Abstract. Palaeoatmospheric records of carbon dioxide and its stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C) obtained from polar ice cores provide important constraints on the natural variability of the carbon cycle. However, the measurements are both analytically challenging and time-consuming; thus only data exist from a limited number of sampling sites and time periods. Additional analytical resources with high analytical precision and throughput are thus desirable to extend the existing datasets. Moreover, consistent measurements derived by independent laboratories and a variety of analytical systems help to further increase confidence in the global CO2 palaeo-reconstructions. Here, we describe our new set-up for simultaneous measurements of atmospheric CO2 mixing ratios and atmospheric δ13C and δ18O-CO2 in air extracted from ice core samples. The centrepiece of the system is a newly designed needle cracker for the mechanical release of air entrapped in ice core samples of 8–13 g operated at −45 °C. The small sample size allows for high resolution and replicate sampling schemes. In our method, CO2 is cryogenically and chromatographically separated from the bulk air and its isotopic composition subsequently determined by continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). In combination with thermal conductivity measurement of the bulk air, the CO2 mixing ratio is calculated. The analytical precision determined from standard air sample measurements over ice is ±1.9 ppm for CO2 and ±0.09 ‰ for δ13C. In a laboratory intercomparison study with CSIRO (Aspendale, Australia), good agreement between CO2 and δ13C results is found for Law Dome ice core samples. Replicate analysis of these samples resulted in a pooled standard deviation of 2.0 ppm for CO2 and 0.11 ‰ for δ13C. These numbers are good, though they are rather conservative estimates of the overall analytical precision achieved for single ice sample measurements. Facilitated by the small sample requirement, replicate measurements are feasible, allowing the method precision to be improved potentially. Further, new analytical approaches are introduced for the accurate correction of the procedural blank and for a consistent detection of measurement outliers, which is based on δ18O-CO2 and the exchange of oxygen between CO2 and the surrounding ice (H2O).


During the Northern hemisphere winter season, biomass burning is widespread in West Africa, yet the total tropospheric column ozone values (<30DU) over much of the Tropical Atlantic Ocean (15°N-5°S) are relatively low. At the same time, the tropospheric column ozone values in the Southern Tropical Atlantic are higher than those in the Northern Hemisphere (ozone paradox). We examine the causes for low tropospheric column ozone values by considering the horizontal and vertical transport of biomass fire emissions in West Africa during November through March, using observed data which characterizes fires, aerosols, horizontal winds, precipitation, lightning and outgoing longwave radiation. We have found that easterly winds prevail in the lower troposphere but transition to westerly winds at pressure levels lower than 500hPa. A persistent anticyclone over West Africa at 700hPa is responsible for strong easterly winds, which causes a net outflow of ozone/ozone precursors from biomass burning in West Africa across the Atlantic Ocean towards South America. The lowest outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and highest precipitation rates are generally found over the central Atlantic, some distance downstream of fires in West Africa making the vertical transport of ozone and ozone precursors less likely and ozone destruction more likely. However, lightning over land areas in Central Africa and South America can lead to enhanced ozone levels in the upper troposphere especially over the Southern tropical Atlantic during the Northern Hemisphere winter season.


Graph Embedding with rich information through heterogeneous graph Guolei Sun Graph embedding, aiming to learn low-dimensional representations for nodes in graphs, has attracted increasing attention due to its critical application including node classification, link prediction and clustering in social network analysis. Most existing algorithms for graph embedding only rely on the topology information and fail to use the copious information in nodes as well as edges. As a result, their performance for many tasks may not be satisfactory. In this thesis, we proposed a novel and general framework for graph embedding with rich text information (GERI) through constructing a heterogeneous network, in which we integrate node and edge content information with graph topology. Specially, we designed a novel biased random walk to explore the constructed heterogeneous network with the notion of flexible neighborhood. Our sampling strategy can compromise between BFS and DFS local search on heterogeneous graph. To further improve our algorithm, we proposed semi-supervised GERI (SGERI), which learns graph embedding in an discriminative manner through heterogeneous network with label information. The efficacy of our method is demonstrated by extensive comparison experiments with 9 baselines over multi-label and multi-class classification on various datasets including Citeseer, Cora, DBLP and Wiki. It shows that GERI improves the MicroF1 and Macro-F1 of node classification up to 10%, and SGERI improves GERI by 5% in Wiki.


The introduction of genetically modified grain and oilseed products at the farm level and resistance for these products by consumer groups have led to segmentation in grain markets. This study explores the implications for market price behavior for a segregated soybean market for genetically modified (GM) and non-GM varieties. A stochastic dynamic simulation model of production and storage is solved, and Monte Carlo simulation procedures are used to examine price behavior between GM and non-GM soybeans. The results suggest important differences in price behavior between GM and non-GM soybeans. The results obtained in the model simulations are compared with evidence from the Tokyo Grain Exchange, where non-GM and GM soybean futures contracts have traded simultaneously since May 2000. The evidence from the Tokyo Grain Exchange contracts is largely consistent with the results of the simulation model. Price correlations between the Tokyo Grain Exchange non-GM and GM soybean contracts tended to be similar in magnitude to those found in the simulations.


Kraft mill effluent, due to its organic matter content and acute toxicity, must be treated. A primary treatment followed by a secondary treatment is the most common system. Aerated lagoon is also considered an effective biological treatment, although this technology has some drawbacks related with operation parameters and land extension space. Moreover, the recovery efficiency for micropollutants contained in kraft mill effluent is questioned due to the anoxic zone in the system. The goal of this work is to evaluate the performance of the aerated lagoon to remove stigmasterol contained in kraft mill effluents. Kraft mill effluent was treated by an aerated lagoon (AL), which was operated with three different stigmasterol load rates (SLR = 0.2, 0.6 and 1.1 mg/L×d) and a hydraulic retention time of 1 day. The AL's maximum Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal was 65%, whereas the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD 5 ) was around 95%. The removal efficiency of stigmasterol removal was 96% when SLR 1.1 mg/L×d, although an accumulation of stigmasterol was detected for lower SLR.


Guatemala has among the largest numbers of indigenous people living within its borders in Central America. With wealth coming from tourism and exports concentrated mainly around Guatemala City, descendants of the ancient Maya live in small, ethnically distinct villages where locals struggle to preserve their heritage. Isolated in the valleys between the Cuchumatanes Mountains, the Ixil Triangle is home to a unique community of Ixil people who have retained their ancient way of life. Men tend to be farmers, women weave using technologies passed down from generation to generation, and few have a strong grasp of Spanish as a second language. Yet despite the isolation, tensions and instability in modern-day Guatemala have struck this community hard. A startling number of the indigenous citizens of Guatemala, who make up 40% of the population, have no access to education, and many have no voice in the political process, as they lack the financial means to pay to become registered citizens. The Ixil also face economic pressures, as well as the repercussions of a bloody civil war that ended in 1996, taking an entire generation of men as casualties. Faced with the prospect of their disappearing culture, a small group of widows in the village of San Juan Cotzal have welcomed the help of European volunteers, and formed a weaving co-op. They take orders from distributors in more established tourist stops like Guatemala City and Antigua, utilizing age-old technologies to make carpets, bags, shawls, and other products that volunteers then deliver to stores around the country. Building upon the business skills they gain by maintaining the co-op, the widows are both politically and economically active, taking initiative on behalf of their community. Future projects include organizing fundraisers to equip each widow's home with proper stoves and developing an improved outreach strategy to goods distributors in the larger cities. Defying heavy odds, the empowered women of Ixil are finding local ways to integrate their heritage into the global landscape.


We consider the problem of finding a K-sparse approximation of a signal, such that the support of the approximation is the union of sets from a given collection, a.k.a. group structure. This problem subsumes the one of finding K-sparse tree approximations. We discuss the tractability of this problem, present a polynomial-time dynamic program for special group structures and propose two novel greedy algorithms with efficient implementations. The first is based on submodular function maximization with knapsack constraints. For the case of tree sparsity, its approximation ratio of 1 - 1/e is better than current state-of-the-art approximate algorithms. The second algorithm leverages ideas from the greedy algorithm for the Budgeted Maximum Coverage problem and obtains excellent empirical performance, shown by computing the full Pareto frontier of the tree approximations of the wavelet coefficients of an image.


Once a renowned Euro-enthusiastic country, Italy has experienced a decrease in public support for European integration. Many are the reasons, including the emergence of a less idealistic vision of the EU, a general disaffection vis-avis politics, particularly at the domestic level, and the increasingly more vocal Euroscepticism of some political forces within the centre-right ruling coalition. The current Berlusconi government does not show the same degree of interest for European integration as previous centrist and centre-left governments. This is not to say that Italy's love affair with Europe has come to a bitter end. Italians continue to trust European institutions significantly more than national ones and would like the EU to acquire more competences. In addition, the vocal anti-EU rhetoric of some political forces within the governing coalition, and especially the Northern League, is often not matched by deeds, largely because EU policy-making is generally used as a source of leverage to obtain concessions in other policy domains. Tellingly, the Treaty of Lisbon was speedily ratified by the Italian parliament by unanimous vote something unthinkable in most EU countries.


