The objective of this study was to use the emerging discipline of futures studies through the application of social science methodologies to generate foresight about the plausible manifestation of information warfare in the 2030s as an upcoming national security threat. Interdisciplinary theories from futures studies and international relations in conjunction with methodologies from business and futures studies (environmental scanning, causal layered analysis, a Delphi study and a scenario exercise) were used. Information warfare is an emerging threat which is on its way to develop into a significant global challenge. The definition proposed for information warfare encompasses three manifestations, namely netwar, psychological operations and cyber warfare. The differentiation between the three manifestations is elucidated by a cognitive-technology continuum. Critical realism, which regards all knowledge as conjectural, served as basis for the philosophical approach in this study. According to critical realism there are both an external world independent of human consciousness and, at the same time, a dimension that includes humanity's socially determined knowledge about reality. Transformation, networking and the impact of technological innovation in all the environments investigated were highlighted as central to the manifestation of information warfare in the present as well as in the future. These drivers influenced not only the entities involved in power relations in society, but also enhanced the potential influence and power of small and marginalised entities in society. New forms of network-related actions were identified as of particular use for information warfare in the future. A model to address information warfare as an upcoming national security threat was developed. The two most significant driving forces were an increase in integration and polarisation that will contribute to systemic stresses, and information communication technology (ICT) embedding itself as a crucial part of society. This resulted in four plausible scenarios. The "Shango Rejuvenated" scenario foresees rapid technological advances, boosted by high levels of social integration stimulated by swift advancement in communication technologies. Information warfare is a preferred tool for power projection and consolidation but takes place in the context of relatively advanced cognitive and technological capacities. The "Gaunab Rising" scenario anticipates low levels of social cohesion combined with high levels of technological participation resulting in a potentially volatile society providing opportunities for authoritarian elites to expand control. Information warfare remains rife and is expanding on all societal levels. The "Inkanyamba Reduced" scenario foresees that the combination of low social cohesion and low levels of technological participation will magnify dissent, resulting in high levels of conflict and competition for resources. The technological part of information warfare in the form of cyberwar is limited, but the cognitive aspects in the form of netwar and psychological operations remain high. In the "Tsunigoab Revived" scenario high levels of social integration with low levels of technological participation ensure relative stability but also limit the potential value that technology could add to society. The Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za


Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) is an excellent material for low-cost, high efficiency thin film solar cells. It is important to conduct research on how defects are formed during the growth process, since defects lower the efficiency of solar cells. In this work we use computer simulation to predict the growth of a sputter deposited CdTe thin film. On-the-fly kinetic Monte Carlo technique is used to simulate the CdTe thin film growth on the (111) surfaces. The results show that on the (111) surfaces the growth mechanisms on surfaces which are terminated by Cd or Te are quite different, regardless of the deposition energy (0.1∼10 eV). On the Te-terminated (111) surface the deposited clusters first form a single mixed species layer, then the Te atoms in the mixed layer moved up to form a new layer. Whilst on the Cd-terminated (111) surface the new Cd and Te layers are formed at the same time. Such differences are probably caused by stronger bonding between ad-atoms and surface atoms on the Te layer than on the Cd layer. ∗email@example.com †firstname.lastname@example.com


Hegemonic masculinity is a fluid concept that varies according to historical period and social and cultural location. While much has been written about hegemonic masculinity as experienced by adult men, research is lacking on hegemonic masculinity in boyhood from an historical perspective. Using a quantitative content analysis of images on the covers of Boy's Life magazine, this study finds three distinct historically specific images of hegemonic American boyhood masculinity: boys who serve their country as patriotic scouts in uniform; boys who admire celebrities, particularly professional athletes; and a branded boyhood in which boys wear brand name products while engaging in sports activities.


The influence of paramagnetic magnetization of magneto-optical elements on the characteristics of Faraday isolators is studied. The theoretical estimates confirmed by the experiment indicate that this effect should be taken into consideration, particularly when designing large-aperture and cryogenic Faraday isolators.


In order to measure the nucleation of nouveau adhesions on the ventral surface of a cell, we have combined phase shifting laser feedback interferometry with a high numerical aperture inverted fluorescence microscope. We use fluorescence to image molecules at the adhesion site and stage scanning interference microscopy in order to measure the distance between the ventral surface of a cell and the substratum with several nanometer precision. Our analytic and Monte Carlo simulations of integrin mediated adhesions predict several features of these nouveau adhesions. An analysis of the energetics of membrane bending and the effects of a composite system of freely diffusing repellers and receptors and a fixed network of ligands on the extracellular matrix predicts that a small bundle of actin filaments should be able to push the membrane down to the extracellular matrix and nucleate a nouveau adhesion with critical radius below the diffraction limit. We have obtained a map of the reflectivity of the ventral surface of fixed metastatic mammary adenocarcinoma cells and we have shown that the data are correlated with markers for a focal adhesion adaptor protein. We are modeling the interference of the incident electric field with the field reflected from the ventral surface so as to obtain the surface topography at focal adhesions from the optical phase data.


The release of the Federal Reserve's 2010 Survey of Consumer Finances is a great opportunity to reassess Americans' retirement preparedness as measured by the National Retirement Risk Index (NRRI). The NRRI shows the share of working households who are "at risk" of being unable to maintain their pre-retirement standard of living in retirement. The Index compares projected replacement rates – retirement income as a percentage of pre-retirement income – for today's working households with target rates that would allow them to maintain their living standard and calculates the percentage at risk of falling short. The NRRI was originally constructed using the Federal Reserve's 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF). The SCF is a triennial survey of a nationally representative sample of U.S. households, which collects detailed information on households' assets, liabilities, and demographic characteristics. The 2007 SCF did not allow for a meaningful update, because stock market and housing prices plummeted right after the survey interviews were completed. Thus, the 2010 survey is the first opportunity to see how the financial crisis and ensuing recession have affected Americans' readiness for retirement. The discussion proceeds as follows. The first section describes the nuts and bolts of constructing the NRRI and how the new SCF data were incorporated. The second section updates the NRRI using the 2010 SCF, showing that the percentage of households at risk increased by nine percentage points between the 2007 and 2010 surveys – 44 percent to 53 percent. The third section identifies the impact of various factors on the change. The final section concludes that the NRRI confirms what we already know: today's workers face a major retirement income challenge. Even if households work to age 65 and annuitize all their financial assets, including the receipts from reverse mortgages on their homes, more than half are at risk of being unable to maintain their standard of living in retirement.


This research investigates the perspectives and practices of political consultants dealing with the information abundance, speed, and participatory culture of today's communication environment. Drawing upon in-depth interviews with 38 elite operatives, this article illuminates their roles in and strategies for managing news cycles, designing campaign output, and utilizing social media opportunities. It charts their thinking and demonstrates how they have adapted and evolved in their designs on communication power as older media logics persist and inform their tactics for political production in newer media spaces.


This paper is concerned with the variations in the specific cutting pressure with TiAlNCathodic-arc PhysicalVapor deposition (CAPVD) coated inserts while machiningAISI 1040 carbon steel. To reduce the cost and to make the process environmentally safe, dry cutting is chosen. Coated and uncoated carbide tools and different cutting conditions were tested in dry condition. Cutting forces were recorded at different conditions and specific cutting pressure is calculated. The adhesion bond of the coatings is analyzed using ScanningElectronMicroscopy (SEM).Comparisonwasmade between coated and uncoated carbide tools under the same conditions of machining.


PCR‐based identification of differences between two unknown genomes often requires complex manipulation of the templates prior to amplification and/or gel electrophoretic separation of a large number of samples with manual methods. Here, we describe a new genotyping method, called fluorescent motif enhanced polymorphism (fluoMEP). The fluoMEP method is based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay, but combines the advantages of the large collection of unlabelled 10mer primers (ca. 5000) from commercial sources and the power of the automated CE devices used for the detection of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) patterns. The link between these two components is provided by a fluorescently labeled "common primer" that is used in a two‐primer PCR together with an unlabeled RAPD primer. By using the same "common primer" and a series of RAPD primers, DNA templates can be screened quickly and effectively for polymorphisms. Our manuscript describes the optimization of the method and its characterization on different templates. We demonstrate by using several different approaches that the addition of the "common primer" to the PCR changes the profile of amplified fragments, allowing for screening various parts of the genome with the same set of unlabeled primers. We also present an in silico analysis of the genomic localization of fragments amplified by a RAPD primer with two different "common primers" and alone.


Abstract This article reflects on the value and limitations of the use of Freedom of Information (FOI) in the collection of data on counterterrorism policies and practices at museums in the United Kingdom (UK). In doing so, this article re-interprets the museum within the "single narrative" of global jihadist terrorism before using FOI to uncover counterterrorism security measures at museums in the UK. We particularly signpost the importance of the role of the museum security manager as the interface between the museum and the wider UK counterterrorism network. Throughout, but particularly in the discussion section, the article reflects on the value and limitations of FOI as a social research tool. The conclusion highlights the requirement for further qualitative enquiry into the museum as an emerging site of counterterrorism security discourse and practice, particularly in relation to how museum security managers understand and navigate this unique cultural space.


