Abstract This paper presents selected results on heat transfer to supercritical water flowing upward in a 4-m-long vertical bare tube. Supercritical water heat transfer data were obtained at pressures of ~24 MPa, mass fluxes of 200 to 1500 kg/m2s, heat fluxes up to 874 kW/m2, and inlet temperatures from 320 to 460°C for several combinations of wall and bulk-fluid temperatures that were below, at, or above the pseudocritical temperatures. In general, the experiments confirmed that there are three heat transfer regimes for forced-convection heat transfer to water flowing inside tubes at supercritical pressures: (a) normal heat transfer regime characterized in general with heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) similar to those of subcritical convective heat transfer far from the critical region, which are calculated according to Dittus-Boelter-type correlations; (b) deteriorated heat transfer (DHT) regime with lower values of HTC and hence higher values of wall temperature within some part of a test section compared to those of the normal heat transfer regime; and (c) improved heat transfer regime with higher values of HTC and hence lower values of wall temperature within some part of a test section compared to those of the normal heat transfer regime. These new heat transfer data are applicable as a reference dataset for future comparison with supercritical water bundle data and for a verification of scaling parameters between water and modeling fluids. Also, these HTC data were compared to those calculated with the original Dittus-Boelter and modified Bishop et al. correlations. The comparison showed that the modified Bishop et al. correlation (i.e., the Bishop et al. correlation with the constant proposed by Kirillov et al.), which uses the cross-sectional averaged Prandtl number, represents HTC profiles more correctly along the heated length of the tube than the Dittus-Boelter correlation. In general, the modified Bishop et al. correlation shows good agreement with the experimental HTCs outside the pseudocritical region; however, it underpredicts the experimental HTCs within the pseudocritical region. The Dittus-Boelter correlation can also predict experimental HTCs outside the pseudocritical region but deviates significantly from experimental data within the pseudocritical region by up to four times. A reason for this deviation is that the Nusselt number in the Dittus-Boelter correlation and corresponding HTC values closely follow the regular Prandtl number (i.e., based on data from thermophysical properties tables), which in turn closely follows the peak in specific heat within the pseudocritical region. However, experimental HTC values show just a moderate increase within the pseudocritical region possibly due to significant variations of fluid temperature within the tube cross section. In this case, the bulk-fluid temperature might not be the best characteristic temperature at which all thermophysical properties should be evaluated. That is why the cross-sectional averaged Prandtl number is used in many supercritical heat transfer correlations instead of the regular one. A simple empirical correlation was proposed for calculating heat flux at the starting point of the DHT regime. However, it should be noted that both these correlations, i.e., the Dittus-Boelter and modified Bishop et al. correlations, cannot accurately predict HTCs within the DHT regime.


Improving the performance and lowering the analyte detection limits of optical and electronic biosensors is essential for advancing wide ranging applications in diagnostics and drug discovery. Most sensing methods require direct linkage of a recognition element and a sensor, which is commonly accomplished through an organic monolayer interface. Alkoxyorganosilanes are typically used to prepare sensor surfaces on dielectric oxides. However, many silanes lead to roughened or thick interfaces that degrade device sensitivity. Here, controlled vapor phase deposition of monoalkoxysilanes is found to lead to monolayers resistant to elevated temperatures and extreme pH conditions. The formation of high density, subnanometer monolayers is demonstrated by ellipsometry, XPS, and AFM. The uniform attachment of these monofunctional silanes to such biosensing platforms as microarrays, field effect devices, and the formation of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates is demonstrated. The advantages of using this silane deposition protocol for the above technologies are also discussed.


Abstract Airborne dust generated by primary blasting was collected in Taff's Well Quarry, just north of Cardiff, Wales. Collections of airborne particulate matter were also made in the nearby village of Morganstown at the same time as the blasting collections. The explosions were recorded on a motor-driven camera and a digital video camera. These images show that the dust clouds generated by the explosions consist of three distinct components; a reddish-grey dust cloud, followed by a light grey dust cloud, and finally a pale grey cloud that stayed near the blast face. It is believed that the reddish-grey cloud was composed mostly of mineral grains, as evidenced by the chiefly red colour of the dolomitic limestone rock in the quarry. The whiter clouds contained more explosive combustion particles (diesel soot). The samples were studied by analytical scanning electron microscopy, very high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy, and image analysis. The two different components (minerals and diesel soot) can be readily seen under high-resolution electron microscopy. Any consideration of the possible adverse health effects or nuisance value of this dust needs to consider both of these components. A size distribution of the quarry particles shows that soot particles dominate the assemblage under 2 μm, whereasthe mineral grains are more abundant over 2 μm. This contrasts with the Morganstown particle sizes, where the two components show similar size distributions. The determination of the mineralogy of the quarry dust and Morganstown particles has shown highly complex and heterogeneous mixtures, though some distribution patterns are emerging. It is concluded that much of the dust in Morganstown probably originated from sources other than the quarry, such as other local industries, roads and construction sites.


With a combination of information from TG/IR and GC/IR measurements of the trapped gases, characterization of complex polymer decompositions can be made. In this paper, the thermally induced breakdown of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers was studied. Results show that EVA undergoes a two-step decomposition: an acetate pyrolysis of the copolymer leaving a polyunsaturated linear hydrocarbon, followed by the breakdown of the hydrocarbon backbone to produce a large number of straight-chain hydrocarbon products.


Over a billion mobile consumer system-on-chip (SoC) chipsets ship each year. Of these, the mobile consumer market undoubtedly involving smartphones has a significant market share. Most modern smartphones comprise of advanced SoC architectures that are made up of multiple cores, GPS, and many different programmable and fixed-function accelerators connected via a complex hierarchy of interconnects with the goal of running a dozen or more critical software usecases under strict power, thermal and energy constraints. The steadily growing complexity of a modern SoC challenges hardware computer architects on how best to do early stage ideation. Late SoC design typically relies on detailed full-system simulation once the hardware is specified and accelerator software is written or ported. However, early-stage SoC design must often select accelerators before a single line of software is written. To help frame SoC thinking and guide early stage mobile SoC design, in this paper we contribute the Gables model that refines and retargets the Roofline model—designed originally for the performance and bandwidth limits of a multicore chip—to model each accelerator on a SoC, to apportion work concurrently among different accelerators (justified by our usecase analysis), and calculate a SoC performance upper bound. We evaluate the Gables model with an existing SoC and develop several extensions that allow Gables to inform early stage mobile SoC design.


We compare absolute, relative and intermediate views on the evolution of global inequality between 1980 and 2009. According to the relative view, inequality remains invariant after a uniform proportional change of all incomes whereas the absolute view requires invariance to a uniform change of all incomes with the same amount. We use a generic intermediate view which states that an income distribution is as unequal as another one if it can be obtained as a weighted average of a uniform proportional and a uniform absolute change of the incomes. Using recent data on GDP per capita for 115 countries, we …nd considerable support for the claim that world inequality increased for the absolute view and for intermediate views which move substantially in the direction of the relative view.


The gut-brain axis plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis. Many intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence signaling along this axis, modulating the function of both the enteric and central nervous systems. More recently the role of the microbiome as an important factor in modulating gut-brain signaling has emerged and the concept of a microbiota-gut-brain axis has been established. In this review, we highlight the role of this axis in modulating enteric and central nervous system function and how this may impact disorders such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome and disorders of mood and affect. We examine the overlapping biological constructs that underpin these disorders with a special emphasis on the neurotransmitter serotonin, which plays a key role in both the gastrointestinal tract and in the brain. Overall, it is clear that although animal studies have shown much promise, more progress is necessary before these findings can be translated for diagnostic and therapeutic benefit in patient populations.


We study a quantum analogue of the iterative perturbation theory by Kolmogorov used in the proof of the Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) theorem. The method is based on sequent canonical transformations with a "running" coupling constant λ, λ2, λ4, etc. The proposed scheme, as its classical predecessor, is "superconvergent" in the sense that after the nth step, a theory is solved to the accuracy of order λ2n−1. It is shown that the Kolmogorov technique corresponds to an infinite resummation of the usual perturbative series. The corresponding expansion is convergent for the quantum anharmonic oscillator due to the fact that it turns out to be identical to the Pade series. The method is easily generalizable to many-dimensional cases. The Kolmogorov technique is further applied to a non-perturbative treatment of Yang-Mills quantum mechanics. A controllable expansion for the wave function near the origin is constructed. For large fields, we build an asymptotic adiabatic expansion in inverse powers of the field. This asymptotic solution contains arbitrary constants which are not fixed by the boundary conditions at infinity. To find them, we approximately match the two expansions in an intermediate region. We also discuss some analogies between this problem and the method of QCD sum rules.


We have studied gift giving at Christmas among 50 graduate students in Norway. The students invested more the closer the coefficient of relatedness. However, partners ranked highest, which is natural for people at the start of their reproductive career. All students gave to their parents, siblings, and children, most gave to their grandparents, and only a third gave to some, but not all, of their genetic aunts/uncles. Twenty percent gave to first cousins, and none to second or third cousins. Similar patterns for gifts received were found. There were also sex differences (e.g. women had larger exchange networks than men), and birth order effects. Firstborns spent more on relatives than laterborns. However, middleborns gave more to their male friends than both firstborns and lastborns. We conclude that the results are consistent with theories of kin selection, reciprocity, sex differences and birth order effects.


