The Canadian chicken industry has operated under supply management since the mid-1970s. Canadian consumer preferences for chicken have grown dramatically since then possibly in response to concerns about health and the levels of fat and cholesterol in red meats. However Canadian consumers are also looking for convenience with their food purchases. Canadians are buying their chicken in frozen further processed forms, fresh by cut without skin and bone and in a variety of other different ways reflecting their unique willingness to pay for various attributes. There is also an increasing trend for retailers and processors to brand the fresh chicken product sold through grocery stores (for example, Maple Leaf Prime). The preferences Canadian consumer have for various chicken products, the prices they are comfortable paying and the strategies followed by processors/retailers can directly affect the outcomes of industry wide strategies such as investment in generic advertising and research or the impact of international market changes such as border closures. This research is an initial attempt to quantify Canadian consumer preferences – for fresh product by type – for product by level of processing – for chicken product by cut - for fresh chicken by brand - to examine the impact of substitutability on a variety of market shocks. The various different disaggregations of Canadian chicken consumption are used in a number of simulation models to illustrate how important preferences are to producer returns when there are market shocks. If Canadians found all chicken products available in the grocery store to be perfectly substitutable then previous policy analysis assuming chicken is one homogeneous product would be sufficient for industry policy analysis purposes. If Canadians view all the different chicken products as imperfectly substitutable and given that various chicken products are produced in relatively fixed proportions (white and dark meat, for example) further understanding of how consumers make their purchase decisions could enhance the industries ability to predict outcomes. For example, border closing to Canadian exports ( as a result of an Avian influenza outbreak, for example) would result in a significant increase in the dark meat products available for sale through Canadian grocery stores. The results presented in this research could provide a clue as to how much dark meat prices might decline while white meat prices might remain unaffected. The results reported suggest that at the consumer level, chicken fresh and frozen products are not perceived to be perfect substitutes, within a narrow category such as fresh chicken breasts, they are not perceived as even close substitutes, within the fresh category branded products such as those developed by Lilydale and Maple Leaf are not perceived as perfect substitutes. As well, an initial look at the demand for individual chicken products by household suggests that there is far from a common buying pattern across Canadian households, even within a single province. The results also suggest that health and convenience attributes are driving Canadian consumer preferences. Simulation results highlight the fact that pricing strategies followed by major processors/retailers within Canada can influence the returns to generic advertising and research. Further research could provide additional robust estimates of the chicken product substitutability existing in the Canadian market and an increased understanding of the market characteristics currently operating. The results presented here suggest that further work in this area is important for the chicken industry to pursue.


Groundwater discharge is believed to dominate dry season flows in perennial river systems and to sustain aquatic biodiversity. River flow statistics, extracted from the SPATSIM modelling system, were used to estimate the contribution of groundwater to river flow regimes. The flow statistics were compared for the principal aquifer types (based on major geological formations) in South Africa. This analysis focused on seasonal variation in flows rather than the annual totals or Baseflow Index. Groundwater discharge is expected to reduce flow variability and sustain flows, making flow concentrations lower than rainfall concentrations. Catchments dominated by carbonates have the greatest proportion of baseflow (37%), followed by basement complex (31%) and extrusive aquifer types (31%). The weak relationships between river flow indexes (particularly the Baseflow Index, Coefficient of Variation and Hydrological Index) and the seasonality or concentration statistics imply that catchment storage characteristics and other non-climatic factors play an important role in flow regulation. The geographic distribution of total flow concentrations differs markedly from rainfall concentrations, further evidence that non-climatic factors are important determinants of flow regimes. Karoo dykes and sills, extrusives and unconsolidated deposits are under-represented and the TMG sub-type, carbonates and basement complex and younger granites are over-represented among catchments with evenly distributed baseflows. The Baseflow Index and groundwater-fed baseflow are ecologically meaningful variables but lack clear thresholds that correspond with ecologically important changes in river flow regimes, for example perennial versus seasonal flow. Flow concentrations and percentage zero flows are useful and potentially ecologically important variables and should be tested as predictors of the aquatic and riparian biodiversity of river systems at a range of scales.


Using the temperature distribution of solid parts calculated by a flow-solid coupled CFD analysis, thermal-stress analyses are conducted. Four approaches are investigated. 1) The mesh and the temperature distribution of FLOTRAN are used in a thermal-stress analysis directly. While this is the simplest and most direct approach, designing a suitable mesh for FLOTRAN is generally difficult for complex models such as an engine exhaust manifold. 2) SCRYU/Tetra, a FVM based CFD software, is used instead of FLOTRAN to solve the temperature and flow field. SCRYU/Tetra uses a mesh consisting of tetrahedron, hexahedron, prism and pyramid, or a hybrid mesh. Because the hybrid mesh is compatible between ANSYS element type 95 and SCRYU/Tetra, not only the temperature distribution of solid part but also the mesh can be re-used for thermal-stress analysis in ANSYS. 3) Flow and temperature field is solved using SCRYU/Tetra and the resulting film coefficient between solid and fluid and the ambient flow temperature are interpolated to corresponding surface of a mesh generated for thermal-stress analysis. The temperature distribution within the solid part is re-calculated and then thermalstress analysis is done using ANSYS. 4) Flow and temperature field is solved using SCRYU/Tetra and resulting temperature field is interpolated to the nodes of the mesh for thermal-stress analysis. Thermal stress analysis is done using ANSYS.


This report reviews sources of information on ground conditions in Britain, and points out some of the civil engineering applications to which they may be put. The sources include geological, soil, land-use, topographical and hydrographic maps and publications, mine records, information obtainable from official bodies and local engineering works, existing site investigation reports, air photographs, and site inspection. The availability of these sources of information and their interpretation and application to site investigations for civil engineering works, especially extended sites such as roads and tunnels, are described. The information that they provide can be useful at all stages of planning, design, construction and maintenance, but is likely to be of most value if obtained at an early stage in the planning of a project or for identifying the sources of problems during the service life of the works. The information is particularly important for route and site location and the early recognition of situations offering particular engineering difficulties, and for the planning and interpretation of the detailed site investigation. The information is available at low cost compared with that obtained by direct sub-surface exploration, and at an earlier date, and its use can allow more economical site investigations to be planned. The report was first published in 1971 by the Transport Research Laboratory as Laboratory Report 403. It was revised in 1976 as LR403 (revised edition) to take into account subsequent developments, including the metrication of Ordnance Survey and British Geological Survey maps. This present revision brings the information contained in LR403 (revised edition) right up-to-date at a broad level and includes a number of important new sources, for example on areas of mining instability, natural underground cavities and contaminated land. (A)


The epidemic rate of incarceration in the United States, long documented, has come at significant financial and social cost. But the global financial crisis has forced legislators and government officials to face issues that they had previously been able to ignore: whether incarceration is the best use of resources to deal with non-violent offenders, whether former inmates should be sent back to prison for violations of conditions of their post-conviction release, rather than for new criminal activity, whether sentences should be so long that the prison population becomes increasingly geriatric. At the same time, taxpayers are beginning to realize that they are not always getting a decent return on their corrections dollar. Crime, and the fear of it, is no longer dominating the domestic agenda. And fiscal conservatives are edging out "tough on crime" rhetoric with proposals to be "smart on crime." The goal of the Symposium, held in Atlanta on January 27, 2012, was to bring together a number of scholars and practitioners to see how the moment might be leveraged to produce sustainable change. Cognizant of the ephemeral quality of reform that is solely cost-driven, the participants proposed a variety of solutions that could have staying power, even after the good times return. While controversial, large-scale reforms may remain out of reach, perhaps an accumulation of incremental changes might add up to an overall shift in focus, away from the punitive overreliance on incarceration, and towards a more just, evidence-based and cost-effective justice system.


Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) for the mobile robot navigation has two main problems. The first problem is the computational complexity due to the growing state vector with the added landmark in the environment. The second problem is the data association which matches the observations and landmarks in the state vector. In this study, we compare the extended Kalman filter-(EKF)-based SLAM which is well-developed and well-known algorithm, and the compressed extended Kalman filter-(CEKF)-based SLAM developed for decreasing the computational complexity of the EKF-based SLAM. We describe two simulation programs to investigate these techniques. The first program is written for the comparison of EKF- and CEKF-based SLAMS according to the computational complexity and covariance matrix error with the different numbers of landmarks. In the second program, EKF- and CEKF-based SLAM with the ICNN and JCBB data association algorithms simulations are presented. For this simulation, the differential drive vehicle that moves in a 10 m square trajectory and LMS 200 2-D laser range finder are modelled and landmarks are randomly scattered in that 10 m square environment.


