional Golf Association instructors who met criteria for expert teaching (Berliner, 1994) and 4 students participated in the study. Videotaping, stimulated recall, and semistructured interviews were used to collect data on the teachers' immediacy, communication style, and content relevance behaviors. Data were analyzed using modified analytic induction (Bogdan & Biklen, 1992). Findings indicated that the experts adapted their communication behaviors in ways that fit students' learning preferences, personal experiences, and lesson g...


In this article, we ask what system of moral rules would be best from a consequentialist perspective, given certain aspects of human nature. This question is of inherent conceptual interest and is important to explore in order better to understand the moral systems that we observe and to illuminate longstanding debates in moral theory. We make what seem to be plausible assumptions about aspects of human nature and the moral sentiments and then derive conclusions about the optimal consequentialist moral system - concerning which acts should be deemed right and wrong, and to what degree. We suggest that our results have some correspondence with observed moral systems and also help to clarify certain points of disagreement among moral theorists.


Semicrystalline aliphatic polyphosphoesters can be obtained in a one-step approach by polyesterification of readily available bio-based long-chain diols with dichlorophosphorus compounds. Nonadecane-1,19-diol and tricosane-1,23-diol with respectively methylphosphonic dichloride or phenyl dichlorophosphate yield polymers (PPE19Me, PPE23Me, PPE19(OPh), and PPE23(OPh)) with molecular weights Mn up to 3 × 104 g mol–1. DSC analysis of these polymers and a C12 analogue reveal significantly enhanced crystallinities and melting points (up to Tm = 87 °C) with increasing methylene sequence length. DMA on injection-molded samples shows glass transitions at −19 °C (PPE19Me) and −12 °C (PPE23Me). Single crystals of PPE19Me accommodate a single C19 repeat unit, as concluded from a lamella thickness of only 3 nm thick determined by AFM. Hydrolytic degradation of solid polymer samples under ambient conditions occurred only to a minimal extent over three months by hydrolysis of very small amounts of in-chain anhydride def...


Medicine speaks a universal language. Commonalities of health and disease defined by the human genome transcend acquired cultural differences, produce predictable consequences, and permit the restoration of balance and harmony with the application of evidence-based restorative or curative techniques. Unique to this process is the gratification and sense of well-being enjoyed by the practitioner as well as the patient.


Nonlinear mixed-modeling methods were used to estimate parameters in an individual-tree basal area growth model for shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.). Shortleaf pine individual-tree growth data were available from over 200 permanently established 0.2-acre fixed-radius plots located in naturally-occurring even-aged shortleaf pine forests on the USDA Forest Service Ozark and Ouachita National Forests in western Arkansas and southeastern Oklahoma. The plots were established during the period from 1985 to 1987. Two subsequent re-measurements were used in this study, resulting in a total of three measurements and two growth periods. The equation can be used to predict the annual basal area growth of individual shortleaf pine trees as a function of individual tree basal area, forest stand basal area per acre, stand age, and the ratio of individual tree d.b.h. to quadratic mean stand d.b.h. The mixed-model procedure used random plot-level effects associated with individual tree basal area to account for correlation among individual trees located on the same plot. This resulted in improved fit statistics compared to a similar model fitted using nonlinear ordinary least squares.


For mixed-media workload, disk scheduling strategies should meet the deadlines of requests with timing constraints while optimizing the disk utilization. To design a scheduling algorithm in mixed-media workload environment is very intricate because finding an optimal schedule is NP-hard as well as different QoS (Quality of Service) of each request should be guaranteed. In this paper, we present a novel real-time disk scheduling algorithm which meets the QoS of each requests. Our algorithm employs several heuristics using the requirements of each request and thus could reduce the huge solution space to a feasible extent. Through trace-driven simulation, we show that our algorithm outperforms other algorithms in terms of response time, throughput, and QoS guarantee for real-time requests.


Migraine was not associated with breast cancer risk or differences in the endogenous sex hormones that have been proposed to be associated with migraines, according to a new study published December 12 in the JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute . Studies linking migraine to breast cancer have reported inconsistent results. Furthermore, a biological mechanism underlying such an association has not been investigated although some have proposed that endogenous hormone levels, including estrogen, may be responsible because higher hormone levels have been associated with breast cancer and fluctuating levels have been shown to trigger migraines. To inves-tigate this further, Rulla M. Tamimi, Sc.D., from the Channing Division of Network Medicine at the Department of Medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital at Harvard Medical School in Boston, MA, and colleagues, analyzed data from 115,378 women, 17,696 of whom who reported a physician's diagnosis of migraine and found migraine was not associated with breast cancer. Furthermore, among 2034 premenopausal women, endogenous sex hormone levels did not differ by migraine status. The authors next performed a meta-analysis of 5 studies (including their study) and found migraine was associated with a lower risk of breast cancer overall, but when they stratified by study design this relation-ship was limited to the pooled case-control studies but not the pooled prospective cohort studies. The difference in findings according to study designs, may reflect additional limitations that may occur in case-control studies that can be more easily avoided in prospective cohort studies. The authors conclude, "In this large cohort study, migraine was not associated with breast cancer risk or differences in endogenous sex hormone levels."


Alien Encounters showcases innovative directions in Asian American cultural studies. In essays exploring topics ranging from pulp fiction to multimedia art to import-car subcultures, contributors analyze Asian Americans' interactions with popular culture as both creators and consumers. Written by a new generation of cultural critics, these essays reflect post-1965 Asian America; the contributors pay nuanced attention to issues of gender, sexuality, transnationality, and citizenship, and they unabashedly take pleasure in pop culture.

This interdisciplinary collection brings together contributors working in Asian American studies, English, anthropology, sociology, and art history. They consider issues of cultural authenticity raised by Asian American participation in hip hop and jazz, the emergence of an orientalist "Indo-chic" in U.S. youth culture, and the circulation of Vietnamese music variety shows. They examine the relationship between Chinese restaurants and American culture, issues of sexuality and race brought to the fore in the video performance art of a Bruce Lee–channeling drag king, and immigrant television viewers' dismayed reactions to a Chinese American chef who is "not Chinese enough." The essays in Alien Encounters demonstrate the importance of scholarly engagement with popular culture. Taking popular culture seriously reveals how people imagine and express their affective relationships to history, identity, and belonging.