Part I: INTRODUCTION. 1. The Scope of Corporate Finance. 2. Financial Statement and Cash Flow Analysis. 3. The Time Value of Money. Part II: VALUATION, RISK, AND RETURN. 4. Valuing Bonds. 5. Valuing Stocks. 6. The Trade-off between Risk and Return. 7. Risk, Return, and the Capital Asset Pricing Model. Part III: CAPITAL BUDGETING. 8. Capital Budgeting Process and Decision Criteria. 9. Cash Flow and Capital Budgeting. 10. Risk and Capital Budgeting. Part IV: CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND PAYOUT POLICY. 11. Raising Long-Term Financing. 12. Capital Structure. 13. Long-Term Debt and Leasing. 14. Payout Policy. Part V: FINANCIAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT. 15. Financial Planning. 16. Cash Conversion, Inventory, and Receivables Management. 17. Cash, Payables, and Liquidity Management. Part VI: SPECIAL TOPICS. 18. International Financial Management. 19. Options. 20. Entrepreneurial Finance and Venture Capital. 21. Mergers, Acquisitions, and Corporate Control. Web Chapters. 22. Bankruptcy and Financial Distress. 23. Risk Management.


Assessing the survival of restocked marine invertebrates is complicated by crypticity and seasonal visibility of animals at release sites. We investigated local enhancement of trochus Trochus niloticus (Gastropoda) on 3 coral reefs in Western Australia. 12 000 tiny hatchery-produced juveniles, 1 to 4 mm basal shell width (BSW), were released onto each of 4 intertidal sites on each reef. Visual surveys were conducted at stocked sites and control sites on each reef at 3-monthly inter- vals. Juvenile trochus <25 mm BSW hide within the reef matrix and are found rarely on the upper reef surfaces, so detectable enhancement was expected from 12 mo after release, when they would be at sub-adult size (25 to 50 mm BSW). Abundance estimates of wild sub-adults fluctuated season- ally, and appear related to heat stress; i.e. they tended to be more exposed on the reef surface in peri- ods of higher cloud cover and/or lower temperature. A cyclical trend in the abundance of sub-adult trochus is attributed to seasonal variation in their visibility in censuses. Temporal changes in adult abundance showed no consistent pattern. Due to the lag in detecting stocking of sub-adults and the cyclical nature of population estimates, we tested stocking success using a nonlinear mixed-effects model. From 12 to 18 mo post-release, sub-adults at stocked sites were more abundant (54% increase) compared to control sites. Although statistically significant, the absolute enhancement was small. Variation in the stocking effect among sites underscores the need for multiple sites in restock- ing. Releases of tiny, cultured trochus juveniles could be used to rebuild nucleus breeding popula- tions for fishery restocking, but improved release methods leading to higher survival of juveniles are needed to make this approach cost-effective.


Repossessing the Romantic Past edited by Heather Glen and Paul Hamilton. Cambridge U. Press, 2006. Pp. ix + 254. $90. In the past three decades a new picture of British Romanticism has emerged in opposition to the focus on six male poets in two generations. Along with the expansion of the field to women writers and prose works, there has been a new recognition of the continuities between eighteenth-century literature and Romanticism, as well as an abandonment of oversimplified binaries between rationalism and imagination, Enlightenment and enchantment, the constraints of genre and tradition and the spontaneous overflow of liberated passion. Repossessing the Romantic Past is a major collection of well-researched essays that serve to consolidate this expansion and renewal of the field of Romantic studies. We can locate an emblem of the new conception of Romanticism in Anne Janowitz's chapter on how Lucy Aikin's memoirs serve as part of the family "reputation machine" that established the fame of Aikin's aunt Anna Laetitia Barbauld (80). Like other contributors to this collection, Janowitz focuses on sociability and conversation, especially in a tradition of rational dissent--located here in the circle of the radical bookseller Joseph Johnson: "In Johnson's dining room Fuseli hung his painting The Nightmare, so Johnson's dining club of discursive rationality was overseen by the Romantic passions of that frightening and compelling dreamscape" (87). In this new vision of Romanticism, the imagination and its unconscious sources occupy the same room as the rational conversations of politically engaged writers in a circle that includes those whom Jon Mee terms "disputatious women such as Mary Hays and Mary Wollstonecraft" (33). Six of the eleven chapters in Repossessing the Romantic Past focus on women writers: Janowitz on Aikin; Mee on Barbauld's attraction to what Godwin termed "the collision of mind with mind" as opposed to the bluestocking politeness of the dominant Anglican culture; Nigel Leask on Elizabeth Hamilton; Janet Todd on "Jane Austen and the Professional Wife"; and Susan Manly's and James Chandler's contributions to a section of the book entitled "Reopening the Case of Edgeworth." In addition to exploring the culture of rational Dissent, focusing on sociability rather than the solitary communion with nature, and positioning Romanticism within rather than against Enlightenment, the contributors define a Romantic mode that is explicitly non-Wordsworthian, while they reject a view of imagination as a flight from politics. Thus, Kevin Gilmartin replaces "conventional Romantic utopianism (the Lakeland republic of Wordsworth's vision)" with "a potentially shared experience of life in London," which might provide for William Hazlitt a radical "counterweight" to the nightmare of "Legitimacy" (7, 42). In "Shelley's Republics," Michael Rossington elevates Marlow in 1817--with the "working-out of Shelley's differences from Godwin and Hunt"--to a similar status as Alfoxden in 1797, where Wordsworth and Coleridge began their collaboration (65). The book concludes with Jerome McGann's critique of Wordsworth's desire that his poetry be used "as a form of worship rather than a poetic tale" (240). McGann sets against the idealist Wordsworth a tradition of temporality and mortal beauty running from Byron, through Poe and Baudelaire, to Swinburne. In a similar rejection of Romantic transcendence, once Barbauld is "forced ... into retirement by the practical position of Dissenters in a hostile print culture," she did not, according to Jon Mee, transmute these circumstances "into a romantic idea of a 'higher' freedom of the imagination" (32). An important fact about Repossessing the Romantic Past, not indicated on the title page or in the cataloging information, is that the book is intended as a tribute to Marilyn Butler. The collection concludes with a bibliography of Butler's works, compiled by Heather Glen--a list that indicates the great range of Butler's scholarship, from the four influential books that she published between 1972 and 1981 (Maria Edgeworth: A Literary Biography, Jane Austen and the War of Ideas, Peacock Displayed, and Romantics, Rebels, and Reactionaries), to her editorial labors on the Pickering and Chatto editions of the works of Mary Wollstonecraft and Maria Edgeworth, to almost fifty articles, to a series of major book reviews especially in the London Review of Books. …


We consider the lateral shift (LS) of a light beam reflecting from a dielectric slab backed by a metal. It is found that the LS of the reflected beam can be negative while the intensity of reflected beam is almost equal to the incident one under a certain condition. The explanation for the negativity of the LS is given in terms of the interference of the reflected waves from the two interfaces. It is also shown that the LS can be enhanced or suppressed under some other conditions. The numerical calculation on the LS for a realistic Gaussian-shaped beam confirms our theoretical prediction.


'Economic well-being' is appearing as the high-level goal of regional economic development and other legislation around the world, including the Local Government Act 2002 in New Zealand. This term is, however, rarely if ever defined. The purpose of this paper is to explore the economic literature to explore how the term can be interpreted by policymakers and practitioners. The first strand reviewed comes from development economics, especially drawing on Sen's concept of development as freedom. The second strand reviewed comes from the sustainability literature, beginning with the Bruntland Commission in 1987. The paper draws on Solow's definition of sustainability as 'non-declining per capita human well-being over time'. This leads to a discussion of the central role of maintaining five different types of capital: human-made, social, natural/environmental, cultural and human capital. The paper concludes with a discussion of how it can be operationalised by practitioners in their particular local circumstances.


When estimating tissue velocities, the conventional autocorrelation method (AM) is only biased if the demodulation frequency is correctly estimated. While AM assumes the received centre frequency to be constant, the modified autocorrelation method (MAM) estimates the received centre frequency continuously from pulse to pulse. Although MAM has shown superior performance in simulation environments, it fails to show consistently better performance compared to AM when applied to experimental data. In order to investigate this lack of consistency, a model for simulation of signal from moving tissue was developed, including realistic aspects such as thermal noise, signal from clutter and aliasing. The simulation model was adapted using experimental tissue data and parameters from a true acquisition system. A 1st order FIR filter was applied for clutter rejection prior to velocity estimation. The investigations using simulation data shown faster performance degradation of MAM compared to AM when the amount of signal from clutter or thermal noise were increased independently. For clutter signal mimicking acoustic noise from reverberations, MAM went from significantly better under low-noise conditions to approaching AM performance when the signal-to-clutter ratio became lower than 10 dB. Analogously, MAM approached AM performance when the signal-to-noise ratio was lower than 15 dB. Velocity estimation of experimental data shown MAM's robustness to frequency dependent attenuation by means of frequency compensation, while AM suffered from bias effects due to erroneously estimated demodulation frequency. The frequency compensation did, however, not succeed to approve lower estimation variance in MAM compared to AM. Statistical analysis based on expected values from simulations, demonstrated correlation between the estimation error in AM and MAM.