Abstract. Disastrous bushfires during the last months of 2019 and January 2020 affected Australia, raising the question to what extent the risk of these fires was exacerbated by anthropogenic climate change. To answer the question for southeastern Australia, where fires were particularly severe, affecting people and ecosystems, we use a physically based index of fire weather, the Fire Weather Index; long-term observations of heat and drought; and 11 large ensembles of state-of-the-art climate models. We find large trends in the Fire Weather Index in the fifth-generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Atmospheric Reanalysis (ERA5) since 1979 and a smaller but significant increase by at least 30 % in the models. Therefore, we find that climate change has induced a higher weather-induced risk of such an extreme fire season. This trend is mainly driven by the increase of temperature extremes. In agreement with previous analyses we find that heat extremes have become more likely by at least a factor of 2 due to the long-term warming trend. However, current climate models overestimate variability and tend to underestimate the long-term trend in these extremes, so the true change in the likelihood of extreme heat could be larger, suggesting that the attribution of the increased fire weather risk is a conservative estimate. We do not find an attributable trend in either extreme annual drought or the driest month of the fire season, September–February. The observations, however, show a weak drying trend in the annual mean. For the 2019/20 season more than half of the July–December drought was driven by record excursions of the Indian Ocean Dipole and Southern Annular Mode, factors which are included in the analysis here. The study reveals the complexity of the 2019/20 bushfire event, with some but not all drivers showing an imprint of anthropogenic climate change. Finally, the study concludes with a qualitative review of various vulnerability and exposure factors that each play a role, along with the hazard in increasing or decreasing the overall impact of the bushfires.


Importance Prostate cancer screening remains controversial because potential mortality or quality-of-life benefits may be outweighed by harms from overdetection and overtreatment. Objective To evaluate the effect of a single prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening intervention and standardized diagnostic pathway on prostate cancer–specific mortality. Design, Setting, and Participants The Cluster Randomized Trial of PSA Testing for Prostate Cancer (CAP) included 419 582 men aged 50 to 69 years and was conducted at 573 primary care practices across the United Kingdom. Randomization and recruitment of the practices occurred between 2001 and 2009; patient follow-up ended on March 31, 2016. Intervention An invitation to attend a PSA testing clinic and receive a single PSA test vs standard (unscreened) practice. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcome: prostate cancer–specific mortality at a median follow-up of 10 years. Prespecified secondary outcomes: diagnostic cancer stage and Gleason grade (range, 2-10; higher scores indicate a poorer prognosis) of prostate cancers identified, all-cause mortality, and an instrumental variable analysis estimating the causal effect of attending the PSA screening clinic. Results Among 415 357 randomized men (mean [SD] age, 59.0 [5.6] years), 189 386 in the intervention group and 219 439 in the control group were included in the analysis (n = 408 825; 98%). In the intervention group, 75 707 (40%) attended the PSA testing clinic and 67 313 (36%) underwent PSA testing. Of 64 436 with a valid PSA test result, 6857 (11%) had a PSA level between 3 ng/mL and 19.9 ng/mL, of whom 5850 (85%) had a prostate biopsy. After a median follow-up of 10 years, 549 (0.30 per 1000 person-years) died of prostate cancer in the intervention group vs 647 (0.31 per 1000 person-years) in the control group (rate difference, −0.013 per 1000 person-years [95% CI, −0.047 to 0.022]; rate ratio [RR], 0.96 [95% CI, 0.85 to 1.08]; P = .50). The number diagnosed with prostate cancer was higher in the intervention group (n = 8054; 4.3%) than in the control group (n = 7853; 3.6%) (RR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.14 to 1.25]; P < .001). More prostate cancer tumors with a Gleason grade of 6 or lower were identified in the intervention group (n = 3263/189 386 [1.7%]) than in the control group (n = 2440/219 439 [1.1%]) (difference per 1000 men, 6.11 [95% CI, 5.38 to 6.84]; P < .001). In the analysis of all-cause mortality, there were 25 459 deaths in the intervention group vs 28 306 deaths in the control group (RR, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.94 to 1.03]; P = .49). In the instrumental variable analysis for prostate cancer mortality, the adherence-adjusted causal RR was 0.93 (95% CI, 0.67 to 1.29; P = .66). Conclusions and Relevance Among practices randomized to a single PSA screening intervention vs standard practice without screening, there was no significant difference in prostate cancer mortality after a median follow-up of 10 years but the detection of low-risk prostate cancer cases increased. Although longer-term follow-up is under way, the findings do not support single PSA testing for population-based screening. Trial Registration ISRCTN Identifier: ISRCTN92187251


Despite the importance of Fe-organic complexes in the environment, few studies have investigated Fe isotope effects driven by changes in Fe coordination that involve organic ligands. Previous experimental (Dideriksen et al., 2008, Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 269:280-290) and theoretical (Domagal-Goldman et al., 2009, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 73:1-12) studies disagreed on the sense of fractionation between Fe-desferrioxamine B (Fe-DFOB) and Fe(H(2)O)(6)(3+). Using a new experimental technique that employs a dialysis membrane to separate equilibrated Fe-ligand pools, we measured the equilibrium isotope fractionations between Fe-DFOB and (1) Fe bound to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and (2) Fe bound to oxalate. We observed no significant isotope fractionation between Fe-DFOB and Fe-EDTA (Delta(56/54)Fe(Fe-DFOB/Fe-EDTA) approximately 0.02 +/- 0.11 per thousand) and a small but significant fractionation between Fe-DFOB and Fe-oxalate (Delta(56/54)Fe(Fe-DFOB/Fe-Ox(3)) = 0.20 +/- 0.11 per thousand). Taken together, our results and those of Dideriksen et al. (2008) reveal a strong positive correlation between measured fractionation factors and the Fe-binding affinity of the ligands. This correlation supports the experimental results of Dideriksen et al. (2008). Further, it provides a simple empirical tool that may be used to predict fractionation factors for Fe-ligand complexes not yet studied experimentally.


The QR factorization is one of the most important operations in dense linear algebra, offering a numerically stable method for solving linear systems of equations including overdetermined and underdetermined systems. Modern implementations of the QR factorization, such as the one in the LAPACK library, suffer from performance limitations due to the use of matrix-vector type operations in the phase of panel factorization. These limitations can be remedied by using the idea of updating of QR factorization, rendering an algorithm, which is much more scalable and much more suitable for implementation on a multi-core processor. It is demonstrated how the potential of the cell broadband engine can be utilized to the fullest by employing the new algorithmic approach and successfully exploiting the capabilities of the chip in terms of single instruction multiple data parallelism, instruction level parallelism and thread-level parallelism.


Purpose
Although the value of community capacity building is widely accepted within scholarly literature, these initiatives thus far appear to have achieved very little impact in the achievement of community development aspirations. This paper aims to increase knowledge regarding specific priority areas which when targeted will result in more effective pathways towards sustainable development.

Design/methodology/approach
This study was performed through utilization of a qualitative strategy, which involved the combination of a number of qualitative methods and techniques including individual interviews, surveys, focus groups, literary review and policy analysis.

Findings
The investigation found that improving identified CSD priority areas, aligned with the sustainable development goals (SDGs), seems to be the most effective strategy to enhance the ability of local communities to overcome sustainability challenges over time. SDGs 9, 4, 15, 16, 17 and 8 were identified as the areas of greatest significance for practical community capacity building for sustainable development (CSD).

Originality/value
This paper answers scholarly literature's call for greater investigation into bringing sustainability research closer to society, to clearly define research direction and agenda. It also recommends ways to action the global goals locally.


Abstract In this study, we investigated wolf feeding ecology in Kars province, north-eastern Turkey, by analysing 72 scat samples collected in spring 2013. Ongoing camera trap surveys suggest that large wild ungulates are exceptionally rare in the region. On the contrary, livestock is abundant. Accordingly, scats analysis revealed that livestock constituted most of the biomass intake for wolves, although small mammals were the most frequent prey items. Wild ungulates were occasional prey, and although wolves make use of the main village garbage dump as a food source, garbage remains were scarce in scat samples. Wolf dependence on anthropogenic resources, primarily livestock, generates human-wildlife conflicts in the study area. Uncontrolled carcass disposal seems to boost this wolf behaviour. Synanthropy enhances the probability of wolf-human encounters and thus increases the risk of direct persecution, vehicle collisions, and hybridisation with dogs. When livestock is not available, small mammals are an important alternative prey for wolves. This may increase interspecific competition, particularly with lynx, which is also lacking natural prey in the area. Our preliminary results contribute to wolf ecology and conservation in the Anatolian-Caucasian range, where further studies are urgently needed to generate baseline data.


The present thesis addresses several experimental questions regarding the nature of the processes underlying the larger centro-parietal Late Positive Potential (LPP) measured during the viewing of emotional(both pleasant and unpleasant) compared to neutral pictures. During a passive viewing condition, this modulatory difference is significantly reduced with picture repetition, but it does not completely habituate even after a massive repetition of the same picture exemplar. In order to investigate the obligatory nature of the affective modulation of the LPP, in Study 1 we introduced a competing task during repetitive exposure of affective pictures. Picture repetition occurred in a passive viewing context or during a categorization task, in which pictures depicting any mean of transportation were presented as targets, and repeated pictures (affectively engaging images) served as distractor stimuli. Results indicated that the impact of repetition on the LPP affective modulation was very similar between the passive and the task contexts, indicating that the affective processing of visual stimuli reflects an obligatory process that occurs despite participants were engaged in a categorization task.
In study 2 we assessed whether the decrease of the LPP affective modulation persists over time, by presenting in day 2 the same set of pictures that were massively repeated in day 1. Results indicated that the reduction of the emotional modulation of the LPP to repeated pictures persisted even after 1-day interval, suggesting a contribution of long-term memory processes on the affective habituation of the LPP. Taken together, the data provide new information regarding the processes underlying the affective modulation of the late positive potential.