Contributors . Wendy Hui Kyong Chun, Kevin Fellezs, Vernadette Vicuna Gonzalez, Joan Kee, Nhi T. Lieu, Sunaina Maira, Martin F. Manalansan IV, Mimi Thi Nguyen, Robyn Magalit Rodriguez, Sukhdev Sandhu, Christopher A. Shinn, Indigo Som, Thuy Linh Nguyen Tu, Oliver Wang


Wastewater from onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS; also known as septic systems) can be a significant source of nitrogen (N) to coastal ecosystems. Because N limits primary production in coastal ecosystems, excessive inputs can cause eutrophication, which results in the loss of ecosystem services. To reduce N loading to marine waters, advanced N-removal OWTS are installed in N-sensitive areas. However, once installed, final effluent total nitrogen (TN) concentration from these systems is not always monitored, making it difficult to determine the extent to which they contribute to lowering N loads. To determine how well these systems reduce influent TN concentration, I monitored the performance of existing advanced N-removal OWTS located within N-sensitive areas of Rhode Island. Additionally, in an effort to provide information that could be used to improve the monitoring of these systems, I assessed the accuracy of rapid tests that can be used to evaluate system performance. To evaluate the N-removal effectiveness of these systems, I measured a variety of wastewater properties from three of the most commonly-installed advanced Nremoval OWTS within Rhode Island's Greater Narragansett Bay Watershed: (i) Orenco Advantex AX20 (17 systems), (ii) Bio-Microbics MicroFAST (14 systems), and (iii) SeptiTech D Series (11 systems). Sampling was carried out monthly between March 2015 and August 2016. The compliance rate with state regulations (TN ≤ 19 mg N/L) was 70.6%, 64.3%, and 75.0% for Advantex, FAST, and SeptiTech systems, respectively. The median (range) final effluent TN concentration (mg N/L) for Advantex, FAST, and SeptiTech systems was 14.9 (0.6 61.6), 17.1 (0.6 104.9), 11.3 (0.1 41.6), respectively. I investigated changes in effluent TN concentration at different time scales to determine how consistently the systems performed. Over the course of five, four-week sampling periods, SeptiTech systems had the highest median CV (56.0%), followed by Advantex (50.4%), and FAST (31.7%). In contrast, median coefficients of variation calculated at the month scale followed the order 62.8% (Advantex), 59.0% (SeptiTech), and 56.6% (FAST). Median final effluent TN concentrations for Advantex, FAST, and SeptiTech systems were lowest in fall and winter, which prompted examination of the relationship between temperature and TN concentration for each system type. Total N was generally not correlated with temperature: TN concentrations plotted against effluent temperature values resulted in R values of 0.007, 0.001, and 0.04 for Advantex, FAST, and SeptiTech systems, respectively. Comparison of my findings to results of a similar study in Barnstable County, MA, where systems are monitored quarterly, and sampling and reporting of effluent TN is required, showed that the median final effluent TN concentration for Advantex, FAST, and SeptiTech systems were lower than ours, with values (mg N/L) of 13.5 for Advantex, 12.7 for FAST, and 20.2 for SeptiTech systems. Similarly, the Cape Cod, MA study data showed that 87% of Advantex, 79% of FAST, and 42% of SeptiTech systems had final effluent TN concentrations less than 19 mg N/L, which are higher percentages than reported in our study. I identified the combination of wastewater properties that had the strongest correlation with TN to determine the properties that best predicted final effluent TN concentration. This information can be used to provide ranges of values of wastewater properties that can be expected to result in acceptable TN levels. Final effluent TN concentration was predicted by a different set of variables for each system type: ammonium, nitrate, and alkalinity for Advantex; ammonium, nitrate, average forward flow, and five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) for FAST; and, ammonium and effluent temperature for SeptiTech. Service providers were asked to make adjustments to seven underperforming systems to increase N-removal efficiency between December 2015 and March 2016. Total nitrogen was reduced to 19 mg N/L in only two out of seven systems, suggesting final effluent TN concentrations generally did not decrease in response to adjustments. My results suggest that advanced N-removal OWTS can reduce TN to meet regulatory standards, but Nremoval effectiveness varies as a function of system type, time, and by individual system. Routine monitoring of advanced N-removal OWTS can enable service providers to proactively manage systems, which may affect their efficiency. However, improvement of performance after adjustment may require repeated visits and longterm monitoring. In an effort to provide information that could translate into more effective maintenance visits/system adjustments, I evaluated the accuracy of a variety of rapid tests. Rapid tests provide an inexpensive, desirable alternative to standard laboratory analyses for testing advanced onsite wastewater treatment system (OWTS) effluent in the field. Despite their potential utility, their accuracy for analysis of effluent from advanced OWTS has not been assessed. I evaluated the accuracy of an initial suite of rapid tests commonly used to analyze wastewater (test strips for ammonium, pH, nitrate, and alkalinity; pH pocket meter; titration kit for dissolved oxygen (DO)) using final effluent from 42 study advanced N-removal systems. I compared values obtained using rapid tests to values obtained using standard laboratory methods. Significant differences between field and standard methods were found only for nitrate and pH test strips when the data were analyzed using ANOVA on ranks. However, regression analysis indicated that all test strip-based rapid methods and the DO titration kit produced values that deviated significantly from correspondence with standard analyses. When effluent samples were analyzed in the laboratory (to minimize sources of variability) using the same rapid tests, significant differences between rapid tests and standard analysis were not found, indicating that field conditions affected the accuracy of rapid tests. Evaluation of a suite of alternative rapid tests for ammonium, nitrate, pH, and alkalinity showed that test kits for ammonium and multi-analysis test strips for pH produced accurate results in the field. My results show that rapid tests may be used for field analysis of effluent, but their accuracy in the field needs to be considered before they are used to provide data to evaluate the function and treatment performance of advanced N-removal OWTS. My findings show that advanced N-removal OWTS in Rhode Island can perform to standard, but their N-removal effectiveness may improve if routine monitoring and effluent TN analysis is required. Accurate rapid tests are available and can be used to quickly and cost-effectively evaluate advanced N-removal OWTS performance, which may result in more effective monitoring, and in turn increase Nremoval efficiency.