The twenty-first century has thus far posed some of the most difficult economic challenges for policy makers that the world has ever seen. The most recent recession, the Global Financial Crisis of 2007-8, is considered the worst economic downturn in recent history. In light of unique challenges such as the recession, central banks around the world are coming up with new tools or new ways of thinking about tools in order to mediate financial crises. This paper investigates the possibility of eliminating the zero lower bound on nominal interest rates to stimulate the economy in reaction to severe financial crises. To substantiate my claim for negative interest rates in times of crises, I challenge the conventional theory regarding the fear of negative interest rates, examine the success of other countries that have employed negative interest rates in order to stimulate economic growth, and provide one example of how potential negative outcomes can be avoided. This paper makes the case that while more research on negative interest rates is to be done, they are a valid option for an economy in crisis and could be used in another circumstance similar to the recession that the U.S. economy faced in 2008-9.


Published in its entirety, Frida Kahlo's amazing illustrated journal documents the last ten years of her turbulent life. These passionate, often surprising, intimate records, kept under lock and key for some 40 years in Mexico, reveal many new dimensions in the complex personal life of this remarkable Mexican artist. The 170-page journal contains the artist's thoughts, poems, and dreams--many reflecting her stormy relationship with her husband, artist Diego Rivera--along with 70 mesmerizing watercolor illustrations. The text entries, written in Frida's round, full script in brightly colored inks, make the journal as captivating to look at as it is to read. Her writing reveals the artist's political sensibilities, recollections of her childhood, and her enormous courage in the face of more than 35 operations to correct injuries she had sustained in an accident at the age of 18. This intimate portal into her life is sure to fascinate fans of the artist, art historians, and women's culturalists alike.


Abstract The present study examines the interactive effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and trans forming growth factor-α (TGFα) with insulin, insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on DNA synthesis by goldfish ovarian follicles in vitro . DNA synthesis was assessed from the incorporation of [ 3 H]thymidine. When tested individually, EGF, TGFα, insulin, IGFs, and hCG enhanced DNA synthesis by vitellogenic ovarian follicles. The interactive effects of EGF and TGFα on DNA synthesis by vitellogenic follicles were not additive, suggesting that these growth factors work through the same receptors. The most profound mitogenic effects of EGF and TGFα were seen when they were combined with insulin, IGF-I, or IGF-II. Unlike IGF-I, which had an additive effect when tested with hCG, EGF and hCG effects on DNA synthesis were not additive. Treatment with an antibody to EGF but neither γ-globulin nor IGF-I antibody blocked the stimulatory actions of hCG on DNA synthesis by vitellogenic follicles. This suggests that EGF mediates the actions of hCG on DNA synthesis. In summary, these data support the concept that several growth factors and gonadotropins participate in the regulation of DNA synthesis in goldfish vitellogenic follicles.


Significance Ecological scaling laws are intensively studied for their predictive power and universal nature but often fail to unify biodiversity across domains of life. Using a global-scale compilation of microbial and macrobial data, we uncover relationships of commonness and rarity that scale with abundance at similar rates for microorganisms and macroscopic plants and animals. We then show a unified scaling law that predicts the abundance of dominant species across 30 orders of magnitude to the scale of all microorganisms on Earth. Using this scaling law combined with the lognormal model of biodiversity, we predict that Earth is home to as many as 1 trillion (1012) microbial species. Scaling laws underpin unifying theories of biodiversity and are among the most predictively powerful relationships in biology. However, scaling laws developed for plants and animals often go untested or fail to hold for microorganisms. As a result, it is unclear whether scaling laws of biodiversity will span evolutionarily distant domains of life that encompass all modes of metabolism and scales of abundance. Using a global-scale compilation of ∼35,000 sites and ∼5.6⋅106 species, including the largest ever inventory of high-throughput molecular data and one of the largest compilations of plant and animal community data, we show similar rates of scaling in commonness and rarity across microorganisms and macroscopic plants and animals. We document a universal dominance scaling law that holds across 30 orders of magnitude, an unprecedented expanse that predicts the abundance of dominant ocean bacteria. In combining this scaling law with the lognormal model of biodiversity, we predict that Earth is home to upward of 1 trillion (1012) microbial species. Microbial biodiversity seems greater than ever anticipated yet predictable from the smallest to the largest microbiome.


Correction to: Journal of Mechatronics and Robotics http://doi.org/10.3844/10.3844/jmrsp.2017.88.97, published online December 20, 2017; updated April 29, 2019
 The original version of this Article contained Mr. MirMilad Mirsayar as a co-author. Mr. Mirsayar has not contributed to the preparation and publication of this manuscript.
 These errors have now been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the Article. http://doi.org/10.3844/10.3844/jmrsp.2017.88.97.


Stress has been shown to suppress immune function and increase susceptibility to inflammatory disease and psychiatric disease. CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are prominent in immune regulation. This study was conducted to determine if anti-CD25 antibody (Ab) mediated depletion of Treg cells in mice susceptibility to stress-induced development of depression-like behaviors, as well as immunological and neurochemical activity. To accomplish this, an elevated plus-maze test (EPM), tail suspension test (TST), and forced swim test (FST) were used to examine depression-like behaviors upon chronic immobilization stress. Immune imbalance status was observed based on analysis of serum cytokines using a mouse cytometric bead array in conjunction with flow cytometry and changes in the levels of serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) in the brain were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The time spent in the open arms of the EPM decreased significantly and the immobility time in the FST increased significantly in the anti-CD25 Ab-treated group when compared with the non stressed wild-type group. In addition, interlukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-á (TNF-á), interlukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interlukin-4 (IL-4) and interlukin-17A (IL-17A) concentrations were significantly upregulated in the stressed anti-CD25 Ab-treated group when compared with the non stressed wild-type group. Furthermore, the non stressed anti-CD25 Ab-treated group displayed decreased 5-HT levels within the hippocampus when compared with the non stressed wild-type group. These results suggest that CD4+CD25+ Treg cell depletion modulated alterations in depressive behavior, cytokine and monoaminergic activity. Therefore, controlling CD4+CD25+ Treg cell function during stress may be a potent therapeutic strategy for the treatment of depression-like symptoms.


INTRODUCTION: Giant cell tumour of bone (GCT) is a rare primary bone tumour. Little is known about the epidemiology of this tumour in South Africa as most demographic information is based on research from Asia, Europe and North America. This research aims to raise awareness and promote early recognition of these tumours. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of all patients with biopsy-confirmed GCTs that presented between January 2010 and December 2014. Information pertaining to patient demographics, tumour location, treatment and outcome was recorded and analysed.
RESULTS: Twenty-two patients were included in the study. The mean age of patients was 32.4 years (range 12-63), and a slight male predominance (1.2:1) was observed. Tumours were mainly located at the end of long bones (91%) with the distal femur and proximal tibia being most commonly affected (55%). Two patients (9%) were diagnosed with primary malignant giant cell tumours. We observed a higher rate of lung metastases (18%) than previously reported. The median tumour volume was significantly higher in patients who developed lung metastases (467.4 cm3 vs 137.8 cm3; p=0.03). Three of the patients with lung metastases were HIV-positive (odds ratio [OR] = 10.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.84-130.66, p=0.076). All patients were treated surgically with extended curettage, local adjuvant therapy, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and internal fixation or en-bloc resection with prosthetic or osteochondral allograft replacement.
CONCLUSION: Giant cell tumours of bone are uncommon. Demographics from South Africa emulate international statistics. No recurrence of GCTs was observed in our cohort despite the relatively large tumours at time of presentation compared to international literature that report recurrence rates of approximately 2%. The incidence of metastases and primary malignant GCT was higher than in previous reports. The association of these findings with HIV infection warrants further investigation. Metastases appear to be associated with the size of the primary tumour.


*Corresponding Author: M. Krishnamurthy Professor Department of Library & Information Science Mangalore University, India E-mail: email@example.com All JISTaP content is Open Access, meaning it is accessible online to everyone, without fee and authors' permission. All JISTaP content is published and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http:/ creativecommons. org/licenses/by/3.0/). Under this license, authors reserve the copyright for their content; however, they permit anyone to unrestrictedly use, distribute, and reproduce the content in any medium as far as the original authors and source are cited. For any reuse, redistribution, or reproduction of a work, users must clarify the license terms under which the work was produced.


This presentation looks at the use of Dreamwriting, the author's own version of the rule-free warm-up technique used in adult creative writing classes, and asks if it could be useful in the teaching of and writing about sciences. Dreamwriting is a response to the Automatic Writing of surrealist Andre Breton who believed that it held the key to liberation from bourgeois idealsto the essential, uncluttered selfand the Free Writing of Peter Elbow. Elbow's was a response to his own struggles with academic writing in an educational system which he said made 'people who were smart think they were stupid.' His 'declaration of independence' came from the analysis of his failed academic writing and the need to 'make it good, keep control, figure out my point ahead of time with outlines.' The research was set within the debate led by Sir Ken Robinson whose national commission on creativity, education and economy for the UK Govt in 1999 argued that anational strategy for creative and cultural educationis essential if we are to ' unlock the potential of every young person' as the Government's White Paper in 1997 suggested. Robinson concluded 'that Britain's economic prosperity and social cohesion depend on this.' (Robinson 1999) Gilly Smith is a senior lecturer in Television, Radio and Journalism at the University of Brighton. She uses Dreamwriting to encourage academics and students to rediscover the passion behind their ideas and the voice to put them on the page.


