Recent evidence suggests that some densely populated areas of the world will be uninhabitable in the coming century due to extreme climate events (e.g. heat waves, atmospheric pollution, and drought) and due to shifts in microclimate and breathable air, which are directly related to livability. With estimates that over 75% of the global population will be living in cities by mid-century, scholars, practitioners, and government officials are asking what cities can do to address the pressing social and environmental challenges that emerge from climate change. They are also seeking to learn how this knowledge may inform policy decisions regarding physical, social, and economic planning to ensure an inviting quality of life and livability in these future places. We believe that we have an unprecedented opportunity to use our knowledge, technology, and social capacities to reduce the likelihood of producing a catastrophic future. This study compares the livability of two seemingly unlikely locations – Doha, Qatar, a capital city on the Arabian Gulf, and Portland, Oregon, an important American city in the Pacific Northwest. These cities are growing at different rates, have diverse cultural histories and varied development patterns, yet are attempting to improve urban livability for citizens in each place and its surrounding region. Through an in-depth examination of the physical changes that have occurred in both places and their corresponding urban climate conditions, especially thermal comfort, we describe the similarities and differences that help to define the challenges facing the management of each. We look specifically at two important empirically-derived measurements of livability: air quality and urban heat island effect. By focusing on these environmental stressors in each place, we are able to evaluate the extent to which different growth and policy drivers have impacted the ability for people to enjoy a desirable quality of life in both cities – different, but appropriate to each. We include as part of our approach a conceptual framework, which describes the coupling of environmental and human conditions for which changes in development patterns have direct implications on the livability of each location. As a result of our analysis, we offer insights about actions that show promise of managing future livability in each city and focus primarily on the ability to manipulate selected aspects of urban form – those characteristics of massing, surface materials, and tree cover that can change the air pollution and urban heat stress experience in each place. We focus specifically on landscape and site scale modifications that show promise of improving air quality and/or reducing urban heat as a stressor. Since cities around the world are looking to nature to provide benefits to city inhabitants, we emphasize the salutary role of green infrastructure. While much is still to be discovered regarding the capacity for cities and their managers to adapt to the emerging challenges of climate change, population growth, and conventional development patterns, yet without sustained and promising actions, the cities that are home to the majority of people today may likely become either obsolete in the coming centuries or present less than desirable living conditions for their future residents. We recognize that while all cities are unique reflections of their unique biophysical, microclimatic, social, cultural, and natural contexts, they also share many similar circumstances and conditions – the identification of which may help policy makers address climate change more effectively. Our conclusions also support the fact that seemingly diverse cities do, in fact, contain similarities in terms of the local, environmental, and urban design conditions that determine air quality and contribute to urban heat island effect. Grant Acknowledgement: This paper was made possible by National Priority Research Program grant #NPRP 5-074-5–015 from the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation). Keywords: Climate change, microclimate, air quality, urban heat island, thermal comfort, livability


A Trusted Guide to Discrete Mathematics with ProofNow in a Newly Revised Edition Discrete mathematics has become increasingly popular in recent years due to its growing applications in the field of computer science. Discrete Mathematics with Proof, Second Edition continues to facilitate an up-to-date understanding of this important topic, exposing readers to a wide range of modern and technological applications. The book begins with an introductory chapter that provides an accessible explanation of discrete mathematics. Subsequent chapters explore additional related topics including counting, finite probability theory, recursion, formal models in computer science, graph theory, trees, the concepts of functions, and relations. Additional features of the Second Edition include: An intense focus on the formal settings of proofs and their techniques, such as constructive proofs, proof by contradiction, and combinatorial proofs New sections on applications of elementary number theory, multidimensional induction, counting tulips, and the binomial distribution Important examples from the field of computer science presented as applications including the Halting problem, Shannon's mathematical model of information, regular expressions, XML, and Normal Forms in relational databases Numerous examples that are not often found in books on discrete mathematics including the deferred acceptance algorithm, the Boyer-Moore algorithm for pattern matching, Sierpinski curves, adaptive quadrature, the Josephus problem, and the five-color theorem Extensive appendices that outline supplemental material on analyzing claims and writing mathematics, along with solutions to selected chapter exercises Combinatorics receives a full chapter treatment that extends beyond the combinations and permutations material by delving into non-standard topics such as Latin squares, finite projective planes, balanced incomplete block designs, coding theory, partitions, occupancy problems, Stirling numbers, Ramsey numbers, and systems of distinct representatives. A related Web site features animations and visualizations of combinatorial proofs that assist readers with comprehension. In addition, approximately 500 examples and over 2,800 exercises are presented throughout the book to motivate ideas and illustrate the proofs and conclusions of theorems. Assuming only a basic background in calculus, Discrete Mathematics with Proof, Second Edition is an excellent book for mathematics and computer science courses at the undergraduate level. It is also a valuable resource for professionals in various technical fields who would like an introduction to discrete mathematics. Edit


Abstract. We examined (peak-to-background flux ratio p/b > 20) energetic electron bursts in the presence of VLF activity, as observed from the DEMETER satellite at low altitudes (~700 km). Our statistical analysis of measurements during two 6-month periods suggests that: (a) the powerful transmitter NWC causes the strongest effects on the inner radiation belts in comparison with other ground-based VLF transmitters, (b) the NWC transmitter was responsible for only ~1.5 % of total electron bursts examined during the 6-month period (1 July 2008 to 31 December 2008), (c) VLF transmitter-related electron bursts are accompanied by the presence of a narrow band emission centered at the radiating frequency emission, whereas the earthquake-related electron bursts are accompanied by the presence of broadband emissions from a few kHz to >20 KHz, (d) daytime events are less preferable than nighttime events, but this asymmetry was found to be less evident when the powerful transmitter NWC was turned off and (d) seismic activity most probably dominated the electromagnetic interactions producing the electron precipitation at middle latitudes. The results of this study support the proposal that the detection of radiation belt electron precipitation, besides other kinds of studies, is a useful tool for earthquake prediction research.


The conservation of chiral symmetry has been used as a fundamental rule to determine polymer packing conformations in racemic systems. We have illustrated, through the interplay of polarization terahertz (THz) spectroscopy and solid-state density functional theory, that the chiral symmetry is not conserved in a poly(lactic acid) stereocomplex (scPLA) system. Poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) displays a weaker violation of the 31 screw symmetry than poly(d-lactic acid) (PDLA) and possesses a stronger intramolecular vibrational energy, on average, in the low-frequency gamma-point phonon modes than does PDLA. Polarization THz spectroscopy adds a new dimension to polymer crystallography through which new phenomena are expected to be revealed.


The struggle between the contradictory objectives of security and democratic governance has dominated EU discourse, policies and practices when it comes to the southern bank of the Mediterranean since 1995. Ultimately, there is a scholarly consensus on the substantial failure of what had been the normative drive for setting up the partnership: no shared area of prosperity and democracy exists today because security concerns prevailed. As reliable partners for the EU on security issues, Tunisia and Morocco were crucial in entrenching the securitisation of the relationship. This holds true also after the uprisings, as encouraging premises quickly turned into considerable instability in the Middle East and North Africa. This study employs a borderlands approach to analysing the ways in which the EU outsources the management of key 'border functions' while attempting to connect the periphery in other issue-areas. More specifically, it examines the implications of the EU's post-2011 revision of its security 'cooperation' with Tunisia and Morocco for two aspects of the relationship. First, it looks at the way in which domestic political reconfigurations have occurred and how these reconfigurations have influenced relations with the EU. Second, it explores the asymmetries of power between the two parties and the degree of 'leverage' Tunisia and Morocco have vis-a-vis the EU.Our main contention is that the soul-searching and reflective mode of EU officials was short-lived, and that the rhetoric about past mistakes and new beginnings in the early days of the uprisings has not been matched over time. As enthusiasm for the Arab Spring faded on both sides of the Mediterranean, the EU reverted to a business as usual approach, demanding and obtaining the cooperation of both Tunisia and Morocco, irrespective of the diverging post-uprising trajectories of the two countries.


S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH), a cellular enzyme that plays a key role in methylation reactions including those required for maturation of viral mRNA, is an important drug target in the discovery of antiviral agents. While targeting the active site is a straightforward strategy of enzyme inhibition, evidence of allosteric modulation of active site in many enzymes underscores the molecular origin of signal transduction. Information of co-evolving sequences in SAHH family and the key residues for functional dynamics that can be identified using native topology of the enzyme provide glimpses into how the allosteric signaling network, dispersed over the molecular structure, coordinates intra- and intersubunit conformational dynamics. To study the link between the allosteric communication and functional dynamics of SAHHs, we performed Brownian dynamics simulations by building a coarse-grained model based on the holo and ligand-bound structures. The simulations of ligand-induced transition revealed that the signal of intrasubunit closure dynamics is transmitted to form intersubunit contacts, which in turn invoke a precise alignment of active site, followed by the dimer-dimer rotation that compacts the whole tetrameric structure. Further analyses of SAHH dynamics associated with ligand binding provided evidence of both induced fit and population shift mechanisms and also showed that the transition-state ensemble is akin to the ligand-bound state. Besides the formation of enzyme-ligand contacts at the active site, the allosteric couplings from the residues distal to the active site are vital to the enzymatic function.