Abstract A field of giant pockmarks was discovered at the base of the Upper Cretaceous Chalk unit in the westernmost Lower Saxony Basin in The Netherlands. 3D seismic and well data show that mostly circular, 300–850 m-wide and 10–50 m-deep, pockmarks formed at the top of the Lower Cretaceous Upper Holland Marl Formation, which overlies oil- and gas-filled Lower Cretaceous sandstone reservoirs in the vicinity of the study area. Based on our interpretations, we present a scenario of early gas generation in Carboniferous coals and a localized migration of the gas from its original subsalt reservoirs through a salt weld in the Zechstein evaporites into the shallow Cretaceous sandstone reservoirs and the fine-grained marl above. Diapiring salt walls thereby limited the gas migration and trapping to a 150 km2-sized basin. A sea-level drawdown during Base Chalk formation possibly led to excess pore pressure in the reservoir and the breaching of the seal close to the seafloor, which caused a short-lived expulsion of the gas and pockmark formation. While hydrocarbon generation, migration and trapping are common processes in this region, gas escaping at the seafloor with pockmark generation appears to be a rather rare and complex phenomenon. In general, the presence of pockmarks associated with salt welds may be used to constrain the timing and migration pathway of hydrocarbons from subsalt into shallower reservoir levels. Both features may imply a general reservoir potential for regions where suitable source rocks are missing in the post-salt succession.


ABSTRACT There are many shallot cultivars cultivated in Java with varying greatly morphological traits and yield. Morphological and yield variation indicate that there are genetic variation and varying in resistance to pest and disease. One of major disease that cause yield losses of shallot is Fusarium Basal Rot (FBR) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. c epae (Foc). The pathogen could cause yield losses of shallot in field up to 90%. The number of sixteen shallot cultivars were collected and studied for determining polymorphisms of nuclear based on Random Amplified Polymorphism DNA (RAPD) and the morphological traits. Potted research was conducted at greenhouse from December to February 2012, in Department of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Yogyakarta. Four shallot cultivars were selected for study the response to Foc under biofertilizer application. They were Kuning, Trisula, Tiron, and Crok cultivars. The field experiment was carried out from June to August 2012 at the Agricultural Training, Research and Development Station (ATRD/KP4) in Kalitirto, Sleman, Yogyakarta. The research design was split plot 4 x 4, with three replications. The plots consisted of shallot which cultivated in Foc inoculation, biofertilizer application, combination of Foc inoculation and biofertilizer application, and without any treatments. The subplot consisted of shallot cultivars. All data were statistically analyzed using the variance analysis. Standard error was tested to determine the significant differences among treatment means. Similarity coefficient among shallot cultivars as revealed by UPGMA cluster analysis of RAPD markers generated to molecular dendogram. The similarity of genetic dendogram ranged from 0.85 to 0.66 and separated of cultivars into two groups. Based on morphological analysis, there were variations of all variable that tested. Mophological dendogram made possible to identify four group. Fusarium Basal Rot (FBR) incidence caused by seedborne was 6.94%. Biofertilizer application could not decrease significantly FBR incidence but it could increase number of bulb per plant in Crok and Kuning cultivars. FBR incidence with 43.75% caused by Foc inoculation was significantly decreasing plant height, number of bulbs, diameter of bulbs, and length of bulbs. However, yield of shallot decreased significantly  from  1.05  kg/m 2 to  0.63  kg/m 2 when  the  shallot  plantation  was inoculated by Foc. The shallot plantation was inoculated by Foc under biofertilizer application did not show significantly decreasing FBR incidence and increasing the yield. FBR incidence and yield of Trisula, Crok and Tiron cultivars did not show difference significantly from Kuning cultivar as susceptible to Foc. Key words : cultivar, shallot, RAPD, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cepae (Foc), biofertilizer


In this paper, we have analyzed and simulated the performance of a refractive index sensor, by using an analytical and the finite-difference time-domain methods. The sensor sensitivity has been derived to show its sensitivity. The analytical and numerical results comply very well. The proposed device can be utilized in design of the optical nano-scale devices and photonic integrated circuits.


In a labor market hierarchy, promotions are affected by the noisiness of information about the candidates. I study the hypothesis that males are more risk taking than females, and its implications for rates of promotion and abilities of survivors. I define promotion hierarchies with and without memory, where memory means that promotion depends on the entire history of success. In both types of hierarchies, the surviving risk takers have lower average ability whenever they have a higher survival rate. Further, even if more risk takers than non risk takers are promoted in the beginning of the hierarchy, that will be reversed over time. The risk takers will eventually have a lower survival rate, but higher ability. As a consequence of these differences, the various requirements of employment law cannot simultaneously be satisfied. Further, if promotion standards are chosen to maximize profit, the standards will reflect gender in ways that are difficult to distinguish from discriminatory intent.


Few studies have been devoted to the father's function during the girl's adolescence. One of these functions, that of the father's gaze and speech in the development of the feminine, is studied here. This gaze of the father renews the operation of the mother's gaze in the mirror stage, but on the side of identity. It takes on meaning insofar as the father does not appropriate his daughter as a sexual object and establishes with her a relation characterized by the paternal function.


