The representations of journalists in popular culture contribute to the public perception of journalism, journalistic routines and conventions, the processes of newsgathering, and overall reality of news media. In a historically male-dominated profession in which the routinization of journalistic conventions seems to perpetuate the male perspective of journalism, the increasing presence of women journalists both reinforce and challenge the masculine culture of the newsroom. By employing a feminist perspective, combined with the discussion about journalistic norms and routines, this paper analyses representations of female journalists in two American television shows – House of Cards and The Following. The critical analysis of the representation of two women journalists' characters contributes to the understanding of the mediated construction of newsroom reality in which women's labor is gendered and sexualized for public consumption. Three thematic categories emerged in the content analysis – challenging the existing journalistic norms, negotiating femininity and sexuality, and victimization. All three categories are the most common discourses that negotiate two characters' femininity, sexuality, and their bodies intertwined with their intellectual labor in the newsroom. The themes are not exhaustive of or limited to femininity and sexuality, but include discourses of access to information, new technologies, and business model changes in the media industry. The study considers how the representation of women journalists for public consumption portrays the use of their bodies to gather the news and how viewers might downplay the abilities of not only women in journalism but mistrust the process of news production and the journalistic profession overall.


Accommodation and convergence play critical roles in the natural process of
 depth perception, and the field of natural three-dimensional (3D) perception in
 stereo displays has been extensively explored. However, no prototypes of these
 natural 3D displays are suitable for wear due to the system size and weight. In
 addition, few of the researches have involved subjects with ametropia. We propose
 and develop an optical see-through head-mounted display (HMD) capable of diopter
 adjustment of both the virtual image and the real world scene. The prototype
 demonstrates a diagonal field of view (FOV) of 42o and an exit pupil diameter of 9
 mm, and a diopter adjustment range of -5.5D to 0D. Depth adjustment of virtual image
 is demonstrated with experiments, the results show the HMD can be further used to
 investigate the accommodation and convergence cues in depth perception in AR
 environment, particularly for users with different degree of the ametropia.


The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that airborne pathogens and viruses have a detrimental impact on the health and well-being of an individual in an indoor space. Respiratory particles are released as droplets of varying velocities and diameters, where smaller droplets (aerosols) linger in air for prolonged periods, increasing the infection risk of individuals in an enclosed space. The pandemic has raised concerns regarding the safety of musicians due to respiratory particles released through woodwind and brass instruments. A collaboration with the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra was pursued to assess the risk of infection and develop strategies to mitigate the spread of respiratory particles using computational fluid dynamics. A coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian modeling approach was employed to examine the airflow patterns and airborne particle pathogen transport induced by the musicians in the music hall. The investigation considered three brass instruments (trumpet, tuba, trombone), without and with a bell covering. It was observed that the dispersion of particles for each instrument depended on the bell design and orientation of the instrument. For example, the trumpet produced a higher concentration of respiratory particles compared to a tuba, which has its tubing wrapped. Additionally, the effect of using bell covers (cloth covering on the opening of the brass instruments) showed that the covers reduced the number of pathogens escaping the instruments by capturing large respiratory particles and reducing the escaping velocity of small particles. Reduced particle velocities at the instrument opening meant that the particles traveled shorter distances, which helped mitigate the spread of virus in the music hall. Moreover, the efficacy of using Plexiglas partitions on the sides and in front of the musicians limited the transmission of pathogens from one musician to another. Overall, the findings of this study helped strategize the location of musicians based on the type of instruments being played and the operating conditions in the music hall to decrease the airborne transmission of the novel Coronavirus.


We combined information from Sr and Pb isotope data and magnetotelluric
models to develop a new magnetic and gravity interpretation of the crustal
structure of north-central Nevada to better understand the origin of mineral
trends. The new interpretation suggests a crustal structure that is composed of
Precambrian continental crust, transitional crust, and primarily oceanic crust
that are separated by northwest- and northeast-striking fault zones. The
magnetic expression of the buried Precambrian continental crust is recognized
for the first time. Low magnetic values primarily reflect magnetite-poor
crystalline crust rather than elevated temperatures at depth. Northwest- and northeast-striking crustal boundaries are defined by isotopic
data and abrupt gradients in gravity and magnetic data. The Carlin and Battle
Mountain-Eureka mineral trends are associated with two of three
northwest-striking boundaries. The Carlin boundary is primarily defined by a
change in density and isotopic character of the lower to middle crust. The
Battle Mountain-Eureka boundary coincides with a density contrast in the upper
crust and a change in isotopic character in the lower to middle crust.
Magnetotelluric models suggest that the Battle Mountain-Eureka boundary
represents a crustal fault zone for most of its extent, but that deep-rooted
faulting is more complex near and northwest of Battle Mountain. Crustal fault
zones inferred from the magnetotelluric models near the Carlin trend are oblique
to it, suggesting that they may not have been controlled by the deep boundary
seen in the gravity and isotopic data. The third northwest-trending boundary is
related to the western edge of the buried Precambrian continent in west-central
Nevada, but lacks an associated mineral trend. A northeast-striking boundary
forms the northern limit of Precambrian continental and transitional crust. The
boundaries may have originated as rift or transform faults during Precambrian
breakup of Rodinia or as faults accommodating lateral movements or accretion
during later Paleozoic tectonic events. Comparing the crustal structure to
tectonic elements produced by successively younger events shows that it had a
profound influence on subsequent sedimentation, deformation, magmatism,
extension, and most important, mineralization.