When designing and developing software systems, there are several challenges that have to be addressed such as complexity, change management and system integrity. Trends in development processes, programming languages and software design are constantly changing. New programming paradigms have succeeded each other while the software systems have grown larger and more difficult to maintain. Component-oriented thinking provides the opportunity to re-use pre-fabricated parts to assemble software systems from tested building blocks, facilitating a rapid and consistent software development process. A component-oriented approach, however, affects both the life cycle and the development process of a software system. Therefore, a new way of viewing the life cycle as well as the development process for component-based software systems is presented in this thesis. A key issue when using a component-oriented approach is to consider both behavioral and static aspects of a software system. Furthermore, we need to be able to analyze the architecture of the enterprise as well as the software system architecture to deliver business value with information systems. System interdependencies will be placed in the foreground when integrating technical and organizational aspects of the information system. We therefore need a modeling technique suitable for focusing on semantic aspects rather than implementation-dependent issues. A suitable modeling technique is the Enterprise Modeling approach. This thesis will present a component-oriented approach to software system architectures using the Enterprise Modeling approach.


Is benevolence a virtue? In many cases it appears to be so. But when it comes to the "enlarged benevolence" of the Enlightenment, David Stove argues that the answer is clearly no. In this insightful, provocative essay, Stove builds a case for the claim that when benevolence is universal, disinterested and external, it regularly leads to the forced redistribution of wealth, which in turn leads to decreased economic incentives, lower rates of productivity, and increased poverty. As Stove points out, there is an air of paradox in saying that benevolence may be a cause of poverty. But there shouldn't be. Good intentions alone are never sufficient to guarantee the success of one's endeavors. Utopian schemes to reorganize the world have regularly ended in failure. Easily the most important example of this phenomenon is twentieth-century communism. As Stove reminds us, the attractiveness of communism--the "emotional fuel" of communist revolutionaries for over a hundred years--has always been "exactly the same as the emotional fuel of every other utopianism: the passionate desire to alleviate or abolish misery." Yet communism was such a monumental failure that millions of people today are still suffering its consequences. In this most prescient of essays, Stove warns contemporary readers just how seductive universal political benevolence can be. He also shows how the failure to understand the connection between benevolence and communism has led to many of the greatest social miseries of our age.


Indirect metrics in quality models define weighted integrations of direct metrics to provide higher-level quality indicators. This paper presents a case study that investigates to what degree quality models depend on statistical assumptions about the distribution of direct metrics values when these are integrated and aggregated. We vary the normalization used by the quality assessment efforts of three companies, while keeping quality models, metrics, metrics implementation and, hence, metrics values constant. We find that normalization has a considerable impact on the ranking of an artifact (such as a class). We also investigate how normalization affects the quality trend and find that normalizations have a considerable effect on quality trends. Based on these findings, we find it questionable to continue to aggregate different metrics in a quality model as we do today.


Several species of the genus Trichoderma were reported to be effective biological control agents of plant diseases with Trichoderma harzianum being one of the most documented biological control agents of various plant pathogens. Previous studies have shown that T. harzianum (isolate FA 1132) has good properties as a biological control agent against basal stem rot (BSR) of oil palms, caused by the bracket fungus Ganoderma boninense. This study found that FA 1132 grew well in both the solid (MFOP) and liquid media (PDB, POME) tested. The best carbon and nitrogen source were D-fructose and L-asparagine, respectively. The optimal growth temperature was at the ambient temperature of 28±2°C, while the optimum pH level was between pH 2.7 to pH 6.0. This study also found that 3% sucrose concentration in PDB and MFOP, and 9% molasses or jaggery in POME, gave maximum mycelial yield of FA 1132. Shake flask cultures at 12 hours/day gave higher mycelial yield of FA 1132 compared to static flask cultures, while shake flask cultures at 24 hours/day were not significantly different from 12 hours/day over 14 days of experiment. For its application in the field, T. harzianum has to be produced on a large scale in a suitable carrier. This isolate has to self-proliferate in a cheap and easily available organic media and within a relatively short period of time. Preliminary studies showed that wastes from the oil palm industry, namely mesocarp fibres of oil palm (MFOP) were good and practical substrates. A potent inoculant of FA 1132 was successfully prepared via submerged fermentation with an agitation speed of 1000 rpm and 50% dissolved oxygen tension level for 96 hours. The mean conidial count by this method was 7.73 x 109 conidia/ml. This conidial suspension was turned into a solid inoculum for solid substrate fermentation, at 5 kg per 50 tonnes palm press fibre waste, which were piled into windrows of 50 m dimension. Liquid palm oil mill effluent (POME) was given as a nitrogenous supplement at 16 tonnes within the first 8 weeks. The presence of T. harzianum was monitored every 3 weeks over a 27-week period. Results showed that the trend towards an increased Trichoderma population started at week 6 and reached its peak of 4.07 x 108 conidia/g at week 15, when the product was ready for packaging. Conidial counts of the product at 8 weeks after bagging in 25 kg bags was 5.10 x 108 conidia/cfu/g, indicating a slight increase in population during storage. Thus, T. harzianum (FA 1132) was found to sustain well during mass production and the FA 1132 inoculant was able to generate a pilot scale production of 22mt of Trichoderma end product per run. When the formulated FA 1132 was applied onto newly planted field palms, Treatment 2 (which is treatment applied directly into the planting hole) gave a significantly better growth performance than palms applied with fertilizer and untreated control. Similarly, based on the summation of the growth response, T2 gave the best growth response to the treatment for every parameter. In conclusion, T. harzianum (FA 1132) produced good biological characteristics which were suitable to be used to upscale the propagule production of FA 1132 by submerged fermentation and mass produce it on a larger scale by solid substrate fermentation. Formulated FA 1132 was found to be a good growth enhancer of oil palms based on field trials.


The idea of the uniqueness of the Hungarian language is firmly rooted in Hungarian culture and discourse. Accordingly, the language reform ("nyelvujitas")—the movement which led to the standardization of Modern Hungarian orthography and grammar and a radical renewal of the lexicon, especially by way of numerous neologisms, in the nineteenth century—is often seen as part of specifically Hungarian cultural history rather than in the framework of European ideologies. This paper briefly presents the most relevant linguistic aspects of the language reform and analyzes its connections to contemporary linguistic culture, the ideologies of late Enlightenment and Romantic Nationalism, and the progress in linguistics.


BACKGROUND
The Department of Health in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) has run a surgical outreach programme for over a decade.Objective. To quantify the impact of the outreach programme by analysing its effect on the operative capacity of a single rural health district.

METHODS
During 2012, investigators visited each district hospital in Sisonke Health District (SHD), KZN to quantify surgery undertaken by resident staff between 1998 and 2013. Investigators also reviewed the operative registers of the four district hospitals in SHD for a 6-month period (March - August 2012) to document the surgery performed at each hospital. The number of staff who attended specialist-based teaching was recorded in an attempt to measure the impact of each visit.

RESULTS
From 1998 to 2013, 35 385 patients were seen at 1 453 clinics, 5 199 operations were performed and 1 357 patients were referred to regional hospitals. A total of 3 027 staff attended teaching ward rounds and teaching sessions. In the four district hospitals, 2 160 operations were performed in the 6-month period. There were 653 non-obstetrical operations and the obstetric cases comprised 1 094 caesarean sections, 55 sterilisations and 370 evacuations of the uterus.

CONCLUSION
The infrastructure is well established and the outreach programme is well run and reliable. The clinical outputs of the programme are significant. However, the impact of this programme on specific outcomes is less certain. This raises the question of the future strategic choices that need to be made in our attempts to improve access to surgical care.


This volume provides an analytic survey of the literature produced as a consequence of the long history of Britain's rule in India. From Rudyard Kipling and E.M. Forster to Salman Rushdie, each essay looks at changing attitudes towards India in relation to the British Empire. The mix of "popular" and "high" culture reveals the complex and ambiguous relation between colonizer and colonized over almost two hundred and fifty years.


With the recent progress in indoor spatial data modeling, indoor mapping and indoor positioning technologies, several spatial information services for indoor spaces have been provided like for outdoor spaces. In order to support interoperability between indoor spatial information services, IndoorGML was published by OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) as a standard data model and XML-based exchange format. While the previous standards, such as IFC (Industrial Foundation Classes) and CityGML covering also indoor space, aim at feature modeling, the goal of IndoorGML is to establish a standard basis for the indoor space model. As IndoorGML defines a minimum data model for indoor space, more efforts are required to discover its potential aspects, which are not explicitly explained in the standard document. In this paper, we investigate the implications and potential aspects of IndoorGML and its basic concept of the cellular space model and discuss the implementation issues of IndoorGML for several purposes. In particular, we discuss the issues on cell determination, subspacing and the hierarchical structure of indoor space from the IndoorGML viewpoint. Additionally, we also focus on two important issues: computation of indoor distance and the implementation of indoor context-awareness services based on IndoorGML. We expect that this paper will serve as a technical document for better understanding of IndoorGML throughout these discussions.


As English emerges as the lingua franca of many international corporations worldwide, academic institutions are erroneously retracting funds from language-learning programs, citing the lack of need or the inability to support nonessentials. With this approach, the true needs of language learners have been neglected. The blame can easily be placed on institutions that misunderstand the additional benefits learners garner while pursuing language studies (i.e., culture). However, it can be argued that the blame is actually that of the language educators who fail to arm themselves with the proper ammunition to argue their side properly. The administrators who decide the fate of language programs often remain uninformed about the reality of foreign language curricula. Language programs that focus on specialized purposes (LSP) can prepare students linguistically and culturally, as well as complement their education in content areas such as business and the sciences. A curriculum shift that encompasses important language and cultural nuances found in traditional classrooms, but also includes topics relating to the professional world outside of academia, is essential. Courses in LSP provide learners with a global perspective and language skills that surpass the qualifications of their monolingual counterparts. Funds and support will continue to be stripped from language programs across the US unless language instructors can demonstrate that language learning is not an isolated discipline, but rather part of a merging of complementary fields.