The objective of this studi was to determine development strategy of beef cattle based on the physical characteristics of Tangerang Selatan city. The primary data were obtained from interviews with stakeholders. Secondary data were obtained from relevant agencies and literature review. The analytical method that was used in this study was a combination of Hierarchy Analysis Procedure (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The results showed that Tangerang Selatan city has enough carrying capacity for beef cattle production based on land characteristics, suitabilities and forage carrying capacity. The priority development of beef cattle was determined based on potential and developmental direction of Tangerang Selatan city which are Pondok Aren, Ciputat, Serpong Utara and Ciputat, respectively.


Quantitation of the green, blue and grey water footprints (WFs) of crop production can distinguish the water types and amount in crop production, as well as the degree of freshwater pollution. This paper calculates the WF of maize production and assesses the temporal variability and spatial distribution of WFs in different types of rainfall years over Jilin Province from 1998 to 2012. The results indicated that: (1) the annual average WF of maize production was 1,067 m 3 /ton, which was 53% green, 24% blue and 23% grey (maize production in Jilin Province relies primarily on green water); (2) the drier the year, the higher the WF of maize production; (3) the highest WF of maize production values among 49 counties in the province were in Antu and Tumen counties, whereas the lowest values occurred in Gongzhuling and Lishu counties, whether the year was humid, average or dry; and (4) the WF of maize production was highest in the eastern region, moderate in the western region and lowest in the middle region.


This chapter develops a predictive approach to Granger causality (GC) testing that utilizes

k

-fold cross-validation and posterior simulation to perform out-of-sample testing. A Monte Carlo study indicates that the cross-validation predictive procedure has improved power in comparison to previously available out-of-sample testing procedures, matching the performance of the in-sample F-test while retaining the credibility of post- sample inference. An empirical application to the Phillips curve is provided evaluating the evidence on GC between inflation and unemployment rates.


The light activation phenomenon in inverted P3HT:PCBM bulk heterojunction organic solar cells based on titanium oxide sublayer (TiOx) is characterized by fast acquisition of current-voltage (J-V) curves under light bias as function of time. TiOx layers were thermally treated under inert atmosphere at different temperatures prior active layer deposition and for every device an activation time was extracted. It is shown that the higher the TiOx annealing temperature, the faster the activation. The improvement of the overall device performances is also observed for devices with TiOx layers baked above 100 °C. The evolution of the characteristic of the organic semiconductors (OSC) device, from dielectric to diode, is attributed to the increase of TiOx conductivity by three orders of magnitude upon white light illumination. Additionally, devices based on baked TiOx present higher conductivity than those based on unbaked TiOx which would explain the gain in performances and the short activation time of the OSC....


The wind octet was a popular ensemble of the classical period. In 1782, the Viennese Emperor formed a wind octet which specialized in playing opera arrangements. This music was used primarily as a form of background entertainment for dinners. This guide analyzes and compares the works of several well-known arrangers from the classical period in order to demonstrate arranging styles of the time. The arrangers of the period were often the performers of these various wind octets who were writing specifically for the players in their own ensembles. The style of Mozart's original wind music is also discussed, in contrast to the arrangements of his works made by others. This guide is intended for serve performers of today as a tool to learn the art of arranging in an historical style. Idiosyncrasies of the classical-period wind instruments are discussed, as they relate to the style of wind arranging. The role of the contemporary arranger is compared with that of the classical period, and the case is made for the need for more contemporary arrangements of classical works using period arrangers as models.


Aim: The objective of this paper is to present a baseline data on the national prevalence and distribution of overweight and obesity in adults, derived from the results of Turkey National Nutrition and Health Survey (TNHS)-2010. Methods: Prevalence data for adults (9820 adults, aged 19–65 years) were the customised data from the nationally representative National Nutrition and Health Survey (2010). Body weight, height, waist and hip circumferences were measured and body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio were calculated. BMI (weight-kg/height-m2), waist circumference (cm) and waist to hip ratio were classified and evaluated according to WHO criteria and recommendations. Results:  Mean BMI for all age groups were 26.4±4.5 kg /m2 in men and 28.9±6.4 kg/m2 in women. Overall, prevalence of overweight and obese adults were 34.6% (39.1% in men, 29.7% in women) and 30.3% (20.5% in men, 41.0% in women) respectively.  While the adults aged 51–64 years old were more likely to be obese (30.7% in men and 64.4% in women), adults aged 65 years and over were found to be more overweight (46.0% in men and 30.4% in women). High waist circumference and high waist-to-hip ratio were identified as 24.8% and 54.2% in men, as 53.9% and 40.4% in women, respectively. Conclusions: Obesity and overweight are major public health problems in Turkey. Preventive public measures have started to be implemented by the Turkish government and other bodies to control the increasing trends in obesity.


In Arendt's interrogations of political modernity, the concepts of history and politics have an ambiguous relation. On the one hand, she insisted that the performative character of politics as action was bound to its narrative aspect as remembrance. She was also a fervent proponent of integrating the historical sense into political understanding. On the other hand, Arendt characterized the modern historical sensibility from the point of view of politics as a "ghastly absurdity," and asserted that the political thought of our times needed to free itself both "from history" and "from thinking in historical terms." This paper explores the different meanings that Arendt granted to "history" as a (anti)political force and to historical sensibility as the basis for political understanding. It argues that not only were Arendt's rejection of the modern concept of history and its politics of history central for her critique, but that it was one of the key concerns that shaped the articulation of her own theory of action. The paper also examines the problem against the background of the intellectual tradition of Arendt's youth and in particular its uncompromising antihistoricism.


It is shown in the present work that the distorted-space model of matter as extended to extreme curvature limits results in characteristics mimicking those of galactic-holes. The distorted-geometry structures exhibit non-Newtonian features wherein the hole or core-region fields of the structure are energetically-repulsive (negative pressure), do not behave functionally in an r-4 manner and terminate at zero at the radial origin (no singularity). Of particular interest is that of r-6 energy-density behavior at structural radial distances near the core of the distortion, a region also displaying potential-well behavior.


Private for-profit institutions have been the fastest growing part of the U.S. higher education sector. For-profit enrollment increased from 0.2 percent to 9.1 percent of total enrollment in degree-granting schools from 1970 to 2009, and for-profit institutions account for the majority of enrollments in non-degree granting postsecondary schools. We describe the schools, students, and programs in the for-profit higher education sector, its phenomenal recent growth, and its relationship to the federal and state governments. Using the 2004 to 2009 Beginning Postsecondary Students (BPS) longitudinal survey, we assess outcomes of a recent cohort of first-time undergraduates who attended for-profits relative to comparable students who attended community colleges or other public or private non-profit institutions. We find that relative to these other institutions, for-profits educate a larger fraction of minority, disadvantaged, and older students, and they have greater success at retaining students in their first year and getting them to complete short programs at the certificate and AA levels. But we also find that for-profit students end up with higher unemployment and "idleness" rates and lower earnings six years after entering programs than do comparable students from other schools, and that they have far greater student debt burdens and default rates on their student loans.


The Rock Springs uplift of Wyoming and the Douglas Creek arch of Colorado are intrabasinal, Laramide-age basement uplifts within the Rocky Mountain foreland, and are currently separated by the east–west-trending Uinta Mountains. The geometry, timing, and progressive development of these uplifts were investigated using a combined geophysical and geological approach. New gravity surveys were combined with existing regional data to provide a regional Bouguer gravity anomaly map of these two uplifts and the intervening Uinta uplift. The gravity data show a distinct and continuous north–south-striking gravity high along the trend of the two uplifts that crosses the east–west-trending Uinta uplift. The relatively constant amplitude (∼40 mGal) of the gravity anomaly indicates that the inferred basement relief is similar for both arches (∼4 km). Sedimentation patterns indicate that the Rock Springs uplift and Douglas Creek arch formed simultaneously in the Late Cretaceous.

The intrabasinal setting of the uplifts records aspects of foreland deformation that are overprinted or obscured in better-developed uplifts. On the local scale, neither the Rock Springs or Douglas Creek uplift apparently reactivates a pre-existing structure. On a regional scale, there is no change in structural style or timing of the two uplifts, despite their formation in different crustal provinces. The Rock Springs uplift occurs within the Archean Wyoming province north of the Cheyenne belt, whereas the Douglas Creek arch occurs in Proterozoic crust south of this boundary. Timing relations, available from the basinal stratigraphy, indicate the uplifts were initiated as broad arches in the Late Cretaceous before developing into more concentrated uplifts. Thus, large-scale folding, and not reactivation of pre-existing structures, may be the primary control on the initial pattern of north- to northwest-trending foreland deformation.


We generalize the Kou (2002) double exponential jump-diffusion model in two directions. First, we independently displace the two tails of the jump size distribution away from the origin. Second, we allow for each of the displaced tails to follow a gamma distribution with an integer-valued shape parameter. Both extensions introduce additional flexibility in the tails of the corresponding return distribution. Our model is supported by an equilibrium economy and we obtain closed-form solutions for European plain vanilla options. Our valuation function is computationally fast to evaluate and robust across the full parameter space. We estimate the physical model parameters through maximum likelihood and for a diverse sample of equities, commodities and exchange rates. For all assets under consideration, the original Kou (2002) model can be rejected in favor of our newly introduced asymmetrically displaced double gamma dynamics.