The topic of non-redundant near-field sampling has received much attention in recent literature. However, a practical implementation has so far been elusive. This paper describes a first step toward such a practical implementation, where the practicality and generality are maximized at the expense of more acquired data points. Building on the theoretical work of faculty at the University of Salerno and University of Naples [1]-[17], the authors have acquired a set of near-field data using a spiral locus of sample points and, from those data, obtained the far-field patterns. In this paper, we discuss the acquisition system, the calculation and practical implementation of the spiral, the phase transformations, interpolations, and far-field transforms. We also present the resultant far-field patterns and compare them to patterns of the same antenna obtained using conventional near-field scanning. Qualitative results involving aperture back-projection are also given. We summarize our findings with a discussion of error, uncertainty, acquisition time, and processing time in this simplified approach to non-redundant sampling in a practical system.


This paper uses intraday data to estimate the effect of changes in monetary policy on the exchange rate. We use an event study with carefully selected sample periods for four countries (Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom) to ensure that the change in monetary policy is exogenous to the exchange rate. Intraday data allow us to use a short event window, which improves the accuracy of estimates, and demonstrates that the change in policy is rapidly incorporated into the exchange rate. On average, an unanticipated tightening of 25 basis points is found to appreciate the exchange rate by around 0.35 per cent, with estimates for the individual countries ranging from ¼–½ of a per cent. The estimation indicates that monetary policy changes account for only a small part of the observed variability of exchange rates in these countries. We also find that changes in monetary policy have substantially different effects on the exchange rate depending on how they alter expectations regarding future policy. Surprises that cause expectations of future policy to be revised by the full amount of the surprise are found to have a larger impact on the exchange rate (around 0.4 per cent) than surprises that only bring forward an anticipated change in policy and do not change expectations of future policy (around 0.2 per cent).


Ricotta Salata is a traditional ripened and salted whey cheese made in Sardinia (Italy) from sheep's milk. This product is catalogued as ready-to-eat food (RTE) since it is not submitted to any further treatment before consumption. Thus, foodborne pathogens, such as Listeria monocytogenes, can represent a health risk for consumers. In September 2012, the FDA ordered the recall of several batches of Ricotta Salata imported from Italy linked to 22 cases of Listeriosis in the United States. This study was aimed at evaluating the presence and virulence properties of L. monocytogenes in 87 samples of Ricotta Salata produced in Sardinia. The ability of this product to support its growth under foreseen packing and storing conditions was also evaluated in 252 samples. Of the 87 samples 17.2% were positive for the presence of L. monocytogenes with an average concentration of 2.2 log10 cfu/g. All virulence-associated genes (prfA, rrn, hlyA, actA, inlA, inlB, iap, plcA, and plcB) were detected in only one isolated strain. The Ricotta Salata samples were artificially inoculated and growth potential (δ) was assessed over a period of 3 mo. The value of the growth potential was always >0.5 log10 cfu/g under foreseen packing and storing conditions. This study indicates that Ricotta Salata supports the L. monocytogenes growth to levels that may present a serious risk to public health, even while stored at refrigeration temperatures.


There is a widely held view within the general public that large corporations should act in the interests of a broader group of agents than just their shareholders (the stakeholder view). This paper presents a framework where this idea can be justified. The point of departure is the observation that a large firm typically faces endogenous risks that may have a significant impact on the workers it employs and the consumers it serves. These risks generate externalities on these stakeholders which are not internalized by shareholders. As a result, in the competitive equilibrium, there is under‐investment in the prevention of these risks. We suggest that this under‐investment problem can be alleviated if firms are instructed to maximize the total welfare of their stakeholders rather than shareholder value alone (stakeholder equilibrium). The stakeholder equilibrium can be implemented by introducing new property rights (employee rights and consumer rights) and instructing managers to maximize the total value of the firm (the value of these rights plus shareholder value). If there is only one firm, the stakeholder equilibrium is Pareto optimal. However, this is not true with more than one firm and/or heterogeneous agents, which illustrates some of the limits of the stakeholder model.


Bodybuilders have used different carbohydrate loading regimens in conjunction with resistance exercise prior to competition in the belief that this would result in increased muscle size. To investigate this possibility, muscle girth measurements were obtained from nine weight-trained males before and after a control (standard isocaloric diet) and an experimental trial (carbohydrate loading). The latter regimen consisted of 3 days of intense weight-lifting while the subjects ingested a diet of 10% carbohydrate (CHO), 57% fat (F), and 33% protein (P), followed by 3 days of light weight-lifting and a day of rest while ingesting a diet of 80% CHO, 5% F, and 15% P. The control trial consisted of an identical weight-lifting regimen while subjects ingested an isocaloric (45 kcal/kg BW/day) diet. Body weight and girths (forearm, upper arm, chest, thigh, waist, and calf) were obtained before and after each trial in a relaxed and flexed state. The results indicate that an exercise/carbohydrate loading regimen had no significant effect on muscle girth as compared to the control trial. It is concluded that CHO loading has no additional advantage to enhancing muscle girth in bodybuilders over weight-lifting alone.


The Advertising Expenditures or (ADEX) revenue is a major contributor for the survival of magazine publishing. In the recent report by the Magazine Publisher Association (MPA 2014) shows a total of RM207.8 million ADEX was successfully secured by the local publishing company. From the total amount, RM120.9 million was dominated by English-language magazine publishers, while only RM60.1 million was achieved by Malay-language magazine publishers. This paper will discuss on factors, as well as potential and challenges in this magazine publishing industry. The main question is, how the local magazine publisher now is ready to face the changes in the industry which is seen to be challenging. The secondary analysis method has been applied to the data from the latest ADEX report which is provided by Magazine Publisher Association (MPA 2014) from 2010 to 2014 (July). The findings of this analysis indicate ADEX earning in the English-language magazines is more than the Malay-language magazines. However, ADEX for the English-language magazines has declined over the past four years, as well as the number of magazines published are less than the Malay-language magazines which are considered to be more stable even though their revenue is less. Competition with other media channels, readers' purchasing power and preference are seen as factors contributing to this trend. Thus, it can be concluded that the Malay-language magazines are still competitive and have more stable prospects as compared to the English-language magazines, despite their low ADEX turnover.


When seasoned festival director Brett Sheehy took the helm of the Melbourne International Arts Festival (MIAF) in 2009, he faced an open-minded public and a sympathetic press but a local arts community that a stand-up comic might regard as a 'tough room'. After seven years of festivals led by his predecessors Kristy Edmunds (2005-08) and Robyn Archer (2002-04) that had come to increasingly reflect the aesthetics and practices of Melbourne's independent artists and smaller companies, Sheehy's decisions would be carefully scrutinised by the city's vibrant community of theatre makers. Unlike Sheehy, who built a career as an arts administrator and festival director at Adelaide (2005-08) and Sydney (200205), Edmunds and Archer both moved into festival management after careers as artists. Archer had been a professional singer before taking the reins in 2002,' while Edmunds moved from a visual and inter-arts background into curating one of the most artist-centred festivals in the USA, the Time-Based Art Festival in Portland, Oregon. As MIAF's longest serving director and only the second non-Australian to run the event," Edmunds quickly became respected and even adored by some segments of Melbourne's arts community. On the final night of the 2008 festival, revellers at the Artist Lounge celebrated her contributions and lauded her for having successfully curated a series of increasingly intimate, artist-centred festivals. Even before the 2009 festival opened, there were already some in the creative arts community who were making noise about the relative paucity of local offerings, prompting Sheehy to remark, ? know artists want their work seen, I also know that in this city there are multiple forums in which their work can be seen ... If their work is great, the odds are it's going to happen anyway'.3 At the outset of the festival, Sheehy made it clear that under his watch the festival was not for '"us" or "them"; it is for each and every citizen of this city',4 a statement the editors at the Melbourne Age heralded as 'a triumph of plain language over artspeak' which, they noted 'sadly', was 'an affliction of at least one of his predecessors', a clear reference to Edmunds who at times had a less than happy relationship with the mainstream daily press. When the 2009 festival ended with the highest box-office take on record, it was clear that the first Sheehy festival may well mark the end of festivals that often felt as though they were created largely for those who saw self-identity as being on the cutting edge of Melbourne's performing arts community. Because of the relative coherence of the festivals from Archer's first in 2002 and the clear changes that are afoot from 2009, this article focuses on the eight-year period from 2002 to 2009, identifying trends and shifts in programming in the flexible though largely consistent categories of theatre, dance, dance theatre, physical theatre, site-specific/live art, opera and music theatre. It is beyond the scope of this article to map a comprehensive history of the event - one that has seen a long line of distinguished artistic directors, including not just Archer, Edmunds and Sheehy, but also Gian Carlo Menotti, John Truscott, Richard Wherrett, Leo Schofield, Clifford Hocking, Sue Nattrass and Jonathan Mills.5 I argue that while seven years of Archer and Edmunds resulted in a festival that was distinctively Melburnian in terms of its scope, scale and taste, Sheehy's concern with broadening the audience base for the festival suggests that he may be less preoccupied with the event's reflecting a particular Melbourne artist-centred sensibility than were his predecessors. This may not necessarily be a bad thing. Lest I be accused of being a Melbourne cheerleader, I conclude with some observations about what the festival has never done particularly well, while setting out some hopes for the future. Festival and the Melbourne context While the Adelaide Festival dates back to 1960, the Melbourne International Arts Festival is relatively young, having adopted the name Melbourne International Festival of the Arts in 1990 after dropping its original designation as the Melbourne Spoleto Festival. …


BACKGROUND: In explaining recent trends in Russian mortality, alcohol drinking has often been put forward as a major factor. However, cardiovascular disease remains the major cause of death in Russia and alcohol is currently viewed as having a protective effect on heart disease. This study explores this apparent paradox by examining daily trends in deaths from cardiovascular disease in Moscow. SUBJECTS: Those dying in Moscow in the years 1993-1995. METHODS: Analysis of daily variation in deaths based on data from Moscow City death certificates. RESULTS: There is a significant increase in deaths from alcohol poisoning, accidents, and violence and cardiovascular diseases on Saturdays, Sundays, and Mondays. This is especially marked for sudden deaths. This pattern is consistent with the known pattern of drinking in Russia, which is more likely to take place in binges than is the case in other countries. CONCLUSION: A possible causative role for alcohol in sudden cardiovascular death is suggested as there are no other obvious explanations for this pattern, which cannot be accounted for by daily variations in traditional risk factors such as smoking or lipids. Although this is inconsistent with the prevailing view in the West that alcohol is seen as cardioprotective, there is considerable supporting evidence from a necropsy study and from studies in other places with a similar pattern of drinking. In countries such as Russia, where patterns of drinking differ considerably from that in the West, binge drinking can be an important cause of sudden cardiac death. This has important implications for estimates of the amount of mortality worldwide attributable to specific risk factors and thus for national and international policy.