This themed issue of MIA advances our understanding of how digital media are implicated in processes of change. It interrogates how people engage digital media in creative practices that lead to interventions in their own or others' lives, and explores the intentionalities through which they do this, and the processes and experiences such activities involve. The intention is to bring to the fore the idea of intervening as a way of being active in the world – as a scholar, creative practitioner, activist or simply someone living their everyday life in ways that seek to generate forms of change. The articles in this issue address the use of creative interventions for affective and community-constructing ends, examining and highlighting the conscious use of the digital to disrupt and subvert existing patterns in communication and culture, heralding new possibilities while promoting inclusivity and social innovation.


Background Those receiving tenofovir/emtricitabine (TDF-FTC) had greater bone loss compared with abacavir/lamivudine (ABC-3TC) in a randomized simplification trial (STEAL study). Previous studies associated increased bone turnover and bone loss with initiation of antiretroviral treatment, however it is unclear whether change in bone mineral density (BMD) was a result of specific drugs, from immune reconstitution or from suppression of HIV replication. This analysis determined predictors of BMD change in the hip and spine by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in virologically suppressed participants through week 96. Methodology/Principal Findings Bone turnover markers (BTMs) tested were: formation [bone alkaline phosphatase, procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP)]; resorption (C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen [CTx]); and bone cytokine-signalling (osteoprotegerin, RANK ligand). Independent predictors of BMD change were determined using forward, stepwise, linear regression. BTM changes and fracture risk (FRAX®) at week 96 were compared by t-test. Baseline characteristics (n = 301) were: 98% male, mean age 45 years, current protease-inhibitor (PI) 23%, tenofovir/abacavir-naïve 52%. Independent baseline predictors of greater hip and spine bone loss were TDF-FTC randomisation (p≤0.013), lower fat mass (p-trend≤0.009), lower P1NP (p = 0.015), and higher hip T score/spine BMD (p-trend≤0.006). Baseline PI use was associated with greater spine bone loss (p = 0.004). TDF-FTC increased P1NP and CTx through Wk96 (p<0.01). Early changes in BTM did not predict bone loss at week 96. No significant between-group difference was found in fracture risk. Conclusions/Significance Tenofovir/emtricitabine treatment, lower bone formation and lower fat mass predicted subsequent bone loss. There was no association between TDF-FTC and fracture risk.


This book is a first attempt to make a comprehensive comparative analysis of agricultural policies in Bulgaria and Vietnam. Twenty year experience in reforming the agrarian sectors in both countries gives an extraordinary opportunity to (re)assess agrarian policies, their impacts and perspectives, and rethink advantages and disadvantages of specific models for modernization of agriculture.
The analyses comprises the evolution and importance of agriculture in Bulgaria and Vietnam, the pace and progress of land reforms and restructuring of farms, policies of state support and regulations of agriculture, policies associated with trade regime and international trade with agrarian and food products. Finally, an assessment is made on possibilities to improve competitiveness of agriculture in both countries.


In this paper we present an alternative approach to spoofing mitigation. We leverage the fact that under most attack modes, both the authentic and spoofed signals are received by the victim. Once an attack is detected by conventional spoofing detection means, the receiver scans the vicinity of each satellite signal's correlation peak for secondary peaks. In the meantime, the navigation continues in dead reckoning mode, based on other sensors and the user's dynamics model. A decision about which signals to trust is then cast in the position domain. Once sufficient secondary peaks are detected, several navigation solutions are created from combinations of main and secondary peaks. We show approaches to drastically reduce the number of considered solutions at every epoch. Through recursive Bayesian estimation of the likelihood of each set of peaks we determine unlikely sets that can be ignored in future epochs. We further reduce the computational load by sharing computations among peak combinations. As an example, we apply the procedure to the TEXBAT dataset. We demonstrate a detection of secondary peaks even in the scenario where the spoofer has the largest power advantage and recover the spoofed and authentic navigation solutions in all cases. We finally discuss how to select the authentic solution among the two using the results in the position domain, leveraging measurements from auxiliary sensors such as an IMU.


"Risk management" in securities markets refers to the oversight of portfolio managers and professional traders when they trade on behalf of investors in security markets. Monitoring of their trading performance, profit and loss, and risk-taking behavior, is measured by principals using security market prices. We study the optimality of the practice of marking-to-market and provide conditions under which investing principals should optimally monitor their agent traders using market prices to measure traders' performance. Asset prices, however, can be affected by mark-to-market contracts. We show that such contracts introduce an externality when there are many traders. Traders may rationally herd, trading on irrelevant information. Ironically, this causes asset prices to be less informative than they would be without the mark-to-market feature.


In modern road surveys, hanging power cables are among the most commonly-found geometric features. These cables are catenary curves that are conventionally modelled with three parameters in 2D Cartesian space. With the advent and popularity of the mobile mapping system (MMS), the 3D point clouds of hanging power cables can be captured within a short period of time. These point clouds, similarly to those of planar features, can be used for feature-based self-calibration of the system assembly errors of an MMS. However, to achieve this, a well-defined 3D equation for the catenary curve is needed. This paper proposes three 3D catenary curve models, each having different parameters. The models are examined by least squares fitting of simulated data and real data captured with an MMS. The outcome of the fitting is investigated in terms of the residuals and correlation matrices. Among the proposed models, one of them could estimate the parameters accurately and without any extreme correlation between the variables. This model can also be applied to those transmission lines captured by airborne laser scanning or any other hanging cable-like objects.


Background To comply with governmental requirements regarding the validity of therapeutic modalities and for medico-legal purposes, it is important to distinguish between what has been scientifically proven and what is anecdotal in the prevention and management of stroke. Summary of Review This review summarizes the evidence for many of the modalities used to prevent stroke in high-risk patients, including antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulants, and endarterectomy, and the limitations of each. Controversial therapeutic modalities for which no scientific proof exists, such as anticoagulation of progressing stroke, are also discussed. The term "standard of care" should apply to modalities proven to be effective by scientifically controlled studies, not because they are used by many physicians. Treatment of acute stroke is still disappointing despite the development of many promising pharmacological strategies in experimental animals. An important part of the reason may be that the window of therapeutic opportunity is much shorter than the usual entry time of patients in most clinical trials. This logistic problem merits serious attention. Conclusions Numerous controlled, randomized, multiple-center clinical trials have demonstrated that the efficacy or lack thereof of various therapies directed at preventing or treating stroke can be determined and that anecdotal data may be misleading and harmful. At the least we should be aware of what we know and what we do not.


Objectives Recurrent falls not only have risk factors different from those of single falls but also have less favorable outcomes. The aim of our study was to determine the association between the injury characteristics of a first fall and the likelihood of recurrent injurious falls in a cohort of hospitalized patients. Methods We designed a nationwide retrospective cohort study and selected hospitalized patients who had injurious falls between 2001 and 2010. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) of recurrent injurious falls requiring hospitalization in the following year on the basis of the patients' demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and the characteristics of injuries from the first injurious fall requiring hospitalization. Results Among the 504 512 patients hospitalized for injurious falls, 19 442 experienced recurrent injurious falls requiring hospitalization. The 1-year incidence of recurrent injurious falls requiring hospitalization was 3.85%. The incidence density was the highest within the 3-month period after the first injurious fall. The risk of recurrent injurious falls among patients aged 40 to 64, 65 to 74, and ≥ 75 years increased progressively (HR: 2.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.90–2.34; HR: 2.80, 95% CI: 2.51–3.11; and HR: 3.80, 95% CI: 3.42–4.23, respectively). The length of hospitalization (LOH) ≥ 15 or ≥ 31 days (HR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.30–1.48; and HR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.43–1.77, respectively) and injury to the head (HR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.53–1.65) or spine (HR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.59–1.74) were also found to be major risk factors. Conclusions Our findings show that the LOH and head and spine injuries are associated with an increased risk of recurrent injurious falls leading to hospitalization. The risk of recurrent injurious falls requiring hospitalization increased significantly among adults older than 40 years. We suggest further research on the effects of injury characteristics associated with the first injurious fall requiring hospitalization and resultant anatomical damages on the risk of recurrent injurious falls requiring hospitalization. High-risk patients should receive tailored rehabilitation addressing their respective injuries within 3 months after hospital discharge.