Waste generation and waste disposal are issues that are becoming increasingly prominent in the environmental arena both from a policy perspective and in the context of delinking analysis. Waste generation is still increasing proportionally with income, and economic and environmental costs associated to landfilling are also increasing. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of waste generation, incineration, recycling and landfill dynamics based on panel data for the EU25, to assess the effects of different drivers (economic, structural, policy) and the eventual differences between western and eastern EU countries. We show that for waste generation there is still no Waste Kuznets Curve (WKC) trend, although elasticity to income drivers appear lower than in the past. Landfill and other policy effects do not seem to provide backward incentives for waste prevention. Regarding landfill and incineration, the two trends, as expected, are respectively decreasing and increasing, with policy providing a strong driver. It demonstrates the effectiveness of policy even in this early stage of policy implementation. This is essential for an ex post evaluation of existing landfill and incineration directives. Eastern countries appear to perform generally quite well, thus benefiting from their EU membership and related policies in terms of environmental performances. We may conclude that although absolute delinking is far from being achieved for waste generation, there are first positive signals in favour of an increasing relative delinking for waste generation and average robust landfill diversion, and various evidence of a significant role of the EU waste policies implemented in the late 1990s and early 2000s on landfill diversion. Waste prevention is nevertheless the next necessary target of waste regulatory efforts.


In this article, the authors provide an argument for future directions for teacher education, based on a re‐conceptualization of teaching. The authors argue that teacher educators need to attend to the clinical aspects of practice and experiment with how best to help novices develop skilled practice. Taking clinical practice seriously will require teacher educators to add pedagogies of enactment to an existing repertoire of pedagogies of reflection and investigation. In order to make this shift, the authors contend that teacher educators will need to undo a number of historical divisions that underlie the education of teachers. These include the curricular divide between foundations and methods courses, as well as the separation between the university and schools. Finally, the authors propose that teacher education be organized around a core set of practices in which knowledge, skill, and professional identity are developed in the process of learning to practice during professional education.


This article analyzes the transformation of labor relations in Taiwan. Employing a regulation approach to decipher the patterns of labor relations prevalent before the 1980s and the existing patterns characteristic of the 1990s, I argue that the former stage was a flexible Taylorist labor regime. This labor regime was coupled with an export-oriented economy where the flexible use of labor was necessary to keep wages at low levels and to respond quickly to the world economy. In the 1990s, however, due to the upgrading and differentiation of the economy, plus a democratic movement that nurtured the emergence of unionism, this has been transformed into a new type of flexible labor regime in which different types of labor relations coexist. Different industrial sectors in this stage tend to adopt different forms of labor regulation within which none of them occupy a dominant position. Finally, the article discusses the spatial implications of labor relations in Taiwan with regard to geographical distribution. It is argued that, while geographical location did not matter in the former stage, in the 1990s geography does matter because of the differentiation of labor relations in different industrial sectors that exhibit distinctive patterns of geographical distribution. Copyright Joint Editors and Blackwell Publishers Ltd 2001.


This newest book from Watts Humphrey is a hands-on introduction to basic disciplines of software engineering. Designed as a workbook companion to any introductory programming or software-engineering text, Humphrey provides here the practical means to integrate his highly regarded Personal Software Process (PSP) into college and university curricula. The book may also be adapted for use in industrial training or for self-improvement by practicing software engineers.Applying the book's exercises to their course assignments, students learn both to manage their time effectively and to monitor the quality of their work, good practices they will need to be successful in their future careers. The book is supported by its own electronic supplement, which includes spreadsheets for data entry and analysis. A complete instructor's package is also available.By mastering PSP techniques early in their studies, students can avoid--or overcome--the popular "hacker" ethic that leads to so many bad habits. Employers will appreciate new hires prepared to do competent professional work without, as now is common, expensive retraining and years of experience.


This study analyzes the impact of entrepreneurship education at universities on the intentions of students to become entrepreneurs or self-employed in the short-term (immediately after graduation) and in the long-term (five years after graduation). A difference-in-differences approach is applied that relates changes in entrepreneurial intentions to changes in the attendance of entrepreneurship classes in the same period. To account for a potential bias due to self-selection into entrepreneurship classes, only individuals having no prior entrepreneurial intentions are analyzed. Our results indicate a stimulating effect of entrepreneurship education on students' intentions to become entrepreneurs or self-employed in the long-term but a discouraging effect on their intentions in the short-term. These results support the conjecture that entrepreneurship education provides more realistic perspectives on what it takes to be an entrepreneur, resulting in 'sorting'. Overall, the results indicate that entrepreneurship education may improve the quality of labor market matches, the allocation of resources and talent, and increase social welfare. Not distinguishing between short- and long-term intentions may lead to misleading conclusions regarding the economic and social impact of entrepreneurship education.


This Article explores the connections between ideas about American democracy and ideas about the police. I argue that criminal procedure jurisprudence and scholarship on the police over the past half-century have roughly tracked, in a delayed fashion, developments in democratic theory over the same period. The most important of these developments were, first, the emergence during the 1950s of the pluralist theory of democracy, an unusually rich and resonant account that emphasized the roles of elites, interest groups, and competition in sustaining American democracy; and second, beginning in the 1960s, the gradual shift away from this theory and toward accounts of democracy emphasizing popular participation, community, and deliberation. Democratic pluralism helps make sense of several interrelated hallmarks of criminal procedure and police studies in the Warren and Burger Court eras: the focus on the group psychology of the police; the concern with police discretion and the reliance on judicial oversight; the emphasis on personal dignity; the attraction to second wave police professionalism; the embrace of modernity; the centrality of consensus; and the disregard of institutional structure. The subsequent shift away from pluralism finds reflection in several themes in contemporary criminal procedure: the enthusiasm for community participation; the premium placed on transparency; the distrust of elites and expertise; the preoccupation with legitimacy; and the retreat from modernity. Other features of criminal procedure jurisprudence and scholarship today - the continued treatment of the police as a breed apart, the persistent de-emphasis of institutional structure, and the relative inattention to issues of equality - reflect important points of continuity between pluralism and the theories that supplanted it. Our ideas about policing could benefit from a more rounded understanding of democracy - an understanding sensitive to those aspects of democracy that have to do less with collective self-rule than with traditions of resistance to illegitimate hierarchy, and mindful of the core insights of democratic pluralism, 1960s-style participatory democracy, and eighteenth-century political economy. I investigate, in a tentative fashion, how such an understanding of democracy might affect our thinking about five important issues in contemporary law enforcement: community policing, racial profiling, police privatization, police personnel practices, and public disclosure of law enforcement practices.


Abstract In recent research on cross-linguistic differences in linguistic rhythm, it has been hypothesized that the traditional dichotomy 'stress-timed' versus 'syllable-timed' might be recast with respect to which level of the Prosodic Hierarchy constitutes the most prominent domain for the organization of prosodic structure. In this paper, we test the prediction that 'stress-timed' languages are characterized by a dominance of the prosodic word against a typological sample of 58 languages. Although there is a slight cross-linguistic tendency in favor of the prediction, there is no statistical support for the proposed correlation. Since counterexamples include not only individual languages but also entire language families, we advocate a different view on prosodic word domain structure. The prosodic word profile of a given language is more reliably predicted by the family membership of that language than by universal correlations concerning its rhythm class membership. We substantiate this claim by a survey of Mon-Khmer's family signature on prosodic word domain structure in Mon, where sound patterns target either the monosyllabic stem or the maximally inflected disyllabic word.


(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)Lance L.P. Gore, The Chinese Communist Party and China's Capitalist Revolution: The Political Impact of the Market, London and New York: Routledge, 2011, 180pp. +xx.Richard McGregor's Tie Party: ??? Secret World of China's Communist Rulers portrays the picture of an omnipresent and (sort of) omnipotent Chinese Communist Party. One of the most memorable quotes in that book comes from a Chinese professor: "The party is like God. He is everywhere. You just can't see him."1 However, had McGregor read Lance Gore's The Chinese Communist Party and China s Capitalist Revolution, he may have to modify his conclusions. True, the party is powerful, but its party organizations are not as secure as its ruling positions. Gore's book gives another picture of the party - a party in which its grassroots organizations are either in atrophy, become irrelevant, or have been assimilated by the market.The key thesis that Gore attempts to argue is that the Leninist party organization and the market are fundamentally incompatible, and increasingly the latter has decisively prevailed over the former. In making the case why capitalism supports democracy, a leading liberal economist, Robert Heilbroner, argues that "It is certainly not that the pursuit of capital breeds a liberty-loving frame of mind, it is rather that the presence of an economy within a polity gives an inestimable aid to freedom by permitting political dissidents to make their livings without interdiction by an all-powerful regime."2 Gore here is making a similar assertion about the impact of the market in China: it provides an alternative source of resources and rewards outside of the control of the party. Gore uses the theory of institutionalism and affiliated theoretical concepts such as "institutional isomorphism" to explain the impact of market capitalism on the socialist ruling party. Accordingly, the market has "an isomorphic effect in the Chinese communist institutions" (p. 34) including the nomenclature system, the residential registration system, the work unit system, shifts the interest calculation of the party members (they can now pursue opportunities outside of the party channel), reshapes social and institutional orders, and remakes the party.The empirical chapters hence are devoted to testing this thesis, by looking at the party's presence and activities in various spaces such as village administration, private enterprises, foreign-invested enterprises, state-owned enterprises, newly formed urban communities, universities and colleges, as well the party's interaction with various social classes. What Gore has found is either party's atrophy in the face of market forces or prevailing submission to the market rules on the part of party organizations. For example, in village politics, party leaders have to become entrepreneurial leaders who can lead the villagers to prosperity, otherwise they will simply lose credibility in the eyes of the villagers. Large numbers of migrant party members are either inactive or uninterested in party's work and affairs. In order to lure back these party members, the party organizations have to make themselves "service" centres similar to social work organizations. In private and foreign-funded enterprises, party membership can even be seen as minus point in the eyes of enterprise management. In any event, there is hardly anything for a party member or a party organization to do in these enterprises. Their presence simply is surplus to requirements of a successful business operation. …