(Abridged) Weak gravitational lensing is an ideal probe of the dark universe. In recent years, several linear methods have been developed to reconstruct the density distribution in the Universe in three dimensions, making use of photometric redshift information to determine the radial distribution of lensed sources. In this paper, we aim to address three key issues seen in these methods; namely, the bias in the redshifts of detected objects, the line of sight smearing seen in reconstructions, and the damping of the amplitude of the reconstruction relative to the underlying density. We consider the problem under the framework of compressed sensing (CS). Under the assumption that the data are sparse in an appropriate dictionary, we construct a robust estimator and employ state-of-the-art convex optimisation methods to reconstruct the density contrast. For simplicity in implementation, and as a proof of concept of our method, we reduce the problem to one-dimension, considering the reconstruction along each line of sight independently. Despite the loss of information this implies, we demonstrate that our method is able to accurately reproduce cluster haloes up to a redshift of z=1, deeper than state-of-the-art linear methods. We directly compare our method with these linear methods, and demonstrate minimal radial smearing and redshift bias in our reconstructions, as well as a reduced damping of the reconstruction amplitude as compared to the linear methods. In addition, the CS framework allows us to consider an underdetermined inverse problem, thereby allowing us to reconstruct the density contrast at finer resolution than the input data.


This paper introduces about the study of temporal pattern properties of road accident that occur at Kedah state. Data sources of the road accident was obtaining from police department who consists of a data that describing a few factor such as types of accident, time and date of accident and address where it happened. Next, data visualization and analysis of the properties of temporal pattern road accident can be done using Geographical Information System (GIS) technology. Using this technology, it allows spatial analysis and spatial statistic that rely on geographically referenced data to be done so that better interpretation about the temporal pattern road accident can be achieved. The use of Geographical Information System (GIS) technology can provides the capability for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing and displaying geospatial data. Besides that, GIS also stand out for their ability of managing the geospatial data. Generally, geospatial data was function as to locate spatial features on the Earth's surface and it can be done either by using a geographic or a projected coordinate system. In this paper, several GIS analysis methods had been used as to get a clear view about the properties of spatial temporal pattern of road accident at Kedah state. Hotspot analysis of Getis-Ord Gi* had been used as to determine the hotspot area of road accident cases occurrences. This may reflect with the result show the hot and cold area represent the frequency of it happened. Spatial analyst by using point density was performed in order to shows the relation between the effect of road accident on types of fatality based on types of road. Many previous study introduce GIS only for determination of the hotspot area but on this study it tells more about an analysis of road accident based on its temporal pattern properties.


Newmont's Case is one of many corporate crimes happened in Indonesia. Investment policy by government which gives concession to foreign investor to exploit Indonesian natural source has brought impact to human safety and surrounding environment system as well, as what happen to citizen in Teluk Buyat coast. Indonesian government failure to ask the responsibility from Newmont Minahasa Raya Company shows the weakness of State position when facing foreign corporation. In the name of 'investment climate', they can press a country to cancel law process that is done. Precious lesson from Newmont's case can be used by government to prevent and minimize negative impact and maximize positive impact at once from mining companies' activities in Indonesia. Keywords: Newmont's, Corporate Crime, Teluk Buyat


Distributed data centers for multi-cloud environments usually do not consist of homogeneous hardware as they are not built at the same time by the same owner. Assigning workloads to the most appropriate processing units is therefore a challenging task. In this paper we show how in the context of heterogeneous data centers power consumption can be used as a metric to drive scheduling.
 We study the performance and energy efficiency of a set of heterogeneous architectures for multiple micro-benchmarks (stressing CPU, memory and disk) and for a real-world cloud application. We observe from our results that some architectures are more energy efficient for disk-intense workloads, whereas others are better for CPU-intense workloads. This study provides the basis for workload characterization and cross-cloud scheduling under constraints of energy efficiency.


Policies must balance forest conservation's local costs with its benefits—local to global—in terms of biodiversity, the mitigation of climate change, and other eco-services such as water quality. The trade-offs with development vary across forest locations. We argue that considering location in three ways helps to predict policy impact and improve policy choice: (i) policy impacts vary by location because baseline deforestation varies with characteristics (market distances, slopes, soils, etc.) of locations in a landscape; (ii) different mixes of political-economic pressures drive the location of different policies; and (iii) policies can trigger 'second-order' or 'spillover' effects likely to differ by location. We provide empirical evidence that suggests the importance of all three considerations, by reviewing high-quality evaluations of the impact of conservation and development on forest. Impacts of well-enforced conservation rise with private clearing pressure, supporting (i). Protection types (e.g. federal/state) differ in locations and thus in impacts, supporting (ii). Differences in development process explain different signs for spillovers, supporting (iii). Copyright 2012, Oxford University Press.


How far can the lacanian concept of the vocal object help us read a novel by Thomas Hardy and bring to light its modernity? In Tess of the d'Urbervilles, the motif of the stain (or spot) has a vocal quality: the vermilion words painted on the wall "shout themselves out", something is shown in the field of the gaze in lieu of the voice. Thus Tess's voice is hardly ever heard, her lament is never vocalized, it seems to be stuck in her throat. By making reference to Slavoj Zizek's analysis of Munch's painting, The Scream, I intend to show how the concepts of 'voice qua object' and 'gaze qua object' throw a light on the enigmatic question of voice in Tess of the d'Urbervilles, and thus appear relevant to literary studies. In normal life, the consistency of our experience of reality depends on the exclusion of the objet petit a from it. What happens in Tess's tragic world is that the 'object small a' has somehow got stuck in her reality, it has not been fully repressed and excluded. Tess occupies a borderline position in which the horror of the object is very nearly encountered. Tess will have to be hanged so that her voice may no longer be a threat, for the question involved is that of feminine jouissance, the dangerous enjoyment 'beyond the phallus' which has to be suppressed if phallic order is to prevail.


The Sudbury impact structure is one of only a few terrestrial impact craters capable of providing insight into large impact processes. However, despite more than a century of study, no consensus exists regarding its depths of excavation and melting. This study presents 3920 U–Pb zircon dates for target lithologies and the crater-fill as well as new Pb-isotope data for target lithologies in an attempt to further constrain these depths and understand the behaviour of zircon in large impacts. Only 1.5% of the crater-fill zircons have dates within uncertainty of the 1.85 Ga impact event, with most seeming to preserve their pre-impact U–Pb systematics. The preponderance of undisturbed zircon in the crater-fill suggests that this mineral is an effective means of tracing target lithologies in impact basins. A significant fraction of crater-fill zircon was dated between 2.50 and 2.61 Ga, which is negligible amongst known target lithologies, and therefore identifies previously unrecognized target rocks. The Pb-isotope systematics are compatible with the proposal that the 2.6 Ga rock represents typical mid- to lower-crustal basement and could have been an important contributor to the melt-sheet. The combined data argue against a shallow melting scenario. With regard to Hadean terrestrial zircon, the lesson from Sudbury is that zircon can be recycled through multiple large impact events and still preserve the age of the original crust. Supplementary materials: Sample information, trace element and Pb-isotope data for granitoid and gneiss feldspar, Pb modelling parameters, U–Pb zircon data, concordia diagrams and airborne radiometric images are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18881.


The Gulf Canada Resources Mobile Arctic Caisson 'Molikpaq' is a bottom founded steel exploration platform capable of year-round operation in the Beaufort Sea. A comprehensive instrumentation system was incorporated at design stage to monitor the behaviour of the structure in the severe arctic environment and to gather information, such as global and local ice loads, which would be utilized for comparison with the theoretical values, and for refining the design criteria for future arctic structures. As a part of the instrumentation program, eight extensiometers have been installed near the storage deck level to measure the deformation of the caisson hull with respect to the main deck which is supported by bearings capable of movement in the horizontal plane. An extensive parametric study using Finite Element analysis techniques was undertaken to establish the correlation between the deck deflections and global ice loads, for a range of ice load magnitudes, angles of attack, and soil conditions. In total, 81 different combinations of parameters were analyzed to cover the spectrum of operating conditions.


Context: Agile/lean development has been successful situations where small teams collaborate over long periods of time with project stakeholders. Unclear is how such teams plan and coordinate their work in such situations where inter-dependencies with other projects exist. In large organizations, scattered teams and complex team structure makes it difficult for every stakeholder to have a clear understanding of project information. These factors make it difficult for large‐scale organizations to adopt the agile/lean development paradigm. Objectives: The goal of conducting this study is to find the information visualization techniques that ease or resolve the challenges of agile development in large-scale organizations. The study reports the challenges of agile development and information visualization techniques in literature and reported by industrial experts. Additionally, proposed a guideline that how information visualization technique can be used to ease or resolve related challenge of agile development. Methods: For this particular study, two research methodologies are used; Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and Industrial Survey. Two SLRs are performed for finding 1) challenges of agile development and 2) information visualization techniques in agile development. Data sources like Engineering Village (Inspec/ Compendex), IEEE Explore digital library, ACM digital library, Science Direct, ISI-Web of knowledge; Scopus were used to select primary study. Industrial survey was conducted in order to obtain empirical evidence to our findings. In survey, mainly questions were related to challenges of agile development and information visualization techniques practiced by industrial experts. Results: 84 different challenges of agile development found in literature and by applying grounded theory we found 9 distinct categories of challenges. There were 55 challenges reported by industrial experts in survey which later grouped into 10 distinct challenges. 45 information visualization techniques found in literature and grouped into 21 distinct technologies. There were 47 different information visualization techniques reported by industrial experts. When we grouped these techniques there were 9 distinct technologies found by applying open, axial and selective coding of grounded theory Conclusions: Systematic Literature Review and Industrial Survey confirmed that information visualization techniques can be used to ease or resolve challenges of agile development. Along with other visualization techniques, Data Flow Diagrams, UML, Use Case Diagrams, Burn Down Charts, Scrum Story Board, Kanban Boards and Gantt Chart are highly reported techniques found through systematic literature review and later confirmed by industrial experts. On the other hand, through survey we found that industrial experts mainly rely on informal and customized information visualization techniques to visualize information.


