Purpose: To assess if potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) or length of hospital stay (LOS)
are related to mortality in older hip fracture patients.
Methods: A population-based cohort study in hip fracture patients' ≥ 60 years, data from
national registers. Mortality and LOS, were studied in patients exposed to PIM, compared to
un-exposed patients. Beers' criteria and a corresponding Swedish list were used to identify PIM.
Logistic regression was used and data adjusted for age, sex and polypharmacy.
Results: Of 2043 patients, 81.5% were exposed to PIM. Mortality was higher in males, age ≥
80 years, and with polypharmacy (p<0.001, respectively). Exposure to any PIM was related to
higher adjusted mortality, 30-day odds ratio (OR) 1.79 (95% CI 1.25-2.57) and 90-day 1.57 (95%
CI 1.16-2.12). Exposure to PIM-analgesics (tramadole or dextropropoxyphene) was related to
higher adjusted mortality; 30-day OR 2.59 (95%CI 1.85-3.63), 90-day 1.94 (95%CI 1.50-2.51),
and 180-day 1.62 (95%CI 1.29-2.05). The increase was mainly due to tramadole and this effect
was not seen with other strong analgesics. Adjusted LOS of ≥ 10 days, compared to 0-9 days, was
associated with higher six-month mortality (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Older hip fracture patients are frequently prescribed inappropriate medication,
a potentially avoidable risk factor for adverse outcome. Inappropriate medication, especially
analgesics, and an in-hospital stay of ten days or more can presumably be associated with
higher mortality. To reduce adverse outcomes in older hip fracture patients, it is important to
individually adapt medication, pain management and length of hospital stay.


The use of honorifics in Korean and Japanese is generally dictated by social factors such as age, status, and gender (Sohn 1999, Kuno 1987). Honorifics are marked by a well-defined repertoire of linguistic elements, including address-terms, specialized vocabulary, and verbal suffixes. Depending on the relationship between the interlocutors, an honorific form is chosen over the other available forms. Recently, researchers have been questioning whether the choice is wholly dependent on the relative status, or if other factors play a role in the selection process (Strauss and Eun 2005, Dunn 2005, Yoon 2015). This study focuses on the honorifics productively encoded by verbal suffixes. Unexpectedly, continual shifts between verbal suffixes are observed in a single speech situation. Based on the analyses of media data, we identify a set of social meanings encoded by these shifts. Furthermore, we show that Silverstein's notion of "indexical order" (Silverstein 2003) is crucial for accounting for suffix alternation.


"Within the short period of a year she was a bride, a beloved wife and companion, a mother, a corpse," reported The National Intelligencer on the death of Elizabeth Buchanan in 1838. Such obituaries fascinate us. Few of us realize that, when examined historically, they can reveal not only information about the departed but also much about American culture and about who and what we value. They also offer hints about the way Americans view death. This book also will fascinate, for it surveys more than 8,000 newspaper obituaries from 1818 to 1930 to show what they reveal about our culture. It shows how, in memorializing individual citizens, obituaries make a public expression of our values. Far from being staid or morbid, these death notices offer a lively look at a changing America. Indeed, obits are little windows through which to view America's cultural history. In the nineteenth century, they spoke of a person's character, in the twentieth of a person's work and wealth. In the days when women were valued mainly in their relationships with men, their obituaries were about the men in their lives. Then, as now, important friendships make a difference, for sometimes a death has been deemed newsworthy only because of whom the deceased knew. In 1838 when a 50-year-old Virginian named William P. Custis died "after a long and wasting illness," readers of The Daily National Intelligencer learned about his generous hospitality, his sterling business principles, and his kindness as a neighbor and husband. Custis's obituary not only recorded the fact of his death but also celebrated his virtues. The newspaper obituary has a commemorative role. It distills the essence of a citizen's life, and it reflects what society values and wants to remember about the deceased. Throughout our history, these published accounts have revealed changing values. They provide a link between public remembrances of individuals and the collective memory of a great American past. In obits of yesteryear men were brave, gallant, vigilant, bold, honest, and dutiful. Women were patient, resigned, obedient, affectionate, amiable, pious, gentle, virtuous, tender, and useful. Mining newspapers of New York City, New Orleans, Baltimore, Chicago, and San Francisco, along with two early national papers, Niles' Weekly Register and The National Intelligencer, Janice Hume has produced a portrait of America, an entertaining history, and a revealing look at the things Americans have valued.


Author(s): Timm, Robert M.; Fisher, Daryl D. | Abstract: Commensal rodents have become increasingly troublesome and damaging pests in insulated structures. Modern poultry and livestock confinement buildings in the Midwest often have insulated walls and ceilings. These buildings usually provide an optimum habitat for rats and mice; the rodents gnaw, tunnel through, and nest in the insulation, decreasing its insulative value. Such structures are known to be heavily damaged within a matter of months when commensal rodents have access to wall spaces and attics. We have developed an economic threshold model to help livestock producers or building managers decide when to conduct house mouse (Mus musculus) control in such situations. The model is based upon the cost of house mouse damage to commonly used types of insulation in walls, as measured in laboratory experiments. Components of the damage are 1) the cost of insulation replacement, and 2) increased heating costs due to damaged insulation. Damage costs are compared to the expense of conducting mouse control using anticoagulant rodenticides in permanent bait stations located throughout the structure. The model concludes that it is cost-effective to implement a baiting program for mouse control in nearly all insulated confinement buildings. The cost of control is usually very small when compared to the cost of potential mouse damage.


In this paper, we seek to identify factors that might increase the likelihood of adoption and continued use of cyber-infrastructure by scientists. To do so, we review the main research on Information and Communications Technology (ICT) adoption and use by addressing research problems, theories and models used, findings, and limitations. We focus particularly on the individual user perspective. We categorize previous studies into two groups: Adoption research and post-adoption (continued use) research. In addition, we review studies specifically regarding cyber-infrastructure adoption and use by scientists and other special user groups. We identify the limitations of previous theories, models and research findings appearing in the literature related to our current interest in scientists' adoption and continued use of cyber-infrastructure. We synthesize the previous theories and models used for ICT adoption and use, and then we develop a theoretical framework for studying scientists' adoption and use of cyber-infrastructure. We also proposed a research design based on the research model developed. Implications for researchers and practitioners are provided.


Abstract Models presented here of shallow-marine siliciclastic deposition show that the widths of depth-defined regions differ markedly in response to sea-level change. These models add to recent studies that have emphasized the highly specific response of habitat area to sea-level change. Collectively, these studies indicate that a particular bathymetric zone on a particular margin may vary substantially in area during a sea-level change, while other such zones and margins may experience little or even opposite responses. In the models presented here, intermediate-depth and deep-water regions tend to show sinusoidal variations in width, with widening during relative falls in sea level and narrowing during relative rises. The shallow-water region displays markedly non-sinusoidal change and is consistently characterized by abrupt widening at the beginning of the highstand systems tract and an equally abrupt narrowing at the onset of sea-level fall at the beginning of the falling-stage systems tract. These onshore-offshore differences in how width and area change with sea level may explain why taxa in shallow-water settings tend to be more abundant, eurytopic, and widespread than those in deeper-water settings. Likewise, these models suggest that the evolution of novelty in nearshore habitats may be a response to wide variation in shallow-marine area during sea-level change.


Curcumin, a potent antioxidant and chemopreventive agent, has recently been found to be capable of inducing apoptosis in human hepatoma and leukemia cells by way of an elusive mechanism. Here, we demonstrate that curcumin also induces apoptosis in human basal cell carcinoma cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, as evidenced by internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and morphologic change. In our study, consistent with the occurrence of DNA fragmentation, nuclear p53 protein initially increased at 12 h and peaked at 48 h after curcumin treatment. Prior treatment of cells with cycloheximide or actinomycin D abolished the p53 increase and apoptosis induced by curcumin, suggesting that either de novo p53 protein synthesis or some proteins synthesis for stabilization of p53 is required for apoptosis. In electrophoretic mobility gel-shift assays, nuclear extracts of cells treated with curcumin displayed distinct patterns of binding between p53 and its consensus binding site. Supportive of these findings, p53 downstream targets, including p21(CIP1/WAF1) and Gadd45, could be induced to localize on the nucleus by curcumin with similar p53 kinetics. Moreover, we immunoprecipitated extracts from basal cell carcinoma cells with different anti-p53 antibodies, which are known to be specific for wild-type or mutant p53 protein. The results reveal that basal cell carcinoma cells contain exclusively wild-type p53; however, curcumin treatment did not interfere with cell cycling. Similarly, the apoptosis suppressor Bcl-2 and promoter Bax were not changed with the curcumin treatment. Finally, treatment of cells with p53 antisense oligonucleotide could effectively prevent curcumin-induced intracellular p53 protein increase and apoptosis, but sense p53 oligonucleotide could not. Thus, our data suggest that the p53-associated signaling pathway is critically involved in curcumin-mediated apoptotic cell death. This evidence also suggests that curcumin may be a potent agent for skin cancer prevention or therapy.


Delirium is most common neuropsychiatric disorder that affects patients in surgical and internal medicine clinics. It is defined as a transient, usually reversible organic mental disorder that has a rapid onset and fluctuating course. Clinically, delirium is an acute or subacute organic mental syndrome that is characterized by a disturbance in attention (reduced ability to direct, focus, sustain, and shift attention), awareness (reduced orientation to the environment), and other cognitive abilities (e.g., memory deficit and disorientation) and is not better explained by preexisting, established, or other evolving neurocognitive disorders. Studies have found that between 10% and 20% of all adult inpatients are diagnosed with delirium and that it occurs in up to 50% of elderly inpatients. Delirium itself is not a disease but rather a clinical syndrome, which results from an underlying disease. There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the disturbance is a physiological consequence of an underlying medical condition, substance intoxication or withdrawal, use of a medication, or a toxin exposure, or it is a combination of these factors. Accurate identification of underlying causes and risk factors is essential in early stage diagnosis and treatment. Treatment of delirium requires the treatment of the underlying causes. Psychotropic medications are used to comfort patients or enable better patient management. This study aims to review the clinical characteristics, etiological and risk factors, and different methods to obtain an accurate diagnosis and treatment of delirium.