The premiere two-volume reference on revelations from studying complex microbial communities in many distinct habitats Metagenomics is an emerging field that has changed the way microbiologists study microorganisms. It involves the genomic analysis of microorganisms by extraction and cloning of DNA from a group of microorganisms, or the direct use of the purified DNA or RNA for sequencing, which allows scientists to bypass the usual protocol of isolating and culturing individual microbial species. This method is now used in laboratories across the globe to study microorganism diversity and for isolating novel medical and industrial compounds. Handbook of Molecular Microbial Ecology is the first comprehensive two-volume reference to cover unculturable microorganisms in a large variety of habitats, which could not previously have been analyzed without metagenomic methodology. It features review articles as well as a large number of case studies, based largely on original publications and written by international experts. This second volume, Metagenomics in Different Habitats, covers such topics as: •Viral genomes •Metagenomics studies in a variety of habitats, including marine environments and lakes, soil, and human and animal digestive tracts •Other habitats, including those involving microbiome diversity in human saliva and functional intestinal metagenomics; diversity of archaea in terrestrial hot springs; and microbial communities living at the surface of building stones •Biodegradation •Biocatalysts and natural products A special feature of this book is the highlighting of the databases and computer programs used in each study; they are listed along with their sites in order to facilitate the computer-assisted analysis of the vast amount of data generated by metagenomic studies. Such studies in a variety of habitats are described here, which present a large number of different system-dependent approaches in greatly differing habitats. Handbook of Molecular Microbial Ecology II is an invaluable reference for researchers in metagenomics, microbial ecology, microbiology, and environmental microbiology; those working on the Human Microbiome Project; microbial geneticists; and professionals in molecular microbiology and bioinformatics.


In this paper, we aim to test the empirical validity of the QTM relationship for the Turkish economy. Using some contemporaneous time series estimation techniques, our estimation results reveal that stationarity characteristics of the velocities of currency in circulation and the broad money aggregate in the economy cannot be rejected through a quantity theoretical co-integrating long-term variable space. We find that there exists an about one-to-one proportionality between money and prices and money and real income, and that exogeneity of money cannot be rejected for the currency in circulation in the economy. But, the exception here comes from the broad monetary aggregate used in the QTM equation such that money seems to be endogenous as for the long-term variable space.


Employing the case study of the cultivation of African palms for the production of palm oil in Chiapas, Mexico, this article probes the theme of alter- native patterns of development to neo-liberal globalization. In particular, it dis- cusses the issue of the return to state intervention (neo-Fordism) as an instrument to promote socio-economic development. Chiapas has been the theatre of the Za- patista movement of 1994. As a result of that popular uprising and despite its overtly neo-liberal posture, the Mexican state intervened significantly in Chiapas. In this context, the monoculture of the African palm has been pursued as a strat- egy to address local poverty among farmers, generate alternative and renewable forms of energy and provide a scheme for socio-economic growth in the area. This article illustrates the contradictory results of this 'interventionist' developmental project and the consequences and resistance that it entailed. The analysis of this case reveals the problematic nature of nation-state led interventionist schemes in a context marked by the emerging crisis of the neo-liberal model. It also under- scores the significance of local initiatives that are generated by the aspirations and abilities of local residents.


Europe is in a strong position in terms of connectivity. Since the start of liberalization of the European air transport market about 25 years ago, consumers have benefitted from connectivity growth within Europe as well as to/from other world regions. These gains include more directly and indirectly served destinations, higher frequencies, shorter travel times and lower fares. The connectivity gains have substantially reduced consumer's costs to get from A to B and induced significant consumer welfare benefits, as well as gains for the wider economy. But there are challenges to deal with if these gains are to continue. Sufficient capacity both in the air and on the ground and an efficiently organized airspace are key in this respect. However, the European air transport system is not operating at its optimum level. Flight trajectories are longer than needed. On average, flights in European airspace are 3% longer than the great circle distance between origin and destination airport. Airspace inefficiencies and capacity bottlenecks cause delays of around 10 minutes per flight. In contrast to the US, which has just one single Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP), Europe has 38 ANSPs to handle approximately the same geographical area, resulting in higher than needed costs of Air Navigation Service Provision for airlines and passengers. Examples of these costs are higher ANSP user charges and longer than needed flight trajectories, with associated fuel burn and environmental burden. But the much-needed modernization of European airspace is progressing slowly and is lagging behind the targets set. Furthermore, airport capacity is expected to fall short of future demand growth. This study provides strong evidence on the economic benefits that airspace modernization and removal of airport capacity constraints could generate for consumers, businesses, trade, tourism and investment.


The influence of basal disturbances on the steady-state surface topography and on surface velocities of glaciers and ice sheets is investigated numerically. This is done for finite-amplitude basal perturbations in both bed topography and basal slipperiness using a non-linear ice rheology and a non-linear sliding law. The effects of varying the exponent n in Glen's flow law on transfer characteristics are mainly quantitative, and do not affect qualitative aspects of the transfer amplitudes and phase shifts such as the number of maxima and inflection points when plotted as functions of wavelength. In particular, the well-known maximum in bed-to-surface transfer amplitude for a Newtonian medium at sufficiently high slip ratios (ratio between mean sliding velocity and mean ice deformational velocity) also forms for n > 1. Transfer amplitudes generally become smaller with increasing n for wavelengths less than about three times the mean ice thickness (h). For larger wavelengths the situation is reversed and transfer amplitudes increase with n. For active ice streams, characterized by high basal slipperiness, low surface slopes ( 0.5) and fairly constant for all wavelengths longer than about 3 to 5 h. With increasing n and decreasing surface slope the lower limit of wavelengths over which horizontal stress gradients can be ignored increases markedly. Perturbation solutions for Newtonian medium are found to give an accurate description of the transfer characteristics for bedrock amplitudes up to 50 % ice thickness and for fractional amplitudes of slipperiness perturbations up to 0.5.


In response to North Korea's nuclear weapons program, South Korea is quietly pursuing an independent conventional counterforce and countervalue strategy. This strategy is unique. Few, if any, nonnuclear states have sought to rely on advanced conventional capabilities to deter a nuclear-armed adversary. Why is South Korea pursuing a conventional counterforce and countervalue strategy, and what could its impact be on strategic stability on the Korean Peninsula? South Korea's approach should be understood as both a short- and long-term hedge against U.S. abandonment. Its deterrent effect, no matter how uncertain, acts as a short-term stopgap if the United States abandons South Korea. Over the long term, capabilities such as advanced ballistic and cruise missiles bolster South Korea's nuclear latency. At the same time, we highlight that the strategy poses numerous technological and operational difficulties and has negative implications for arms race and crisis stability. Given South Korea's approach and North Korea's response, disarmament efforts focused purely on the bilateral U.S.–North Korea relationship will not succeed. Rather, any agreement will now need to address the growing gap in the conventional balance of forces on the Korean Peninsula.


Whenever an array element is accessed, Java virtual machines execute a compare instruction to ensure that the index value is within the valid bounds. This reduces the execution speed of Java programs. Array bounds check elimination identifies situations in which such checks are redundant and can be removed. We present an array bounds check elimination algorithm for the Java HotSpot#8482; VM based on static analysis in the just-in-time compiler.
 The algorithm works on an intermediate representation in static single assignment form and maintains conditions for index expressions. It fully removes bounds checks if it can be proven that they never fail. Whenever possible, it moves bounds checks out of loops. The static number of checks remains the same, but a check inside a loop is likely to be executed more often. If such a check fails, the executing program falls back to interpreted mode, avoiding the problem that an exception is thrown at the wrong place.
 The evaluation shows a speedup near to the theoretical maximum for the scientific SciMark benchmark suite (40% on average). The algorithm also improves the execution speed for the SPECjvm98 benchmark suite (2% on average, 12% maximum).


Abstract. There are some problems in the visualization of 3D model of buildings at present, such as redundant texture data and large memory occupation of loading texture data, which pose challenges to the smooth loading of 3D building visualization. In this paper, we propose a method which using fractal quadtrees to simplify texture data and compress management. Firstly, this method uses the fractal self-similarity and the feature that the same texture has the same fractal dimension to screen all the textures, when the fractal dimension of multiple textures is within the threshold range. Radon transform will be performed on these textures to calculate their standard deviation and further simplify the texture. Secondly, we use fractal texture compression to create a multi-resolution texture data structure with quadtree structure, so that the building 3D model can achieve dynamic visualization of different scales. Finally, the parallel texture mapping of all faces of the 3D model of the building is implemented according to the texture calling rules. Experimental results demonstrate that the texture is managed by the method proposed in this paper, which shortens the loading time of texture and reduces the memory occupation by about 48.92%. Therefore, the method of texture simplification and compression proposed in this paper has a significant effect in the process of building 3D model visualization.