Given a user's input text, text-matching recommender systems output relevant items by comparing the input text to available items' description, such as product-to-product recommendation on e-commerce platforms. As users' interests and item inventory are expected to change, it is important for a text-matching system to generalize to data shifts, a task known as out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization. However, we find that the popular approach of fine-tuning a large, base language model on paired item relevance data (e.g., user clicks) can be counter-productive for OOD generalization. For a product recommendation task, fine-tuning obtains worse accuracy than the base model when recommending items in a new category or for a future time period. To explain this generalization failure, we consider an intervention-based importance metric, which shows that a fine-tuned model captures spurious correlations and fails to learn the causal features that determine the relevance between any two text inputs. Moreover, standard methods for causal regularization do not apply in this setting, because unlike in images, there exist no universally spurious features in a text-matching task (the same token may be spurious or causal depending on the text it is being matched to). For OOD generalization on text inputs, therefore, we highlight a different goal: avoiding high importance scores for certain features. We do so using an intervention-based regularizer that constraints the causal effect of any token on the model's relevance score to be similar to the base model. Results on Amazon product and 3 question recommendation datasets show that our proposed regularizer improves generalization for both in-distribution and OOD evaluation, especially in difficult scenarios when the base model is not accurate.


To study how a bacterium allocates its resources, we compared the costs and benefits of most of the proteins in Escherichia coli K-12 during growth in minimal glucose medium. Proteins that are important for fitness are usually highly expressed, and 95% of these proteins are expressed at above 13 parts per million (ppm). Conversely, proteins that do not measurably benefit the host tend to be weakly expressed, with a median expression of 13 ppm. In aggregate, genes with no detectable benefit account for 31% of protein production, or about 22% if we correct for genetic redundancy. Although some of the apparently unnecessary expression could have subtle benefits in minimal glucose medium, the majority of the burden is due to genes that are important in other conditions. We propose that over 10% of the cell's protein is "on standby" in case conditions change.


It's Children's Mental Health Week (4 – 10 February 2019) and the focus is on children being 'Healthy: Inside and Out'. Some may question why we need such a week, but according to the OECD (2016) there are worrying statistics about how early mental illness starts with children. This is illustrated with the recent reports in the England, (National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children), stating there was a rise of 5183 referrals (from 2014 – 2019) for specialist mental health for children under 11, and that the youngest referral was 3 years of age!

For good mental wellbeing, schools have been identified as a key place within a children and young person's life to help support them. Within a school setting physical activity and exercise can be key way to help children cope with daily worries.

The Mental Health Foundation (2013) promotes participation in physical activity as they suggest it can help increase self-esteem levels. Howells and Bowen (2016) identified that physical activity can have life changing impacts improving mental wellbeing of children, who participated in a five month physical activity intervention programme, whilst Bailey, Howells and Gilbo (2018) proposed that physical activity within a school setting can help play an important role in protecting young children from mental illness. It is especially valuable for girls in combating mild to moderate depressive symptoms and that physical activities interventions have the potential to save lives through helping to reduce feelings of hopelessness, suicide and self-harm.

The role of education is to prepare children for uncertain futures, building resilience in order to fulfil their potential, with regular physical activity making such major contributions to physical, mental and emotional wellbeing in children. We need to empower and encourage schools to include daily physical activities to help promote positive mental health, throughout children's mental health week and beyond so physical activity becomes a way of life that can help support our children be healthy both inside and out.


Acceleration of national development increases the number of construction projects in Indonesia, including road projects. The contractor as the service provider in the implementation of the construction work shall have a detailed implementation schedule and project cost budget plan so that the construction work shall not be subject to delays and cost overrun. The main thing that can cause cost overrun is the error in cost estimation. In this study discusses the modeling of increasing the accuracy of cost estimation as well as the development of factors that can improve the accuracy of cost estimation. Validation of research variables was done to experts using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method and modeling using Structural Equation ModelingPartial Least Square (SEM-PLS) method to project contractor of Public Works Department of Central Kalimantan Province and National Road Implementation Center XI Unit Work of Central Kalimantan with contract value of project worth 20 Billion to 50 Billion Rupiah Year 2016. The result of variable validation shows the competence variable of estimator, survey, availability of information, calculation of cost estimation and internal company is variable which influence estimation The obtained modeling equation is AEB = 0,129 KE + 0.466 S + 0,191 KI + 0,153 PEB + 0,069 IP + 0,181 ζ. The development of cost estimation is done by improving each influential indicator in each variable and applying development strategies to increase the estimated cost estimation based on SWOT analysis.


This contribution presents a quantitative evaluation procedure for Information Retrieval models and the results of this procedure applied on the enhanced Topic-based Vector Space Model (eTVSM). Since the eTVSM is an ontology-based model, its effectiveness heavily depends on the quality of the underlaying ontology. Therefore the model has been tested with different ontologies to evaluate the impact of those ontologies on the effectiveness of the eTVSM. On the highest level of abstraction, the following results have been observed during our evaluation: First, the theoretically deduced statement that the eTVSM has a similar effecitivity like the classic Vector Space Model if a trivial ontology (every term is a concept and it is independet of any other concepts) is used has been approved. Second, we were able to show that the effectiveness of the eTVSM raises if an ontology is used which is only able to resolve synonyms. We were able to derive such kind of ontology automatically from the WordNet ontology. Third, we observed that more powerful ontologies automatically derived from the WordNet, dramatically dropped the effectiveness of the eTVSM model even clearly below the effectiveness level of the Vector Space Model. Fourth, we were able to show that a manually created and optimized ontology is able to raise the effectiveness of the eTVSM to a level which is clearly above the best effectiveness levels we have found in the literature for the Latent Semantic Index model with compareable document sets.


We address the problem of scheduling n identical jobs on m uniform parallel machines to optimize scheduling criteria that are nondecreasing in the job completion times. It is well known that this can be formulated as a linear assignment problem, and subsequently solved in O(n3) time. We give a more concise formulation for minsum criteria, and show that general minmax criteria can be minimized in O(n2) time. We present faster algorithms, requiring only O(n+mlog m) time for minimizing makespan and total completion time, O(nlogn) time for minimizing total weighted completion time, maximum lateness, total tardiness and the weighted number of tardy jobs, and O(nlog2n) time for maximum weighted tardiness. In the case of release dates, we propose an O(nlogn) algorithm for minimizing makespan, and an O(mn2m+1) time dynamic programming algorithm for minimizing total completion time.


Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
have become invaluable tools for the diagnosis and identification of numerous
chromosomal aberrations either in haematological malignancies or solid tumors. CGH
is a modified in situ hybridization technique that allows detection and mapping of DNA
sequence copy differences between two genomes in a single experiment whereas FISH
is a quantitative analysis of specific chromosomes and genes. In this study, both
techniques were used in three gliomas cell lines; A172 (glioblastoma), U87 MG
(astrocytoma grade 111) and T98G (glioblastoma multiforme) to investigate the genomic
imbalance and to detect cancer-related genes before and after treatment with a new
synthetic cadmium compound. Bis[S-methyl-@-N-(2-furylmethylketone)
dithiocarbazato] cadmium(II) (SMDB-Cd) was synthesized at the Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia and has shown to have
potential as an anticancer agent. The EC50 values for SMDB-Cd on A172, U87MG,
T98G and HCN-2 were at 0.7, 0.3, 0.4 and 1.5 pglml respectively, while tamoxifen
which is commonly used to treat brain cancer were at 7.0, 5.0,4.0 and 6.0 pg/ml. CGH
data indicated that these three cell lines have various DNA copy number changes; the
most frequent DNA gains found were at 7p and 13q, and losses of chromosome 9p, 17p
and 19q indicate that these regions contain candidate tumor suppressor genes involved
in gliomas. Upon treatment with SMDB-Cd at those EC50 concentrations, U87 MG was
shown to be more sensitive to SMDB-Cd compared to A172 and T98G. Chromosome
7p did not show any changes in DNA amplification or deletetion. Involvement of one of
the important tumor suppressor genes in many human cancers, p53, which is mapped to
the short arm of chromosome 17, was then examined. The amplification status of this
region was evaluated by using FISH through the locus specific p53 (17~13.1)p robe.
About 60% of cells were detected to have deletion on one or both copies of the p53
gene in A172 and U87MG. However, two copies of the p53 gene were detected in
T98G, which means there is no deletion of p53. These results agree with the previous
study on the association of p53 mutation with different subtypes of gliomas. After
treatment with SMDB-Cd, p53 level was observed to be amplified in T98G. Increasing
of p53 level may have been induced by the action of SMDB-Cd on the cells that inhibit
cell growth and lead to cell damage. Thus, the combined use of CGH and FISH
provided an efficient method for resolving the origin of aberrant chromosomal material
unidentified by conventional cytogenetic analysis. CGH was observed to be a powerful
tool in assisting the screening of amplification and deletion regions in glioma cell lines
upon treatment with SMDB-Cd. Use of FISH to confirm the involvement of the p53
gene further enhances the validity of the technique.