Longlisted for the National Book Award and a "Kirkus Reviews" Best Nonfiction Book of the Year Over the centuries, Florida has been many things: an unconquered realm protected by geography, a wilderness that ruined Spanish conquistadors, "god's waiting room," and a place to start over. Depopulated after the extermination of its original native population, today it's home to nineteen million. The site of vicious racial violence, including massacres, slavery, and the roll-back of Reconstruction, Florida is now one of our most diverse states, a dynamic multicultural place with an essential role in 21st-century America. In "Finding Florida," journalist T.D. Allman reclaims the remarkable history of Florida from the state's mythologizers, apologists, and boosters. Allman traces the discovery, exploration, and settlement of Florida, its transformation from a swamp to "paradise." Palm Beach, Key West, Miami, Tampa, and Orlando boomed, fortunes were won and lost, land was stolen and flipped, and millions arrived. The product of a decade of research and writing, Finding Florida is a highly original, stylish, and masterful work, the first modern comprehensive history of this fascinating place.


Stable matchings were introduced in 1962 by David Gale and Lloyd Shapley to study the college admissions problem. The seminal work of Gale and Shapley has motivated hundreds of research papers and found applications in many areas of mathematics, computer science, economics, and even medicine. This thesis studies stable matchings in graphs and hypergraphs. We begin by introducing the work of Gale and Shapley. Their main contribution was the proof that every bipartite graph has a stable matching. Our discussion revolves around the Gale-Shapley algorithm and highlights some of the interesting properties of stable matchings in bipartite graphs. We then progress to non-bipartite graphs. Contrary to bipartite graphs, we may not be able to find a stable matching in a non-bipartite graph. Some of the work of Irving will be surveyed, including his extension of the Gale-Shapley algorithm. Irving's algorithm shows that many of the properties of bipartite stable matchings remain when the general case is examined. In 1991, Tan showed how to extend the fundamental theorem of Gale and Shapley to non-bipartite graphs. He proved that every graph contains a set of edges that is very similar to a stable matching. In the process, he found a characterization of graphs with stable matchings based on a modification of Irving's algorithm. Aharoni and Fleiner gave a nonconstructive proof of Tan's Theorem in 2003. Their proof relies on a powerful topological result, due to Scarf in 1965. In fact, their result extends beyond graphs and shows that every hypergraph has a fractional stable matching. We show how their work provides new and simpler proofs to several of Tan's results. We then consider fractional stable matchings from a linear programming perspective. Vande Vate obtained the first formulation for complete bipartite graphs in 1989. Further, he showed that the extreme points of the solution set exactly correspond to stable matchings. Roth, Rothblum, and Vande Vate extended Vande Vate's work to arbitrary bipartite graphs. Abeledo and Rothblum further noticed that this new formulation can model fractional stable matchings in non-bipartite graphs in 1994. Remarkably, these formulations yield analogous results to those obtained from Gale-Shapley's and Irving's algorithms. Without the presence of an algorithm, the properties are obtained through clever applications of duality and complementary slackness. We will also discuss stable matchings in hypergraphs. However, the desirable properties that are present in graphs no longer hold. To rectify this problem, we introduce a new "majority" stable matchings for 3-uniform hypergraphs and show that, under this stronger definition, many properties extend beyond graphs. Once again, the linear programming tools of duality and complementary slackness are invaluable to our analysis. We will conclude with a discussion of two open problems relating to stable matchings in 3-uniform hypergraphs.


Enhancement of heat transfer in pool boiling can be achieved by employing a structured surface.
So called reentrant type surfaces, consisting of subsurface tunnels connected through pores with the pool, were found to strongly improve the performance of heat exchanger tubes. Although employed since decades, several of the processes within the tunnel are not understood and the presented models are not able to predict the different boiling modes. With the rapid development of numerical methods in the last years, the simulation of boiling is possible by today, allowing to study the processes with high temporal and spatial resolution.

In the presented thesis, numerical simulations of boiling from reentrant type structured surfaces are performed. Processes are studied at single reentrant cavities and at a piece of subsurface tunnel with two pores. The dimensions and shapes of the cavity, tunnel, and pore are varied to obtain the influence of geometric properties on the process. Furthermore, a simplified model is created to calculate flow into the subsurface tunnel with reduced computational effort, in order to study a wider parameter range.

The employed numerical model is based on the VOF method and was validated in earlier works. In this work, the solver is adapted to work with capillary flows at low contact angles. The simplified model is based on solving the Young-Laplace equation to obtain the pressure jump at the bubble and the liquid film inside the structure. With the pressure differences the evolution of the liquid film during bubble growth and departure can be predicted. The results for the amount of liquid in the tunnel obtained from the numerical simulation and the simplified model are in good agreement. The results of the simulations show that with single reentrant cavities obtaining thin film evaporation inside the cavity is difficult if only one pore exists at each cavity. Introducing an additional channel next to the pore, connecting the liquid pool with the liquid film, similar processes can be observed inside the cavity as observed with subsurface tunnels. Simulations with the section of the subsurface tunnel indicate a strong dependence of the processes on pore size but also pore shape. With the given geometry, very high heat transfer coefficients are obtained, caused by the evaporation of the thin liquid films inside the structure.

From the parameter study with the simplified model, the influence of geometric properties on the operation range of the surface can be deduced. Furthermore, the model gives characteristic dimensionless parameters governing the process. Small bubble diameters as well as wide and deep tunnels are beneficial to prevent flooding of the structures. The point of dryout is delayed with a large open pore area. The introduction of two additional sub-stages of the boiling modes is suggested, namely the vapor expansion stage and the partial dryout stage, which should be considered in future modeling approaches.

In summary, numerical simulations and analysis of the boiling process from structured surfaces performed in this work, improve the understanding of the interrelations of important parameters and lead to suggestions regarding the design of the surfaces and modeling of the heat transfer.


Objective: One of the most important problems of schizophrenic patients is the impairment of cognitive functions. Methods: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of haloperidol, asenapine and paliperidone on spatial learning and memory using the Morris water maze (MWM) and radial arm maze (RAM) tests; moreover the effects of haloperidol, asenapine, and paliperidone on MK-801 induced cognitive dysfunction were also evaluated in mice. Results: Both asenapine (0.05 mg/kg) and paliperidone reversed MK-801 induced increment in escape latency in 2nd, 3rd, and 4th acquisition sessions while haloperidol failed to reverse MK-801 induced this effect. Time spent in escape platform's quadrant significantly decreased while the mean distance to platform significantly increased in MK-801 group in the probe trial of MWM test and administration of asenapine and paliperidone significantly reversed MK- 801 induced these effects while haloperidol had no effect. MK-801 significantly increased the speed of the animals in probe trial of the MWM test while both asenapine and paliperidone reversed this effect. In the RAM test, MK- 801 significantly increased the number of errors in the retention trial and haloperidol failed to reverse this effect. Both asenapine (0.075 mg/kg) and paliperidone reversed MK-801-induced increment in a number of errors and improved MK-801 induced prolongation in latency. Conclusions: The results of this study revealed that MK-801 exerted spatial memory impairment in MWM and RAM tests; haloperidol failed to improve MK-801 induced memory deterioration in mice. Moreover both asenapine and paliperidone improved MK-801 induced spatial learning and memory impairment in the MWM and RAM tests.


There is an explosion of data, documents, and other content, and people require tools to analyze and interpret these, tools to turn the content into information and knowledge. Topic modeling have been developed to solve these problems. Topic models such as LDA [Blei et. al. 2003] allow salient patterns in data to be extracted automatically. When analyzing texts, these patterns are called topics. Among numerous extensions of LDA, few of them can reliably analyze multiple groups of documents and extract topic similarities. Recently, the introduction of differential topic modeling (SPDP) [Chen et. al. 2012] performs uniformly better than many topic models in a discriminative setting.
There is also a need to improve the sampling speed for topic models. While some effort has been made for distributed algorithms, there is no work currently done using graphical processing units (GPU). Note the GPU framework has already become the most cost-efficient platform for many problems.
In this thesis, I propose and implement a scalable multi-GPU distributed parallel framework which approximates SPDP. Through experiments, I have shown my algorithms have a gain in speed of about 50 times while being almost as accurate, with only one single cheap laptop GPU. Furthermore, I have shown the speed improvement is sublinearly scalable when multiple GPUs are used, while fairly maintaining the accuracy. Therefore on a medium-sized GPU cluster, the speed improvement could potentially reach a factor of a thousand.
Note SPDP is just a representative of other extensions of LDA. Although my algorithm is implemented to work with SPDP, it is designed to be a general enough to work with other topic models. The speed-up on smaller collections (i.e., 1000s of documents), means that these more complex LDA extensions could now be done in real-time, thus opening up a new way of using these LDA models in industry.


The increasing availability of ontologies raises the need to establish relationships and make inferences across heterogeneous knowledge models. The approach proposed and supported by knowledge representation standards consists in establishing formal symbolic descriptions of a conceptualisation, which, it has been argued, lack grounding and are not expressive enough to allow to identify relations across separate ontologies. Ontology mapping approaches address this issue by exploiting structural or linguistic similarities between symbolic entities, which is costly, error-prone, and in most cases lack cognitive soundness. We argue that knowledge representation paradigms should have a better support for similarity and propose two distinct approaches to achieve it. We first present a representational approach which allows to ground symbolic ontologies by using Conceptual Spaces (CS), allowing for automated computation of similarities between instances across ontologies. An alternative approach is presented, which considers symbolic entities as contextual interpretations of processes in spacetime or Differences. By becoming a process of interpretation, symbols acquire the same status as other processes in the world and can be described (tagged) as well, which allows the bottom-up production of meaning.


