The motivation to classify industries in their effort to innovate with the structure of demand, lead to a theoretical controversy in innovative activity known as 'demand-pull' versus 'technology-push' forces of technical change. Previous empirical literature has provided evidence supporting demandpulled innovation both at the aggregate level and at the firm level. This paper studies a dynamic specification of the demand-pull hypothesis at the firm level, which takes into account both the within and the between effects across Turkish non-financial firms listed at Istanbul Stock Exchange (ISE) over a period of ten years (1998–2007). Moreover, the study also investigates the demand-innovation relationship in liquidity constrained firms since inducing an increase in the effort to innovate mostly depends on the funding of expensive and uncertain R&D activities. Our findings confirm the demand-pull hypothesis, yet the role of sales in inducing R&D expenditures is 99% significant in the overall sample. More specifically, liquidity constrained firms and firms not receiving public subsidies seem to be particularly sensitive to sales when deciding how much to spend on R&D.


Flight Test instrumentation control units have traditionally been low-technology units with mechanical switches, readouts, and perhaps an RS232 interface. As the complexity of Flight Test Instrumentation systems and operational requirements increase, and as cockpit space becomes scarce, these control units are no longer sufficient. These control units need to provide capabilities commensurate with the complexity of the instrumentation systems they control. This paper describes an instrumentation control system that uses a Boeing Integrated Defense Systems (IDS) Flight Test Instrumentation designed Instrumentation Control Unit (ICU). The ICU communicates with the avionics system to allow pilot control via existing aircraft displays. By taking advantage of a relatively simple protocol to interface with the avionics system, the substantial cost of reprogramming the avionics software is avoided, and software control is shifted to the Flight Test group, thus allowing a tremendous increase in system flexibility at reasonable cost. Functions of the unit can be changed relatively quickly and inexpensively. This promises a wide range of future applications, such as in-flight monitoring of flight-critical instrumentation parameters by the pilot, control of the instrumentation system via uplink (with pilot override), and real-time in-flight selection of telemetered data streams and parameters. This paper describes the baseline instrumentation control system and requirements to be used on the EA-18G Flight Test Program, plus additional future capabilities.


We present an innovative technique for skull base closure after endoscopic transsphenoidal resection of a large clivus chordoma. After tumor resection, the pons and vertebral artery were left largely exposed, with significant cerebrospinal fluid leakage. We succeeded in closing the defect with multiple layers of adipose tissue held together and stiffened by acrylic biological glue.


This research took place between January and October 2002. It was
conducted by the Department of Information Science at Loughborough
University and was commissioned and funded by the Multiple Sclerosis Trust
(MS Trust). In this article the identified information needs are discussed and
possible solutions explored including the use of Extensible Mark–up
Language (XML) and Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL).
Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to study the information
needs of people with multiple sclerosis (people with MS) in the United
Kingdom. 103 people with MS were involved in focus groups that helped to
identify significant situations that people with MS had experienced. 4100
people with MS were sent questionnaires (approximately 5% of the MS
population). 2030 (49.5%) responded in the time specified.
Categories of information need were identified. Their importance and difficulty
in obtaining them quantified. The research highlighted how, although people
shared many information needs, there were significant differences in terms of:
♦ people's desire for the information (some people did not want
apparently useful information);
♦ the topics they were interested in (due to their situation);
♦ how they wanted that information (due to the physical and
psychological condition of the person).
Information provision to people with MS was found to have improved
dramatically over the last seven years. Out of those respondents who had
been diagnosed in the last five years 71% thought they had received
information whereas 29% did not, whereas only 29% diagnosed in 1980
stated that they received information. Taking the total surveyed population
43% thought they had not received information. Information provision was
found to be inconsistent in terms of subjects covered. However it should be
borne in mind that at the time of diagnosis, and also afterwards, it may be
difficult for people to take on board information for a variety of reasons.
Furthermore, as indicated above, different individual needs means that
information provision is a complex task. Many intervening factors can make it
fail.
The research made it clear how access to relevant information, provided in an
appropriate way, could significantly improve the quality of life of the person
2
with MS and that there is considerable scope for improving provision of
information to people with MS.


The reflection loss of Ni-Zn ferrite grid absorber is studied in the low frequency limit which the period of the array is small compared with wavelength. The relative equivalent complex permeability and permittivity with air volume fraction is obtained using the Hashin-Shtrikman (1962) upper-bound formula. The impedance matching conditions for maximum electromagnetic wave absorption are obtained by the "contour map method." Two impedance matching thicknesses and frequencies are compared with theoretical matching relationships derived under the limiting case of impedance matching formula. As the air volume fraction increases, the first matching frequency, f/sub m1/ remains nearly constant, while the second one, f/sub m2/ decreases and approaches f/sub m1/. Therefore, the absorption band of a ferrite grid absorber is broader than that of the single layered ferrite plate absorber.


Five-year development plans prepared by the Ministry of Development, formerly known as State Planning Organization (SPO), are the main policy documents indicating the growth Turkey will realize in economic, social and cultural fields in the long-term. Tourism is one of the elements to be considered in the development of a country. A country's tourism policy is first prepared in the development plans. While preparing the tourism policy, precautions towards all kinds of tourism activities are referred. The existing state of the tourism and the state it should be are given. Tourism activities are continuously diversifying. The purpose of this study is to reveal the tourism policies in the development plans, to determine the existing state of the tourism sector and the targets for future. Also, another purpose is to emphasize the problems the sector faces as well as possible problems that could arise in the future. Suggestions are given towards these problems.


For many technical processes, the dynamics of rising or falling liquid particles are of paramount importance. Their paths and forms show a complex spectrum of physical phenomena, involving instabilities and bifurcations. Despite numerous numerical and experimental investigations, many of these phenomena remain to be understood. While experimental access to local quantities is often not feasible without interfering with the flow, numerical studies allow their extraction without disturbance.

The present work, therefore, is concerned with the development and implementation of an algorithm capable of global linear stability analysis of deformable fluid particles. In mathematical terms, stability is assessed by eigenvalues, which are calculated by a combination of a numerical flow solver and linear algebra. For this purpose, a stationary state of the system is superimposed with a small perturbation and numerically integrated to obtain the evolution of the perturbation. In the context of two-phase flows, the presence of dynamic interfaces requires a transformation onto a reference configuration, whose mathematical foundations are derived. The stability of two relevant prototypical configurations - spherical particles in zero gravity and droplets freely rising in an ambient fluid - is investigated, whereby the modes belonging to the unstable eigenvalues are described both quantitatively and qualitatively.

For small perturbations, initialization of the numerical flow solver requires highly accurate volume fractions, whose computation in three spatial dimensions is mathematically demanding and resorts to a novel method developed in the context of this work. Exploiting the appropriate divergence theorems for hypersurfaces, in combination with an approximation motivated by differential geometry, allows transforming the integrals in three spatial dimensions to line integrals, implying a considerable reduction of complexity for their numerical quadrature. The consideration of topological configurations of the intersected computational cells allows for a robust implementation, that is numerically tested for spheres, ellipsoids, and disturbed spheres. The global errors of the volume approximation show up to fourth-order convergence with spatial resolution.

Employing numerical methods for stability analysis of physical systems implies that the spectra found contain both numerical and physical elements. Surface tension is crucial for the flows considered here, the numerical treatment of which requires the calculation of mean curvatures from discrete volume fractions. A substantiated interpretation of the results of stability analysis, therefore, requires accurate knowledge of the properties of the implemented numerical schemes. A theoretical and numerical investigation of the height function method is conducted for several technically relevant hypersurfaces, with statistical processing flanking the interpretation. Provided sufficiently accurate volume fractions, the theoretical errors exhibit second-order convergence for smooth hypersurfaces. However, numerical experiments show that the quality of the volume fractions (in terms of global volume conservation) is not sufficient for the expected convergence. This is directly related to the unstable eigenvalues found.


Invention of artificial general intelligence is predicted to cause a shift in the trajectory of human civilization. In order to reap the benefits and avoid pitfalls of such powerful technology it is important to be able to control it. However, possibility of controlling artificial general intelligence and its more advanced version, superintelligence, has not been formally established. In this paper we argue that advanced AI can't be fully controlled. Consequences of uncontrollability of AI are discussed with respect to future of humanity and research on AI, and AI safety and security.


Mutants of Acinetobacter crrlcoacetim EBF 65/65 that could not grow on intermediates of the mandelate or benzyl alcohol pathways were isolated and in some cases the enzymic lesions were identified. Several catabolic markers were mapped using the plasmid pAV 1. The mandelate genes appeared to be clustered near the auxotrophic marker phe-I but were not all contiguous with each other. The gene responsible for the appearance of the novel ~(+)-mandelate dehydrogenase appeared to be close to a gene responsible for the activity of the original D( )mandelate dehydrogenase.


Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) are an effective tool for a variety of different data segmentation and labeling tasks including visual scene interpretation, which seeks to partition images into their constituent semantic-level regions and assign appropriate class labels to each region. For accurate labeling it is important to capture the global context of the image as well as local information. We introduce a CRF based scene labeling model that incorporates both local features and features aggregated over the whole image or large sections of it. Secondly, traditional CRF learning requires fully labeled datasets which can be costly and troublesome to produce. We introduce a method for learning CRFs from datasets with many unlabeled nodes by marginalizing out the unknown labels so that the log-likelihood of the known ones can be maximized by gradient ascent. Loopy Belief Propagation is used to approximate the marginals needed for the gradient and log-likelihood calculations and the Bethe free-energy approximation to the log-likelihood is monitored to control the step size. Our experimental results show that effective models can be learned from fragmentary labelings and that incorporating top-down aggregate features significantly improves the segmentations. The resulting segmentations are compared to the state-of-the-art on three different image datasets.