Since the mid-1970s, the United States system for the financing of presidential election campaigns has been a mixture of private fundraising by candidates, parties, and outside groups and optional public financing for candidates (and for political party conventions). The 2008 presidential election-with its record-breaking $1.8 billion campaign (including an astounding $745.7 million raised by then-Democratic candidate Barack Obama) (FEC 2009) - demonstrated that the current system is in the midst of a major transformation. This chapter explains how the system is changing, offers possible reasons for the transformation, and evaluates the transformation normatively. Part I shows how the system is changing in four ways. (1) The voluntary presidential public financing system is no longer viable; candidates who opt in do so out of weakness, not strength. (2) A major share of private campaign contributions to presidential candidates in 2008 have come through campaign finance "bundlers" and from micro-donors giving very small amounts via the Internet. (3) Thanks to a U.S. federal law, Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA), political parties can no longer accept very large campaign contributions ("soft money") from wealthy individuals, corporations, and labor unions to pay for political advertising. (4) Wealthy individuals, corporations, and labor unions have shifted some, though not necessarily all, of the money that used to go to political parties and to "issue advocacy" into outside groups (including so-called "527 organizations").Part II explains that these four changes have likely arisen from a number of factors including: (1) the failure of the U.S. Congress to update the presidential public financing system, first enacted in 1974; (2) enactment of BCRA and the U.S. Supreme Court's shifting interpretation of the constitutionality of campaign finance law; (3) the rise of cheap political speech via the Internet; and (4) continued political polarization.Part III explores normative implications. The potential for quid pro quo corruption of candidates appears to remain low, thanks to a series of laws imposing contribution limits. Sale of access to candidates, however, remains a feature of U.S. presidential elections even post-BCRA. From the standpoint of political equality, the transformation offers a mixed bag with somewhat offsetting effects. Thus, the collapse of the public financing system may have anti-egalitarian effects, but those effects are somewhat militated by the rise of micro-donors. The end of soft money and the rise of outside non-party political organizations in theory could lead to weakened political parties, but continued polarization of the electorate have kept parties thriving even under BCRA and the shifting constitutional ground rules of the U.S. Supreme Court.


Edge representations of operators on closed manifolds are known to induce large classes of operators that are elliptic on specific manifolds with edges, cf. [11]. We apply this idea to the case of boundary value problems. We establish a correspondence between standard ellipticity and ellipticity with respect to the principal symbolic hierarchy of the edge algebra of boundary value problems, where an embedded submanifold on the boundary plays the role of an edge. We first consider the case that the weight is equal to the smoothness and calculate the dimensions of kernels and cokernels of the associated principal edge symbols. Then we pass to elliptic edge operators for arbitrary weights and construct the additional edge conditions by applying relative index results for conormal symbols. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


To be civilized involves, among other things, making, using, and buying objects. Although speculation on the significance of objects often tends to be casual, there are professionals--anthropologists, historians, semioticians, Marxists, sociologists, and psychologists--who analyze material culture in a systematic way and attempt to elicit from it reliable information about people, societies, and cultures. One reason that analyzing objects has been problematical for scholars is the lack of a sound methodology governing multidisciplinary research. Reading Matter addresses this problem by defining a comprehensive set of methodological approaches that can be used to analyze and interpret material culture and relate it to personality and society. Berger offers discussions of the main concepts found in semiotic, historical, anthropological, psychoanalytic, Marxist, and sociological analysis. He provides practical descriptions of the working methods of each discipline and demarcates their special areas of investigation. Berger's lively discussions include a wealth of illustrative examples that help to clarify the complex and often difficult theories that underlie interpretations of material culture. In the second part of his analysis, Berger uses these disciplines to investigate one subject--fashion and an important aspect of fashion, blue jeans, and what the author calls the "denimization" phenomenon. Here he shows how different methods of "reading" material culture end up with different perspectives on things--even when they are dealing with the same topic. The author's focus is on the material culture of post-literate societies and cultures, both contemporary and historical. This comparative approach enables the reader to trace the evolution of objects from past to present or to see how American artifacts spread to different cultures, acquiring a wholly new meaning in the process. Reading Matter is an important contribution to the study of popular culture and social history. It will be of interest to sociologists, anthropologists, and cultural historians.


The establishment of the European External Action Service (EEAS) that took place with the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty lays the basis for a potentially more coherent and better-structured approach of the European Union to the issue of the provision of humanitarian aid. Within such a context, this paper investigates the relationship between the provision of emergency financial assistance and the extent of the presence of the issue of humanitarian aid in public discourse in seven EU member states. The empirical findings highlight a strong correlation between increases in issue salience and increases in the provision of humanitarian assistance as well as a significant concomitant variation in the issue cycles of the investigated EU member states.


Mass cytometry is a powerful tool that allows simultaneous analysis of more than 37 markers at the single cell level. Mass cytometry is of particular interest in the identification of a wide variety of cell phenotypes in autoimmune diseases. Moreover, cells can be labelled with palladium isotopes and pooled before staining (barcoding). Nevertheless, immunologists often face an important problem concerning the choice of markers to be included in a panel. This problem arises due to the incompatibility of different buffers used for the fixation and permeabilization of cells with various cell surface epitopes. In this study, we used a panel of 27 markers (19 surface markers and 8 intranuclear markers) to demonstrate disparities in the detection of cell surface antigens when comparing different buffers to stain unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These disparities range from mild differences to very important differences in population frequencies depending on the buffers. Finally, we demonstrate the harmful effects of permeabilization prior to barcoding on the detection of some cell surface antigens. Here, we optimize a protocol that is suitable to use when targeting a large panel including both cell surface and intranuclear markers on unstimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.


This contribution seeks to clarify how the category of eschatological equality in 1 Corinthians is to be ascertained. Is equality, in this instance, to be understood as the annulment of status differences within the Christian congregation, or does it belong to an eschatological plan of an ideal or utopic world? Is the new Christian existence of the Corinthians conceived as real, as outwardly visible or as socially perceivable? This study is aimed at understanding the theological construction connected with these questions by interpreting the paradigmatic relation of the status-designating pairs Ἰουδαῖοι and Ἕλληνeς; ἐλeύθeρος and δοῦλος; ἄνθρωπος/ἀνήρ, and γυνή (or ἄρσeν and θῆλυ) within the Pauline argument.


With the introduction of low-cost wireless communication many new applications have been made possible; applications where systems can collaboratively learn and get wiser without human supervision. One potential application is automated monitoring for fault isolation in mobile mechatronic systems such as commercial vehicles. The paper proposes an agent design that is based on uploading software agents to a fleet of mechatronic systems. Each agent searches for interesting state representations of a system and reports them to a central server application. The states from the fleet of systems can then be used to form a consensus from which it can be possible to detect deviations and even locating a fault.