Transferring information in an organized and coordinated way is an effective factor in forming innovative mentality in learner. Content organization has a significant role on this mentality formation. The objective of content organization may be representing a description, analyzing a subject, presenting a justification, applying a reasoning style and consolidating a situation. The purpose of this study is to present a framework for organizing research support content, considering the projection of learner's reasoning style, content processing perspective, and existing features of content, onto research abilities. Applying these different orthogonal aspects may bring about a precise research ability. In order to provide an efficient research support e-learning environment, it is necessary to enrich a traditional education system with research support services. Such an enriched environment affects mental/practical ability of researcher as well as accelerating research process through decreasing time, cost and energy.


This article discusses recent techniques and results in the area of forecasting intraday volume and intraday volume percentages. By exploring ways to predict volume, the authors seek to improve the performance of trading algorithms, many of which depend upon the volume that will trade while the order is active. Traditionally, algorithms use historical averages to predict volume over the lifetime of an order. The authors show that improving the prediction of volume boosts the performance of algorithms.


We have investigated three-dimensional magnetization structures in numerous mesoscopic Fe/Mo(110) islands by means of x-ray magnetic circular dichroism combined with photoemission electron microscopy (XMCD-PEEM). The particles are epitaxial islands with an elongated hexagonal shape with length of up to 2.5 micrometer and thickness of up to 250 nm. The XMCD-PEEM studies reveal asymmetric magnetization distributions at the surface of these particles. Micromagnetic simulations are in excellent agreement with the observed magnetic structures and provide information on the internal structure of the magnetization which is not accessible in the experiment. It is shown that the magnetization is influenced mostly by the particle size and thickness rather than by the details of its shape. Hence, these hexagonal samples can be regarded as model systems for the study of the magnetization in thick, mesoscopic ferromagnets.


We demonstrate a novel split-step solution for analyzing nonlinear fiber Bragg gratings. The solution is used for designing nonlinear fiber Bragg gratings with a low reflectivity. The structure of the grating is designed according to the profiles of the incident and reflected pulses. We demonstrate our method for nonlinear compression of a pulse reflected from a fiber Bragg grating. The method allows us to obtain compressed pulses with a very low wing intensity.


The article considers the problems of corporate social responsibility in the Republic of Kazakhstan. There are certain preconditions created for formation of corporate responsibility of businesses in the country: regulatory and legislative institutions, public-private partnership are being developed. However, involvement of the business into the social-targeted projects is not significant yet. Corporate social responsibility is only on its way to become a systemic phenomenon of the Kazakhstan's society and culture.


Recent advances in autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology, along with successful efforts to miniaturize total field magnetometers, offer a unique opportunity to test low-cost UAV-mounted systems for wide-area high-resolution magnetic surveys. Modern UAV platforms capable of flying at low altitudes and collecting dense aerial surveys, coupled with sensitive and compact instruments, allow identification of anthropogenic targets previously identifiable only in ground magnetometer surveys. We present results of a proof-of-concept study focused on developing and field testing a UAV-based magnetometer system to detect and identify abandoned and unmarked oil and gas wells in an area of historical hydrocarbon exploration and development in New York state. Our results indicate that magnetic anomalies associated with metal casing of vertical wells are pronounced considerably above background levels both at the surface and up to 50 m above-ground elevation. We determine that a detection altitude of 40 m is optimal to avoid any canopy interference while recording magnetic data at the highest signal-to-noise ratio. This methodology makes rapid detection and identification of unmarked wells possible and, in turn, allows for future sustainable development of these areas.


Abstract:  Markuelia is a vermiform, annulated introvertan animal known as embryonic fossils from the Lower Cambrian to Lower Ordovician. Analysis of an expanded and revised dataset for Introverta shows that the precise position of Markuelia within this clade is dependent on the taxa included. As a result, Markuelia is assigned to the scalidophoran total group to reflect uncertainty as to whether it is a stem‐scalidophoran or a stem‐priapulid. The taxonomy of the genus is revised to provide an improved taxonomic framework for material assigned to Markuelia. Five species are recognized: M. secunda Val'kov, M. hunanensis Dong and Donoghue, M. lauriei Haug et al., M. spinulifera sp. nov. and M. waloszeki sp. nov. Finally, the preservation of Markuelia is evaluated in the light of both the taphonomy of the fossil embryos themselves and the experimental taphonomy of the priapulid Priapulus caudatus, which has been proposed as both a close relative and an anatomical analogue of Markuelia.


The type of research known as cluster randomized trials raises ethical questions not readily answered within the standard understanding of research ethics. What distinguishes a CRT is that it randomizes at the level of social groups rather than at the level of individual research participants: in a CRT, the regimen under study might be assigned to a village, hospital, or school. The organizational schemes of CRTs raise an assortment of fundamental ethical problems. In certain CRTs, the question of whether it is possible to obtain individual informed consent is central. Also, if the intervention is offered at the level of a sizable social group, there is usually no realistic possibility for individuals to opt out of the trial. Other ethical questions raised by CRTs have to do with identifying the subjects of research, and indeed with whether "research" is occurring at all.


The work function of hydrogen-terminated, polycrystalline diamond was studied using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. Polycrystalline diamond films were deposited onto molybdenum substrates by electrophoresis for grain sizes ranging from 0.3 to 108 microns. The work function and electron affinity were measured using 21.2 eV photons from a helium plasma source. The films were characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to determine elemental composition and the sp2/sp3 carbon fraction. The percentage of (111) diamond was determined by x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy was performed to determine average grain size. The measured work function has a maximum of 5.1 eV at 0.3 microns, and decreases to 3.2 eV at approximately 4 microns. Then the work function increases with increasing grain size to 4.0 eV at 15 microns and then asymptotically approaches the 4.8 eV work function of single crystal diamond at 108 microns. These results are consistent with a 3-component model in which the work function is controlled by single-crystal (111) diamond at larger grain sizes, graphitic carbon at smaller grain sizes, and by the electron affinity for the intervening grain sizes.


"Arnhem" by John Nichol and Tony Rennell is an absolutely gripping narrative packed with action and heroic tales of courage. "Riveting ...reveals the ice-cool courage of British troops trapped in the bloody shambles of Arnhem". ("Daily Mail"). In September 1944, a mighty shock force of battle-hardened Allied troops dropped from the skies into enemy-occupied Holland in what was hoped would be the decisive final battle of World War II. Landing miles behind the German lines, their daring mission was to secure bridges across the Rhine so that ground forces could make a rapid dash into Nazi Germany. If all went well, the war could be over by Christmas. The plan went terribly wrong...Seen through the dramatic first-hand accounts of those who were there, Arnhem is the gripping story of a bitter military defeat that became a triumph of the human spirit. It paints a vivid portrait of those in the cauldron of war, fighting for their lives, fighting for their comrades, fighting for their honour, a battle they won hands down. For fans of "A Bridge Too Far", "Saving Private Ryan" and "Band of Brothers", and for readers of Antony Beevor's "Stalingrad" and "Hugh" Sebag-Montefiore's "Dunkirk". John Nichol is a former RAF flight lieutenant whose Tornado bomber was shot down on a mission over Iraq during the first Gulf War in 1991. He was captured and became a prisoner of war. He is the bestselling co-author of "Tornado Down" and, with Tony Rennell, "The Last Escape", "Tail-End Charlies", "Home Run" and "Medic", and author of five novels. He is also a journalist and widely quoted military commentator. Tony Rennell is the author of "Last Days of Glory: The Death of Queen Victoria" and co-author of "When Daddy Came Home", a highly praised study of demobilization in 1945, and with John nichol, "The Last Escape", "Tail-End Charlies", "Home Run" and "Medic". He is a former deputy editor of the "Sunday Times" and writes regularly on historical subjects for the "Daily Mail".


This paper analyses two issues that were characteristic of the global growth processes of the 1980s and 1990s (i) an important diffusion process of a new general purpose technology (GPT) and (ii) a speed-up of catching-up of a sub-group of developing economies (South East Asia, later China and India) in an era of increasing globalization. Both these factors should in principle have given a boost to global economic growth; however, for quite some time, actual growth has been perceived as being in a more precarious state in advanced economies than in the earlier post-war period. The paper develops a dynamic model of integrated economies (through trade and FDI) which attempts to address the above developments. The model has Schumpeterian and Keynesian features in that it depicts the income distributional shifts which might accompany the diffusion processes of new technologies (Schumpeterian innovational rents) and discusses effective demand problems which can arise both as a result of income distributional changes on the one hand and catching-up processes on the other. We start with a stylized description of a competitive situation between two sets of advanced economies (say, the US and the EU) which are characterized by different behavioural responses in labour and product markets and where one region (the US) experiences the diffusion process of the new GPT earlier than the other region (the EU). The introduction of a new technology shifts the macro-distribution of income towards profits and the reliance of the growth process towards the investment (rather than consumption) component of effective demand. Differences in the workings of the labour and product markets affect the extent of these macro-distributional shifts. In addition the model is one in which the two sets of economies are integrated through trade and foreign direct investment flows. Transitory paths describe the impact of changing cost competitiveness and profitability positions upon net trade balances and net foreign direct investment flows. This amounts to leakages and injections in the two sets on economies which we track in terms of evaluating differences between 'potential' and 'actual' growth paths. The second issue we try to analyse with the model is the impact of catching-up processes of a significant group of developing economies. Successful catching-up processes are characterized by fast productivity growth, by even stronger transitory wage-productivity growth gaps and hence macro-distributional shifts. This has implications for international direct investment flows and for global effective demand structures with the added dimension that the weight of the group of catching-up economies in the global economy is growing rapidly, which in turn affects the response mechanisms in the advanced economies. The focus remains on the exploration of the impact that different behavioural characteristics of labour and product markets have on the growth paths of the two sets of economies. The model allows for endogenous exchange rate dynamics, some endogeneity of productivity growth and changing international 'sourcing' patterns of intermediate inputs.