Abstract Many European countries have abolished mandatory audits for small firms to reduce the regulatory and administrative burden for these firms. However, we still lack knowledge on whether such legislative changes affect employment growth for those firms that become free to choose to have external audits. We investigate this question using a Swedish reform that made audits voluntary for small firms fulfilling certain requirements. The reform created an almost ideal natural experiment, which we use to evaluate the effects of voluntary audits on employment growth for small firms using a difference-in-difference estimator. We find that firms which fulfilled the requirements for voluntary auditing, compared to a control group of similar firms that did not, increased their employment growth rate by 0.59%. This corresponds to 2,770 jobs being created in the year following the reform, suggesting that mandatory audits act as a growth barrier for small firms.


Despite the runoff reduction efficiencies recommended by various regulatory agencies, minimal research exists regarding the ability of vegetated swales to simultaneously convey and reduce runoff. This study assessed the effect water quality swales distributed among upstream sub-watersheds had on watershed hydrology. The study was also posed to determine how certain design parameters can be dimensioned to increase runoff reduction according to the following modeling scenarios: base, base check dam height, minimum check dam height, maximum check dam height, minimum infiltration rate, maximum infiltration rate, minimum Manning's n, maximum Manning's n, minimum longitudinal slope, and maximum longitudinal slope. Peak flow rate, volume, and time to peak for each scenario were compared to the watershed's existing and predevelopment conditions. With respect to the existing condition, peak flow rate and volume decreased for all scenarios, and the time to peak decreased for most scenarios; the counterintuitive nature of this result was attributed to software error. Overall, the sensitivity analysis produced results contrary to the hypotheses in most cases. The cause of this result can likely be attributed to the vegetated swale design and modeling approaches producing an over designed, under constrained, and/or over discretized stormwater management practice.


Abstract Populations of Atriplex canescens var. gigantea were found in Lamta, Bouficha-Enfidha (central Tunisia), and Medenine (southern Tunisia). Literature data concerning the presence of this species in Tunisia are contradictory but now our data confirm its occurrence in the country. On the other hand, this variety is reported in the present paper for the first time both in Tunisia and in North Africa in general. Morphological characters and ecological data are presented, as well as notes about patterns of infraspecific variability of A. canescens. Nomenclatural notes on infraspecific names in A. canescens, as well as on the closely related species A. garrettii, are provided. The types of the names A. canescens var. laciniata, A. canescens var. macilenta, A. garrettii, Obione occidentalis var. angustifolia, and Pterochiton occidentale, that in earlier publications were erroneously considered to be holotypes, are in fact lectotypes (for most of taxa) under Art. 9.10 of the ICN. Isolectotypes were found at CAS (A. canescens var. laciniata and A. canescens var. macilenta), GH (A. canescens var. macilenta), and YU (Atriplex nuttallii).


In 46 horse farms all over Switzerland, the hygienic quality of the roughage (including silages) was investigated. Therefore, a macroscopic examination as well as the microbial counts (bacteria, yeasts and moulds) was carried out. Further, the contents of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and the contamination with deoxynivalenol (DON) were determined. In all roughages, the dry matter (DM) content was measured and in silages additionally the pH was measured. Predominantly, the straw showed a lower hygienic quality than hay and silages. The LPS contents were significantly higher in straw than those in hay samples. The macroscopic examination and the microbial counts showed a tendency in the same direction. Eight straw samples and one hay sample with DON contamination were found. The silages showed a DM content with a median of 65.8%. The pH of those silages was between 4.3 and 5.9. Despite the high values of DM and pH, the silages showed mainly a high hygienic quality. In total, the hygienic standard of straw was worse than that of hay. This should be taken into account also in straw used as bedding as much as the hygienic quality of hay.


Choosing among a number of available treatments the most suitable for a given subject is an issue of everyday concern. A physician has to choose an appropriate drug treatment or medical treatment for a given patient, based on a number of observed covariates X and prior experience. A case worker in an unemployment office has to choose among a variety of available active labour market programmes for unemployed job seekers. In this paper, two methodological advancements are developed: First, this methodology permits to combine a data set on previously treated individuals with a data set on new clients when the regressors available in these two data sets do not coincide. It thereby incorporates additional regressors on previously treated that are not available for the current clients. Such a situation often arises due to cost considerations, data confidentiality reasons or time delays in data availability. Second, statistical inference on the recommended treatment choice is analyzed and conveyed to the agent, physician or case worker in a comprehensible and transparent way. The implementation of this methodology in a pilot study in Switzerland for choosing among active labour market programmes (ALMP) for unemployed job seekers is described.


'Hoodwink'd in faery fancy...' This volume contains a selection of Keats' greatest verse - including his gothic story in verse, 'The Eve of St Agnes', and the mysterious 'Lamia' - exploring themes of love, enchantment, myth and magic. Introducing Little Black Classics: 80 books for Penguin's 80th birthday. Little Black Classics celebrate the huge range and diversity of Penguin Classics, with books from around the world and across many centuries. They take us from a balloon ride over Victorian London to a garden of blossom in Japan, from Tierra del Fuego to 16th-century California and the Russian steppe. Here are stories lyrical and savage; poems epic and intimate; essays satirical and inspirational; and ideas that have shaped the lives of millions. John Keats (1795-1821). Keats' works available in Penguin Classics are Selected Poems, So Bright and Delicate: Love Letters and Poems of John Keats to Fanny Brawne, The Complete Poems and Selected Letters.


OBJECTIVE The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes lipid study (ACCORD Lipid), which compared the effects of simvastatin plus fenofibrate (FENO-S) versus simvastatin plus placebo (PL-S) on cardiovascular disease outcomes, measured only fasting triglyceride (TG) levels. We examined the effects of FENO-S on postprandial (PP) lipid and lipoprotein levels in a subgroup of ACCORD Lipid subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 139 subjects (mean age of 61 years, 40% female, and 76% Hispanic or black) in ACCORD Lipid, from a total 529 ACCORD Lipid subjects in the Northeast Clinical Network. PP plasma TG, apolipoprotein (apo)B48, and apoCIII were measured over 10 h after an oral fat load. RESULTS The PP TG incremental area under the curve (IAUC) above fasting (median and interquartile range [mg/dL/h]) was 572 (352–907) in the FENO-S group versus 770 (429–1,420) in the PL-S group (P = 0.008). The PP apoB48 IAUC (mean ± SD [μg/mL/h]) was also reduced in the FENO-S versus the PL-S group (23.2 ± 16.3 vs. 35.2 ± 28.6; P = 0.008). Fasting TG levels on the day of study were correlated with PP TG IAUC (r = 0.73 for FENO-S and r = 0.62 for PL-S; each P < 0.001). However, the fibrate effect on PP TG IAUC was a constant percentage across the entire range of fasting TG levels, whereas PP apoB48 IAUC was only reduced when fasting TG levels were increased. CONCLUSIONS FENO-S lowered PP TG similarly in all participants compared with PL-S. However, levels of atherogenic apoB48 particles were reduced only in individuals with increased fasting levels of TG. These results may have implications for interpretation of the overall ACCORD Lipid trial, which suggested benefit from FENO-S only in dyslipidemic individuals.


Investigation of Heat Effect on the Shielding Properties of Some Local Concretes
The effect of heat on gamma ray and fast neutron shielding properties of two types of the local concretes (basalt concrete; ρ=2.2 g/cm3 and magnetite concrete; ρ=3.9 g/cm3) with two different water to cement ratios for both were investigated. The samples were exposed to temperatures between 20 to 300°C and 800°C.
Small losses in attenuation coefficients for gamma rays and fast neutrons were observed for the studied types of concretes. Investigations have been performed using a narrow beam of Cs-137 source and a collimated beam from ET-RR-1 reactor. A gamma spectrometer with NaI (Tl) detector and a neutron-gamma spectrometer with stilbene scintillator were used during measurements.


We present a protocol that enables to create pairwise keys between nodes in a wireless network, so that the keys are secure from an adversary, Eve, with unbounded computational and memory capabilities, but with limited network presence. Our proposed protocol works over arbitrary multi-hop networks, unlike previously proposed protocols that only work when nodes are restricted to be within the same broadcast domain. Multi-hop networks enable to support a wider range of applications; we are inspired in this paper by a traffic-anonymization application. Multi-hop networks are also more interesting technically, as they offer a much richer palette of opportunities for secrecy, that include the inherently noisy nature of wireless, the existence of multiple paths between the network nodes, and interference from concurrent transmissions. We propose a protocol that leverages these opportunities, and show that it can create keys at a rate of tens of Kbps.


The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency wants to lower limits on lead dust on floors and window sills, the agency announced June 25. The new limits apply to pre-1978 housing and any child-occupied facility, such as a daycare or school. The proposed hazard standard for floors would fall from 430 µg/m² to 108 µg/m², and the acceptable level for windows would fall from 2,700 µg/m2 to 1,100 µg/m2. EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt has said that lead exposure is a priority at the agency, though most of his public statements focus on lead in drinking water rather than childhood exposure though paint. "Lead-contaminated dust from chipped and peeling lead-based paint is one of the most common causes of elevated blood lead levels in children," Pruitt said in a statement announcing the lower levels. "Strengthening the standards for lead in dust is an important component of EPA's strategy to curtail childhood lead exposure."


