PHP web applications routinely generate invalid HTML. Modern browsers silently correct HTML errors, but sometimes malformed pages render inconsistently, cause browser crashes, or expose security vulnerabilities. Fixing errors in generated pages is usually straightforward, but repairing the generating PHP program can be much harder. We observe that malformed HTML is often produced by incorrect constant prints, i.e., statements that print string literals, and present two tools for automatically repairing such HTML generation errors. PHPQuickFix repairs simple bugs by statically analyzing individual prints. PHPRepair handles more general repairs using a dynamic approach. Based on a test suite, the property that all tests should produce their expected output is encoded as a string constraint over variables representing constant prints. Solving this constraint describes how constant prints must be modified to make all tests pass. Both tools were implemented as an Eclipse plugin and evaluated on PHP programs containing hundreds of HTML generation errors, most of which our tools were able to repair automatically.


The rumen degradability parameters of the diet selected by two to four oesophageal-fistulated Brahman steers grazing a range of tropical pastures were determined by incubation of extrusa in nylon bags suspended in the rumen of rumen-fistulated (RF) Brahman steers. The effective protein degradability (Edg) was determined by measuring the rate of disappearance of neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN) less acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) in the incubated extrusa. Six to eight RF steers also grazed each of the pastures along with the oesophageal-fistulated steers, to allow determination of key rumen parameters and rumen particulate matter fractional outflow rates (FOR). The seven pastures studied included: native tropical grass (C4) pasture (major species Heteropogon contortus and Bothriochloa bladhii), studied in the early wet (NPEW), the wet/dry transition (NPT) and the dry (NPD) seasons; introduced tropical grass (C4) pasture (Bothriochloa insculpta), studied in the mid wet season (BB); the introduced tropical legumes (C3), Lablab purpureus (LL) and Clitoria ternatea (BP); and the temperate grass (C3) pasture, ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum, RG). Using the measured particle FOR values in calculations, the Edg estimates were very high for both C4 and C3 species: 0.82–0.91 and 0.95–0.98 g/g crude protein (CP), respectively. Substitution of an assumed FOR (kp = 0.02/h) for the measured values for each pasture type did not markedly affect estimates of Edg. However, C4 tropical grasses had much lower effective rumen degradable protein (ERDP) fractions (23–66 g/kg DM) than the C3 pasture species RG and LL (356 and 243 g/kg DM, respectively). This was associated with a lower potential degradability and degradation rate of organic matter (OM) in sacco, lower in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and CP concentrations in the extrusa, and lower ammonia-N and branched-chain fatty acid concentrations in rumen fluid for the tropical grasses. As tropical grass pastures senesced, there was a decline in Edg, the ERDP and rumen undegradable protein (UDP) fractions, the potential degradability and degradation rate of OM and the IVOMD. These results provide useful data for estimating protein supply to cattle grazing tropical pastures.


Frame Rate Up-Conversion (FRC) is the conversion of a lower frame rate video signal to a higher frame rate video signal. FRC algorithms using Motion Estimation (ME) obtain better quality results. Among the block matching ME algorithms, Full Search (FS) achieves the best performance since it searches all search locations in a given search range. However, its computational complexity, especially for the recently available High Definition (HD) video formats, is very high. Therefore, in this thesis, we proposed new ME algorithms for real-time processing of HD video and designed efficient hardware architectures for implementing these ME algorithms. These algorithms perform very close to FS by searching much fewer search locations than FS algorithm. We implemented the proposed hardware architectures in VHDL and mapped them to a Xilinx FPGA. ME for FRC requires finding the true motion among consecutive frames. In order to find the true motion, Vector Median Filter (VMF) is used to smooth the motion vector field obtained by block matching ME. However, VMFs are difficult to implement in real-time due to their high computational complexity. Therefore, in this thesis, we proposed several techniques to reduce the computational complexity of VMFs by using data reuse methodology and by exploiting the spatial correlations in the vector field. In addition, we designed an efficient VMF hardware including the computation reduction techniques exploiting the spatial correlations in the motion vector field. We implemented the proposed hardware architecture in Verilog and mapped it to a Xilinx FPGA. ME based FRC requires interpolation of frames using the motion vectors found by ME. Frame interpolation algorithms also have high computational complexity. Therefore, in this thesis, we proposed a low cost hardware architecture for real-time implementation of frame interpolation algorithms. The proposed hardware architecture is reconfigurable and it allows adaptive selection of frame interpolation algorithms for each Macroblock. We implemented the proposed hardware architecture in VHDL and mapped it to a low cost Xilinx FPGA.


En France, on est toujours ou l'on a ete le fasciste de quelqu'un.(1) Although few historians would now deny that fascism in some form was an important part of France's political terrain in the 1930s, there is still little agreement about its origins, its nature, or the extent to which it infiltrated French politics. The lack of consensus in many ways reflects the original fluidity that existed in interwar France between fascist and non-fascist politics. It was no easy matter then to distinguish Fascists from fellow-travellers, anti-democratic conservatives or authoritarian socialists. After the war, painful memories of defeat, occupation, and collaboration ensured that fascism in France's past would remain a volatile element in contemporary politics for some time., Indeed, the residual passions of the Vichy experience have chronically undermined the conceptual apparatus necessary for a balanced historical assessment of fascism as a political alternative in 1930s France. The result has been a counterproductive equation of defining fascism with finding fascists, leaving unsolved the real problem of trying to understand both the ideas that moved fascists and the men who were moved by fascism. In 1954 Rene Remond, Frances foremost historian of the right, concluded that fascism had not existed in France. It was an Italian or German import, not a native product. Remond asserted that although some French reactionaries and conservatives had let themselves be won over by the vocabulary, and taken in by the propaganda, of fascism" truly fascist currents that appeared in France mere the work of only a handful of fascists, - a small number of writers and intellectuals on the political fringe who eventually achieved prominence only in Vichy and with the help of Nazi occupation.(3) This interpretation at a stroke ghettoized French fascism, removing it from the larger world of 1930s politics and relegating it to a marginal less threatening forum dominated by a small number of eccentric misfits, hooligans, and political outcasts. The extraordinary influence of Remond's analysis has been such that, until fairly recently, it was both the starting point and sounding board for subsequent work. His conclusions framed others' initial questions; his criteria of what was or was not properly fascist, exerted a formative influence on research into fascism in France, determining both its proper subject matter and the admissibility of its conclusions.(4) In the late 1960s, however, a new generation of French historians, forced to come to terms with the postwar national myths of its parents, began questioning the orthodoxy of a French national "allergy" to movements of the extreme right.(5) Intense public interest in their debates resulted in a virtual media industry devoted to French fascism in which abstruse historical points of contention were fought out in the popular press.(6) As John Sweets observed, the challenge to the allergy, notion brought with it a steady accumulation of historical evidence that France had indeed had its share of fascists. As a result, Frances sense of its wartime identity swung from that of a nation of resisters, to "a nation of collaborators."(7) In the world of scholarly history, the catalyst for these changes came largely from the work of Israeli historian Zeev Sternhell. Sternhell, along with a number of American historians, found what he considered to be early forms of fascism or "proto-fascism"-fascism, in the development of mass politics toward the end of the nineteenth century: in the Boulangism of the late 1880s and nationalist leagues of the nineties, in the writings and politics of novelist cum populist Maurice Barres; in Georges Sorel's Reflections on Violence (1907) and his short period of association in 1912 with the "revolutionary nationalism" of the Cercle Proudhon.(8) From these early roots in the belle epoque, Sternhell traced the intellectual development of French fascism to the appearance of fledgling fascist groups and imitators of Mussolini in the twenties, to its more unique French political forms in the thirties and, following supposedly dear and unbroken lines, to its final apotheosis in Vichy. …


This article examines the extent to which human rights constrain the Security Council in the exercise of its functions under the United Nations Charter. It argues that there are good grounds for suggesting that human rights bind the Council as a matter of substantive law. However, such a general determination says little about how human rights bind the Council in practice. It is well recog- nized, for example, that many rights permit limitations or derogation in times of war and emergency. The article argues that the possibilities of human rights binding the Council on a practical level are limited. It argues further that an analogous application of the derogation clauses in international human rights treaties is problematic and unlikely to lead to increased accountability of the Council. The article then explores whether human rights can be employed to define the scope and content of alternative procedural constraints. It argues that the proportionality principle, in particular, constitutes a relevant procedural tool that can limit the powers of the Council, both as a principle of law and as a principle of good governance and regulatory policy. The article concludes that human rights law, including the jurisprudence on derogation, can play an import- ant role in defining and informing the application of the proportionality principle in the context of Security Council decision-making.


The mechanical integrity of a structural composite is strongly affected by the strength and toughness of the fiber–matrix interface/interphase (Norwood, 1994), with interfacial shear strength (IFSS) considered the best quantifying metric. Because the IFSS outputs are used in unidirectional (UD) composite failure models (CFMs) to predict strength and failure behavior, where the interaction between fibers can be important, the validity of extrapolating from test results based upon the repeated failure of a single isolated fiber has often been questioned. In this presentation, the spatial distributions of fiber breaks in a single fiber fragmentation test (SFFT) specimen, such as used in IFSS measurements, and a 2-D array of glass fibers (i.e., multi-fiber fragmentation test (MFFT) specimen) are compared. In both cases, the break locations in the fibers were found to evolve to a uniform distribution, thereby confirming that the ordered fragment lengths from the repeated fracture process conforms for both SFFT and MFFT specimens to a cumulative distribution function (CDF) derived by Whitworth (1887) and cited by others (Read, 1988; Pyke, 1988; Holst, 1980). The array break density, however, was observed to be less than the break density in isolated fibers, and break locations across array fibers were found to be highly coordinated and mostly aligned. The implication of these results on predictions arising from UD-CFMs will be discussed.