The Memory Process offers a groundbreaking, interdisciplinary approach to the understanding of human memory, with contributions from both neuroscientists and humanists. The first book to link the neuroscientific study of memory to the investigation of memory in the humanities, it connects the latest findings in memory research with insights from philosophy, literature, theater, art, music, and film. Chapters from the scientific perspective discuss both fundamental concepts and ongoing debates from genetic and epigenetic approaches, functional neuroimaging, connectionist modeling, dream analysis, and neurocognitive studies. The humanist analyses offer insights about memory from outside the laboratory: a taxonomy of memory gleaned from modernist authors including Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, and William Faulkner; the organization of memory, seen in drama ranging from Hamlet to The Glass Menagerie; procedural memory and emotional memory in responses to visual art; music's dependence on the listener's recall; and the vivid renderings of memory and forgetting in such films as Memento and Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. The chapters from the philosophical perspective serve as the bridge between science and the arts. The volume's sweeping introduction offers an integrative merging of neuroscientific and humanistic findings. Contributors: John Bickle, Jean-Pierre Changeux, Valerie Doyere, Yadin Dudai, Atillio Favorini, John Burt Foster, David Freedberg, Walter Glannon, Robert Stickgold, David Hertz, William Hirstein, Joseph LeDoux, Paul Matthews, James L. McClelland, Suzanne Nalbantian, Isabelle Peretz, Alan Richardson, Edmund Rolls, Severine Samson, Alcino Silva, Barbara Tillmann, Fernando Vidal


The Dutch construction industry is making a change from an owner controlled to a contractor-controlled environment. It is a movement from a top down culture (management, direction and control) to a bottom up culture (alignment and use of expertise). Owner decision making, management, direction and control are being replaced with a leadership model, which aligns and utilizes the expertise of the contractors. The changes in the Dutch construction industry validate a non-traditional research model, which used deductive logic and case studies involving dominant information and visionary industry participants, non-traditional concepts of Information Measurement Theory (IMT), the Construction Industry Structure (CIS) model and the best value Performance Information Procurement System (PIPS).


IN JULY, 2005 WE SAT DOWN FOR A CONVERSATION with composer Robert Ward, whose new operetta, A Friend of Napoleon, was premiered that summer at the Ohio Light Opera in Wooster, Ohio. Mr. Ward, best known for the Pulitzer Prize winning The Crucible, his opera based on the play by Arthur Miller, is the composer of eight operas, seven symphonies, and numerous songs, choral pieces, and chamber works. In addition to his career as a composer he served as the chancellor for the North Carolina School for the Arts (1967-1975) and a professor at Duke University (1978-1987). A Friend of Napoleon (libretto by James [Doc] Stuart), is a lighthearted love story involving George Dufayel, a Parisian lawyer, and Nina Siebel, an American tourist. The couple, who meet in Paris, engage in a love-at-firstsight clandestine affair at the wax museum, Musee Pratoucy. Papa Chibou, the caretaker of the wax museum, watches the budding love from afar. George and Nina plan to elope, but Nina's meddling Aunt Alice locks her in her room, forbidding her to meet George. In the end, Papa Chibou and his only friend, the wax figure of Napoleon Bonaparte, help reunite the lovers. Michael Hix (MH): Mr. Ward, your new operetta, A Friend of Napoleon, was commissioned by the Ohio Light Opera and premiered this summer to honor the late Dr. James Stuart, the company's founder and artistic director from 1979-1999. Can you tell us something about your collaboration with Dr. Stuart? Robert Ward (RW): Well, the collaboration with Doc, as everyone called him here, was in some respects different than others I'd had. Before that, I had had four different collaborators, all with different backgrounds. One of them, Bernard Stambler, had his doctorate in American literature and in musicology and played the viola. As a boy he was also involved with the claque at the Metropolitan Opera, so he knew the repertoire and had heard all the great singers of that time. The next librettist I worked with, Jan Hartman, was a playwright with a wonderful feel for literature; unfortunately, he knew nothing technically about opera, so I had to educate him as a librettist. The next, Daniel Lang, was a talented New Yorker writer with a fine idea for the opera we wrote, but who had no knowledge of what went on in the professional musical world. The next was the head of the opera department at Peabody, Roger Brunyate, who was well educated musically, obviously, in opera particularly. With Jim [Stuart] it was similar. He had vast experience as a singer and director, as well as extensive involvement with the Gilbert and Sullivan repertoire. So he brought all of that to the table. By the time we worked together I also had a lot of experience with opera-writing the music, staging, and conducting-so together we had much experience which we could pool. Margaret Jackson (MJ): How was the libretto for Friend of Napoleon chosen? RW: I was at Ohio Light Opera in 1994 when they did Lady Kate, and that was the first time I met Jim. He knew my music already, though, because he had directed The Crucible at Kent State. As we came to know each other, I knew he had done the many translations and revisions required to bring numerous German and other European operettas to the United States, so when the idea came up of our collaborating he was very interested in it. He had never actually written a libretto, however, so the next thing we started looking for was a story. I remembered then that in 1976 we had discovered this short story of "A Friend of Napoleon." My wife, who has some literary background, and I even began to sketch a synopsis for it. But men I grew very busy, didn't have a librettist, and put it aside. My talks with Jim brought it to mind and I sent it off to him to look over. He thought it was wonderful right away, so that settled that! We then got to work. Jim retired from OLO and our idea involved premiering the show to celebrate his retirement, but I unfortunately had a month-long hospital stay that required us to do the show this summer rather than last. …


Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has become very common in recent years, thanks to the many advantages it provides for patients. Since it is difficult for surgeons to learn and master this technique, several training methods and metrics have been proposed, both to improve the surgeon's abilities and also to assess his/her skills. This paper presents the use of the WB-1R (Waseda bioinstrumentation system no.1 refined), which was developed at Waseda University, Tokyo, to investigate and analyze a surgeon's movements and performance. Specifically, the system can measure the movements of the head, the arms, and the hands, as well as several physiological parameters. In this paper we present our experiment to evaluate a surgeon's ability to handle surgical instruments and his/her depth perception using a laparoscopic view. Our preliminary analysis of a subset of the acquired data (i.e. comfort of the subjects; the amount of time it took o complete each exercise; and respiration) clearly shows that the expert surgeon and the group of medical students perform very differently. Therefore, WB-1R (or, better, a newer version tailored specifically for use in the operating room) could provide important additional information to help assess the experience and performance of surgeons, thus leading to the development of a global performance index for surgeons during MIS. These analyses and modeling, moreover, are an important step towards the automatization and the robotic assistance of the surgical gesture.


This paper presents a first solution to the unsolved problem of symbolically scheduling a given loop nest with uniform data dependences using inner loop parallelization, in particular, the locally parallel, globally sequential (LPGS) mapping technique. This technique is needed in the case of loop program specifications for which the iterations shall be scheduled on a processor array of unknown size at compile time while keeping the local memory consumption independent of the problem size of the mapped loop nest. We show that it is possible to derive such parameterized LPGS schedules statically by proposing a mixed compile-/runtime approach: At compile time, we first determine the set of all schedule candidates, each latency-optimal for a different scanning order of the loop nest. Then we devise an exact parameterized formula for determining the latency of the resulting symbolic schedules, thus making each schedule fully predictable. At runtime, once the size of the processor array becomes known, a simple prolog selects the overall latency-optimal schedule that is then dynamically activated and executed on the processor array. Hence, our approach avoids any further runtime optimization and expensive re-compilations while achieving the same results as computing an optimal static schedule for each possible combination of array and problem size.


Eutrophication is one of the most important anthropogenic pressures impacting coastal seas. In Europe, several legislations and management measures have been implemented to halt nutrient overloading in marine ecosystems. This study evaluates the impact of freshwater nutrient control measures on higher trophic levels (HTL) in European marine ecosystems following descriptors and criteria as defined by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). We used a novel pan-European marine modeling ensemble of fourteen HTL models, covering almost all the EU seas, under two nutrient management scenarios. Results from our projections suggest that the proposed nutrient reduction measures may not have a significant impact on the structure and function of European marine ecosystems. Among the assessed criteria, the spawning stock biomass of commercially important fish stocks and the biomass of small pelagic fishes would be the most impacted, albeit with values lower than 2.5%. For the other criteria/indicators, such as species diversity and trophic level indicators, the impact was lower. The Black Sea and the North-East Atlantic were the most negatively impacted regions, while the Baltic Sea was the only region showing signs of improvement. Coastal and shelf areas were more sensitive to environmental changes than large regional and sub-regional ecosystems that also include open seas. This is the first pan-European multi-model comparison study used to assess the impacts of land-based measures on marine and coastal European ecosystems through a set of selected ecological indicators. Since anthropogenic pressures are expanding apace in the marine environment and policy makers need to use rapid and effective policy measures for fast-changing environments, this modeling framework is an essential asset in supporting and guiding EU policy needs and decisions.


