Centripetalism is often perceived as a type of a political system for a multi-segmental, especially multi-ethnic, country in order to create among the members of the political elite of integrative and moderate political behavior cross-cutting segmental divisions which, reaching beyond group interests, depoliticize the segmental separateness and, in this manner, reduce their significance. One of the central institutions of centripetalism is decentralization leading to a division of large segments into smaller parts that inhabit different, ideally multi-segmental regions, thus inclining regional political elites of different segments to collaborate. Although both Nigeria and Indonesia have similar centripetal territorial structures, only Nigeria is a federation. This paper focuses on Nigerian centripetal federalism and its link to the so-called federal character principle that is mostly consociational in substance. Centripetal Federalism | 2


Real-time feedback has great potential for enhancing learning complex motor-skills by enabling people to correct their mistakes as they go. Multimodal real-time cues could provide reinforcement to inform players whether they are making the correct or incorrect movements at a given time. However, little is known about how best to communicate information in real-time so that people can readily perceive and apply it to improving their movement while learning complex motor-skills. This thesis addresses this gap in knowledge by investigating how real-time feedback can enhance learning to play the violin. It explores how haptic and visual feedback are perceived, understood and acted upon in real-time when engaged in the primary task of playing the violin. Prototypes were built with sensors to measure movement and either vibrations on the body or visual signals as feedback. Three in-the-wild user studies were conducted: one comparing visual and vibrotactile feedback for individual practice; one investigating shared feedback at a musical summer school; and one examining real-time feedback as part of a programme of learning at a high school. In-the-wild studies investigate users interacting with technology in a naturalistic setting, with all the demands that this entails. The findings show real-time feedback is effective at improving violin technique and can support learning in other ways such as encouraging mutual support between learners. The positive learning outcomes, however, need to be understood with respect to the complex interplay between the technology, demands of the setting and characteristics of individual learners. A conceptual framework is provided that outlines these interdependent factors. The findings are discussed regarding their applicability to learning other physical skills and the challenges and insights of using an in-the-wild methodology. The contribution of this thesis is to demonstrate empirically and theoretically how real-time vibrotactile and visual feedback can enhance learning a complex motor-skill.


Modelling fine sediment dynamics, including transport, deposition and re-suspension, is very complex. This led to studies that validate the modelled suspended particulate matter (SPM) based on in-situ measurements. While in-situ measurements are often sparse in time and space, satellite measurements provide us with higher spatial and temporal resolution. This information can be used to validate and enhance the model9s capability of predicting the spatial and temporal distribution of SPM. In this paper, the SPM retrieved from the MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) on board European Space Agency9s ENVISAT spacecraft is used to carry out a thorough calibration and validation of the SPM description provided by the Delft3DWAQ model of the Southern North Sea for the year 2007. In an uncertainty analysis framework, the key model parameters affecting the SPM distributions were first identified in predefined physical regions. The sensitivity of the model to slight changes in those parameters is tested and the spatial and temporal errors compared to remote sensing images were identified and a new set of parameters has been suggested and further subjected to uncertainty to define prediction intervals of the SPM distribution at a number of locations. The so-called adapted model has been validated against independent data and has shown a decrease in errors, particularly along the Dutch coast.


The Changing Landscape of the Academic Profession: The Culture of Faculty at For-Profit Colleges and Universities, by Vicente M. Lechuga. New York: Routledge, 2006. 176 pp. ISBN 0-415-97699-5. It was once commonly understood that a "faculty member" was a person with extensive formal knowledge and expertise, who had considerable autonomy in his or her job, had a role in institutional governance, and fulfilled three roles (i.e., teaching, research, and service). Now that definition fails to describe many faculty. Similarly, the term "faculty culture" no longer has much meaning outside the context of each particular institution. The previous commonalities of position and academic culture among the professoriate, at least in the United States, have greatly diminished. This is partly due to the much discussed and written about decline in state funding to public institutions. Public institutions are reexamining faculty roles and work conditions to find ways both to decrease the costs of faculty and to enable faculty to generate more money, thus replacing decreased public funding. Another less understood influence has been the enormous growth in for-profit institutions of higher education (IHEs). These institutions have defined the faculty role very differently from the traditional definition. Much less is known about the roles and lives of faculty in these institutions and the impact of their work conditions on the larger definition of the professoriate. In this book, Vicente M. Lechuga provides unique insights into the work life of faculty at these institutions. The book is based on the author's case study of four for-profit IHEs: two publicly traded institutions and two privately held institutions. Lechuga writes, "The underlying assumption of the study is based on the belief that two key factors influence faculty work and faculty culture at for-profit higher education institutions--the nature of the institution as a profit-making entity and faculty members' status as contingent employees" (p. 14). Faculty at the four institutions were studied in depth via a qualitative approach involving document review and hour-long interviews with a total of 51 faculty (21 part-time, 30 full-time) in six fields: business, education, information technology/communications, health sciences, social sciences, and general education. Lechuga emphasizes that he is neither bemoaning nor celebrating the rise of for-profit colleges and universities but rather wants to illuminate our understanding of them. This book begins by describing the changes higher education is undergoing as a result of the tremendous growth of for-profit IHEs. These institutions "are redefining the academy by treating education as a commodity, offering programs that focus specifically on job training, and exclusively employing contingent faculty members" (p. 8). The rise of for-profit IHEs has been astounding. In the late 1980s, only 19% of the two-year IHEs and 3% of the four-year IHEs were for-profit. By the late 1990s, only a decade later, these percentages had changed to 28% and 8%, respectively. Concurrently, the regard of for-profit IHEs has risen as they have increasingly become nationally and/or regionally accredited and have begun to offer programs similar to those in traditional IHEs. However, important features distinguish for-profit IHEs from traditional IHEs. Paramount is the belief that higher education is a private rather than a public good. For-profit IHEs emphasize specific job skills and increased competitiveness in the job market as the major benefit of higher education, rather than the development of broader skills necessary for critical thinking and citizenship in a democracy. …


For many years, U.S. and European case law has offered a negative and restrictive interpretation on the sampling of sound recordings. Courts have traditionally deemed sampling as an infringement on the copyrighted material (and in Europe the related rights), even if the sample lasted for less than 2 seconds. Several notable precedents have been published in the wake of the first ruling on sampling, published in 1989 in the U.S., all of which have confirmed this interpretation. However, more recently, four decisions have been published, two in the United States and two in Germany, which deviate from this line of jurisprudence. It is these decisions which will form the crux of the analysis within the present article. To outline them briefly, the TufAmerica and the VMG Salsoul rulings highlighted that the de minimis test applies to the sampling of trivial portions and thus liability is excluded in such situations. The German Goldrapper ruling of the Federal Supreme Court (BGH) and the Metall auf Metall III decision of the German Federal Constitutional Court (BVerfG) have also opened the doors for sampling in Continental European legal systems. The Goldrapper ruling focused on the length of the sample, whilst the BVerfG in Metall auf Metall III introduced a novel discourse based on fundamental rights, concluding that sampling functions as a practical example of artistic freedom. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether the ECJ will accept such an interpretation. However, this may become clearer in the not too distant future with a preliminary ruling being initiated by the BGH in June 2017. This article will analyze these four cases, as well as offering a view on the possible outcome of the preliminary ruling.


The mensurational attributes of culm basal diameter, weight and volume
(except for culm wall thickness) were found to be significantly affected by age. Initial
moisture content was observed to decrease while oven dry density increases
significantly with age and culm portion. Cold water, hot water and alkali solubles
were significantly influenced (p < 0.05) by the age and culm portion while the
holocellulose content increased significantly (p < 0.05) with age but remained almost
constant with culm height.
In the manufacture of single-layer urea formaldehyde particleboard, all the
board properties were observed to be significantly influenced at p < 0.05 by the main
factors of age, particle size, resin and wax content. For the three-layer particleboard,
the age of culm, core particle size and wax content had significant effects on all the
board properties. Single-layer melamine urea-formaldehyde particleboards manufactured from vanous age culms varied significantly (p < 0.05) in all the
mechanical and physical properties with age (except for internal bond), resin content,
particle size and wax addition. For three-layer particleboards, age showed significant
effects on all the board properties (except for modulus of rupture, modulus of
elasticity and screw withdrawal surface), while core particle size significantly
affected all the board properties. Wax addition improved the board dimensional
stability but decreased the mechanical properties (except for modulus of elasticity).
Bamboo-filled thermoplastic composite board properties varied significantly
with age of culm, particle size, filler loading and maleated anhydride polypropylene
addition. The bamboo density and its chemical properties affected some of the
particleboard properties but their influence on the final bonding of the board were
neglegible. However, bamboo-filled thermoplastic composite board properties were
not affected by the variation in the chemical composition of the material. Regardless
of age of bamboo, the bamboo particles were found to be suitable materials for the
manufacture of particleboards and thermoplastic composites.