Abstract Understanding the relationships between morphological disparity and environment, geography, and scale require examination at the local level. Even with disparity metrics that are inherently sample size independent, the nature of rare species and the segregation of common and rare species within morphospace can create substantial sampling issues. Eight well-sampled, Late Ordovician crinoid assemblages were examined for potential biases in the study of local disparity. Disparity is based on the ordination of discrete characters. The rare and common species within these assemblages contributed equally to disparity. In spite of this pattern, rare species in some localities occupy a different area of morphospace, causing disparity to vary greatly with sampling intensity. Morphological rarefaction based on the number of specimens shows that disparity weighted by abundance is constant past a sample size of approximately 30 individuals. This metric is dependent on the evenness within an assemblage as well as the abundance within subgroups in morphospace. Disparity weighted according to abundance gives a view of the functional disparity of an assemblage, which is more applicable in studies of local disparity, though unweighted disparity is still preferred in regional-scale studies and in investigations of morphospace filling through a clade's history.


Background The United Kingdom National Screening Committee recommends that vision screening should be provided to all children at age 4–5 years, the evidence supporting this recommendation is weak and the effect of reduced vision on educational attainment in children has not yet been established. At a time of change and uncertainty in the commissioning of vision screening services it is important to understand both the level of vision in the population and the impact this is likely to have on future health and social outcomes. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of poor vision in a multi-ethnic population and explore the impact of reduced vision on developing literacy skills in young children as they commence primary school. Methods The study was nested within Born in Bradford (BiB) a multi-ethnic birth cohort of children (50% of South Asian origin). Measures from the universal school vision screening programme were prospectively recorded and linked to the epidemiological data and literacy measures collected from the BiB children over two consecutive school years (2012–2014). A standardised literacy measure; the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests-Revised: Letter Identification (Letter ID) was used to measure the child's ability to identify single letters, an essential precursor to reading. The effect of presenting visual acuity (PVA) (best acuity right or left eye, with glasses if worn) on literacy (letter ID) was assessed using multi-level regression models with individuals nested within schools and adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic factors. Results Prevalence of poor vision (worse than 0.3 logMAR) was high compared to other published studies. Unadjusted analysis (n = 2025) showed letter ID score was associated with the level of vision, with the score reducing by 2.42 points for every 1 line (0.10 logMAR) reduction in vision (95% CI: −2.98 to −1.87). When adjusted to account for demographic and socioeconomic factors the impact of vision remains significant after all factors are accounted for with letter ID score reducing by 1.65 (95% CI: −2.17 to −1.13) for every 1 line reduction in vision. Discussion Data linkage has enabled this study to reliably demonstrate that poor vision in young children is associated with reduced early developing literacy; even after other relevant factors are taken into account. This study strengthens the argument for a national vision screening programme. Further research is required to determine the extent to which children with poor vision access treatment and the impact of such treatment not only on levels of vision but also on their educational attainment.


The present paper describes the analysis of multiple RXTE PCA data of the black hole binary with superluminal jet, XTE J1550-564, acquired during its 1998-1999 outburst. The X-ray spectra show features typical of the high/soft spectral state and can approximately be described by an optically thick disk spectrum plus a power-law tail. Three distinct spectral regimes, which we call the "standard regime," the "anomalous regime," and the "apparently standard regime," have been found from the entire set of the observed spectra. When the X-ray luminosity is well below ~6 × 1038 ergs s-1 (assuming a distance of 5 kpc), XTE J1550-564 resides in the standard regime, in which the soft spectral component dominates the power-law component and the observed disk inner radius is kept constant. When the luminosity exceeds the critical luminosity, the apparently standard regime is realized, in which the luminosity of the optically thick disk rises less steeply with the temperature, and the spectral shape is moderately distorted from that of the standard accretion disk. In this regime, the radial temperature gradient of the disk has been found to be flatter than that of the standard accretion disk. The results of the apparently standard regime suggest a slim disk, which is a solution predicted for a high mass accretion rate. In the intermediate anomalous regime (or very high state in the literature), the spectrum becomes much harder, and the disk inner radius derived using a simple disk model spectrum apparently varies significantly with time. These properties can be explained as a result of significant thermal inverse Comptonization of the disk photons, as was found from GRO J1655-40 in its anomalous regime by Kubota and coworkers.


This paper takes patterns identified in COBUILD Grammar Patterns 1: Verbs (Francis et al. 1996) as a starting point for the systematic, large-scale analysis of English verb-argument constructions (VACs), using both corpus/computational methods and psycholinguistic experiments. We work in an iterative cycle to define, search, review and refine patterns to retrieve VACs from a parsed version of the BNC and examine the distributions of the verb types and their token frequencies for each VAC. The findings allow us to make predictions regarding language users' knowledge of verbs in constructions. We then test these predictions in psycholinguistic experiments, in which native and non-native speakers of English think of the first word that comes to mind to fill the V slot in a particular VAC frame. We compare the results from the experiments and the corpus analysis in terms of verb selection preferences. This research demonstrates the productive synergy of corpus linguistic and psycholinguistic methods and findings.


In order to reconstruct environments associated with Plio-Pleistocene hominins in southern Africa, researchers frequently rely upon the animals associated with the hominins, in particular, animals in the Family Bovidae. Bovids in southern Africa are typically identified by their teeth. However, identifying the taxon of a bovid tooth is challenging due to various biasing factors. Furthermore, inaccurate identification of fossil bovids can have significant consequences on the reconstructed paleoenvironment. Recent research on the classification of bovid fossil teeth has relied on using elliptical Fourier analysis to summarize the shape of the outline of the occlusal surface of the tooth and the resulting harmonic amplitudes. Currently, an expert in the field must manually place landmarks around the edges of each tooth which is slow and time consuming. This study tests whether it is possible to crowdsource this task, while maintaining the necessary level of quality needed to perform a statistical analysis on each tooth. Amazon Mechanical Turk workers place landmarks on the edge of the tooth which is compared to the performance of an expert in the field. The results suggest that crowdsourcing the digitization process is reliable and replicable. With the technical aspects of digitization managed, researchers can concentrate on analyzing and interpreting the data.


abstract The fairy tale or folk tale is the most widespread and possibly oldest form of literature: an unpretentious, dreamy type of story, without an identifiable author, recounting miraculous events that are set in some indefinite place and time. Simple as they may seem, fairy tales are not always easily accessible to a sophisticated audience. In our (post)modern times they have more or less disappeared from sight. 'Enlightened'minds in the past have tried to suppress them and have succeeded to the extent that fairy tales are looked upon, nowadays, as infantile material, appreciated only by the very young, or perhaps by the occasional romantic soul. In our modern, no-nonsense world of career management and clever marketing strategies, fairy tales do not count for much. Yet, fairy tales are valuable repositories of wisdom. Freud did not hesitate to analyze E.T.A. Hoffmann's literary fairy tale Der Sandmann in order to illustrate his psychoanalytic theory of the uncanny. And Jung-oriented research tends to value fairy tales even more. You either have a taste for fairy tales or you don't. I do not mean this as a judgmental statement, but merely as an observation. Superior appreciation of formal artistic skills can, to a certain extent, be learned and cultivated; it is a so-called acquired taste. The taste for fairy tales, however, seems to come naturally. What is more: too much education may seriously cloud one's understanding of the tale. The fairy tale is the barest, most elementary form of story-telling art. Nothing more, nothing less. Not everyone can muster sufficient humility to drink the plain water of this deceptively simple wellspring. Strict reasoning, knowledge of historical facts, a degree from a posh university, one's complete cultural baggage: all this has to be sacrificed, or at least temporarily suspended, if we want to gain an understanding of the fairy tale's unique imagery. If we rattle the fairy tale's gates with loud, boastful learning and intellectual bragging, they will almost certainly remain closed. Instead, we better attempt a careful, soft-footed approach and have patience. Then, if we are lucky, the miracle may happen of its own accord. What in fact is a fairy tale? First, let us have a closer look at the connotations of the word in several modern languages. If I may start with my own language: the Dutch word for fairy tale is sprookje, a diminutive derived from Middle Dutch sproke, meaning 'story' or 'tale'. So, sprookje means something like 'little tale'. In German speaking regions similar diminutives are in use, namely Marchen or Marli (from Middle High German Maere, viz. 'message', 'news', 'tale'). So, the original meaning of the German word for fairy tale, too, is something like 'small message' or 'little tale'.[1] The use of the diminutive form is not coincidental; it is suggestive of the almost trivial, unassuming nature of this type of tale. A fairy tale has no specific intention, perhaps not even a point. There is not much to it, really. It does not convey a comprehensive religious worldview or a coherent system of thought. A comparable terminology, though without the diminutive form, is used in other European languages: fairy tale or folk tale (Eng.), conte de fees (Fr.), fiaba (It.), cuento de hadas (Sp.), conto de fadas (Port.) Always, the basic connotation is '(simple) story', which suggests that the main charm of the tale lies in its telling. Additionally, the word may contain a reference to the fact that this type of story is often about non-existent creatures like fairies (in other languages: fees, hadas, fadas), and hence is more or less exempt from the normal constraints imposed by the laws of nature. As a matter of fact, the fantastic nature of the fairy tale is one of its most characteristic features. Animals that talk, seven-league boots, flying carpets and beanstalks growing up to the sky overnight: in the world of the fairy tale the supernatural[2] and the miraculous as such are nothing special at all. …