Introduction At the Department of Animal Systematics and Zoogeography of the Free University Amsterdam the object of study has been already for a number of years the systematics and phylogeny of the microlepidopteran family Nepticulidae. Particularly the species of the western palearctic region have been studied, but also studies on species from New Zealand and Japan have been undertaken. Ideas about the phylogenetic relationships between genera of Nepticulidae are developed. Until now knowledge of Nepticulidae in East Asia, apart from Japan and the Ussuryisk region in the USSR has been negligible because of the lack of material from this part of the world in museum collections. Judging from the distribution of the hostplants in E. Asia the Nepticulid fauna certainly must be very rich. This means that collecting trips to any of the East Asian countries might very well result in the discovery of many hitherto unknown species of this family of moths. The agreement between the Peoples Republic of China and our country gave our department an excellent opportunity to establish cooperation on the study of Nepticulidae with the Zoological Institute of the Academia Sinica, Beijing. The head of our department, Prof. C. Wilkinson, visited the Zoological Institute (and several others) during December 1983 and January 1984 to establish the initial contacts with our counterpart Prof. Liu Youqiao and investigate museum collections. It appeared that even in the P.R.C. very few species of Nepticulidae were present in museum collections, so it became apparent that a collecting trip would be the first step necessary in starting a cooperative study of Nepticulidae in China. This report gives the experiences and preliminary results of this first collecting trip, which lasted from September 4th till November 1st, 1984. The purpose was to collect larvae of Nepticulidae, rear them out, set up a pinned collection to enalble further study, preserve their mines and prepare a herbarium of food plants of the collected Nepticulidae species. Another purpose was to show our Chinese colleagues the necessary techniques for studying microlepidoptera and Nepticulidae in particular, thus enabling them to start their own study and cooperate with us.


The purpose of this thesis is to develop and understand dance balance characteristics on various kinds of dance, related positions and shoe types which contribute to dance performance and to understand different balance controls in various groups. The first study was conducted to examine balance into ballet 2nd position between Ballet shoes and Pointe shoes. Eight dancers performed five different conditions in ballet 2nd position (Ballet Flat, Ballet Demi, Pointe Flat, Pointe Demi, and Pointe Toe) and Centre of Pressure (COP) was used to assess balance. The second study was testing balance control and response to perturbations whilst standing on double leg stance dance positions using a moving platform. Four dance positions were performed by eight subjects (Normal Flat, Turnout Flat, Normal Demi and Turnout Demi) and the platform was moved in two different directions (Forward and Backward) at two different speeds (slow and fast). Kinetics, Kinematics and EMG data was taken from this study. The third study was taken to compare balance control and response to perturbations in single leg standing dance positions between eight dancers and eight gymnasts. The subjects performed static single leg balance in Normal Flat, Turnout Flat, Normal Demi and Turnout Demi. Also, perturbed stance trials were collected in anterior, posterior, right and left directions for two dance positions (Normal Flat and Turnout Flat) at two different speeds (slow and fast) on the moving platform. The results from the studies indicate that dancers move in Medial - Lateral direction more than in Anterior - Posterior direction on Demi-pointe and Toe standing by performing plantar flexion during ballet 2nd position. Demi-pointe position may cause longer delay of EMG latencies because CNS is probably sending information already to keep correcting balance on Demi-pointe. Dancers and Gymnasts have different balance controls due to their ways of training in their performance. Dancers generally reacted faster with slow perturbation in Turnout stance than Gymnasts because this is the particular condition which Dancers are training in.