Deviant behavior is a recurring workplace behavioral problem. It happened in many organizations and has now transcends in public organization. An appropriate attention to deviance problem is necessary, because this problem brings harmful effects to the organization, economically and socially. Hence this article aims to identify the prevalence of deviant behavior and leadership behavior and to study the association between the two, as literatures indicate that the organizational leadership influences deviant behavior. In this study, two forms of leadership were emphasized which include control and flexibility leadership. Meanwhile two perspectives of deviant behavior are used to classify deviant behaviors, which are organizational deviance and interpersonal deviance. These perspectives are useful as it identifies deviant behavior of different severity and target. Result indicated that, control and flexible leaderships are prevalence. The study also indicated that organizational and interpersonal deviance is present. While correlation analysis reveals that control and flexibility leadership influences organizational and interpersonal deviance negatively. In sum, the study supports the deviance literatures and showed that, leadership causes improvement in organizational environment which can deter deviant behavior.


Coeliac Disease (CD) is a common, autoimmune inflammatory condition induced by gluten consumption in genetically susceptible individuals. Patients with CD are at increased risk of osteoporosis, a feature often attributed to chronic calcium and/or vitamin D malabsorption. It is possible however that other nutritional factors also contribute to poor bone health in CD. As previously described in this journal by researchers at our centre, emerging evidence in generally healthy cohorts worldwide supports a potential role for certain B-vitamins in bone health. Here we consider the possibility that low B-vitamin status, and/ or elevated concentrations of the closely related metabolite homocysteine, may contribute to osteoporosis in CD.


Abstract. The photolysis rate constant of dichlorine peroxide (ClOOCl, ClO dimer) JClOOCl is a critical parameter in catalytic cycles destroying ozone (O3) in the polar stratosphere. In the atmospherically relevant wavelength region (λ > 310 nm), significant discrepancies between laboratory measurements of ClOOCl absorption cross sections and spectra cause a large uncertainty in JClOOCl. Previous investigations of the consistency of published JClOOCl with atmospheric observations of chlorine monoxide (ClO) and ClOOCl have focused on the photochemical equilibrium between ClOOCl formation and photolysis, and thus could only constrain the ratio of JClOOCl over the ClOOCl formation rate constant krec. Here, we constrain the atmospherically effective JClOOCl independent of krec, using ClO measured in the same air masses before and directly after sunrise during an aircraft flight that was part of the RECONCILE field campaign in the winter 2010 from Kiruna, Sweden. Over sunrise, when the ClO/ClOOCl system comes out of thermal equilibrium and the influence of the ClO recombination reaction is negligible, the increase in ClO concentrations is significantly faster than expected from JClOOCl based on the absorption spectrum proposed by Pope et al. (2007), but does not warrant cross sections larger than recently published values by Papanastasiou et al. (2009). In particular, the existence of a significant ClOOCl absorption band longwards of 420 nm is not supported by our observations. The observed night-time ClO would not be consistent with a ClO/ClOOCl thermal equilibrium constant significantly higher than the one proposed by Plenge et al. (2005).


Contemporary body image research has focused on the impacts of positive body image over negative body image. Dance has been frequently related to body image outcomes, with sexualised forms of dance often resulting in negative body image. Recent research however disagrees and suggests that sexualised forms of dance, such as recreational pole dance and belly dance, can be empowering, enjoyable and improve positive body image. This study aims to broaden this research and explore the effects that burlesque dancing has on body image. Using semi-structured interviews, eight female burlesque dancer's experiences were analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis. Three themes were identified, experiences before burlesque, acceptance, and impacts beyond burlesque. Results indicated that burlesque increased positive body image by allowing women to accept their bodies. This resulted in improved well-being and mental health in general life. Access to safe spaces was also identified as an original predictor of positive body image. Findings suggest that burlesque could be used as a positive intervention for individuals wishing to improve body image and well-being. This is a novel study and the first to explore body image in relation to burlesque


The elegance of the outline, remarkable in these vases, the character of their distinguishing simplicity, but, above all, the genius, which must be supposed in the artists, who invented them and that strange variety of contours, soon create a desire of knowing the time, and place, where they were made, as well as those industrious people, to whom we are indebted for these masterpieces.... in the art of vase making, as well as in their architecture, [the ancients] never sought after the agreable [sic] prior to the useful; and it is not to be doubted ... that the different uses for which their vases were design'd produced that variety in the shapes, they have given them: from whence it must be concluded, that, it is only in their end or purpose itself, that we must seek after the reason of these differences, which being always calculated to answer their object, can never fail of having some sign to make themselves known.Pierre d'Hancarville1IntroductionIn the architectural and design publications that helped generate and define Neoclassicism, praise for linearity, lines, outlines, and contour was often accompanied by an equally high regard for utility. Antique works were read via their contours and the simple outlines of sculpture, vases, and red and black figure painting were analyzed through the outline drawing, a graphic idiom praised by contemporary audiences and practitioners as particularly well-suited to the expression of ancient aesthetic values.2 The outline drawing, which enjoyed widespread popularity c. 1800, mimicked its object of study, offering itself as a visual correlate and empathetic reflector of the newly unearthed ancient works which artists and the general public sought to understand. (Figure 1) George Cumberland, an advocate and theoretician of the outline drawing, suggested that if practiced by 'the hands of learned draughtsmen/ outlines could convey the spirit of the ancients, allowing their monuments to 'reach us uncontaminated and pure.'3Given eighteenth-century interest in Greek and Roman antiquity, practitioners of Neoclassicism inevitably wanted to know how ancient buildings and objects were originally used. How did the forms of Greek vases reflect their use? What purpose did different temple rooms serve? Antiquarians such as the self-styled Baron d'Hancarville, most famous for his role in publishing Sir William Hamilton's first vase collection, thought these questions would lead to a greater understanding of antiquity.4 If vases and architectural ruins could be better understood, then their forms could be viewed with new appreciation of their meaning. Analyses of their use could reveal who the ancients were.The British sculptor and draughtsman John Flaxman's oeuvre, particularly his engraved illustrations of Classical texts such as Homer's Iliad and Odyssey5, as well as his low-relief sculptural and modeling work, have been an important site for scholarly discourses on the nature of the outline drawing and its place within Neoclassicism's characteristic linearity.6 In particular, discussions of Flaxman's work, and its affinity to ancient vase painting, have been central to defining the outline drawing's status as an idiom primed for the expression of ancient aesthetic values.7The line of the outline drawing, which Cumberland defined as 'fine, firm, flowing, and faint,'8 indeed created an emphatically simple graphic language allied to the neoclassical aesthetic ideals of clarity and purity. It facilitated and expressed the draughtsman's communion with the beauty of his depicted objects.9 In addition to their connection to ancient aesthetic ideals, outlines were also, as d'Hancarville's comments on vases suggest, tied to notions of use as a parallel means of accessing the past. This paper highlights the significance of this discourse for the study of the outline drawing, examining how notions of utility did not simply guide eighteenthcentury investigations of antique buildings and objects, but were imbedded in the very lines of one of Neoclassicism's most iconic forms of representation. …


An examination of the protections afforded to religious institutions in their hiring decisions. Both § 702 of the Civil Rights Act and the judicially created ministerial exception allow churches to use criteria that other employers are not permitted to use under the law when making hiring decisions. Beginning with McClure v. Salvation Army, courts have slowly expanded the scope of these protections, leading up to the recent case of Petruska v. Gannon University. Petruska provides an example of the extent to which a broad reading of § 702 and the ministerial exception can harm religious workers. The opinion of Judge Becker, who wrote the first appeals court decision, presented an alternative view of § 702 and the ministerial exception, as he believed that the courts have a duty to protect the rights of religious workers and that the protections of § 702 and the ministerial exception should only be imposed when necessary. Due to his death during circulation of his opinion, Judge Becker's decision was reversed in a rehearing of the case. In denying certiorari of Petruska's case, the Supreme Court of the United States failed to take advantage of an opportunity to protect the rights of women in the religious workplace.


Thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analyses (DTA) of simple and mixed lanthanide complexes have been studied. These studies gave very interesting results and led to the following conclusions: (1) The presence of water molecules either in a lattice or coordinated was indicated in a thermal study of (a) neodymium barbiturate simple complexes and its oxine mixed complexes, (b) dysprosium dimethyl-glyoximate and diacetylmonoximate, and (c) samarium phenanthroline, N-phenylurea, and N-N' diphenylurea simple complexes. (2) One could postulate different routes of decomposition. However, on close examination of the results of TG and DTA, only one route of decomposition is possible. Examples of such cases are (a) gadolinium-dimethyl-glyoxime-diphenylthiourea mixed complex and (b) gadolinium thiourea-urea-mixed complex. (3) Based on a study of thermal analysis, the possible routes of decomposition and formation of intermediates can be postulated. The intermediates formed do sometimes have a definite composition. They can be isolated and their composition established. Sometimes, such intermediates cannot be synthesized by normal methods. Hence, the study of thermal analyses leads to the synthesis of certain complexes that, under normal conditions, are difficult to synthesize. Such an example is the formation of the gadolinium-thiourea simple complex in a thermal study of the mixed complex of Gadolinium-dimethyl-glyoxime-thiourea. (4) The study of thermal analyses of several simple and mixed lanthanide complexes indicated that certain ligands such as dimethyl-glyoxime, diacetylmonoxime, and thiourea exhibit the same thermal stability in both simple and mixed complexes. The thermal stability of the above ligands in simple and mixed lanthanide complexes is discussed.


Abstract Over the last 25 years, the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) has made a significant return to the Southern Bight of the North Sea and the English Channel due to a shift in distribution from northerly regions. Although the ecological drivers of this return are unclear, this species faces multiple threats in the region, including by-catch and habitat degradation. Ferry-based surveys were conducted year-round between November 2011 and June 2014 to assess the influence of environmental parameters upon the spatiotemporal distribution and relative abundance of harbour porpoises in the Southern Bight of the North Sea. A total of 1450 sightings of harbour porpoises were recorded during the 100 round-trip surveys carried out between Dunkirk (France) and Dover (England). Inter-annual and monthly variations in group size were observed, with largest groups recorded in 2014 (mean = 2.02) and in January (mean = 2.32). The relative abundance showed significant seasonal variation, with peaks recorded during winter months. An inter-annual increasing relative abundance was recorded during the study period. There was a seasonally dependent association with environmental variables, particularly depth, seabed roughness and current speed. Finally, predictions suggest large increases of the relative abundance in offshore habitats during winter months and over the study period.


The sea surface microlayer (SML) is an important biogeochemical system whose physico-chemical analysis often necessitates some degree of sample storage. However, many SML components degrade with time so the development of optimal storage protocols is paramount. We here briefly review some commonly used treatment and storage protocols. Using freshwater and saline SML samples from a river estuary, we investigated temporal changes in surfactant activity (SA) and the absorbance and fluorescence of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) over four weeks, following selected sample treatment and storage protocols. Some variability in the effectiveness of individual protocols most likely reflects sample provenance. None of the various protocols examined performed any better than dark storage at 4 °C without pre-treatment. We therefore recommend storing samples refrigerated in the dark.


This article examines non-director corporate officers' accountability to shareholders and calls for strengthening the role of shareholders in monitoring the conduct of non-director corporate officers by allowing shareholders to bring direct claims against non-director corporate officers and their non-fiduciary co-conspirators for schemes to defraud. The debate over increasing shareholder power is mainly focused on shareholders' voting rights and not on whether directors or shareholders should monitor non-director corporate officers' conduct. This article confines its discussion to schemes to defraud involving non-director corporate officers and third-party, non-fiduciary co-conspirators and argues that schemes to defraud result in two structural challenges that are better addressed by shareholders in a direct claim. These structural challenges are information blockages and demand requirements. This article explores recent examples of schemes to defraud, illustrating how information blockages limit the effectiveness of directors in monitoring corporate officers' conduct. Part II illustrates examples of how schemes to defraud involving corporate officers and non-fiduciary third parties work. Part III examines the elements of common-law fraud, equitable fraud, conspiracy to defraud, and aiding and abetting to induce a breach of fiduciary duty in Delaware. Part IV explores whether shareholders' claims for fraud against non-director corporate officers and third-party, non-fiduciary co-conspirators are direct or derivative claims and whether the demand and the demand futility tests present structural biases to recovery by shareholders. Part V concludes in support of a direct claim by shareholders for fraud against non-director corporate officers and third-party, non-fiduciary co-conspirators.


In this paper we report on a historical corpus study of English multiple, an adjective which underwent a process of grammaticalization starting from lexical uses with the meaning 'composite', e.g. HR 3617 is a multiple star, to grammaticalized uses as individualizer, paraphrasable as 'different', e.g. She has to perform multiple tasks at the same time, and as quantifier 'several', e.g. I have multiple friends in high society. Multiple is just one of several adjectives going down this path of grammaticalization. However, as we show in this paper, the trajectory of each adjective includes different micro-processes of change. New diachronic case studies on the grammaticalization of individual items thus remain crucial to further advancing our understanding of the potential environments and changes underlying grammaticalization processes. The case of multiple shows that, firstly, not only attributes, but also classifiers can serve as input for grammaticalization, and that, secondly, grammaticalization and lexicalization processes can have non-adjacent functions in the noun phrase as their input and output.


In this paper we study M-theory compactifications on seven-dimensional manifolds with SU(3) structure. As such manifolds naturally pick out a specific direction, the resulting effective theory can be cast into a form which is similar to type IIA compactifications to four dimensions. We derive the gravitino mass matrix in four dimensions and show that for different internal manifolds (torsion classes) the vacuum preserves either no supersymmetry, or N=2 supersymmetry or, through spontaneous partial supersymmetry breaking, N=1 supersymmetry. For the latter case we derive the effective N=1 theory and give explicit examples where all the moduli are stabilised without the need of non-perturbative effects.


The Encyclopedia Britannia defines a smartphone as a mobile telephone with a display screen, at the same time serves as a pocket watch, calendar, addresses book and calcula tor and uses its own operating system (OS). A smartphone is considered as a mobile tele - phone integrated to a handheld computer. As the market matured, solid-state computer memory and integrated circuits became less expensive over the following decade, smart - phone became more computer-like, and more more-advanced services, and became ubiq uitous with the introduction of mobile phone networks. The communication takes place for sending and receiving photographs, music, video clips, e-mails and more. The grow ing capabilities of handheld devices and transmission protocols have enabled a growing number of applications. The integration of camera, access Wi-Fi, payments, augmented reality or the global position system (GPS) are features that have been used for science because the users of smartphone have risen all over the world. This chapter deals with the importance of one of the most common communication channels, the smartphone and how it impregnates in the science. The technological characteristics of this device make it a useful tool in social sciences, medicine, chemistry, detections of contaminants, pesticides, drugs or others, like so detection of signals or image.


type="main" xml:id="twec12202-abs-0001"> Driven by the increasingly important role of supply chains in global production, this paper studies empirical association between global credit-market shocks and firm behaviour towards liquidity needs across countries and industries. Focusing on the adjustment of working-capital financing, we find two pieces of supporting evidence from international firm-level panel data covering the period 2002:I–2012:IV. First, for industries where specific investment in the input supplier–customer relationship is large, firms are more exposed to credit-market shocks. We find that measures of global credit-market shocks are negatively associated with trade receivables, trade payables and inventories, conditional on the level of contract intensity in the industries where firms operate. Second, firms in emerging markets are more vulnerable to credit-market shocks than are firms in developed countries. We are also able to verify the economic significance of sales growth, operating cash flows, cash stock and firm size in the overall adjustment. Our findings highlight the importance of balance-sheet contagion along supply chains during the 2007–09 global financial crisis.


In this paper, we investigated interactive learning between human subjects and robot experimentally, and its essential characteristics are examined using the dynamical systems approach. Our research concentrated on the navigation system of a specially developed humanoid robot called Robovie and seven human subjects whose eyes were covered, making them dependent on the robot for directions. We compared the usual feed-forward neural network (FFNN) without recursive connections and the recurrent neural network (RNN). Although the performances obtained with both the RNN and the FFNN improved in the early stages of learning, as the subject changed the operation by learning on its own, all performances gradually became unstable and failed. Results of a questionnaire given to the subjects confirmed that the FFNN gives better mental impressions, especially from the aspect of operability. When the robot used a consolidation-learning algorithm using the rehearsal outputs of the RNN, the performance improved even when interactive learning continued for a long time. The questionnaire results then also confirmed that the subject's mental impressions of the RNN improved significantly. The dynamical systems analysis of RNNs support these differences and also showed that the collaboration scheme was developed dynamically along with succeeding phase transitions.


The photo-induced cytotoxicity of prodigiosenes is reported. One prodigiosene represents a synthetic analogue of the natural product prodigiosin, and two are conjugated to molecules that target the estrogen receptor (ER). A comparison of incubation and irradiation frameworks for the three prodigiosenes is reported, with activity against ER− and ER+ lines explored. Furthermore, the ability of the three prodigiosenes to photosensitise the production of singlet oxygen is demonstrated, shedding mechanistic light onto possible photodynamic therapeutic effects of this class of tripyrroles.


Motivated by the environment of their country, Colombia, the co-authors present in this paper a research and analysis about the Manufacturing Industry (MI) and its relation to the growth of the economy in the different sectors of their country. Industrial innovation is key to competitiveness and development of economies; therefore, Corporate Entrepreneurship (CE) is seen by the co-authors as an answer for the Manufacturing Industry in order to keep on bringing value to the society and its related sectors. To have an approach to this CE analysis, theoretical framework used in the research is based in the Four Models of CE presented by Wolcott and Lippitz (Wolcott, 2010). Within the paper, it will be introduced the Opportunist, Enable, Advocate and Producer Model as conceived by them. No surprises were found when looking to the actual state of the companies in the MI, those with more budgets are the ones that invest more in innovation and the small ones are more conservatives in the topic. As part of the response to the research question, the co-authors established the path for the different company types in order for them to have an easy way to build CE.