Childcare robots are being manufactured and developed with the long term aim of creating surrogate carers. While total childcare is not yet being promoted, there are indications that it is 'on the cards'. We examine recent research and developments in childcare robots and speculate on progress over the coming years by extrapolating from other ongoing robotics work. Our main aim is to raise ethical questions about the part or full-time replacement of primary carers. The questions are about human rights, privacy, robot use of restraint, deception of children and accountability. But the most pressing ethical issues throughout the paper concern the consequences for the psychological and emotional wellbeing of children. We set these in the context of the child development literature on the pathology and causes of attachment disorders. We then consider the adequacy of current legislation and international ethical guidelines on the protection of children from the overuse of robot care. Who's to say that at some distant moment there might be an assembly line producing a gentle product in the form of a grandmother – whose stock in trade is love. From I Sing the Body Electric, Twilight Zone, Series 3, Episode 35, 1960


As educators and higher education administrators, it is important that we connect to our students. It serves us well to learn the stories behind those beautiful eyes looking back at us, as we support their navigation through the journey of higher education. This thesis, written in a Scholarly Personal Narrative (SPN) style, will use former foster youth students, as well as at-risk youth, as the population of focus. I will relay my own personal experiences, as a former youth-in-care. I will also explore this kind of alternative upbringing, to draw closer to the conclusions and insights of the struggles and triumphs of this population's journey through higher education. I will show how the successful connections with supportive administrators, friends, and family lead to a successful student and improved human being upon graduation. When we label our marginalized students as "at-risk" we are imposing a story upon them, that is not theirs. This stereotypes where they came from dismisses their stories, and triumphs, and places them in a box that labels them. We need to provide them the same opportunities and supports that other students get to help make their way into and through college. We must remove the label of "at-risk" but this is only part of the journey in supporting these young people while they progress toward a degree. It is our job to increase success through weaving together opportunities to connect with different departments, different leaders on campus, and different groups of their peers. From the classroom, to our offices and hallways, this will help these students to create a stronger view of themselves and the world. As a former youth in foster care, I am not at-risk. I am at-promise. All the vulnerable young adults that I talk about in this thesis are not "atrisk." Instead, they are "at-promise."


Consumers, partnering with corporations and celebrities, are forming new alliances in international development through what we call 'Brand Aid' initiatives. At a time of shifting relationships between public and private aid, commodities are sold as the means of achieving development for recipients and good feelings for consumers simultaneously. In this article we first formalise our conceptual model of Brand Aid at the triple interface of causes, branded products and celebrities. Then we conduct a systematic empirical analysis of contemporary Brand Aid initiatives, including three in-depth case studies of 'Win One Give One', toms shoes and Product (red). We argue that these not only use imaginaries of development to sell products to Northern consumers but also engage in the work of a 'story factory' – producing truths about international development and consumer engagement that make development appear simplified, manageable and marketable. We conclude that, in Brand Aid, the problems themselves and the people who experience them are branded and marketed to Western consumers (through celebritised multimedia story-telling) just as effectively as the products that will 'save' them.


The dissertation comprises three products that considered self-determination theory (SDT) as theoretical framework to support interventions that promote satisfaction of basic psychological needs among recipients of assertive community treatment (ACT) and forensic assertive community treatment (FACT). The first product is a paper that conceptualized and integrated elements of self-determination (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) in the implementation of assertive community treatment and forensic assertive community treatment. The integration of implementation of these basic psychological needs provided a framework to increase autonomy and self-determination, which has proven effective at increasing enhanced client wellness and optimal outcomes. The second product is a cross-sectional exploratory study of ACT and FACT participants (n =100), between 21 and 67 years of age (M = 42.23, SD = 12.74), who had between five and 16 years of education (M = 12.05, SD = 1.87), and were on the ACT team for an average of approximately four and a half years (M = 4.05, SD = 3.33). The study examined relationships between basic psychological needs construed from the lens of self-determination theory and overall client satisfaction with services. Findings showed that, satisfaction positively and significantly correlated with relatedness, r = .45, 95% CI [.28, .59], p < .001, and autonomy, r = .33, 95% CI [.14, .49], p = .001, both of which were medium in effect size (Cohen, 1992). A statistically significant positive correlation was also found between satisfaction and competence, r = .24, 95% CI [.05, .42], p = .015, which was small-to-medium in effect size. The correlations between competence, autonomy, and relatedness were positive and statistically significant (p < .05. Further, findings from a multiple regression showed that relatedness is a significant predictor of satisfaction (R2 = .22, F (3, 96) = 8.80, p <.05. The third product is an annotated overview of a peer-reviewed presentation entitled Promoting Smart Decarceration Through ACHIEVING OPTIMAL VOLITION AND WELL-BEING iii Forensic Assertive Community Treatment presented at the Council on Social Work Education's (CSWE) 63rd Annual Program Meeting (APM) entitled Educating for the Social Work Grand Challenges. The overview includes analysis and presentation of research from the conceptual paper and findings from the cross-sectional exploratory study.


This beautifully illustrated book, focusing on a selection of later paintings and drawings by Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825), is published to accompany the first major exhibition of the artist's work in the United States. Organized by the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute and the J. Paul Getty Museum, this exhibition of 27 paintings and 29 drawings is also the first to examine the transformation of David's art during the post-Revolutionary period (1800-1825). Each of the works, many of which were previously unknown or inaccessible, is reproduced in colour and accompanied by an entry with complete scholarly information. Art historian Philippe Bordes establishes David's position after the Terror and discusses the artist's admiration for Napoleon Bonaparte, whom he served as court painter. The book also investigates David's new approach to antiquity in historical compositions and the avowed influence of the Flemish School on his practice. Drawing on many new documents and close analysis of the works featured in the book, Bordes offers a revised understanding of this deeply reactive artist and the creative output of his second career. Exhibition schedule: The J. Paul Getty Museum, 1 February to 24 April 2005; Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, 5 June to 5 September 2005. Philippe Bordes was founding director of the Musee de la Revolution francaise in Vizille, France, from 1984 to 1996 and is currently professor of art history at the University of Lyon-2.


Mitogenic responsiveness of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (i-IEL) to concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin P (PHA-P), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella typhimurium were evaluated in various age groups of turkeys by a colorimetric blastogenic microassay. Comparisons were made between mitogenic responses of turkey i-IEL and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). The results from this study demonstrated that i-IEL and PBL of turkeys responded to T-cell mitogens, Con A and PHA-P, in every age group examined. The LPS induced a significant mitogenic response in PBL but not in i-IEL of turkeys. The mitogenic responses of turkey i-IEL and PBL to the three mitogens examined were similar to mitogenic responses observed in an earlier study performed by using chicken i-IEL and PBL. The results indicated a difference in mitogenic response between different age groups. An increase was found in mitogenic response of i-IEL to both T-cell mitogens from 3 days of age to 1 wk of age, whereas mitogenic response of PBL to all three mitogens declined significantly from 1 day of age to 3 days of age. The highest mitogenic response of i-IEL to T-cell mitogens was observed at 1 wk of age. The highest mitogenic response of PBL to both T-cell mitogens was observed at 1 day of age and the highest PBL response to LPS was observed at 16 wk of age. The mitogenic response induced by PHA-P provided less variability between age groups than the mitogenic response induced by Con A.


Scenarios have been advocated as a means of improving requirements engineering yet few methods or tools exist to support scenario based RE. The paper reports a method and software assistant tool for scenario based RE that integrates with use case approaches to object oriented development. The method and operation of the tool are illustrated with a financial system case study. Scenarios are used to represent paths of possible behavior through a use case, and these are investigated to elaborate requirements. The method commences by acquisition and modeling of a use case. The use case is then compared with a library of abstract models that represent different application classes. Each model is associated with a set of generic requirements for its class, hence, by identifying the class(es) to which the use case belongs, generic requirements can be reused. Scenario paths are automatically generated from use cases, then exception types are applied to normal event sequences to suggest possible abnormal events resulting from human error. Generic requirements are also attached to exceptions to suggest possible ways of dealing with human error and other types of system failure. Scenarios are validated by rule based frames which detect problematic event patterns. The tool suggests appropriate generic requirements to deal with the problems encountered. The paper concludes with a review of related work and a discussion of the prospects for scenario based RE methods and tools.


Medical physicists have a unique combination of education and training in physics principles, radiation physics applications in medicine, human anatomy, as well as safety analysis and quality control methods. To be highly effective, we must be leaders in our local practice environments - that is, our professional mission should be to provide professional leadership within our respective institutions. Unfortunately, many medical physicists focus exclusively on their narrow specialty of practice (e.g. imaging physics, radiation oncology physics). Such an approach represents a missed opportunity. Within every institution, whether it has a clinical, research or teaching focus, there are key stakeholders who are not experts in the science of physics in medicine, and many colleagues who rely on medical physicists to provide direction and prioritization of the group's work. An effective medical physicist recognizes that to advance the institution's mission, the medical physicist must join other professional leaders within the institution to provide clear direction and perspective for the entire team. This year's Professional Council Symposium will explore the many facets of professional leadership in medical physics. Dr. Hendee will provide an overview of medical physicists as leaders in our profession, with a focus on our long partnership with our physician colleagues. Dr. Hazle will describe how the medical physicist can have a significant impact on the environment of care in one's institution. Ms. Clements will describe how the medical physicist can influence the professional standards within their institution, even if the medical physicist does not yet possess several decades of experience. Being an effective professional leader is quite different from being an effective manager. The professional leader helps the entire team or institution to recognize the most important topics to focus on and why these topics matter, and provides the entire team with clear direction and support. To be effective as medical physicists, we must learn how to provide leadership to a diverse team of colleagues.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Understand the difference between management and leadership. 2. Understand the importance of professional leadership for medical physicists to be highly effective in their professional mission. 3. Understand some strategies for developing as a professional leader.