Historical global declines of megaherbivores from marine ecosystems have hitherto contributed to an understanding of seagrass meadow production dominated by detrital path- ways — a paradigm increasingly being questioned by recent re-evaluations of the importance of herbivory. Recoveries in green turtle populations at some locations provide an ideal opportunity to examine effects of high megaherbivore densities on the fate of seagrass production. We conducted direct field measurements of aboveground herbivory and shoot elongation rates in 9 seagrass meadows across 3 atolls in the Lakshadweep Archipelago (India) representing a gradient of green turtle densities. Across all meadows, green turtles consumed an average of 60% of the total leaf growth. As expected, herbivory rates were positively related to turtle density and ranged from being almost absent in meadows with few turtles, to potentially overgrazed meadows (ca. 170% of leaf growth) where turtles were abundant. Turtle herbivory also substantially reduced shoot elongation rates. Simulated grazing through clipping experiments confirmed this trend: growth rates rapidly declined to almost half in clipped plots relative to control plots. At green turtle den- sities similar to historical estimates, herbivory not only dominated the fate of seagrass primary pro- duction but also drastically reduced production rates in grazed meadows. Intensive turtle grazing and associated movement could also modify rates of detrital cycling, leaf export and local carbon burial, with important consequences for the entire seascape.


This book presents a unique method for decomposing a computer program along its execution paths, for simplifying the subprograms so produced, and for recomposing a program from its subprograms. This method enables us to divide and conquer the complexity involved in understanding the computation performed by a program by decomposing it into a set of subprograms and then simplifying them to the furthest extent possible. The resulting simplified subprograms are generally more understandable than the original program as a whole. The method may also be used to simplify a piece of source code by following the path-oriented method of decomposition, simplication, and recomposition. The analysis may be carried out in such a way that the derivation of the analysis result constitutes a correctness proof. The method can be applied to any source code (or portion thereof) that prescribes the computation to be performed in terms of assignment statements, conditional statements, and loop constructs, regardless of the language or paradigm used.


This research had been held in the region government of mojokerto by taking file "Effectiveness and efficiency of tax leviied and region distribution in Mojokerto Regency". This research porpose is to knowing how far effectiveness and efficiency of tax levied and region distribution wich is done by aaaaaaaregion revenue official (Dinas Pendapatan Daerah). Can the effectiveness and efficiency rate of tax levied increasing Region Natural Revenue (Pendapatan Asli Daerah) of Mojokerto regency. Analyses tool, which is used to know how far effectiveness and effiiency of tax levied, and region distibution are effectiveness ratio and efficiency retio. Analyses ratio is used to knowing the effectiveness and efficiency rate of tax levied and region distribution able to increase region natural revenue. Result of anayses using effectiveness ratio. The effectiveness of tax levied and region distribution on 1999/2000 calculation is 1.604. on year 2000 calculation results 0,959 and year 2001 become 1,408. Result of analyses using efficiency ratio analyses. Eficiency rate of tax levied and region distibution on 1999/2000 calculation is 0,072, year 2000 is 0,079 and 2001 calculation become 0,066. From analyses result, if the tax levied and region distribution run effectve and efficient it would be able to increase the region natural revenue and if do not run effective and efficient it would be able to decrease the region natural revenue.According to the cunclusion before the researcher able implicate to suggest that region revenue official of Mojokerto regency should increase giving more valuable information to people about paying tax and distribution consciously. Exploring object that shuod be taxed and reattributed and increasing mean and infrastucture of tax levied. It is done because effectiveness and efficiency of tax levied have a close relationship to people who get a must to pay tax and retribution. Keyword : pemungutan pajak; Retibusi Link Terkait : http://skripsi.umm.ac.id/files/disk1/23/jiptummpp-gdl-s1-2004-wahyuirwan-1107-pendahul-n.pdf


ABSTRACT We characterise the properties of unstably stratified homogeneous turbulence by means of high-resolution direct numerical simulations and a two-point statistical spectral model based on a quasi-normal closure proposed by Burlot et al. Both approaches agree very well regarding the evolution of one- and two-point turbulent statistics, showing that the model is valid at even higher Reynolds numbers than previously considered. From a parametric study with different initial conditions, we confirm that the energy distribution at large scale influences strongly the late time dynamics of the flow. In particular, we assess the existence of backscatter transfer of energy, and evaluate its role in the growth rate of several turbulent quantities. Moreover, thanks to the statistical model, we analyse the scale-by-scale anisotropy of the flow through the decomposition of turbulent spectra in terms of directional anisotropy and polarisation anisotropy, for a refined characterisation of the structure of the flow which is strongly anisotropic in the large scales. This also allows us to study how isotropy is restored in the inertial scales.


Tropical cyclones, also known as typhoons and hurricanes, are low-pressure weather systems characterised by extremely fast rotational winds. They disproportionately affect developing countries and have the potential to seriously disrupt basic societal functions. Like other natural disasters, cyclones also impact on health. This literature review considers the epidemiology of these events in terms of trauma, communicable disease and non-communicable disease.