Spinal cord injury is known as a kind of injury that causes inability. The investigation of the epidemiology of spinal cord injury and time in different regions might help to collect information for preventative measures of work. This study was conducted to investigate the epidemiology and radiologic findings of patients with traumatic spine injures among patients subjected to Emergency Department of Shahid Mohammadi Hospital of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. A retrospective descriptive-analytic method was adopted with an analysis of all the patients who were admitted by the diagnosis of traumatic spine injury in Shahid Mohammadi hospital. They all underwent a radiologic study. After receiving permission from the ethics committee, we extracted the data from patients' files and carried out the analyses. Mean of age for subjects was 40.2 and 148 patients (71.50%) were men and 59 patients (28.50%) were women. The most trauma was associated with road accidents (n=124, 59.9%) and 83 cases (40.10%) were related to falling from height. Ten patients (4.80%) were dead due to trauma and 197 patients (95.20%) survived. Compress fracture (n=88, 42.50%), burst fracture (n=64, 32.40%), fracture dislocation (n=57, 27.50%) and transverse process fracture (n=43, 23.80%) accounted for all the cases. The most fracture was associated with L1 vertebrae (n=53, 15.9%), T12 (n=43, 13.40%), L2 (n=36, 11.20%) and C5 (n=16, 5%). The results for fracture in main parts showed that highest fractures were observed in cervical (n=69, 21.63%), thoracic (n=98, 30.72%) and lumbosacral (n=152, 47.64%). Our results showed that the most common causes of spinal injury in Bandar Abbas are accidents that must be reduced by observing traffic rules and guarantying transport safety.


Groupers are popular food fish farmed in South East Asia and have potential to become
an important cultivable species owing to their fast growth, efficient feed conversion and
high market price. Commercially important species contributing to the grouper fishery
mainly includes Epinephelus diacanthus E. bleekeri, E. chlorostigma, E. malabaricus
and E. tauvina. A major bottleneck in the large scale onshore cu~ure activities of
groupers in our country is the lack of adequate number of hatchery produced seed of
groupers since wild seed availability is highly fluctuating and unpredictable. In order to
master controlled breeding and achieve mass scale production of seed of any cu~ivable
fin fish species, an in depth understanding of the complex physiological changes that
occur at intracellular and intercellular level in the fish body during the process of
reproduction is inev~able . The gonads with the onset of maturation show a series of
developmental changes, which are closely accompanied by the cellular, biochemical,
and molecular changes. It is against this background that the present study has been
taken up on the reproductive physiology of female grouper E. diacanthus which sustain
one of the major demersal fisheries of our country. The study was carried out from
collections of the fish onboard FSI vessel during the cruises off Quilon and off Ratnagiri
region. In this study, the morphology of the female reproductive system has been
described in detail followed by the detailed classification of maturity stages from stage I
to stage III. Data on GSI (Gonadosomatic Index), HSI (Hepatosomatic Index), CF
(Condition Factor), fecund~ etc. have also been obtained and statistically interpreted.
The detailed histology of oocytes and hepatocytes has been described through
microscopic and ultra structural studies to understand inter cellular and intra cellular
changes happening during oogenesis. In the ovary the occurrence of sex inversion has
also been described. Through non denatured Native and denatured SOS-PAGE, the
characterization of vitellogen in in ovarian homogenate and blood serum has been
clearly elaborated. The molecular weight determination of viitellogenin protein fractions
was worked out in the SOS-PAGE. To gather support data on the biochemical changes
occurring during the maturation seven major parameters from four different tissues have
also been studied. The information generated in this study along the above said aspects
is expected to form a basis for initiating further studies on larger groupers.


In our article Kulkarni et al. (2013), we favored a clustered model for great Cascadia subduction zone (CSZ) earthquakes and our statistical analysis resulted in a probability of 0.65 that clustering was present in the turbidite record. The CSZ clustering analysis was originally motivated by the need to develop a CSZ logic tree for use in probabilistic seismic‐hazard analysis. In recognition of the two principal models that could explain the pattern of great earthquake occurrence observed in the turbidite record, we gave weights of 0.65 and 0.35 to clustered versus quasi‐periodic behavior in the logic tree, respectively (Wong et al. , 2014).

In Lindh (2016), Al Lindh questioned the validity of the turbidite data and our analysis of temporal clustering and states that the CSZ actually behaves in a quasi‐periodic behavior. He summarizes his argument in four points, and we wish to respond to each point in the following. We confine our responses to the technical issues raised by Lindh. With regards to his discussion on seismic risk in the Pacific Northwest, we support his views. Certainly, understanding the behavior of the CSZ, particularly its recurrence, is a critical element in earthquake‐risk reduction in the Pacific Northwest.

We appreciate Lindh for pointing out the more recent studies that indicate that for a few of the examples we cited, clustering of full‐rupture earthquakes may not be characteristic of the behavior that was previously suggested. However, the point we were trying to make is that earthquake clustering, regardless of scale or magnitude, is a behavior that is observed along plate boundaries and crustal faults worldwide. There are physical models that can explain temporal clustering, and the quasi‐periodic behavior favored by Lindh is unusual over long time spans. Many factors can come into play that can alter the long‐term behavior of a …


There are debates about whether rainwater is suitable as drinking water. A serious shortcoming of the debate is that there are differences in the design and management of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems. This study is based on the performance of two RWH systems that are used for drinking purposes at a kindergarten and a primary school in Cu Khe, Vietnam. Each system comprised a painted galvanized iron roof, a first-flush diverter, two stainless steel tanks connected in series, a calmed inlet, mosquito screens on open holes, PVC pipelines, filter cartridges, and a UV sterilizer. During 18 months, stored rainwater was sampled five times, and treated rainwater was sampled four times. Twenty-three water quality parameters were analyzed, including pH, total dissolved solids, turbidity, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, hardness, arsenic, iron, cadmium, nickel, chromium, manganese, mercury, selenium, lead, zinc, Escherichia coli , and total coliform. It was found that all the physicochemical qualities of the stored rainwater, prior to treatment, satisfied the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water guidelines. After physical filtration and UV sterilization, all parameters, including microbiological indicators, satisfied the WHO drinking water guidelines. Further management strategies to stabilize water quality were discussed.


We draw on quantitative and descriptive data from Robert Campbell's widely cited manual for prospective apprentices, The London Tradesman (1747), to demonstrate the responsiveness of apprenticeship in mid-eighteenth century London to market forces of supply and demand. We regress apprenticeship premiums on journeymen's wages, set-up costs, and a selection of employment conditions and requirements across 178 trades, and find a significant elasticity of 0.4 with respect to wages and 0.25 with respect to set-up costs. We interpret this as supporting an economic model that views premiums as bounded from above by the expected benefits of acquiring the skills of the trade (Lane, 1996); bounded from below by the expected net training costs to the master, taking into account the possibility of the apprentice terminating his service prematurely (Wallis, 2008); and reflecting the relative bargaining power of master and parent. This supports the thesis that apprenticeship played an important role in adapting the English workforce to the skill requirements of the Industrial Revolution. Moreover, by demonstrating the internal and external consistency of Campbell's observations, our findings support their further use as a unique, invaluable source of detailed, trade-specific wage data from the early years of the Industrial Revolution.


The Bangladesh securities market, despite ifs operation of half of a century, remains in embryonic form. The market has been suffering from a chronic lack of investor confidence since 1997 following an unprecedented share scam. Ever since, the government has been striving in vain to promote investment by progressively offering incentives to investors and corporations. The government watchdog unexpectedly introduced the Disclosure-Based Regulation (DBR) in January 1999 to protect investors from the misfeasance of other players in the market for Initial Public Offerings. Recent studies have identified some problems in the market, which are unfavourable for the new regime. In such a situation, the governmental incentives to induce market participants and adopting the DBR to restore public confidence in the moribund securities market appear to be like using "ointment on an infection which urgently needs antibiotic injections". This article intends to argue upon critical analysis of the regime that importing the disclosure philosophy from the developed markets without attaining the pre-requisites for its usefulness is an arrangement like 'puffing the cart before the horse".


OBJECTIVE
Precise diameter changes in iliac artery aneurysms (IAAs) after endovascular graft (EVG) repair are yet to be determined. This report describes the midterm size changes in isolated IAAs 13 to 72 months after treatment with an EVG.

METHODS
From January 1993 to April 1999, 31 patients with 35 true isolated IAAs (32 common iliac and 3 hypogastric) had these lesions treated with EVGs and coil embolization of the hypogastric artery or its branches. The EVG used in this study consisted of a balloon-expandable stent attached to a polytetrafluoroethylene graft. Contrast-enhanced spiral computed tomographic scans were performed at 3- to 6-month intervals to follow the aneurysms for change in diameter and endoleaks.

RESULTS
Thirty patients had a decrease in the size of their iliac aneurysms with EVG repair. All EVGs remained patent. All patients, except for one, were followed up for 13 to 72 months (mean, 31 months). The pretreatment aneurysm size ranged from 2.5 to 11.0 cm in diameter (mean, 4.6 +/- 1.62 cm). After EVG treatment, the aneurysms ranged from 2.0 to 8.0 cm in diameter (mean, 3.8 +/- 1.36 cm). The change in aneurysm diameter ranged from 0.5 to 3.1 cm (mean, 1.1 +/- 0.62 cm) with an average change of -0.516 +/- 0.01 cm/y for the first year. Five patients died of their intercurrent medical conditions during the follow-up period. One of the patients had a new endoleak and an increase in common iliac aneurysm size 18 months after EVG treatment, despite an early contrast-enhanced computed tomographic scan that showed no endoleak. This patient's aneurysm ruptured, and a standard open surgical repair was successfully performed. Another patient had a decrease in hypogastric aneurysm size after EVG treatment and no radiographic evidence of an endoleak, but eventually the aneurysm ruptured. He was successfully treated with a standard open surgical repair.