Multiple observations support the existence of developmental differences in megakaryocytopoiesis. We have previously shown that neonatal megakaryocyte (MK) progenitors are hyperproliferative and give rise to MKs smaller and of lower ploidy than adult MKs. Based on these characteristics, neonatal MKs have been considered immature. The molecular mechanisms underlying these differences are unclear, but contribute to the pathogenesis of disorders of neonatal megakaryocytopoiesis. In the present study, we demonstrate that low-ploidy neonatal MKs, contrary to traditional belief, are more mature than adult low-ploidy MKs. These mature MKs are generated at a 10-fold higher rate than adult MKs, and result from a developmental uncoupling of proliferation, polyploidization, and terminal differentiation. This pattern is associated with up-regulated thrombopoietin (TPO) signaling through mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and elevated levels of full-length GATA-1 and its targets. Blocking of mTOR with rapamycin suppressed the maturation of neonatal MKs without affecting ploidy, in contrast to the synchronous inhibition of polyploidization and cytoplasmic maturation in adult MKs. We propose that these mechanisms allow fetuses/neonates to populate their rapidly expanding bone marrow and intravascular spaces while maintaining normal platelet counts, but also set the stage for disorders restricted to fetal/neonatal MK progenitors, including the Down syndrome-transient myeloproliferative disorder and the thrombocytopenia absent radius syndrome.


Adults spend a significant portion of their lives at their workplace. Thus the workplace provides an important venue for public health interventions aimed at prevention and wellness. Best practices for workplace wellness programs are continually being refined. Ironically, health care workers are often less healthy than other professionals and face significant barriers to participating in workplace wellness programs. This paper analyzes the experience of a large urban health care system as it instituted a workplace wellness program and offers recommendations to increase participation in healthcare workplace wellness program and create an overall healthier work environment for healthcare workers. Factors negatively influencing participation in a workplace wellness program in a large urban healthcare system included: 1) working a shift other than first, 2) being male and 3) being older than 65 years. Significant cultural, personal, and environmental barriers were also described in focus group sessions: 1) lack of time to participate due to stressful work patterns, 2) failure to read communications about the program, 3) lack of trust and concerns of lack of confidentiality with perceived threats to job security, 4) lack of on-site exercise facilities and healthy food choices, and 5) low perceived self-efficacy to engage in wellness activities.


Objective To investigate the incidence of new cancer diagnoses in a community sample of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). Methods All incident cases of PMR in the UK General Practice Research Database (GPRD) (1987–99), without pre-existing cancer or vascular disease and treated with corticosteroids (n=2877) were matched with up to five age, sex and GP practice patients without PMR (n=9942). Participants were followed up until first cancer diagnosis, death, transfer out of the database or end of available records. Results The mean age of the sample was 71.6 years (SD 9.0), 73% were female. Median follow-up time was 7.8 years (IQR 3.4, 12.3). 667 (23.2%) people with a PMR diagnosis developed cancer compared with 1938 (19.5%) of those without PMR. There was an interaction between PMR status and time. In the first 6 months after diagnosis, those with a PMR diagnosis were significantly more likely to receive a cancer diagnosis (adjusted HR (95% CI): 1.69 (1.18 to 2.42)). The number of events was small, but occurrences of prostate, blood, lymph nodes, female reproductive and nervous system cancers may be more common in those with PMR in the first 6 months after PMR diagnosis. Conclusions An increase in the rate of cancer diagnoses was noted in the first 6 months of observation, but we were unable to determine whether the cancer incidence in PMR was different from controls, beyond this time point. Clinicians should ensure they fully exclude cancer as a cause of PMR-like symptoms and monitor patients for possible malignancies.


Tontines are investment vehicles that can be used to provide retirement income. A tontine is a financial product that combines the features of an annuity and a lottery. In a simple tontine, a group of investors pool their money together to buy a portfolio of investments and, as investors die, their shares are forfeited, with the entire fund going to the last surviving investor. Over the years, this "last survivor takes all" approach has made for some great fiction. For example, in an episode of the popular television series M*A*S*H, Colonel Sherman T. Potter, as the last survivor of his World War I unit, got to open the bottle of French cognac that he and his buddies bought (and share it with his Korean War compatriots). On the other hand, sometimes the fictional plots involved nefarious characters trying to kill off the rest of the investors to "inherit" the fund. Of course, tontines can be designed to avoid such mischief. For example, instead of distributing all of the contributions to the last survivor, a tontine could make periodic distributions. Indeed, tontines could be used to create "tontine annuities" that could be sold to individual investors. These tontine annuities would make periodic distributions to surviving investors, but unlike traditional tontines, tontine annuities would solicit new investors to replace those that have died. Structured in this way, a tontine annuity could operate in perpetuity. In this Article, we consider how the tontine principle could be used to create "tontine pensions" through which large employers could provide retirement income for their employees. These tontine pensions would have several major advantages over most of today's pensions, annuities, and other retirement income products. At the outset, Part I of this Article explains how the current U.S. retirement system works and how retirees can use pensions, annuities, and other financial products to generate retirement income. Next, Part II offers a step-by-step explanation of how tontine funds, tontine annuities, and tontine pensions could work today. It then compares tontine pensions with traditional defined benefit pension plans, defined contribution plans, and so-called "hybrid pensions" (e.g., cash balance plans). In particular, Part II shows that tontine pensions would have two major advantages over traditional pensions. First, unlike traditional pensions — which are frequently underfunded — tontine pensions would always be fully funded. Second, unlike a traditional pension — in which the pension plan sponsor must bear all the investment and actuarial risks — with a tontine pension, the plan sponsor bears neither of those risks. These two features should make tontine pensions a particularly attractive alternative for employers who wish to provide retirement income security for their employees but want to avoid the risks associated with a traditional pension. Part III then develops a model tontine pension for a typical large employer. We then use that model to estimate the benefits that would be paid to retirees. For simplicity, the model assumes that, each year, an employer would contribute 10% of each employee's salary to a tontine pension (in the real world, employers could choose to contribute a greater or lesser percentage of salary on behalf of their employees). The model generates tontine pension benefits for each retiree that would closely resemble an actuarially fair variable annuity — i.e., one without high insurance company fees ("loads"). Specifically, unlike commercial annuities which must support insurance agent commissions, insurance company reserves, risk-taking, and profits, the management and recordkeeping fees associated with running a tontine pension would be minimal. That means that tontine pensions would provide significantly higher retirement benefits than commercial annuities. Part IV shows how such a model tontine pension could be used to replace a typical, large, traditional pension plan like the California State Teachers' Retirement System (CalSTRS). Like so many other state-run pension plans, CalSTRS is underfunded; for example, as of June 30, 2013, CalSTRS was just 66.9% funded, with an unfunded liability of almost $74 billion. While replacing CalSTRS with a tontine pension would do nothing to reduce that $74 billion obligation, it would ensure that California would never again have to worry about underfunding attributable to future benefit accruals. Finally, Part V discusses how to solve some of the technical problems that would arise in implementing a tontine pension.


This work addresses the Direct Numerical Simulation of non-isothermal turbulent flows laden with solid particles in the dilute regime. The focus is set on the accurate prediction of heat transfer between phases and of particles dispersion. The dispersed phase is described by an Eulerian approach : the Mesoscopic Eulerian Formalism [41, 123], recently extended to non-isothermal flows [78]. The main objective of this work is to assess the ability of this formalism to accurately account for both dynamic and thermal inertia of particles in turbulent sheared flows. The CFD code used in this work is AVBP. The numerical simulation of dilute sprays with an Eulerian approach calls for specific modelling and raises additional numerical issues. First, the numerical methods implemented in AVBP for two-phase flows [69, 103, 109] were tested and revisited. The objective was to propose an accurate and robust numerical strategy that withstands the steep gradients of particle volume fraction due to preferential concentration [132] with a limited numerical diffusion. These numerical strategies have been tested on a series of test cases of increasing complexity and relevant diagnostics were proposed. In particular, the two-dimensional vortex laden with solid particles was suggested as a simple configuration to illustrate the effect of particle inertia on their concentration profile and to test numerical strategies. An analytical solution was also derived in the limit of small inertia. Moreover, dissipations due to numerics and to physical effects were explicitly extracted and quantified. Eventually, the numerical strategy coupling the highorder centered scheme TTGC with a stabilization technique –the so called artificial viscosity– proved to be the most accurate and robust alternative in AVBP if an adequate set-up is used (i.e. sensors). Then, the issue of the accurate prediction of particle dispersion in configurations with a mean shear was adressed. One of the RUM model (denoted AXISY-C), proposed by Masi [78] and implemented by Sierra [120], was successfully validated in a two-dimensional and a three-dimensional non-isothermal jet laden with solid particles. Contrary to the former RUM models [63, 103], the main statistics of the dispersed phase were recovered at both the center and the edges of the jet. Finally, the impact of the thermal inertia of particles on their temperature statistics has been investigated. The results showed a strong dependency of these statistics to thermal inertia, pinpointing the necessity of the numerical approaches to account for this phenomenon. Therefore, the extension of the MEF to non isothermal conditions, i.e. the RUM heat fluxes, has been implemented in AVBP. The impact of the RUM HF terms on the temperature statistics was evaluated in both configurations of 2D and 3D jets. Eulerian solutions were compared with Lagrangian reference computations carried out by B. Leveugle at CORIA and by E. Masi at IMFT for the 2D and 3D jets, respectively. Results showed a strong positive impact of the RUM HF on the fluctuations of mesoscopic temperature, and to a lesser extent on the mean mesoscopic temperature depending of the configuration. Neglecting the RUM HF leads to erroneous results whereas the Lagrangian statistics are recovered when they are accounted for.