Trauma is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, although mechanisms vary between events. Both drowning and building collapse can lead to large numbers of fatalities. Minor injuries represent the primary cause of morbidity in the post-impact phase but carbon monoxide poisoning from inappropriate generator use is emerging as an important risk in both adult and paediatric patients. While communicable disease outbreaks are uncommon in developed settings, gastroenteritis, vector-borne disease and acute respiratory illness pose particular problems in developing communities.

Non-communicable disease constitutes a considerable proportion of healthcare attendances following cyclones, and exacerbations as well as treatment disruptions of chronic diseases are increasingly being recognised as a cause of cyclone-related morbidity and mortality.

Although Australia has well-developed public health infrastructure, major cyclones still have the potential to cause significant human suffering. This review will assist tropical communities in planning for these severe weather events. Implicit in its findings is the importance of injury prevention strategies, communicable disease surveillance and provision for managing chronic illnesses.


ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic is a historic global event that has extended to all parts of society and shaken the core of what we know and how we live. During this pandemic, the work of STEM professionals has taken center stage. Through our close observations of how the events of the pandemic have been unfolding across the globe, we propose an instructional framework that emerged out of the real-time responses of STEM professionals to explain the pandemic and find solutions. This framework centers on data science, computer science, and multidisciplinary convergence as tools for engaging K-12 students in complex societal problems like the pandemic. In this theoretical position statement, we propose our framework that is grounded in three areas: (a) data science and computer science, (b) multidisciplinary convergence, and (c) orientation and support for science teachers specifically and STEM teachers broadly to prepare them for fundamentally different roles. Using data and computer models, students find phenomena and problems compelling, appreciate the power and potential of STEM subjects, and explain phenomena and design solutions to real-world problems. Then, through multidisciplinary convergence, individuals and societies integrate STEM disciplinary knowledge and practices to make informed decisions and take responsible actions. As STEM teachers engage students in explaining phenomena and solving complex societal problems with data science and computer science through the convergence of multiple STEM subjects, teachers take on roles that are fundamentally different from the roles they have traditionally played.


Because of the importance of water resources management, the need for accurate modeling of the rainfall-runoff process has rapidly grown in the past decades. Recently, the support vector machine (SVM) approach has been used by hydrologists for rainfall-runoff modeling and the other fields of hydrology. Similar to the other artificial intelligence models, such as artificial neural network (ANN) and adaptive neural fuzzy inference system, the SVM model is based on the autoregressive properties. In this paper, the wavelet analysis was linked to the SVM model concept for modeling the rainfall-runoff process of Aghchai and Eel River watersheds. In this way, the main time series of two variables, rainfall and runoff, were decomposed to multiple frequent time series by wavelet theory; then, these time series were imposed as input data on the SVM model in order to predict the runoff discharge one day ahead. The obtained results show that the wavelet SVM model can predict both short- and long-term runoff discharges by considering the seasonality effects. Also, the proposed hybrid model is relatively more appropriate than classical autoregressive ones such as ANN and SVM because it uses the multi-scale time series of rainfall and runoff data in the modeling process.


The 20th UK Annual Local Authority Road Maintenance survey has recently highlighted that, despite local authorities reporting an increase in overall maintenance expenditure, one in six roads in England and Wales are classed as being in poor condition. The estimated cost of rectifying this situation is £12 billion. As such, there has never been a more important time to identify resilient and cost effective planned/preventative highway maintenance solutions.Geopolymer cement concrete is generally regarded as an attractive alternative to Portland cement owing to environmental and performance benefits. Reported in this paper are preliminary findings of research undertaken to further interrogate its potential as a high-performance repair material for specific road defects, such as potholes. Undertaken collaboratively with local geopolymer cement producer Banah UK Ltd., metakaolin/alkali silicate-based geopolymer cement was assessed in this capacity. As part of a mix optimisation investigation, reported are key fresh and mechanical material properties including setting time, compressive/flexural strength and impact resistance. Indicative in situ performance, based on findings from accelerated road testing, is also discussed. On-going research to investigate composite material behaviour and optimisation of key material properties, such as bond, modulus of elasticity and abrasion resistance, is additionally reported.


The goal of the Action Plan on Financing Sustainable Growth approved by the European Union in March 2018 is to integrate sustainability considerations into European financial policy framework. To support this, several legislative proposals have been issued which have been further specified in Technical Expert Group on Sustainable Finance (TEG) Reports published from January to September 2019. These reports provide recommendations and develop minimum requirements on specific issues referring to: Taxonomy, creating a unified classification system on what can be considered an environmentally sustainable economic activity; the introduction of a European Green Bond Standard to create a voluntary standard to enhance the effectiveness and comparability of the green bond market; common criteria to create European Climate Benchmarks to avoid misleading users of financial products. This document gives an overview of all these measures, highlighting moreover, their impact and benefits for the different players in the market.