Data Epistemologies studies the changing ways in which 'knowledge' is defined, promised, problematised, legitimated vis-á-vis the advent of digital, 'big' data surveillance technologies in early twenty-first century America. As part of the period's fascination with 'new' media and 'big' data, such technologies intersect ambitious claims to better knowledge with a problematisation of uncertainty. This entanglement, I argue, results in contextual reconfigurations of what 'counts' as knowledge and who (or what) is granted authority to produce it – whether it involves proving that indiscriminate domestic surveillance prevents terrorist attacks, to arguing that machinic sensors can know us better than we can ever know ourselves. The present work focuses on two empirical cases. The first is the 'Snowden Affair' (2013-Present): the public controversy unleashed through the leakage of vast quantities of secret material on the electronic surveillance practices of the U.S. government. The second is the 'Quantified Self ' (2007-Present), a name which describes both an international community of experimenters and the wider industry built up around the use of datadriven surveillance technology for self-tracking every possible aspect of the individual 'self '. By triangulating media coverage, connoisseur communities, advertising discourse and leaked material, I examine how surveillance technologies were presented for public debate and speculation. This dissertation is thus a critical diagnosis of the contemporary faith in 'raw' data, sensing machines and algorithmic decision-making, and of their public promotion as the next great leap towards objective knowledge. Surveillance is not only a means of totalitarian control or a technology for objective knowledge, but a collective fantasy that seeks to mobilise public support for new epistemic systems. Surveillance, as part of a broader enthusiasm for 'data-driven' societies, extends the old modern project whereby the human subject – its habits, its affects, its actions – become the ingredient, the raw material, the object, the target, for the production of truths and judgments about them by things other than themselves. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Communication First Advisor Carolyn Marvin


This essay, part of a two-issue symposium on the implications of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals and its progeny, is built around three propositions about expert testimony and criminal cases. First, the "Daubert trilogy's" focus on verifiability as the threshold for expert testimony pushes the criminal justice system away from the notion that knowledge is socially constructed and toward a positivist epistemology that assumes we can know things objectively. Second, in the long run, that development will be good for prosecutors and bad for criminal defendants, given the different types of expertise on which they rely. Third, the consequence of this differential impact will be a criminal justice system that is not only less fair, but also less reliable.


Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are common viruses often associated withgastrointestinal, ocular and respiratory infections. They can infect a widevariety of cells, both dividing and non-dividing. HAdVs attach to and infecttarget cells through interactions with cellular receptors. It has also beenshown that HAdVs can use soluble host components in body fluids forindirect binding to target cells, a feature that enables the usage of new typesof receptors resulting in a more efficient HAdV infection. We thereforeevaluated the influence of soluble components from four different bodyfluids on HAdV infection of epithelial cells, representing the respiratory andocular tropism of most HAdVs. We found that plasma, saliva, and tear fluidpromote binding and infection of HAdV-5 (species C) and that plasmapromotes infection of HAdV-31 (species A). Further binding and infectionexperiments identified coagulation factor IX (FIX) and X (FX) as thecomponents of plasma responsible for increase of HAdV-5 infection whileFIX alone mediates increase of HAdV-31 infection. We found that as little as1% of the physiological concentration of these factors is required to facilitatemaximum binding.The effect of coagulation factors on HAdV infection was thereafterextended to include all species A HAdVs: HAdV-12, -18 and -31. Species AHAdVs normally cause infections involving the airways and/or the intestine.These infections are often mild but species A HAdVs in general, and HAdV-31 in particular, have been shown to cause severe and life-threateninginfections in immunocompromised patients. We show here that FIXefficiently increase HAdV-18 and -31 (but not HAdV-12) binding andinfection of human epithelial cells, representing the respiratory andgastrointestinal tropism. FIX was shown to interact with the hexon proteinof HAdV-31 and surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that theHAdV-31:FIX interaction is slightly stronger than that of the HAdV-5:FIX/FX interactions, but more interestingly, the half-lives of theseinteractions are profoundly different. By performing binding and infectionexperiments using cells expressing specific glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and ivGAG-cleaving enzymes we found that the HAdV-31:FIX and HAdV-5:FIX/FX complexes bind to heparan sulfate-containing GAGs on targetcells, but we could also see a difference in GAG dependence and specificitybetween these complexes.We conclude that the use of coagulation factors might be of moreimportance than previously recognized and that this may affect not only theliver tropism seen when administering adenovirus vectors into thecirculation but also regulate primary infections by wild-type viruses of theirnatural target cells. We also believe that our findings may contribute tobetter design of HAdV-based vectors for gene and cancer therapy and thatthe interaction between the HAdV-31 hexon and FIX may serve as a targetfor antiviral treatment.HAdV vectors are mainly based on HAdV-5 and several problems haverecently become evident when using these vectors. Major challenges withHAdV-5 based vectors include pre-existing neutralizing antibodies, pooraccess to the receptor CAR (coxsackie and adenovirus receptor), and offtarget effects to the liver due to interactions with coagulation factors. Theneed for new HAdV vectors devoid of these problems is evident.HAdV-52 is one of only three HAdVs that are equipped with two differentfiber proteins, one long and one short. We show here, by means of bindingand infection experiments, that HAdV-52 can use CAR as a cellular receptor,but that most of the binding is dependent on sialic acid-containingglycoproteins. Flow cytometry, ELISA and surface plasmon resonanceanalyses revealed that the terminal knob domain of the long fiber (52LFK)binds to CAR, and the knob domain of the short fiber (52SFK) binds tosialylated glycoproteins. X-ray crystallographic analysis of 52SFK in complexwith sialic acid revealed a new sialic acid binding site compared to otherknown adenovirus:glycan interactions. Moreover, glycan array analysisidentified α2,8-linked oligosialic acid, mimicking the naturally occurringpolysialic acid (PSia), as a potential sialic acid-containing glycan receptor for52SFK. ELISA and surface plasmon resonance confirmed the ability of52SFK to interact with PSia. Flow cytometry analysis also showed a fivefold vincrease in binding of 52SFK to PSia-expressing cells compared to controlcells. X-ray crystallographic analysis of 52SFK in complex with oligo-PSiarevealed engagement at the non-reducing end of oligo-PSia to the canonicalsialic acid-binding site, but also suggested the presence of a 'steering rim'consisting of positively charged amino acids contributing to the contact bylong-range electrostatic interactions.PSia is nearly absent on cells in healthy adults but can be expressed inhigh amounts on several types of cancers including: glioma, neuroblastomaand lung cancer. We show here that the short fiber of HAdV-52 bindsspecifically to PSia. Taking into account that HAdV-52 has a supposedly lowseroprevalence and is incapable of interacting with coagulation factors webelieve that HAdV-52 based vectors can be useful for treatment of cancertypes with elevated PSia expression.


Handwriting is one of the most natural ways for a human to record knowledge. Recently, this type of human-computer interaction has received increasing attention due to the rapid evolution of touch-based hardware and software. While hardware support for digital ink reached its maturity, algorithms for recognition of handwriting in certain domains, including mathematics, are lacking robustness. Simultaneously, users may possess several pen-based devices and sharing of training data in adaptive recognition setting can be challenging. In addition, resolution of pen-based devices keeps improving making the ink cumbersome to process and store. This thesis develops several advances for efficient processing, storage and recognition of handwriting, which are applicable to the classification methods based on functional approximation. In particular, we propose improvements to classification of isolated characters and groups of rotated characters, as well as symbols of substantially different size. We then develop an algorithm for adaptive classification of handwritten mathematical characters of a user. The adaptive algorithm can be especially useful in the cloud-based recognition framework, which is described further in the thesis. We investigate whether the training data available in the cloud can be useful to a new writer during the training phase by extracting styles of individuals with similar handwriting and recommending styles to the writer. We also perform factorial analysis of the algorithm for recognition of n-grams of rotated characters. Finally, we show a fast method for compression of linear pieces of handwritten strokes and compare it with an enhanced version of the algorithm based on functional approximation of strokes. Experimental results demonstrate validity of the theoretical contributions, which form a solid foundation for the next generation handwriting recognition systems.