Statement of Aims
To investigate the geological and geochemical controls on the distribution of precious metals within volcanic hosted massive sulphide deposits, with the objective of developing exploration models useful for the discovery of further precious metal-rich deposits.
Progress in 1987
This is the third major report on the research results to emerge from this project, and marks the end of the second year of a three-year programme. The project is on schedule and, although we lost two of our team members to industry
earlier in the year, progress in other areas has been excellent. Our progress since the previous meeting in November, 1986 is listed below (* items are
reported in this volume).
1.* Studies on the Que River precious metal zone are virtually complete, and a final report is included herein.
2.* Gold distribution studies on the F-lens pyrrhotite, magnetite and tourmaline zones is complete. Mineralogical and geochemical work is continuing.
3.* Mapping, petrological and alteration studies on the Lake Selina system are complete.
4.* Whole rock geochemistry and R.E.E. research on the Mount Read Volcanics is near completion.
5.* Gold distribution and metal ratio studies on the Scuddles deposits, W.A., are complete.
6.* Structure and metal distribution studies at Balcooma, Qld, are complete.
7. Investigations on precious metal distribution in the Thalanga massive sulphide deposit, Qld, have commenced.
8. Literature research on gold in the Canadian Precambrian deposits is complete (see associated report).
9.* A discussion paper on the source and movement of gold in submarine volcanic environments has been completed.
Parallel with this AMIRA research, an ARGS-funded study on the thermodynamics of gold transport and deposition mechanisms in VMS systems has been completed and is circulated as a separate report.
In conclusion I would like to thank all members of the AMIRA team: Peter McGoldrick, Tony Crawford, David Huston, Khin Zaw, Steve Hunns, John Pernberton and Stewart Capp, in addition to June Pongratz and PhiI Robinson, all of whom
have given their unfailing support to the project in 1987.
Ross Large
Project Leader


This article contains the analysis of developments in the budgetary legislation, which occurred during the last decade in Ukraine and Kazakhstan. In essence, the article focuses on the matters of provision of guarantees by the local authorities. The authors take a look at the evolution of the constitutional, budgetary, financial, civil and administrative legislation in connection to the issues of the budgetary guarantees in the both countries. Employing a comparative approach, the authors draw parallels between two independently developing legal systems which share a common legislative past.


Abstract : Studies have been conducted of the frequency stabilization of the output from a Sylvania 941 Carbon Dioxide laser by active comparison with a Stark-tuned NH2D line center in an absorption cell. A dithered Stark voltage gave a peak-detection correction signal fed back to a PZT mounted laser resonator mirror to control the cavity optical length. Operation of an integrator incorporated in the feedback loop to improve the system stability has been investigated. A method was demonstrated of using the integrator to locate the desired laser vibronic transition by scanning the laser through its spectral signature prior to initiation of servo operation. An unexpected discontinuity in the absorption lineshape of a Stark-tunable cell was discovered which made the cell unsuitable for generation of the feedback signal. A new and more versatile Stark cell was designed for test and evaluation of cell plate configuration and fabrication. (Author)


This Article examines and critiques media portraits of the Middle East and Middle-Eastern Americans by tracing the alarming impact of this last minstrel show on public policy and the war on terrorism The Article begins by analyzing racial profiling's problematic discourse of legitimation, deracinating its unsound roots and charting the intricate relationship between representation and reality in the narration of the Middle-Eastern threat, especially after 9/11. The Article then examines the instrumental role of the mass media in both ossifying and perpetuating stereotypes that have rationalized policies targeting individuals of Middle-Eastern descent. Drawing on specific examples from the movies, television, music, publishing and advertising, the Article highlights the accretive impact of entertainment content on the epistemology of fear and the grave and under appreciated toll of such representations on the Middle-Eastern American community. Finally, the Article also calls for some modest but concrete reforms in the entertainment industry as a starting point for providing more balanced depictions of the Middle East and of Middle-Eastern Americans.


The transformation of innovation into commercial value depends primarily on appropriate protection of the intellectual property, usually by patents, and efficient pathway(s) of its transferability as well as the transfer of the protected knowledge. The key features of patents, from an economic perspective, are that they encompass new knowledge and confer monopoly rights to the owner. The exclusiveness of patent rights is generally conceived as a necessary mechanism to ensure further innovation, stimulate advanced research and facilitate efficient market transactions with patent rights. The patent holder can transfer the technology embodied by way of granting to others a license to use the patented invention in return for a share of the revenues, usually royalties. Patent rights transferability has been proven to be efficient and profitable to the industry as well as beneficial to the welfare of society. The economic and practical perspectives of the transferability and commercialization of patent rights are discussed.


Our understanding of how the visual system processes motion transparency, the phenomenon by which multiple directions of motion are perceived to coexist in the same spatial region, has grown considerably in the past decade. There is compelling evidence that the process is driven by global-motion mechanisms. Consequently, although transparently moving surfaces are readily segmented over an extended space, the visual system cannot separate two motion signals that coexist in the same local region. A related issue is whether the visual system can detect transparently moving surfaces simultaneously or whether the component signals encounter a serial 'bottleneck' during their processing. Our initial results show that, at sufficiently short stimulus durations, observers cannot accurately detect two superimposed directions; yet they have no difficulty in detecting one pattern direction in noise, supporting the serial-bottleneck scenario. However, in a second experiment, the difference in performance between the two tasks disappears when the component patterns are segregated. This discrepancy between the processing of transparent and non-overlapping patterns may be a consequence of suppressed activity of global-motion mechanisms when the transparent surfaces are presented in the same depth plane. To test this explanation, we repeated our initial experiment while separating the motion components in depth. The marked improvement in performance leads us to conclude that transparent motion signals are represented simultaneously.


This paper argues that the enduring mystery of colour, in particular its el - emental effusiveness, has been tamed and managed by notions of good taste and chic that equate cultural maturity with a limited palette. Yet co - lour in all its post industrial forms continues to break free of constraints in an audacious display of autopoiesis. The science of colour based on image, mimesis, and the physiology of the eye has missed the phenomenon of co - lour altogether because it takes place at the incalculable level of shine and radiance. Ontologically colour makes things manifest by revealing them in their unique presence rather than merely facilitating communication, rep - resentation or spectacle. Before colour is seen, before light can facilitate a look, colour looks back in such a way that looking and seeing are provoked. Using Thierry de Duve, David Batchelor and Martin Heidegger it will be shown that these ways of being with colour are extended by a formal evolution in painting whereby expanded painting addresses everything in the everyday world that carries colour from data screens to plastic utensils and even paint itself. Ultimately, the medium of painting however decon - structed or expanded, has become the entity to "˜whom' the work of colour is addressed.


Abstract This essay describes how the presidential campaign of Barack Obama reflected two tendencies of social conduct for African American men, colloquially summed up in African American public discourse as "keeping it real" and "keeping it proper." The first refers to African Americans' efforts to behave in public settings in ways that presumably indicate a strong social connection to other African Americans, or that validate black Americans over and against some notion of a non-African American standard of social conduct. The latter refers to African Americans' efforts to adhere to presumably "mainstream" behavioral standards, whereby the humanity of black Americans is demonstrated and advanced. The essay explores how Obama exemplified both perspectives during his presidential campaign and discusses what implications his effort to balance these two, often diametrically opposed, tendencies has for forwarding new conceptions of African American masculinity.


The extant anomalodesmatan bivalves have always proved rather enigmatic and difficult to interpret, both in terms of their relationships to other bivalve taxa and the interrelationships of the constituent families. These difficulties stem from their diverse and often highly specialized life habits which have resulted in a wide array of disparate morphologies, and also from the fact that many are extremely rare. Classifications based on morphological characters have been dogged by fears that convergent and parallel evolution has masked phylogenetic signals. Molecular surveys of members of 12 of the 15 constituent families, using the 18S rRNA gene, have revealed that anomalodesmatans are robustly monophyletic and lie within the basal heterodonts. The Anomalodesmata should no longer be regarded as a subclass, but as a part of the Heterodonta. Here we present an enhanced analysis of 32 anomalodesmatan species (representatives of 12 families). Our results, subjected to Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses, challenge our understanding of the internal relationships within the Anomalodesmata. In particular they indicate the need for a re-distribution of the families traditionally placed in the Thracioidea and Pandoroidea into a 'thraciid' lineage (Thraciidae + Cleidothaeridae + Myochamidae) and a 'lyonsiid' lineage (polyphyletic Lyonsiidae + Clavagellidae + Laternulidae + Pandoridae). The endolithic Clavagella and endobenthic Brechites and Penicillus form a robust clade. The hypothesis that the carnivorous septibranchs are monophyletic can, thus far, be neither supported nor rejected. Mapping critical morphological characters onto our molecular results provides evidence of multiple loss of some characters (e.g. prismato-nacreous shell microstructure and shell spicules) and also multiple gain of others (e.g. chondrophores)


Abstract : The recent availability of low-cost computer controlled data acquisition systems have made it conceptually possible to replace much of the data recording and data analysis work associated with the classical electronics laboratory experiments required in a typical Electrical Engineering program. This thesis reports the results of a study focused on putting those concepts into practice. It is the first application of student laboratory Virtual Instruments at the school. Specifically, this thesis reports on the practicality of using a standard personal computer equipped with National Instruments LabVIEW for Windows and a data acquisition board to replace the typical manual instrumentation and data extraction required for seven Naval Postgraduate School ECE 2200 laboratory experiments. Appendices include the front panel display with associated block diagram code and the revised course laboratory experiments.