The age‐dependent decline in the self‐renewal capacity of stem cells plays a critical role in aging, but the precise mechanisms underlying this decline are not well understood. By limiting proliferative capacity, senescence is thought to play an important role in age‐dependent decline of stem cell self‐renewal, although direct evidence supporting this hypothesis is largely lacking. We have previously identified the E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf2 as a critical regulator of senescence. In this study, we found that mice deficient in Smurf2 had an expanded hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment in bone marrow under normal homeostatic conditions, and this expansion was associated with enhanced proliferation and reduced quiescence of HSCs. Surprisingly, increased cycling and reduced quiescence of HSCs in Smurf2‐deficient mice did not lead to premature exhaustion of stem cells. Instead, HSCs in aged Smurf2‐deficient mice had a significantly better repopulating capacity than aged wild‐type HSCs, suggesting that decline in HSC function with age is Smurf2 dependent. Furthermore, Smurf2‐deficient HSCs exhibited elevated long‐term self‐renewal capacity and diminished exhaustion in serial transplantation. As we found that the expression of Smurf2 was increased with age and in response to regenerative stress during serial transplantation, our findings suggest that Smurf2 plays an important role in regulating HSC self‐renewal and aging.


Abstract To investigate whether low-level laser therapy (LLLT) can reduce pain from tendinopathy, we performed a review of randomized placebo-controlled trials with LLLT for tendinopathy. The literature search for trials using LLLT published after 1980 was conducted on Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, together with a hand-search of physiotherapy journals in English and Scandinavian languages. Validity assessment of each trial was done according to predefined criteria for location-specific dosage and irradiation of the skin directly overlying the affected tendon. The literature search identified 78 randomized controlled trials with LLLT, of which 20 included tendinopathy. Seven trials were excluded for not meeting validity criteria on treatment procedure or trial design. Twelve of the remaining 13 trials investigated the effect of LLLT for patients with subacute and chronic tendinopathy, and provided a pooled mean effect of 21% [95% confidence interval (CI) 5.9–36.1]. If results from only the nine trials adhering to assumed optimal treatment parameters were included, the mean effect over placebo increased to 32% (95% CI: 23.0–41.0). LLLT can reduce pain in subacute and chronic tendinopathy if a valid treatment procedure and location-specific dose is used.


OBJECTIVE
Although still scarcely studied in Brazil, motherhood in early adolescence among girls aged 10 to 14 years is mostly unwanted and it is an important public health issue. Most investigations are based on biomedical paradigms and few take into consideration the adolescent's point of view. This study aimed to explore the different patterns of experiencing early motherhood from the adolescent's own point of view.

METHODS
William Stephenson's Q methodology was applied. The study population was selected from 2 public mother and child health units in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and comprised 20 adolescents who became pregnant at the age of 10 to 14 years and were followed up for a period of 6 to 24 months after giving birth. Q-sorts underwent factor analysis and then the factors were interpreted.

RESULTS
Four qualitatively and statistically (p<0.01) perception patterns were found. Two factors were well defined: Factor I - Satisfied with motherhood/ Dependent on the child's affection: motherhood is a positive and rich experience; and Factor II - Depressed/ Stressed out: motherhood is a negative and stressful experience. Other two potential factors need confirmation in further studies with a larger sample size.

CONCLUSIONS
It was observed that motherhood's experience is distinct and heterogeneous. For some adolescents, motherhood could be a rewarding experience


Aims: The aim is to study the clinical significance of urodynamics study (UDS) in patients of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), with and without diabetes mellitus (DM) and to predict the outcome of surgical depending on UDS findings. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 BPH patients were studied and divided into two groups, BPH with DM and without DM. Initial evaluation, diagnostic tests, and urodynamic examination were done in all patients, and results were statistically analyzed. Results: There was no significant difference of age and prostate volume in both groups (P > 0.05), but there was a significant increase in symptom score in patients of BPH associated with DM (P < 0.05). Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) was found in majority of patients in our groups (96.66%) with good detrusor function. Out of 120 patients, 6 patients (2 patient in BPH group and 4 patients in BPH with DM group) had detrusor underactivity (DU). There was a significant difference in the International Prostate Symptom Score, quality of life, peak flow rate, and postvoid residual urine, pre- to post-operatively in each group (P < 0.05). Out of the 6 patients who had DU, 4 patients (1 patient in BPH group and 3 patients in BPH with DM group) showed improvement in their flow rate and symptom score. Conclusion: DM in cases of BPH patients is not the prominent factor in deciding surgical treatment. It is the severity of BOO which determines the treatment and its outcome. UDS is an invasive and costly test and does not appear to be mandatory in clinically significant BPH even if associated with DM.


This work aims to develop arrays of individually actuated cell force spectroscopy probes. Cross et al. (Nat. Nanotech. 2007) have shown that human cells undergo substantial mechanical changes as they become cancerous. Cell force spectroscopy using AFM has emerged as a promising candidate to measure those changes. It is believed that this method will lead to an increased understanding of the disease and potentially also to new diagnosis technologies. In order to collect a sucient amount of data, several cells must be measured. In the current state of the technology, iterations are very time-consuming. The PATLiSci project aims to parallelize these measurements by developing arrays of probes. Our task is to develop such arrays with the additional feature of individual actuation, allowing tuning of the applied force exerted by each probe.


The thesis dicusses the term "intermodal transport" and set the focus on transport over seaports. Comparing the ports Rostock and Swinoujscie in relation to the ferry terminals the thesis tries to find out how the ports deal with intermodal transport and on which level they are performing.


Concerning criminal procedure, this book takes a closer look at the interaction between converging tendencies and legal culture and tradition. It does so by studying the development of criminal procedure in the Netherlands and England and Wales. I have selected England because it is the birthplace of the adversarial tradition and therefore the most obvious place in Europe to look at if one wants to know how that tradition has fared in recent times. The inquisitorial tradition is represented by the Netherlands. The Dutch system has historically been a clear and strong exponent of the inquisitorial tradition, and it also the jurisdiction that is most accessible to me: the language is my mother tongue, and having grown up there and having been trained as a Dutch lawyer also means that I know the legal culture intimately. The present research covers the development of the procedural systems in both jurisdictions between the 1960s and 2010. Procedural systems change constantly, and convergent tendencies are by no means a new phenomenon. But the developments after the second World War are of particular significance for the theme of convergence and tradition. The 60s mark the beginning of the influence of the ECHR, the expansion of the welfare state featuring active state intervention in and regulation of society, the general emancipation of citizens, and the emergent focus on individual rights and liberties. I have ended the research coverage in the year 2010 for practical reasons: it is recent enough to include the latest major reform projects in both jurisdictions, while it is also sufficiently long ago to allow the fundamental impact of those reforms to be assessed. As a consequence, this book does not intend to give an overview of Dutch and English criminal procedure as it stands today; while I have described the most recent state of the law wherever possible and relevant, the book is best approached as a historical work that takes a close, analytical look at one particularly interesting period of the recent history of criminal process. The focus of this book is on the prosecutor. Due to the internal and external influences mentioned before, his role and position in the evidentiary process has been particularly affected in both countries. Therefore, it is with regard to the prosecutor that clues for convergence are the strongest: in how the prosecutor is expected to contribute to truth finding and fairness, how that contribution is guaranteed procedurally, and how his role is checked and balanced by the involvement of other participants such as the courts and the defence. This inquiry therefore concerns the prosecutor's role and position in the evidentiary process: his involvement in investigating evidence, his determining relevance and reliability, his duties with regard to the lawfulness and completeness of the investigations, and his presenting the evidence at trial. The traditional roles and positions of the prosecutor in England and in the Netherlands up to the 1960s show significant differences, owing to the adversarial and inquisitorial traditions. In the Netherlands, he is traditionally positioned as a quasi-judicial figure acting in concert with the judge, committed to ensuring that all relevant incriminating and exculpating evidence is found and heard in a reliable and lawful manner. In that way, the prosecutor is traditionally expected to give effect to the inquisitorial ideal of an official inquest into the truth. In England, the prosecutor – in practice often the police, though in theory almost always a private citizen – is traditionally viewed as essentially partisan, his task limited to finding and presenting the incriminating evidence with a view to adversarial debate with the defence. Obviously, the traditional role and position of prosecutors in the Netherlands and England is almost diametrically opposed, reflecting the distinct legal-cultural approaches to fair truth finding in both countries.


Rasasindura is a unique, Ayurvedic mercurial preparation widely used by practitioners. Thi investigation is an attempt to perform acute and chronic oral toxicity evaluation of Rasasindura along with an adjuvant Guduchi Ghana (solidified aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia Will.) in rats. Oral acute toxicity study of test drug was carried at the limit dose of 2000 mg/kg orally in rats. For chronic toxicity, Rasasindura with adjuvant was administered at therapeutic equivalent dose (45 mg/kg, orally), therapeutic equivalent dose×5 (225 mg/kg, orally), therapeutic equivalent dose×10 (450 mg/kg, orally) for 90 days and an additional recovery group of therapeutic equivalent dose×10 for 30-day observation after the treatment period. Acute toxicity result showed that drug did not produce any signs and symptoms of toxicity or mortality up to an oral dose of 2000 mg/kg in rats. Chronic toxicity results showed that Rasasindura, even at a level as high as therapeutic equivalent dose×10 level, had no significant effect whatsoever on the ponderal and hematological parameters. Although the drug produced mild to moderate adverse changes (in kidney, liver, intestine, and stomach) at therapeutic equivalent dose×10 dose level, equivalent of which are unlikely to be ever employed in a clinical trial. The observed changes were not seen at the lower dose levels as well as in the recovery study. Hence, it is suggested that the Rasasindura, along with the adjuvant prepared as per the customary method, is safe for consumption at the therapeutic dose level.


Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate probiotic proper- ties of four LAB isolated from breast milk, i.e. Lactobacillus rhamnosus R21, L. rhamnosus B16, Pediococcus. pentosaceus A16 and L. fermentum A17 and their po- tency as starter cultures for yoghurt fermentation. Methodology: In vivo evaluation was done by feeding Sprague Dawley rats with standard diet and 10 9 cells of each LAB for 10 days. Findings: The four isolates showed good survival both in pH 2 and bile salt for 5 h, and ability to suppress the growth of pathogenic bacteria. In vivo evaluation revealed that the four isolates reduced the number of E. coli in caecum, and in- creased the number of total LAB, without potency of invasion. They also induce proliferation of splenocytes, and A16 induce secretion of IgA in blood serum. Value: R21 and B16 were potential as a single starter culture for yoghurt fermentation, while A16 have to be mixed with yoghurt starter cultures. The present finding sug- gests that the isolates are potential to be used for development of probiotic products.


Domain detection in spoken dialog systems is usually treated as a multi-class, multi-label classification problem, and training of domain classifiers requires collection and manual annotation of example utterances. In order to extend a dialog system to new domains in a way that is seamless for users, domain detection should be able to handle utterances from the new domain as soon as it is introduced. In this work, we propose using web search query logs, which include queries entered by users and the links they subsequently click on, to bootstrap domain detection for new domains. While sampling user queries from the query click logs to train new domain classifiers, we introduce two types of measures based on the behavior of the users who entered a query and the form of the query. We show that both types of measures result in reductions in the error rate as compared to randomly sampling training queries. In controlled experiments over five domains, we achieve the best gain from the combination of the two types of sampling criteria. Index Terms: Spoken language understanding, semisupervised learning, web search queries, domain detection.


The Model Penal Code made great advances in clarity and legality, moving most of the states from a mix of common law and ad hoc statutes to the modern American form of a comprehensive, succinct code that has served as a model around the world. Yet the decades since the wave of Model Code-based codifications have seen a steady degradation of American codes brought on by a relentless and accelerating rate of criminal law amendments that ignore the style, format, and content of the existing codes. The most damaging aspect of this trend is the exponentially increasing number of offense grading irrationalities found in most modern American codes. This Article documents the practical and prudential importance of getting offense grading right – that is, having the grade of each offense or suboffense reflect its relative seriousness in relation to all other offenses – then illustrates just how wrong things have gone, using a case study of offense grading in Pennsylvania, one of the better modern American codes. The critique of Pennsylvania, and its conclusions, does not rely upon the value judgments of the authors but rather upon an empirical study of the judgments of Pennsylvania residents regarding the relative seriousness of more than a hundred existing Pennsylvania offenses. The results suggest a startling conflict between the law's grading judgments and those of the community it governs, as well as a variety of kinds of logical irrationalities and internal inconsistencies. The process by which these grading irrationalities have been and continue to be created is examined, and solutions for fixing and, perhaps, avoiding these problems in the future, are explored.


 Abstract — Proposing an appropriate control strategy is an effective and practical way to address the overheat problems of the wet multi-plate clutch in Direct Shift Gearbox under the long-time creeping condition. To do so, the temperature variation of the wet multi-plate clutch is investigated firstly by establishing a thermal resistance model for the gearbox cooling system. To calculate the generated heat flux and predict the clutch temperature precisely, the friction torque model is optimized by introducing an improved friction coefficient, which is related to the pressure, the relative speed and the temperature. After that, the heat transfer model and the reasonable friction torque model are employed by the vehicle powertrain model to construct a comprehensive co-simulation model for the Direct Shift Gearbox (DSG) vehicle. A creeping control strategy is then proposed and, to evaluate the vehicle performance, the safety temperature (250 ℃) is particularly adopted as an important metric. During the creeping process, the temperature of two clutches is always under the safety value (250 ℃), which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy in avoiding the thermal failures of


Communication is a critical skill for all people. Communication is a foundational skill of the work of athletic coaching, and the coach-athlete relationship requires some coach communication that is not limited strictly to conversations about sport performance. It is unclear whether skills developed to communicate effectively in the sport performance context carry over to other contexts. Athletic coaches need to be able to support the overall well-being of athletes by identifying potential problems and connecting athletes to help. To do this, a critical need is to communicate effectively about well-being issues. A paucity of literature exists about the baseline communication performance of coaches in conversations about well-being, about how coaches view their role and efficacy in such conversations, and about what specific tools and methods might be used to study this. There were two overarching purposes for this study. The first was to explore the feasibility of research into the baseline communication performance of coaches in conversations about well-being, how coaches view their role and efficacy in such conversations, and what specific tools and methods might be used to study these issues. The second purpose was to gather preliminary data to plan and legitimize such research. In order to investigate the feasibility and obtain preliminary data to address these issues, a group of athletic coaches were asked to participate in three simulated case conversations about well-being and to complete an online survey. This group was compared to a group of health coaches who performed the same tasks. Conversational data was coded using an adaptation of the Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS). A mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods were used to analyze the resulting data, as well as respond to "can it work?" questions about the tools, methods, and theoretical frameworks used. Key results include evidence for the need for institutional support to support athletic coach participation in communication training, support for adapted motivational interviewing as a useful framework for viewing communication behaviors in conversations about well-being, and the utility of RIAS as a method for quickly coding data from live or audio recordings of conversations. Preliminary data revealed that athletic coaches are more directive, ask fewer questions, and elicit less information from athletes. Health coaches elicited more utterances expressing concern and more information from conversational partners. Implications for future research and practice include evidence supporting the utility of these tools and methods, key constructs to target in potential development of coach-specific training, as well as building institutional support for the need for communication skills training to increase outcomes related to conversations about well-being between athletic coaches and student-athletes.


In this paper, we focus on separable convex optimization problems with box constraints and a specific set of linear constraints. The solution is given in closed-form as a function of some Lagrange multipliers that can be computed through an iterative procedure in a finite number of steps. Graphical interpretations are given casting valuable insights into the proposed algorithm and allowing to retain some of the intuition spelled out by the water-filling policy. It turns out that it is not only general enough to compute the solution to different instances of the problem at hand, but also remarkably simple in the way it operates. We also show how some power allocation problems in signal processing and communications can be solved with the proposed algorithm.


Abstract. The Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean is characterized by markedly different frontal zones with specific seasonal and sub-seasonal dynamics. Demonstrated here is the effect of iron on the potential maximum productivity rates of the phytoplankton community. A series of iron addition productivity versus irradiance (PE) experiments utilizing a unique experimental design that allowed for 24 h incubations were performed within the austral summer of 2015/16 to determine the photosynthetic parameters αB, PBmax and Ek. Mean values for each photosynthetic parameter under iron-replete conditions were 1.46 ± 0.55 (µg (µg Chl a)−1 h−1 (µM photons m−2 s−1)−1) for αB, 72.55 ± 27.97 (µg (µg Chl a)−1 h−1) for PBmax and 50.84 ± 11.89 (µM photons m−2 s−1) for Ek, whereas mean values under the control conditions were 1.25 ± 0.92 (µg (µg Chl a)−1 h−1 (µM photons m−2 s−1)−1) for αB, 62.44 ± 36.96 (µg (µg Chl a)−1 h−1) for PBmax and 55.81 ± 19.60 (µM photons m−2 s−1) for Ek. There were no clear spatial patterns in either the absolute values or the absolute differences between the treatments at the experimental locations. When these parameters are integrated into a standard depth-integrated primary production model across a latitudinal transect, the effect of iron addition shows higher levels of primary production south of 50° S, with very little difference observed in the subantarctic and polar frontal zone. These results emphasize the need for better parameterization of photosynthetic parameters in biogeochemical models around sensitivities in their response to iron supply. Future biogeochemical models will need to consider the combined and individual effects of iron and light to better resolve the natural background in primary production and predict its response under a changing climate.


The coaxial mixers composed of a high-speed central impeller and a low-speed anchor have been recommended by the previous researchers for the mixing of highly viscous and non-Newtonian fluids. However, no study has been reported in the literature regarding the use of the coaxial mixing systems composed of two central impellers and an anchor in the agitation of complex fluids. Thus, the main objective of this study was to investigate the performance of coaxial mixers composed of two central impellers and an anchor in the agitation of the xanthan gum solution, which is a yield-pseudoplastic fluid, through electrical resistance tomography (ERT), the computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and design of experiments (DOE) combined with the response surface methodology (RSM).
In the first stage of this study, the hydrodynamic performance of coaxial mixers, the single and double Scaba impellers in combination with an anchor impeller, was investigated in the mixing of yield-pseudoplastic fluids. Considering the mixing efficiency criteria, it was found that the double Scaba-anchor coaxial system was more efficient than the single Scaba-anchor coaxial mixer in the mixing of yield pseudoplastic fluids with regard to the mixing time and power drawn. In the second stage of this research project, the performances of three different coaxial mixers, namely, double Scaba-anchor coaxial (DSAC), double Rushton turbine-anchor coaxial (DRAC), and double pitched blade turbine-anchor coaxial (DPAC) mixers were assessed. It was found that the double Scaba-anchor coaxial (DSAC) mixer was more efficient system compared to the others at the same operating conditions. To evaluate the influence of the impeller spacing on the hydrodynamics of the double Scaba-anchor coaxial mixer, the lower impeller clearance and the spacing between two central impellers were changed within a wide range. The results demonstrated that a coaxial mixer with the impeller spacing of almost equal to the central impeller diameter was the most efficient configuration compared to the other cases. When the impeller spacing was varied, the merging flow and parallel flow patterns were observed. Finally, the hydrodynamic performances of different configurations of coaxial mixers composed of a wall scraping anchor impeller in combination with two different or identical central high-speed impellers were analyzed. The coaxial mixers utilized in this stage were the Scaba–Scaba-anchor (SSAC), Scaba-Rushton-anchor (SRAC), Rushton-Scaba-anchor (RSAC), Scaba-pitched blade-anchor (SPBAC), and pitched blade-Scaba-anchor (PBSAC). A new correlation was introduced for these complex configurations of the coaxial mixers by incorporating the Metzner-Otto constants (Ks) of the different types of the central impellers into the Reynolds number. The analysis of the collected data revealed that the Scaba-pitched blade-anchor coaxial (SPBAC) mixer was the most efficient mixing system in the mixing of the highly viscous non-Newtonian fluids.