The retinal directional effect of several subjects was measured. Flicker brightness matches were made using monochromatic lights. The experiment was performed in two parts. The first measured the Stiles–Crawford effect across only the central 6 mm of the pupil. Objective statistical methods were used to derive the best-fitting parabolas by least-squares criteria. Variances of the data were calculated from the replications and indices of goodness of fit were derived. On these grounds, the parabola was found to be unacceptable. The second part of the experiment included replicate matches made at points across the entire width of the dilated pupil. Similar methods were again used to derive the best-fitting gaussian and parabolic functions. The gaussian proved to be statistically acceptable as a description of the change of brightness with position of pupil entry while the parabola did not. The consequences of accepting the gaussian function are far-reaching. It is argued that the shape of the Stiles–Crawford-effect curve as measured across the pupil is the result of the normal distribution of cone angulations, each cone having inherent directional sensitivity. It follows from this that the directional sensitivity of individual cones cannot be as broad as the observed Stiles–Crawford-effect curve. It is probable that the individual cone will accept energy incident upon it within only a very small angle from its long axis.


The use phase of the lifecycle of electrical products has a significant environmental impact, mainly determined by the consumer's behaviour. Many consumers do not make the link between their daily consumption behaviour in the household and environmental problems such as climate change. In the 21st century, the residential sector, together with transport and industry, is one of the largest man-made contributors in the UK to climate change. It is argued that technological innovations, current eco-efficient products and consumer education have been ineffective in creating the long term radical behavioural change needed to reduce the impact of product use. Products, as the interface between consumers and consumption activities, have the potential to influence the way in which consumption occurs. In the sustainable design field however, designer responsibility traditionally considers raw material selection and product disposal. There is limited work that addresses the environmental impacts relating directly to use behaviour of the product.
This paper illustrates that user behaviour studies can be the preliminary step for designers to improve energy efficiency of products. A single product type, household cold appliance, was chosen as a case to explore the capacity of designer-conducted user study to identify unsustainable aspects of product use. Adopting a user-centred approach, two pilot studies were used to gain an insight into domestic fridge and freezer use in the UK. Qualitative ethnographical research methods were employed to investigate the daily practices and "real" needs of user as well as the connection between the knowledge, attitudes, intention and actual action. The design suggestions drawn from the user behaviour analysis provide examples of how energy impact level of the interaction with the product can be reduced through design. Keywords:
User-Centred Research; Sustainable Product Design; Changing Consumer Behaviour; Design Research; Household Energy Consumption; Household Cold Appliance.


New geochronologic data from basement rocks support the interpretation that the Argentine Precordillera (Cuyania) terrane was rifted from the Ouachita embayment of the Iapetan margin of Laurentia. New data from the Ozark dome show a range of ages in two groups at 1466 ± 3 to 1462 ± 1 Ma and 1323 ± 2 to 1317 ± 2 Ma, consistent with existing data for the Eastern Granite-Rhyolite province and Southern Granite-Rhyolite province, respectively. Similarly, a newly determined age of 1364 ± 2 Ma for the Tishomingo Granite in the Arbuckle Mountains confirms previously published analyses for this part of the Southern Granite-Rhyolite province. Along with previously reported ages from basement olistoliths in Ordovician slope deposits in the Ouachita embayment, the data for basement ages support the interpretation that rocks of the Southern Granite-Rhyolite province form the margin of Laurentian crust around the corner of the Ouachita embayment, which is bounded by the Ouachita rift and Alabama-Oklahoma transform fault. In contrast, both west and east of the corner of the Ouachita embayment, Grenville-Llano basement (approximately 1325–1000 Ma) forms the rifted margin of Laurentia. New U/Pb zircon data from basement rocks in the southern part of the Argentine Precordillera indicate crystallization ages of 1205 ± 1 Ma and 1204 ± 2 Ma, consistent with previously reported ages (approximately 1250–1000 Ma) of basement rocks from other parts of the Precordillera. These data document multiple events within the same time span as multiple events in the Grenville orogeny in eastern Laurentia, and are consistent with Grenville-age rocks along the conjugate margins of the Precordillera and Laurentia. Ages from one newly analyzed collection, however, are older than those from other basement rocks in the Precordillera. These ages, from granodioritic-granitic basement clasts in a conglomerate olistolith in Ordovician slope deposits, are 1370 ± 2 Ma and 1367 ± 5 Ma. These older ages from the Precordillera are consistent with indications that the Iapetan margin in the Ouachita embayment of Laurentia truncated the Grenville front and left older rocks of the Southern Granite-Rhyolite province (1390–1320 Ma) at the rifted margin. Chronostratigraphic correlations of synrift and post-rift sedimentary deposits on the Precordillera and on the Texas promontory of Laurentia document initial rifting in the Early Cambrian. Previously published data from synrift plutonic and volcanic rocks in the Wichita and Arbuckle Mountains along the transform-parallel intracratonic Southern Oklahoma fault system inboard from the Ouachita embayment document crystallization ages of 539–530 Ma. New data from synrift volcanic rocks in the Arbuckle Mountains in the eastern part of the Southern Oklahoma fault system yield ages of 539 ± 5 Ma and 536 ± 5 Ma, confirming the age of synrift volcanism.


Luck egalitarianism — the theory that makes individual responsibility central to distributive justice, so that bad luck underwrites a more compelling case for redistribution than do the bad choices of the disadvantaged — has recently come under a sustained attack from critics who are deeply committed to the broader struggle for equality. These egalitarian critics object, first, that luck egalitarianism's policy recommendations are often unappealing. Second, they add that luck egalitarianism neglects the deep political connection between equality and non-subordination, in favor of a shallowly distributive regime. This Article argues that both objections to luck egalitarianism have been exaggerated. Insofar as the criticisms are accurate, they apply only to a particular, maximalist strand of luck egalitarianism, whose distributive principle does not merely adjust allocations in light of responsibility but instead proposes that allocations should precisely track responsibility. However, this responsibility-tracking view does not represent the best or truest development of the basic luck egalitarian ideal. Moreover, the pathologies of the responsibility-tracking view help to cast the appeal of more judicious luck egalitarianism into sharp relief. The redistributive policies that more moderate developments of luck egalitarianism recommend are less objectionable than critics have supposed. And, more importantly, such modest luck egalitarianism is not a purely distributive ideal but instead contains, at its core, a vision of political solidarity among free and equal citizens.


The utilization of 3D printing technology within the manufacturing process creates an environment that is potentially conducive to malicious activity. Previous research in 3D printing focused on attack vector identification and intellectual property protection. This research develops and implements malicious code using Printrbot's branch of the open source Marlin 3D printer firmware. Implementations of the malicious code were activated based on a specified printer command sent from a desktop application. The malicious firmware successfully ignored incoming print commands for a printed 3D model, substituted malicious print commands for an alternate 3D model, and manipulated extruder feed rates. The research contribution is three-fold. First, this research provides an initial assessment of potential effects malicious firmware can have on a 3D printed object. Second, it documents a potential vulnerability that impacts 3D product output using 3D printer firmware. Third, it provides foundational grounding for future research in malicious 3D printing process activities.


Due to the finite nature of mineral phosphorus reserves, effective management of anthropogenic phosphorus flows is currently under investigation by the international research community. This article emphasizes the importance of urban phosphorus flows, which are often marginalized due to the greater magnitude of agricultural phosphorus flows. A study on phosphorus flows in Gothenburg, Sweden, points out the potential role of solid waste in nutrient management, as the amounts of phosphorus in solid waste and in wastewater were found to be equal. Importation of food commodities accounts for 50% of the total inflow of phosphorus, and food waste is a major contributor of phosphorus to solid waste. The results suggest that solid waste incineration residues represent a large underestimated sink of phosphorus. Focusing on wastewater as the sole source of recovered phosphorus is not sufficient. The Swedish national goal on phosphorus recycling, which is limited to sewage sludge, targets only a part of the total phosphorus flow that can potentially be recovered. In contrast to previous studies, agricultural flows in Gothenburg were marginal compared to flows related to the urban waste management infrastructure. We emphasize the need for debate on preferable routes for disposal of waste with a high phosphorus content. Both recovery potential and usefulness of the recovered product for agricultural purposes have to be considered. Impacts of five waste management strategies on phosphorus flows were evaluated: incineration of all the waste, comprehensive food waste separation, installation of kitchen grinders, urine diversion, and separation of blackwater and food waste.


In the past, IT was only marginally affected by regulatory matters. Today, however, IT is in the middle of a whirlwind of corporate governance reforms. New standards for internal controls are affecting almost every aspect of IT work. These, in turn, have significant implications on how IT is managed and on IT costs and productivity. For example, many IT organizations have been so involved in developing and implementing Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) procedures that very little has actually been accomplished for the business itself. This paper explores how new compliance frameworks and governance reforms, mandated by governments and/or industry groups, are changing IT work. It examines what IT managers perceive to be most significant issues these reforms present IT in their particular organizations. This paper is not designed to provide detailed information about IT controls and how to achieve them. Instead, it is intended to be a general introduction to the changing expectations of IT and how these are affecting IT work, structure and governance. It looks at the new effects regulatory issues are having in IT, and then examines the key issues IT managers face in an increasingly regulated environment. Next, it identifies the key areas within IT that are affected and the types of activities that need to be addressed by managers in order to achieve effective controls. Finally some recommended good practices are presented. The authors conclude that there is no question that new laws and regulations governing organizations, their finances and their information are having a huge impact on IT. IT managers are struggling to implement new controls and document existing ones, while still ensuring business as usual and trying to develop the new systems their companies need. The world is requiring IT to become thoroughly professional about what it does. The IT of the future will therefore of necessity be increasingly controlled, standardized and bureaucratized. It remains to be seen whether or not management will be able to use this "new and improved" IT for competitive advantage.