Without a ligand, Germ Cell Nuclear Factor (GCNF) binds to and represses genes. Targets include Oct4 (involved in the pluripotency of embryonic and germ cells), CRIPTO-1 (found in undifferentiated stem cells), and reproductive genes in both the male and female including GDF-9 and BMP-15. Previous studies using qRtPCR suggest that GCNF is involved in cell growth proliferation. It was theorized that higher concentrations of GCNF would be found in growing tissues, for instance in embryonic and neonatal tissues, and lower concentrations in fully developed tissues. Tests were conducted by isolating total RNA from hamster tissue samples, reverse transcribing it, and then followed up by RtPCR. Standard curves from isolated ds DNA GCNF PCR product were created to allow the formation of a database monitoring changes in hamster tissue GCNF mRNA levels using ds DNA PCR product. Linearity of the GCNF qRtPCR was reproducible over a broad range of DNA levels. However, it was found that the sample tissues contained extremely low amounts of GCNF mRNA that could not be measured accurately or reproduced easily even by qRtPCR. GCNF 351 primers were found to work better than the GCNFRT primers due to possible alternate splicing occurring in the mRNA not allowing GCNRT primers to bind. The overall conclusion does not support the hypothesis that GNCF mRNA expression is greater in growing versus non-growing adult tissues.


Network-on-Chip (NoC) architectures represent a promising design paradigm to cope with increasing communication requirements in digital systems. Network-on-chip (NoC) has emerged as a vital factor that determines the performance and power consumption of many core systems. VLSI technology is to modify NOC internal router arrangements, shortest path allocation process and neighbor router estimation control. In existing paper the proposed design of 4*4 mesh topology based router architecture and to optimize the path allocation process using hybrid scheme which consist of VCS, CS,PS technique for path allocation work. This work is to reduce the data transferring time between source and destination. The existing system is consuming more power and to increase the circuit complexity level. Our proposed work is to design a 4*4 star topology based network on chip architecture. This work is to reduce the path allocation process using hop to hop data transfer technique. This technique is to increase NOC architecture performance level. This proposed architecture is to optimize the internal connectivity level and to reduce path allocation process level. This technique is to reduce data transfer time between source and destination. The proposed system is used to reduce the latency level and to improve throughput value.


Globalization and the development of multinational organizations have led to an increase in the number of people spending part of their lives living and working in foreign countries. While the contemporary literature has focused on organizational expatriates sent overseas by their employers, self-initiated expatriation is becoming an important area of study in its own right. Studies on self-initiated expatriation explore the labor market positions of individuals who have relocated under their own initiative. However, no comprehensive book exists on the dynamics that underlie this type of mobility. This edited volume offers a holistic picture of self-initiated expatriation and the groups that pursue it, emphasizing many aspects for departure including career development and career capital. It is the first book on the market to explore the issues pertaining to self-initiated expatriation from a variety of perspectives with important theoretical and practical implications. In an era of global war for talent, companies face difficulties in finding highly skilled employees. Self-initiated expatriates have the potential to fill this talent gap. National economies thus have an interest in creating favorable conditions to attract self-initiated expatriates and provoke their repatriation, and this book explores the conditions that achieve the return of employees with skills that are in demand outside of their home countries.


Although peaks and troughs in cognitive performance characterize our daily functioning, time-of-day fluctuations remain marginally considered in the domain of cognitive psychology and neuropsychology. Here, we attempt to summarize studies looking at the effects of sleep pressure, circadian variations, and chronotype on cognitive functioning in healthy subjects. The picture that emerges from this assessment is that beyond physiological variables, time-of-day modulations affect performance on a wide range of cognitive tasks measuring attentional capacities, executive functioning, and memory. These performance fluctuations are also contingent upon the chronotype, which reflects interindividual differences in circadian preference, and particularly upon the synchronicity between the individuals' peak periods of circadian arousal and the time of the day at which testing occurs. In themselves, these conclusions should direct both the clinician's and the researcher's attention towards the utmost importance to account for time-of-day parameters when assessing cognitive performance in patients and healthy volunteers.


The worldwide continuous increasing of population provokes an increasing awareness about the food security. Qatar is one of the first countries establishing a Food Security Strategy Program to satisfy the demand of food and feed. Microalgae is considered as one of the most promising solution based on its ability to produce the essential elements needed for food and feed such as lipids, carbohydrates, proteins... In Qatar University, a diverse collection of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria strains isolated from different environments was established (QUCCCM). Microalgae, These photosynthetic microorganisms are capable of converting solar energy into useful compounds. Microalgae accumulate several kinds of metabolites such as proteins (6-52%), lipids (7-23%), carbohydrates (5-23%). In addition, microalgae produce have the ability to produce high-value metabolites. The aim of our work was to screen the QUCCCM and identify potential strains with high nutritional value for use as feed for poultry and livestock. In this study, Microalgal isolates belonging to 12 different species were investigated for their eligibility to be used as a feed. All strains were cultivated over a period of 10 to15 days depending on species. Optical Density and Dry weights were recorded every three days to follow the algal Growth. The results showed the presence of three categories of isolates (fast, medium and slow growing). Among them, the species Chlamydomonas sp. presented the highest growth rate (μ) with 0.89day − 1 ± 0.27 and a doubling time of 1.28/ day. Based on this result, the fast-growing strains were subjected to metabolite investigations in terms of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids and Fatty acids to select the ideal strain(s) presenting high growth rate along with metabolites valuable for algae-based feed supplement. The highest protein and Lipid content was observed in the case of a freshwater strain belonging to the Mychonastes sp.with ∼ 50% w/w and 40.7% ± 0.015 respectively. Carbohydrates were seen highest in Chlorococcum sp.with a value of 30% ± 0.009%. Considering the marine strains, the isolates had a similar range of protein, Lipids and Carbohydrates content of (22%-34%), (32%-39%) and (8%-20%) respectively. Based on this study, one marine strain (Pichochloris sp.) having 33% ± 0.021 content of protein and 32.7% ± 0.036 as lipid, and one freshwater (Mychonastes sp.) holding the highest amount of metabolites were selected for deeply investigations in terms of FAME and Amino acid profiling which are crucial parameters that determine the feed quality. The results showed the presence of different essential Amino acids in the total protein fraction. Fatty acid profiling comprised saturated and unsaturated fats for all strains; most of them being rich with C18:0; C16:0 and C16:3. For the selected strains, the metabolite content during the growth period was followed by sampling every 3 days in order to identify the stage having high productivity and rich metabolite content. The analysis of the isolates showed an increase in the production of each metabolite during the growth, wherein lipids and protein amounts are relatively high while carbohydrates were comparatively low. These two selected strains will be improved in terms of lipid and protein production using media and salinity stress in order to enhance the production of essential nutrients such as omegas, amino acids and used for animal bioassay. In Conclusion, this study showed the existence of a diverse and rich collection of valuable strains with important metabolites that can support the country's food security program, by providing microalgae to supplement animal feed. Additionally, the potential candidates can be used for commercial applications.


News coverage of the same events is simultaneously driven by homogenizing and heterogenizing influences. In this paper, we assess whether and when conflict news in different media become more similar or dissimilar by analyzing the coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in 13 leading Israeli, Palestinian, and international media over almost 10 years. We distinguish between drivers of enduring similarity, gradual convergence and temporary (dis-)alignments in the news, and relate them to the detected concept association patterns in over 200,000 news texts. We find a slow, context-dependent convergence trend in the news, and temporary alignments and dis-alignments in interpretation in response to major conflict events. Discussing the underlying, interacting influences, the study highlights implications for investigating current transformations in global journalism.


Abstract. The spectral deconvolution algorithm (SDA) and SDA+ (extended SDA) methodologies can be employed to separate the fine and coarse mode extinction coefficients from measured total aerosol extinction coefficients, but their common use is currently limited to AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) aerosol optical depth (AOD). Here we provide the verification of the SDA+ methodology on a non-AERONET aerosol product, by applying it to fine and coarse mode nephelometer and particle soot absorption photometer (PSAP) data sets collected in the marine boundary layer. Using data sets collected on research vessels by NOAA-PMEL(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory), we demonstrate that with accurate input, SDA+ is able to predict the fine and coarse mode scattering and extinction coefficient partition in global data sets representing a range of aerosol regimes. However, in low-extinction regimes commonly found in the clean marine boundary layer, SDA+ output accuracy is sensitive to instrumental calibration errors. This work was extended to the calculation of coarse and fine mode scattering coefficients with similar success. This effort not only verifies the application of the SDA+ method to in situ data, but by inference verifies the method as a whole for a host of applications, including AERONET. Study results open the door to much more extensive use of nephelometers and PSAPs, with the ability to calculate fine and coarse mode scattering and extinction coefficients in field campaigns that do not have the resources to explicitly measure these values.


In this contribution, diffusion of water, acetone, and ethanol into a polymer matrix has been studied experimentally and numerically by finite element approaches. Moreover, the present study reports an assessment of different thermomechanical conditions of the shape-memory (SM) performance, for example, stress- or strain-holding times in stress- or strain-controlled thermomechanical cycles and the effect of maximum strain. According to the results presented here, the uptake of acetone in Estane is much higher than ethanol and follows classical Fickian diffusion. Further, a series of thermomechanical measurements conducted on dry and physically (hydrolytically) aged polyether urethanes revealed that incorporation of water seems to have an appreciable impact on the shape recovery ratios which can be attributed to the additional physical crosslinks. However, no obvious difference in shape fixation of dry and physically (hydrolytically) aged samples could be recognized. Furthermore, by decreasing the strain-holding time, shape recovery improves significantly. Moreover, the shape fixity is found to be independent of holding time. The shape recovery ratio decreased dramatically with an increase in the stress-holding time.