Nuclear energy is the number one candidate to provide the backbone of primary energy procurement for humanity in the present century and beyond. Uranium fuel is abundant, and could become unlimited in the scheme proposed here, making nuclear energy sort of renewable. However, the only vector of nuclear energy now is electricity, which may finally consume half the primary energy input. The market that is not covered by electricity has to be provided with a chemical vector of appropriate transportability and flexibility, a description that fits hydrogen. In this paper we map this escalation in hydrogen penetration, where nuclear energy provides increasing shares of the energy, finally carried by hydrogen, culminating in the long-term icon of the Energy Island with an energy-generation capacity comparable to that of the Middle East.


Introduction: Electrocautery device is one of the most widely used electronic devices in operating rooms; despite its advantages in operations, production risks such as the halo of smoke above the operating position. The smoke with hazardous substances,cause to transmitting HIV, HPV and hepatitis and complications such as respiratory distress, nausea and vomiting, eye irritation, headache, and so on; The purpose of the present study was to determine Surgical Team' Knowledge of electrocautery smoke complications in the Educational hospitals in Birjand, 2011. Methods: In this descriptive and cross-sectional study Surgical Team in Birjand Educational hospitals who were available were selected. After ensuring that they were content with and cooperate in the study, a researcher designed questionnaire was filled. The questionnaire included demographic questions (4 items) and knowledge questions (21 items) of electrocautery smoke complications. The obtained data was analyzed by SPSS software (V: 16), using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney at the significant level P<0.05. Results: Mean score Surgical Team ' knowledge of electrocautery smoke complications were 9.0±4.88 (of the total 21 points); that is, 57% of them had low knowledge of electrocautery smoke complications. Conclusions: Given the low level of knowledge about electrocautery smoke complications in Surgical Team, planning to enhance their knowledge through workshops and continuing education programs and training is essential.


The Mount Isa region contains over 20 uranium deposits, few of which contain economic concentrations of uranium. They are thought to be significant in the exploration for new copper deposits, based on the model that the uranium deposits are located in the pathways of oxidized hydrothermal fluids that formed the postmetamorphic Mount Isa copper orebodies.

There are two uranium deposit types, both hosted in volcanosedimentary rocks. We suggest that they represent one mineralization event but different metamorphic histories. Examples in the eastern low-grade metamorphic zone are dominated by a brannerite-anatase-apatite assemblage and are low in uranium. The examples in the western high-grade metamorphic zone are characterized by uraninite and titanite with higher uranium concentrations. The chemical association of U, Ti, and Ca is consistent for all deposits; however, phosphate is only important at low metamorphic grade.

The most likely mechanism of formation in the lower metamorphic grade Anderson's Lode example is the complete replacement of chlorite in the sedimentary host-rock matrix by the mineralizing assemblage. In this model, chlorite acted as a reductant, allowing the deposition of uranium from an oxidized fluid. This mechanism of uranium deposition is similar to that proposed for unconformity-type uranium deposits. We conclude that these uranium deposits are metamorphosed equivalents of Proterozoic unconformity-type uranium deposits found elsewhere in northern Australia.

At Anderson's Lode, brannerite and apatite were concentrated in veinlets by pressure dissolution after the deposition of the original assemblage. These pressure dissolution seams are cut by premetamorphic quartz-chlorite veins. Examples at higher metamorphic grade have textures that suggest uranium deposition was pre- to synmetamorphic at the latest. This precludes any genetic or temporal connection between the uranium deposits and the postmetamorphic Mount Isa copper deposit.


Under the burning Tuscan sun roll marvelous hills, vineyards, olive groves?all postcard-perfect landscapes nestling medieval towns, rural villas, and contadino farmhouses, endless niches of dreamy dwellings exuding all the charm for which the region is revered. We?ve tracked down the best examples of such havens?from the typical to the surprising?to paint a warm-hued picture of the look and feel of Tuscan living. Inspiration abounds from these pages of achingly beautiful homes; who knows?maybe you can bring the magic of Tuscany to your corner of the world.


In this article, I compare pre-trial procedures in Germany and the United States and probe the extent to which prosecutor's decision-making practices deviate from each system's normative goals. In both countries, the daily practice of the key players in both criminal justice systems continues to shift as the result of ever-increasing resource constraints and a varied array of organizational incentives. These shifts have created areas of both convergence and divergence. On the one-hand, in an era in both countries in which the number of cases resolved through a full-fledged public trial is decreasing, the course of pre-trial practice has become more outcome-determinative. Faced with a heavy caseload, a German prosecutor who receives a file in which the initial facts appear to be weak, may dismiss the case right out of the gate. On the other hand, carrying the mantle of a "party" rather than as an "organ of justice," an American prosecutor who views the same investigation file may be more likely to seek some level of conviction through a plea agreement. Viewed solely through the goal of "finding the truth," the shortened investigation process in both cases raises questions about whether the outcome fulfilled the retributive and rehabilitative objectives of the criminal law. On the other hand, in an era of tight resources, both outcomes appear to efficiently resolve the dispute at issue. In both cases, the shortened process also impacts, and perhaps undercuts, the traditional role of the fact-finder, be it a jury in the United States or a German judicial panel. Consequently, in many cases, bureaucrats in both countries are functioning as the arbiters of justice rather than simply as the head of the investigation process. This shift in institutional roles casts doubt on the degree to which the normative vision underlying each system's path to "truth" informs prosecutors' practice routines. By highlighting this development, this chapter will explore the widening disconnect between the law in action and these two normative visions of the truth-finding process. I then describe how some facets of pre-trial practice in both in both countries today undermine the objective to find the truth. After highlighting these problematic features, I suggest that the way to right the ship is, not to strengthen the law, but to more closely examine the organizational incentives that guide prosecutorial decision-making today.


We have studied the noise spectra in a nonlinear magneto-optical rotation experiment in a rubidium vapor. We observed the reduction of noise in the intensity difference of two orthogonally polarized components of the laser beam. The dependence of the noise level on both the frequency and the longitudinal magnetic field has been studied. We found that the optimal condition for the noise reduction is to work around zero longitudinal magnetic field, where the intensity correlation between the two orthogonally polarized components is maximum. Our results can be used to reduce or eliminate the atomic excess noise, therefore improving the sensitivity of nonlinear magneto-optical rotation magnetometers and other atom-optical-based applications.


In the Einstein-Maxwell-Chern-Simons theory the extremal Reissner-Nordström solution is no longer the single extremal solution with vanishing angular momentum, when the Chern-Simons coupling constant reaches a critical value. Instead a whole sequence of rotating extremal J=0 solutions arises, labeled by the node number of the magnetic U(1) potential. Associated with the same near horizon solution, the mass of these radially excited extremal solutions converges to the mass of the extremal Reissner-Nordström solution. On the other hand, not all near horizon solutions are also realized as global solutions.


Re-examination of Cassigerinella chipolensis (Cushman & Ponton) and comparison of the ultrastructure of its morphotypes demonstrates that the species should only contain forms with a smooth surface and that those with a pore-cone surface should be distinguished as the type species, C. boudecensis Pokorný, a name which is still valid both taxonomically and stratigraphically. Strong resemblance in surface structure, aperture pattern and essential biseriality between many heterohelicids and Cassigerinella has been considered to be significant for its reclassification. Cassigerinella is, therefore, believed to have originated among the Heterohelicacea rather than in the Globigerinacea or Hantkeninacea as previously proposed by various authors. Morphological features, such as apertural modifications and coiling mode, and the characteristics of several related taxa of the species-group are discussed.


The multimeric serine-threonine protein phosphatase PP2A, which has been implicated in signaling induced by transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) superfamily ligands, is a heterotrimer composed of catalytic, structural, and regulatory subunits. The B family of mammalian regulatory subunits comprises four highly similar members that differ in tissue-specific and subcellular localization but that otherwise appear to be functionally redundant. Batut et al. report that two of these B subunits, Bα and Bδ, have distinct and opposite functions in mediating signaling elicited by the TGF-β superfamily ligands TGF-β, Activin, and Nodal. Bδ knockdown with morpholino antisense oligonucleotides caused an expansion of anterior structures in Xenopus laevis embryos, whereas Bα knockdown caused loss of anterior structures. The observed phenotypes, in combination with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and in situ expression data for two positively regulated targets of Nodal signaling, suggested that Bα potentiated and Bδ inhibited Nodal signaling. In Xenopus animal cap assays, Bα knockdown blocked Activin-induced axial elongation, reduced phosphorylation of the TGF-β family signaling effector Smad2 (pSmad2), and prevented nuclear accumulation of pSmad2. In contrast, Bδ knockdown enhanced Activin-induced elongation, increased the amount of pSmad2, and increased pSmad2 nuclear accumulation, which suggested that Bα and Bδ oppositely affected Activin signaling. Similar results were seen in HeLa cells using TGF-β–induced phosphorylation and Smad2 nuclear accumulation to assay Bα and Bδ function. Both Bα and Bδ could dephosphorylate an artificial peptide and a Raf substrate in vitro, but neither dephosphorylated Smad2. Knockdown analyses in a keratinocyte cell line and in Xenopus animal caps indicated that Bα inhibits lysosomal degradation of ALK4 and ALK5, type I receptors that transduce signaling from TGF-β superfamily ligands, and that Bδ inhibits ALK4 receptor clustering. Thus, both subunits appear to influence the threshold ligand concentration that can elicit signaling but act on distinct processes to exert their opposing effects. Although the mechanism of neither subunit's activity has been determined, it is intriguing that such similar subunits can exert opposing effects on a signaling pathway. J. Batut, B. Schmierer, J. Cao, L. A. Raftery, C. S. Hill, M. Howell, Two highly related regulatory subunits of PP2A exert opposite effects on TGF-β/Activin/Nodal signalling. Development 135, 2927-2937 (2008). [Abstract] [Full Text]