Abstract. Understanding the distribution of aerosol layers is important for determining long-range transport and aerosol radiative forcing. In this study we combine airborne in situ measurements of aerosol with data obtained by a ground-based high spectral resolution lidar (HSRL) and radiosonde profiles to investigate the temporal and vertical variability of aerosol properties in the lower troposphere. The HSRL was deployed in Hyytiälä, southern Finland, from January to September 2014 as a part of the U.S. DOE ARM (Atmospheric Radiation Measurement) mobile facility during the BAECC (Biogenic Aerosols – Effects on Cloud and Climate) Campaign. Two flight campaigns took place in April and August 2014 with instruments measuring the aerosol size distribution from 10 nm to 5 µm at altitudes up to 3800 m. Two case studies with several aerosol layers present were selected from the flight campaigns for further investigation: one clear-sky and one partly cloudy case. During the clear-sky case, turbulent mixing ensured small temporal and spatial variability in the measured aerosol size distribution in the boundary layer, whereas mixing was not as homogeneous in the boundary layer during the partly cloudy case. The elevated layers exhibited larger temporal and spatial variability in aerosol size distribution, indicating a lack of mixing. New particle formation was observed in the boundary layer during the clear-sky case, and nucleation mode particles were also seen in the elevated layers that were not mixing with the boundary layer. Interpreting local measurements of elevated layers in terms of long-range transport can be achieved using back trajectories from Lagrangian models, but care should be taken in selecting appropriate arrival heights, since the modelled and observed layer heights did not always coincide. We conclude that higher confidence in attributing elevated aerosol layers to their air mass origin is attained when back trajectories are combined with lidar and radiosonde profiles.


The article contains basic information associated with the impact of the FSW process parameters on the forming of a weld while friction welding of aluminium casting alloys. Research was conducted using specially made samples containing a rod of casting alloy mounted in the wrought alloy in the selected area of FSW tool acting. Research has thrown light on the process of joining materials of significantly dissimilar physical properties, such as casting alloys and wrought alloys. Metallographic testing of a weld area has revealed the big impact of welding conditions, especially tool rotational speed, on the degree of metal stirring, grain refinement and shape factor of a weld. As the result of research it has been stated that at the high tool rotational speed, the metals stirring in a weld is significantly greater than in case of welding at low rotational speeds, however this fails to influence the strength of a weld. Plastic strain occurring while welding causes very high refinement of particles in the tested area and changing of their shape towards particles being more equiaxial. In the properly selected welding conditions it is possible to obtain joints of correct and repeatable structure, however in the case of the accumulation of cavities in the casting alloy the FSW process not always eliminates them.


This article examines the impact of social origin on tertiary graduates' labour market outcomes in Germany and the United Kingdom, two distinct countries in terms of higher education systems, labour market structures, and their linkages. Data from the 2005 REFLEX survey, OLS regression and linear probability models are used to analyse the effect of parental education on graduates' occupational destinations at two time points: at labour market entry and five years after graduation. We test various hypotheses on country variation (i) in the strength of association between origin and occupational destinations, (ii) in the mechanisms by which social origin affects occupational destinations (i.e. via qualitative education differences), and (iii) in the extent to which social origin matters at different career stages. The results show that parental education effects are similar in the two countries when occupational destinations are analysed using the International Socio-Economic Index of Occupational Status (ISEI). They substantially differ when the analyses focus on entry into the higher-service class. In this latter case, both the gross and the net effects of parental education are stronger in the United Kingdom than in Germany. However, country differences in parental education effects reduce when graduates' occupational outcomes are analysed 5 years after graduation.


In a previous paper (Johnsen et al., 2015) and presentation (Johnsen et al., 2016), we developed and demonstrated a generic modelling framework for the modelling of direct precipitation fouling from multi-component fluid mixtures that become super-saturated at the wall. The modelling concept involves the 1-dimensional transport of the fluid species through the turbulent boundary layer close to the wall. The governing equations include the Reynolds-averaged (RANS) advection-diffusion equations for each fluid species, and the axial momentum and energy equations for the fluid mixture. The driving force for the diffusive transport is the local gradient in the species' chemical potential. Adsorption mechanisms are not modelled per se, but the time-scale of adsorption is reflected in the choice of Dirichlet boundary conditions for the depositing species, at the fluid-solid interface.
In this paper, the modelling framework is implemented as a user-defined function (UDF) for the CFD software ANSYS Fluent, to act as a wall boundary condition for mass-transfer to the wall. The subgrid, 1-dimensional formulation of the model reduces the computational cost associated with resolving the fine length-scales at which the boundary-layer mass transfer is determined, and allows for efficient modelling of industry-scale heat exchangers suffering from fouling.
The current paper describes the modelling framework, and demonstrates and validates its applicability in a simplified 2D heat exchanger geometry (experimental and detailed CFD modelling data by Paakkonen et al. (2012, 2016)). By tuning the diffusivity, only, good agreement with the experimental data and the detailed CFD model was obtained, in terms of area-averaged deposition rates.


We have previously demonstrated that the use of porcine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from the bone marrow can increase the proportion of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos that develop to the blastocyst stage compared with adult fibroblasts obtained from the same animal. The aim of the present study was to determine if MSCs are also present in primary cultures of adult fibroblasts which are commonly used for cloning live animals. To do this we chose a primary culture of adult fibroblasts that we had previously used to clone pigs. Single cell clones were isolated using low-density plating. After seven days of culture 63% of colonies displayed typical fibroblast morphology, while the remainder appeared cobblestone-like in appearance. Two of the 57 clones that displayed fibroblast morphology differentiated into adipocytes but not chondrocytes or osteocytes (uni-potent clones). Three of the 33 cobblestone-like clones differentiated into chondrocytes only, while 3 differentiated into adipocytes and chondrocytes but not osteocytes (bi-potent clones). One of the bi-potent cobblestone-like clones was then used for SCNT and in vitro development compared with a fibroblast-like clone which did not differentiate. Both cell types produced blastocysts at similar rates. In conclusion we have identified uni-potent and bi-potent cell types in primary cultures of adult fibroblasts used previously to clone live piglets.


Social scientists have long been fascinated about why people volunteer. Volunteers give their time to certain organisations without expectation of reward or compensation for their labour (Snyder and Omoto, 2008). The 2011 'National Survey of Volunteering Issues' suggests that the primary motivations for volunteers are a "sense of purpose" and the "difference they make to the community" (Volunteering Australia, 2011:4). While these two primary motivations may span volunteering generally, older adult volunteer motivation in the community radio sector anecdotally reveals a more complex picture. There are strong resonances between existing theoretical literature on motivations in volunteering (Clary et al., 1998) and community radio (Order, 2014b). Clary et al's work (1998) focuses on the initial motivation to volunteer and what drives continued participation. Order's (2014b) study found that the main value for participation in community radio was personal development and empowerment at a personal or group level. The purpose of this paper is to explore these broad themes in more detail. Interview data from volunteers at an exemplar community radio station is considered in conjunction with Clary et al's (1998) six motivational functions of volunteering. Clary et al's six functions provide the language and a framework to unpack personal development and empowerment at a personal and group level in the community radio sector using interview data about the participation of primarily older volunteers at Perth community radio station 6RPH (Radio Print-Handicapped). The analysis reveals a more nuanced picture of volunteer motivation for individuals. This paper argues that the development of a purposeful identity through volunteering in a community radio context is a primary motivation and consequence for older adult volunteers.


The number of turbines installed in offshore wind farms has strongly increased in the last years and at the same time the need for more precise estimation ::::::::: estimations : of the wind farm efficiency too. In this sense, the interaction between wakes has become a relevant aspect for the definition of a wind farm layout, for the assessment of its annual energy yield and for the evaluation of wind turbine fatigue loads. For this reason, accurate models for multiple :::::::::: overlapping wakes are a main concern of the wind energy community. Existing engineering models can only simulate single wakes which are superimposed when they 5 are interacting in a wind farm. This method is a practical solution, but it is not fully supported by a physical background. The limitation to single wakes is given by the assumption that the wake is axisymmetric. As alternative, we propose a new shear layer model which is based on the existing engineering wake models, but is extended to simulate also non-axisymmetric wakes. In this paper, we present the theoretical background of the model and four application cases. We evaluate the new model for the simulation of single and multiple wakes using large eddy simulations as reference. In particular, we report the improvements 10 of the new model predictions in comparison to a sum-of-squares superposition approach for the simulation of three interacting wakes. The lower deviation from the reference considering single and multiple wakes encourages the further development of the model and promises a successful application for the simulation of wind farms :::: farm ::::: flows.


The detection of change points is a pivotal task in statistical analysis. In the quantum realm, it is a new primitive where one aims at identifying the point where a source that supposedly prepares a sequence of particles in identical quantum states starts preparing a mutated one. We obtain the optimal procedure to identify the change point with certainty-naturally at the price of having a certain probability of getting an inconclusive answer. We obtain the analytical form of the optimal probability of successful identification for any length of the particle sequence. We show that the conditional success probabilities of identifying each possible change point show an unexpected oscillatory behavior. We also discuss local (online) protocols and compare them with the optimal procedure.