Class actions have gone global. Foreign parties are no longer a rarity in U.S. class litigation. In addition to being named as defendants, foreigners increasingly form a significant part of the group of absent class members. U.S. courts have thus begun to consider some novel issues, including whether due process requires foreigners to be treated as an opt-in rather than an opt-out class; whether a judgment or settlement in the suit is capable of being enforced or recognized as res judicata abroad and thus whether class certification is justified in the first place; and whether a foreign forum grants comparable access to justice in the form of group litigation and thus represents an adequate alternative forum for purposes of a forum non conveniens defense. Knowledge about the relevant foreign procedure, institutions, and jurisprudential values thus becomes crucial for decision-making in this area. In this Article, I attempt to contribute to that information with a look at group litigation devices in Switzerland. In discussing both proposals to introduce an American-style class action that were rejected in the present effort to draft a federal code of civil procedure and the workings of existing group litigation devices, I try to explore the major reasons for the Swiss reluctance to add the class action to the country's existing procedural vehicles.


The South Fork Mountain Schist at Black Butte and Cottonwood Creek consists largely of fine-grained metasedimentary and voluminous mafic metavolcanic rocks. Contacts between the metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks are commonly thrust faults that formed during or preceding blueschist-facies metamorphism. The contact between the South Fork Mountain Schist and "normal" Franciscan metagraywacke was mapped by Suppe (1973) in the Ball Mountain region as the Log Spring fault. This fault may be traced northward into the Yolla Bolly quadrangle where it diverges westward from the schist-graywacke contact. At Cottonwood Creek the schist apparently passes down gradationally into less-metamorphosed rocks. The primary rock types of the South Fork Mountain Schist have more similarities to the lower facies (Knoxville Formation) of the Great Valley sequence than to other units of the Franciscan Complex, in that its primary sedimentary rocks were mainly mudstone, rather than graywacke. The schist may represent a similar facies relationship to the Franciscan as the Knoxville does to the Great Valley, namely, an older distal portion; or it may have originated as part of the Knoxville. In either case, the nature and position of the schist are more compatible with a western rather than an eastern source for the Franciscan graywackes.


Recent work reported at the Quark Matter Conference 2005 has led to the suggestion that Brown-Rho scaling is ruled out by the NA60 data. (Brown-Rho scaling describes the reduction of hadronic masses in matter and at finite temperature.) In the present work we argue that the interpretation of the experimental data presented at the Quark Matter Conference is not correct and that Brown-Rho scaling is valid. To make this argument we discuss the evolution in time of the excited hadronic system and suggest that the system is deconfined at the earliest times and becomes confined when the density and temperature decrease as the system evolves. Thus, we suggest that we see both the properties of the deconfined and confined systems in the experimental data. In our interpretation, Brown-Rho scaling refers to the later times of the collision, when the system is in the confined phase.


This paper reports the results of a randomized trial of the College Possible program, which provides two years of college preparatory work for high school juniors and seniors in Minneapolis and St. Paul. The trial involved 238 students, including 134 who were randomly selected for admission to the program. The results indicate that the College Possible program significantly increased both applications and enrollment to both four-year colleges and selective four-year colleges; we estimate that initial enrollment at four-year colleges increased by more than 15 percentage points for program participants, but find little evidence of any effect of the program on ACT performance or college enrollment overall.


Most of the studies conducted about wildlife attacks on humans so far have disproportionately focused on fatal attacks, but further exploration is needed to understand other injury severities (minor, serious, death). This paper focuses on assessment of the extent of injury caused by wildlife attacks on humans in the vicinity of the Chitwan National Park (CNP) of Nepal for a period between 2003 and 2013. In the vicinity of this park, people suffer from the attacks by various wild animals such as rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis), tiger (Panthera tigris), sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), elephant (Elephas maximus), and wild boar (Sus scrofa). We used data collected from group discussion (n=33), key stakeholder interview (n=36), field observation, and household questionnaire survey (n=329). Our results showed that wildlife attacks were significantly correlated to site environment, season, victims' gender, age, awareness, and activities. The injury severity significantly correlated to attacking animal species (p<0.0001). Fatal cases occurred on 1-people in-3, and rest suffered with minor to severe injuries. On an average, 30 attacks occurred annually. Most fatalities were caused by elephant attacks (68%) followed by tiger (57%), rhino (29%), bear (4%), and by wild boar attacks (4%). Most fatalities (84%) occurred at incident sites, where some victims had to loss their lives due to delay in rescue. The victims were found facing substantially harsh physical, psychological, and economical problems. Patterns of the attacks were significantly uneven across months (p<0.001). Uneducated persons, fishermen, and collectors of forest resources received more fatal attacks than others. We suggest for creation of awareness among local people about species-specific behaviour of attacking animals. The medical trauma centre should be established in the vicinity of the CNP and existing local medical centres should be upgraded for immediate treatment of the victims.


Conflict - be it war between states, ethnic violence, civil war, or terrorist activity - endures, despite immense efforts to end it. How do states cope with conflict, minimize future threats, and reduce the risk of insecurity? Morgan outlines a spectrum of solutions states use to manage violent conflict, ranging from strategies that individual governments enact largely on their own, such as distribution of power, deterrence, or arms control, to those such as collective security and multilateralism that are more global in nature. This book progresses into tactical and practical actions, from negotiation and mediation to peace imposition. Morgan evaluates each strategy and tactic in terms of how well it addresses three levels of security - systemic, state, and societal - to show how they are interrelated and complementary to each other in important ways. Addressing insecurity at one level often elicits further insecurity at another. Morgan shows students how these various levels interact-either to a state's advantage or to its detriment - so they can comprehensively analyze the ways that political actors manage (or incite) conflict. Useful pedagogical features help students master the material: Terms and Concepts boxes go beyond simple definitions and provide students with a concept's evolution over time or the controversy surrounding the meaning of a certain term; Cases and Context boxes offer needed background and interesting detail about pivotal cases of conflict, both historical and contemporary in nature; key terms are bolded throughout and compiled in a glossary; and, annotated bibliographic essays at the end of each chapter point students to additional sources for further study.


The aim of the paper is to discuss introduction of New Public Management (NPM) ideas in Latvian public administration after 1990 in the context of policy transfer. Since, policy transfer concept includes a wide scope of actors involved, the paper will concentrate upon politicians and elected officials. Politicians are the only actors in policy transfer who can decide to transfer entire policies. In this respect, the motivation of politicians imposed by external and internal constraints to use policy transfer is relevant. In order to explore scope of policy transfer utilised during administrative transformation in Latvia, the author will analyse governmental declarations and the activities performed as the main source describing governmental commitments.


The European Commission project QoSMOS specifies and develops a cognitive radio system which will allow opportunistic use of radio spectrum for mobile users as well as providing managed Quality of Service (QoS). If opportunistic wireless access is to be a real alternative to current licence-based technology it must be able to provide at least as good a user experience. Some of the most interesting business opportunities are the access to the wireless market for new entrants and well as benefits for current wireless operators. Some examples are easier access to new markets, capacity enhancements, spectrum sharing, spectrum trading, cost and performance gains in existing networks and new services. If a cognitive radio system is to be attractive for actors in the wireless industry, it has to provide significant benefits. Consequently, the QoSMOS project has defined several criteria to find feasible deployment scenarios for cognitive radio systems. These criteria address both technical and commercial factors. The resulting promising scenarios are cognitive femtocells, cellular extension in whitespaces (including rural broadband) and cognitive ad-hoc networks. All of these could provide a benefit, either for new entrants, or for existing wireless operators and fixed broadband operators. Some initial business case definitions have been set up. Spectrum trading is an important tool to increase overall spectrum utilization and to open up opportunities for businesses to get access to desired spectrum. An ecosystem for spectrum trading consisting of spectrum traders, spectrum brokers, spectrum databases and a spectrum regulator has been defined. In addition, a wireless sensor network may be implemented to provide more detailed information about the real-time spectrum status. Fair trading is dependent on well-defined trading metrics which are quantifiable measures of the performance of the trading market. Recommended high levels metrics are market viability, channel quality, spectrum utilization and social welfare. This white paper explains the business environment in which cognitive radio may exist and benefit in the future.


Introduction: The objectives of this work were to assess haemodialytic patients' quality of life (QoL) and to identify factors affecting this QoL. Patients and Methods: It was a three (03) month monocen- tric and transversal study (from October 24, 2011 to January 27, 2012) conducted in the haemodialy- sis unit at Hubert Koutoukou Maga Teaching Hospital (CNHU-HKM) in Cotonou. Patients included were residents of Benin, aged 18 years and above, chronic haemodialysis in this unit for over 3 months, and willfully gave their consent. Quality of life was evaluated using questionnaire on Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short-Form French version 1.2 (KDQoL-SF 36). Epidemiological data, nephro- pathy etiologies and purification parametres were recorded in patients files. Data statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software 11.5. Results: In total 131 patients were involved in the study. The average age was 50.27 ± 12.17 years with a sex ratio of 1.69. Nephroangiosclerosis was the 1st cause. Most patients 128 (97.71 %) received two haemodialysis sessions on weekly basis. The Aver- age Overall Score (AOS) based respectively on SF 36 and KDQoL was 48.55 and 58.55. The average of both SF 36 and KDQoL AOS was 53.55. Factors affecting hemodialytic patients quality of life were vi- tality, limitations related to mental health and physical condition, burden of kidney disease, effect of the disease on daily life and occupational status. The study revealed that: Patients education level was correlated with vitality (p < 0.017); The number of haemodialyses sessions was correlated with the consequences of kidney disease on daily life (p < 0.025). Conclusion: It is necessary to streng- then the staff by providing a psychologist and a dietician and also build new haemodialysis centres.