Clinical studies have shown that hyperthermia sensitizes tumor cells for conventional therapies. During phased-array microwave hyperthermia, an array of antennas is used to focus the electromagnetic waves at the target region. Selective heating, while preserving the healthy tissue, is a demanding challenge and currently patient specific pre-treatment planning is used to optimize the amplitudes and phases of the waves. In addition, when needed, this single optimal heat distribution is adapted using the simulations based on the feedback from thermo-sensors and the patient. In this paper, we hypothesize that sequential, i.e. 'time-multiplexed', application of multiple Pareto optimal heating patterns provides a better time-averaged treatment quality. To test the benefit of such a time-multiplexed approach, a multi-objective genetic algorithm was introduced to balance two objectives that both focus the specific absorption rate (SAR) delivered to the target region but differ in the suppressing of pre-defined hotspots. This step leads to two Pareto optimal distributions. These 'diverse' antenna settings are then applied sequentially and thermal simulations are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the time-multiplexed steering. The proposed technique is tested using treatment planning data of a representative dataset of five head and neck patients for the HYPERcollar3D. Steering dynamics are analysed and the time-multiplexed steering is compared to the current static solution used in the clinic, i.e. hotspot-target SAR quotient optimization using particle swarm optimization. Our results demonstrate that realistic steering periods of 10s suffice to stabilize temperatures within 0.04 °C and the ability to enhance target heating while reducing hotspots, i.e. 0.3 °C–1.2 °C improvement in T50 while reducing hotspot temperatures by 0.6 °C–1.5 °C.


Introduction: Achievement and maintenance of tight glycemic control in type II diabetes require insulin when oral hypoglycemic agents fail to achieve target HbA1C. There is a lack of uniform consensus as to which of the regimens should be recommended to initiate insulin treatment in these patients.
Objectives: To compare the efficacy and safety of adding basal insulin to oral agents versus switching to twice-daily premixed insulin in type II diabetic patients
insufficiently controlled by oral hypoglycemic agents(OHAs).
Research design and methods: This was a single-centre,retrospective study comparing glargine+OHA with premixed 70/30 regimen in patients with type II
diabetes whose glycemic targets were not achieved with the use of oral hypoglycemic agents.
Results: A total of 138 subjects were eligible for this study. At study end, the mean HbA1c value was lower in the premix 70/30 than in glargine+OHA(8.07±0.15vs.8.44±0.17 %, P<0.0001). The HbA1c reduction was greater in the premix 70/30 than glargine+OHA (-2.316±0.25vs. - 2.489±0.24%,respectively;P<0.0001). More premix70/30 treated subjects reached target HbA1c values than glargine treated subjects (HbA1c≤7.0%: 31.4%
vs.26.5%. Similarly, FBG decrease was greater with premix70/30 (mean difference -54.68 ±17.93vs -68.57±9.178, P< 0.0001), and more patients reached target
FBG≤ 110 mg/dl with premix 70/30 than with glargine+OHA (30% vs25%). Premix 70/30 patients had fewer confirmed hypoglycemic episodes than
glargine+OHA patients (14.3% and 20.6% respectively).
Conclusion: Based on the results, premixed biphasic 70/30 appears to be more effective than insulin glargine+OHA and a reasonable choice to initiate insulin
therapy in insulin-naive subjects with type 2 diabetes that is not optimally controlled on OHA.
Keywords: Diabetes, OHA, retrospective, FBG, HbA1c


In drug discovery applications, high throughput virtual screening exercises are routinely performed to determine an initial set of candidate molecules referred to as "hits". In such an experiment, each molecule from large small-molecule drug library is evaluated for physical property such as the binding affinity (docking score) against a target receptor. In real-life drug discovery experiments, the drug libraries are extremely large but still a minor representation of the essentially infinite chemical space , and evaluation of physical property for each molecule in the library is not computationally feasible. In the current study, a novel machine learning framework "MEMES" based on Bayesian optimization is proposed for efficient sampling of chemical space. The proposed framework is demonstrated to identify 90% of top-1000 molecules from a molecular library of size about 100 million, while calculating the docking score only for about 6% of the complete library. We believe that such a framework would tremendously help to reduce the computational hour and resources in not only drug-discovery but also areas that require such high-throughput experiments.


This book brings together an exceptional array of interviews, profiles, and press conferences tracing the half century that Orson Welles (1915- 1985) was in the public eye. Originally published or broadcast between 1938 and 1989 in worldwide locations, these pieces confirm that Welles's career was multidimensional and thoroughly inter-woven with Welles's persona. Several of them offer vivid testimony to his grasp on the public imagination in Welles's heyday, including accounts of his War of the Worlds broadcast. Some interviews appear in English for the first time. Two transcriptions of British television interviews have never before appeared in print. Interviewers include Kenneth Tynan, French critic Andre Bazin, and Gore Vidal. The subjects center on the performing arts but also embrace philosophy, religion, history, and, especially, American society and politics. Welles confronts painful topics: the attempts to suppress Citizen Kane, RKO's mutilation of The Magnificent Ambersons, his loss of directorial authority, his regret at never having run for political office, and his financial struggles. "I would have sold my soul" to play Marlon Brando's role as Don Corleone in The Godfather, he tells a BBC interviewer. Welles deflates the notion of the film director's omnipotence, insisting that it is only in the editing studio that he possesses "absolute control." With scholarly erudition, Welles revels in the plays of Shakespeare and discusses their adaptation to stage and screen. He assesses rival directors and eminent actors, offers penetrating analyses of Citizen Kane, Touch of Evil, Chimes at Midnight, and The Third Man, and declares that he never made a film that lacked an ethical point-of-view. These conversations reveal the majestic mind and talent of Welles from a fresh perspective.