Automotive Route Guidance Systems are being marketed and tested around the world. These systems provide easy-to-follow, step-by-step instructions to guide a driver to any location in a metropolitan region, typically taking real-time traffic information into account in determining routes. The realization of some social benefits from IVHS do not arise directly from Route Guidance Systems, however, and in some cases may conflict with individual travel preferences. Some social benefits may result from reducing dependence on private automobile travel altogether, not merely optimizing individual trips. The delicate balance is achieved by producing the general social benefits without discouraging the commercial investment that is critical for IVHS to succeed. The thesis of this paper is that such a balance can be achieved only through the establishment of a widespread public/private travel information network that encompasses multi- and inter-modal traveler information. The information must be made available in private, commercial, and transit vehicles, at home, in hand, and at the office.


Access to digital, interactive ICTs has emerged as a means to implement changes in social welfare provision, which are currently promoted across Europe as part of e-government initiatives. Access to digital, interactive media is essential to achieve access to e-public service information and welfare support. This chapter questions technology-centred claims and dominant generalisations in public policy debates about older (non-) users of ICTs, who are major users of public services. It draws on a qualitative study of dynamics of media use among vulnerable older people living in sheltered homes in London, and the attitudes of tenants and care workers towards the internet and the electronic provision of health care information and support. The findings of the study question blanket labels of older people as uninterested and unable to learn to use ICTs due to barriers relating to their chronological age. This chapter argues that the defining and positioning of older people as uninterested and/or unable can misdirect policy attention and provision. The overall message of the reported study highlights a need to abandon the technology-centric focus in policy development and take a broader, interdisciplinary perspective on the diversity of users, their social material and cultural circumstances their needs and wishes, and their everyday practices of media (and) services use.


This paper looks at the origins and limits of EU health law and policy. The main questions asked are whether EU health law is expanding and how; whether it operates within fixed limits; and whether healthcare is a special case in EU integration. Special attention is paid to the emergence of a specific legal basis in Article 168 TFEU alongside the general internal market provisions of the EU, and its sector-specific subsidiarity provision which suggests healthcare was at least intended to be a special case: a policy largely reserved to the national level. In practice however the EU competence in this field is expanding not only as a matter of negative integration (striking down conflicting national rules to promote the internal market), but also in terms of cooperation between the Member States. Finally the recent impact of general financial curbs on the welfare State (such as are imposed in the context of the European semester) show that in spite of national efforts to retain control over healthcare, such control is in fact steadily eroded. The result is less the emergence of a unified EU policy than a complex system of partial overlapping national and EU competences that may come both come into conflict and complement each other.


As food industries contribute the most in ascending the socio-economic status of the nation, it is mandatory as well as a necessity to uplift and maintain the food industry. But the major problem faced is spoiling of food which possibly will lead to reduced availability of food. Though, multiple precautions are being taken to reduce the loss due to spoilage, such as using chemical based preservatives, treatment with antimicrobial formulations, low temperature treatment. But they are accompanied with some disadvantages too, like increase in cost of the product, side effects, high maintenance, increase blood pressure etc. Hence, the potential solution for the food spoilage can be the use of biosurfactants, which are derived from edible food products (mainly focusing on food products containing Lactobacillus, and further it can be checked to exhibit the antimicrobial potential, due to which it can efficiently be used in food preservation, thereby proving as a bane to the food industry. Therefore, various tests for toxicity can also be implemented to check any toxic effects, if caused by the obtained biosurfactants. Thus, a negative toxicity test will render the biosurfactant for consumption.


Background and goals Growth retardation is one of the most important signs of childhood celiac disease (CD); however, it is not very well known whether craniofacial growth is also affected. We aimed to carry out a detailed craniofacial morphological study to derive a conclusion on the craniofacial features of children with CD. Participants and methods Eighty-four 2–16-year-old children with biopsy-proven CD and 84 age-matched and sex-matched healthy children were included. Of these, 37 children (44.0%) had been newly diagnosed and 47 (56.0%) were on a gluten-free diet. Anteroposterior and lateral photographs were evaluated using the Scion Image software program for the measurements of the distances between reference points on the face. Results Except for nasofrontal angle (nfa), nasolabial angle (nla), pronasale height (prnh), nasal dorsum height (ndh), and nasal radix height (nrh), all measurements were significantly greater in patients compared with controls. In celiac children, all facial proportions except forehead/face height (t-gl/t-gn) and nose length/face height (n-ns/t-gn) were significantly different from those of controls. Except for nla, prnh, ndh, nrh, t-gl/t-gn, face height to total face height ratio (sn-gn/t-gn), n-sn/t-gn, ear length to face height ratio (s-sba/t-gn), and face width to face height ratio (z-z/t-gn), all measurements were statistically different in those on a gluten-free diet and newly diagnosed children. Conclusion Most of the facial measurements and proportions of celiac children were different from those of controls. Our data confirm those of a previous study reporting that the forehead proportion is not altered in childhood CD. Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these alterations are not clear but disruptions of growth during certain critical periods may be responsible.


This paper introduces a novel joint based on a friction connection designed for column‐splices. The joint was developed within the scope of modular construction to improve the fast assembly of prefabricated frames and to accommodate eventual misalignments. Gaps at the connection are considered on the joint horizontal and vertical axis to accommodate misalignments whether they are rotations and/or displacements and so to allow for the easy fit of the columns. The efficiency of the joint resistance based on different connection gaps subjected to uniform compression is assessed.


In reflecting on the Christological statements in Nostra Aetate , §4 and on their implications, both the strongest link between Christians and Jews and their deepest difference have become apparent to Christian theology. The essential Christian conviction that the crucified and risen Jesus Christ is the Messiah and beyond that the Incarnate Son of God is not only denied by Jews, but is incomprehensible for them. Jewish objections have caused Christian theology to ask whether it is possible for it to say something positive as regards Jewish hope in the Messiah, a hope which also says "no" to Christians' faith in Christ. The Pontifical Biblical Commission picked up on this question in a positive way in its text of the year 2001, The Jewish People and Their Sacred Scriptures in the Christian Bible . In addition, Jewish criticism of the Christian idea of the Incarnation, not least in discussions of shituf ("association"), has brought a new awareness of the importance for Christian-Jewish dialogue of the teaching of the Council of Chalcedon on the preservation of the character of each nature unified in Christ.


Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) or micro total analysis system (muTAS) technology requires precise control of minute amounts of liquid. Moving liquids in small capillaries requires bulky expensive external pumps that defy the purpose of microfabrication. By integrating a micropump into the device, it allows the system to be transportable, reliable, energy efficient and inexpensive. This system encompasses a solid-state AC electroosmotic pump for the manipulation of liquid containing cells or molecules. This paper reports extensively on the investigation of the pumping ability of the solid state array with KCl solution. Fluorescent beads of 500 nm where used as tracer to monitor the fluid velocity. Two different array geometries were investigated as well as different material for the electrodes. Dielectorphoretic trapping of nanoparticles and cells was achieved. This paper will discuss the inherent problem of an AC electroosmosis driven micropump for lab on chip applications as well as the fluid flow yield in both directions and magnitude in correlation with electric field intensity and frequency.


By executive order, the US has adopted an immigration policy that looks remarkably similar to a Muslim ban, and there are new threats to deport long-settled residents, such as the so-called Dreamers. Our defunct refugee system has not dealt adequately with increased refugee flows, forcing desperate people to undertake increasingly risky measures in efforts to reach safe havens. Meanwhile increased migration flows over recent years appear to have contributed to a rise in right-wing populism, apparently driving phenomena such as Brexit and Trumpism. In this original and insightful book Gillian Brock offers answers and tools that assist us in evaluating current migration policy and in helping to determine which policies may be permissible and which are normatively indefensible. She offers a comprehensive framework for responding to the many challenges which have recently emerged, and for delivering justice for people on the move along with those affected by migration.


The article is devoted to a problem of formation of new system of social service, relevant for Russia, covering a general population. In these conditions the new tasks are set for management of social work. They are connected with creation and introduction in practice of social work of new technologies of work with elderly people who will be directed not only to the solution of the existing social problems, but promoting involvement of pensioners in a "active" old age. At the description of regional experiment of Krasnoyarsk Region on introduction of innovative technologies the analysis and synthesis, logical and complex approaches are used to assessment of level of social service of the elderly. In work, it is shown that the faces of the senior generation are the unprotected social group of the population of Russia. By the way it is added also the financial problems. As a solution of this problem, innovative approach is offered to the organization of social service of the elderly in management of social work of Krasnoyarsk Region. The regional experience will promote the choice of optimal model of management of social work.