Novel vaccines are urgently needed to reduce the burden of severe malaria. Using a differential whole-proteome screening method, we identified Plasmodium falciparum schizont egress antigen-1 (PfSEA-1), a 244-kilodalton parasite antigen expressed in schizont-infected red blood cells (RBCs). Antibodies to PfSEA-1 decreased parasite replication by arresting schizont rupture, and conditional disruption of PfSEA-1 resulted in a profound parasite replication defect. Vaccination of mice with recombinant Plasmodium berghei PbSEA-1 significantly reduced parasitemia and delayed mortality after lethal challenge with the Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA. Tanzanian children with antibodies to recombinant PfSEA-1A (rPfSEA-1A) did not experience severe malaria, and Kenyan adolescents and adults with antibodies to rPfSEA-1A had significantly lower parasite densities than individuals without these antibodies. By blocking schizont egress, PfSEA-1 may synergize with other vaccines targeting hepatocyte and RBC invasion. Antibodies in Tanzanian children identify a malaria vaccine candidate that prevents within-host dispersal of blood-stage parasites Progress toward an effective malaria vaccine The history of efforts to develop a malaria vaccine has been long and difficult. Raj et al. probed for molecules produced by this blood parasite that are recognized by natural immune responses of people living in malaria-endemic areas of Africa. One, PfSEA-1, blocked parasite exit from red blood cells. Vaccination experiments with mouse malaria showed almost fourfold reduction in parasitemia; moreover, passive transfer of PfSEA-1 antibodies transferred protection from mouse to mouse. Encouragingly, the presence of PfSEA-1 antibodies correlates with significant protection from severe malaria in children and adolescents from Kenya and Tanzania. Science, this issue p. 871


Previous research has shown that sleep facilitates skill acquisition by consolidating recent memories into a stabilized form. The way in which sleep benefits the acquisition of a musical skill, however, is unclear. This is because previous studies have not dissociated the extent to which sleep consolidates learned motoric patterns from the conceptual structure of the music. We thus designed two experiments in which pianists performed short pieces – designed to separate conceptual from motoric errors – over the course of a day. In Experiment 1, participants were trained in the morning and tested immediately, 12 hours, and 24 hours after training. While both motor and conceptual errors increased over a waking retention interval, only conceptual errors were significantly reduced after sleep. Moreover, individuals who reported spending more time "playing by ear" showed greater reductions of conceptual errors after sleep. A second control experiment, in which participants were trained in the evening and tested immediately – as well as 12 hours – after training, confirmed that the results from Experiment 1 could not be attributed solely to circadian confounds or to elapsed time since training. Together, these results suggest that conceptual and motor errors consolidate differently and interact with differences in practice style.


Abstract The following work was initiated to determine the scope of application methodology and fumigant combinations for increasing efficacy of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and metam sodium for management of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Florida. A series of five experiments were set up during spring and fall seasons to evaluate the potential of different fumigants, alone or in combination, in polyethylene film tomato production. The most promising chemical alternatives to methyl bromide, in terms of root-knot nematode management, were the combinations 1,3-D-chloropicrin, chloropicrin-proprietary solvent, and 1,3-D-metam sodium. Sprayed or injected metam sodium generally provided only short-term nematode management and by harvest nematode infection was not different from the nontreated control. Drip-applied metam sodium gave good nematode management under high nematode pressure, but needs further verification to establish (i) the importance of soil moisture and temperature on treatment efficacy and (ii) whether similar management can be obtained with fewer than three drip tubes. Broadcast applications of 1,3-D showed better efficacy as compared to applications on a preformed raised bed. Fumigation did not increase tomato yields in spring when root-knot nematode pressure was low, but during fall all chemical treatments increased yields three to five-fold, as root-knot nematode was a major yield-limiting factor.


We model the dynamics of a spherically symmetric radiating dynamical star, emitting outgoing null radiation, with three spacetime regions. The local internal atmosphere is a two-component system consisting of standard pressure-free, null radiation and an additional string fluid with energy density and nonzero pressure obeying all physically realistic energy conditions. The middle region is purely radiative which matches to a third region which is the Schwarzschild exterior. A large family of solutions to the field equations are presented for various realistic equations of state. A comparison of our solutions with earlier well known results is undertaken and we show that all these solutions, including those of Husain, are contained in our family. We then generalise our class of solutions to higher dimensions and consider the effects of diffusive transport We also study the gravitational collapse in the context of the cosmic censorship conjecture. We outline the general mathematical framework to study the conditions on the mass function so that future directed nonspacelike geodesics can terminate at the singularity in the past. Mass functions for several equations of state are analysed using this framework and it is shown that the collapse in each case terminates at a locally naked central singularity. These singularities are strong curvature singularities which implies that no extension of spacetime through them is possible. These results are then extended to modified gravity. We establish the result that the standard Boulware-Deser spacetime can radiate. This allows us to model the dynamics of a spherically symmetric radiating dynamical star in five-dimensional Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity with three spacetime regions. Finally, the junction conditions are derived entirely in fivedimensional Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity via the matching of two spacetime region leading to a model for a radiating star in higher order gravity.


Although there is an abundance of research into sports programmes and policies that inherently discuss implementation, most fail to explicitly address this phenomenon, nor do they consider theories and concepts associated with implementation evident in social and political sciences. It is contended that to ignore such a vital process may limit or constrain knowledge of not only how and why sport policies and programmes have been implemented, but also how we come to make assumptions and propositions as to their impacts and relative successes or failures. This article seeks to encourage the incorporation, generation and innovation of existing implementation theories, concepts and models into the sport policy analysis lexicon. It is hoped that this will not only generally broaden the sport policy analysis research agenda, but specifically generate and develop a theoretically informed literature on the practice of sport policy and programme implementation to enhance sport policy students, academics and policymaker's knowledge of the implementation process. To illustrate this, following a critique of top-down/bottom-up and synthesized models, this article applies Matland's (1995) model of conflict and ambiguity to The Football Association's Charter Standard Scheme. This article concludes by suggesting that Matland's (1995) model is a potential way forward for analysing case study-specific sport policy and programme implementation analyses.


Abstract In the context of the Covid‐19 pandemic this article takes a longer view of the evolving relationship between urbanization and the range of zoonotic diseases that have spread from animals to humans. I suggest that the existing interpretation of epidemiological transitions remains overly Eurocentric and requires a more nuanced conception of global environmental history. Similarly, the conceptualization of urban space within these teleological schemas has relied on a narrow range of examples and has failed to fully engage with networked dimensions to urbanization. At an analytical level I consider the potential for extending the conceptual framework offered by urban political ecology to take greater account of the epidemiological dimensions to contemporary urbanization and its associated pandemic imaginary. I examine how contemporary health threats intersect with complex patterns of environmental change, including the destruction of biodiversity (and trade in live animals), the co‐evolutionary dynamics of viruses and other pathogens, and wider dimensions to the global technosphere, including food production, infrastructure networks, and the shifting topographies of peri‐ or ex‐urban contact zones.


The specific objective of the research was to evaluate proprietary audit systems. Proprietary audit systems comprise question sets containing approximately 500 questions dealing with selected aspects of health and safety management. Each question is allotted a number of points and an organisation seeks to judge its health and safety performance by the overall score achieved in the audit. Initially it was considered that the evaluation method might involve comparing the proprietary audit scores with other methods of measuring safety performance. However, what appeared to be missing in the first instance was information that organisations could use to compare the contrast question set content against their own needs. A technique was developed using the computer database FileMaker Pro. This enables questions in an audit to be sorted into categories using a process of searching for key words. Questions that are not categorised by word searching can be identified and sorted manually. The process can be completed in 2-3 hours which is considerably faster than manual categorisation of questions which typically takes about 10 days. The technique was used to compare and contrast three proprietary audits: ISRS, CHASE and QSA. Differences and similarities between these audits were successfully identified. It was concluded that in general proprietary audits need to focus to a greater extent on identifying strengths and weaknesses in occupational health and safety management systems. To do this requires the inclusion of more probing questions which consider whether risk control measures are likely to be successful.


Cyber security is all about protecting information/ data kept on computers. Computers have been used to store sensitive information for nearly as long as they've been around. Whenever there is something of value, there will always be people who are trying to access it.

Cyber terrorists, hackers and their tools are only getting more smart. There is more and more attacks where the complexity and the techniques used are becoming more intuitive and also dangerous.

This just shows the need for increased security surrounding anything technological these days as absolutely everything is hackable. Nowadays it's not just about hacking things but also about not even letting the owners of the data know they've been hacked.

If something technological has been hacked how does one know? This is where the idea for my project comes from.

My project will allow the user to check to see if their file has in fact been changed.

My project is an integrity checker; it will allow users to check if their document/ file has been adjusted.


The authors report a multicenter multireader study that was designed to compare spiral with standard-of-care Cartesian postcontrast structural brain MR imaging on the basis of relative performance in 10 metrics of image quality, artifact prevalence, and diagnostic benefit. Seven clinical sites acquired 88 total subjects. For each subject, sites acquired 2 postcontrast MR imaging scans: a spiral 2D T1 spin-echo, and 1 of 4 routine Cartesian 2D T1 spin-echo/TSE scans. Nine neuroradiologists independently reviewed each subject, with the matching pair of spiral and Cartesian scans compared side-by-side, and scored the subject on 10 image-quality metrics. Spiral was superior to Cartesian in 7 of 10 metrics (flow artifact mitigation, SNR, GM/WM contrast, image sharpness, lesion conspicuity, preference for diagnosing abnormal enhancement, and overall intracranial image quality), comparable in 1 of 10 metrics (motion artifacts), and inferior in 2 of 10 metrics (susceptibility artifacts, overall extracranial image quality). Spiral 2D T1 spin-echo for routine structural brain MR imaging is feasible in the clinic with conventional scanners and was preferred by neuroradiologists for overall postcontrast intracranial evaluation. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Spiral MR imaging has several advantages compared with Cartesian MR imaging that can be leveraged for added clinical value. A multicenter multireader study was designed to compare spiral with standard-of-care Cartesian postcontrast structural brain MR imaging on the basis of relative performance in 10 metrics of image quality, artifact prevalence, and diagnostic benefit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven clinical sites acquired 88 total subjects. For each subject, sites acquired 2 postcontrast MR imaging scans: a spiral 2D T1 spin-echo, and 1 of 4 routine Cartesian 2D T1 spin-echo/TSE scans (fully sampled spin-echo at 3T, 1.5T, partial Fourier, TSE). The spiral acquisition matched the Cartesian scan for scan time, geometry, and contrast. Nine neuroradiologists independently reviewed each subject, with the matching pair of spiral and Cartesian scans compared side-by-side, and scored on 10 image-quality metrics (5-point Likert scale) focused on intracranial assessment. The Wilcoxon signed rank test evaluated relative performance of spiral versus Cartesian, while the Kruskal-Wallis test assessed interprotocol differences. RESULTS: Spiral was superior to Cartesian in 7 of 10 metrics (flow artifact mitigation, SNR, GM/WM contrast, image sharpness, lesion conspicuity, preference for diagnosing abnormal enhancement, and overall intracranial image quality), comparable in 1 of 10 metrics (motion artifacts), and inferior in 2 of 10 metrics (susceptibility artifacts, overall extracranial image quality) related to magnetic susceptibility (P < .05). Interprotocol comparison confirmed relatively higher SNR and GM/WM contrast for partial Fourier and TSE protocol groups, respectively (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Spiral 2D T1 spin-echo for routine structural brain MR imaging is feasible in the clinic with conventional scanners and was preferred by neuroradiologists for overall postcontrast intracranial evaluation.