Background A detailed understanding of injury types and rates is needed to inform effective injury prevention and management. This is the first comprehensive injury surveillance report across the four Welsh Rugby Union (WRU) Region Professional Teams. Objective To identify priority injury problems and potential risk factors across the WRU Regions. Design A designated medical team member from each Region recorded; all time-loss injuries, training and match exposure during the 2012–2013 domestic season. Consensus injury surveillance (Fuller et al., 2007) methods were used for data analysis. Setting Top tier Welsh professional rugby. Participants All players (173) from the four WRU Region clubs during the 2012–2013 season. Risk factor assessment The relationships between; injury rates, types and severity, and mechanism of injury, player age and activity (training or match) at time of injury. Main outcome measurement Training and match Injury incidence (per 1000 hours), injury prevalence (% of players unavailable) and average days-lost per injury were calculated for each variable. Results Overall injury incidence was 10/1000 hrs (2/1000 training hrs, 98/1000 match hrs), prevalence was 18% and days-lost per injury was 26. Acute strain/sprain and impact injuries had the highest injury incidence and prevalence (3–4/1000 hrs and 6–8%). Older players (>24 years) had higher; injury incidence (6 vs. 4 for younger players), injury prevalence (11 vs. 8%) and more days lost per injury (27 vs. 24). The majority of match injuries occurred during tackles (63%). Strength training and running caused the greatest number of training injuries, with strength training injuries resulting in longer periods out (49 vs. 34 days lost per running injury). Conclusions Prevention strategies should target the high rate of match injuries.Older players may require bespoke injury risk management, and exposure to contact events (particularly tackles) needs to be recorded to ascertain the specific activity risk.


Modern automated methods for measurement, collection, and analysis of data in industry and science are providing more and more data with drastically increasing structure complexity. On the one hand, this growing complexity is justified by the need for a richer and more precise description of real-world objects, on the other hand it is justified by the rapid progress in measurement and analysis techniques that allow the user a versatile exploration of objects. In order to manage the huge volume of such complex data, advanced database systems are employed. In contrast to conventional database systems that support exact match queries, the user of these advanced database systems focuses on applying similarity search and data mining techniques.
Based on an analysis of typical advanced database systems — such as biometrical, biological, multimedia, moving, and CAD-object database systems — the following three challenging characteristics of complexity are detected: uncertainty (probabilistic feature vectors), multiple instances (a set of homogeneous feature vectors), and multiple representations (a set of heterogeneous feature vectors). Therefore, the goal of this thesis is to develop similarity search and data mining techniques that are capable of handling uncertain, multi-instance, and multi-represented objects.
The first part of this thesis deals with similarity search techniques. Object identification is a similarity search technique that is typically used for the recognition of objects from image, video, or audio data. Thus, we develop a novel probabilistic model for object identification. Based on it, two novel types of identification queries are defined. In order to process the novel query types efficiently, we introduce an index structure called Gauss-tree. In addition, we specify further probabilistic models and query types for uncertain multi-instance objects and uncertain spatial objects. Based on the index structure, we develop algorithms for an efficient processing of these query types. Practical benefits of using probabilistic feature vectors are demonstrated on a real-world application for video similarity search. Furthermore, a similarity search technique is presented that is based on aggregated multi-instance objects, and that is suitable for video similarity search. This technique takes multiple representations into account in order to achieve better effectiveness.
The second part of this thesis deals with two major data mining techniques: clustering and classification. Since privacy preservation is a very important demand of distributed advanced applications, we propose using uncertainty for data obfuscation in order to provide privacy preservation during clustering. Furthermore, a model-based and a density-based clustering method for multi-instance objects are developed. Afterwards, original extensions and enhancements of the density-based clustering algorithms DBSCAN and OPTICS for handling multi-represented objects are introduced. Since several advanced database systems like biological or multimedia database systems handle predefined, very large class systems, two novel classification techniques for large class sets that benefit from using multiple representations are defined. The first classification method is based on the idea of a k-nearest-neighbor classifier. It employs a novel density-based technique to reduce training instances and exploits the entropy impurity of the local neighborhood in order to weight a given representation. The second technique addresses hierarchically-organized class systems. It uses a novel hierarchical, supervised method for the reduction of large multi-instance objects, e.g. audio or video, and applies support vector machines for efficient hierarchical classification of multi-represented objects. User benefits of this technique are demonstrated by a prototype that performs a classification of large music collections.
The effectiveness and efficiency of all proposed techniques are discussed and verified by comparison with conventional approaches in versatile experimental evaluations on real-world datasets.


Law Professor and Accidental Historian is a timely and important reader addressing many of the most hotly debated domestic policy issues of our times—immigration policy, education law, and diversity. Specifically, this book examines the works of one of the country's leading scholars—Professor Michael A. Olivas. Many of the academy's most respected immigration, civil rights, legal history, and education law scholars agreed to partake in this important venture, and have contributed provocative and exquisite chapters covering these cutting-edge issues. Each chapter interestingly demonstrates that Olivas's works are not only thoughtful, brilliantly written, and thoroughly researched, but almost every Olivas article examined has an uncanny ability to predict issues that policy-makers failed to consider. Indeed, in several examples, the book highlights ongoing societal struggles on issues Professor Olivas had warned of long before they came into being. Perhaps with this book, our nation's policy-makers will more readily read and listen closely to Olivas's sagacious advice and prophetic predictions.


The rule of rescue describes the moral impulse to save identifiable lives in immediate danger at any expense. Think of the extremes taken to rescue a small child who has fallen down a well, a woman pinned beneath the rubble of an earthquake, or a submarine crew trapped on the ocean floor. No effort is deemed too great. Yet should this same moral instinct to rescue, regardless of cost, be applied in the emergency room, the hospital, or the community clinic?

In health care, the desire to save lives at any cost must be reconciled with the reality of resource scarcity. As one example, the estimated cost for prophylactic Factor VIII to treat one patient with hemophilia for one year is $300,000. Costs of this magnitude have been accepted by public and private insurers in the developed world, even though, in principle, these sums could provide greater overall health benefit if allocated to pay for the unmet health care needs of many other patients. Looking forward, however, broad application of the rule of rescue will be increasingly untenable. But the moral instinct will remain: the desire to help those weakest among us, especially when their small numbers allow us to see them as unique individuals. What, then, is the ethical framework that can guide coverage and reimbursement decisions for orphan drugs into the future?


A framework is developed that can be applied in selecting alternatives for highway development. The problem is not the budgeting process per se, but is the evaluation stage of possible projects. When the relative worth of each proposal has been determined, the budget can be spent so that the most "worthwhile" projects are constructed with priority until either the list of proposals or the budget is exhausted. -- The framework developed in this thesis can be utilized, not only to budget for projects competing for the available resources, but also to compare possible solutions to one specific transport problem. -- There are two main features of the framework; a listing of goals and a listing of possible types of results of the proposals. The goals are ideals the project is to fulfill. Many different types of results occur because of a project and to facilitate the examination of these results, they are separated into monetary, intangible and uncertain results. Use of the framework demands examining these types of impacts of the proposal upon each goal. -- The application of the framework is demonstrated in a problem facing highway planners in Newfoundland. Two projects of considerable magnitude: upgrading and paving the Burin Peninsula Highway and upgrading and paving the Great Northern Peninsula Highway are examined in this thesis, using the framework. The framework demonstrated that the Burin Peninsula project is the most "worthwhile".


To many antebellum Americans, Appalachia was a frightening wilderness of lawlessness, peril, robbers, and hidden dangers. The extensive media coverage of horse stealing and scalping raids profiled the region's residents as intrinsically violent. After the Civil War, this characterization continued to permeate perceptions of the area and news of the conflict between the Hatfields and the McCoys, as well as the bloodshed associated with the coal labor strikes, cemented Appalachia's violent reputation. Blood in the Hills: A History of Violence in Appalachia provides an in-depth historical analysis of hostility in the region from the late eighteenth to the early twentieth century. Editor Bruce E. Stewart discusses aspects of the Appalachian violence culture, examining skirmishes with the native population, conflicts resulting from the region's rapid modernization, and violence as a function of social control. The contributors also address geographical isolation and ethnicity, kinship, gender, class, and race with the purpose of shedding light on an often-stereotyped regional past. Blood in the Hills does not attempt to apologize for the region but uses detailed research and analysis to explain it, delving into the social and political factors that have defined Appalachia throughout its violent history.