In traditional graphical user interfaces, the majority of UI elements are hidden to the user in the default view, as application designers and users desire more space for their application data. We explore the benefits of dedicating additional screen space for presenting an alternative visualization of an application's user interface. Some potential benefits are to assist users in examining complex software, understanding the extent of an application's capabilities, and exploring the available features. We propose user interface visualizations, alternative representations of an application's interface augmented with usage information. We introduce a design space for UI visualizations and describe some initial prototypes and insights based on this design space. We then present AppMap, our new design, which displays the entire function set of AutoCAD and allows the user to interactively explore the visualization which is augmented with visual overlays displaying analytical data about the functions and their relations. In our initial studies, users welcomed this new presentation of functionality, and the unique information that it presents.


Abstract:  Carbonate strata constitute a minor proportion of the widespread eolian Lower Jurassic Navajo Sandstone but are vital for understanding the hydrological and paleoecological dynamics of the erg system. The carbonate lithologies are in the form of tufa (carbonate spring) mounds and lacustrine beds, predominantly limestone and/or dolomite with minor constituents of chert and clastics. The tufa mounds and lacustrine carbonate beds occur separately or together; where together, the springs are interpreted to have sourced water to the lakes. Where they are not associated with tufa mounds, the lacustrine carbonate beds may have formed where the water table intersected the topographic surface through seepage. Many of the deposits exhibit three common characteristics: (1) clastic facies in the carbonate beds that indicate proximity to the lake margin; (2) deformation of the lower beds of the carbonate units by catastrophic dewatering events; and (3) a variety of weathering features and evaporite crystal molds that indicate periodic subaerial exposure. These deposits were also the habitats of a rich terrestrial biota, including vertebrates, aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, and plants, including large trees. In addition to the tufa mounds, several other mound-like structures occur in the carbonate beds as stromatolite mounds, carbonate beds draped over primary topography, tepee structures, and accumulations around tree trunks.


Relaying technologies have been designated as major new enabling technologies for next generation wireless broadband systems, such as 3GPP LTE-Advanced. The practical deployment of decode-and-forward (DF) relaying technologies as supported by the current standard is based on repetition coding, meaning that the relay regenerates the same codeword generated by the source node. This scheme is suboptimal. Nevertheless, it is preferred in practice due to its simple implementation. The optimal relaying schemes called cooperative coding are difficult to construct in practice and require heavy computation load at the receiver. Therefore, they are rarely implemented despite their prospected performance gains. As a simple and practical alternative, we propose a novel relaying scheme that provides a superior performance similar to the advanced cooperative coding techniques, but it is less complex to implement. Our novel scheme is called "decode-partial-forward" (DPF) because its fundamental concept of operation is based on making the relay forwards one part of the source message such that the receiver at the destination node can rely on the direct channel with the source to obtain the other part of the message. The DPF scheme is based favorably on repetition coding and maximal ratio combining techniques, which are standardized techniques with low-complexity and low computation load. Nevertheless, our novel scheme performs very close to the optimal bounds for the supported rates over relaying links. More specifically, the increase in the supported reliable transmission rates (bits/sec) using the proposed DPF scheme may exceed 30% of the supported rates using the conventional repetition coding DF scheme. Another major advantage of our proposed scheme is that it is easy to adapt flexibly based on the channel conditions of the three links of the relay channel (source-destination, source-relay, relay-destination), by adjusting the power and rate allocation at the source and relay using simple closed-form analytic formulas. Therefore, we believe that the DPF relaying scheme is an excellent option for practical deployment in the telecommunication standards due to its simplicity, adaptability and high spectral efficiency gains.


In the highly competitive global market, only organizations survive in which, knowledge has replaced labor and natural resources as the key source of sustainable growth and development. The organizations that have learned doing things differently and doing different things. In such organizations knowledge and learning are widely considered as sustainable sources of competitive advantage. In this paper first we take a look at the history and the pioneers of knowledge management in Iran analyzing the evolutionary trend of knowledge management and its current condition in Iran. Then we trace the emphasis put on knowledge management in the fourth economic, social and cultural development plan proposed by the Iranian Government with an analytical approach. Next but still important we present the summary of the 5th Seminar of the Industries and Mines Research and Development Centers by the name of Research and Development and Knowledge Management which was held on 23 and 24th of Nov. 05 in Tehran by The R&D Society of Iranian Industries and Mines with the help of the Deputy Office for Planning, Research & Development of the Ministry of Industries & Mines and the Deputy Office of Research of the Ministry of Science, Research & Technology. Since we were directly involved in the above mentioned seminar from both scientific and executive point of view we believe this seminar is the most up to date case study about knowledge management in Iran.


Abstract Realistic simulation of structurally complex reservoirs (SCR) is challenging in at least three ways: (1) geological structures must be represented and discretized accurately on vastly different length scales; (2) extreme ranges and discontinuous variations of material properties have to be associated with the discretized structures and accounted for in the computations; and (3) episodic, highly transient and often localized events such as well shut-in have to be resolved adequately within the overall production history, necessitating a highly adaptive resolution of time. To facilitate numerical experiments that elucidate the emergent properties, typical states and state transitions of SCRs, an application programmer interface (API) called complex systems modelling platform (CSMP++) has been engineered in ANSI/ISO C++. It implements a geometry and process-based SCR decomposition in space and time, and uses an algebraic multigrid solver (SAMG) for the spatio-temporal integration of the governing partial differential equations. This paper describes a new SCR simulation workflow including a two-phase fluid flow model that is compared with ECLIPSE in a single-fracture flow simulation. Geologically realistic application examples are presented for incompressible 2-phase flow, compressible 3-phase flow, and pressure-diffusion in a sector-scale model of a structurally complex reservoir.


Over the past decade, there has been an increased use of playful approaches to teaching and learning in higher education. Proponents argue that creating 'safe' playful spaces supports learning from failure, management of risk-taking, creativity and innovation, as well as increasing the enjoyment of learning for many students. However, the emergent field of playful learning in adulthood is under-explored, and there is a lack of appreciation of the nuanced and exclusive nature of adult play. This article will first examine the theoretical background to the field, providing an initial definition of 'playful learning' through the metaphor of the 'magic circle' and presenting a hypothesis of why play is important for learning throughout the life course. Second, it will frame the field by highlighting different aspects of playful learning: playful tools, techniques, and tactics. The third section of the article provides two case studies that exemplify different aspects of play: the  EduScapes  escape room design project, which uses playful failure-based learning, and the  Playful Learning Conference , which employs playful principles to rethink the conference format. The article concludes by highlighting three central issues for this emerging field: lack of a research trajectory; the language of play; and unacknowledged privilege inherent in the use of playful learning. Published: 9 May 2018 This paper is part of the Special Collection: Playful Learning Conference, edited by Fiona Smart and Mark Langan. More papers from this collection can be found  here Citation: Research in Learning Technology 2018,  26 : 2035 -  http://dx.doi.org/10.25304/rlt.v26.2035


Confinement has been shown to affect bone strenth in poultry but this weakness has not been documented in other species housed in confinement. The objectives of this experiment were to compare muscle weight and bone strength in non-pregnant sows, of similar age and parity, housed throughout eight or nine pregnancies in two different dry sow systems: (1) individually in stalls and (2) communally in a large group. Following slaughter, the left thoracic and pelvic limbs were dissected and 14 locomotor muscles removed and c. ???lied. A proportional muscle weight was then calculated by dividing individual muscle weight (g) by total body weight (kg). Where there were significant differences, stall-housed sows had lower absolute and proportional muscle weights than group-housed sows. The left humerus and femur were also removed. The bones were broken by a three-point bend test using an Instron Universal Tester. Both bones from stall-housed sows had breaking strengths that were about two-thirds those of group-housed sows. The results indicate that confinement of sows, with a consequent lack of exercise, results in reduction of muscle weight and considerable reduction of bone strength.


A marker database was compiled for isolates of the potato and tomato late blight pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, originating from 41 locations which include 31 countries plus 10 regions within Mexico. Presently, the database contains information on 1,776 isolates for one or more of the following markers: restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) "fingerprint" consisting of 23 bands; mating type; dilocus allozyme genotype; mitochondrial DNA haplotype; sensitivity to the fungicide metalaxyl; and virulence. In the database, 305 entries have unique RFLP fingerprints and 258 entries have unique multilocus genotypes based on RFLP fingerprint, dilocus allozyme genotype, and mating type. A nomenclature is described for naming multilocus genotypes based on the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) two-letter country code and a unique number. Forty-two previously published multilocus genotypes are represented in the database with references to publications. As a result of compilation of the database, seven new genotypes were identified and named. Cluster analysis of genotypes from clonally propagated populations worldwide generally confirmed a previously published classification of "old" and "new" genotypes. Genotypes from geographically distant countries were frequently clustered, and several old and new genotypes were found in two or more distant countries. The cluster analysis also demonstrated that A2 genotypes from Argentina differed from all others. The database is available via the Internet, and thus can serve as a resource for Phytophthora workers worldwide.