This paper illuminates the possibilities of thinking with poststructural theory when storying an emerging process of engaging in research with young children. The purpose of this paper is to describe processes, tensions, and imaginings while infusing poststructural theories into conversations with data (Deleuze & Guattari, 1987; Lenz Taguchi, 2010; Olsson, 2009). Currently much of early childhood literacy research (Park, 2011; Scull, Nolan & Raban, 2013; Vera, 2011) reports outcome-based findings and implications. While this research is informative, the emphasis is often on children as subjects and/or products/performances resulting from the research. In our narrative inquiry, we (first grade students, teacher, myself) worked together to explore ways students participated in a narrative inquiry about reading during reading workshop. While researching we experienced the ebb and flow—shifts and changes, tensions and challenges, joys and imaginings—of what it meant to participate in research. Thinking rhizomatically with our stories illuminated ways these shifts were initiated by lines of flight—departures from the norm (Deleuze & Guattari, 1987; Kuby, 2013; Leander & Rowe, 2006). Lines of flight created new trajectories for our research including new ways of participating as we worked toward non-hierarchical relationships with young students. The improvisational nature of participation prompted an imaginative storying of our research through a jazz metaphor. This metaphor revealed relational improvisation with people and with materials as productive for students, teacher, and researcher as we produced our research. Ultimately our research invites practitioners and researchers to embrace teaching as an art, and learning as aesthetic experience.


Streams are natural features in urban landscapes that can provide ecosystem services for urban residents. However, urban streams are under increasing pressure caused by multiple anthropogenic impacts, including increases in human population and associated impervious surface area, and accelerated climate change. The ability to anticipate these changes and better understand their effects on streams is important for developing and implementing strategies to mitigate potentially negative effects. In this study, stream flow was monitored during April-November (2011 and 2012), and the data were used to apply the Storm Water Man- agement Model (SWMM) for five urban watersheds in cen- tral Iowa, USA, representing a gradient of percent impervi- ous surface (IS, ranging from 5.3 to 37.1 %). A set of three scenarios was designed to quantify hydrological responses to independent and combined effects of climate change (18 % increase in precipitation), and land cover change (absolute increases between 5.2 and 17.1 %, based on separate projec- tions of impervious surfaces for the five watersheds) for the year 2040 compared to a current condition simulation. An additional set of three scenarios examined stream response to different distributions of land cover change within a sin- gle watershed. Hydrological responses were quantified us- ing three indices: unit-area peak discharge, flashiness ( R B Index; Richards-Baker Index), and runoff ratio. Stream hy- drology was strongly affected by watershed percent IS. For the current condition simulation, values for all three indices were five to seven times greater in the most developed wa- tershed compared to the least developed watershed. The cli- mate change scenario caused a 20.8 % increase in unit-area peak discharge on average across the five watersheds com- pared to the current condition simulation. The land cover change scenario resulted in large increases for all three in- dices: 49.5 % for unit-area peak discharge, 39.3 % for R B Index, and 73.9 % for runoff ratio, on average, for the five watersheds. The combined climate and land cover change scenario resulted in slight increases on average for R B In- dex (43.7 %) and runoff ratio (74.5 %) compared to the land cover change scenario, and a substantial increase, on aver- age, in unit area peak discharge (80.1 %). The scenarios for different distributions of land cover change within one water- shed resulted in changes for all three indices, with an 18.4 % increase in unit-area peak discharge for the midstream sce- nario, and 17.5 % (downstream) and 18.1 % (midstream) in- creases in R B Index, indicating sensitivity to the location of potential additions of IS within a watershed. Given the likelihood of increased precipitation in the future, land use planning and policy tools that limit expansion of impervious surfaces (e.g. by substituting pervious surfaces) or mitigate against their impacts (e.g. by installing bioswales) could be used to minimize negative effects on streams.


Most harmful algae require B vitamins. We investigated vitamin use by the B1 and B12 auxotroph, Aureococcus anophagefferens, a harmful alga that dominates plankton communities during dense "brown tides" in North America, Africa, and Asia. B12‐depleted cultures of A. anophagefferens (clone CCMP1984) adapted to lower ambient B12 concentrations by reducing half‐saturation constants (Ks) of B12 uptake and increasing maximum uptake rates (Vmax) compared to vitamin‐replete cultures. In contrast, Vmax of vitamin B1 was higher in replete compared to the depleted cultures, whereas the Ks values were similar for both. Ks values for B12 (5.0–21 pmol L−1) were similar to or higher than concentrations measured during brown tides, suggesting that B12 may restrict the growth of this alga in the field. Over the course of a dense brown tide (> 106 cells mL−1) in Quantuck Bay, New York, vitamin B1 and B12 concentrations declined from > 100 pmol L−1 to < 8 pmol L−1, suggesting there was rapid uptake by A. anophagefferens and its associated microbial community. Experiments performed using radioisotope‐labeled vitamins B1 and B12 and 14C‐bicarbonate indicated that plankton in the size range of A. anophagefferens (1–5 µm) were responsible for the majority of primary production and the majority of vitamin B1 uptake but shared vitamin B12 uptake with smaller picoplankton (< 1 µm). Vitamin uptake rates during the brown tide were capable of turning over standing stocks of vitamin B12 in 15 h, whereas B1 depletion was slower with maximal turnover times of 2.8 d. As the brown tide intensified and vitamin B12 levels declined, the experimental enrichment of brown tide water with vitamin B12 significantly enhanced the growth rates of A. anophagefferens. Collectively, this study demonstrates that vitamin B12 can influence the intensity of harmful algal blooms caused by A. anophagefferens.


Since first demonstrated by Clark et al in 2005, live migration of virtual machines has both become a standard feature of hypervisors and created an active field of research. However, the rich ongoing research in live migration focus mainly on performance improvements to well-known techniques, most of them being variations of the Clark approach. In order to advance live migration beyond incremental performance improvements, it is important to gain a deeper understanding of the live migration problem itself and its underlying principles. To address this issue, this contribution takes a step back and investigates the essential characteristics of live migration. The paper identifies 5 fundamental properties of live migration and uses these to investigate, categorize, and compare three approaches to live migration, precopy, postcopy and hybrid. The evaluated algorithms include well-known techniques derived from that of Clark as well as novel RDMA in-kernel approaches. Our analysis of the fundamental properties of the algorithms is validated by a set of experiments. In these, we migrate virtual machines with large memory sizes hosting workloads with high page dirtying rates to expose differences and limitations of the different approaches. Finally, we provide guidelines for which approach to use in different scenarios.


With much of Australia currently in the grip of one of the worst droughts on record, the focus on balancing supply and demand through the use of Integrated Water Resource Planning approaches has never been more important. Where once it was sufficient to plan for new dams, the falling reliability of traditional surface water supplies and the threat of global warming, which most believe will further reduce rainfall, has led to an acute focus on the role of water conservation, water recycling and rainwater use in securing the water future for both major cities and towns. This paper provides an overview of the innovative new planning frameworks and modelling approaches that have been developed to support the Integrated Water Resources Planning effort.


We propose a single-stage, category-level 6-DoF pose estimation algorithm that simultaneously detects and tracks instances of objects within a known category. Our method takes as input the previous and current frame from a monocular RGB video, as well as predictions from the previous frame, to predict the bounding cuboid and 6- DoF pose (up to scale). Internally, a deep network predicts distributions over object keypoints (vertices of the bounding cuboid) in image coordinates, after which a novel probabilistic filtering process integrates across estimates before computing the final pose using PnP. Our framework allows the system to take previous uncertainties into consideration when predicting the current frame, resulting in predictions that are more accurate and stable than single frame methods. Extensive experiments show that our method outperforms existing approaches on the challenging Objectron benchmark of annotated object videos. We also demonstrate the usability of our work in an augmented reality setting.


Abstract Great progress has been made on VSP techniques in recent years, especially the improvement of downhole geophone manufacture and VSP data-processing methods. In XJWZ area of Daqing oil field, the reservoir is formed mainly by volcanics, and its distribution is complex because of many periods of volcanic overlap in the area. Early seismic surveys in the area had been mainly 2D and narrow-azimuth 3D, which are not suitable for anisotropy analysis and fracture identification. Therefore, a joint survey of 3D VSP and full-azimuth surface seismic was implemented. The project was an attempt to combine the advantages of VSP and surface seismic by 3D VSP and full-azimuth surface-seismic simultaneous survey. Q factor and anisotropy parameters estimated from VSP are applied to 3D seismic processing. Reservoir characterization and gas-saturation prediction with final images showed encouraging results. Suggested wells have been drilled and wet gas has been found, so the validity of this method has been proved.