As a critical theory, feminisms and feminist legal theory challenge existing norms. Of necessity, the values behind this methodology must in turn be critiqued. Feminist methodology, essentialism is dependent on the experience of women, distilled into a particular type of woman for academic ease. Gender is only one of the defining traits of a woman. Depending on the specificities of the context, other traits will impact on the life experiences of a woman and how she experiences discriminatory practices. In a context where a particular racial group do not form the dominant culture, race will be an important defining trait. Therefore to be a Black woman in the Western world will shape a woman's experience of discrimination. To be a Black African woman in the West will also further determine the types of discrimination suffered in addition to gender discrimination which must be differentiated from the experiences of Black Western women and White Western woman. These experiences affect the realisation of women's human rights. Discrimination suffered by an African woman as a woman in Africa is contextually specific. It is identified as culturally specific. Yet, culturally identified or determined gender discrimination is arguably no more than the location of institutionalised gender discrimination in the private sphere. It is considered a cultural problem because the positionality of the dominant theory of feminism, which is Western, locates alien cultures as other and separates the experiences of women in that culture. The location of such gender based institutional discrimination primarily within a cultural sphere places it firmly within the cultural relativist paradigm which challenges the universality of human rights, including women's human rights, and further detaches gender based discrimination from the rights discourse. Therefore, not only is race peripheral to feminisms, culture, or the manifestation of culturally identified gender discrimination, is also marginalised. The separation of women from each other based on factors such as race, class and ethnicity limits the potential of feminist legal approaches to the promotion and protection of women's human rights. Feminist legal theory can promote, protect and assure all women's human rights if it is inclusive and if it is representative. To be representative, the manifestations of racial and cultural discrimination must form an integral part of the theory.


Past glacier fluctuations provide insight into glacier dynamics, climate change, and the contribution of glaciers to sea-level rise. Here, the length fluctuations since the 19th century of 18 local glaciers in West and South Greenland are presented, extending and updating the study by Weidick (1968). The studied glaciers all showed an overall retreat with an average of 1.2 ± 0.2 km over the 20th century, indicating a general rise of the equilibrium line along the west coast of Greenland during the last century. Furthermore, the average rate of retreat was largest in the first half of the 20th century.


The thesis investigates how social norms are enforced. It consists of two parts. The first part establishes the concept of "realistic constraints for moral theory" based on the "ought implies can principle". Different notions of feasibility lead to different degrees of moral realism. Game theory and computational modelling are the appropriate instruments to determine feasibility constraints for realistic moral theory. They allow for a dynamic perspective on norm enforcement, in contrast to more static approaches. The thesis discusses the use of computational models and game theory from a philosophy-of-science point of view. I conclude that computational models and game theory can inform moral theory if they are understood as sources of realistic constraints. The second part uses two agent-based models to explain the enforcement of social norms. In the first model, agents play one-shot, two-person prisoner's dilemmas. Before the game, agents have a better than random chance to predict which strategy the others are going to play. Cooperative agents do well if they are able to pool their information on the strategies of others and exclude defectors. The second model analyses repeated multi-person prisoner's dilemmas with anonymous contributions. The players are situated in a social space represented by a graph. Agents can influence with whom they are going to play in future rounds by severing ties. Cooperative agents do well because they are able to change the interaction network structure. I conclude by connecting the findings with debates in moral philosophy and evolutionary theory. The results obtained have implications not only for the emergence of cooperation and social norms literature, but also for theories of altruism, research on social network formation, and recent inquiries by behavioural economists into the effects of group identity.


Anuran amphibians use acoustic communication mainly during their courting and mating rituals. In the course of evolution four different vocal mechanisms have developed. Except for the reduced laryngeal calling mechanism of the genus Pipidae, Anurans generate sound signals by means of an airstream. The production is based on a coordinated interaction between mouth, larynx and, if necessary, the trunk musculature, which, in turn, are controlled by premotor and motor areas of the vocal pathway. The current scientific knowledge of the neuronal interconnectivity within the vocal pathway is based on neuro-anatomical studies of the aberrant species Xenopus laevis (Pipidae), in which conflicting statements of the connectivity between the vocal pattern generator and the vocal pacemaker exists. The aim of this study was to investigate the vocal pathway of the pedomorphic Bombina orientalis, with special emphasis on the role of afferent input to the praetrigeminal nucleus.

As a first step c-fos staining method, a marker of activity-dependent immediate early gene expression, was used to map brain activity of calling males. Acoustic signals of conspecific advertising calls lead to c-fos expression in neurons in the whole brain, especially in acoustic, premotoric, sensomotoric, modulating and limbic brain regions. Brains of calling males exhibit stained neurons in the anterior preoptic nucleus, localized in the dorsal part. The posterior preoptic nucleus showed an increase of stained cell bodies as well, whereas its involvement in call triggering could not be determined due to the small number of experimental animals.

The connectivity of vocal areas was analyzed with different tracer methods. Tracer applications into the pretrigeminal nucleus (vocal pattern generator) revealed no direct projection from the anterior preoptic nucleus (vocal pacemaker), but instead from the tegmentum, infundibulum and the raphe nucleus. This staining further suggests a contact at the dendritic arborisations, except for the tegmentum, which projects presumably directly to the soma via a fiber tract. Trace application into the preoptic area confirms that the pattern generator and vocal pacemaker are connected through relay stations, probably the infundibulum and the tegmentum. The tegmentum shows reciprocal connections to both vocalization areas and to the infundibulum, so that a role as an audio-vocal interface is evident.

Another brain structure, which has an indirect influence on the vocal system, is comprised of the habenulares nuclei. Tracer applications to this area revealed afferent and efferent connections to numerous nuclei in all parts of the brain, e.g. the raphe nucleus, the preoptica area, the tegmentum and infundibulum. The habenulares nuclei modulate the vocal system through a dopaminergic and serotoneric system, although many functions remain ambiguous within the vocal system.


The allegorical exegetic tradition was arguably the most popular form of literary criticism in antiquity. Amongst the ancient allegorists we encounter a variety of names and philosophic backgrounds spanning from Pherecydes of Syros to Proclus the Successor. Many of these writers believed that Homer's epics revealed philosophical doctrines through the means of hyponoia or 'undermeanings' . Within this tradition was a focus on cosmological, cosmogonical and theological matters which attracted a variety of commentators despite their philosophical backgrounds. It is the intention of this paper to draw attention to two writers: Heraclitus, and Porphyry of Tyre. This paper also intends to demonstrate that the tradition of cosmic allegorical exegesis is still practiced in modern scholarship.


In this work we seek to better understand the mechanisms governing pulse voltage trimming in disordered conductor-insulator composites. Therefore, we investigate the effect of the composition of thick-film resistors (TFRs) on sensitivity to high voltage pulses. We investigate four series of RuO2-based TFRs: two different glass compositions and two different RuO2 grain sizes. For each combination of glass and grain size, different RuO2 concentrations are studied. It is thought that the grain size influences the sensitivity of a TFR to voltage-trimming, but we show here that the volume fraction of conducting phase relative to its critical concentration is the essential factor governing trimming sensitivity. We also study the effect of the firing temperature on the sensitivity to voltage trimming and show that it decreases with increasing firing temperature.


Introduction Screening for adolescent substance use can assist with the early identification of substance-related problems and guide the provision of appropriate services. As such, psychometrically sound screening tools are needed. The aim of this study was to compare the reliability of the CRAFFT, Global Appraisal of Individual Needs-Short Screener (GAIN-SS) substance use subscale and Personal Experience Screening Questionnaire (PESQ) among adolescents from disadvantaged communities in Cape Town, South Africa. Methods Adolescents aged 12–19 years (n = 231) completed the three screeners at two points in time. Results Findings show that all three of the screeners had adequate internal consistency (Cronbach α ≥ 0.8). Test-retest reliability was similar for all three screeners, with intraclass correlation coefficient values slightly higher for the PESQ (0.82, 95% CI: 0.77–0.86) than for the GAIN-SS substance use subscale (0.79, 95% CI: 0.73–0.84) and CRAFFT (0.76; 95% CI: 0.66–0.83). Kappa values indicated that the GAIN-SS substance use subscale and CRAFFT had moderate levels of agreement, while the PESQ had substantial levels of agreement for identifying those who had moderate or higher substance use risks at Time 1 and Time 2. Conclusion The findings indicate that all of these short screeners seem to have acceptable reliability when used in this population. All of the three screeners are appropriately reliable when used with adolescents from disadvantaged communities in Cape Town, but the PESQ performed slightly better. Future studies should also include the assessment of validity of these screeners in this context.


Recent research on the management of conflict in tropical fisheries indicates that flexible local institutions supported and recognised by government form an integral part of fisheries management and are crucial to the successful management and resolution of conflicts. But what happens when such institutions do not exist or are not fully matured? Evidence from the Turks and Caicos Islands shows that in some circumstances factors other than institutional formation are equally important. Based on data collected in the Turks and Caicos Islands between 1999-2000, this paper describes the constraints to fisheries management on small islands and then analyses how conflicts are managed and resolved. The paper finds that, although a number of institutional structures are found on the islands, social capital is also a very important component in the process of conflict management. The analysis of social capital is now popular in the social sciences, but has rarely been applied to fisheries management issues.


This article returns to the origins of the case memorable in the pages of Les Cahiers de la bande dessinee and revisits the debates between Pierre Sterckx and Benoit Peeters over the relationship between single panels and narrative, which were articulated around a conceptual tension between linear and tabular. It proposes that the concept of the 'memorable panel' pinpoints important issues concerning the recirculation of single images, isolated from their contexts, and the discourse of memory that becomes associated with them. A close reading of Olivier Josso Hamel's Au travail, in which the cartoonist redraws his own set of memorable panels, further calls for a reconsideration of Sterckx's concept in the light of a creative practice that intimately engages with the memory of such panels in a complex relationship to their original narratives.