What is missing in the current system of global governance is a global coordination mechanism among the largest regional integration arrangements from both the Global North and the Global South. The G20 is probably the best forum to launch discussions on the creation of such a platform. The set of regional alliances within such a platform could include those regional integration blocs in which the respective G20 members are leading economic powers. The resulting grouping that may be designated as R20 ("Regional 20") would bring together some of the largest regional trading blocs in the world economy.


Today's turbulent economic environment confronts the European tooling industry with new challenges: strategic differentiation via cost-leadership has not worked out for European toolmakers over the last years. Other industries have shown a promising approach for creating competitive advantages over competitors and higher profitability by enhancing the existing range of products with customer-specific services. An intelligent bundling of individual services with the core product leads to so-called hybrid products or product-service-systems. These systems not only ensure the proper functioning of the product but also increase efficiency and effectiveness of the customer's processes. Even though, the concept of product-service-systems is well known, few concepts exist, which build a holistic focus on products and services from a developers point of view. In order to apply the idea of moving into the service business to the tooling industry we set up a study on product-service systems in the tooling industry. As other European manufacturers as well, players in the tooling industry face an increasing market pressure from international competitors. One solution to remain competitive is to focus on delivering knowledge intensive products and services This research paper's goal is to develop an empirically based portfolio for future product-service systems and is embedded in a larger European study. The overall study is funded by the seventh framework program of the EU and has the goal to integrate the customer and developer perspectives in developing product-service-systems. This paper concentrates on the customer perspective of developing product-service systems. The first step of our study was to develop a questionnaire together with toolmakers covering topics like general customer needs, existing and desired services, the production process itself as well as the distribution of cost in the maintenance process. Conducting the survey using mailings and an internet based platform, we sent out 1000 questionnaires and requests for participation and achieved thereby a response rate of 11% with a total number of 110 questionnaires from all over Europe Based on a cluster analysis, we were able to identify a strong need for online monitoring services. Here, the seller of the tools can monitor the proper use and performance of the tools and is able to proactively react on any kind of disturbances which yield from e.g. over heating the materials, too much use of water during the process, wrong material use. In literature, we found evidence for this need. Vandermerwe (1988) predicted this type of requirement within the business servitization and underlined the needed artificial intelligence as a precondition. Such a solution, containing an intelligent tool will add value to the customers processes and symbolizes a typical representative of a product-service system. Moreover, we could discern requirement clusters for services and product-service systems which differ in terms of the content and enabled us to gather product-service requirements leading to a market segment specific product-service portfolio. Another outcome is the description and specification of an online-monitoring-service and the needed technical features on product- as well as service-side. The structure of the paper is as follows. In the first section a reference framework for formulating product service strategies is derived from the discussion of the relevant literature. The following section consists of a cluster analysis of the data gathered from tool customers of the mould and die industry through the questionnaire, resulting in different service clusters respectively portfolios. The related section discusses the consistency and usefulness of these portfolios and possible strategies for their implementation. A special focus is laid on the suggestion of product-service systems. The paper ends with a conclusion as well as suggestions for further research.


Purpose To construct a new measure to assess students' perceptions of the medical school learning environment (LE). Method In 2012, students at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine completed a survey containing 32 LE items. Additional questions asked about overall perception of the LE, personal growth, and recommending the school to a friend. Validity evidence for content, response process, internal structure, and relation to other variables was collected for interpretation of scores. Results Of 465 students surveyed, 377 (81%) completed all LE items. Exploratory factor analysis yielded the 28-item Johns Hopkins Learning Environment Scale (JHLES) with seven factors/subscales: community of peers, faculty relationships, academic climate, meaningful engagement, mentoring, inclusion and safety, and physical space. Students' overall JHLES scores ranged from 51 to 139, of a possible 28 to 140, with a mean (SD) of 107 (15). Overall scores and most subscale scores did not differ significantly by gender or racial/ethnic background, but did differ significantly by overall perception of the LE (P ⩽ .001) and increased incrementally as overall perception improved. Overall JHLES scores were significantly higher for students with higher personal growth scores and students who would recommend the school (both P < .001). Subscale scores for all seven factors increased with improved overall perception of the LE (all P ⩽ .005). Conclusions The JHLES is a new measure to assess students' perceptions of the medical school LE, with supporting validity evidence and content describing the social, relational, and academic processes of medical school that support students' professional formation.


It is well understood that boundaries between linguistic varieties are not solid, but rather that there are transition zones where competing variants merge almost imperceptibly into one another in both geographical and social space. Between northern and southern England there exists the populous region of the Midlands, inhabited by millions of people whose speech is a unique blend of northern, southern and regionally-specific features. Using data from a range of recent-historical and present-day surveys, this paper explores what we can divine of the uniqueness of speech in an area which is neither "northern" nor "southern". It helps towards a better understanding of (especially geographical) linguistic transitions, so shedding light on the notion of the "dialect area".


The Sultan secretly commissions a great book: a celebration of his life and the Ottoman Empire, to be illuminated by the best artists of the day - in the European manner. In Istanbul at a time of violent fundamentalism, however, this is a dangerous proposition. Even the illustrious circle of artists are not allowed to know for whom they are working. But when one of the miniaturists is murdered, their Master has to seek outside help. Did the dead painter fall victim to professional rivalry, romantic jealousy or religious terror? With the Sultan demanding an answer within three days, perhaps the clue lies somewhere in the half-finished pictures ...From Turkey's winner of the Nobel Prize and author of Istanbul and The Museum of Innocence, this novel is a thrilling murder mystery set amid the splendour of Istanbul and the Ottoman Empire. Part fantasy and part philosophical puzzle, My Name is Red is also a stunning meditation on love, artistic devotion and the tensions between East and West.


This paper uses a model for a natural graphite/lithium hexafluoro phosphate (ethylene carbonate:diethyl carbonate)/iron phosphate lithium-ion cell in order to study its performance and aid in its optimization. The model is used to generate Ragone plots for various designs, where both the average power of the cell and the peak power, defined at 80% depth-of-discharge for a 30 s pulse, are evaluated. This allows us to assess the ability of this chemistry to achieve the U.S. Department of Energy goals. The model is then used to maximize the specific energy of the cell by optimizing the design for a fixed time of discharge. The cell was optimized for the porosity and thickness of the positive electrode, while holding constant the capacity ratio of the two electrodes, the thickness and porosity of the separator, the electrolyte concentration, and the porosity of the negative electrode. The effect of the capacity ratio was qualitatively examined. The optimization was performed for discharge times ranging from 10 h to 2 min in order to map the maximum performance of this chemistry under a wide operating range. The study allows us to gauge the ability of this chemistry to be used in a particular application. The optimized designs derived in this paper are expected to be a starting point for battery manufacturers and to help decrease the time to commercialization. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.


In designing constitutions, constitutional drafters often face constraints that cause them to leave things "undecided" — or to defer decision-making on certain constitutional issues to the future. They do this both through adopting vague constitutional language, and through specific language that explicitly delegates issues to future legislators (i.e. "by law" clauses). The aim of this article is to deepen our understanding of this second, to date largely un-examined, tool of constitutional design. We do so by exploring: (1) the rationale for constitutional deferral generally; (2) the potential alternatives to "by law" clauses as a means of addressing concerns about constitutional "error" and "decision" costs: (3) the disadvantages, as well as advantages, to such clauses: (4) the likely and actual prevalence of such mechanisms in national constitutions; and (5) the optimal use of such clauses. The paper draws on both the empirical dataset created by the Comparative Constitutions Project and case material from Australia, Brazil, Iraq, Kenya, South Africa, Taiwan, and the U.S. involving instances of arguably "successful" and "unsuccessful" constitutional deferral.