CONCLUSIONS
EVGs can be an effective treatment for isolated IAAs. Properly treated with EVGs, IAAs decrease in size. The enlargement of an IAA, even if no endoleak can be detected, appears to be an ominous sign suggestive of an impending rupture. IAAs that enlarge should be closely evaluated for an endoleak. If an endoleak is detected, it should be eliminated if possible. If an endoleak cannot be found, open surgical repair should be considered.


The fluid film thickness and drag during chemical-mechanical polishing are largely dependent on the shape of the wafer polished. In this study we use dual emission laser induced fluorescence to measure the film thickness and a strain gage, mounted on the polishing table, to measure the friction force between the wafer and the pad. All measurements are taken during real polishing processes. The trends indicate that with a convex wafer in contact with the polishing pad, the slurry layer increases with increasing platen speed and decreases with increasing downforce. The drag force decreases with increasing platen speed and increases with increasing downforce. These similarities are observed for both in-situ and ex-situ conditioning. However, these trends are significantly different for the case of a concave wafer in contact with the polishing pad. During ex-situ conditioning the trends are similar as with a convex wafer. However, in-situ conditioning decreases the slurry film layer with increasing platen speed, and increases it with increasing downforce in the case of the concave wafer. The drag force increases with increasing platen speed as well as increasing downforce. Since we are continually polishing, the wafer shape does change over the course of each experiment causing a larger error in repeatability than the measurement error itself. Different wafers are used throughout the experiment and the results are consistent with the variance of the wafer shape. Local pressure measurements on the rotating wafer help explain the variances in fluid film thickness and friction during polishing.


This paper examines some of the causes of poor connectivity in developing countries, and suggests options for overcoming the so-termed digital divide. Based on a techno-economic analysis of connectivity technologies and design, I show that technical limitations per se are not the bottleneck for widespread connectivity; rather, design, policy, and regulatory challenges are the reasons for high costs (which determines penetration to a large extent). The first part of this paper deals with the "digital divide" and a brief look at existing measures and difficulties with such measures, such as issues of granularity. I present a starting point for a new framework for the digital divide, based on what we call the 4Cs of Information and Communications Technology (ICT): Computers, Connectivity, Content, and (human) Capacity. The next section focuses on the Connectivity aspect of ICT, and examines cost components of different technologies. While there are obvious differences between technologies in terms of speeds, reach, and infrastructure, there are non-technical implications of such choices, such as legacy requirements, competition, leapfrogging, etc. Once we formulate a basic, indicative, network design for broadband, using estimated costs and some limited real-world emerging economy data, we can see what reasons there are for higher costs (and prices) than the model would indicate. We identify over a dozen policy add-ons (such as ISP licensing, spectrum fees, taxes, limits on applications such as VoIP, etc.) that raise the costs to end-users. Expanding from the idealized model, I also present a new design for broadband across Africa ("FiberAfrica") based on GIS modeling and a bottom-up design. This is not an idealized model but a first attempt at a hypothetical continental network based on available data. It not only includes appropriate technologies (optical fibers and fixed broadband wireless) but also innovative business models such as open access networks. The analysis shows such a design could bring affordable, accessible broadband to the majority of Africans, for a one-time capital cost of only a little over $1/capita.


Up to 53% of the time spent on testing current Intel microprocessors is needed to test on-chip caches, due to the high complexity of memory tests and to the large amount of transistors dedicated to such memories. This paper discusses the methodology used to develop effective and efficient cache tests, and the way it is implemented to optimize the test set used at Intel to test their 512-kB caches manufactured in a 0.13- mum technology. An example is shown where a maximal test set of 15 tests with a corresponding maximum test time of 160.942 ms/chip is optimized to only six tests that require a test time of only 30.498 ms/chip.


Steganography is the practice of concealing a secret message within another, ordinary, message. Commonly, steganography is used to unobtrusively hide a small message within the noisy regions of a larger image. In this study, we attempt to place a full size color image within another image of the same size. Deep neural networks are simultaneously trained to create the hiding and revealing processes and are designed to specifically work as a pair. The system is trained on images drawn randomly from the ImageNet database, and works well on natural images from a wide variety of sources. Beyond demonstrating the successful application of deep learning to hiding images, we carefully examine how the result is achieved and explore extensions. Unlike many popular steganographic methods that encode the secret message within the least significant bits of the carrier image, our approach compresses and distributes the secret image's representation across all of the available bits.


Deep learning uses neural networks which are parameterised by their weights. The neural networks are usually trained by tuning the weights to directly minimise a given loss function. In this paper we propose to reparameterise the weights into targets for the firing strengths of the individual nodes in the network. Given a set of targets, it is possible to calculate the weights which make the firing strengths best meet those targets. It is argued that using targets for training addresses the problem of exploding gradients, by a process which we call cascade untangling, and makes the loss-function surface smoother to traverse, and so leads to easier, faster training, and also potentially better generalisation, of the neural network. It also allows for easier learning of deeper and recurrent network structures. The necessary conversion of targets to weights comes at an extra computational expense, which is in many cases manageable. Learning in target space can be combined with existing neural-network optimisers, for extra gain. Experimental results show the speed of using target space, and examples of improved generalisation, for fully-connected networks and convolutional networks, and the ability to recall and process long time sequences and perform natural-language processing with recurrent networks.


Karim Rashid is the best known and most prolific young designer practicing in America today. On the brink of household-name celebrity, he has fast become a superstar among design aficionados by revolutionizing the visual standards of minimalist design with his fresh, colorful, sinuous, and sensual objects. His work is in the collections of museums worldwide, including The Museum of Modern Art, New York, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and The Montreal Museum of Decorative Arts. This book is the first comprehensive survey of Rashid's designs, his products and the philosophy behind them. Edited and designed in close collaboration with Rashid and including a stellar list of contributors from the design community contributors this book is sure to be the reference source for years to come.


The present day energy crisis and ever increasing demands of energy in addition to global pollution brought us into a situation where there is an urgent need for energy conservation, efficient utilization and eco-friendly techniques to be implemented in day to day use. These needs lead us to an idea of modified design in a CI engine without any additional energy requirement and with no complicated variations in design. There are various other methods to improve the efficiency of engine such as super charging, turbo charging, varying stroke length, varying injection pressure, fuel to air ratio, additional strokes per cycle and so on. Many of them require additional design (stroke length, injection pressure etc.,) and some of them load to increase environmental effect. Here in this project affords were made to increase the velocity (physical parameter) of air entering the inlet manifold of the engine by inserting a convergent divergent nozzle at the inlet manifold. There by increasing the mixture quality of air & fuel in the combustion chamber before the initialization of ignition. The engine load tests were carried out at different loads, variation of different parameters with load was plotted. The nozzle setup was installed and then again load test were carried out at different loads and the values were plotted in comparison to former values. The emissions from the engine were also tested before and after the setup installation to estimate the environmental effects. The comparative results were also plotted.


This paper is devoted to the infrastructure issues arising from the ultrafast charging of electric vehicles in the timeframe of  5 minutes. To mitigate variances and peaks caused by high energy transfer rate and pulse-like load, an ultrafast charging station must be partially decoupled from the utility grid by the usage of intermediate energy buffers. The perspective charging station load and its management by intermediate buffering are analysed and discussed with a tentative design proposal.


The Treacy system, consisting of a pair of parallel transmissive diffraction gratings, is ordinarily used as a dispersion delay line for ultrashort laser pulses. The layer of free space bounded by these gratings represents the simplest isoplanar (invariant with respect to spatial shift) optical system. The pulse width in the region of the spatial chirp of the Treacy system is investigated, using the theory of isoplanar optical systems.


HIV-positive children and adolescents are at increased risk of both central nervous system (CNS) sequelae and mental disorders owing to a number of factors, including the impact of HIV infection on the brain, social determinants of health (e.g. poverty and orphanhood) and psychosocial stressors related to living with HIV. Every effort should be made to identify perinatally HIV-infected children and initiate them on antiretroviral therapy early in life. HIV clinicians should ideally screen for mental health and neurocognitive problems, as part of the routine monitoring of children attending antiretroviral clinics. This guideline is intended as a reference tool for HIV clinicians to support the early identification, screening and management of mental health disorders and/or CNS impairment in children and adolescents. This guideline covers mental disorders (section 1) and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (section 2) among children and adolescents.


Spatially extended dynamical systems are ubiquitous and include such things as insect and animal populations; complex chemical, technological, and geochemical processes; humanity itself, and much more. It is clearly desirable to have a certain universal tool with which the highly complex behaviour of nonlinear dynamical systems can be analyzed and modelled. For this purpose, cellular automata seem to be good candidates. In the present review, emphasis is placed on the possibilities that various types of probabilistic cellular automata (PCA), such as DSMC (direct simulation Monte Carlo) and LGCA (lattice-gas cellular automata), offer. The methods are primarily designed for modelling spatially extended dynamical systems with inner fluctuations accounted for. For the Willamowskii–Roessler and Oregonator models, PCA applications to the following problems are illustrated: the effect of fluctuations on the dynamics of nonlinear systems; Turing structure formation; the effect of hydrodynamic modes on the behaviour of nonlinear chemical systems (stirring effects); bifurcation changes in the dynamical regimes of complex systems with restricted geometry or low spatial dimension; and the description of chemical systems in microemulsions.


OBJECTIVE
The objective was to validate self-reported physical activity based on a daily activity record (DAR) with concurrent pedometer and 7-day physical activity-recall questionnaire data.

DESIGN
The design was a one-group descriptive correlational study.