Salmonellae cause diseases both in cold-blooded and in warm-blooded. To date, thousands
of serotypes have been identified belonging to Salmonella enterica and each of these shows
different host range and pathogenicity. Therefore, it is of primary importance to understand the
molecular (genetic) basis of host-specificity within serotypes of this species.
In this work, we have performed a structural and functional analysis of the genome of one
of such Salmonella enterica host-restricted serotypes: serotype Abortusovis (strain SS44). The
structural analysis was accomplished throughout the whole genome sequencing using the 454
sequencing technology. We obtained the sequence, analysed it, and compared it with other
sequenced genomes. Also, using physical maps and macro-restrictions, we described genome
plasticity and structural variation among strains. Plasticity was shown to be high in strains
harbouring the IS1414 insertion sequence. Furthermore, two groups of strains displayed large
rearrangements within Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands, that are loci otherwise conserved.
Finally, functional aspects have been also valuated in this work. The role of plasmidencoded
effectors has been observed using an experimental model of infection in lambs, and, in
vitro, in phagocytic cells (THP-1). This allowed to identify and characterise a fragment of the SS44
strain virulence plasmid (pSS44) which seems to encode genes with a role in dampering the
inflammatory host response.


We study meromorphic actions of unipotent complex Lie groups on compact
K\"ahler manifolds using moment map techniques. We introduce natural stability
conditions and show that sets of semistable points are Zariski-open and admit
geometric quotients that carry compactifiable K\"ahler structures obtained by
symplectic reduction. The relation of our complex-analytic theory to the work
of Doran--Kirwan regarding the Geometric Invariant Theory of unipotent group
actions on projective varieties is discussed in detail.

 Comment: v2: 30 pages, final version as accepted by EPIGA


We developed a new apoptosis imaging probe with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). A near-infrared fluorescence dye was attached to AuNP surface through the bridge of peptide substrate (DEVD). The fluorescence was quenched in physiological conditions due to the quenching effect of AuNP, and the quenched fluorescence was recovered after the DEVD had been cleaved by caspase-3, the enzyme involved in apoptotic process. The adhesion of DEVD substrates on AuNP surface was accomplished by conjugation of the 3,4-dihydroxy phenylalanine (DOPA) groups which are adhesive to inorganic surface and rich in mussels. This surface modification with DEVD substrates by DOPA groups resulted in increased stability of AuNP in cytosol condition for hours. Moreover, the cleavage of substrate and the dequenching process are very fast, and the cells did not need to be fixed for imaging. Therefore, the real-time monitoring of caspase activity could be achieved in live cells, which enabled early detection of apoptosis compared to a conventional apoptosis kit such as Annexin V-FITC. Therefore, our apoptosis imaging has great potential as a simple, inexpensive, and efficient apoptosis imaging probe for biomedical applications.


After having almost completely vanished from The Netherlands by the 19th century, from the 1970s onwards the Great Egret is increasing in numbers again, particularly in the newly created wetland of Oostvaardersplassen. During the first 25 years, the rate of re-colonisation has been extremely low, the resident population never exceeding five breeding pairs. From 2000 onwards, however, following the extension of the surface area of shallow marshland, the number of breeding birds increased to 45 pairs. This paper deals with the feeding ecology of the Great Egret during 1976–99, when numbers were at a low level. Individual differences in food choice and feeding habits were studied in order to gain insight into the key factors for establishing and maintaining a healthy population. Observations on foraging birds were carried out during 1987–92. The birds foraged mostly within the reserve. From March to July they preferred foraging in ditches, changing to Reed borders of shallow pools and dry grasslands from August onwards. In the ditches, Three-spined Stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus, other small fishes and tadpoles were the main prey (91.4% of all prey items). In the shallow water bodies the egrets caught almost exclusively sticklebacks, and in grasslands Common Voles Microtus arvalis. One bird was observed feeding near fishing boats, taking Perch Perca fluviatilis and Roach Rutilus rutilus of 10–20 cm length. When feeding on sticklebacks, a Great Egret had to forage for 1.5 to 3 hours to fulfil its daily needs. When scavenging on larger fish around fishing boats only 15 minutes sufficed, but the energy expenditure was likely to be higher due to commuting flights and inter-specific competition with Grey Herons Ardea cinerea. However, for the majority of Great Egrets the shallow and transparent water in ditches and pools with a high abundance of young sticklebacks and some coverage with emergent vegetations proved to be the most profitable feeding habitat. The decisive factor underlying the spectacular increase in recent years has probably been the creation of clear and shallow freshwater pools and inundated grasslands in the formerly dry border zone of Oostvaardersplassen. These foraging grounds lie close to undisturbed breeding sites. This finding may prove useful for wetland restoration elsewhere in The Netherlands.


Abstract
 After a short historical summary of the species in Russula subgenus Compacta subsection Nigricantes in the United States, the microscopic features of the type specimens of four taxa from North America are described and discussed: Russula decora, R. densifolia var. paxilloides, R. sordida and R. subsordida. Previous suggestions of possible synonymies with European taxa are rejected.


This paper considers the three international house price cycles in the period 1975-2013. Motivated by (i) the observed increased international synchronization of house prices during full up- and downturns of the aggregate international house price cycle of OECD countries, and (ii) the fact that the US house price seems to be the first-mover. The goal is to investigate whether there is evidence of international speculative and wake-up call contagion from the US housing market to the housing markets of a group of OECD countries. We follow Masson (1998)'s distinction of contagion as a residual effect after controlling for (inter)national fundamentals, and combine it with Rigobon (2000)'s notion of a significant increase in the extent of spill-overs during certain times. Our interpretations of speculative and wake-up call contagion are thus essentially narrow versions of shift contagion (Rigobon, 2002). The analysis is done through panel data in an Error-Correction Mechanism Model. Our approach is unique in several ways. First, we are the first to distinguish between speculative and wake-up-call contagion in the housing market. Second, we also assess contagion during periods of international house price increases and therefore are – to our knowledge – among the first to presume contagion to be a potential explanation for this synchronization. Preliminary results suggest that, (i) a US house price boom is contagious; (ii) the wake-up-call that induces the US real house price growth to correct from the peak to fundamentally justified rates, is contagious; (iii) speculation that induces the US real house price growth to undershoot its fundamentally justified rate, is contagious – and likely to follow up on a pre house price correction. The essence for authorities to consider real house price developments in the US and to create (contagion-preventive) policies for their domestic housing markets, becomes clear. Finally, we find that our model that consists of mainly macroeconomic variables is unable to explain the behaviour of German real house prices – which are also uninfluenced by developments in the US.


In this research, horseradish peroxidase for phenol removal was utilized. First, the process was studied at the laboratory scale using a synthetic phenol solution (1-10) mM. Results showed that horseradish peroxidase (HRP) could effectively remove phenolic compounds from wastewater and that the catalytic capability of the enzyme was maintained for a wide range of pH, temperature, and aromatic concentration levels. The performance conditions were optimized for at lease 95% and 100% removal of phenolic compounds for both actual and synthetic wastewaters under high and low phenol concentrations (1 and 10 mM). The phenolic wastewater used was an olive mill effluent with a phenol concentration of 1221 mg/L (13 mM) and a pH value of 3.5. At the end of the reaction, the phenolic compounds changed to insoluble polymers and precipitated. Each enzyme/wastewater system was optimized for the following chemical dosages: hydrogen peroxide, enzyme, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and buffer. Furthermore, the reaction time to achieve at least 95% phenol removal was determined. According to the results, COD and BOD reduced to 58% and 78%, respectively. Experimental results showed an increase in H2O2 concentration beyond the optimum dose resulting from enzyme inactivation, thus reducing the phenol removal efficiency. On the other hand, increasing the enzyme, PEG, and/or reaction time beyond the optimum values resulted in only a marginal increase in removal efficiency.


Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) communities are encouraged to engage with psychological services and psychodynamic approaches are recommended to meet their diverse needs. Although external aspects have been explored, there is a gap in the literature regarding internal processes of BME clients in this type of therapy. This thesis aimed to fill this gap by using a multi-level, pluralistic qualitative design to explore the internal processes of three BME participants in psychodynamic therapy; ultimately investigating shared and/or unique elements. Three semi-structured interviews were analysed using three analytic strategies: descriptive phenomenological, discursive and psychodynamic readings. The main themes from the phenomenological reading were the importance of the therapeutic relationship, 'strong persona' defences, the past and the present: personal and family history, 'aha' moments, fear and vulnerability, and differences to the therapist: not feeling fully understood. The common discursive themes were maintaining control, externalizing difficult aspects of therapy, fragmenting parts of themselves, and struggling to vocalise differences in ethnicity, leading to frustration and compartmentalization. The main findings of the psychodynamic reading were recreating the original culturally infused injury, cultural differences in the transference, feeling different/same, multiple identities and a further exploration of defences. The findings suggested that both the client's and the therapist's ethnicity, culture and race impacted the clients' internal processes in psychodynamic therapy. The practical implications are to enhance therapeutic work with BME clients by increasing the applicability and usefulness of psychodynamic therapy with this specific ethnic minority group. This thesis' emphasis on individual perspective, reflexivity, intersubjectivity and diversity are in-line with Counselling Psychology principles. Recommended future research could focus on BME participants in a specific and structured model of psychodynamic therapy and perhaps use data collection methods that go beyond semi-structured interviews.