A proper guidance during kindergarten years is required to optimize the development of children's emotional competence. Emotion coaching is one way to foster children's emotional growth that will result in emotional competence and better academic achievement. In school settings, teachers will be the caregiver with important role in ensuring children's socio-emotional development. Yet, little is known on how teachers play the role. This research aims to describe the emotion coaching done by preschool teachers in Jakarta. Gottman's emotion coaching framework is utilized in the study. Qualitative approach with explorative aim is adopted in this study. Data gathering technique used in this study is individual interview using story vignettes with three female and two male teachers. All participants were chosen to represent gender and school's status variation. Result of the study shows that participants have done five steps of emotion coaching, but needs optimization on the third and fourth steps. There are issues most notably on the use of vocabulary to label emotion and emotion validation. Lack of knowledge on how to do emotion coaching in the latter steps and teachers' perception of proper expression of emotions might be the cause of these results. Further elaboration on the topic and exploration in regard to cultural issues are suggested. Keywords: emotion coaching, preschool teachers, emotion, early childhood


Preface. Part I: On Being a Literate Society: Conceptual and Historical Perspectives on Literacy. 1. Conceptualizing Literacy as a Personal Skill and as a Social Practice (David R. Olson and Nancy Torrance) 2. The Roles of Literacy Practices in the Activities and Institutions of Developed and Developing Countriesm (Armin Triebel) 3. Societal Literacy: Writing Culture and Development (Georg Elwert.) 4. Literacy in Ancient Greece: Functional Literacy, Oral Education and the Development of a Literate Environment (Rosalind Thomas) 5. Literacy in Germany (Utz Maas) 6. Literacy in Japan: Kanji, Kana, Romaji and Bits (Florian Coulmas) Part II: On Becoming a Literate Society: Literacy in Developing Societies. African Case Studies. 7. Language, Literacy, the Production and Reproduction of Knowledge, and the Challenge of African Development (Kwesi K. Prah) 8. Literacy and Literature in National Languages in Benin and Burkina-Faso (Joseph Akoha) 9. Constructive Interdependence: The Response of a Senegalese Community to the Question of Why Become Literate (Sonja Fagerberg-Diallo) 10. Literacy for Gonja and Birifor Children in Northern Ghana (Esther Goody) Central and South American Case Studies. 11. Literacy and Intercultural Bilingual Education in the Andes (Luis Enrique Lopez.) 12. The Uses of Orality and Literacy in Rural Mexico: Tales from Xaltipan (Elsie Rockwell) Asian Case Studies. 13. Developing a Literate Tradition in Six Marginal Communities in the Philippines: Interrelations of Literacy, Education and Social Development (Maria Luisa Canieso-Doronila) 14. Issues of Literacy Development in the Indian Context (Chander Daswani.) 15. Women and Empowerment Through Literacy (Malini Ghose) Part III: Conclusion: From Research to Policy. 16. Literacy and Social Development: Policy and Implementation (Ingrid Jung and Adama Ouane) Name Index. Subject Index.


One of the defining features of international investment law is its enforceability; almost all bilateral investment treaties ("BITs") in a network of more than 3,200 agreements allow enforcement through investor-state arbitration. Thus, if a host country violates a treaty and harms a protected investment, the investor can bring a direct enforcement action against the host country through international arbitration. More than 800 enforcement actions have been initiated by investors, and more than seventy billion dollars have been awarded by arbitrators. The enforcement of international investment law has also given rise to a critique that arbitrators are expanding treaty protections through judicial interpretations that unfairly benefit wealthy corporations at the expense of developing economies. Some countries are responding with en masse treaty terminations and a wholesale rejection of investor-state arbitration. An alternative is for states to negotiate new, balanced treaties with more precise language to limit the discretion of arbitrators. This paper is the first to document precisely which countries update investment treaty provisions in response to prominent arbitration decisions. Using a new comprehensive database, created by one of the authors in partnership with the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ("UNCTAD"), we document a lagged and modest response to these decisions. We also develop a simple framework to infer preference formation in treaty negotiations. Our framework and empirical evidence suggest that incomplete information and status quo bias contribute to the persistence of original treaty provisions in the investment treaty network. Based on these findings, we recommend a more aggressive policy response: a multilateral investment instrument that would enable countries to respond more efficiently to developments in investorstate arbitration. Current trends in unilateral treaty terminations indicate that such a response may be necessary to restore the legitimacy of international investment law and to prevent a further erosion of the investment treaty network.


What influences shape the drafting of constitutions, and to what extent? One way of tackling these questions is to analyze constitutions at the linguistic level. Just as literary language is rich with indications of influence, genre, and authorship, constitutional language contains telltale signs of the mix of influences at work. Conventional empirical research methods that rely on the manual coding of documents are poorly suited to studying subtle linguistic patterns. However, new methods from computational linguistics excel at identifying such patterns and enable us to measure how much of a text is associated with a particular topic, influence, or genre.

This chapter from the forthcoming volume Constitution-Making and Transnational Legal Order employs a technique known as topic modeling to analyze over two centuries worth of national constitutions, together with a selection of international human rights treaties, for telltale signs of various influences on constitutional drafting. The results suggest that certain hegemonic forces have left a profound impact on constitutional texts at the linguistic level. To be more specific, topic modeling identifies linguistic manifestations of four highly prevalent TLOs at the constitutional level: British colonialism, French colonialism, Spanish colonialism, and socialism. Each of these transnational legal orders is associated with a distinctive genre, or dialect, of constitutional language. Changes over time in the popularity of these constitutional dialects are the linguistic artifacts of the rise and fall of competing empires.


This project was about building a line graph utility, a software module that should read mapdata from a PostGIS database and transform that information into a line graph (edge based graph) that the calling software could use to perform routing decisions. This outer calling application is part of a project (by an anonymized company) for flexible public transportation, that is meant to manage and direct a fleet of vehicles to where the customers actually are, instead of idling at bus stops. The software module should take different kinds of restrictions and conditions into account when building the line graph, to reflect the actual traffic situation.That can be turn restrictions, traffic signs, inclination, or conditions such as temporary hindrances, time of day. Some are static, but others vary dynamically and the state is to befound in the database. This study has found a set of tools that aids in the transformation of OpenStreetMap data into a PostGIS database; for building the topology of the map; querying the database; and data structures for representing the graph and line graph. The result of the project is a piece of working software that can return a line graph as a Boost graph with some restrictions taken into account, but it has not yet implemented the mall, and more specifically, it does not handle conditional restrictions yet. There remains a good deal of work to implement all that complex logic.


The paper examines the motives and sources of satisfaction of 286 respondents relating to the 921 Earthquake Museum in Taichung, Taiwan. In concludes that income, age and education remain statistically significant determinants of at\titudes, and notes the existence of four clusters derived from k-means analysis but supported by a cross-tabulation of cluster types and categories derived from themes identified in responses to open-ended questions. The paper lends some support to the continuum of the authentic to "pure essentialism" while arguing that the latter is a logical corollary of the concept, but in practice will be rare. In that respect the Museum represents a negotiated essentialism in that the core of the Museum is the damaged school, but it has been sanitized. Reference is also made to differing concepts of museums and the literature relating to competing understandings of the roles of museums and why people visit them.


The Atlantis II Deep is located at about 21.5 degrees N within a deep trench which divides the Red Sea along the mid-axis. Data from the Atlantis II mooring, maintained during January-February 1978, provide valuable information about residual current distribution over the whole water column. The residual currents have speeds of 20 cm/s at the level of surface current meter, decreasing to 1.5 cm/s at about 250 m depth. The dominant direction over this depth level is southeast in January and changes to northeast in February. From 250 m down to the bottom the dominant direction is north-northwest and the residual speeds range between 1.5 and 3.0 cm/s at different depth levels. The weighted depth-mean residual current speed from surface to 250 m is about 7.7 cm/s, and in the deeper layer amounts to about 2.0 cm/s. These results suggest that the net transport in the deeper layer of the Atlantis II Deep is axial within the central trench in an almost north-northwest direction.


Despite long-standing scholarly interest in Roman "Aegyptiaca," much work remains to be done to contextualize Egyptian or Egyptian-style material culture found in domestic settings. This need is especially pressing for "Nilotic scenes," or wall paintings and mosaics depicting the Nile. While previous studies have identified general areas in ancient houses where such imagery was common, many questions remain open concerning the relationships between these Egyptian landscapes and their surrounding architectural installations, decorative ensembles, and artifactual assemblages. This study employs the frescoes from the garden triclinium of the Casa dell'Efebo, Pompeii, as a case study in the recontextualization of "Nilotica." In contrast to older interpretations emphasizing Isis cult or anti-Egyptian stereotypes, a contextual analysis of this garden installation suggests new possibilities. Even as the Egyptian landscapes introduce a seemingly exotic element into domestic space, other aspects of the garden setting familiarize and domesticate the imagery. Simultaneously far away and familiar, the imagined landscapes of the garden transform domestic space into a microcosm of oikoumene and encourage viewers to engage in multiple possible ways with changing constructions of imperial, local, and cultural identities. Additional figures appear under this article's abstract on AJA Online.