Configuration capabilities are important for modern advanced network services. Network conditions and user populations have been significantly diversified after decades of evolution of the Internet. Configuration capabilities allow network services to be adapted to spatial, temporal, and managerial variations in application requirements and service operation conditions.
Network service providers need to decide on the best configuration. Ideally, a network service should have all of its components optimally configured to most effectively deliver the functionality for which it was designed. The "optimal" configuration, however, is always a compromise between different metrics. To decide on an optimal configuration, the prominent performance and cost metrics must be identified, modeled, and quantified. Optimization objective functions and constraints that combine these metrics should be formulated and optimization techniques should be developed. More important, in the scenarios where the application requirements and system conditions change over time, the service configuration needs to be dynamically adjusted and strategies that guide the reconfiguration decisions need to be developed. Because the actual process of configuring a network service incurs configuration costs, an optimal reconfiguration strategy should be one that achieves a tradeoff between the (re)configuration costs and static optimization objectives. Furthermore, such tradeoffs must be based on the consideration of long-term benefits instead of short-term interest.
This thesis focuses on understanding the strategies for dynamic (re)configuration of advanced network services positioned above the Transport Layer. Specifically, this thesis investigates the configuration and more important dynamic reconfiguration strategies for two types of advanced network services: Service Overlay Networks, and Content Resiliency Service Networks. Unlike those network services whose configuration involves mainly arrangement of hard-wired components, these network services have the ability to change service configuration in small time scales. This makes the modeling of application requirements and system condition dynamics not only possible but also meaningful and potentially useful. Our goal is to develop modeling and optimization techniques for network service configuration and dynamic reconfiguration policies. We also seek to understand how effective techniques can improve the performance or reduce the cost of these advanced network services, thus demonstrating the advantage of allowing configurability in these advanced network services.


This paper reports an examination on gender differences in lunar phases understanding of 123 students (70 females and 53 males). Middle‐level students interacted with the Moon through observations, sketching, journalling, two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional modelling, and classroom discussions. These lunar lessons were adapted from the Realistic Explorations in Astronomical Learning (REAL) curriculum. Students' conceptual understandings were measured through analysis of pre‐test and post‐test results on a Lunar Phases Concept Inventory (LPCI) and a Geometric Spatial Assessment (GSA). The LPCI was used to assess conceptual learning of eight science and four mathematics domains. The GSA was used to assess learning of the same four mathematical domains; however, the GSA test items were not posed within a lunar context. Results showed both male and female groups to make significant gains in understanding on the overall LPCI test scores as well as significant gains on five of the eight science domains and on three of the four mathematics domains. The males scored significantly higher than the females on the science domain, phase—Sun/Earth/Moon positions, and on the mathematics domain geometric spatial visualisation. GSA results found both male and female groups achieving a significant increase in their test scores on the overall GSA. Females made significant gains on the GSA mathematics domains, periodic patterns and cardinal directions, while males made significant gains on only the periodic patterns domain. Findings suggest that both scientific and mathematical understandings can be significantly improved for both sexes through the use of spatially focused, inquiry‐oriented curriculum such as REAL.


Abstract:Ruling monarchies in Morocco and Jordan outlasted the Arab Spring through familiar tactics such as halfhearted reforms, as well as upgraded strategies of management. No longer intent on avoiding elections, now these regimes welcome them in order to expose opposition as too incompetent to govern even when given the opportunity. They no longer deny royalist absolutism to the public, but rather embrace it as the ideal guarantor of normalcy and stability. Adapting back, however, is a new generation of youth activists who elude their regimes' grasp and radically challenge the legitimacy of monarchical governance. The potential for revolution still exists.


The combination of climate change and massive urbanization makes city ecosystems vulnerable. Faced with this reality, bioclimatic architecture and regenerative planning provide a wealth of tools that include urban agriculture, which is increasingly widespread in the context of growing green value in the real estate sector. Bechu & Associes is an architectural practice that embraces this movement, working with its partners to design parametric modeling tools to improve the sustainability of architectural and urban planning projects. In this process, bio-inspiration plays a key role, by leveraging nature's solutions to design places where climate and culture combine, and where nature repairs the ties that bind cities to the countryside.


Although there has been vivid academic debate as to what extent Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) are motivated by political reasons, it is rather clear that countries can use state-owned investment funds as a tool of their foreign policy. Even Barack Obama, during his initial presidential campaign in 2008 commented: "I am obviously concerned if these… sovereign wealth funds are motivated by more than just market consideration and that's obviously a possibility".
This book looks at SWF activities in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) to determine the main motives for SWF presence in CEE. Are the potential financial gains the only reason behind their investments? Are SWF activities in the region dangerous for the stability and security of the CEE countries?
The book is pioneering analyses of SWFs behaviour in the region, based on empirical data collected from the Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute Transaction Database, arguably the most comprehensive and authoritative resource tracking SWF investment behaviour globally.


Methods: This preliminary study explored, through purposive sampling, patients who were hospitalized in the liver ICU of a medical centre in southern Taiwan (IRB approval number 201601364B0) between November 25, 2016, and July 24, 2017. Before collecting the delirium-related data of the patients, a delirium assessment scale was developed by the principal investigator and one nursing practitioner (NP) in the liver ICU. The content validity of the delirium assessment scale was evaluated by three ICU medical and nursing experts. Additionally, one head nurse and one NP observed, assessed, and recorded the delirious behaviours of nine liver transplant ICU patients during the day and night shifts to ensure the consistency of assessment. After ensuring the content validity and consistent assessment of delirium, the NP formally collected the data of liver transplant ICU patients by using the delirium assessment scale.
Findings: The content validity of the delirium assessment scale, evaluated by three ICU medical professionals and one NP, approached 0.975. The consistencies of assessment for the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS), pain scores, and delirium assessment scale were evaluated by one head nurse and one NP through assessing the data of 9 liver transplant ICU patients and revealed by ICC of .984, .997, and .992. The preliminary 12 liver transplant ICU delirium patients had the hyperactive RASS scores (0–3) and their pain scores were 3-8 for 1 week. Additionally, most patients exhibited glucose ranging from 120 to 300 mg/dL and Hb ranging from 7 to 11 mg/dL. Furthermore, most patients exhibited CRP ranging from 20 to 60 mg/L. The highest frequency of sedative administration was observed in the first week of hospitalization, whereas the pain medication was used for almost 2 weeks. For the 12 liver transplant patients with delirium in the ICU, problems such as constipation and passing urine were managed by using softening agents and diuretics. Moreover, psychiatrists were advised to change the sleeping or sedation medications that were administered to the patients with delirium. Furthermore, the patients underwent restriction, early weaning from ventilator, and peppermint oil wiping to relieve the distention of the abdomen. The use of earplugs and watching TV were also applied to the liver transplanted patients with delirium as alternative interventions to relieve their delirium symptoms.
Conclusion: Delirium persisted for longer in the liver transplant ICU patients than in general ICU patients. Furthermore, higher glucose and infection, and lower Hb were observed in the 12 liver transplant delirium patients. Sedatives were frequently administered in the first week of hospitalization for managing delirium, while pain medication was administered for almost 2 weeks in the 12 liver transplant ICU delirium patients. In addition to the medications, alternative treatments and interventions were applied to the 12 liver transplant ICU delirium patients for managing their delirium.


The 200 Year Continuum is the producer, recorder, and exhibitor in Christian Kerrigan's advancing anthology of narratives. Central to Kerrigan's practice is storytelling and mythmaking as a means of engaging his audience. Kerrigan uses drawing as his primary mode of research into these narratives, which are consequently offered in the form of live internet-feed installations acting as ecological sites, scientific experiments introducing new organic technologies, and digital images of worlds unseen. Each addition acts as a "middle story" within The 200 Year Continuum. In his narrative, The Amber Clock, a ship is grown in the yew forest of Kingley Vale over a period of 200 years. The narrative explores the possibilities of time in relationship to technology and the natural world. In his narrative, artificial and wild systems are choreographed, and the natural production of resin is harvested from the yew trees as a way of measuring time.


Sound sources and musical instruments are assumed to posess an acoustic center from which sound radiates and a directivity which describes the dependency of the sound radiation on the direction. Consequently, it should be possible to assign a center and an orientation to a source by the sound it radiates. Surrounding spherical microphone arrays have been built to identify the entire sound-radiation of a source simultaneously at many directions. However, there are no established algorithms for extracting the acoustic center and orientation of sound sources from the spherical microphone arrays data. This paper considers suitable acoustic center and orientation analysis algorithms and shows some practical case studies.


A new simple and cost-effective method has been developed for the fabrication of both plano-convex and plano-concave lens arrays with potentially important sag heights. The process is based on the use of potassium bromide (KBr) powder. At ambient temperature and under pressure, KBr powder is compressed on a molding die with the desired shape to form a solid lens array. The quality of the lens arrays has been assessed, and we present the first image produced by a converging KBr lens array.