SAMPLE
The sample consisted of 25 working women with a mean age of 39.8 years, 92% Caucasian, and 63% with a combined family income of 60,000 dollars or greater.

MEASUREMENTS
Three instruments: (a) DAR, a self-reported record of moderate or higher intensity physical activities including household, exercise, leisure, and occupational. Metabolic equivalent unit (MET) scores were calculated from the self-report data, (b) 7-day physical activity recall, and (3) Yamax pedometers (SW-701) measured number of steps.

RESULTS
MET scores based on the DAR (n=22) were strongly associated with both pedometer data (Spearman's rho=0.607, p=0.003) and 7-day physical activity-recall data (Spearman's rho=0.542, p=0.009).

CONCLUSION
The results of this validation study indicated a statistically significant correlation of self-reported physical activity (DAR) with pedometer values and 7-day physical activity-recall data. The DAR may be useful for measuring physical activity in community health programs and in community-based research.


Ameloblastoma is an uncommon odontogenic neoplasm that accounts for approximately 10% of all tumors originating from gnathic bones. Although its growth is localized, the tumor can also be infiltrative and persistent; however, its behavior is usually benign. The mandible is the most commonly affected site, and ameloblastoma is most frequently diagnosed between the fourth and fifth decades of life. In addition to a brief review of the literature, the present study discusses the clinical, imaging, histopathological and prognostic characteristics of these tumors by presenting two case reports. In these cases, the patients were aged 40 and 66 years, of different sexes and ethnicities and presented with the same complaint regarding localized and asymptomatic swelling. Both cases occurred in the posterior region (but on opposite sides) of the mandible. The patients were initially subjected to clinical examination and imaging of the face, followed by incisional biopsy to confirm (in both cases) the diagnosis of multicystic intraosseous ameloblastoma with a plexiform pattern. Both patients were treated by wide resection of the lesion (with safety margins), and only one patient experienced tumor recurrence. After 42 and 68 months of follow-up, the patients are still alive and show no signs of recurrence. Clinical and imaging findings aid in the differential diagnosis of ameloblastomas; however, histopathological evaluation is essential for its definitive diagnosis. Early diagnosis and precise detection of the borders to provide adequate safety margins during the surgical resection of the tumor are necessary to achieve successful treatment and recurrence-free survival for solid ameloblastomas.


This paper documents the compilation of a Pre-Prototype 2015 Social Accounting Matrix for Myanmar and provides an overview of key economic structural features of this emerging economy in a challenging process of transition. We built this Social Accounting Matrix using National Accounts and Supply and Use Table data as well as Balance of Payment data for the 2014-15 fiscal year together with Government Budget Statistics from the 2017 Statistical Yearbook. It provides a detailed representation of the Myanmar economy and identifies 43 activities and 43 commodities. We disaggregated labour by education attainment level and household income and expenditure by per capita expenditure quintiles for both urban and rural areas and farm and non-farm categories. The Social Accounting Matrix features government, investment, and foreign accounts and is a key database for conducting economy-wide impact assessments to strengthen the evidence underlying policy interventions.


The diverse biological actions of somatostatin (SRIF) are mediated by a family of receptors, of which five have been cloned and characterized. One of the SRIF receptor subtypes, SSTR2, has been shown to exist in two forms. SSTR2A and SSTR2B are 369 and 346 amino acids in size, respectively, and differ in length and amino acid sequence in their intracellularly located carboxyl termini. SSTR2A and SSTR2B are generated by alternative splicing of SSTR2 mRNA. We previously characterized mouse SSTR2A and showed that it could be distinguished from other cloned SRIF receptor subtypes by its high affinity for MK-678 and its lack of coupling to adenylyl cyclase. To determine whether the properties of mouse SSTR2A and SSTR2B differ, we have expressed both in COS-7 cells and characterized their ligand-binding properties and ability to couple to adenylyl cyclase. The two receptors exhibited similar affinities for a number of SSTR2-selective agonists such as MK-678. Pretreatment with SRIF of COS-7 cells expressing each receptor reduced high affinity agonist binding to both SSTR2A and SSTR2B, indicating that both receptors can be regulated. Furthermore, agonist binding to both receptors was reduced by GTP analogs and Na+, indicating that they both associate with G proteins. As shown previously, SSTR2A could not mediate SRIF inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation. In contrast, SSTR2B was coupled to adenylyl cyclase and was able to mediate SRIF inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation. Thus, SSTR2A and SSTR2B differ in their ability to couple to adenylyl cyclase. Because SSTR2A and SSTR2B differ only in the length and amino acid sequence of their carboxyl termini, these findings imply that the carboxyl-terminal 15 residues of SSTR2B may be involved in coupling this receptor to adenylyl cyclase.


This text is a compilation of genealogical information regarding 63 African-American "Buffalo Soldiers" enlisted in the U.S. Army. The entries include biographical notes, timelines, and transcripts of documents related to service in the military and life afterward. Index starts on page 520.


OBJECTIVE
To present a critical review and meta-analysis of studies evaluating the effects of physical therapy in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (PD), in terms of neurologic signs, activities of daily living (ADLs), and walking ability.

DATA SOURCES
Articles published from 1966 to May 1999 were compiled by means of MEDLINE, Cochrane register of controlled trials, and CINAHL using combinations of the key words Parkinson's disease, exercise, exercise therapy, physical therapy, and group training. References presented in relevant publications were also examined. Articles written in English, German, or Dutch were included.

STUDY SELECTION
Studies had to meet the following selection criteria: (1) patients with PD were included in the intervention study, (2) the effects of physical therapy (PT) were evaluated, (3) the study could be classified as true or quasi-experiment, and (4) the study was published in a journal or book.

DATA EXTRACTION
Two reviewers assessed independently the methodologic quality of the data of each included study. One reviewer extracted relevant meta-analysis data.

DATA SYNTHESIS
For each outcome measure the estimated effect size and the summary effect size (SES) were calculated, using fixed (ie, Hedges's g) and random effects models. The meta-analysis resulted in a significant homogeneous SES with regard to ADLs (.40; confidence interval [CI] = .17-.64) and stride length (.46; CI = .12-.82). The SES with regard to walking speed showed a significant heterogeneous SES, which remained significant after applying a random effects model (.49; CI = .21-.77). The SES with regard to neurologic signs was not significant (.22; CI = -.08 to .52). The small number of studies included and the shortcomings of the methodologic quality of these studies, however, bias the results of the present study.

CONCLUSIONS
The results of the present research synthesis support the hypothesis that Parkinson patients benefit from PT added to their standard medication.


In this work we present a planning and control method for a quadrotor in an autonomous drone race. Our method combines the advantages of both model-based optimal control and model-free deep reinforcement learning. We consider a single drone racing on a track marked by a series of gates, through which it must maneuver in minimum time. Firstly we solve the discretized Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation to produce a closed-loop policy for a simplified, reduced order model of the drone. Next, we train a deep network policy in a supervised fashion to mimic the HJB policy. Finally, we further train this network using policy gradient reinforcement learning on the full drone dynamics model with a low-level feedback controller in the loop. This gives a deep network policy for controlling the drone to pass through a single gate. In a race course, this policy is applied successively to each new oncoming gate to guide the drone through the course. The resulting policy completes a high-fidelity AirSim drone race with 12 gates in 34.89s (on average), outracing a model-based HJB policy by 33.20s, a supervised learning policy by 1.24s, and a trajectory planning policy by 12.99s, while a model-free RL policy was never able to complete the race.


ABSTRACTObjectives of the present study are to provide quantitative estimations of air pollution health impacts and monetary burden on people living in Agra city, the fourth most populated city in Uttar Pradesh, India. To estimate the direct health impacts of air pollution in Agra city during year 2002 to 2014, 'Risk of Mortality/Morbidity due to Air Pollution' model was used which is adopted from air quality health impact assessment software, developed by world health organization (WHO). Concentrations of NO2, SO2 and PM10 have been used to assess human health impacts in terms of attributable proportion of the health outcome as- annual number of excess cases of total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, hospital admission chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hospital admission respiratory disease and hospital admission cardiovascular disease and it was observed that attributable number of cases were 1325, 908, 155, 138, 1230 and 348 respectively in year 2002. However, after thirteen years these figures increased to 1607, 1095, 189, 167, 1568 and 394 respectively. From these results, it was observed that from 2002 to 2014, the attributable number of cases increased almost by 13.43 to 27.52%. As a result, the monetary cost burden due to air pollution related health effects also increased very highly; it was 67.99 million US$ in 2002, which transformed into 254.52 million US$ in 2014. In future, if air quality continues to follow current pollutant concentration trend, the monetary cost burden will reach a level of US$ 570.12 million in year 2020, which is not only a thoughtful matter but also a threatful matter and it signifies the importance of rectification measures for air quality in Agra city.


In this article we discuss how transnational motherhood is managed and experienced in contexts of uncertainty and conflicting pressures. We propose a conceptual approach and apply it to a specific case: female migration from Cape Verde to Europe and North America. The analysis is based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork conducted by the authors in Cape Verde and the diaspora over the past decade. We first address the ideal of and expectations towards transnational mothering in Cape Verde, relating these to local forms of kinship, fostering and household organisation. We demonstrate that lengthy separations between mothers and young children are socially constructed as a normal aspect of transnational lives: they are a painful necessity, but are not automatically assumed to be traumatic. In an ideal situation, the biological mother and the foster mother play complementary roles in what we describe as the transnational fostering triangle. Subsequently, we ask how transnational mothering is confronted by unforeseen incidents and obstacles, which we refer to as contingencies. We relate these contingencies to the negotiation of individual and collective ideas and aspirations. The Cape Verdean case is interesting in a comparative perspective because of the social acceptance of mother–child separation. Our analysis explores how this acceptance co-exists with the real-life challenges of transnational mothering.