The Bohol Sea in the Philippines has a high biodiversity of large marine vertebrates. It is also one of the primary fishing grounds in the Central Visayas. This is a study of the history of interactions of the fishers of the Bohol Sea with the 'big fishes' living within it. These 'big fishes' are the large marine vertebrates, namely whales, dolphins, whale sharks and manta rays. It is the story of the changes in the Bohol Sea and how the communities who depended on it affected these changes. Similarly, it discusses how the Bohol Sea and the large marine vertebrates shaped the lives of the coastal peoples living around it. This study aims to determine the extent of the fisheries for whales, dolphins, whale sharks and manta rays in the Bohol Sea from the 19th century to recent times. It focuses on the fishing communities of southern Bohol, Camiguin and Southern Leyte in the Central Visayas, who are known to hunt these large marine vertebrates, and aims to describe the characteristics and trace the evolution of these fisheries. Through a multidisciplinary approach, this study uses a combination of ethnographic and historical research methods, together with biological data, from published and unpublished sources. The study aims to determine if the abundance and distribution of large marine vertebrates in the Bohol Sea changed in the long-term. It also examines how the fishing communities adapted to the ecological, socio-economic and political changes over time.

From its beginnings in the late nineteenth century, the hunting of whales, dolphins, whale sharks and manta rays, in the different communities around the Bohol Sea underwent very similar and, for some, identical technological developments. These fishing technologies and patterns were adapted to the nature of their target species. By the late twentieth century, with increasing population, worsening economic conditions, and declining fish stocks in the country, the Bohol Sea fishing communities' dependence on the fisheries for large marine vertebrates also increased. Likewise, fishery policies and legislative frameworks were also evolving with a more protectionist and conservationist stance. The implementation of fishery bans in the 1990s compelled most fishers to comply and adapt, however others resisted. Communities who lived in an environment endowed with more diverse and abundant resources proved to be more resilient. While those who heavily depended on the fishery and had little else to turn to have continued to hunt up to the present day. Despite continuing protests and public clamour for a total ban on hunting for all other species of rays in the Philippines, the ray fishery in the Bohol Sea continues.

This study demonstrates how state efforts to conserve whales, dolphins, whale sharks and manta rays in the Philippines have been ineffective. This is primarily because of the lack of legitimacy of these fishery policies in the eyes of the communities. This study also highlights the importance of using multiple and non-traditional data sources in evaluating fisheries that are data deficient. The study shows how it is important to examine the historical context of ecological and social systems in order to understand the causes of contemporary resource management problems.


Recently, a new mathematical tool called "catastrophe theory" has been developed by the topologists Thom, Zeeman, Mather, and others in an attempt to mathematically explain the discontinuities of observed behavior due to smooth changes in the basic parameters of physical, social, and biological processes. It has been shown that the number of mathematically distinct ways in which such discontinuities may arise is small when compared with the dimension of the process, and a complete classification of all distinct types has been made for processes depending upon five or less parameters.

The purpose of this note is two-fold: first, to serve as a very brief introduction to the subject of catastrophe theory and secondly, to illustrate the theory by applying it to the determination of equilibrium configurations for stellar matter which has reached the endpoint of thermonuclear evolution, the problem of "stellar collapse". It will be seen that catastrophe theory enables us to give a very satisfactory explanation for the observed phenomenon of unstable equilibrium configurations and the appearance of the so-called Chandrasekhar and Oppenheimer-Landau-Volkoff crushing points.


This dissertation consists of three chapters in exploring the current account imbalances
in the European countries. The first chapter investigates the effect of household
indebtedness on the Twin Deficits phenomenon in European countries. Annual data
from 1981 to 2012 for 28 European countries are used. Panel regression with fixed
effects and General Method of Moments (GMM) approaches are adopted to examine
the standard determinants of the current account imbalances and the effect of household
indebtedness on the Twin Deficits hypothesis. Empirical findings indicate the existence
of positive co-movement between the fiscal balance and current account balance, thus
indicating the presence of the Twin Deficits phenomenon in the European region.
Meanwhile, there is a negative association between gross household debt and the
current account balance. This inverse relationship implies consistent behavior with the
Twin Deficits between fiscal balance and current account balance, where increase in
the gross household debt contribute to the growth of the current account deficit. Thus,
the household debt may marginally exacerbate the Twin Deficits phenomenon. These
results can be observed particularly in the countries with low fiscal deficits, public debt
and household debt.

The second chapter explores the behavior of the current account deficit and fiscal deficit
from the view of thresholds to provide additional understanding on the Twin Deficits
phenomenon. Annual data of eleven Euro Area countries from 2000 to 2012 are adopted
in this study. This paper examines endogenous thresholds namely public debt, fiscal
deficit, household debt, trade openness and financial development as threshold
variables, using the sample splitting method (Hansen, 2000). The aim is to examine the
Twin Deficits behavior from the perspective of countries above or below the threshold
levels. This is due to the fact that households may behave in differently in term of
consumption and risk preference in the countries above or below the threshold levels.
Empirical findings indicate that there is evidence of Twin Deficits phenomenon in the
baseline model without threshold effects. In terms of the threshold effects, there is a
significant positive association between the current account balance and the fiscal
balance in the countries with public debt, household debt, fiscal deficit, trade openness
and financial development below their respective threshold levels. On the other hand,
there is no or weak evidence of the Twin Deficits phenomenon in the countries with
public debt, household debt, fiscal deficit, trade openness and financial development
above the threshold levels. Intuitively, household behavior may indicate Ricardian
Equivalence as the effect of the fiscal policy is offset by the opposite behavior from
households, such that as the government borrows more (fiscal deficit increase),
households may save more. This means that Ricardian Equivalence behavior is more
likely observed in the countries with high levels of public debt, household debt, fiscal
deficit, trade openness and financial development.
The third chapter investigates the current account sustainability in eleven European (EU)
countries using annual data of exports and imports from 1980 to 2013. Im et al. (2003)

panel unit root and Pedroni (1999) panel cointegration are employed to identify the
stationarity of the variables and existence of a long-run relationship between the
parameters of interest, which are exports and imports. The pooled mean group estimator
proposed by Pesaran et al. (1999) is used to estimate the magnitude of the interaction
of the exports and imports from the long-run and short-run perspective and at the
individual country level, based on a series of sub-periods. The determination of the
current account sustainability is based on existence of significant long-run association
between exports and imports. If the interaction coefficient is within the equilibrium of
one, then there is no violation of the long-run budget constraint and current account is
sustainable. In addition, significant negative error-correction terms also indicate that
existence of convergence in the long-run and current account is consider as sustainable.
In terms of the short-run perspective, current account may be unsustainable if the
deviation of the short-run coefficient from equilibrium of one is large. Empirical results
show no violation of the long-run budget constraint in the eleven EU countries in the
long-run, which implies a sustainable current account over time. However, the
sustainability of the current account may shift towards unsustainable when taking into
consideration different time frames, namely the effect of formation of the EU in 1992
and debt crisis starting in 2008. The short-run results at the individual country level
provide different insight as compared to the results of the error-correction terms. Large
short-run imbalances may lead to indications of unsustainable current accounts even
though there is no evidence of violation of the long-run budget constraint.


Visual tracking of objects under varying lighting conditions and changes of the object appearance, such as articulation and change of aspect, is a challenging problem. Due to its robustness and speed, distribution field tracking is among the state-of-the-art approaches for tracking objects with constant size in grayscale sequences. According to the theory of averaged shifted histograms, distribution fields are an approximation of kernel density estimates. Another, more efficient approximation are channel representations, which are used in the present paper to derive an enhanced computational scheme for tracking. This enhanced distribution field tracking method outperforms several state-of-the-art methods on the VOT2013 challenge, which evaluates accuracy, robustness, and speed.


Cytomegalovirus is considered as one among the long list of latent infections in humans that although normally controlled by the cellular immune response, gets activated after HIV infection takes its role on infecting the T4 lymphocytes. Clinical disease due to Cytomegalovirus has been recognized in up to 40% of patients with advanced HIV disease. The clinical syndromes most commonly associated include chorioretinitis, esophagitis, colitis, pneumonitis, adrenalitis and neurological disorders. Cytomegalovirus infections are usually diagnosed clinically and by serological tests for CMV immunoglobulin. Chemotherapy using systemic agents, including ganciclovir, intravenous foscarnet and intravenous cidofovir is effective. New agents, as for example an anti-sense agent against cytomegalovirus, appear promising.


We present an ethnographic examination of the Agambenian approach to sovereignty through the example of a particular "state of exception," namely, the militarized Turkish Cypriot enclaves of the 1963–74 period and their transformation into an unrecognized state structure. We argue that both the enclave administration and its subsequent variations have operated under a simulacrum of sovereignty, a claim to sovereignty that is both overproduced and incomplete. We examine the emergence of this simulacrum, which we claim allowed Turkish Cypriots to play with another form of existence, one at the interstices of exceptionality. This interstitial life, we argue, is characterized by a particular form of "abandonment," one that may allow one to "enjoy one's exception."