Abstract. Current understanding of mercury (Hg) behavior in the atmosphere contains significant gaps. Some key characteristics of Hg processes, including anthropogenic and geogenic emissions, atmospheric chemistry, and air–surface exchange, are still poorly known. This study provides a complex analysis of processes governing Hg fate in the atmosphere involving both measured data from ground-based sites and simulation results from chemical transport models. A variety of long-term measurements of gaseous elemental Hg (GEM) and reactive Hg (RM) concentration as well as Hg wet deposition flux have been compiled from different global and regional monitoring networks. Four contemporary global-scale transport models for Hg were used, both in their state-of-the-art configurations and for a number of numerical experiments to evaluate particular processes. Results of the model simulations were evaluated against measurements. As follows from the analysis, the interhemispheric GEM gradient is largely formed by the prevailing spatial distribution of anthropogenic emissions in the Northern Hemisphere. The contributions of natural and secondary emissions enhance the south-to-north gradient, but their effect is less significant. Atmospheric chemistry has a limited effect on the spatial distribution and temporal variation of GEM concentration in surface air. In contrast, RM air concentration and wet deposition are largely defined by oxidation chemistry. The Br oxidation mechanism can reproduce successfully the observed seasonal variation of the RM ∕ GEM ratio in the near-surface layer, but it predicts a wet deposition maximum in spring instead of in summer as observed at monitoring sites in North America and Europe. Model runs with OH chemistry correctly simulate both the periods of maximum and minimum values and the amplitude of observed seasonal variation but shift the maximum RM ∕ GEM ratios from spring to summer. O3 chemistry does not predict significant seasonal variation of Hg oxidation. Hence, the performance of the Hg oxidation mechanisms under study differs in the extent to which they can reproduce the various observed parameters. This variation implies possibility of more complex chemistry and multiple Hg oxidation pathways occurring concurrently in various parts of the atmosphere.


Second-Order Generalized Integrator -- Frequency-Locked Loop (SOGI-FLL) is a popular technique available in the grid synchronization literature. This technique uses gain normalization in the frequency locked-loop. This increases the computational complexity. In this paper, we propose an alternative implementation to reduce the computational complexity of the SOGI-FLL. The proposed implementation modifies mainly the frequency locked-loop part and requires normalized voltage measurement. dSPACE 1104 board-based hardware implementation shows that the proposed implementation executes 20% faster than the standard implementation. This could be very beneficial for high switching frequency application e.g. >= 1MHz. In addition to the nominal frequency case, multi-resonant implementation is also proposed to tackle grid harmonics using a~simpler harmonic decoupling network. Small signal dynamical modeling and tuning are performed for both implementations. Dynamical equivalence is also established between the two implementations. Experimental comparative analysis demonstrates similar or better performance (depending on test scenarios) with respect to the standard implementation of the SOGI-FLL.


Acidification is considered to be an unfavourable process in forest soil. Timber logging, natural accumulation of biomass in the ecosystem, and acidic deposition are known sources of acidification. Acidification causes a risk of damage to plant roots and subsequent risk of a decline in ecosystem productivity.

A dynamic model is introduced for describing the acidification of forest soils. In 1-year time steps the model calculates the soil pH as a function of the acid stress and the buffer mechanisms of the soil. Acid stress is defined as the hydrogen ion input into the top soil. The buffer mechanisms counteract acidification by providing a sink for hydrogen ions. The concepts "buffer rate" and "buffer capacity" are used to quantify the buffer mechanisms. The model compares (a) the rate of acid stress (annual amount) with the buffer rate, and (b) the accumulated acid stress (over several years) with the buffer capacity. These two comparisons give an estimate of the oil acidity.

The model was incorporated into the Regional Acidification INformation and Simulation (RAINS) model system of IIASA for analyzing the acidic deposition problem in Europe. This system links information on energy production, pollutant emission, pollutant transport, and pollution deposition. The data on acid stress entering the soils was obtained from other submodels. Data on buffer rate and buffer capacity were collected from soil maps and geological maps.

The model system as a whole is now available for analyzing the impact of different emission scenarios. The soil acidification model assumes sulfur deposition estimates from the other submodels as input, and as output it produces estimates of the acidity of European forest soils in a map format. Additionally it computes the total area of forests in Europe with the estimated soil pH lower than any selected threshold value. Sources of uncertainty in the soil acidification are listed and briefly evaluated.


The weeks following birth are a critical period for a woman and her infant, setting the stage for long-term health and well-being. To optimize the health of women and infants, postpartum care should become an ongoing process, rather than a single encounter, with services and support tailored to each woman's individual needs. It is recommended that all women have contact with their obstetrician-gynecologists or other obstetric care providers within the first 3 weeks postpartum. This initial assessment should be followed up with ongoing care as needed, concluding with a comprehensive postpartum visit no later than 12 weeks after birth. The comprehensive postpartum visit should include a full assessment of physical, social, and psychological well-being, including the following domains: mood and emotional well-being; infant care and feeding; sexuality, contraception, and birth spacing; sleep and fatigue; physical recovery from birth; chronic disease management; and health maintenance. Women with chronic medical conditions such as hypertensive disorders, obesity, diabetes, thyroid disorders, renal disease, and mood disorders should be counseled regarding the importance of timely follow-up with their obstetrician-gynecologists or primary care providers for ongoing coordination of care. During the postpartum period, the woman and her obstetrician-gynecologist or other obstetric care provider should identify the health care provider who will assume primary responsibility for her ongoing care in her primary medical home. Optimizing care and support for postpartum families will require policy changes. Changes in the scope of postpartum care should be facilitated by reimbursement policies that support postpartum care as an ongoing process, rather than an isolated visit. Obstetrician-gynecologists and other obstetric care providers should be in the forefront of policy efforts to enable all women to recover from birth and nurture their infants. This Committee Opinion has been revised to reinforce the importance of the "fourth trimester" and to propose a new paradigm for postpartum care.


It has been 20 years since planning began for the 1995 United Nations International Conference on Near-Earth Objects. The conference proceedings established the scientific basis for an international organizational framework to support research and collective actions to mitigate a potential near-Earth object (NEO) threat to the planet. Since that time, researchers have conducted telescope surveys that should, within the coming decade, answer many questions about the size, number, and Earth impact probability of these objects. Space explorations to asteroids and comets have been successfully carried out, including sample recovery. Laboratory experiments and computer simulations at Sandia National Laboratories have analyzed the effects of high-energy-density soft x-ray radiation on meteorites—which might help researchers develop a way to redirect an incoming asteroid by vaporizing a thin layer of its surface. An Action Team on NEOs, established in 2001 in response to recommendations of the Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, identified the primary components of NEO mitigation and emphasized the value of finding potentially hazardous NEOs as soon as possible. Recommendations from the action team are meant to ensure that all nations are aware of the NEO danger, and to coordinate mitigation activities among nations that could be affected by an impact, as well as those that might play an active role in any eventual deflection or disruption campaign.


Abstract The paper reviews the objectives and the status of the current EU long-term materials program. It highlights recent results, discusses some of the key issues and major existing problems to be resolved and presents an outlook on the R&D planned for the next few years. The main objectives of the Materials Development program are the development and qualification of reduced activation structural materials for the Test Blanket Modules (TBMs) in ITER and of low activation structural materials resistant to high fluence neutron irradiation for in-vessel components such as breeding blanket, divertor and first wall in DEMO. The EU strategy assumes: (i) ITER operation starting in 2015 with DEMO relevant Test Blanket Modules to be installed from day one of operation, (ii) IFMIF operation in 2017 and (iii) DEMO final design activities in 2022 to 2025. The EU candidate structural material EUROFER for TBMs has to be fully code qualified for licensing well before 2015. In parallel, research on materials for operation at higher temperatures is conducted following a logical sequence, by supplementing EUROFER with the oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic steels and, thereafter, with fibre-reinforced Silicon Carbide (SiCf/SiC). Complementary, tungsten alloys are developed as structural material for high temperature applications such as gas-cooled divertors.


Naltrexone (NTX), by its pharmacological action in the mesolimbic pathways, should decrease reinforcement from nicotine as well as from alcohol. By means of this mechanism, NTX could result in temporary increases in smoking followed by decreased smoking rates among alcoholics not motivated to quit smoking. The change from pretreatment in smoking rates of 73 recently abstinent alcoholics in a 12-week clinical trial of NTX vs. placebo during alcoholism treatment was compared during 8 of the 12 weeks. Only smokers compliant with NTX were included in the analyses. NTX was associated with decreased smoking at every time point, but the effect was significant at only one time point. When alcohol relapsers were excluded, NTX patients showed decreased smoking at every time point, but the effect was significant at only two time points, a reduction of about five cigarettes per day. When smoking stage of change was included in the analyses, NTX showed no significant main or interaction effects on smoking rate. Precontemplators showed significantly less change in smoking rate than all other patients at the first and last four time points. Therefore, NTX alone currently does not show promise for promoting smoking reduction among recently abstinent alcoholics who have not sought or been given smoking cessation treatment. Further research is needed on possible effects with smokers motivated to quit smoking and on other methods of promoting smoking cessation among alcoholics.