A simple extension of geothermobarometric technique is developed, from the usual case of assumed equilibrium among all minerals, to layered coronas with gradients of chemical potential. For reactions among end-members in the minerals, instead of the assumption of zero affinity (-δG) = 0, (-δG) ratios are used. The values of these ratios are defined by diffusion modelling of corona growth. The variations in composition of solid-solution minerals across the corona must be considered. The method is demonstrated using a corona, for which diffusion modelling has been published, in a metabasic granulite from the Yenisey Ridge, Siberia. Provided that an appropriate set of affinity ratios is selected, the result is fairly well constrained, varying only slightly with the choice of activity model for garnet, and indicating T = 740 ± 20°C with P = 9.5±0.7 kbar. The method indicates the extent of departure from equilibrium P,T conditions during such a reaction.


Expectation Propagation is a very popular algorithm for variational inference, but comes with few theoretical guarantees. In this article, we prove that the approximation errors made by EP can be bounded. Our bounds have an asymptotic interpretation in the number n of datapoints, which allows us to study EP's convergence with respect to the true posterior. In particular, we show that EP converges at a rate of O(n-2) for the mean, up to an order of magnitude faster than the traditional Gaussian approximation at the mode. We also give similar asymptotic expansions for moments of order 2 to 4, as well as excess Kullback-Leibler cost (defined as the additional KL cost incurred by using EP rather than the ideal Gaussian approximation). All these expansions highlight the superior convergence properties of EP. Our approach for deriving those results is likely applicable to many similar approximate inference methods. In addition, we introduce bounds on the moments of log-concave distributions that may be of independent interest.


Large-scale production of crop based (first generation) biofuels may not be feasible without adversely affecting global food supply or encroaching on other important land uses. Because alternatives to liquid fossil fuels are important to develop in order to address greenhouse gas mitigation and other energy policy objectives, the potential for increased use of advanced (non-crop, second generation) biofuel production technologies has significant policy relevance. This study reviews the current status of several advanced biofuel technologies. Technically, it would be possible to produce a large portion of transportation fuels using advanced biofuel technologies, specifically those that can be grown using a small portion of the world's land area (for example, microalgae), or those grown on arable lands without affecting food supply (for example, agricultural residues). However, serious technical barriers limit the near-term commercial application of advanced biofuels technologies. Key technical barriers include low conversion efficiency from biomass to fuel, limits on supply of key enzymes used in conversion, large energy requirements for operation, and dependence in many cases on commercially unproven technology. Despite a large future potential, large-scale expansion of advanced biofuels technologies is unlikely unless and until further research and development lead to lowering these barriers.


d 31 and d33 mode microelectromechanical systems piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs) were fabricated and compared to investigate their output powers converted from vibration. Both types of devices have the same dimensions in a cantilever structure and aim to effectively couple vibration from ambient conditions. The resonant frequencies of the cantilevers are 243 Hz. Two types of devices were compared using mathematical equations based on an equivalent circuit model. The output power of the d31 mode PEH was 2.15 μW and 2.33 μW in experiment and modeling, respectively. The d33 mode PEHs generated output power ranging between 0.62 and 1.71 μW when the width of the interdigital electrode (IDE) is ranging from 8 to 16 μm and finger spacing is varied from 4 to 16 μm. The output power of the d33 mode device strongly depends on the dimensions of IDE. The analysis of material constant and electrode design was conducted in conjunction with developing a mathematical equation. The result predicts that the output power of d33 mode PEH can be higher than that of d31 mode PEH when the finger width is reduced to 2 μm and finger spacing is between 8 and 20 μm.


This paper examines the similarity in wealth between parents and their children, and explores alternative explanations for this relationship. We find that the age-adjusted elasticity of child wealth with respect to parental wealth is 0.37, before the transfer of bequests. Lifetime income and ownership of particular assets, both of which exhibit strong intergeneration similarity, jointly explain nearly two-thirds of the wealth elasticity. Education, past parental transfers, and expected future bequests account for little of the remaining elasticity. Using new experimental evidence, we assess the importance of risk tolerance. The risk tolerance measures vary as theory would predict with the ownership of risky assets, and are highly correlated between parents and children. However, they explain little of the intergenerational correlation in the propensity to own different assets, suggesting that children's savings propensities are determined by mimicking their parents' behavior, or the inheritance of preferences not related to risk tolerance. Additionally, these risk tolerance measures explain only a small part of the remaining intergenerational wealth elasticity.


A remarkable overlap was observed between the gadd genes, a group of often coordinately expressed genes that are induced by genotoxic stress and certain other growth arrest signals, and the MyD genes, a set of myeloid differentiation primary response genes. The MyD116 gene was found to be the murine homolog of the hamster gadd34 gene, whereas MyD118 and gadd45 were found to represent two separate but closely related genes. Furthermore, gadd34/MyD116, gadd45, MyD118, and gadd153 encode acidic proteins with very similar and unusual charge characteristics; both this property and a similar pattern of induction are shared with mdm2, whic, like gadd45, has been shown previously to be regulated by the tumor suppressor p53. Expression analysis revealed that they are distinguished from other growth arrest genes in that they are DNA damage inducible and suggest a role for these genes in growth arrest and apoptosis either coupled with or uncoupled from terminal differentiation. Evidence is also presented for coordinate induction in vivo by stress. The use of a short-term transfection assay, in which expression vectors for one or a combination of these gadd/MyD genes were transfected with a selectable marker into several different human tumor cell lines, provided direct evidence for the growth-inhibitory functions of the products of these genes and their ability to synergistically suppress growth. Taken together, these observations indicate that these genes define a novel class of mammalian genes encoding acidic proteins involved in the control of cellular growth.


Goal of the research is to develop an approach for a system-value study of endogenous links between the economic behavior of business entities and ethic-cultural values and institutions. Objectives are to develop an approach for a systematic and comprehensive interpretation of dynamic and endogenous relationships of behavioral, cultural-value and institutional variables; to clarify the specifics of the systemic relationships of culture and institutions; to determine the specifics of system-endogenous influence of ethic-cultural values and institutions on the economic efficiency of entrepreneurship; to study shifts in the distribution of personal incomes and contemporary problems caused by disfunctions related to culture, values and national specifics. Central hypothesis of the research deals with the assumption that it is impossible to study the systemic links in the economic behavior emerging between business entities, culture and institutions at the required level using traditional approaches, mechanisms and methods in the dramatically changing economic reality. Research methods: theoretical and methodological approach combining the methods of the interdisciplinary research theory: synergetic, complex systems, social constructivism, metaethics, multicultural modernization and structurally active methodology, as well as methods of theoretical and empirical research. The institutional basis of the empirical part of the analysis was comprised by the statistical data of many international organizations and the main findings of cross-cultural research on this topic published in scientific journals over 2001-2016. The authors developed a theoretical and methodological approach that allows a system-holistic study of the endogenous links between behavioral, cultural-value and institutional variables, combining the individualistic and holistic methodology, as well as positive and normative approaches. The article proposes an approach for systematic study of endogenous links between the efficiency of business entities' economic activity and cultural-value variables. Using the example of the US economy, it was proved that the dis-functionality of the value-normative and institutional systems is the fundamental factor of the abnormal inequality of personal incomes and the problems caused by it. Provisions and conclusions presented in the article enable a spacious approach to the problem and a deeper theoretical understanding of the relationship between culture and institutions, the composition and functions of the main structure-forming elements of the economic system and the national model, the role of cultural-value and institutional variables in economic efficiency of business entities. The main provisions and conclusions of the paper can be used for further theoretical and empirical studies on this issue and in practice to develop strategic approaches and priorities that can increase the effectiveness of economic policy and business. Relevance of research stems from the rise of a qualitatively new wave of global changes in the national economy caused by a shift in the nature and mechanisms of economic activities of business entities, the growing role of knowledge and innovation, culture and institutions in economic development; as well as the lack of appropriate theoretical and methodological approaches.


Videogames have dominated popular culture for some time, but only in 2004 did they make a significant break into the world of politics, advocacy, and activism. This paper provides an overview of a variety of types of games used for political speech, from endorsed party messages to activist dissent. After explaining the state of the field, I discuss approaches to design and measure success for such artifacts. While some political opinion is black and white, most issues occupy grey areas, heavily influenced by other public policy issues. Can healthcare reform really be separated from taxation, national budgeting, tort reform, and social security reform? Far from neatly isolated problems, policy issues are complex systems that recombine and interrelate with one another. In particular, I will interrogate how videogames afford a new perspective on political issues, since they are especially effective at representing complex systems. Central to the process of creating and understanding such games is an understanding of "procedural rhetoric" — the way that a videogame embodies ideology in its computational structure. By understanding how games express rhetoric in their rules, we not only gain a critical vantage point on videogame artifacts, but also we can begin to consider how to design games whose primary purpose is to editorialize, teach, and make political statements.