Abstract Purpose To study possible differences in trust between general practitioners (GPs) and occupational physicians (OPs) and the explanatory factors for trust. Insight into the factors predicting trust can improve programmes for stimulating the co-operation of GPs and OPs. Theory On the basis of theories of trust and of social identity theory we expected, (1) in both professions a higher level of knowledge-based trust than of identification-based trust, (2) a relationship between higher levels of identification-based trust and higher frequency of contact, (3) OPs to have a higher level of identification-based trust than GPs. We hypothesised (4) that OPs perceiving an equal status have higher levels of trust and (5) GPs perceiving a higher status have lower levels of trust. Methods A mail survey sent to 2297 doctors (1728 GPs and 569 OPs) of which we used 547 questionnaires. Results Hypotheses 1 and 2 were supported. Hypothesis 3 was not supported. Hypotheses 4 and 5 were supported for knowledge-based trust. On the basis of these findings it is possible that co-operation between the two groups is still in its early stages. Conclusions Programmes to improve the co-operation of GPs and OPs should focus on equalising status and stimulating contacts to build (identification-based) trust.


Dawkins introduced the concept of the meme as the cultural equivalent to the gene (1989, pp. 189-201). To illustrate the concept, Dawkins cited 'tunes, ideas, catch-phrases, clothes, fashions, ways of making pots or of building arches' (1989, p. 192) as examples of memes. All of Dawkins' examples are elements of culture that have evolved over time. Because music is a part of culture, then under Dawkins' hypothesis, memes should exist in music. After all, the first of Dawkins' examples was a 'tune'.

Jan expanded on Dawkins' ideas with a thorough investigation into memes in music (2007). This was done on a number of different levels within music, from melodic lines to overall structure, using a range of examples within music. Whilst providing a strong case for memes, Jan was not able to provide evidence from an analysis encompassing a large dataset of music. However, Jan does provide a number of possible methodologies for analysing memes in music, including investigating memes across time periods using single lines of notes (2007, p. 211). The present research expands on Jan's suggested methodology by looking at short monophonic three- to eleven-note patterns in music across five different non-traditional musicological time periods within a large dataset of string quartets.

A search for memes in music is conducted using a range of scores. These are converted to MusicXML documents, which are then imported into a relational database. Data mining is then implemented on the resultant dataset to produce a series of ranking positions for monophonic note patterns within the music based upon the relative frequencies of their appearances within specified time periods. Additionally, a similarity algorithm is used to investigate the possible ancestral relationships between different monophonic note patterns. Within the limitations of the working definitions and assumptions made in the research, it was shown that there is evidence for the evolutionary properties of selection, replication and variation, and the replicator properties of longevity, fecundity and copying fidelity for some monophonic note patterns within the dataset.


Traditionally, synchronous sequential circuits are considered controlled by input pulses, and asynchronous sequential circuits by input levels. The aim of this note is to study the general properties of a class of asynchronous circuits with some inputs that can be thought of as driven by "pulses." The synthesis process and the internal structure of these circuits, called pulse input asynchronous sequential circuits (PA circuits), are investigated, and they are compared with pulse input synchronous circuits and with level input asynchronous circuits. Procedures are described to transform any flow table describing a synchronous circuit into a flow table describing an equivalent PA circuit, and to realize any normal mode asynchronous circuit by a PA circuit. Specific techniques for PA circuit state reduction and PA circuit state assignment are described in other papers.


Introduction Fractures of the wrist are often highly traumatic, leading to significant pain and reduction in an individual's home, work and leisure roles for a considerable time. Among the studies on wrist fracture, there is limited evidence which qualitatively explores the patient's rehabilitation experiences of this condition, and the impact they feel it has on their daily lives. The aim of this study was therefore to explore the experiences of working age people with dominant side wrist fracture in terms of the impact on their lives from the resulting loss of hand function, and the role that hand therapy plays in the rehabilitation process. Method Using a qualitative approach, semistructured interviews were carried out with six participants who were current or previous patients of an outpatient occupational therapy department and who had sustained wrist fracture. Three key themes equated to the impact the fracture had on their lives: 'functional ability', 'attitudes and expectations of self and others' and 'assessment and treatment in occupational therapy'. Results The main findings showed that the impact of reduced ability evoked negative reactions and dependence on others. Lack of information on application and removal of plaster cast contributed towards early anxieties about the appearance and function of the hand. Patients' attitudes generally reflected taking some responsibility for their own progress. Occupational therapy input increased motivation, and particularly for those who attended rehabilitation sessions in the department, the therapy was valued. Discussion The recommendations from this study are that early and continued patient education is provided by the therapist, engaging relatives where appropriate, to alleviate patient and family anxieties and to help determine realistic expectations of recovery. While patients generally engage with objective measurements, making assessment and treatment relevant to their activities of daily living is essential to ensure they are motivated for therapy.


Objective: Night-time symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection often feel more severe, but it is not known how sore throat symptoms might vary over 24 hours. The aim of the current analysis was to determine any effect of time of day on sore throat symptoms and treatment practices across five countries.
Methods: Adults who had used a sore throat remedy at least once in the preceding 12 months answered a 30-minute questionnaire and then undertook a 7-week diary to document sore throat pain and treatment episodes. Analyses were conducted to investigate effect of time of day on sore throat symptoms, severity, and the use of throat products, as well as differences in functional and emotional needs.
Results: A total of 5000 participants (1000 in each of the UK, Italy, Russia, USA, and Thailand) took part. Sore throat was reported more frequently in the morning and the evening/night-time, while fewer participants reported sore throat in the afternoon; similarly, sore throat products were reported to be taken more frequently in the morning and the evening/night-time.
Conclusion: This survey shows an increased frequency of people reporting sore throat symptoms in the morning and the evening compared with other times of the day. Research is warranted to investigate the potential of a long-acting product such as flurbiprofen for alleviating night-time sore throat (and hence minimising sleep disruption and the impact on next-day functioning).


They are called paradises on earth, but all is not well in the protected areas of the world. Regions considered protected in government statistics and maps sometimes lack real protection in fact, while many of the protected areas that do exist face a variety of threats, including illegal poaching, plant extraction, logging, mining, pollution, and climate change. "Protected" areas are often in need of protection themselves, and many indigenous people living inside these areas are also threatened. With the World Parks Congress set to take place in Durban, South Africa, in fall 2003, Squandering Paradise?, a freely available report produced by the World Wildlife Fund, is as pertinent today as when it was published in 2000. From the volume's introduction, one expects to find a balanced account of the current state of the world's protected areas as well as a discussion of indigenous peoples' roles in the establishment, maintenance, and support of these special pockets on the earth's surface. Set out in five parts, the report opens with an overview of the extent of the global protected-areas network, identifying the degrees of threat to these areas, examining the phenomenon of "paper parks" and also investigating the underlying causes of threats to protected areas. It then details the growing threats to the world's protected areas, focusing on land-use changes and the rise in the extraction of resources such as oil, gas, gold, and copper. The authors also discuss external threats including indigenous resis tance and civil wars. This section is followed by a summary of previous surveys of protected areas. Among the most interesting is the work undertaken by The Nature Conservancy (TNC) in its Parks in Peril (PiP) program launched in 1990. Initiating a broad analysis of the ecological, social, and political issues faced by parks in the PiP portfolio, TNC emerged with a report that showed that virtually all the parks studied were vulnerable to large-scale threats that had their origins far from the park boundaries. These threats include pollution, mining, road construction, timber poaching, tourism development, telephone and electricity infrastructure, agricultural expansion, overgrazing, and government-sponsored colonization. In other studies, the clear challenge that emerged for managers of protected areas was the reconciliation of the local community's demands for resources and incomes from the protected area with the requirements of biodiversity conservation. National laws often officially prohibit access to almost all the resource s in a protected area. However, some local communities have been managing these resources long before the establishment of the national park or sanctuary and have few other options. Suddenly restricting their access to land and resources they regard as their own causes hostility and sometimes severe hardship. The volume ends with a detailed set of case studies undertaken by the authors and selected to illustrate the somewhat theoretical issues addressed in earlier sections of the book. The 26 cases cover a broad geographical range from North, Central, and South America, Africa, Europe, and Southeast and South Asia to New Zealand. Of these, two case studies in particular relate the concerns of indigenous peoples or local communities to difficulties in managing the land as a nature preserve: Ethiopia's Simen Mountain National Park and Pakistan's Khunjerab National Park both face serious threats to their well-being. …


Worldwide incidence and mortality due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is greatest in the United States, with the initial epicenter in New York. In Nassau County, New York, where we practice, our institution has had more than 2500 cases and has discharged from the hospital more than 1000 patients. As many academic and private institutions have swiftly shifted their clinical and research priorities to address the pandemic, data are emerging regarding both the impact of malignancy on COVID-19 outcomes as well as the challenges faced in assuring that cancer care remains unimpeded. Of concern, recent studies of cancer patients primarily in China and Italy have suggested that advanced malignancy is associated with increased susceptibility to severe COVID-19 infection. At present, more than 500 clinical trials are underway investigating the pathogenesis and treatment of COVID-19, including expanded use of oncology drugs, such as small molecular inhibitors of cytokine pathways. Here, we begin by reviewing the latest understanding of COVID-19 pathophysiology and then focus our attention on the impact of this virus on hematologic and oncologic practice. Finally, we highlight ongoing investigational treatment approaches that are so relevant to the care of oncology patients during this extraordinary pandemic.