By Kazuo Ishiguro "Ishiguro's new novel is a work of wonder. A recurrent theme in his earlier books is the matter of what happens after we have lost our way. In The Buried Giant, Ishiguro explores losing direction, memory, and certainty, as the primary characters cling to remnants of codes of behavior and belief. Which is the way through the forest? Where might our son be? And where is the dragon, and who shall seek to slay her? Set in the time just after King Arthur's reign, Ishiguro's tale, with striking, fable-like rhythm and narrative, shows how losing and finding our way runs long, deep, and to the core of things." —Rick Simonson, The Elliott Bay Book Company, Seattle, WA


This article will summarize views about 'human nature' proposed by leading philosophers of the Western Canon. These views will later be contrasted with the viewpoint of Muhyiddin Ibn'Arabi on 'human nature'. The question of what it means to know the human rationally and scientifically, and the question of how much this way of knowing can penetrate the double-sided dark-and-light nature of the human as reflected in the serial killer Hannibal Lecter, is a central focus of the article. The article discusses the framework of Tasawwuf (Sufism) which views human nature as both created and divine, from the two perspectives of the zahir (outward) and the batin (inward), as a different form of knowledge than rational and scientific knowledge, in the context of the work of Muhyiddin Ibn'Arabi. In this study, the possibility of understanding 'what' and 'who' the human is, as visible through the character of Lecter, is explored in its philosophical and religious contexts, through being a participant of the film The Silence of the Lambs instead of just being its viewer.


Polyamines are polycationic amines and playing important functions in the cellular growth and proliferation. Abnormal levels of polyamines in the biological fluids have been related to different diseases including cancers. However, polyamine analysis is a difficult task because there are no chromophores in the polyamine structures. In this study, a novel molecularly imprinted fluorescent chemosensor for spermidine detection has been synthesized using quinoline modified-β-cyclodextrin as the functional monomer. The imprinted receptors were formed by the interaction between the spermidine and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The fluorescence of the chemosensor has shown a "Turn-on" response mode which resulted from the increase of the environmental hydrophobicity around the quinoline group due to the inclusion of spermidine in the CD cavity. The chemosensor has selectivity for the spermidine and its structural analogue spermine due to the imprinting effect. In the research, the binding constant of the imprinted membrane was evaluated and the binding mechanism of the MIP was studied by 2D 1H NMR experiment. The research on spermidine analysis in serum demonstrated the imprinted chemosensor has good application potential in the biological sample analysis.


Interactions between microglia and neuronal components are important for normal CNS function. They are also associated with neuroinflammation and many pathological processes and several studies have explored these interactions in terms of phagocytic engulfment. Much progress has also been made in understanding the consequences of chronic neuroinflammatory changes following trauma. However, little is known about acute alterations to these physical non-phagocytic microglial-neuronal interactions following traumatic brain injury (TBI), and particularly to what degree these post-injury interactions may be influenced by the animal species utilized in pre-clinical models of TBI. To investigate these problems, we evaluated the physical interactions between microglia and injured axons acutely (6 h and 1 day) following central fluid percussion injury (cFPI) in both rats and micro pigs. The physical interactions between Iba-1+ microglia and either normal MBP+ myelinated fibers or APP+ injured axonal swellings in the thalamus were assessed following injury or sham via quantitative image analysis of 3D confocal micrographs. The results indicated that the physical interactions between microglia and injured axonal swellings decreased by nearly half in rats 6 h following cFPI but was consistent with sham control at 1 day post-cFPI. This reduction was also observed in non-injured intact fibers at both timepoints following TBI in the rat. Microglial process interactions with injured axons in the micro pig, however, increased nearly 2-fold compared to interactions with intact axonal segments 1 day post-cFPI. This study shows that the species utilized for in vivo pre-clinical studies influences the manner in which microglial-axonal interactions change following TBI. These species differences can be leveraged to further our understanding of the mechanisms involved in microglial process convergence and how these neuro-immune interactions alter the progression of axonal injury following TBI.