(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)Guoguang Wu and Helen Lansdowne, Socialist China, Capitalist China: Social Tension and Political Adaptation under Economic Globalization, London and New York: Routledge, 2009, 215 pp. + xii.Since the end of 1970s, China's marketization reforms have greatly diversified China's social landscape. While the wealthy urban Chinese enjoy a luxurious lifestyle, the poor rural folks continue to struggle for basic public amenities such as education and health care. At the same time, there are also widespread social discontents in China today. Conflicts exist not only between the state and society, but also within the state and society respectively. Significant inequalities exist in the society, which raise the questions of "who gets what and why" in the process of market transition. Together with market reforms, China has deeply integrated with the global economy. Thus, an examination of China's changing social landscape cannot be isolated from economic globalization, hence the necessity to ask "who gets what through China's globalizing" (p. 5)? The analysis of China's social development needs to be approached from a variety of angles. How to explain and define the root causes of these conflicts in China, including its economic, social, religious and political dimensions? This edited volume tries to answer these questions.Socialist China, Capitalist China draws from the papers presented at the "Socialist China, Capitalist China: Social-Political Conflicts under Globalization" conference held in October 2006, at the Centre for Asia Pacific Initiatives, University of Victoria. The organizing theme of the volume addresses the social tensions generated by China's socialist legacy and its embracement of global capitalism, manifested in the phenomenon of rising mass protests, inadequate healthcare, the growing numbers of xinfang (petition), the rise of religious communities, and many other issues. All these issues are well addressed in this volume, but the chapters vary in quality. Although all chapters are in general good, some chapters are definitely better and contribute more to scholarship than others.The opening chapter by Helen Landsdowne and Guoguang Wu introduces the major theme. It contends that "a new form of authoritarianism is emerging" (p. 4), and this form, rather than being "market socialism", should be more appropriately termed "Leninist capitalism". Accordingly, the "state makes use of the facade of freer society that globalization appears to bring to various aspects of Chinese life, while in reality it employs underlying authoritarian mechanisms that ensure state control" (p. 6). However, authoritarianism under globalization contributes greatly to the rise of many social issues, in which political authoritarianism itself is unable to solve other than mere repression and coercion. Chih Jou Jay Chen provides an overview of the protest movements in today's China. He relies on a dataset he complies from press reports to illuminate the main causes and actors of more than 700 cases of rural and urban mass protests, and shows that much of these incidents were related to violation of people's rights (such as rural land seizures and urban forced relocation) and privatization (especially SOE workers). Xiaogang Wu looks at the socialist institution of hukou (household registration) and how it had meant to be an institution to keep rural villagers disadvantaged for the benefits of the urban working class during Mao's socialist era, and how it has become in today an essential tool to keep a vast army of cheap labour that makes Chinese production competitive in the world in post-Mao capitalist era. Feng Xu argues that in the field of unemployment policy, China has adopted the neoliberal international norms while maintaining its communist orientation. The result is that the authoritarian state is able to define "freedom" as being relived from dependency on the state. …


Structural economic optimization models of the forestry and land use sectors can be used to develop baseline projections of future forest carbon stocks and annual fluxes, which inform policy dialog and investment in programs that maintain or enhance forest carbon stocks. Such analyses vary in terms of the degree of spatial, temporal, and activity-level aggregation used to represent forest resources, land cover, and markets. While the statistical and econometric modeling communities widely discuss the effects of aggregation bias and have developed correction techniques, there is limited prior research investigating how aggregation bias may affect structural optimization models. This paper explores potential aggregation bias using the Land Use and Resource Allocation model (LURA), a detailed spatial allocation partial equilibrium model of the U.S. forest sector. We ran a series of projections representing alternative aggregation approaches including averaging forest stocks at plot, county, state, and regional levels, across one-, five, or ten-year age classes, and by two or fourteen forest types. We compared the resulting projections of forest carbon stocks and harvesting activities across each aggregation scenario. This allows us to isolate the effect of aggregation on key variables of interest (e.g., GHG emissions and supply costs), while holding all other structural characteristics of the modeling framework constant. We find that age-class and forest type aggregations have the greatest impact on modeling results, with the potential to substantially impact market and greenhouse gas projections. On the other hand, spatial aggregation has a small impact on national carbon stock projections. Importantly, regional results are greatly impacted by different aggregation approaches, with projected regional cumulative carbon stocks differing by more than 25% across scenarios.


Climate change and human activities impact the volume and timing of freshwater input to estuaries. These modifications in fluvial discharges are expected to influence estuarine suspended sediment dynamics, and in particular the turbidity maximum zone (TMZ). Located in southwest France, the Gironde fluvial-estuarine system has an ideal context to address this issue. It is characterized by a very pronounced TMZ, a decrease in mean annual runoff in the last decade, and it is quite unique in having a long-term and high-frequency monitoring of turbidity. The effect of tide and river flow on turbidity in the fluvial estuary is detailed, focusing on dynamics related to changes in hydrological conditions (river floods, periods of low discharge, interannual changes). Turbidity shows hysteresis loops at different timescales: during river floods and over the transitional period between the installation and expulsion of the TMZ. These hysteresis patterns, that reveal the origin of sediment, locally resuspended or transported from the watershed, may be a tool to evaluate the presence of remained mud. Statistics on turbidity data bound the range of river flow that promotes the upstream migration of TMZ in the fluvial stations. Whereas the duration of the low discharge period mainly determines the TMZ persistence, the freshwater volume during high discharge periods explains the TMZ concentration at the following dry period. The evolution of these two hydrological indicators of TMZ persistence and turbidity level since 1960 confirms the effect of discharge decrease on the intensification of the TMZ in tidal rivers; both provide a tool to evaluate future scenarios.


This volume presents the results of a five year research project which investigated the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age of Southern Kintyre. This area of western Scotland had seen little previous archaeological research prior to this project, but work centred on Blasthill has revealed the remains of a rich prehistoric landscape. Alongside a known Neolithic chambered tomb, this project also identified a range of prehistoric features including Bronze Age domestic and ritual structures as well as a series of well-preserved curvilinear field systems. Excavations were conducted at the chambered tomb on Blasthill and revealed a complex and long-lived sequence of construction at this site in association with material culture including a small pottery assemblage. Trial excavations and geophysical surveys were also conducted over other features on Blasthill and at other locations in the wider area, and as such we have been able to identify several other key areas of prehistoric activity, particularly in relation to monument construction. Lithic scatters were also recovered from ploughed fields in Southern Kintyre, revealing a series of hitherto unknown sites. This includes two substantial Mesolithic sites and a number of smaller Neolithic and Bronze Age spreads. The excavations conducted by the late Jack Scott at Ardnacross II chambered tomb are also reported on here in detail for the first time. Research has also been conducted on the pottery assemblages from Southern Kintyre in comparison with other mortuary assemblages from western Scotland and eastern Ireland. All of this is set against a broader research question which addresses the issue of how archaeology can inform our understanding of the nature of interactions between prehistoric communities in Southern Kintyre with people in other areas of Britain and Ireland. It seems that there were fluctuating relationships between Kintyre, other parts of western Scotland and eastern Ireland throughout the periods under consideration which we have been able to identify as a result of this project.


Having trouble getting around the house or making a quick trip to the shops? Hire a Power Chair from us! Specifically designed for people who have mobility problems.


The tortuous history of Trieste during the 20th century through the stories of two players: Gino Colaussi and Ettore Valcareggi. The process of Italianisation in Trieste during the fascist period could be seen in the Triestina football player Colaussi's tale. On the other hand, the story of Valcareggi is a symbol of the Amatori Ponziana affair: a time of tension in which both Italy and Yugoslavia were 'locking horns' for conquering the city of Trieste in the context of the Cold War.


INTRODUCTION
The conventional stereoscopic microscope (CS-m) made safe surgery for intracranial vascular pathology. Recently, an integrated image-guided robotic optical positioning system (ROVOT-m) has been released for clinical use. We undertook a benchside, cadaveric and clinical study to determine its applicability to aneurysm surgery.

METHODS
Benchside measurements of field of view (FOV) and depth of field (DOF) were obtained for CS-m and ROVOT-m. Two cadavers were operated on to simulate aneurysm surgery using both CS-m and ROVOT-m. Clinical feasibility of ROVOT-m was demonstrated during for surgery for both ruptured and unruptured aneurysms.

RESULTS
At highest magnification, ROVOT-m has a 25-mm FOV, 40% greater than that of CS-m. At the same FOV of 25 mm and working distance of 250 mm, ROVOT-m has a DOF of 14 mm, more than 3 times greater than CS-m. Cadaveric dissection confirmed that the volume of view (VOV) for the ROVOT-m was substantially larger than for the CS-m. Six aneurysms were clipped using the ROVOT-m: 4 ruptured middle cerebral artery aneurysms, 1 unruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysm, and 1 unruptured superior hypophyseal artery aneurysm.

CONCLUSION
The ROVOT-m has a substantially larger VOV the volume of surgical anatomy in focus and adequately illuminated. The larger immersive volume of surgical anatomy in focus was especially valuable when temporary clipping in the cases of middle cerebral artery aneurysm as the VOV extended from proximal internal carotid artery to distal M2 branches. The use of preset positions permits multiple relevant optical trajectories to be viewed rapidly and in sequence, which is particularly beneficial for assessing clip placement. Hands-free positioning allows for uninterrupted work flow.


The electric resistivity survey and borehole collection of resistivity data are one of the oldest geophysical tools for characterization of the vadose zone. A current trend is to conduct such surveys in a tomographic manner, which requires significant computational resources. We present a simple, semianalytical approach to delineate multiple layers in partially saturated soils from resistivity and saturation measurements taken at several depths along a borehole. The number of layers and their hydraulic properties are assumed to be known. The proposed inversion algorithm is computationally efficient and can serve either as a stand‐alone tool for layer delineation or as an autonomous module in a more comprehensive geophysical survey. It is most robust when each layer is sampled at least once. When one or more layers have not been sampled, the algorithm's robustness (convergence) depends on the accuracy of an initial guess (e.g., expert knowledge and other hard or soft data). We provide a detailed analysis of the algorithm's convergence and identify potential pitfalls.