The work described in this thesis is an analysis of the Plasma Source Ion Implantation (PSII) process. A metal target is placed within a plasma, and pulsed to a high negative potential (10 50 kV). The electrons in the plasma close to the target are then repelled very rapidly, leaving an area of uniform positive charge. This causes an electric field to be set up between the plasma and the metal target. The ions close to the target are then accelerated towards the target by the electric field. The ions reach the target at high velocities, and implant deeply into the metal (-5 x 10-8 m), and form nitrides, which pin dislocations within the metal's atomic structure. The strength of the metal is therefore increased, and other properties such as the corrosion resistance of the metal are also improved. Metals that have undergone the PSII process have widely diverse applications. For example, in the motor industry, ion implanted metal punches last much longer than nitrided punches, while in the medical industry ion implanted metals are used for artificial limbs. A combination of a number of different analytic, numerical and simulation models are used to describe the PSII process, including the plasma behaviour and final nitrogen implantation profile in the metal target after the application of the voltage pulse. In all cases, a specific attempt has been made to realistically describe as closely as possible, the actual experimental arrangement at the University of Natal. For example: a waveform with a fast rise time, short plateau and exponential decay was used; the nitrogen plasma was more realistically described by a two species fluid to account for the measured N+, N; mix; and finally, the actual atomic composition for 304 stainless steel was used in the TAMIX particle simulation. This work thus models the whole PSII process, and could form the basis of future studies for the optimisation of the process.


Since the SARS outbreak of 2003, the Global Health Governance literature has challenged state-based frameworks in the provision of health. With the increased participation by a range of nonstate and transnational actors as primarily driven by globalization, the international has become the global. However, this article argues that this literature has overemphasised globalization and its ability to wrest health authority away from the state and diffuse it to a range of competing and interacting actors. In fact, the state remains at the centre of an international system. This, though, is not a retreat into neorealist and neoliberal orthodoxy and the article offers an alternative to these frameworks in the description of state cooperation in the context of infectious diseases.


Letters, Abroad and Back A review of Robert Duncan, Letters: Poems 1953-1956. Edited and with an afterword by Robert J. Bertholf. Chicago. Flood Editions. 2003. 71 pp. $17 One of the books that coaxed Jacques Derrida away from phenomenology in the early 1960s was University of Chicago Assyriologist I.J. Gelb's A Study of Writing: The Foundations of Grammatology, a survey of work deciphering cuneiform pictographs dating from the two millennia before the Christian era. Gelb's 1952 book suggested to Derrida "the massive factum of phonetic writing"-the fact, that is, that it is our own alphabetic model, and the way in which it regulates the relation between mark and sound, that lets philologists determine how a word, of whatever language, might be pronounced. Reading Rousseau's essay on the primacy of the vocal instrument, and trained in the use of Saussure's forensic apparatus for proving that instrument primary, Derrida made a little bet against the Enlightenment. To call writing by nature phonetic, or derivative of spoken words, forces the dealer to draw from the deck in an effort to find a card that can prove it is so-prove, that is, a pre-history of words in the study of evolutionary life forms that isn't entirely derivative of the logic of alphabetic systems, symbolizations, written keys. Derrida, not dealing but playing against the deck, kept his cards to himself, and called. Bluffing his desire for what GeIb had called a science of writing, or grammatology, he really hoped the deck would break the dealer, freeing a grammatology from the "suspicion [thrown] on only a certain type of writing.. .phonetic writing" by the inferential interpretive methods of classical philology, which for a hundred years had structured the human sciences. Derrida's work during this period was a reformist stratagem within the structuralist tendency as it began to gain wide currency, sweeping aside the broad and confident positivism of American anthropology and linguistics at mid-century. A touchstone of that disciplinary breadth was its mania for data, the surrealist-collector's joy sublimated into the labor undertaken, often enough, by the graduate students willing to do it-as is reflected in the stories of two young American poets, Jack Spicer and Robert Duncan, both of whom were, to differing degrees, affiliated with the Department of Anthropology and Linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley, in the late 1940s and early 1950s, Spicer working with David Reed on adapting quantitative methods of data analysis from Slav-language studies to Native American idiolects, and Duncan typing the manuscript of the poet-ethnographer Jamie De Angulo's book, "What is Language" (a work which exists only in the collections of two California libraries). The generation of poet-ethnographers-they include De Angulo and Harry Smith-constitute the last among American poets to credibly presume that poetics partakes in the knowledge-gains in anthropology, archaeology, comparative and formal linguistics, neuroanatomy, psychology, and philosophy-largely philological disciplines. Another way to say this is that Duncan and Spicer, who for a time in the early 1950s collaborated on a project they called "a Grammar of Poetics," are among the last generation of poets for whom prosody does not seem a mandarin activity, as it surely did once structuralism penetrated linguistics and grammars of all kinds gave way to grammatology. Duncan himself, we may see now, wished (in his words) to "free the thing"-a poem-"from its prophets"-its knowledge-specialists-but, uncannily, it seems, he called Derrida's hermeneutic reading method onto the stage: One supposes, not too originally, that such prophetic naming-here, of "deconstruction"-is what poets do, and, indeed, the supposition has stepped right in the uncanny fact of Duncan's warning: "you dont know what yer saying." This poet knew that to resist "an old line" was to embrace an old role. I'm tempted to posit an atmospheric genealogy, to suggest that "deconstruction" was in the air in the mid-195Os, though I have no way of proving this. …


Soon after coming in contact with its host, the plant pathogenic fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana produces an extracellular material that appears to be important for adhering conidia and germlings to the host surface. To further understand this step of the infection, the adhesion of B. sorokiniana to artificial solid surfaces was examined. On a hydrophobic (polystyrene) surface adhesion occurred in two stages, the first by conidia and the second by germlings. Conidial adhesion occurred shortly (0-1 h) after hydration. The conidia were easily detached by increasing the shear force and including detergents in the washing buffer. As conidia were hydrophobic, these observations indicate that conidial adhesion to polystyrene is due to weak, hydrophobic interaction. The second stage of adhesion was accompanied by conidial germination and occurred 1-2 h after hydration and contact with the surface. Concomitant with the delayed adhesion, the fungus produced an extracellular matrix (ECM). The adhesion of germlings was firm and surface-unspecific since they adhered to both hydrophobic and hydrophilic (glass) surfaces, Except for strong bases, hydrochloric acid and broad-specificity proteases (including Pronase E), none of the hydrolytic enzymes, electrolyte solutions, ionic and hydrophobic detergents and organic solvents removed germlings from the solid surfaces. The adhesion of germlings incubated in the presence of the protein glycosylation inhibitor tunicamycin or the lectins Con A (Concanavalin A) and GNA (from Galanthus nivalis) was significantly reduced, which indicates the involvement of surface glycoproteins in this process. The surface proteins of germlings were labelled with I-125, extracted and analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. This revealed about 40 surface proteins over a wide pH range (4-10) with molecular masses between 10 and 100 kDa.