We manipulated light, temperature, and nutrients in moist tussock tundra near Toolik Lake, Alaska to determine how global changes in these parameters might affect community and ecosystem processes. Some of these manipulations altered nutrient availability, growth—form composition, net primary production, and species richness in less than a decade, indicating that arctic vegetation at this site is sensitive to climatic change. In general, short—term (3—yr) responses were poor predictors of longer term (9—yr) changes in community composition. The longer term responses showed closer correspondence to patterns of vegetation distribution along environmental gradients. Nitrogen and phosphorus availability tended to increase in response to elevated temperature, reflecting increased mineralization, and in response to light attenuation, reflecting reduced nutrient uptake by vegetation. Nutrient addition increased biomass and production of deciduous shrubs but reduced growth of evergreen shrubs and nonvascular plants. Light attenuation reduced biomass of all growth forms. Elevated temperature enhanced shrub production but reduced production of nonvascular plants. These contrasting responses to temperature increase and to nutrient addition by different growth forms "canceled out" at the ecosystem level, buffering changes in ecosystem characteristics such as biomass, production, and nutrient uptake. The major effect of elevated temperature was to speed plant response to changes in soil resources and, in the long term (9 yr), to increase nutrient availability through changes in N mineralization. Species within a growth form were similar to one another in their responses to changes in resources (light or nutrients) but showed no consistent response to evelated temperature. Species richness was reduced 30—50% by temperature and nutrient treatments, due to loss of less abundant species. Declines in diversity occurred disproportionately in forbs, which are important for animal nutrition, and in mosses, which maintain soil thermal regime. There was no increased abundance of initially rare species in response to any treatment. During our 9—yr study (the warmest decade on record in the region), biomass of one dominant tundra species unexpectedly changed in control plots in the direction predicted by our experiments and by Holocene pollen records. This suggests that regional climatic warming may already be altering the species composition of Alaskan arctic tundra.


In this paper I discuss the prevailing approach in theoretical reflection about tort law, namely, the tendency to explain its normative structure by reference to values and goals that do not distinctively originate in the engagements that tort law engenders between its constituents. I seek to show that this form of explanation – external explanation – suffers from an important structural deficiency. In particular, I argue that external explanations may lack the normative resources to explain tort law, even on their own respective terms. My analysis reveals that the key to the deep structure of tort law might not be found in abstract economic models or ideals of justice. Rather, it may be found in the freestanding value of the relationship that tort law engenders between care-discharger and cared-for and between defendant-tortfeasor and plaintiff-victim.


As algorithms pervade numerous facets of daily life, they are incorporated into systems for increasingly diverse purposes. These systems' results are often interpreted differently by the designers who created them than by the lay persons who interact with them. This paper offers a proposal for human-centered algorithm design, which incorporates human and social interpretations into the design process for algorithmically based systems. It articulates three specific strategies for doing so: theoretical, participatory, and speculative. Drawing on the author's work designing and deploying multiple related systems, the paper provides a detailed example of using a theoretical approach. It also discusses findings pertinent to participatory and speculative design approaches. The paper addresses both strengths and challenges for each strategy in helping to center the process of designing algorithmically based systems around humans.


Animal rights. Those two words conjure diverse but powerful images and reactions. Some nod in agreement, while others roll their eyes in contempt. Most people fall somewhat uncomfortably in the middle, between endorsement and rejection, as they struggle with the profound moral, philosophical, and legal questions provoked by the debate. Today, thousands of organizations lobby, agitate, and educate the public on issues concerning the rights and treatment of nonhumans. For the Prevention of Cruelty is the first history of organized advocacy on behalf of animals in the United States to appear in nearly a half century. Diane Beers demonstrates how the cause has shaped and reshaped itself as it has evolved within the broader social context of the shift from an industrial to a postindustrial society. Until now, the legacy of the movement in the United States has not been examined. Few Americans today perceive either the companionship or the consumption of animals in the same manner as did earlier generations. Moreover, powerful and lingering bonds connect the seemingly disparate American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals of the nineteenth century and the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals of today. For the Prevention of Cruelty tells an intriguing and important story that reveals society's often changing relationship with animals through the lens of those who struggled to shepherd the public toward a greater compassion.


BACKGROUND
Neighborhood walkability is being promoted as an important factor in public health efforts to decrease rates of physical inactivity. Single entry communities (SEC), communities with only 1 entrance/exit, may result in an over estimation of walkability. This design makes direct walking routes outside the community nearly impossible and results in increased trip distance. The purpose of this study was to determine if accounting for SECs resulted in a significant difference in street connectivity.

METHODS
Twenty geographically different Las Vegas neighborhoods were chosen and the number of true intersections measured in ArcGIS. Neighborhoods were then assessed for the presence of SECs using google maps, ArcGIS land imagery, and field observation. Intersections inside SECs were removed. A paired t test was used to assess the mean difference of intersection density before and after adjustment.

RESULTS
There was a statistically significant decrease in the number of true intersections after the adjustment (before mean = 57.8; after mean = 45.7). The eta squared statistic indicates a large effect size (0.3).

CONCLUSIONS
Single entry communities result in an over estimation of street connectivity. If SECs are not accounted for, trip distances will be underestimated and public health efforts to promote walking through walkable neighborhoods may prove less effective.


[Excerpt] Yochan Peter Comay was an Israeli economist who received his Ph.D. from Princeton in 1969. His career was tragically cut short in October 1973 when he was killed during the Yom Kippur War. Comay's research focused on bargaining models, investment in human capital, and analyses of migration. To honor him, Orley Ashenfelter and Wallace Oates have gathered together a collection of eleven essays written by his former colleagues and friends in both the United States and Israel, which faithfully reflect these interests. Included are two essays on aspects of bargaining theory, four relating to job satisfaction, work effort and job search, three on income distribution, and two that provide frameworks for evaluating specific labor market programs. While all of the papers in this volume will be of at least passing interest to academic labor economists, their quality is unfortunately uneven. Some are substantive pieces on important issues and could clearly have found their way into leading academic journals, had the authors chosen to follow that route. Others are more preliminary in nature and would have profited from being refined and extended before being published. Fortunately, the majority fall in the first category.


Although the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) receptor on murine and human mononuclear phagocytes has been defined and partially characterized, very little data exists which describes the ultimate fate of receptor-bound ligand. The current studies were specifically designed to define the metabolic processes which act on murine recombinant IFN-gamma following its interaction with murine macrophages at physiologic temperatures. Ligand internalization was demonstrated by comparing binding of [125I]IFN-gamma to macrophages at 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C. When binding was carried out at 4 degrees C, 96% of the cell-associated [125I]IFN-gamma remained accessible at the plasma membrane and could be stripped from the cell by exposure to pronase. In contrast, at 37 degrees C, only 35% of the cell-associated radioactivity was pronase strippable. Macrophages degraded [125I]IFN-gamma into trichloroacetic acid-soluble material at 37 degrees C at a constant rate of 7000 molecules/cell/hr over a 12-hr time period. The amount of IFN-gamma degraded correlated with the amount of IFN-gamma bound to the cell surface. The receptor was neither up- nor down-regulated by ligand or by other agents known to regulate macrophage functional activity such as IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, lipopolysaccharide, or phorbol myristate acetate. The constant uptake of IFN-gamma by macrophages was due to the presence of an intracellular receptor pool (62% of the total receptor number) and to a mechanism of receptor recycling. Evidence for the latter was obtained using lysosomotropic agents which blocked degradation but not binding and internalization of ligand and caused the intracellular accumulation of receptor. By comparing the relationship between receptor occupancy and biologic response induction, two activation mechanisms became apparent. Induction of certain functions, such as H2O2 secretion, appeared to require only a single round of receptor occupancy. However, induction of more complex functions such as nonspecific tumoricidal activity appeared to require three to four rounds of receptor occupancy. These results thus support the concept that IFN-gamma internalization and receptor recycling are essential in the induction of nonspecific tumoricidal activity by macrophages.


ABSTRACT Septins are a class of GTP-binding proteins conserved throughout many eukaryotes. Individual septin subunits associate with one another and assemble into heteromeric complexes that form filaments and higher-order structures in vivo. The mechanisms underlying the assembly and maintenance of higher-order structures in cells remain poorly understood. Septins in several organisms have been shown to be phosphorylated, although precisely how septin phosphorylation may be contributing to the formation of high-order septin structures is unknown. Four of the five septins expressed in the filamentous fungus, Ashbya gossypii, are phosphorylated, and we demonstrate here the diverse roles of these phosphorylation sites in septin ring formation and septin dynamics, as well as cell morphology and viability. Intriguingly, the alteration of specific sites in Cdc3p and Cdc11p leads to a complete loss of higher-order septin structures, implicating septin phosphorylation as a regulator of septin structure formation. Introducing phosphomimetic point mutations to specific sites in Cdc12p and Shs1p causes cell lethality, highlighting the importance of normal septin modification in overall cell function and health. In addition to discovering roles for phosphorylation, we also present diverse functions for conserved septin domains in the formation of septin higher-order structure. We previously showed the requirement for the Shs1p coiled-coil domain in limiting septin ring size and reveal here that, in contrast to Shs1p, the coiled-coil domains of Cdc11p and Cdc12p are required for septin ring formation. Our results as a whole reveal novel roles for septin phosphorylation and coiled-coil domains in regulating septin structure and function.


This thesis is an ethnographic study of white and West Indian-origin girls and boys attending a comprehensive school in the south of England during their final year of compulsory schooling. The study concentrates on gender, race and class effects on school experiences; attitudes towards school; career choices and early employment or training destinations. Ethnographic data comprise both classroom observations and discussions with 20 informants. These are supplemented by questionnaire data from the entire 5th form year.