A prospective observational study at the newly estab-lished Fetal Medicine Unit, Hamad Hospital, Qatar; evalu-ated the impact of the service on the detection rate of criti-cal congenital heart defects, patterns of referral and sub-sequent yield for structural congenital heart disease in a population with a significant proportion of high risk fac-tors. Of 391 pregnant females examined between January 2003 and December 2004, 58 (14.8%) had fetal cardiac abnormalities of which 23 (5.8% of total referrals) had major structural malformations of the heart. Cases of fetal congenital heart disease had further evaluation us-ing real time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) which is new equipment in the paediatric cardi-ology department. All cases with cardiac defects whether minor or major had follow up fetal echocardiography. Neonatal echocardiography confirmed the diagnosis in all cases with major defects (100% specificity). False positive cases that were found to be normal post natal were 1% of the total cases referred (12% of cases with congenital mal-formation). False negative cases were 1% and all had a small ventricular septal defect (VSD) except for one Down's syndrome with a very large VSD. Three patients needed urgent Caesarean section (CS) deliveries, one with complete heart block (HB) and two with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). One patient traveled abroad as the fetus had left isomerism and major cardiac defects and complete HB. Fifteen newborns had to receive prostaglandin based on the fetal diagnosis before being seen by paediatric cardiologists. There was no termination of pregnancy due to major cardiac defects even in cases of HLHS. The preliminary results of this clinic are very satisfac-tory and have affected favorably the outcome of the new-borns with congenital heart defects. It is hoped that the results of this study will encourage more referrals to the FMU.


We investigate the effect of employer job security guarantees on employee perceptions of job security. Using linked employer-employee data from the 1998 British Workplace Employee Relations Survey, we find job security guarantees reduce employee perceptions of job insecurity. This finding is robust to endogenous selection of job security guarantees by employers engaging in organisational change and workforce reductions. Furthermore, there is no evidence that increased job security through job guarantees results in greater work intensification, stress, or lower job satisfaction.


*A paper read at the South African Medical Congress, Johannesburg, September 1952. Bone atrophy in neural leprosy has never been adequately explained. The results of our investigations have shown that there are three essential features in neural leprosy which accord to a significant degree with each other: the degree of peripheral nerve damage as evidenced by extent of anaesthesia, failure of reflex vasomotor responses and bone atrophy. It is suggested that this failure of reflex vasomotor response which is due to destruction of vasomotor fibres by the leprous peripheral neuritis is of fundamental importance in the causation of the osseous changes.


A global planning problem is analyzed for extracting an exhaustible resource like oil when resource extraction – the only source for current consumption – also generates additions to the stock of GHGs that influence the likelihood of hitting a threshold representing climate change. We derive conditions for optimal extraction when we take into account joint emissions that accumulate to a stock that is governing the planner's beliefs of facing a climate change that will involve a loss in the production capacity of the global economy. Except for "annuity of the continuation payoff", which is the stationary rate of welfare after a climate change, the optimality conditions are very similar to the results found in Loury (1978) - where optimal extraction of a non-renewable resource of unknown size was analyzed. Not surprisingly we find that extraction has a cost ("environmental cost") beyond the standard opportunity cost ("resource rent"), implying a lower rate of extraction as long as no threshold has been hit, compared to the risk-free case. Such saving has an expected rate of return along an optimal strategy should be balanced against the standard required rate of return - the Keynes- Ramsey-Cass-Koopmans-condition.


Telkom SA, over the last decade and a half, has undergone major change in terms of the manner in which it does business. From being a state-owned company to becoming a para-statal, to being run by foreigners and, finally, being run by local leaders within the company, Telkom SA has transformed as a company. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of change implementation on staff turnover in Telkom SA by reviewing the following key issues: The implementation of change within Telkom SA, benchmarked against international best practices; the communication of change/re-structuring initiatives by management in Telkom SA; the effect of change implementation on staff turnover; and the effect of change implementation on employee morale and retention. The rationale of this study is to allow Telkom SA management to review their current implementation strategy of change management initiatives in Telkom SA. Thereafter, it will provide guidelines for improvements in change implementation for the management of Telkom SA. Staff turnover and employee morale can negatively impact service delivery and financial performance of a company, so these recommendations are aimed at improving service delivery and financial performance. The study was descriptive, cross sectional and quantitative, involving the application of a questionnaire, via e-mail and personal interviews, with a sample of staff from the core planning section in the Network Infrastructure Provisioning division, where a high staff turnover rate existed. The questionnaire focused on assessing the impact of the implementation of change management processes on staff turnover at Telkom SA and was developed from the literature review. Data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), Version 15 for both descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings show that a significant percentage of respondents were v vi dissatisfied with the way management had handled issues related to change implementation, communication, turnover, morale and retention. With this in mind, recommendations on ways to reduce the impact of the key issues on the organisation were made. These included the recommendation of lean methodology in order to deal with the first three key issues, namely, implementation, communication, and turnover. Thereafter the 'four cores of credibility' model was recommended to improve employee morale. Finally recommendations were made on ways to improve employee retention. The overarching issue that has come to light is that although management is, to a degree, communicating change implementation, there is a noticeable lack of engagement with employees. The onus, therefore, lies with leadership to lift the levels of engagement with employees, thereby reducing the impact of change implementation on the organisation by increasing the level of transparency in the organisation. Improving communication would lead to improved trust, which would then result in improved employee morale, ultimately leading to a reduction in the staff turnover rate.