In this Thesis the structural properties of galaxies using quantitative 2-dimensional bulge to disk decompositions are analysed across a range of environments and red- shifts. The study of morphological properties of galaxies is undergoing a significant progress since large galaxy surveys such as the Sloan Digital Sky Survey are producing a vast amounts of data enabling properties such as galaxy structure to be analysed on a statistical level. The wide-field imaging available today makes the studies of the nearby and high redshift environments comparable on a similar physical scale and depth. The advances in the theoretical studies and understanding the physics behind processes that govern galaxy formation and evolution make studies such as this one important since they provide basic estimates of galaxy structure that can be used to constrain the current theoretical models. By comparing the structural properties of bright cluster galaxies between z ~ 0.5 and present we are able to confirm that galaxies have undergone a high degree of evolution although the exact processes that govern this evolution still remain unresolved. In order to account for the evolution of z ~ 0.5 cluster spirals into present-day SOs a significant number of spiral galaxies (factor of 3) must have had their disks faded to make them drop .out of our magnitude limited sample. However, the structural properties between the faded-disk spirals and present day SOs are not consistent. One possibility is that the progenitor galaxies might have been accreted recently from the field and that these have also been previously pre-processed. The study of the structural properties of field galaxies has resulted in a potential evidence that galaxies in the field environment have an additional structural component or structural property that cannot be accounted for by the current 2- dimensional decomposition methods. This study has found that disks contribute about 3 times as much light as bulges to the total luminosity density of the local universe. Tighter constraints in terms of bulge and disk mass densities would help to constrain the current theoretical predictions.


The I2C or Inter-Integrated Circuit protocol is a serial communication protocol designed by Philip semiconductors now termed as NXP semiconductors. This paradigm has been proliferating its use in serial communication. I2C is a bidirectional 2-wire bus designed to enhance hardware efficiency and increase simplicity of the circuit. This protocol bolsters multiple masters (which is a limitation with SPI communication) and multiple slaves and also allows communication between faster and slower devices by a serial data bus (SDA) without data loss. The other line is Serial clock line (SCL) which transfers the data according to a synchronized clock which is a limitation for UART communication. Other types of communication protocols like USB, RS-422, RS-485, CAN etc. require more pin connections and signals for communication. The postulates of I2C over UART, SPI, USB and other protocols indicates I2C's significance in its use as communication protocol. This paper makes use of Verilog language in designing and Implementing I2C bus on FPGA (XC3S100E of SPATAN-3E) which acts as master, for interfacing with EEPROM (24C02) which acts as slave. This design makes use of Xilinx 14.2 version for design and Implementation.


Silicon tetrafluoride, SiF4, is a precursor of amorphous Si-F-H semiconductors, and Si-O-F thin solid films. It is used also for preparation of films and bulk samples of silicon isotopes 28Si, 29Si, 30Si. In this study we apply both spectroscopic and gas-chromatography methods for determination of some molecular impurities in SiF4.FTIR spectroscopy. The experimental setup included a vacuum FTIR spectrometer Bruker-120HR equipped with a 20 cm cell. The spectra in the range 4500-550 cm-1 have been recorded with a resolution of 10-2 cm-1. The following impurities were detected in SiF4 gas: HF (4150-3900 cm-1), H2O (3900-3600 cm-1 and 1650-1550 cm-1), SiF3OH (3800-3700 cm-1), CH4 and C2H6 (3000-2900 cm-1), CO2 (2380-2320 cm-1), SiH3F, SiF3H, and SiF2H2 (2200-2150 cm-1), Si2F6O (870-810 cm-1). The detection limit of these impurities is within the range 0,9 ppm (CO2) 10 ppm (Si2F6O).FTMW spectroscopy. The home-made phase-switching microwave spectrometer on coherence spontaneous radiation effect was applied, operating in the spectral region 115 - 183 GHz with a resolution of 10-6 cm-1. The analytic cell was a quartz tube with a length of 1 m. The absorption lines of impurities CHF3, CH2F2, and CH3F were detected. The detection limit of these Freon impurities is 10-1-10-2 ppm.Gas-chromatography. A home-made high-vacuum gas handling system as well as extra purification of commercial high-pure carrier gas was used. To avoid SiF4 in the flame-ionization detector chamber, it was eliminated by reaction with NaF. This method allowed to detect hydrocarbons C1-C4 (methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, iso-butane, butane) in SiF4 with detection limit (2-6)10-2 ppm.


Aim: To study the prevalence of cardiac manifestations in patients of dengue fever. Settings and Design: This cross-sectional study was done in a tertiary care hospital conducted for a period of 2 years from September 2016 to October 2018. Methods: Patients with complaints of fever and suspected to have dengue were subjected to dengue serology. Confirmed cases of dengue were then classified according to the World Health Organization criteria into dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome. The assessment of cardiac manifestations was done based on electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, and cardiac marker. The data was analyzed using statistical significance tests. Results: Out of 60 patients, 36 (60%) were male and 24 (40%) were female, and the male-to-female ratio was 1.5:1. The mean age of the patients was 38 ± 16.69 years. Patients of dengue fever, DHF, and dengue shock syndrome were 51, 7, and 2 respectively. The most common ECG abnormality was sinus bradycardia seen in 9 (15%) patients, followed by sinus tachycardia in 6 (10%) and ST-T changes in 5 (8.33%). Echocardiography was normal in 54 (90%) patients, systolic dysfunction was found in 4 (6.67%) patients, and pericardial effusion was found in 2 (3.33%) patients. Eight (13.33%) patients had abnormal creatine kinase-muscle/brain values. Conclusion: Cardiac manifestations are common in dengue fever, seen in one-third of the patients. Platelet counts < 100,000/mm3 and a higher hematocrit are more likely to be associated with cardiac manifestations.


This paper investigates the problem of event-triggered pinning control for the synchronization of networks of nonlinear dynamical agents onto a desired reference trajectory. The pinned agents are those that have access to the reference trajectory. We consider both static and switching topologies. We prove that the system is well posed and identify conditions under which the network achieves exponential convergence. A lower bound for the rate of convergence is also derived. Numerical examples demonstrating the effectiveness of the results are provided.


Back-transliteration based Input Method Editors are very popular for Indian Languages. In this paper we evaluate two such Indic language systems to help understand the challenge of designing a back-transliteration based IME. Through a detailed error-analysis of Hindi, Bangla and Telugu data, we study the role of phonological features of Indian scripts that are reflected as variations and ambiguity in the transliteration. The impact of word-origin on back-transliteration is discussed in the context of codeswitching. We also explore the role of word-level context to help overcome some of these challenges.


PURPOSE
Metallic materials such as tooth supplement or surgical clip lead to metal artifacts on the X-ray computed tomographic (CT) image. In this study, we have developed a new metal artifact reduction algorithm. To improve the image quality from metal artifacted data, our algorithm uses edge preserving interpolation method with BM3D smoothing algorithm. For evaluation, we used both real human dental data with metal artifacts and metal implemented phantom.

METHODS
Real metal artifacted data was obtained at Ewha womans university Mokdong hospital. Metal implemented phantom containing air, water, teflon, metalis made to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. With obtained projection data, metal part is extracted from the back-projection image. Once the metal location and size is obtained, all corrupted non-metal part is recovered using edge preserving wavelet interpolation. With interpolated data, reconstruct image with filtered back-projection. Apply BM3D to smooth the reconstructed image with edge preserving. BM3D is a state-of-art smoothing algorithm, which uses block information to get the similarity of the image. Replace the metal data from the smoothed image and continue doing this forward-and backward projection iteratively. Our algorithm is based on the iterative reconstruction algorithm combined with the wavelet based interpolation with edge preserving smoothing filter.

RESULTS
We compared the proposed algorithm with Filtered back-projection and iterative reconstruction algorithm with bilinear interpolation and Gaussian smoothing filter. For the evaluation, we used visual comparison, and quantitative comparison using student t-test. For the real data, there is no exact solution. Thus only visual comparison can be applied. For the phantom data, we did the quantitative error comparison as well as visual comparison. The proposed algorithm outperformed results in both real and phantom data.

CONCLUSION
We have developed a new CT reconstruction algorithm for metal artifact reduction and demonstrated its superiority compared with other algorithms.


ABSTRACT This paper is both a reflexive report on an attempt to operationalise 'doctorateness' in a specific case context and a synthesis of theory from the philosophy of education and curriculum design. Using the context of a new Professional Doctorate programme in Law (the DLaw) at a University in the North-East of England, it is an exploration of the conceptual framework of the students and the curriculum designer. All participants have consented to the use of their reflections and contribution to discussions, recognising the potential for them to be identified through publically available data about the programme and cohort members. This was the focus of discussion in the group and the decision –that whilst individuals are not directly identified, there has been no attempt to conceal the identity of the institution or programme – was made collaboratively. The paper articulates the particularity of the 'Category 3' doctorate and its position as a pathway for staff development and recognition (within post-1992 institutions in particular) as a way of setting the boundaries and context of what follows. Experiential data in this paper describes both my aspirations for the DLaw and how that initial model has been developed through dialogue with the first cohort of students as a vehicle for illuminating the theoretical discussions.


Randall is an unloved and unwanted orphan kennel boy at Arundel Castle. And then, one fateful day, he upsets the new Lord's mettlesome horse. Against the violent and turbulent backdrop of Norman England, Sutcliff tells the moving story of a young boy who is wagered and won in a game of chess between a lord and a minstrel...