This report has been prepared as part of CPDs ongoing assessment of macro-economic performance of Bangladesh under CPDs programme titled Independent Review of Bangladeshs Development (IRBD). Based on data and information on the dynamics of major macroeconomic variables during July-December 2005, the analysis attempts to trace and track the movements of key macro economic performance indicators including in such areas as : public finance, monetary and financial sector, real economy and external balance. The discussion is contextualized by recalling the initial conditions of FY06 and budgetary measures envisaged to deal with the macroeconomic challenges of FY06. In presenting the analysis of some of the recent trends in the economy the review takes note of the robust trends in terms of private sector investment, good prospects of food grain production, moderate growth of exports and buoyant flow of remittances. However, in the absence significant rise in the net flow of foreign aid and mobilization of domestic resources, the report apprehends that quality of fiscal balance may deteriorate further in the coming months. The report points out that without augmentation of foreign aid flow, high export growth and sustained remittance flow the external balance may experience severe pressure in the second half of the fiscal year. The report highlights some of the emerging trends in the economy which may frustrate the overall economic growth prospect and undercut macroeconomic stability during the period of electoral transition. The interim IRBD 2006 report presents elements of a plausible scenario in view of the emerging situation. Thus the government is likely to accelerate its spending in the coming months under both revenue and ADP accounts. There is a possibility of slowdown in the private sector investment as well. The report makes a number of suggestions to address the policy challenges emanating from rising inflation, high interest rate, dwindling reserves and deteriorating balance of payment (BOP).


False consciousness was a concept originally developed by Marx and Engels in the 19th century, to explain the actions and behaviors of the bourgeoisie. In the 20th century, various political thinkers such as Lukacs, Marcuse and Jost broadened its definition to explain the actions and behaviors of all members of society, including those from lower or subordinate classes. False consciousness has since been used by some Marxian political thinkers and anti-capitalist activists to make sense of people's quiescence towards the capitalist system. This interpretation of the concept has attracted an array of critiques that have severely affected false consciousness' legitimacy and value. These critiques demonstrate that people's quiescence toward the capitalist system is not necessarily synonymous with false consciousness and it should not be used as an excuse for communism's failure. Despite the severity of these critiques, Augoustinos disputes that false consciousness is not an outdated and useless concept, but that it is necessary to redefine it in order to increase its credibility. It must be situated, not in people's mind, but within the capitalist structure, which presents itself as a superior version of what it truly is and sustains misconceptions about its real capacities and limitations. This thesis is thus an implicit defense of the validity of the Marxian concept of false consciousness.


This paper presents the final results of the performances of the High resolution Standard Proximity Sensor developed under a GSTP contract for ESA /ESTEC. The HRSPS is a general purpose displacement measuring system developed with the aim to replace the multitude of customised sensors used so far in scanning and pointing mechanisms. It will become the European standard nano-measuring system qualified for space mechanisms operating in closed loop control. The HRSPS offers either two independent single or a differential output (s) offering a resolution of 1 nanometer. Three different HRSPS covering three measuring ranges have been developed. This paper presents the test results and the final confirmation of the performances of the HRSPS. The majority of sensor designs available industrially and in the launcher field are not readily suitable for high reliability space / satellite applications. The HRSPS manufactured can be supplied in either high reliability FM's for satellites and also FM's for microgravity / ISS applications requiring Mil 883B/C type of components. The paper will present the first applications for microgravity and satellite applications.


A B S T R A C T Introduction: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the rates of preoperative risk factors and intraoperative complications in phacoemulsification, performed by ophthalmology residents. Moreover, we assessed the relationship between these risk factors and complications. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, the rates of and the relationship between preoperative risk factors and intraoperative complications in resident-performed phacoemulsification were evaluated in the anterior segment clinic of Khatam-al-Anbia Eye Hospital, Mashhad, Iran. Results: In total, medical records of 475 patients undergoing phacoemulsification by 13 ophthalmology residents, were evaluated. The rate of intraoperative complications was estimated at 17.5%. Moreover, the rate of major complications including posterior capsule rupture, zonular dehiscence and vitreous loss, with potential effects on the final surgical results, was 7.2%. Based on the univariate analysis, preoperative risk factors, which were significantly associated with the incidence of intraoperative complications, were as follows: poor red reflex (P=0.001), pseudoexfoliation (P=0.002), poor pupil dilation (P=0.003), corneal clouding (P=0.003), dense cataract (P=0.004), shallow anterior chamber (P=0.02) and advanced age (P<0.05). Conclusion: Considering the correspondence between intraoperative complications and some preoperative risk factors, careful preoperative examination or utilization of systematic risk stratification systems might facilitate the prediction of high-risk cases and prevention of complications in resident-performed phacoemulsification.


In many settings, especially in private practice, transvaginal ultrasound is used routinely for early pregnancy confirmation. Routine ultrasound in early pregnancy appears to enable better gestational age assessment, earlier detection of multiple pregnancies and earlier detection of clinically unsuspected foetal malformation at a time when termination of pregnancy is still possible and safe. In cases of complicated early pregnancy and early pregnancy failure, ultrasound, used in conjunction with the history, physical and gynaecological examination and indicated laboratory investigations, is a very useful modality in the investigation and diagnostic process.


[1] The Thunderstorm Energetic Radiation Array (TERA) is located at the University of Florida, Florida Tech International Center for Lightning Research and Testing (ICLRT) at Camp Blanding, Florida. The array includes forty-five 7.6-cm-diameter NaI/photomultiplier tube detectors enclosed in 24 separate aluminum boxes that shield the detectors from light, moisture, and RF noise. The array covers the ∼1 km2 ICLRT facility, centered on the rocket launch tower, used to trigger lightning. From 2005 to 2007, TERA recorded seven rocket-triggered lightning flashes. In this paper we present an analysis of the X-ray emission of three of these flashes. The X-ray emission is observed to occur during the dart leader phase of each stroke, just prior to the time of the return stroke. Significant X-rays are observed on all the detectors to a distance of 500 m from the lightning channel for times up to 200 μs prior to the start of the return stroke. Using Monte Carlo simulations to model the X-ray propagation, we find that the energetic electrons that emit the X-rays have a characteristic energy of about 1 MeV for one particular dart-stepped leader event. The X-ray emission for all three events has a radial fall off proportional to [exp (−r/120)]/r and is most consistent with the energetic source electrons being emitted isotropically from the leader. It is also found that the X-ray and energetic electron luminosities of the leader channel decreases with increasing height above the ground. These results help shed light onto the mechanism for producing energetic radiation from lightning. For instance, a characteristic energy of 1 MeV is not consistent with the relativistic runaway electron avalanche mechanism, suggesting that so-called cold runaway electrons, produced by very strong electric fields, dominate the production of the X-rays.


This book provides an in-depth comparative analysis of inequality and the stratification of the digital sphere. Grounded in classical sociological theories of inequality, as well as empirical evidence, this book defines 'the digital divide' as the unequal access and utility of internet communications technologies and explores how it has the potential to replicate existing social inequalities, as well as create new forms of stratification. The Digital Divide examines how various demographic and socio-economic factors including income, education, age and gender, as well as infrastructure, products and services affect how the internet is used and accessed. Comprised of six parts, the first section examines theories of the digital divide, and then looks in turn at: Highly developed nations and regions (including the USA, the EU and Japan); Emerging large powers (Brazil, China, India, Russia); Eastern European countries (Estonia, Romania, Serbia); Arab and Middle Eastern nations (Egypt, Iran, Israel); Under-studied areas (East and Central Asia, Latin America, and sub-Saharan Africa). Providing an interwoven analysis of the international inequalities in internet usage and access, this important work offers a comprehensive approach to studying the digital divide around the globe. It is an important resource for academic and students in sociology, social policy, communication studies, media studies and all those interested in the questions and issues around social inequality.


By 2050, more than two billion people over the age of 65 will inhabit the globe. In most developed countries, adults 85 years of age and older are the fastest-growing demographic group. Cognitive impairment is common among older adults, with an estimated 30%–50% prevalence of dementia among the oldest old. Many older people who do not meet criteria for dementia experience executive dysfunction, characterized by difficulty in planning and sequencing behavior or responding flexibly to the environment, leading to high levels of functional impairment. Depression is also common in late life and increases the risk of both cognitive impairment and mortality (1–3).

Despite the consequences of this demographic shift, insufficient attention has been paid to geriatric mental health issues. This may reflect the fact that few older adults seek treatment in psychiatric outpatient settings, so most mental health providers do not see many older patients in their clinical practices. This is particularly true for psychotherapists; older adults are much less likely to receive psychotherapy than are their younger counterparts, even within the Department of Veterans Affairs system, where reimbursement is not a factor (4). In addition, both psychopharmacology and psychotherapy researchers typically limit their samples to individuals under the age of 65 because of the belief that co-occurring medical or cognitive conditions common among older adults will confound the results of their investigations. The net result is that our supply of clinical experience and empirical evidence regarding psychiatric disorders in late life is limited and will be insufficient to meet what is certain to be a growing demand.

The article in this issue by Arean and colleagues (5) challenges several assumptions. Most important, their data demonstrate that psychotherapy can be effective with depressed, cognitively impaired older people. It is often assumed that people with cognitive deficits can benefit only from medications, interventions aimed at caregivers, or environmental modifications. Depressed older adults with executive dysfunction, however, frequently do not respond well to antidepressant medications (6), and many do not have caregivers who can assist with interventions. The fact that 12 sessions of structured training in problem-solving skills reduced depression among individuals with executive dysfunction adds to our repertoire of effective treatments for a vulnerable, often difficult-to-treat group.

A second assumption called into question by the article, termed the "Dodo bird verdict," is that all psychotherapy approaches are equivalent (Rosenzweig [7] quoted this character from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland [8], who declares after a race that "everybody has won, and all must have prizes"). Many psychotherapists believe that specific techniques are less important than are nonspecific factors such as the therapeutic relationship. Arean and colleagues note that both problem-solving therapy and supportive therapy reduced depressive symptoms over the first 6 weeks of treatment and suggest that factors common to these therapies, such as empathy and instilling hope, may have beneficial effects for depressed older adults with executive dysfunction. At weeks 9 and 12, however, problem-solving therapy resulted in significantly greater response and remission rates than did supportive therapy, with one additional remission for every 4.5 patients treated. One proposed explanation is that the specific techniques employed in problem-solving therapy, such as setting goals, brainstorming and evaluating strategies to achieve those goals, creating action plans, and evaluating their effectiveness, have value beyond psychological support for reducing depression in individuals who have poor problem-solving skills because of their cognitive and affective disorder. According to this explanation, over the second half of treatment, the patients receiving problem-solving therapy engaged in additional practice to consolidate their problem-solving skills and as a result, continued to experience a decline in their depressive symptoms.