Reducing data access latency is vital to achieving performance improvements in computing. For chip multiprocessors (CMPs), data access latency depends on the organization of the memory hierarchy, the on-chip interconnect, and the running workload. Several network-on-chip (NoC) designs exploit communication locality to reduce communication latency by configuring special fast paths or circuits on which communication is faster than the rest of the NoC. However, communication patterns are directly affected by the cache organization and many cache organizations are designed in isolation of the underlying NoC or assume a simple NoC design, thus possibly missing optimization opportunities. In this work, we take a codesign approach of the NoC and cache organization. First, we propose a hybrid circuit/packet-switched NoC that exploits communication locality through periodic configuration of the most beneficial circuits. Second, we design a Unique Private (UP) caching scheme targeting the class of interconnects which exploit communication locality to improve communication latency. The Unique Private cache stores the data that are mostly accessed by each processor core in the core's locally accessible cache bank, while leveraging dedicated high-speed circuits in the interconnect to provide remote cores with fast access to shared data. Simulations of a suite of scientific and commercial workloads show that our proposed design achieves a speedup of 15.2 and 14 percent on a 16-core and a 64-core CMP, respectively, over the state-of-the-art NoC-Cache codesigned system that also exploits communication locality in multithreaded applications.


A solo exhibition consisting of seven large paintings that use aspects of the language of abstract painting to
humorously represent bottles of champagne alongside divided cartoon human body parts. Cumberland's paintings place considerable importance on the rapidity and pleasure of their making with notable comparisons to
many important 20th century artists. The speed is partly connected to motifs of racing and competition alongside aspects of
desire and glamour such as winning, envy, champagne celebrations and sexual promise. The importance of this exhibition lies
in the dialogue between each painting to create a whole. The titles of the works are: Congratulations, Champagne III, Pit Stop,
Blank Socks - Laid Down, Champa, Launch – Plimsol, White Socks.
This research project develops themes from earlier work. For Cumberland's solo show at MacGarry gallery, London, in 2006,
and following the Camden exhibition (output 2), he decided to make the humour in his work more accessible by making the
imagery more readable and less abstract. Subjects explored in this series include repetitions found in commerce alongside fast
expressive gesture in painting. Using champagne as their subject, the paintings in this show playfully explore the themes of
current art's preferable air of production line sterility where painting - as a dead medium - is sought for its glamour and prestige
value. Alongside this Cumberland asks where the personal rewards for artistic endeavour lie: do they reside in material or
spiritual gain, or in champagne glamour and a champagne high?
The Approach represents artists of Turner Prize and museum repute, including Michael Raedecker and John Stezaker. The
Gallery director invited Cumberland to be represented by The Approach in 2007 and selected his show to coincide with Frieze
Art Fair and its potential international audience. Reviews include Art Forum and Modern Painters.


SPASOVA, D., D. SPASOV, A. STOILOVA, B. ATANASOVA, Lj. MIHAJLOV and N. VALKOVA, 2016. Application of cluster analysis for evaluation of new Bulgarian and Macedonian cotton varieties and lines. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 22: 125–130 The aim of this study was to assess the genetic distance between eleven Bulgarian and four Macedonian cotton varieties by applying the method of cluster analysis. The trial was carried out in 2008 and 2009. The cluster analysis based on the varieties agronomic and fiber technological properties confirmed the genetic differences between them. The varieties grouped into two basic groups depending on the breeding directions and breeding methods. Some varieties were genetically very similar and they could be included in one breeding program for rapid breeding effect. The Macedonian varieties and lines were genetically distant from some Bulgarian varieties and their including in one breeding program can has a good effect. The year conditions had influence on genetic similarity and genetic remoteness as a result of predetermination of genetic formulas controlling the traits. In Strumica the varieties differentiated stronger in yield and lint percentage and weaker in fiber length.


Although there are numerous explanations of why users behave in specific ways toward information technologies, recent work in social psychology suggests that holistic traits such as awareness and openness are potentially important explanatory variables in technology behavior theories. In this paper, we examine the multi-dimensional construct of mindfulness and its applicability to the domain of IS research. Drawing from the social psychology literature, we adapt the notion of mindfulness and its dimensions – alertness to distinction, openness to novelty, orientation in the present, and awareness of multiple perspectives – to the domain of information systems. In doing so, we place mindfulness within the broader nomological net related to individual level decisions about information technology. Also, we present preliminary explanations for how mindfulness converges with and discriminates from existing constructs in the information systems literature. Finally, we present an initial domain-specific measure of mindfulness and assess the psychometric properties of the proposed measure. Using data collected from 318 subjects with Internet Applications as the target technology, analysis indicates that the operational measures have acceptable psychometric properties and confirmatory factor analysis supports the proposed multidimensional structure. Implications for practice and research are offered.


He was glad to receive a letter from Charles while he was in Colorado. Neal will try to explain what has happened since the last time he wrote. He writes about certain expenses that have thrown him and swear to never have it again. He has gotten some work in San Antonio and is staying with Will Firgh. He has come to the realization that he is not a city person and will eventually become a farmer. He asks Moore to keep an eye out for good land for him. He asks about a job as a farm hand, and mentions that his parents say there is no work in Dallas. He mentions that Minnie was in Boulder for a teachers' convention. He says his parents are doing well, but he and his brother are not. He thinks that his letter did not reach Charles or he did not receive Charles' answer. He says that since he is in the country he has no spare time and has made repairs to the house. He needs to do some planting and hopes to get some work in San Antonio to make more repairs. He would like to hear about Charles.


A random laser is a unique system in which an assembly of disordered scatters is distributed all over the gain medium to sustain the required optical feedbacks by multiple scatterings for the stimulation of lasing action. Due to the absence of well-defined resonance cavity or rigid alignment of optical elements, it is hence difficult to control the random lasing emissions. In this study, we experimentally demonstrated a flexible random laser fabricated on the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate with a high degree of tunability in lasing emissions. Random lasing wavelength is blue-shifted monolithically with the increasing of bending strains exerted on the PET substrate, and the maximum shift of lasing wavelength of ∼15 nm was achieved as a 50% bending strain is exerted on the PET substrate. Such observation is highly repeatable and reversible, and it validates that we are able to control the lasing wavelengths by simply bending the flexible substrate. The result herein shows a great advance for the applications of flexible optoelectronic devices, including wearable devices, ultrathin display, and health sensors.


Janet and Allan Ahlberg, British husband and wife team, illustrated and wrote rich, multi-layered stories in which the text and illustrations interweave and complement each other. Their humorous stories playfully engage readers by borrowing characters and structures from traditional children's stories. The books in themselves are works of art: from cover to cover the illustrations add details to the stories, which can be appreciated by children and adults alike. Many of the Ahlbergs' books fall into one of two categories: the fairytale-inspired and the baby's day stories. By looking at three from each category, one can derive a sense of their common characteristics, motifs, themes and techniques present throughout their works and how they contribute to make the Ahlbergs' stories so appealing, popular and enduring.


Abstract The development of complex systems ensembles that operate in uncertain environments is a major challenge. The reason for this is that system designers are not able to fully specify the system during specification and development and before it is being deployed. Natural swarm systems enjoy similar characteristics, yet, being self-adaptive and being able to self-organize, these systems show beneficial emergent behaviour. Similar concepts can be extremely helpful for artificial systems, especially when it comes to multi-robot scenarios, which require such solution in order to be applicable to highly uncertain real world application. In this article, we present a comprehensive overview over state-of-the-art solutions in emergent systems, self-organization, self-adaptation, and robotics. We discuss these approaches in the light of a framework for multi-robot systems and identify similarities, differences missing links and open gaps that have to be addressed in order to make this framework possible.


Maximum-likelihood (ML) detection for higher order multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems faces a major challenge in computational complexity. This limits the prac- ticality of these systems from an implementation point of view, particularly for mobile battery-operated devices. In this paper, we propose a modified approach for MIMO detection, which takes ad- vantage of the quadratic-amplitude modulation (QAM) constella- tion structure to accelerate the detection procedure. This approach achieves low-power operation by extending the minimum number of paths and reducing the number of required computations for each path extension, which results in an order-of-magnitude re- duction in computations in comparison with existing algorithms. This paper also describes the very-large-scale integration (VLSI) design of the low-power path metric computation unit. The ap- proach is applied to a 4 × 4, 64-QAM MIMO detector system. Results show negligible performance degradation compared with conventional algorithms while reducing the complexity by more than 50%.


In this correspondence, we consider sampling continuous-time periodic bandlimited signals which contain additive shot noise. The classical sampling scheme does not perfectly recover these particular nonbandlimited signals but only reconstructs a lowpass filtered approximation. By modeling the shot noise as a stream of Dirac pulses, we first show that the sum of a bandlimited signal with a stream of Dirac pulses falls into the class of signals that contain a finite rate of innovation, that is, a finite number of degrees of freedom. Second, by taking into account the degrees of freedom of the bandlimited signal in the sampling and reconstruction scheme developed previously for streams of Dirac pulses, we derive a sampling and perfect reconstruction scheme for the bandlimited signal with additive shot noise.


The Maritime Boundaries and the Breadth of Territorial Waters in the Aegean as well as the Aegean Continental Shelf disputes concern the Aegean Seas two coastal states: Turkey and Greece. Turkey perceives each as a genuine issue requiring examination and resolution. Greece's position has been that the only legitimate dispute that needs to be settled between Greece and Turkey in the Aegean is the delimitation of the Aegean continental shelf. This paper demonstrates that by virtue of the existence of legitimate arguments in Turkey's favor regarding each issue, all of the issues ought to be settled. A favored method of settlement would be bilateral negotiations resulting in a durable, nonjudical, multidisciplinary solution.