Background: Perineal traumas particularly caused by following
vaginal delivery are associated with short and long term morbidity for women. Therefore,
interventions that increase the probability of intact perineum are
necessary. The aim of study was to determine the effect of perineal massage
with a sterile lubricant on the incidence of episiotomy and perinea laceration.
Materials: This clinical trial
study was performed on 145 nulliparous women who referred to Amol Emam Ali
teaching center for normal delivery. They were randomly participating in
interventional group (massage with lubricant) (45 cases) or control group (100
cases). In massage group when they progressed to full dilatation of the cervix,
the midwife inserted two fingers inside vagina and using a sweeping motion
gently stretched the perineum with lubricant 5 up to 10 minutes, in and between
mother's pushing in the second stage of labour. In control group just Ritgen
Maneuver was applied. At last, we compared
the rate of intact perineum, episiotomy and laceration, mean duration of
the second stage of labor and Apgar score in 1 and 5 minutes between two
groups. Statistical analyses were performed using t-test, Chi Square to
determine potentially significant
associations, and a p value less than 0.05 was considered
significant. Results: The
incidences of intact perineum, episiotomy and laceration were 22.2% (10), 44.4%
(20), 33.3% (15) respectively in
interventional group. In control group, intact perineum, episiotomy and laceration
were: 20.2% (20), 49.3% (71), 28.3% (28) respectively. This difference was not
statis-

 tically significant.
Rate of first-degree laceration was 33.3% (15) in massage group, while this
percent was 28.3% (28) in control group. This difference was not statistically
significant. In massage and control groups, second, third and fourth-degree lacerations did not occur. Conclusion: The results showed that
massage with a sterile lubricant provides no apparent and significant advantage
or disadvantage in reducing perineal trauma. Therefore, the use of massage as
technique for perineal control is safe based on labour criteria and woman's
preference during delivery.


Assembling molecular superstructures with many distinct components will allow unprecedented control over morphology at the nanoscale. Recently, this approach has been used to assemble periodic structures with precisely defined features, such as repeating arrays of pores and channels, using a large number of building blocks. Here we propose a predictive tool that allows us to optimize the nucleation and growth of unbounded, ordered structures. In what follows, we call these structures 'crystals', even though they may only be periodic in one or two dimensions. We find that the nucleation barriers and growth pathways for crystals consisting of many components exhibit generic features that are very different from those of simple crystals. To illustrate the very non-classical nature of the nucleation and growth of such structures, we study the formation of one and two-dimensional crystals with multicomponent unit cells. We find that, whilst the boundaries in the non-periodic dimensions significantly affect the stabilities of these crystals, the nucleation barriers are largely determined by the local connectivity of the associated bulk crystal and are independent of the number of distinct components in the unit cell. We predict that the self-assembly of crystals with complex morphologies can be made to follow specific pathways toward the target structure that successively incorporate key features of the three-dimensional target structure. In contrast with simple crystals, it is possible to tune the kinetics of nucleation and growth separately, thus minimizing defect formation. We show how control over self-assembly pathways can be used to optimize the kinetics of formation of extended structures with arbitrary nanoscale patterns.


Adaptive beamformers have been proposed as noise reduction schemes for conventional hearing aids and cochlear implants. A method to predict the amount of noise reduction that can be achieved by a two-microphone adaptive beamformer is presented. The prediction is based on a model of the acoustic environment in which the presence of one acoustic target-signal source and one acoustic noise source in a reverberant enclosure is assumed. The acoustic field is sampled using two omnidirectional microphones mounted close to the ears of a user. The model takes eleven different parameters into account, including reverberation time and size of the room, directionality of the acoustic sources, and design parameters of the beamformer itself, including length of the adaptive filter and delay in the target signal path. An approximation to predict the achievable signal-to-noise improvement based on the model is presented. Potential applications as well as limitations of the proposed prediction method are discussed and a FORTRAN subroutine to predict the achievable signal-to-noise improvement is provided. Experimental verification of the predictions is provided in a companion paper [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 109, 1134 (2001)].


Seventeen derivatives of α - and β -cyclodextrins were prepared from the cyclodextrin per -6-azide by "click" cyclization with terminal alkynes. Sixteen of these "half-channel" compounds showed significant activity as ion channels in planar bilayer members as assessed by the voltage-clamp technique. Activity ranged from persistent square-top openings to highly erratic conductance; mixed behaviours were evident in virtually all data recorded. Some of the erratic behaviours were shown to follow an apparent power-law distribution of open duration times. The activities observed for the suite were summarized using a model-free activity grid method which displays conductance, duration, and opening behaviour. The overall activity shows the clustering of conductance-duration indicating that activity arises from system properties rather that solely as a property of the compound. The activity grids also support an analysis of structure-activity relationships as they apply to the global behaviour of the compounds and reveal the complexity of a single structure change in controlling the distribution of concurrent conductance behaviours. Transient blockage of channel activity by the hydrophobic guest of the cyclodextrin (1-adamantyl carboxylate) is consistent with the formation of an end-to-end dimer channel among several other competing and interconverting structures.


Characterizing inter-individual differences induced by clinical and social factors constitutes one of the most promising applications of neuroimaging. Paving the way for such applications, neuroimaging studies often report between-group differences in "activations" or correlations between such "activations" and individual traits. Here we raise cautionary warnings about some of those inter-individual analytic strategies. These warnings become critical when measures of "activations" are unstandardized coefficients of regressions between BOLD signal and individual behavior. First, using simple algebraic derivations, we show how inter-individual differences results can spuriously arise from neglecting the statistical relationships which link the ranges of individual BOLD activation and of recorded behavior. We also demonstrate how apparently contradictory results and interpretations may simply arise from the interaction of this scaling issue and the pre-processing of the behavioral variables. Second, using computational simulations, we illustrate how this issue percolates the booming field of model-based fMRI. Finally, we outline a set of recommendations, which might prove useful for researcher and reviewers confronted with questions involving inter-individual differences in neuroimaging. Author Summary Characterizing inter-individual differences induced by clinical and societal factors constitutes one of the most promising applications of neuroimaging. Paving the way for such applications, an increasing fraction of neuroimaging studies reports between-group differences in "activations" or correlations between "activations" and individual traits. In this manuscript, we focus on the typical analytical strategies employed in studies investigating how differences in behavior between individuals or groups of individuals are translated to differences of activations in specific brain regions. We notably question whether they are suitable to support inferences and claims about the neural underpinnings of differential cognition. Our core results demonstrate that typical inter-individual results can spuriously arise by overlooking plausible statistical relationships that link the ranges of individual BOLD activation with the ranges of produced behavior. We argue that these results challenge current classical interpretations of inter-individual results. Highlighting the methodological and theoretical gaps regarding the analysis and interpretation of inter-individual differences is fundamental to fulfilling the promises of neuroimaging.


Abstract We reanalyse the global distribution of gullies in order to provide a set of observational constraints that models of gully formation must explain. We validate our results derived from the global data with four detailed case studies. We show that the availability of steep slopes is an essential factor to consider when assessing the spatial distribution and abundance of gullies. When the availability of steep slopes is taken into account, it reveals, with a few exceptions, that gullies are found almost uniformly across the whole 30°–90° latitude band. Our analysis also reveals that massive ice deposits are anti-correlated with gullies, and that the undulations in the equatorwards limits of the gully distribution could be explained by longitudinal variations in maximum surface temperatures (controlled by variations in surface properties, including thermal inertia and albedo). We find a sharp transition in both hemispheres between pole-facing gullies, which extend from 30° to 40°, to a more mixed, but dominantly equator-facing orientation of gullies polewards of 40°. We have no definitive explanation for this transition but, based on previous studies, we suggest it could be linked to the availability of near-surface ice deposits.


This paper describes the design and implementation of a system for typesetting mathematics. The language has been designed to be easy to learn and to use by people (for example, secretaries and mathematical typists) who know neither mathematics nor typesetting. Experience indicates that the language can be learned in an hour or so, for it has few rules and fewer exceptions. For typical expressions, the size and font changes, positioning, line drawing, and the like necessary to print according to mathematical conventions are all done automatically. For example, the input sum from i=0 to infinity x sub i = pi over 2 produces ∑∞i=0xi = &pgr;/2 The syntax of the language is specified by a small context-free grammar; a compiler-compiler is used to make a compiler that translates this language into typesetting commands. Output may be produced on either a phototypesetter or on a terminal with forward and reverse half-line motions. The system interfaces directly with text formatting programs, so mixtures of text and mathematics may be handled simply. This paper was typeset by the authors using the system described.


The simulation of convection, lightning and consequent NO x emissions with global atmospheric chemistry models is associated with large uncertainties since these processes are heavily parameterised. Each parameterisation by itself has deficiencies and the combination of these substantially increases the uncertainties compared to the individual parameterisations. In this study several combinations of state-of-the-art convection and lightning parameterisations are used in simulations with the global atmospheric chemistry general circulation model ECHAM5/MESSy, and are evaluated against lightning observations. A wide range in the spatial and temporal variability of the simulated flash densities is found, attributed to both types of parameterisations. Some combinations perform well, whereas others are hardly applicable. In addition to resolution dependent rescaling parameters, each combination of lightning and convection schemes requires individual scaling to reproduce the observed flash frequencies. The resulting NO x profiles are inter-compared, however definite conclusions about the most realistic profiles can currently not be drawn.