A B S T R A C T Water scarcity and its unsustainable use are threatening farming efficiency in most "Arid et semi-arid lands" (ASALs) of Kenya. More significantly, these factors lead to recurrent food shortage in Machakos District of Kenya. This has been attributed to both endogenous and exogenous factors pertaining to on-farm management and environmental changes, respectively. This study used hydro-geomorphologic risk assessment, social impact and economic inventory models to evaluate farmers' water use efficiency. This procedure referred to as "hydro-economic inventory" assesses the risks related to the use of water and land in farming, and its impact on the social welfare of farmers and the economic viability of their activities. It serves as a basis to the planning, monitoring and evaluation of water disasters in agriculture in that catchment area. It focuses on an incremental analysis of crop water requirements and farmers' water demand under fluctuating rainfall regimes using hybrid inventory models. Results of this study show that significant increase of water shortage costs under below normal rainfall regime (BNOR) undermines agricultural efficiency. Almost all farming units need to define a "Minimum efficient scale" (MES) of their farming water demand to optimize their crop water requirements under recurrent risk of drought. Farmers also need appropriate farming technologies and rational water policies to foster their economic efficiency.


Imaging of globally varying subsurface structures is traditionally done by using seismic tomography to map large volumetric anomalies. Methods that image sharp discontinuities in seismic impedance have been restricted to regional or local studies. A global, three-dimensional method is developed that stacks converted earthquake waves originating in such discontinuities, as a function of their conversion points. The method relies on the database GLImER, which contains a global dataset of earthquake recordings that were processed into records of seismic impedance contrasts, namely receiver functions. The implementation of the method follows four steps that are (1) tracing the theoretical conversion points of the receiver functions, (2) creating a global bin grid, (3) binning the receiver functions as a function of their theoretical conversion points, and (4) traveltime-correcting and stacking the binned receiver functions. The stacks are computed with phase-weights to efficiently attenuate incoherencies in the signal. Furthermore, our method takes advantage of the crustal multiples to further enhance the stacks. We test our developed method on both synthetic data created with RAYSUM and real data of the Cascadia subduction zone with the conclusion that dipping discontinuities of up to 20° can be smoothly imaged. Furthermore, the subducting slab was shown to have a 4° southwards dip orthogonal to the convergence of the Juan de Fuca and the North American plate. Following the tests, the method is applied to the East African continent to create two almost continuous cross sections from the Afar Region to Cape Town. The cross sections are used to survey both the topography of the Mohorovičić (Moho) discontinuity and the mantle transition zone (MTZ) discontinuities at ∼410 and ∼660 km. Our images show that (1) the Moho is predominantly affected by Africa's tectonic history, showing jumps at nearly every tectonic boundary with shallowing from northern Kenya towards the Afar region, and that (2) the MVZ is generally thinning from South Africa to the Afar region with an abrupt thickening towards the Arabian Peninsula. Both the shallowing of the Moho and the thinning of the MTZ are attributed to the mantle upwelling previously imaged by seismic tomography. The abrupt thickening of the MTZ in the north-east of the Afar region is attributed to a change in mantle flow direction which manifests in a steep, negative temperature gradient towards the Arabian peninsula in consistency with geodynamically modelled mantle flow.


Evolutionary computation is an area within the field of artificial intelligence that is founded upon the principles of biological evolution. Evolution can be defined as the process of gradual development. Evolutionary algorithms are typically applied as a generic problem solving method, searching a problem space in order to locate good solutions. These solutions are found through an iterative evolutionary search that progresses by means of gradual developments.

In the majority of cases of evolutionary computation the user is not aware of their algorithm's search behaviour. This causes two problems. First, the user has no way of assuring the quality of any solutions found other than to compare the solutions found by the algorithm with any available benchmark solutions or to re-run the algorithm and check if the results can be repeated or improved upon. Second, because the user is unaware of the algorithm's behaviour they have no way of identifying the contribution of the different components of the algorithm and therefore, no direct way of analyzing the algorithm's design and assigning credit to good algorithm components, or locating and improving ineffective algorithm components.

The artificial intelligence and engineering communities have been slow to accept evolutionary computation as a robust problem-solving method because, unlike cased-based systems, rule-based systems or belief networks, they are unable to follow the algorithm's reasoning when locating a set of solutions in the problem space. During an evolutionary algorithm's execution the user may be able to see the results of the search but the search process itself like is a "black box" to the user. It is the search behaviour of evolutionary algorithms that needs to be understood by the user, in order for evolutionary computation to become more accepted within these communities.

The aim of software visualization is to help people understand and use computer software. Software visualization technology has been applied successfully to illustrate a variety of heuristic search algorithms, programming languages and data structures. This thesis adopts software visualization as an approach for illustrating the search behaviour of evolutionary algorithms.

Genetic Algorithms ("GAs") are used here as a specific case study to illustrate how software visualization may be applied to evolutionary computation. A set of visualization requirements are derived from the findings of a GA user study. A number of search space visualization techniques are examined for illustrating the search behaviour of a GA. "Henson," an extendable framework for developing visualization tools for genetic algorithms is presented. Finally, the application of the Henson framework is illustrated by the development of "Gonzo," a visualization tool designed to enable GA users to explore their algorithm's search behaviour.

The contributions made in this thesis extend into the areas of software visualization, evolutionary computation and the psychology of programming. The GA user study presented here is the first and only known study of the working practices of GA users. The search space visualization techniques proposed here have never been applied in this domain before, and the resulting interactive visualizations provide the GA user with a previously unavailable insight into their algorithm's operation.


Background: Veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who seek mental health care in the Veterans Health Administration frequently discontinue treatment prematurely. Early discontinuation of mental health treatment is more common among Veterans with PTSD who are of minority race or ethnicity. Objectives: To determine whether retention in individual therapy or pharmacotherapy among Veterans with PTSD are associated with patients' ratings of their mental health providers, and if those associations differ depending on Veteran race or ethnicity. Research Design: Latino, African American, and white Veterans (n=2452) who participated in a prospective national cohort study of Veterans with PTSD at the beginning of an episode of care were surveyed immediately following Veterans' PTSD diagnoses and 6 months later. Pharmacy and mental health service utilization were abstracted from Veterans Health Administration administrative databases for 6 months postdiagnosis. Retention in treatments were modeled using logistic regression among Veterans who initiated individual therapy or pharmacotherapy. Demographics, treatment need, treatment-related beliefs, treatment process measures, and ratings of mental health providers were considered as predictors. Results: Ratings of mental health providers, more than treatment beliefs, were associated with treatment retention. Among African American Veterans, retention in pharmacotherapy was reduced if the provider was perceived as not having helped manage medication side-effects (odds ratio, 0.36; confidence interval, 0.16–0.80). All Latino Veterans but one (99% or n=64) who rated their therapist as not caring discontinued individual psychotherapy. Conclusions: Ratings of mental health providers were associated with treatment retention. The salience of specific provider behaviors to treatment retention varied by Veteran race or ethnicity.


This paper begins with a survey of the literature regarding a particular, yet ever more consequential and profitable, typology of digital labour: 'free labour' (Terranova, 2000, 2004), 'unwaged immaterial labour' (Brown and Quan Haase, 2012; Brown, 2013), and/or immaterial labour 2.0 (Cote & Pybus, 2007), to name a few of the more common terms. It then moves on to proffer a critical synthesis of this body of work so as to conclude with a much more theoretically nuanced definition of unwaged digital labour than that which has thus far been provided. In sum, the author argues that there are five central facets to unwaged digital labour that defines and differentiates it from its waged brethren. The first is that unwaged digital labour is fundamentally and inherently autonomous. Free of management oversight, the cooperative and creative capacities of content-generators produce massive amounts of digital artefacts that in the majority of cases also yield massive amounts of profit for the owners of Web 2.0 sites and services. The surplus value produced by this first facet refracts into the second. Following the work of Fuchs (2010, 2011, 2012, 2013), unwaged digital labour is (in the majority of circumstances) hyper-exploited. As has been argued elsewhere (Brown, 2013), this hyper-exploitation is the primary cause for recurrent 'user' uproar on Web 2.0 sites and services. This kind of exploitation, then, is met with the third facet of digital labour considered herein: resistance or struggle. Facile recourse to nebulous conceptions regarding the invasion of one's privacy on eminently social networks no longer suffices in explaining these instances of 'user' uproar. Thus, a more nuanced consideration of the forms of resistance that occur on social media sites and services is offered. Similar, yet different, to its waged genus, the fourth facet of unwaged digital labour is that it is intrinsically collaborative, cooperative, and generative of social relationships. The differences that obtain between the orientation of the social relationships constituted by waged and unwaged digital labour respectively are indicative of political potentials that have up until this point been under-theorized. Thus, building on the four aforementioned facets, as well as the arguments put forth by Hardt and Negri regarding the biopolitical dimensions of 'immaterial labour' (2000, 2004, 2009), the fifth and most theoretically provocative facet is that this kind of labour is inspired, guided, and regulated by a radically different amalgam of biopolitical power relationships that point to the potentials of a commons-based political economy existing beyond the hyper-exploitative dimensions of capital.