The scarring response that follows glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS), an incisional surgery aimed at reducing glaucoma-related pressure increases within the eye, often prevents a successful outcome leading to further disease progression. Whilst a number of drugs have been shown to regulate scarring, a number of side effects are also induced largely related to the delivery method. Following on from previous work initiated in the lab whereby drugs (including the cytotoxic drugs, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and mitomycin-C (MMC), the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibody, bevacizumab, and the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, ilomastat) had been fabricated into solid, slow release, implantable tablets, a number of questions remained pertaining to their effectiveness within a biological context. Using 5-FU, it was shown that concentrations at which the drug is released from the tablet can inhibit fibroblast activity (such as proliferation) as effectively as when using conventional concentrations for up to a 30 day period. Furthermore, it has been shown, for the first time, how gene expression within healing tissue (in-vivo) is altered upon the application of 5-FU at currently used clinical concentrations. Results from this study indicated that genes involved in apoptosis such as TP53, RelA, Bax, MYC and TXN were downregulated indicative of a response by the cells to limit the effects of apoptosis on tissue exposed to 5-FU. Secondly this thesis focuses on angiogenesis where it was shown that solid-dosage bevacizumab tablets functioned as effectively as bevacizumab solution in-vitro, with excipients of this drug such as trehalose shown to have implications in modulating wound healing. Furthermore, VEGF was shown for the first time to be a positiveregulator of fibroblast activity, such as in its ability to promote matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production, presenting mechanisms by which anti-VEGF drugs may function to inhibit the wound healing process. Finally this thesis focuses on the effects of exposing cells and tissue to ilomastat, whereby microarray screening was utilised to uncover novel changes in gene expression that both regulate the direct activity of ilomastat, as well as highlight secondary effects of the drug. For example, a dampening of the immune response (such as in the downregulation of IL-1a, IL-6, IL-8, Bip and XBP1) was observed following ilomastat injection. Importantly however, these experiments also highlighted a previously uncharacterised foreign body response that was observed upon implantation of the ilomastat tablet in-vivo, with the widespread upregulation of genes involved in this process observed including TNF, FN1, IL-1β and IL-6. As such, whilst these experiments exposed novel mechanisms through which these drugs function, care will be required in moving forward with the use of such agents and delivery methods to ensure thatmaximum biocompatibility is achieved.


With Telecom market reaching saturation in many geographies and revenues from voice calls decreasing, Telecom operators are trying to identify new sources of revenue. For this purpose, these operators can take advantage of their core functionalities like Location, Call Control, etc. by exposing them as services to be composed by developers with third party offerings available over the Web. To hide the complexity of underlying Telecom protocols from application developers, the operators are steadily adopting Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) and reference standards like Parlay-X and IMS. However, a number of challenges still remain in rapid utilization of Telecom functionalities for creating new applications - existence of multiple protocols, different classes of developers, and the need to coordinate and manage usage of these functionalities. In this paper, we present SewNet, a framework for creating applications exploiting Telecom functionality exposed over a (converged) IP network. More specifically, SewNet a) provides an abstraction model for encapsulating invocation, coordination and enrichment of the Telecom functionalities, b) renders a service creation environment on top of this model, and c) caters to various different categories of developers. With the help of two use-case scenarios, we demonstrate how SewNet can create services utilizing rich Telecom functionality.


This paper studies inference of preference parameters in semiparametric discrete choice models when these parameters are not point-identi?ed and the identi?ed set is characterized by a class of conditional moment inequalities. Exploring the semiparametric modeling restrictions, we show that the identi?ed set can be equivalently formulated by moment inequalities conditional on only two continuous indexing variables. Such formulation holds regardless of the covariate dimension, thereby breaking the curse of dimensionality for nonparametric inference based on the underlying conditional moment inequalities. We also extend this dimension reducing characterization result to a variety of semi-parametric models under which the sign of conditional expectation of a certain transformation of the outcome is the same as that of the indexing variable.


Novel hardware-aided trusted execution environments, as provided by Intel's Software Guard Extensions (SGX), enable to execute applications in a secure context that enforces confidentiality and integrity of the application state even when the host system is misbehaving. While this paves the way towards secure and trustworthy cloud computing, essential system support to protect persistent application state against rollback and forking attacks is missing. In this paper we present LCM – a lightweight protocol to establish a collective memory amongst all clients of a remote application to detect integrity and consistency violations. LCM enables the detection of rollback attacks against the remote application, enforces the consistency notion of fork-linearizability and notifies clients about operation stability. The protocol exploits the trusted execution environment, complements it with simple client-side operations, and maintains only small, constant storage at the clients. This simplifies the solution compared to previous approaches, where the clients had to verify all operations initiated by other clients. We have implemented LCM and demonstrated its advantages with a key-value store application. The evaluation shows that it introduces low network and computation overhead, in particular, a LCM-protected key-value store achieves 0.72x – 0.98x of an SGX-secured key-value store throughput.


Targeting the cytokine IL-17 could attenuate the resistance that tumors develop to therapies that block angiogenesis. To meet the demand for oxygen and nutrients, growing tumors induce the growth of new blood vessels in a process called angiogenesis. Antibodies directed against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which promotes angiogenesis, have been developed as a therapeutic strategy to limit tumor growth. However, tumors often become refractory to antibodies against VEGF treatment (see Maniati and Hagemann). Chung et al. screened the factors secreted by cancer cell lines that are insensitive to antibodies against VEGF (EL4 cells) or sensitive to antibodies against VEGF (Tib-6 cells). EL4 cells secreted high concentrations of interleukin-17A (IL-17A), at a concentration ~10,000 times that released by Tib-6 cells, the greatest differential of the secreted factors measured. IL-17 triggers the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Compared with mice without tumors, mice with tumors formed from EL4 cells had higher circulating amounts of G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) and IL-6, both proinflammatory cytokines, and of the G-CSF–inducible factor Bv8, which promotes angiogenesis. These increases were ablated by injection of a neutralizing antibody directed against IL-17A. Growth of tumors formed from EL4 cells or the colon carcinoma cell line CT-26 was decreased in mice treated with antibodies against both VEGF and IL-17A compared with the growth of tumors in mice receiving antibodies against VEGF alone. Growth of EL4 tumors was also less in mice that were deficient in one of the subunits for the IL-17 receptor (Il17rc–/–) compared with that in wild-type mice. Furthermore, the growth of tumors formed from Tib-6 cells was increased if the cells were engineered to express IL-17A. Although the concentration of circulating IL-17A was similar in wild-type or Il17rc–/– mice with tumors formed from EL4 cells, the concentrations of circulating G-CSF and IL-6 were greater in wild-type mice than in Il17rc–/– mice. G-CSF recruits immature myeloid cells that are positive for CD11b and Gr1; these cells suppress T cells and promote tumor angiogenesis and thereby enhance tumor progression. Wild-type mice had higher numbers of circulating and tumor-infiltrating CD11b+Gr1+ cells compared with Il17rc–/– mice or mice deficient in the G-CSF receptor, and CD11b+Gr1+ cells from Il17rc–/– mice showed reduced ability to suppress T cell function. Tumor-associated fibroblasts from wild-type, but not Il17rc–/–, mice produced proinflammatory cytokines in response to stimulation with IL-17A or the related IL-17F. T helper 17 (TH17) cells promote inflammation, and tumor infiltration by TH17 cells is associated with poor prognosis. The number of infiltrating TH17 cells was decreased in Lewis lung carcinomas in Il17rc–/– mice compared with those in wild-type mice. These results suggest that combining an antibody against IL-17 may attenuate tumor resistance to anti-angiogenic therapies. A. S. Chung, X. Wu, G. Zhuang, H. Ngu, I. Kasman, J. Zhang, J.-M. Vernes, Z. Jiang, Y. G. Meng, F. V. Peale, W. Ouyang, N. Ferrara, An interleukin-17–mediated paracrine network promotes tumor resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy. Nat. Med. 19, 1114–1123 (2013).[PubMed] E. Maniati, T. Hagemann, IL-17 mediates resistance to anti-VEGF therapy. Nat. Med. 19, 1092–1094 (2013).[PubMed]


This study investigates the access to and usage of financial services in South Africa. Financial services are categorised in three types namely; general accounts and services, investment/savings and insurance/assurance. Taking into account the interactions between usage of different types of financial services, we use multivariate simultaneous probit specification to examine the effect of financial perception. Our results suggests that after controlling for endogeneity of choices and a range of control variables, financial perceptions are robust determinant of access to financial services. The impact of financial perception however reduces and gradually disappears as one moves up the financial access ladder towards more advanced financial products and services. In a policy context, targeting demand-side factors to increase access to and use of financial services is advisable. This targeting however can only be successful if it is tuned to specific basic financial services and products.


Different speed and aftermath of the transition of twenty post-communist Central and Eastern European countries to free-market economy has posed a question about political and economical reasons led only some countries being successful in their transformation. The attempt was done in this paper to analyse five-year history of three stabilisation programmes undertaken in Ukraine where eventually economy seems to reach "low output - high inflation" equilibrium. The first chapter of the paper was devoted to the peculiar characteristics of monetary policy with special attention to inflation trend correlation with different monetary aggregates. The regression analysis showed that broad money with three-months lag and banking credits to the state sector of economy were mainly responsible for inflation hikes. Second part of the paper concentrates on reasons of steep output fall registered in the economy. As the Ukrainian government being faced with "inflation-unemployment (output)" trade-off has steadily tried to minimise output losses for the account of accommodative high-inflationary policy, output began to shrink and move to shadow economy in spite of persistent flow of direct government financial support to the economy. Any attempts to conduct contractionary monetary policy led on impact to worsening of arrears problem. The arrears chain appeared in the economy since 1993, and inter-enterprise arrears fast growth has caused severe financial crisis through whole economy resulted in the appearance with three-year lag socially dangerous tax arrears, wage arrears, and pension arrears. The cross-section regression analysis clarified that arrears can be mainly linked to the presence of the bulk of ineffective state-owned loss-making enterprises existed under soft budget constraints.