'Like the best memoirs, this one is written with novelistic and poetic flair. Red Dust Road is a fantastic, probing and heart-warming read' - "Independent". From the moment when, as a little girl, she realizes that her skin is a different colour from that of her beloved mum and dad, to the tracing and finding of her birth parents, her Highland mother and Nigerian father, Jackie Kay's journey in "Red Dust Road" is one of unexpected twists, turns and deep emotions. In a book remarkable for its warmth and candour, she discovers that inheritance is about much more than genes: that we are shaped by songs as much as by cells, and that what triumphs, ultimately, is love. 'A clear-eyed, witty and unsentimental account of the push and pull between nature and nurture. Happiness shines through' - "Sunday Times". 'Wonderful, humane ...This is a book with resolution, determination and honesty' - "Scotland on Sunday". 'It is Kay's abundant wit that makes Red Dust Road such a moving, spirited work. This is a terrifically easy, evocative, and often amusing read ...A remarkable, soul-searching journey' - "Sunday Herald".


The publication highlights that the COVID-19 pandemic has shown that different cities have different capacities to cope with crises. Both the pandemic and the economic crisis caused by lockdown measures have disproportionally affected different cities as well as different groups of the population; the most vulnerable groups of society have suffered most.

Cities possess massive resources, talent and creativity and serve as hubs for knowledge sharing, experimentation and innovation, generating new ideas, embedding these solutions locally and scaling-up successful practices. Cities,
however, are not abstract sustainability-making machines; they are places where real people live, work, study and flourish. Cities are made of people, by people and for people. Sustainable measures will have to make sense to inhabitants of cities, making their life more liveable. Furthermore, it is people who drive sustainability and who are its ultimate source and beneficiaries. This vision underpins the notion of people-smart sustainable cities, introduced in this publication.


Purpose: To evaluate the efficiency and safety of using autologous fibrin glue for attachment of a conjunctival autograft in primary pterygium surgery Methods: In this prospective interventional case series, 15 eyes from 13 patients with primary nasal pterygium were included for conjunctival autograft surgery. On the operation day, thrombin and fibrinogen were prepared from the patient's own blood in two separate sealed tubes in the blood transfusion center. Autologous fibrin glue was applied over the bare sclera for attachment of the free conjunctival autograft to the surrounding conjunctiva and sclera. The anatomic outcomes of flap, surgical time, recurrence rate, and other complications were evaluated on days 1, 3, and 7 and at months 1, 6, and 9 and 3 year after operation. A patient's pain was evaluated using a 5-point scale from Lim-Bon-Siong et al grading at all visits. Results: Of the 13 patients, 76.9% were male. The mean age of the patients was 37.26±12.61 (SD) years (range 23-60). The mean follow-up period was 34.67±2.96 months (range 25-36). Three eyes (20%) developed autograft retraction that resolved completely with continued eye patching. Two eyes (13.33%) developed total graft dehiscence, and sutures were used for reattachment of the graft in its correct position. Two eyes (13.33%) developed recurrence of pterygium, one of them had already a total graft dehiscence. In 13 eyes (86.66%), the conjunctival grafts were appropriately adhered to the bed and surrounding conjunctiva without suturing in the final visit. In the first postoperative day, ocular pain was recorded as grade 1 in 11 eyes (73.3%), grade 2 in 3 eyes (20%), and grade 3 in 1 eye (6.6%). In all patients, ocular pain disappeared during the 5 days after operation, except for two patients who needed suturing for graft reattachment, in whom ocular pain continued for 2 weeks. No other complications were found during follow-up. Conclusion: This case series suggests that autologous fibrin glue is a safe and useful alternative method for graft fixation in pterygium surgery.


Three of the oldest extant chronicles of Korea and Japan, the Samguk sagi, the Samguk yusa, and the Nihon shoki, recount the story of the Silla prince Misahŭn's escape from extended captivity in Wa. Regarding Wa as the early Yamato confederacy based in western. Japan, this article clarifies the chronology and characteristics of the Misahŭn incident in reference to the series of related events described by the inscription on the Koguryŏ king Kwanggaet'o's stele. Between 391 and 399, Silla succumbed to Wa's military attacks and sent Misahŭn to Wa as a means of appeasement. Silla, however, soon chose to return to Koguryŏ's sphere of inßuence to ward off further Wa assaults. After Koguryŏ annihilated the Wa forces, Silla managed to retrieve the prince from Wa with a clever scheme. Unlike Paekche's reciprocal relationship with Wa, Silla's relationship with Wa was unilateral, based on the latter's incessant demands.