There is much we still need to learn about both geriatric mental health treatment and the mechanisms driving psychotherapy response. For example, given evidence suggesting a causal link between depression and cognitive impairment, is it possible that treatment of geriatric depression may improve cognition or delay the onset of dementia? Do the techniques employed in problem-solving therapy compensate for deficits associated with executive dysfunction? I have argued elsewhere that clinical trials can offer an excellent platform for conducting research on mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders (9). Future research on treatment of depression in cognitively impaired older adults should include repeated assessment of cognitive function; in trials of problem-solving therapy, an objective assessment of everyday problem-solving skills seems particularly appropriate and would allow investigators to evaluate whether improvement in problem-solving ability in fact mediates outcomes. Incorporating neuroimaging into psychotherapy research could potentially yield valuable information about the processes underlying treatment response in individuals with executive dysfunction, who are often assumed to be poor candidates for psychotherapy because of disconnections between the frontal lobes and the limbic system. It is vital that we acquire knowledge about the mechanisms that cause and maintain cognitive and affective symptoms of geriatric depression in order to help us develop better and more effective treatments for the coming wave of older adults.


The work practices of the professional photojournalist are currently undergoing rapid change in the digital era. New technologies, new platforms and new methods of visual storytelling are exerting a range of pressures and influences that require photojournalists to adapt and respond in different ways. The changes provoke a number of questions that are critical to the future of professional photojournalism: What are the new risks being faced by photojournalists? How are the transformations in the media economy affecting photojournalists' employment? What does this mean for image quality? How do photojournalists think about the manipulation of images or the staging of events? Given the rise of citizen journalism, digital technology and social media, will there even be professional photojournalists in the future? This report presents results and analysis from the first international study into the current state and future of professional photojournalism. The results indicate a high degree of risk is experienced among professional photographers with a very strong correlation to the country in which they are based. The research analyses data taken from 1,500 professional photojournalists from more than 100 countries and is a partnership between the University of Oxford's Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, the University of Stirling's journalism department and the World Press Photo Foundation, one of the premier platforms for the recognition of global excellence in photo- and video-journalism.


Active reading [1] is the combination of reading with critical thinking and learning, and involves not just reading per se, but also underlining, highlighting and commenting. We have built the XLibris "Active Reading Machine" to explore the premise that computation can enhance the active reading process. XLibris uses a high-resolution pen tablet display along with a paper-like user interface to emulate the physical experience of reading a document on paper: the reader can hold a scanned image of a page in his lap and mark on it with digital ink. XLibris monitors freeform ink annotations made while reading, and uses these to organize and to search for information. Readers can review, sort and filter clippings of their annotated text in a "Reader's Notebook." Finally, XLibris searches for material related to the annotated text, and displays links unobtrusively in the margin. XLibris demonstrates that computers can help active readers organize and find information while retaining many of the advantages of reading on paper.


In temporary wetlands in the River Dalälven floodplains, recurrent but irregular floods induce massive hatching of the flood-water mosquito Aedes sticticus, which causes enormous nuisance. Flood-water mosquito control using the biological larvicide Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) was commenced in parts of the floodplains during 2002, and here we report the first six years of full-season monitoring of general insect emergence from temporary wetlands with and without treatment. Emergence traps, which were emptied weekly, were used from May to September each year. A total of 137,153 insects of 13 taxonomic orders were collected. Diptera was highly dominating and especially the sub-order Nematocera with 18 families was a very prominent taxon. Bti-treatment effects were analysed by taxonomic order, by sub-order in Diptera and Hemiptera, and by family for Nematocera and Coleoptera for the whole study period. We found no significant negative effects of Bti treatments on the production of insects by taxonomic order, with the exception of Coleoptera in the long term. However, no significant negative effects were found for the Coleoptera families, neither in the short term nor in the long term. There was no significant negative treatment effect on Nematocera production, neither when analyzed for the whole sub-order nor when analyzed by family. However, abundance of Ceratopogonidae was significantly higher in experimental than in reference wetlands. We conclude that Bti-treatment effects on insect production may be minute in comparison to other environmental factors structuring the insect fauna of the temporary wetlands studied.


In this paper we describe experimental measurements and comparison of human interaction with three different types of stereo computer displays. We compare traditional shutter glasses-based viewing with three-dimensional (3D) autostereoscopic viewing on displays such as the Sharp LL-151-3D display and StereoGraphics SG 202 display. The method of interaction is a sphere-shaped "cyberprop" containing an Ascension Flock-of-Birds tracker that allows a user to manipulate objects by imparting the motion of the sphere to the virtual object. The tracking data is processed with OpenGL to manipulate objects in virtual 3D space, from which we synthesize two or more images as seen by virtual cameras observing them. We concentrate on the quantitative measurement and analysis of human performance for interactive object selection and manipulation tasks using standardized and scalable configurations of 3D block objects. The experiments use a series of progressively more complex block configurations that are rendered in stereo on various 3D displays. In general, performing the tasks using shutter glasses required less time as compared to using the autostereoscopic displays. While both male and female subjects performed almost equally fast with shutter glasses, male subjects performed better with the LL-151-3D display, while female subjects performed better with the SG202 display. Interestingly, users generally had a slightly higher efficiency in completing a task set using the two autostereoscopic displays as compared to the shutter glasses, although the differences for all users among the displays was relatively small. There was a preference for shutter glasses compared to autostereoscopic displays in the ease of performing tasks, and glasses were slightly preferred for overall image quality and stereo image quality. However, there was little difference in display preference in physical comfort and overall preference. We present some possible explanations of these results and point out the importance of the autostereoscopic "sweet spot" in relation to the user's head and body position.


ABSTRACT There is little reason to expect developing countries to take costly local actions for global climate benefits. This is less so when populist governments of the left – who claim to speak for the poorest sectors of the population – must negotiate environmental protection and development. This article examines climate action in Ecuador, one of the poorest countries of Latin America, during a populist moment. We propose an analytical framework that explains how moments of institutional rupture create space to articulate ideational and material interests towards climate action. We explore this by analyzing an initiative that would have left oil underground in exchange for compensation by the international community. Beyond the rise of significant personalities, populist moments signal a rupture where power relations, norms, and development trajectories can be reconfigured. Populists are political entrepreneurs who articulate these conditions for personal gain, but populist moments also reveal space for climate action.


This study aims to analyze the coastal thanksgiving tradition and the meaning for the fishermen communities in Cilacap, especially around the area of Teluk Penyu Beach in Cilacap. Fishermen communities in the South of Cilacap cannot be separated from the original character of the Javanese community in general that they have a strong belief to the myth. They still show their honor and respect toward the ancestral spirit called as Kanjeng Ratu Kidul. It is represented through the ritual of giving some offerings to the sea. The traditional ceremony is conducted on the first day of the Javanese calendar year in the month of Sura. The ceremonies are provided to the spirits existing in the surroundings. It is expected that the spirits will not bother the family and the natural environment. The ceremony is also intended to establish a safe and secure environment and to build economic growth and prosperity. This ceremony has a deep meaning for the societies. It contains the values, morals and manners symbolized in the ceremonies. The meaning, then, affects the behavior of the fishermen's life; for example, they are sure that they will be safe from dangers when sailing and they also will feel courageous during the sailing though they only use traditional equipment. The coastal thanksgiving tradition continues to exist although there are some efforts from Islamic organizations to reject the tradition. However, Cilacap societies still devote their trust on the spirits of animism and dynamism that have a close relation to their lives. They also have a very strong bond of solidarity and blood connection to their ancestors. That tradition is also included as a medium of thanksgiving celebration that becomes a part of Javanese characteristic.


When tracking user-specific online activities, each user's preference is revealed in the form of choices and comparisons. For example, a user's purchase history is a record of her choices, i.e. which item was chosen among a subset of offerings. A user's preferences can be observed either explicitly as in movie ratings or implicitly as in viewing times of news articles. Given such individualized ordinal data in the form of comparisons and choices, we address the problem of collaboratively learning representations of the users and the items. The learned features can be used to predict a user's preference of an unseen item to be used in recommendation systems. This also allows one to compute similarities among users and items to be used for categorization and search. Motivated by the empirical successes of the MultiNomial Logit (MNL) model in marketing and transportation, and also more recent successes in word embedding and crowdsourced image embedding, we pose this problem as learning the MNL model parameters that best explain the data. We propose a convex relaxation for learning the MNL model, and show that it is minimax optimal up to a logarithmic factor by comparing its performance to a fundamental lower bound. This characterizes the minimax sample complexity of the problem, and proves that the proposed estimator cannot be improved upon other than by a logarithmic factor. Further, the analysis identifies how the accuracy depends on the topology of sampling via the spectrum of the sampling graph. This provides a guideline for designing surveys when one can choose which items are to be compared. This is accompanied by numerical simulations on synthetic and real data sets, confirming our theoretical predictions.