Background/Context In light of the consistent underperformance of the comprehensive high school, districts across the country, mostly urban, have begun creating small schools, believing that they may offer a more personalized, supportive, and demanding learning environment. To explore this assumption, this article examines small-school reform through the lens of complexity theory, considering both the promise and problems associated with this approach to educational change. Purpose/Objective With complexity theory as an analytic lens, this article looks at extant research in the area of small-school reform. Specifically, the article draws on fundamental features of complexity theory (e.g., initial conditions, distributed authority, control parameters, fractals, and synergy) as a way to assess both the problems and promise of small-school reform. Intervention/Program/Practice This article focuses on the effects of small-school reform— specifically, the impact of small schools, defined in general as those that enroll between 300 and 450 students, have an explicit thematic focus, promote broad democratic participation for all community members, and attempt to personalize students' education as a means to enhance educational achievement. Research Design Drawing on the lens of complexity theory, this article offers a secondary analysis of research that I and others have conducted. Employing specific features of complexity theory, this article offers an analysis of these studies from a new analytic perspective. Conclusions/Recommendations Overall, complexity theory is "good to think with." It offers a systematic way to conceptualize and direct reform in a dynamic, nonlinear system. It is not precise, and certainly not predictive, but complexity theory—with its attention to changed interactions, initial conditions, distributed authority, control parameters, and fractals—offers a holistic framework for understanding the systemic nature of educational reform. Too often, efforts at educational change have been atheoretical, ignoring the multiple, interrelated, and interacting elements of our schools and school systems. Viewing the educational system as composed of isolated and discrete structures, such efforts assumed that complicated phenomena could be understood by analyzing their constituent parts, when in fact the sum of the whole was greater, and more complex, than the sum of the individual parts. Consequently, reforms modified one or two elements in a system apart from related elements, assuming that these actions would produce the intended outcome through a linear, cause-and-effect relationship. But often, the status quo endured. Rather than assuming such predictable and linear interactions among discrete elements in an educational system, complexity theory draws attention to the evolving interrelationships among system elements at various levels of the system. It offers a means to analyze emerging patterns and trends to illuminate how the disparate system parts are, or are not, working together.


Recent work has introduced CASCADE, an algorithm for creating a globally-consistent taxonomy by crowdsourcing microwork from many individuals, each of whom may see only a tiny fraction of the data (Chilton et al. 2013). While CASCADE needs only unskilled labor and produces taxonomies whose quality approaches that of human experts, it uses significantly more labor than experts. This paper presents DELUGE, an improved workflow that produces taxonomies with comparable quality using significantly less crowd labor. Specifically, our method for crowdsourcing multi-label classification optimizes CASCADE's most costly step (categorization) using less than 10% of the labor required by the original approach. DELUGE's savings come from the use of decision theory and machine learning, which allow it to pose microtasks that aim to maximize information gain.


The Differentiating Instruction With Menus series offers teachers exciting tools to challenge and reach both gifted and advanced students in the classroom. Whether these students need enrichment, choice in independent practice, or even additional academic options resulting from curriculum compacting, these books provide teachers a complete ready-to-use resource. Each book includes a rubric that can assess different types of products, free choice proposal forms to encourage independent study, specific guidelines for each of the products included in the menus to save the teacher time, and challenging menus to meet the needs of these diverse higher level learners.Differentiating Instruction With Menus: Social Studies (Grades K-2) contains attractive reproducible menus, based on the levels of Bloom's revised taxonomy, that students can use as a guide when making decisions about which products they will develop after they study a major concept or unit. Topics addressed include culture and citizenship, geography, government, history, and people and places.The products included on the menu are carefully selected from various learning styles to build students' excitement and so that teachers can more accurately assess the depth of what has been learned. Using creative and challenging choices found in Three-Shape Menus, Tic-Tac-Toe Menus, Meal Menus, Give Me Five Menus, 2-5-8 Menus, and List Menus, students will look forward to sharing their newfound knowledge throughout the year!Grades K-2


The pre-history of ancient India seems to be shrouded in mystery. Today, a secular country and the home of some of the most important religions, little can be said with concrete evidence about its past, especially before the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC). This has thus become a hot topic of debate and controversy among archaeologists and historians alike, and with the uncovering of artifacts and evidences from Archaeology, Genetics, Linguistics and Mythology alike, a lot of light is being shedded on this mystery, and what seems to emerge are some shocking facts about this land.This work tries in the first place to consolidate such data collected by various fields, and also by experiments and inferences made by the author. It also takes into account various theories proposed till date, and with all this information, tries to consolidate and come up with one single theory/hypothesis that details the evolution and cultural and linguistic development of India and the effects it had on the rest of the world.


Objectives: The purpose of the trial was to evaluate the efficacy of dry needling of myofascial pain syndrome trigger points to relieve the hemiparetic shoulder pain resulting from a cerebrovascular accident [CVA, stroke]. Methods: A prospective, randomized, comparison cohort investigation was performed in the setting of a large inpatient rehabilitation unit with 400 admissions [mainly CVA or head injury] annually. Potential study subjects, who complained of shoulder pain on the hemiparetic side, were enrolled and randomly assigned to standard rehabilitation treatment plus deep dry needling [Group 1] or to standard rehabilitation treatment alone [Group 2]. The Rivermead Motricity Index was used to assess the motility on admission and discharge, and to calculate the percentage of potential improvement achieved during rehabilitation [effectiveness and efficiency]. A Pain Visual Analog Scale was used to serially assess pain. At the end of the trial, a self-report questionnaire evaluated whether patients could rest for a longer period of time in a wheelchair and sleep better in bed than they could before treatment. Results: One hundred and one CVA survivor patients entered the study. Those receiving dry needling, in addition to standard rehabilitation therapy, reported significantly less pain during sleep and physiotherapy. Their sleep was also more restful than that of the non-needled control subjects. The patients treated with dry needling reported a significant reduction in the frequency and intensity of pain and a reduction of pain during daytime and rehabilitation exercises in comparison to the standard therapy alone control group. A statistically significant inverse correlation was found between shoulder pain and mobility. Conclusions: The results indicate that combining dry needling of trigger points with standard rehabilitative therapy may improve the outcome of hemiparetic shoulder pain syndrome. It decreased the severity and frequency of the perceived pain, reduced the use of analgesic medications, restored more normal sleep patterns, and increased compliance with the rehabilitation program.


How can God allow it? A bibliological enrichment of the theodicy issue from a comparison between the Book of Revelation and 4 Ezra In the process of understanding and defining the relationship between God and man, the theodicy issue frequently floats to the surface. A long strand in the history of philosophy and theology has addressed itself to the task of reconciling God's omnipotence and benevolence with human suffering and the existence of evil. Some of the philosophical and theological views are represented in this article. According to reformed scholarly presentation, theodicy should seriously take into account the soteriological and eschatological hermeneutical views. This is confirmed by the Old Testament, intertestamental literature and the New Testament. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the apocryphal 4 Ezra which puts surprising views about theodicy on the table.


Over the past twenty years, there have been large-scale and expensive public works tenders that adopted design and build procurement (D&B) contracts which consist of construction and civil engineering. Experts from the academic and construction circles have been studying the effective implementation of these tenders, the difficulties they encountered and the solutions for them. However, design and build (D&B) projects have additional stages such as the pre-planning and design and post-operative stages compared to traditional construction projects. As a result, contractors are faced with a higher chance of project risk probability and impacts. The risks that were to be assumed by the original employer may be transferred to the design and build contractors by means of a written agreement. Risk Management involves appropriate handling of risks after evaluation and analysis to minimize the negative impacts risks have on the finance with the lowest costs. Risk management is applied to establish necessary guidelines and to obtain key indices for successful design and build projects for contractor to follow. The method incorporated in this research included literature review, questionnaire surveys and interviews. The encountered risk factors were compiled and placed in the right sequence. The possible ways of minimizing risks that design and build members have on the project according to the definition and implementation of risk management been also looked into. From the findings, it is recommended that contractors should have clear employer briefing, clear specifications and statement of needs, good quality of workmanship, implementing code of practice, key elements effective management, effective communication with all components of the project team and decisive action in the event of deviation from plans for a successful (D&B) projects


High precision positionning and assembly as well as micro-machining require dedicated devices. These devices have to provide high repeatability and precision on several degrees of freedom (dof). High dynamic characteristics are also sought to reach short task execution time and a good robustness. This work shows how to design parallel robots with flexure joints that allow nanometric positionning repeatability and high dynamics. After a description of the state of the art, a design methodology is proposed. The state of the art is focused on several topics (analyses and design of flexure joints, parallel micro-robots, dynamic and control of high precision dynamic devices). The methodology guides the engineer through the different design-steps. The design of elementary flexures is studied and the concept of functionaly equivalent flexures is given. This concept consists in a comparison criterion for elementary flexures. The idea is to compare elements that allow a given displacement (for instance a bending angle) at maximal stress. The caracteristics of flexure joints are described. Stiffness and compliance matrix, accurary, eigen-frequencies and eigen-modes determine the behaviour of a joint. The flexure profile, mass-geometry and material choices are analysed. The links between a structure, its dynamic model and the controller are investigated. Several examples are proposed to assess the effect of the mechanical properties of the chosen structures. Two devices have been built to emphasize important issues encountered in the design and control of high precision flexure robots. The first one is a linear stage that highlights the importance of identification, sensitivities, algorithms, quantifications (control and mesure) and sampling on a single dof structure. The second one is a 3 dof parallel robot used as a micro electro-discharge machine. The properties and caracteristics of this robot are illustrated. Some questions like the calibration or the choice of the kinematics are still open.