A wireless personal response system (PRS) consists of a number of handheld response devices through which individuals can make different types of responses (e.g., multiple choice, true-false, numerical), a receiver, and software that allows for the almost-instantaneous compilation of audience responses that can then be presented graphically. Individual responses can be anonymous or tagged so that the presenter knows how each person has responded. Manufacturers of these systems, commonly known as "clickers," market them as a means of engaging students more actively in learning, motivating student attention, and providing feedback that allows instructors to tailor presentations to students' level of understanding. The personal response feature most likely to be assessed is the one that presents students with a multiple choice question based on material just covered so that both the students and presenter have immediate feedback about students' levels of comprehension. In a comparison of two sections of introductory psychology using clickers to answer multiple choice questions for extra credit with two sections not using clickers, Morling, McAuliffe, Cohen, and DiLorenzo (2008) found that the clicker sections performed slightly better on exams, but did not report being more engaged in class. Burnstein and Lederman (2001) included a keypad system in their introductory physics class in order to provide students with "interactive engagement" in a large lecture class. They used the system in a variety of ways, including assessment of students' levels of preparation for class, their understanding of lecture material, and as a means for presenting the results of group work they conducted during class. The authors reported that students were much more likely to attend class and participate when keypad scores counted for more than 15% of the final course grade. Also in a physics department, Hake (1998) compared student gains in conceptual understanding across 62 classes enrolling 6542 students. He found that courses using interactive-engagement methods (of which wireless response systems were one example) produced a level of improvement almost two standard deviations above what occurred in traditional (non-interactive) courses. In a case study of the use of a personal response system in economics courses, Elliott (2003) reported the only drawback was that use of the system reduced the volume of material that could be covered. This disadvantage was offset by a greater awareness of students' level of understanding, as measured by periodic, content-based multiple-choice questions. Using the graphing feature also allowed students to compare their performance to the class average. Finally, Elliott found that the personal response system stimulated student interest and concentration and was easy to use. In an extensive study of the use of wireless response systems in statistics tutorials at the University of Glasgow, Wit (2003) reported that 74% of the students thought that use of the wireless technology helped them understand statistics and that 87% thought the benefits of using the wireless technology outweighed the limitations. Wit did note that the results came from students who attended the tutorials, approximately one-third of those enrolled. Wit concludes on the basis of his experience that use of wireless technology breaks up lecture monotony, allows everyone to participate, encourages students to respond without fear of being publically wrong, allows students to see how their performance compares to others, and gives instructors a better idea of how well students comprehend the material. Roschelle, Penuel, and Abrahamson (2004) reviewed 26 reports of the use of wireless technology in a variety of settings and found the most commonly reported outcomes to be greater student engagement, increased student (self-reported) understanding of the material, increased enjoyment of the class by students, better group interaction, help for students in gauging their level of understanding, and information for instructors about student level of understanding. …


We study long time series of the ion saturation current and floating potential, sampled by Langmuir probes dwelled in the outboard mid-plane scrape-off layer and embedded in the lower divertor baffle of Alcator C-Mod. A series of ohmically heated L-mode plasma discharges is investigated with line-averaged plasma density ranging from n¯e/nG=0.15 to 0.42, where nG is the Greenwald density. All ion saturation current time series that are sampled in the far scrape-off layer are characterized by large-amplitude burst events. Coefficients of skewness and excess kurtosis of the time series obey a quadratic relationship and their histograms coincide partially upon proper normalization. Histograms of the ion saturation current time series are found to agree well with a prediction of a stochastic model for the particle density fluctuations in scrape-off layer plasmas. The distribution of the waiting times between successive large-amplitude burst events and of the burst amplitudes are approximately described by exponential distributions. The average waiting time and burst amplitude are found to vary weakly with the line-averaged plasma density. Conditional averaging reveals that the radial blob velocity, estimated from floating potential measurements, increases with the normalized burst amplitude in the outboard mid-plane scrape-off layer. For low density discharges, the conditionally averaged waveform of the floating potential associated with large amplitude bursts at the divertor probes has a dipolar shape. In detached divertor conditions the average waveform is random, indicating electrical disconnection of blobs from the sheaths at the divertor targets.


We consider a mobile radio random-access algorithm equipped with a choice of three distinct antenna diversity plans (two-fold, maximum selection, or ideal selection diversity) to improve the performance. The algorithm is stable with high throughput and low delays. The mobile environment is regulated by the presence of multipath fading, shadowing, and path loss. The capture model is a threshold model based on the signal-to-interference ratio. The maximum throughput and optimal window size of the algorithm are analytically computed. The delay performance is evaluated through simulations, and significant improvement is demonstrated over slotted ALOHA under various mobile scenarios.


Gross National Happiness (GNH) is often recommended as a new approach to assessing economic and social development, and the small nation of Bhutan has become known for advocating this measure of quality of life. Little has been published on actual wellbeing outcomes of GNH policy in Bhutan. The current study uses a demographically representative sample to evaluate a variety of measures of quality of life in Bhutan. We compared 11 nations with Bhutan on 4 domains – Psychological, Social, Environmental, and Income and Material wellbeing. We found mixed results concerning Bhutan's wellbeing. Results from the study indicated that Bhutan ranks first in terms of Environmental wellbeing and ranks moderately high on Social wellbeing. However, it scores fairly low in terms of overall Psychological wellbeing. Thus, like many societies in the world, Bhutan is succeeding in some areas but remains challenged in other domains. Limitations and implications of the study are discussed.


A system for gas sensing based on the quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy technique has been developed. It makes use of a quantum well distributed feedback (DFB) laser diode emitting at 3.38 μm. This laser emits near room temperature in the continuous wave regime. A spectrophone, consisting of a quartz tuning fork and two steel microresonators were used. Second derivative wavelength modulation detection is used to perform low concentration measurements. The sensitivity and the linearity of the Quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) sensor were studied. A normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient of 4.06×10(-9) cm(-1)·W/Hz(1/2) was achieved.


Interpretation of hydrocarbon-bearing shale is subject to great uncertainty because of pervasive heterogeneity, thin beds, and incomplete and uncertain knowledge of saturation-porosity-resistivity models. We developed a stochastic joint-inversion method specifically developed to address the quantitative petrophysical interpretation of hydrocarbon-bearing shale. The method was based on the rapid and interactive numerical simulation of resistivity and nuclear logs. Instead of property values themselves, the estimation method delivered the a posteriori probability of each property. The Markov-chain Monte Carlo algorithm was used to sample the model space to quantify the a posteriori distribution of formation properties. Additionally, the new interpretation method allows the use of fit-for-purpose statistical correlations between water saturation, salt concentration, porosity, and electrical resistivity to implement uncertain, non-Archie resistivity models derived from core data, including those affected by total organic carbon (TOC). In the case of underdetermined estimation problems, i.e., when the number of measurements was lower than the number of unknowns, the use of a priori information enabled plausible results within prespecified petrophysical and compositional bounds. The developed stochastic interpretation technique was successfully verified with data acquired in the Barnett and Haynesville Shales. Core data (including X-ray diffraction data) were combined into a priori information for interpretation of nuclear and resistivity logs. Results consisted of mineral concentrations, TOC, and porosity together with their uncertainty. Eighty percent of the core data was located within the 95% credible interval of estimated mineral/fluid concentrations.


In March 2005, the most recent set of valuation guidelines produced by the Association Française des Investisseurs en Capital (AFIC), the British Venture Capital Association (BVCA) and the European Private Equity and Venture Capital Association (EVCA) were published following previous sets in 1991, 1993, 2001, and 2003. These new International Private Equity and Venture Capital Valuation (IPEV) guidelines were the result of increasing importance and acceptance of this asset class during the last decade, combined with the internationalization of the industry, the clear increase in the quality and availability of information, new applicable laws, regulations, and accounting standards. The IPEV guidelines took effect for all reporting periods after January 1, 2005. The European Investment Fund (EIF) asked the funds in its portfolio to produce their June 2005 reports in compliance with the IPEV guidelines. Using the 200+ funds in its portfolio, the EIF conducted a survey on the consequent adoption and accurate application of the IPEV guidelines. In this article, the results of that survey are presented.


We introduce a general model of dimer coverings of certain plane bipartite graphs, which we call rail yard graphs (RYG). The transfer matrices used to compute the partition function are shown to be isomorphic to certain operators arising in the so-called boson-fermion correspondence. This allows to reformulate the RYG dimer model as a Schur process, i.e. as a random sequence of integer partitions subject to some interlacing conditions.
Beyond the computation of the partition function, we provide an explicit expression for all correlation functions or, equivalently, for the inverse Kasteleyn matrix of the RYG dimer model. This expression, which is amenable to asymptotic analysis, follows from an exact combinatorial description of the operators localizing dimers in the transfer-matrix formalism, and then a suitable application of Wick's theorem.
Plane partitions, domino tilings of the Aztec diamond, pyramid partitions, and steep tilings arise as particular cases of the RYG dimer model. For the Aztec diamond, we provide new derivations of the edge-probability generating function, of the biased creation rate, of the inverse Kasteleyn matrix and of the arctic circle theorem.


This paper analyzes the institutional framework that has historically governed the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of financial regulation. Although U.S. financial regulators are often portrayed as being immune from CBA, the paper shows how each major regulator has historically used CBA under one of four distinct institutional paradigms. The existence of these distinct paradigms highlights that a formal CBA requirement need not lead to regulatory paralysis, but the uneven application of CBA they engender provides reason to believe that this institutional framework is far from ideal. To the extent that the goal of CBA is to provide meaningful, transparent analysis of rule making while avoiding regulatory paralysis, the paper argues in favor of moving toward a more uniform institutional framework for financial regulation. In particular, adopting a single CBA paradigm that requires interagency coordination but avoids judicial review provides the greatest promise for achieving this goal in financial regulation.