Confocal laser scanning microscopy is experiencing a revolution in speed from the world of seconds to that of milliseconds. The spinning Nipkow disk method with microlenses has made this remarkable innovation possible. In combination with the ultrahigh-sensitivity, high-speed and high-resolution camera system based on avalanche multiplication of photoconduction, we are now able to observe the extremely dynamic movement of small vesicles in living cells in real time.


The adsorption kinetics of surfactants at the solid--liquid interface is of fundamental
interest to a wide variety of process including detergency, wetting of solid surfaces, agricultural sprays
and paper processing. Accordingly, a significant body of work
has been carried out to understand this field.
Much of this work has used the optical techniques of ellipsometry
and optical reflectometry or mass measurements from the quartz crystal microbalance.
These methods have the time resolution to measure surfactant adsorption kinetics but are
insensitive to chemical composition and thus produce limited information on the adsorption
of surfactant mixtures.

The technique I adopt here, total internal reflection (TIR) Raman spectroscopy, provides detailed
information about the chemical composition of the surface with a time resolution of 2\,s.
The short penetration depth of the
probe laser into solution (${\sim}100$\,nm) provides surface sensitivity. The different components
of the adsorbed film are distinguished by their vibrational Raman spectra. The
Raman signal from a component in the adsorbed layer is linearly proportional to the amount of that
component present, allowing straightforward interpretation of the acquired data. I use principal component
analysis to deconvolute the recorded spectra.

First I look at the equilibrium and kinetic aspects of the adsorption of two model surfactants
to a flat silica surface as single component systems: the
cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100.
Use of the well-defined wall jet geometry provides known hydrodynamics allowing the mass transport to
the surface to be modelled. The mass transport model is coupled with a kinetic model consistent with
the Frumkin isotherm allowing the whole adsorption process to be captured. The fit between the
model and the experimental results helps to understand interactions on the surface.

Secondly I look at
the two model surfactants adsorbing to silica as a mixed system. The adsorption isotherm shows strong synergistic behaviour with the addition
of small amounts of CTAB (${\sim}2$\%\ of the 2\,mM total surfactant concentration) doubling the adsorbed amount
of Triton X-100. This synergism has a marked influence on the kinetics: for example, when
Triton X-100 replaces CTAB the Triton X-100 surface excess overshoots its equilibrium value
and returns only very slowly to equilibrium. For systems above the cmc, the repartitioning
of surfactant between micelles and monomers results a local increase in the monomer concentration of Triton
X-100 resulting in a temporary spike in the Triton X-100 surface excess during the rinsing of
a mixed layer.

Finally I study alternative model surfaces to silica. The adsorption to CTAB and Triton X-100 to a cellulose
surface is studied, and detailed equilibrium isotherms obtained by slow variation of the bulk
concentration controlled with a continuous stirred tank mixer. The preparation of the model cellulose
surface is also followed spectroscopically. Spectra are also acquired from mica surfaces in
optical contact with silica hemispheres; it is unfortunately not yet possible to acquire
useful data on adsorption at the mica--water interface.


User Interface (UI) testing is a popular approach to ensure the quality of mobile apps. Numerous test generation tools have been developed to support UI testing on mobile apps, especially for Android apps. Previous work evaluates and compares different test generation tools using only relatively simple open-source apps, while real-world industrial apps tend to have more complex functionalities and implementations. There is no direct comparison among test generation tools with regard to effectiveness and ease-of-use on these industrial apps. To address such limitation, we study existing state-of-the-art or state-of-the-practice test generation tools on 68 widely-used industrial apps. We directly compare the tools with regard to code coverage and fault-detection ability. According to our results, Monkey, a state-of-the-practice tool from Google, achieves the highest method coverage on 22 of 41 apps whose method coverage data can be obtained. Of all 68 apps under study, Monkey also achieves the highest activity coverage on 35 apps, while Stoat, a state-of-the-art tool, is able to trigger the highest number of unique crashes on 23 apps. By analyzing the experimental results, we provide suggestions for combining different test generation tools to achieve better performance. We also report our experience in applying these tools to industrial apps under study. Our study results give insights on how Android UI test generation tools could be improved to better handle complex industrial apps.


Who do you call when a squirrel is trapped in a mud puddle or a baby opossum is stuck in a drainpipe ?Meet Jeffrey, Beaner, Raymond, and Mike--the Animal Resuce club! Adventures wait around every corner as this intrepid band of kids, working with a Wildlife Rehabilitator, helps the wild animals in our neighborhood.John Himmelman's action-packed story and lively art is based on his firsthand experience with wild-animal rescue groups. This inside look at kids saving animals is certain to fascinate young nature lovers.


Letters are welcomed and will be published as space permits. Like other material submitted for publication, they should be typewritten, double-spaced, should be of reasonable length, and will be subject to the usual editing. Views expressed in Letters to the Journal are those of the writers concerned and are NOT to be interpreted as the opinions of The Canadian Medical Association or of the editors.


One of the least understood dimensions of the recent transformations in the territorial relations of advanced industrial democracies and many transitional countries has been the consequences for territorial identity among ordinary citizens. In this paper, we investigate recent shifts in territorial identity throughout advanced industrial societies and a selection of transitional ones, and examine how they are connected to power, institutions and economic and social patterns at multiple scales. We employ data from both the World Values Survey and the International Social Survey Program over 1981-2003 in a total of 33 countries. The analysis demonstrates significant shifts toward stronger territorial attachment at the local rather than at the supranational or the national level. Despite globalization in institutions, the economy and society, internationalized identity generally declined. Identification with one's town or city, and to a lesser degree with one's region, grew significantly. Multilevel analyses show this shift to be linked to decentralization of authority, to the unevenness of economic and social globalization and to European integration.


Monolithic zirconia materials (3Y-TZP, 10Ce-TZP, and 12Ce-TZP) and their composites with 30 vol% alumina were produced. Low-temperature aging degradation (LTAD) and mechanical properties of materials were investigated. For assessment of phase stability in the materials, aging experiments were performed in water at 90°C for 32, 64, and 128 days. The aging phenomenon was characterized and monitored using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Four-point bending was used to determine the flexural strength of materials before and after aging treatment in water at 90°C for 2, 4, and 6  months. The aging experiments resulted in different phase transformation rates for the materials studied. The 12Ce-TZP containing materials showed the highest resistance to low-temperature aging and 3Y-TZP containing materials showed the highest bending strength. When compared, no change in flexural strength was observed between the materials not exposed to aging and the aged materials.


Background and Purpose— The burden of stroke is increasing in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as the population undergoes epidemiological and demographic transition. Little is known about the nature (risk factors, stroke type and subtype, and causes) of stroke in SSA and whether it differs from stroke in high-income populations. We aimed to compare the nature of stroke between black and white populations in South Africa. Methods— We used overlapping sources to ascertain consecutive first-ever-in-a-lifetime stroke patients admitted to Johannesburg Hospital over 23 months. We assessed each patient's demographic details, risk factors, CT confirmed pathological stroke type, ischemic stroke subtype and stroke severity, and compared the nature of stroke between black and white stroke patients. Results— 524 patients with presumed stroke were referred. Of these, 432 were first-ever strokes; 308 patients were black and 76 white. Black patients were significantly younger (mean age 51) than white patients (61). Stroke severity was similar (median NIH stroke score 10; 95% CI 8 to 11). More black than white patients had cerebral hemorrhage (27% versus 15%), lacunar stroke (28% versus 22%) and total anterior circulation infarcts (28% versus 22%). Large vessel atherosclerosis (none detected) and ischemic heart disease were very uncommon (1%) as a cause of stroke in black patients. Hypertension (70% versus 68%) and diabetes (14 versus 15%) were as common in black and white stroke patients, but mean cholesterol levels were lower (4.6 mmol/L; 95% CI 4.3 to 4.9 versus 5.3 mmol/L; 4.8 to 5.7) and cigarette smoking less frequent in black patients (23 versus 54%). Conclusions— Although this was a hospital-based study, the difference in the nature of stroke between black and white stroke patients likely reflects the profile of stroke risk factors. There is an opportunity to prevent an otherwise inevitable increase in atherosclerotic stroke (and IHD) by targeting dietary and smoking habits in the black South African population.


Electric vehicles are increasingly seen as a critical component of global climate change mitigation efforts. This view, coupled with the co-benefits of energy security, industrialization and job creation, among other things drives the response of various stakeholders. In a national framework – with linked factor and demand conditions – such responses are leading to the emergence of various national electromobility trajectories. Within these, the Indian case is unique in terms of its emerging automobile sector, energy security constraints and a weak innovation system in general. An interplay of policy, business strategy, technology competence and market forces is shaping the present nature as well as the future direction of the Indian trajectory. This paper presents three case studies in the Indian electromobility sector and uses the lessons learned from these cases to identify and analyse the key trends, both technological as well as organizational, that are shaping and emerging in this trajectory. The paper highlights attempts by Indian firms, made in spite of the absence of a strong policy push, at integrating electromobility in their business strategies and the resulting innovation system attributes.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate changes in canine hip joint characteristics during growth via computed tomography (CT) and compare CT features of hip joints with and without laxity in young dogs placed in 2 imaging positions.