Chapter 1 outlines the nature of existing research in this field and argues for the need to look at gender, race and class simultaneously to understand the impact of such factors on the lives of pupils. It also addresses methodological considerations and the problem of gaining access. Chapter 2 describes the process of starting research whilst Chapter 3 describes the school, its local context and its internal organisation. Chapter 4 provides an introduction to the 5th year and their teachers drawing largely on classroom observations.

Gender, race and class receive individual attention in Chapters 5, 6 and 7 respectively. Chapter 5 indicates that gender was a powerful discriminator in classroom and breaktime interactions whilst Chapter 6 shows that racist humour and beliefs were a regular feature of school life despite a lack of racial discord at the school. Chapter 7 demonstrates that class consciousness existed amongst pupils and informed their attitudes towards school and work.

Chapter 8 concentrates on career choices and the quality of careers advice concluding that career choices were both gender and class-specific. Chapter 9 focuses on pupils' early destinations after the 5th form finding that both black and white girls were more likely than boys to utilise 6th form to gain entry into middle-class occupations. For those seeking employment, black girls fared least well being more reliant on YTS and suffering greater unemployment.

Overall, gender and class had greatest impact on school experiences and career choices whilst race in conjunction with gender, affected actual destinations.


I analyse the article 'The macroeconomist as scientist and engineer' by N. Gregory Mankiw (2006), in which he describes the current state of economics and the tension between its hard science and engineering aspects. The article is interesting in that it is written by a major insider in macroeconomics – a professor at Harvard University, former head of President George W. Bush's Council of Economic Advisers and author of several leading textbooks in economics. It gives a good insight into the state of the economics profession by one of its own key insiders. The reason that it is so important is that, while Mankiw portrays economists as either hard scientists or engineers, he writes the article as a critical assessment of the current state of economics in the real world in the form of reflexive social science. My purpose in analysing the article is to provide a coherent framework for methodological approaches to green economics that are consistent with the foundations of the field by its main proponents.


INTRODUCTION "Pizza, por favor." These three simple words recently caused an uproar when Dallas-based pizza chain, Pizza Patron, launched a new promotion: free pepperoni pizza if you order in Spanish. According to a company press release, the June 5, 2012 promotion was the first in a series of immigrant-targeted events that Pizza Patron will launch this year "to celebrate the brand's Hispanic focus and honor the positive force of change immigrants have made in communities throughout America." (1) Critics like Peter Thomas, chairman of the Conservative Caucus, which advocates English as the official language of the United States, denounced the promotion as "punish[ing] people who can't speak Spanish." (2) Others even deemed the promotion racist. (3) Nonetheless, the marketing ploy may very well be the first promotion to reward customers who exhibit linguistic diversity--whether it comes in the form of broken Spanish, first-time Spanish, or fluent Spanish. Unlike Pizza Patron's promotion, English-Only rules in the workplace and the vast majority of English acquisition programs in American public schools treat language diversity as a problem or a social liability. (4) This perspective is not surprising given that people are uncomfortable with language conflict, and linguistic outsiders naturally have feelings of disorientation, powerlessness and vulnerability. (5) The modern English-Only movement, (6) spearheaded by political action groups like U.S. English, capitalizes on this anxiety and lobbies for legislation that restricts the use of languages other than English by the government and, in some cases, the private sector as well. (7) As a result of these campaigns, many states have passed English-Only laws, primarily targeting Latino and Asian immigrants. Some laws make English the "official" state language, and others limit or bar the government from providing non-English language assistance and services. (8) As of August 2012, thirty states had identified English as their only official language. (9) On August 2, 2012 the House Judiciary's Subcommittee on the Constitution heard testimony regarding the latest incarnation of a federal English-Only bill: the "English Language Unity Act of 2011" (H.R. 977), sponsored by Representative Steven King of Iowa. (10) The school and the workplace have become the primary battlegrounds of the English-Only debate. In recent years, the English-Only movement has spawned numerous so-called "Unz Initiatives," (11) state legislation aimed at abolishing bilingual education by replacing it with English acquisition classes, imposing a time limit on English acquisition, and removing bicultural education from public schools. (12) In the workplace, employers justify English-Only rules with arguments that mirror the claims made by the Official English Movement at large. Both argue that a common language is required for efficiency in a multilingual society and claim that an official language will promote social harmony. (13) Studies have revealed that "linguistically complex workplaces create pressure [on employers] to 'suppress linguistic differences,'" by implementing English-Only rules, "because language, an obvious marker of changes brought on by immigration, 'crystallizes resentment and anxiety.'" (14) While proponents of the English-Only movement have adopted a language-as-problem approach, opponents of the movement tend to view language as a right. Critics assert that the constitutionality of Official English laws is questionable, and courts have struck down particularly draconian English-Only statutes at the state level in both Alaska (15) and Arizona. (16) Courts grounded the respective rulings in constitutional guarantees of freedom of speech and equal protection, and the finding that the State had no compelling interest to justify an infringement of these rights. (17) The Arizona court declared: "[t]he Amendment's goal to promote English as a common language does not require a general prohibition on non-English usage. …


Ins(1,4,5)P3 is the intracellular messenger that mediates the effects of many cell-surface receptors on intracellular Ca2+ stores. Although radioligand-binding studies have identified high-affinity Ins(1,4,5)P3-binding sites in many tissues, these have not yet been convincingly shown to be the receptors that mediate Ca2+ mobilization, nor is it clear whether there are differences in these binding sites between tissues. Here we report that Ins(1,4,5)P3 binds to a single class of high-affinity sites in both permeabilized hepatocytes (KD = 7.8 +/- 1.1 nM) and cerebellar membranes (KD = 6.5 +/- 2.4 nM), and provide evidence that these are unlikely to reflect binding to either of the enzymes known to metabolize Ins(1,4,5)P3. Furthermore, the rank order of potency of synthetic inositol phosphate analogues in displacing specifically bound Ins(1,4,5)P3 is the same as their rank order of potency in stimulating mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ stores, suggesting that the Ins(1,4,5)P3-binding site may be the physiological receptor. Radiation inactivation of the Ins(1,4,5)P3-binding sites of liver and cerebellum reveals that they have similar molecular target sizes: 257 +/- 36 kDa in liver and 258 +/- 20 kDa in cerebellum. We conclude that an Ins(1,4,5)P3-binding protein with a molecular target size of about 260 kDa is probably the receptor that mediates Ca2+ mobilization in hepatocytes, and our limited data provide no evidence to distinguish this from the cerebellar Ins(1,4,5)P3-binding protein.


The authors analyze data from the 1999 National Survey of America's Families and find that immigrant families have important strengths but face significant challenges. Among the strengths: a high proportion of children of immigrants live in two-parent families compared to children of natives. While children of immigrants are more likely to live in low-income families, these families are more likely to have full-time workers than children of low-income native families. Among the challenges: Children of immigrants living in two parent families are substantially more likely to be low-income than children of natives who live in two-parent families because immigrant workers receive lower wages and the second parent is less likely to work. Children of immigrants are more likely to be in fair or poor health and not have a usual source of health care. The researchers conclude that policies intended to promote work and marriage may be less helpful to immigrants than those intended to boost income through work supports. [Read the press release ]


Identity Without Selfhood proposes an original conception of identity and subjectivity in the context of recent post-structuralist and queer debates. The author argues that efforts to analyse and even 'deconstruct' identity and selfhood still rely on certain core Western techniques of identity such as individuality, boundedness, autonomy, self-realisation and narrative. In a detailed study of biographical, media and academic representations of Simone de Beauvoir, Dr Fraser illustrates that bisexuality, by contrast, is discursively produced as an identity which exceeds the confines of the self and especially the individuality ascribed to de Beauvoir. In the course of this analysis, she draws attention to the high costs incurred by processes of subjectification. it is in the light of these costs that, while drawing substantially on, and expanding, Foucault's notion of techniques of the self, the argument presented in the book also offers a critique of Foucault's work from a Deleuzo-Guattarian perspective.


Results are presented from a climate change simulation obtained from an atmosphereoceangeneral circulation model coupled with a three-dimensional model of the Greenlandice sheet. The experiment covers the period 1970-2100 and is driven by the midrangeIPCC SRES B2 scenario. The Greenland model is a high-resolution (20 km)thermomechanical model that includes a visco-elastic solid Earth model. The meltand-runoff model is based on the positive-degree day method and includes meltwaterretention in the snowpack and the formation of superimposed ice. The AOGCM is acoarse resolution model without flux correction based on the LMD 5.3 atmosphericmodel coupled with a primitive-equation, free-surface oceanic component incorporatingsea-ice (CLIO). In the coupling procedure, the ice-sheet model receives temperatureand precipitation changes from the AOGCM in anomaly mode and passes theannual spatial and temporal distribution of the different fresh water flux componentsback into the ocean. In the experiment, average Greenland temperature rises by about4C by 2080, but cools abruptly through a weakening of the North Atlantic thermohalinecirculation to near-present values by the end of the 21st century. This behaviour iscaused by the increased meltwater flux from the ice sheet itself. The total fresh waterflux approximately doubles over the first 100 years due to increased runoff from theice sheet and the ice-free land, but the calving rate is found to decrease by 25% overthe same period. The ice sheet shrinks equivalent to about 5.5 cm of sea-level rise.