Animal disease preparedness involves an array of activities to enhance the ability to prevent or mitigate the effects of high consequence diseases. Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza and virulent Newcastle disease in the last decade tested animal disease preparedness investments in the West and highlighted areas where planning and research are still needed. This paper reflects on those eradication efforts and lessons learned from 2009-2019, as well as future challenges and opportunities pertaining to animal health in Western states, specifically resource limitations, public perceptions, and business continuity plans.


In this paper we obtain approximations for various performance measures in a multirate link sharing bandwidth under an insensitive sharing mechanism called balanced fairness. Balanced fairness can be viewed as the large system limit of proportional fairness. For a large system, we obtain closed form expressions for the calculation of long run fraction of time that the system is congested, the probability that an arriving flow will not obtain its maximum bit rate and the average fraction of time that an arriving flow is not allocated its maximum bit rate while in the system. The techniques are based on local limit theorems for convolution measures.


Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) is one of the newer and superior classes of concrete that can be used to develop improved bridges capable of meeting the present and future traffic, environmental, maintenance and economical requirements. Developing on the superior material properties of UHPC, the research discussed herein studies the behavior of UHPC when used as a bridge girder material. Four optimized girders have been cast and studied for various early age as well as long term properties, such as early age shrinkage, transfer length, creep behavior and shrinkage under steam treatment. Data has been recorded through vibrating wire gages installed at strategic locations within each girder before they are cast. While the shrinkage and creep observed are very low which are characteristics of UHPC, various other aspects such as shrinkage being closely tied to formwork restraint and temperature as well as the prestress transfer being dependent on the girder geometry and strand pattern have been discussed. From the results the authors can conclude that UHPC is a promising bridge building material and with further research can be extensively employed for bridges.


In the Ethico-Religious Concepts in the Qur'an Toshihiko Izutsu analyzes the guiding spirit of the Islamic moral code, the basic ethical relationship of man to God. Izutsu asserts that, according to the Qur'anic conception, God is of an ethical nature and acts upon man in an ethical way. The resulting implications for man are enormous, requiring devotion not merely to God but to living one's life ethically. Izutsu shows that for the Qur'an our ethical response to God's actions is religion itself; it is at the same time both ethics and religion. Izutsu explores these themes by employing ethnolinguistics, a theory of the interrelations between linguistic cultural patterns, to analyse the semantic structure of major concepts in the Quar'an. Islam, which arose in the seventh century, represents one of the most sweeping religious reforms ever to appear in the East. The Quar'an shows in vividly concrete terms how time-honoured tribal norms came into bloody conflict with new ideals of life, and finally yielded to the rising power. This transitional epoch is of particular importance in the whole of Islamic thought, a time during which the key terms of a traditionally fixed system of values were transformed in their connotative structure, modified in their combinations, and finally integrated into an entirely different system. Originally published in 1959 as The Structure of the Ethical Terms in the Koran and revised under the current title in 1966, this 2002 reprint makes this classic work of Islamic studies once again available.


There is growing concern over the potential misuse of artificial intelligence (AI) research. Publishing scientific research can facilitate misuse of the technology, but the research can also contribute to protections against misuse. This paper addresses the balance between these two effects. Our theoretical framework elucidates the factors governing whether the published research will be more useful for attackers or defenders, such as the possibility for adequate defensive measures, or the independent discovery of the knowledge outside of the scientific community. The balance will vary across scientific fields. However, we show that the existing conversation within AI has imported concepts and conclusions from prior debates within computer security over the disclosure of software vulnerabilities. While disclosure of software vulnerabilities often favours defence, this cannot be assumed for AI research. The AI research community should consider concepts and policies from a broad set of adjacent fields, and ultimately needs to craft policy well-suited to its particular challenges.


Myofibrillar myopathy is a progressive muscle disease characterized by the disintegration of muscle fibers and formation of protein aggregates. Causative mutations have been identified in nine genes encoding Z-disk proteins, including the actin binding protein filamin C (FLNC). To investigate the mechanism of disease in FLNCW2710X myopathy we overexpressed fluorescently tagged FLNC or FLNCW2710X in zebrafish. Expression of FLNCW2710X causes formation of protein aggregates but surprisingly, our studies reveal that the mutant protein localizes correctly to the Z-disk and is capable of rescuing the fiber disintegration phenotype that results from FLNC knockdown. This demonstrates that the functions necessary for muscle integrity are not impaired, and suggests that it is the formation of protein aggregates and subsequent sequestration of FLNC away from the Z-disk that results in myofibrillar disintegration. Similar to those found in patients, the aggregates in FLNCW2710X expressing fish contain the co-chaperone BAG3. FLNC is a target of the BAG3-mediated chaperone assisted selective autophagy (CASA) pathway and therefore we investigated its role, and the role of autophagy in general, in clearing protein aggregates. We reveal that despite BAG3 recruitment to the aggregates they are not degraded via CASA. Additionally, recruitment of BAG3 is sufficient to block alternative autophagy pathways which would otherwise clear the aggregates. This blockage can be relieved by reducing BAG3 levels or by stimulating autophagy. This study therefore identifies both BAG3 reduction and autophagy promotion as potential therapies for FLNCW2710X myofibrillar myopathy, and identifies protein insufficiency due to sequestration, compounded by impaired autophagy, as the cause.


A theoretical color calibration is carried out for three (F140W, F220W, and F342W) of the most heavily used ultraviolet filters, and one visual band filter (F480LP) in the Faint Object Camera on the HST, using the new Kurucz model spectra which became available recently. It is known that the UV filters suffer from the visible leak problem, and it is apparent in this study that the visible leak problem can cause serious trouble to analyses of observed data. We show here that some of the colors defined from these filters do not have a monotonic relation with effective temperature; and thus, the colors fail to indicate a unique effective temperature in certain temperature ranges. This study shows that the problem can be solved by using one of the visual band filters, preferably F480LP, together with the UV filters. The expected model color-magnitude diagrams for a typical globular cluster with the HST ultraviolet colors are also provided.


1. Twelve dogs under light anaesthesia were infused with creatinine, lysozyme and other proteins, and the femoral arterial and urinary concentrations of the infused substances were measured. In some experiments renal venous blood was withdrawn through a catheter inserted by laparotomy. 2. The glomerular permeability to lysozyme was estimated to be 38% of the permeability to creatinine, but there was wide variation and the standard deviation was 11%. 3. The maximum tubular reabsorptive capacity for lysozyme was estimated to be 1·0 mg/100 ml glomerular filtrate, SD 0·44 mg/100 ml. 4. The renal threshold for lysozyme was about 1·0 mg/100 ml. 5. There was evidence supporting the hypothesis that reabsorbed lysozyme is catabolized and no evidence of reabsorption of intact lysozyme into the blood stream. 6. Infusion of myglobin, Bence Jones protein and ovalbumin had no effect on the excretion of endogenous or exogenous (infused) lysozyme. 7. Lysozyme infusions had no conclusive effect on the excretion of (infused) Bence Jones protein or ovalbumin. 8. Corrections, based on the recovery in vitro of lysozyme activity from dog serum and urine, do not significantly alter the results.


BACKGROUND
Suction drains are commonly placed after rhytidectomy to avoid seroma formation that may result from dead spaces between skin layers. Fibrin sealants promote tissue adherence by crosslinking with extracellular matrix proteins, which may reduce the dead space under skin flaps.

OBJECTIVES
The authors evaluate the safety and efficacy of the fibrin sealant (FS) VH S/D 4 s-apr (Artiss; Baxter Healthcare Corp, Deerfield, Illinois), added to standard-of-care (SoC) treatment, in improving flap adherence and reducing dead space in patients undergoing rhytidectomy.

METHODS
Patients with planned facial rhytidectomy were enrolled in this phase 3, prospective, controlled, randomized, patient-blinded, multicenter trial. They received SoC treatment on 1 side of the face and adjunctive FS VH S/D 4 s-apr on the other.

RESULTS
Seventy-five patients completed the trial. The mean (SD) drainage volume was 7.7 (7.4) mL from the sides treated with sealant and 20.0 (11.3) mL from the SoC-only sides (P < .0001). Rates of hematoma and seroma were similar for the 2 treatments, as were changes in postoperative skin sensitivity. Adverse events generally were mild; 2 serious adverse events were reported (wound abscess, dehydration).

CONCLUSIONS
Adjunct use of FS VH S/D 4 s-apr in rhytidectomy was proven safe in this study. It significantly reduced drainage volumes without increasing the incidence of hematoma or seroma, which suggests that it eliminates dead space through improved flap adherence.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
2.


In order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels, the production of biofuels from lignocellulosic agricultural residues is the focus of industrial and scientific interest. The feedstocks of the second generation used for bioethanol production are lignocellulose-containing raw materials like different types of straw, or other plants like miscanthus x giganteus. In all these plants, the cellulose in the lignocellulose is not accessible to enzymes. Therefore, lignin and/or hemicelluloses have to be removed by a specific pretreatment in order to make enzymatic degradation of cellulose possible. We examined and compared the pretreatment of wheat straw by means of steam treatment and steam explosion treatment. After hydrolysis, glucose concentrations up to 300 g kg -1 were reached both for steam- pretreated straw and steam-exploded straw. After fermentation, ethanol concentrations ranging from 120-140 g kg -1 were achieved. Results suggest that the explosion process slightly favors the solubilisation of sugars and, therefore, enhances ethanol production. Only at higher temperature and longer incubation time does the explosion process not seem to be necessary. In addition to this, we examined most of the lignocellulosic residuals in Austria available for bioethanol production. As a result, we can show that even in a country not focused on agricultural production all the bioethanol needed for E10 can easily be provided.