ANIMALS
21 dogs (42 hip joints).

PROCEDURES
From 2 to 12 months after birth, CT examinations of the acetabulum of each hip joint in simulated normal standing and simulated weight-bearing positions were performed monthly for all dogs. Acetabular angle, dorsal acetabular rim angle (DARA), and femoral head diameter (FHd) were analyzed as skeletal variables; the lateral center edge angle (LCEA), dorsolateral subluxation (DLS) score, and center distance (CD) index were analyzed as joint laxity variables. At 12 months, all dogs underwent the Ortolani test to as-sess hip joint laxity.

RESULTS
Hip joint laxity was detected in 5 dogs (10 joints) at 12 months of age; from 2 months, the acetabular angle and FHd increased and DARA decreased significantly until 5 months and the LCEA and DLS score increased significantly until 6 months. In nonlax hip joints in both positions, the CD index decreased significantly until 4 months of age and be-came stable thereafter. In lax hip joints, the CD index increased from 4 through 12 months; between 8 and 12 months, these changes were significantly greater in the weight-bearing position than in the standing position.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results suggest that CT-detected abnormalities in the DARA and CD index during body weight loading might be useful indicators of hip dysplasia in 2- to 6-month-old dogs.


We describe a framework for research and evaluation in Embodied AI. Our proposal is based on a canonical task: Rearrangement. A standard task can focus the development of new techniques and serve as a source of trained models that can be transferred to other settings. In the rearrangement task, the goal is to bring a given physical environment into a specified state. The goal state can be specified by object poses, by images, by a description in language, or by letting the agent experience the environment in the goal state. We characterize rearrangement scenarios along different axes and describe metrics for benchmarking rearrangement performance. To facilitate research and exploration, we present experimental testbeds of rearrangement scenarios in four different simulation environments. We anticipate that other datasets will be released and new simulation platforms will be built to support training of rearrangement agents and their deployment on physical systems.


First published in 1971 and now available for a younger generation with a new introduction by the author, "Living Well Is the Best Revenge" is Calvin Tomkins' now-classic account of the lives of Gerald and Sara Murphy, two American expatriates who formed an extraordinary circle of friends in France during the 1920s. First in Paris and then in the seaside town of Antibes, they played host to a cast of some of the most memorable artists and writers of the era, including Cole Porter, Pablo Picasso, Fernand Leger, Ernest Hemingway and Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald. It was in Paris that Gerald Murphy first encountered Cubist painting, which prompted him to embark on an all-too-brief career as a painter--roughly from 1922 to 1929--during which he produced 15 works, seven of which survive, and every one of which is a unique American modernist masterpiece. This dazzling phase of work was brought to a close in 1929, when one of the Murphys' sons, Patrick, was diagnosed with tuberculosis and the family returned to New York. When their second son, Boath, succumbed to meningitis in 1935, and Patrick's death followed shortly thereafter in 1937, Murphy hung up his brush. Despite the brevity of Murphy's oeuvre, the intensity of its conception and its recently acknowledged status as a crucial precedent to Pop art have elevated Murphy's reputation considerably. In 1974, The Museum of Modern Art mounted the first Gerald Murphy retrospective. Illustrated with nearly 70 photographs from the Murphys' family album and with a special section on Murphy's paintings, "Living Well" presents a fascinating Lost Generation chronicle as charming and enticing as the couple themselves.


Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most frequent neoplasia in both sexes in Spain. It may be sporadic (65%) as well as familial (35%). In the majority of cases the cause of familial CCR remains unknown. However, a 5% is due to high penetrance germline mutations which are characterised as hereditary Mendelian syndromes, such as Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis and the poliposis associated with MUTHY and POLE/POLD1. Nowadays using next generation sequencing techniques, new genes associated with germline predisposition to CRC such as NTHL1 or FAN1, have been identified.
The main objective of this study is the identification of new genes related to germline predisposition to CRC. Families with a strong aggregation for the disease and the selection of variants shared by different individuals in each family were studied. Germline DNA samples used for the whole exome sequencing by Illumina method were obtained from peripheral blood of patients with CCR belonging to 16 unrelated families. A bioinformatic analysis was performed for reducing the number of encountered variants and selecting those with a high probability to cause a change in the gene function. The candidate genes in each family have been selected considering several functional parameters. Finally, a validation of the variants was carried out (Integrative Genomics Viewer and Sanger sequencing).
Twenty-seven variants were selected and 24 of them validated by Sanger sequencing. Segregation studies from additional family members who presented advanced adenomas or other neoplasms as well as somatic studies with tumour DNA to determine the loss of heterozygosity (LOH), were also performed. The most remarkable results were found in 9 genes: LOXL4, GEMIN5, UTP11L, MUC6, HIST1H4, GSK3A, SPLIT2, CIDEB and MCM3. According their function or previous relation with cancer LOXL4, HIST1H4, GSK3A and MCM3 have been considered the most relevant.
We identified new possible germinal predisposition variants associated to CCR in genes that play a role in cell cycle, apoptosis and DNA repair., Furthermore, LOXL4, which is associated with head and neck cancer, is also related to CCR. Similarly, MCM and SLIT gene families could participate in genetic CCR predisposition


For hundreds of years, the study of elliptic curves has played a central role in mathematics. The past century in particular has seen huge progress in this study, from Mordell's theorem in 1922 to the work of Wiles and Taylor-Wiles in 1994. Nonetheless, there remain many fundamental questions where we do not even know what sort of answers to expect. This book explores two of them: What is the average rank of elliptic curves, and how does the rank vary in various kinds of families of elliptic curves? Nicholas Katz answers these questions for families of "big" twists of elliptic curves in the function field case (with a growing constant field). The monodromy-theoretic methods he develops turn out to apply, still in the function field case, equally well to families of big twists of objects of all sorts, not just to elliptic curves. The leisurely, lucid introduction gives the reader a clear picture of what is known and what is unknown at present, and situates the problems solved in this book within the broader context of the overall study of elliptic curves. The book's technical core makes use of, and explains, various advanced topics ranging from recent results in finite group theory to the machinery of l-adic cohomology and monodromy. Twisted L-Functions and Monodromy is essential reading for anyone interested in number theory and algebraic geometry.


The pollen morphology of six species belonging to six genera of Boraginaceae in Qatar have been investigated by LM and SEM. The examined species proved to be eurypalynous, having different morphological types and can be recognized individually from their pollen grains. The only exception is Lappula spinocarpos and Echiochilon kotschyi, where their pollen grains are morphologically similar. In general, the pollen grains are small and isopolar. There are five different types of apertures encountered in the examined species. These types range from tricolporate, 8-colporate and 6 to 8 colpate, pollen grains. Clear variations were also observed in sexine ornamentations, particularly around apertures.


The extreme difficulty of amending the U.S. Constitution plays a central but largely unexamined role in theoretical debates over interpretive choice. In particular, conventional wisdom assumes that the extreme difficulty of Article V amendment weakens the case for originalism. This view might ultimately be correct, but it is not the freestanding argument against originalism it is often presumed to be. Rather, it depends on contestable normative and empirical premises that require defense. If those premises are wrong, the stringency of Article V might actually strengthen the case for originalism. Or Article V might have no impact on that case one way or another. This "complexity thesis" highlights and clarifies the role that difficulty of amendment plays across a range of significant interpretive debates, including those surrounding writtenness, John Hart Ely's representation-reinforcement theory, interpretive pluralism, and originalism as a theory of positive law. It also has important implications for the under-studied relations between statutory and constitutional interpretation and federal and state constitutional interpretation.


INTRODUCTION. Within the context of road safety it is important that workload (the portion of a driver's resources expended to perform a task) remains at a manageable level, preventing overloading and consequently performance decrements. Motorcyclists are over represented in crash statistics where the vehicle operator has a positive, low blood alcohol concentration (BAC) (e.g., ≤0.05%). The NASA task load index (NASA-TLX) comprises sub-scales that purportedly assess different aspects of subjective workload. It was hypothesized that, compared to a zero BAC condition, low BACs would be associated with increases in workload ratings, and decrements in riding performance.
METHOD. Forty participants (20 novice, 20 experienced) completed simulated motorcycle rides in urban and rural scenarios under low dose BAC conditions (0.00%, 0.02%, 0.05% BAC), while completing a safety relevant peripheral detection task (PDT). Six sub-scales of the NASA-TLX were completed after each ride. Riding performance was assessed using standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP). Hazard perception was assessed by response time to the PDT.
RESULTS. Riding performance and hazard perception were affected by alcohol. There was a significant increase in SDLP in the urban scenario and of PDT reaction time in the rural scenario under 0.05% BAC compared to 0.00% BAC. Overall NASA-TLX score increased at 0.02% and 0.05% BAC in the urban environment only, with a trend for novices to rate workload higher than experienced riders. There was a significant main effect of sub-scale on workload ratings in both the urban and rural scenarios.
DISCUSSION. 0.05% BAC was associated with decrements in riding performance in the urban environment, decrements in hazard perception in the rural environment, and increases in overall ratings of subjective workload in the urban environment. The workload sub-scales of the NASA-TLX appear to be measuring distinct aspects of motorcycle riding-related workload. Issues of workload and alcohol impaired riding performance are discussed.