Preeclampsia (PE) the de novo occurrence of hypertension and proteinuria after the 20th week of gestation is a major cause of maternal and fetal morbidity worldwide. While the etiology of PE is still unclear, clinical phenotypes have been associated with high circulating levels of anti-angiogenic proteins such as soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) and soluble endoglin (sEng). Furthermore PE is associated with low serum free placental growth factor (PIGF) and free vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Since alterations in levels of these factors precede the onset of clinical disease, have these factors may be useful to screen or identify patients at risk for PE. Women with a history of PE have an increased risk of hypertension, and cardiovascular and renal disease Therefore, this raises the possibility of measuring circulating angiogenic proteins in the blood and the urine as a diagnostic and screening tool for PE. The availability of a test to predict PE would be a powerful tool in preventing PE-induced mortality, especially in developing nations, where high-risk specialists are limited. This review will summarize our current understanding of the role of circulating angiogenic proteins in the pathogenesis and clinical diagnosis/prediction of PE.


The index of trade policy developed in this study is designed to synthesize the state of developing country access to import markets in each of the major industrial country areas. The first section presents the theoretical considerations involved in constructing the index, and weighs the pros and cons of various approaches to measuring protection. The second section presents estimates of protection against imports from developing countries for Australia, Canada, the European Union, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland, and the United States. These estimates are calculated for three broad product categories: textiles and apparel; other manufactures; and agricultural goods. The analysis then combines the sectoral estimates into an Aggregate Measure of Protection (AMP) for each importing country. It also reports measures of revealed openness, and incorporates them along with the AMPs to obtain a composite ranking of industrial countries by degree of market access. The study then considers the additional information gained by disaggregating protection among EU member countries (in light of variation in agricultural subsidies), reviews two other recent studies similarly ranking protection and compares them to the present study, and recapitulates the principal findings. Among the big three markets, this study finds that protection against developing countries is lowest (and market access highest) in the United States, intermediate in the EU, and highest (market access lowest) in Japan. Among seven industrial countries plus the EU, market access is ranked highest for a cluster of three countries close to each other at relatively low protection levels (United States, Australia, New Zealand); followed by Canada and the EU, and then by Switzerland with somewhat lesser access. Significantly lesser market access is found in Japan and especially lowest-ranked Norway. For most countries, the results are driven heavily by estimates of agricultural protection, which is so high that it dominates the results even though the share of agriculture in total imports is modest. It is thus not surprising that the countries concentrated at the top of the market access league tend to be the agricultural exporting countries, and those at the bottom, agricultural importers.


Automatically determining the situation of an ad-hoc group of people and devices within a smart environment is a significant challenge in pervasive computing systems. Situation identification provides essential context information used by applications to adapt their behaviours.Current approaches to situation determination can be broadly categorised as either specification based or learning based. For specification-based approaches, typically an expert of the local environment is required to specify the correlation of the available sensor data with the situations that occur, often in an ad-hoc manner. As the amount of available sensor data and number of situations increases, it becomes increasingly difficult for an expert to decipher and specify correlations. With learning-based approaches, a training period must be conducted, during which several examples of each situation are collected and analysed, before the system can be used. These factors impede swift adaptation to the evolving set of situations that will occur in an environment over time.Situations are commonly recognised at a coarse level of granularity, which limits the scope of situation-aware applications. For example, only a general 'meeting' situation may be recognised, which prevents applications from tailoring their behaviour to the many different types of meeting that a user may attend.Furthermore, at this level of granularity we are limited to determining whether or not a person or device is involved in a situation. This prevents applications from tailoring their behaviour to the role a person or device is playing within a situation, such as whether a user is a speaker or an audience member in a presentation.We present a novel approach to situation determination that attempts to overcome these issues by providing a reusable library of general situation specifications. These already support various levels of granularity, can be extended easily to create new environment-specific situations, and can be deployed immediately without the need of an environment expert.A proposed architecture of an accompanying situation determination middleware is provided, as well as an analysis of a prototype implementation.


Abstract. Classification and segmentation of buildings from airborne lidar point clouds commonly involve point features calculated within a local neighborhood. The relative change of the features in the immediate surrounding of each point as well as the spatial relationships between neighboring points also need to be examined to account for spatial coherence. In this study we formulate the point labeling problem under a global graph-cut optimization solution. We construct the energy function through a graph representing a Markov Random Field (MRF). The solution to the labeling problem is obtained by finding the minimum-cut on this graph. We have employed this framework for three different labeling tasks on airborne lidar point clouds. Ground filtering, building classification, and roof-plane segmentation. As a follow-up study on our previous ground filtering work, this paper examines our building extraction approach on two airborne lidar datasets with different point densities containing approximately 930K points in one dataset and 750K points in the other. Test results for building vs. non-building point labeling show a 97.9% overall accuracy with a kappa value of 0.91 for the dataset with 1.18 pts/m2 average point density and a 96.8% accuracy with a kappa value of 0.90 for the dataset with 8.83 pts/m2 average point density. We can achieve 91.2% overall average accuracy in roof plane segmentation with respect to the reference segmentation of 20 building roofs involving 74 individual roof planes. In summary, the presented framework can successfully label points in airborne lidar point clouds with different characteristics for all three labeling problems we have introduced. It is robust to noise in the calculated features due to the use of global optimization. Furthermore, the framework achieves these results with a small training sample size.