Chronic conditions such as arthritis, heart disease, and Parkinson disease are the principal cause of all sickness and death in the United States and represent the vast majority of health care expenditures. Although we now live in a world dominated by chronic conditions, health care is still organized around a commitment to treating acute illnesses. Meeting the Challenge of Chronic Illness examines current deficiencies in chronic illness care and explores ways to improve it. Addressing the challenges of shifting from the primacy of acute illnesses to the predominance of chronic conditions, the authors identify the components necessary to reorganize and reform health care: properly prepared health care workers; involved patients and families; appropriate use of new technologies, especially information systems; an appropriate role for prevention; and the creation of funding approaches that will provide necessary incentives. This book calls on policy makers, health care providers, and educators to address one of the greatest challenges facing the health care system.


Abstract The study examines students' assessments of the use of the flipped classroom approach in an undergraduate course in the Business Department at the College for Academic Studies in Israel. In its essence, learners prepare for classes by watching videos away from class, allowing the classroom encounter to focus on discussion, exercises, and discourse. Data were collected by a questionnaire distributed toward the end of the course. The students reported that watching videos between lessons enhanced interest, alleviated boredom, and enriched the learning. To a lesser extent, they reported it increased their involvement in learning, understanding of the learning material, and confidence in their ability to understand it. While acknowledging the convenience of watching course videos between classes, however, the participants clearly preferred to watch them in class. Multivariate analysis revealed that working students were less positive about using the flipped-classroom approach than non-working students, female students were more positive than male ones, and older students were more positive than younger ones. Furthermore, the stronger the senses of having classmates nearby, the more positive the participants were about the contribution of watching the videos.


The goal of the present PhD research is to establish a methodology of nuclear data uncertainty quantification (NDUQ) for MCNPX, the continuous-energy Monte-Carlo (M-C) code. The high fidelity (continuous-energy treatment and flexible geometry modelling) of MCNPX makes it the choice of routine criticality safety calculations at PSI/LRS, but also raises challenges for NDUQ by conventional sensitivity/uncertainty (S/U) methods. The methodology developed during this PhD research is fundamentally different from the conventional S/U approach: nuclear data are treated as random variables and sampled in accordance to presumed probability distributions. When sampled nuclear data are used in repeated model calculations, the output variance is attributed to the collective uncertainties of nuclear data. The NUSS (Nuclear data Uncertainty Stochastic Sampling) tool based on this sampling approach, is implemented to work with MCNPX's ACE format of nuclear data, which also gives NUSS compatibility with MCNP and SERPENT M-C codes. In contrast, multigroup uncertainties are used for the sampling of ACE-formatted pointwise-energy nuclear data in a groupwise manner due to the more limited quantity and quality of nuclear data uncertainties. Conveniently, the usage of multigroup nuclear data uncertainties allows consistent comparison between NUSS and other methods (both S/U and sampling-based) that employ the same nuclear data uncertainty format. The first stage of NUSS development focuses on applying simple random sampling algorithm for uncertainty quantification. The effect of combining multigroup and ACE format on the propagated nuclear data uncertainties is assessed. It is found that the number of energy groups has minor impact on the precision of the multiplication factor (k-eff) uncertainty as long as the group structure reflects the neutron flux spectrum. Successful verification of the NUSS tool for propagating nuclear data uncertainties through MCNPX and quantifying MCNPX output parameter uncertainties is obtained. The second stage of NUSS development is motivated by the need for an efficient sensitivity analysis methodology based on global sampling and coupled with MCNPX. For complex systems, the computing time for obtaining a breakdown of the total uncertainty contribution by individual inputs becomes prohibitive when many MCNPX runs are required. The capability of determining simultaneously the total uncertainty and individual nuclear data uncertainty contributions is thus researched and implemented into the NUSS-RF tool. It is based on the Random Balance Design algorithm and is validated by three mathematical test cases for both linear and nonlinear models and correlated inputs. NUSS-RF is then applied to demonstrate the efficient decomposition of total uncertainty by individual nuclear data. However an attempt to decompose total uncertainty into individual contributions using the conventional S/U method shows different decomposition results when the inputs are correlated. The investigation and findings of this PhD work are valuable because of the introduction of global sensitivity analysis into the existing repertoire of nuclear data uncertainty quantification methods. The NUSS tool is expected to be useful for expanding the types of MCNPX-related applications, such as an upgrade to the current PSI criticality safety assessment methodology for Swiss application, for which nuclear data uncertainty contributions can be quantified.


Postoperative delirium (PD) affects approximately 25 percent of participants over the age of 60 having major surgery. Long term negative effects include persistent delirium, loss of independence, nursing home placement, and mortality. There is evidence that incidence is related in-part to multifactorial precipitating and predisposing factors; however, none of the studies found evaluated perioperative environmental factors. One environmental factor that may influence the severity of PD is intraoperative noise. A surgical population with an increased incidence of delirium is orthopedic surgery. Orthopedic surgery, such as total hip or knee arthroplasties, involves the use of equipment such as loud drills and saws. The incidence of PD in those having orthopedic procedures is between 41% and 50%. The purposes of this study were to describe the environmental noise in an orthopedic operating room environment during arthroplastic surgery and to explore the relationship operational noise variables to the incidence and severity of PD. The correlational design is a non-experimental method chosen to examine the strength of the relationship between perioperative noise in the orthopedic total knee or hip arthroplasty suite and the incidence of PD. A convenience sample was comprised of participants presenting at their pre-anesthesia assessment visit and ending when the calculated sample size has been reached. This exploratory study demonstrated inconsistent findings in relation to noise loudness and pitch variables and delirium severity. However, all noise levels exceeded US governmental agencies recommended maximum levels and may put patients and personnel at risk. More research is needed to further investigate hospital noise and outcomes.


An Optimistic Fair Exchange (OFE) protocol is a good way for two parties to exchange their digital items in a fair way such that at the end of the protocol execution, both of them receive their items or none of them receive anything. In an OFE protocol there is a semi-trusted third party, named arbitrator, which involves in the protocol if it is necessary. But there is a security problem when arbitrator acts dishonestly and colludes with the verifier, that is, the arbitrator can complete the transaction without getting signer's agreement. Huang et al. in 2011 addressed this issue by formalizing the accountability property. However, Huang et al.'s scheme is secure in the random oracle model which is not available in the real world. We present the first generic accountable OFE protocol that is secure in the standard model by using traceable ring signatures (TRSs) as our primitive. We prove the security of our protocol under the chosen-key model and multi-user setting.


The second-order nonlinear optical characteristics of a novel organic crystal, urea L-malic acid (ULMA), were studied. Both type I and type II phase-matching angles of the biaxial crystal ULMA were calculated, whose loci are in the Hobden class 9. The efficiencies of second harmonic generation (SHG) of ULMA and KDP at a fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm were compared by using the Kurtz powder method. The results showed that the nonlinear coefficient of ULMA is about 1.57 times of that of KDP. High SHG efficiencies were observed over a broad range of the spectrum when ULMA was pumped by outputs generated from an optical parameter oscillator. To our knowledge, it is the first report where continuous SHG at fundamental wavelengths from 1300 to 950 nm with ULMA was achieved.


This practical PSpice manual, updated to support the latest release of OrCAD Pspice introduces students to the fundamental uses of this book in support of basic circuit analysis. The organization allows readers to advance quickly to solving a variety of circuit analysis problems. The modular approach allows this hand-on reference to be used with any introductory circuits text.


As gene sequencing advances, more and more research studies turn up gene mutations that can impact health in study volunteers. If the volunteer dies, what to do with DNA findings that may impact their survivors? Increasingly, scientists and others are struggling with the ethics, legalities, and practicalities of whether and how to share this information with family members of the deceased, who may be affected, too.


Two azimuthal resistivity surveys were completed using the square array within the Mamu Formation, Enugu area, Nigeria, to characterize the orientation and porosity of fractures. The target consists of a shallow (30 m [98 ft]) fracture zone that corresponds to the average completion depth for the water supply wells in the study area. Fracture orientation, fracture porosity, and coefficient of anisotropy of the investigated media were determined from the azimuthal resistivity data. Results of the survey data indicate that the fractures trend generally in the northwest–southeast direction at depths of 7.1, 10.0, 20.0, and 28.3 m (23.3, 32.8, 65.6, and 92.8 ft). The fracture porosity ranged between 0.68% and 17%. The coefficient of anisotropy () ranges between 1.00 and 1.12. Fractures at localities with relatively high values of possess relatively high fracture porosity and relatively low specific surface area and thus are more likely to be permeable. These interpretations were in agreement with the information collected at bedrock outcrops during this and previous studies. It is therefore true that the data obtained from this study will enhance the understanding of the permeable zone, fluid migration pattern, and vulnerability of the groundwater to mine drainage problems in the Enugu area.