A patient presented with acute, painless loss of vision in each eye occurring successively over a few days. He was diagnosed with bilateral central retinal artery occlusions (CRAO) and immediately underwent treatment for possible giant cell arteritis (GCA) while the etiology of CRAO was being determined. Further workup initially proved ambiguous in many respects for GCA verses other types of vasculitis. Definitive diagnosis of GCA was achieved with temporal artery biopsy, though this too demonstrated characteristics of other vasculitides. While awaiting pathology results, empiric treatment for GCA should continue uninterrupted to prevent progression or relapse, as GCA carries a significant risk of vision loss and visual recovery is exceedingly rare. Ultimately, the diagnosis relies heavily on clinical correlation.


DISTRIBUTONS OF EUPHAUSIA SUPERBA, EUPHAUSIA CRYSTALLOROPHIAS, AND PLEURAGRAMMA ANTARCTICUM WITH CORRELATIONS TO ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES IN THE WESTERN ROSS SEA, ANTARCTICA Linnea Brynn Davis Old Dominion University, 2016 Director: Dr. Eileen E. Hofmann Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), crystal krill (Euphausia crystallorophias), and Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum) are key mid-trophic level species in the Ross Sea food web that provide connectivity between primary production and the upper trophic levels. Distributions of these species were constructed from net-based and acoustic observations collected in the western Ross Sea from 1988-2004. Distributions of environmental conditions in the Ross Sea were obtained from a high-resolution circulation model (temperature, mixed layer depth, surface speed) and satellite-derived observations (chlorophyll, sea ice cover). These distributions were analyzed with a range of statistical methods to determine the extent to which species distributions are determined by environmental conditions. The results showed that each species occupies a localized habitat defined by different environmental characteristics. Antarctic krill are concentrated along the northwestern shelf break and prefer deep areas overlying warm water at depth, slow surface speeds, and proximity to the shelf break. Within this habitat, krill biomass is associated with deeper mixed layers. Crystal krill and Antarctic silverfish are concentrated in Terra Nova Bay and prefer southwesterly locations, coastal proximity, cold water temperatures, and slow surface speeds. Within Terra Nova Bay, crystal krill biomass is associated with cold temperatures and northerly latitudes. Antarctic silverfish biomass is associated with low chlorophyll. The Antarctic krill habitat off the shelf break coincides with the occurrence of Circumpolar Deep Water at depth, which is important for early life stages. The crystal krill and Antarctic silverfish habitat in Terra Nova Bay coincides with the coastal polynya, sea ice, cold water temperatures, and slow surface speeds that are needed for their early life stages. The habitat characteristics obtained for the three species provide a basis for projecting potential changes resulting from climate change. The habitats identified for the three species delineate regions of the Ross Sea that deserve focused management and inform the selection of regions for marine protected areas that support ecosystem level conservation plans.


Metal-poor stars trace the earliest phases in the chemical enrichment of the Universe. They give clues about the early assembly of the Galaxy as well as on the nature of the first stellar generations. Multi-object spectroscopic surveys play a key role in finding these fossil records in large volumes. Here we present a novel analysis of the metal-poor star sample in the complete Radial Velocity Experiment (RAVE) Data Release 5 catalog with the goal of identifying and characterizing all very metal-poor stars observed by the survey. Using a three-stage method, we first identified the candidate stars using only their spectra as input information. We employed an algorithm called t-SNE to construct a low-dimensional projection of the spectrum space and isolate the region containing metal-poor stars. Following this step, we measured the equivalent widths of the near-infrared Ca II triplet lines with a method based on flexible Gaussian processes to model the correlated noise present in the spectra. In the last step, we constructed a calibration relation that converts the measured equivalent widths and the color information coming from the 2MASS and WISE surveys into metallicity and temperature estimates. We identified 877 stars with at least a 50% probability of being very metal-poor ([Fe/H] <-2 dex), out of which 43 are likely extremely metal-poor ([Fe/H] <-3 dex). The comparison of the derived values to a small subsample of stars with literature metallicity values shows that our method works reliably and correctly estimates the uncertainties, which typically have valuesσ[Fe/H] ≈ 0.2 dex. In addition, when compared to the metallicity results derived using the RAVE DR5 pipeline, it is evident that we achieve better accuracy than the pipeline and therefore more reliably evaluate the very metal-poor subsample. Based on the repeated observations of the same stars, our method gives very consistent results. We intend to study the identified sample further by acquiring high-resolution spectroscopic follow-up observations. The method used in this work can also easily be extended to other large-scale data sets, including to the data from the Gaia mission and the upcoming 4MOST survey. A catalog of the 877 candidates with estimated metallicities is available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (http://184.108.40.206) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/603/A19


AIMS
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) guidelines have been changed, favouring more potent antiplatelet drugs. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a ticagrelor- instead of a clopidogrel-based primary dual antiplatelet (DAPT) regimen in ACS patients treated with newer-generation drug-eluting stents (DES).

METHODS AND RESULTS
CHANGE DAPT (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03197298) assessed 2,062 consecutive real-world ACS patients, treated by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), the primary composite endpoint being net adverse clinical and cerebral events (NACCE: all-cause death, any myocardial infarction, stroke or major bleeding). In the clopidogrel (CP; December 2012-April 2014) and ticagrelor periods (TP; May 2014-August 2015), 1,009 and 1,053 patients were treated, respectively. TP patients were somewhat older, underwent fewer transfemoral procedures, and received fewer glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. In the TP, the one-year NACCE rate was higher (5.1% vs. 7.8%; HR 1.53 [95% CI: 1.08-2.17]; p=0.02). Assessment of non-inferiority (pre-specified margin: 2.7%) was inconclusive (risk difference: 2.64 [95% CI: 0.52-4.77]; pnon-inferiority=0.48). TP patients had more major bleeding (1.2% vs. 2.7%; p=0.02) while there was no benefit in ischaemic endpoints. Propensity score-adjusted multivariate analysis confirmed higher NACCE (adj. HR 1.75 [95% CI: 1.20-2.55]; p=0.003) and major bleeding risks during TP (adj. HR 2.75 [95% CI: 1.34-5.61]; p=0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
In this observational study, the guideline-recommended ticagrelor-based primary DAPT regimen was associated with an increased event risk in consecutive ACS patients treated with newer-generation DES.


The majority of breast cancer specific deaths in women with estrogen receptor positive (ER+) tumors occur due to metastases that are resistant to therapy. There is a critical need for novel therapeutic approaches to achieve tumor regression and/or maintain therapy responsiveness in metastatic ER+ tumors. The objective of this study was to elucidate the role of metabolic pathways that undermine therapy efficacy in ER+ breast cancers. Our previous studies identified Exportin 1 (XPO1), a nuclear export protein, as an important player in endocrine resistance progression and showed that combining selinexor (SEL), an FDA-approved XPO1 antagonist, synergized with endocrine agents and provided sustained tumor regression. In the current study, using a combination of transcriptomics, metabolomics and metabolic flux experiments, we identified certain mitochondrial pathways to be upregulated during endocrine resistance. When endocrine resistant cells were treated with single agents in media conditions that mimic a nutrient deprived tumor microenvironment, their glutamine dependence for continuation of mitochondrial respiration increased. The effect of glutamine was dependent on conversion of the glutamine to glutamate, and generation of NAD+. PGC1α, a key regulator of metabolism, was the main driver of the rewired metabolic phenotype. Remodeling metabolic pathways to regenerate new vulnerabilities in endocrine resistant breast tumors is novel, and our findings reveal a critical role that ERα-XPO1 crosstalk plays in reducing cancer recurrences. Combining SEL with current therapies used in clinical management of ER+ metastatic breast cancer shows promise for treating and keeping these cancers responsive to therapies in already metastasized patients.


Abstract. Realistic depictions of past land cover are needed to investigate prehistoric environmental changes and anthropogenic impacts. However, observation based reconstructions of past land cover are rare. Recently Pirzamanbein et al. (2015, arXiv:1511.06417) developed a statistical interpolation method that produces spatially complete reconstructions of past land cover from pollen assemblage. These reconstructions incorporate a number of auxiliary datasets raising questions regarding both the method's sensitivity to the choice of auxiliary data and the unaffected transmission of observational data. Here the sensitivity of the method is examined by performing spatial reconstructions for northern Europe during three time periods (1900 CE, 1725 CE and 4000 BCE), based on irregularly distributed pollen based land cover, available for ca. 25 % of the area, and different auxiliary datasets. The spatially explicit auxiliary datasets considered include the most commonly utilized sources of the past land-cover data – estimates produced by a dynamic vegetation (DVM) and anthropogenic land-cover change (ALCC) models – and modern elevation. Five different auxiliary datasets were considered, including different climate data driving the DVM and different ALCC models. The resulting reconstructions were evaluated using deviance information criteria and cross validation for all the time periods. For the recent time period, 1900 CE, the different land-cover reconstructions were also compared against a present day forest map. The tests confirm that the developed statistical model provides a robust spatial interpolation tool with low sensitivity to differences in auxiliary data and high capacity to un-distortedly transmit the information provided by sparse pollen based observations. Further, usage of auxiliary data with high spatial detail improves the model performance for the areas with complex topography or where observational data is missing.


The automobile and steel industries are closely linked by a strong customer supplier relationship. The application of high strength sheet originated from social needs. The keen issue for automakers in recent years has been to reduce the weight of the automobile body while maintaining sufficient safety by using high strength steel sheet to ensure both fuel efficiency and crash worthiness. The characteristics of the steel sheets for an automotive body have changed drastically according to changes in demand. In this paper, the exact metallurgical background and mechanical properties of hot rolled steel sheets used for chassis and cold steel sheets used for body are introduced.