The paper distinguishes two contrasting models of accountability, one based on principal-agent relations, which is backward-looking, the other a dynamic and forward-looking model. The paper argues that this second model of accountability is more appropriate for independent bodies like the ECB/SSM and the SRB, operating in technically complex, rapidly evolving environments under conditions of high uncertainty, where parliaments and other political authorities have very limited sanctioning powers. It then goes on to review the nature and effectiveness of three main forms of accountability as applied to these institutions – administrative, judicial, and political – together with the contribution of external review bodies, such as the European Court of Auditors and the European Ombudsman, to their accountability at European level. Following the dynamic, forward-looking approach advocated above, the paper argues that the best way to improve the accountability of the SSM and the SRB is to request the ECB/SSM and SRB to make the findings of their internal quality assurance and review bodies publicly available (subject to constraints on professional secrecy) and for the EP to use these findings to scrutinize and stimulate public debate about the operations and effectiveness of the two institutions.


Thousands of shale gas wells have been drilled and hydraulically fractured across the state of Pennsylvania over the past decade, and more wells are being drilled each year. The drilled lengths of these wells and the amount of water being used to hydraulically fracture (frac) them continue to increase. These increases have led to an increase in the volume of wastewater being produced each year. However, the ratio of energy produced per barrel of wastewater has increased significantly over the past six years. Recent data show the volume of wastewater produced in one year is approximately 20% of the volume of frac water used in that same year. With changes in state policies, drilling companies in Pennsylvania have been recycling most of their wastewaters over the past few years. The development of various treatment technologies and brine-resistant frac mixtures has allowed companies to recycle this wastewater for use in future frac jobs. Use of this recycled water does not appear to be having a significant effect on production of oil or gas from wells. Recycling wastewater can be very cost-competitive when compared to options such as disposal via waste-treatment plants or injection wells.


Conditional premises are assertions with "if", e.g., If I have measles, then I have fever. They provide a connection between different propositions and can express causal relations. Conditional inferences often comprise conditional and categorical assertions, e.g., such as modus tollens: If I have measles, then I have fever; I don't have fever; So, I don't have measles. Most research has concerned four sorts of conditional inference, examining them separately. Only a few studies have focused on the patterns over the four sorts of inference (e.g., Oberauer, 2006). Our meta-analysis was of 39 experiments (with 2378 participants) that reported these patterns. It showed that a version of the mental model theory best fits the results when participants produced their own conclusions or evaluated a given conclusion, whereas the suppositional theory provided the best fit when participants chose a conclusion from a list of options.


Mind Mapping is a breakthrough system of planning and note-taking that cuts homework time in half and makes schoolwork fun. Mind Maps for Kids is Tony Buzan's first book written specially for a younger audience, suitable for ages 7 to 14. Tony Buzan has been teaching children all over the world for the past thirty years and has proved that Mind Maps are the magic formula in the classroom: remembering facts and figures is a piece of cake, planning is a doddle and getting stuck for an answer is a thing of the past. In Mind Maps for Kids, Tony Buzan explains this amazing system using step-by-step examples in every subject across the curriculum. He shows just how easy Mind Mapping is and how it can help kids to * remember things and concentrate better * make clearer and better notes * revise and ace exams! * come up with ideas and unlock the imagination * save time Mind Maps for Kids is a full-colour workbook, with the emphasis on having fun. As well as tips for improving memory and concentration, the book is packed with jokes, cartoons and brainteasers. Mind Mapping is the shortcut to success that puts kids one step (and sometimes miles!) ahead.


Levels of orphanhood and patterns of different forms of orphanhood (namely, double, paternal and maternal) will change as an HIV epidemic progresses. The implications of different forms of orphanhood for children's development will also change as the cumulative impact of a period of sustained high morbidity and mortality takes its toll on the adult population. In this article we describe patterns of orphanhood and orphans' educational experience in populations in eastern Zimbabwe subject to a major HIV epidemic which is maturing into its endemic phase. Levels of orphanhood have grown recently but rates of maternal and double orphanhood, in particular, are likely to continue to increase for several years to come. Orphans are found disproportionately in rural, female-, elderly- and adolescent-headed households. Each of these is a risk factor for more extreme poverty. The over-representation in rural areas could reflect urban-rural migration around the time of death of the parent due to loss of income and the high cost of living in towns. Over-representation in female-, elderly- and adolescent-headed households reflects the predisposition of men to seek employment in towns, estates and mines; the higher level of paternal orphanhood; the reluctance of second wives to take responsibility for their predecessors' children and stress in the extended family system. The death of the mother was found to have a strong detrimental effect on a child's chances of completing primary school education-the strength of effect increasing with time since maternal death. The death of the father had no detrimental effect, despite the fact that paternal orphans were typically found in the poorest households.
African Journal of Social Work Vol.18(2) 2003: 7-32


This book is about Erving Goffman's frame analysis as it, on the one hand, was presented in his 1974 book Frame Analysis and, on the other, was actually conducted in a number of preceding substantial analyses of different aspects of social interaction such as face-work, impression management, fun in games, behavior in public places and stigmatization. There was, in other words, a frame analytic continuity in Goffman's work. In an article published after his death in 1982, Goffman also maintained that he throughout his career had been studying the same object: the interaction order. In this book, the author states that Goffman also applied an overarching perspective on social interaction: the dynamic relation between ritualization, vulnerability and working consensus. However, there were also cracks in Goffman´s work and one is shown here with reference to the leading question in Frame Analysis – what is it that's going on here? While framed on a "microsocial" level, that question ties in with "the interaction order" and frame analysis as a method. If, however, it is framed on a societal level, it mirrors metareflective and metasocial manifestations of changes and unrest in the interaction order that, in some ways, herald the emphasis on contingency, uncertainty and risk in later sociology. Through analyses of social media as a possible new interaction order – where frame disputes are frequent – and of interactional power, the applicability of Goffman's frame analysis is illustrated. (Less)