The brief's key findings are: Obtaining an employer pension involves four steps: 1) having a job; 2) working for a firm with a plan; 3) being eligible for the plan; and 4) taking up the plan. For lower-income individuals, the weakest links in this chain are a lack of employment and employment with firms that do not offer a plan. Take-up rates are less of a factor, but will become increasingly important as voluntary 401(k)s continue to replace mandatory defined benefit plans. The most effective policy solution for boosting pension participation would be to provide all workers with access to a plan and automatically enroll them.


Brown's legacy and what it says about the efficacy of litigation as a vehicle to achieve social change mean different things to different people. Although popular mythology emphasizes Brown's critical role in securing equal educational opportunity, careful reflection reveals that the decision's legacy is anything but clear. A narrow focus on school desegregation suggests Brown's legacy is aptly characterized as one of unfulfilled promise. A broader focus that extends to include subsequent equal educational opportunity activity such as the school finance litigation movement, however, casts positive light on Brown's legacy. More important than completing interpretations of Brown's legacy is what the decision implies for current and future efforts to secure greater educational equity through litigation. In this Article I argue that Brown's legacy does not bode well for future litigation efforts seeking to enhance the equal educational opportunity doctrine, principally due to how the doctrine has evolved during the past fifty years. Even if one concludes that Brown succeeded in the school desegregation context, the equal educational opportunity doctrine has changed during the past fifty years in ways that make it less amenable to litigation. Unlike past efforts, emerging reform efforts focus more directly on student academic achievement rather than race or school funding. Academic achievement implicates teaching and learning activities - activities located deeper inside schools and classrooms and further from litigation's reach. If past education reformers and litigants found it difficult to penetrate factors located outside schools (school demographic profiles and funding levels), litigation efforts seeking to influence student achievement will encounter even greater difficulty. Student academic achievement's insulation from even successful litigation underscores its inherent complexity, the salience of non-legal components and, more generally, structural limitations of law and litigation as tools to achieve desired social change. If my central claims are correct, the more complicated litigation efforts of the future will require manifestly greater effort. And greater effort alone will not insure success.


The author argues that telecommunications constitutes a new, postindustrial international dimension and that the nature of artists' work in this medium differs radically from that of most earlier art forms. This paper provides an overview of artists' work with telecommunications systems and gives a brief history of some significant events of the last 10 years. The creative development of the medium by artists is described, and an emergent new paradigm of interactive work is discussed in terms of cultural theories of communication.


A Bayesian approach is presented for model-based classification of images with application to synthetic-aperture radar. Posterior probabilities are computed for candidate hypotheses using physical features estimated from sensor data along with features predicted from these hypotheses. The likelihood scoring allows propagation of uncertainty arising in both the sensor data and object models. The Bayesian classification, including the determination of a correspondence between unordered random features, is shown to be tractable, yielding a classification algorithm, a method for estimating error rates, and a tool for evaluating the performance sensitivity. The radar image features used for classification are point locations with an associated vector of physical attributes; the attributed features are adopted from a parametric model of high-frequency radar scattering. With the emergence of wideband sensor technology, these physical features expand interpretation of radar imagery to access the frequency- and aspect-dependent scattering information carried in the image phase.


We describe a new application of an existing perfect sampling technique of Corcoran and Tweedie to estimate the self energy of an interacting Fermion model via Monte Carlo summation. Simulations suggest that the algorithm in this context converges extremely rapidly and results compare favorably to true values obtained by brute force computations for low dimensional toy problems. A variant of the perfect sampling scheme which improves the accuracy of the Monte Carlo sum for small samples is also given.


O-glycosylation is one of the most requisite and ubiquitous protein post translational modification by which the oligosaccharides are conjugated to polypeptide backbone at specific sites. Proteins involved in this modification are synthesized as encoded by their genetic information and the function of the glycoprotein is determined by the O-glycosylated sites and the conjugated glycans. The identification of O-glycosylation sites has been developing rapidly in recent years both by experimental and theoretical studies. In the present study, we adopted a method to predict O-glycosylation site by integrating genetic and proteomic sequence information. Data for the analysis are taken from O-GlycBase v6.0, EMBL-EBI and UniprotKB/Swissprot databases. The prediction is carried out on the collected datasets by following jack-knife procedure. As there is no predefined consensus motif identified for O-glycosylation, the preference of amino acids and codons within the window size of -3 to +3 positions of the glycosylated sites are computed. The analysis reveals the preference of specific codons and amino acids around the glycosylated sites. A prediction program is developed to identify the sites of glycosylation based on the preferences of codons and amino acids. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of our prediction method are 91%, 78% and 86% respectively. In order to access our prediction, a comparative study is carried out on prediction with some of the publically available online predictors. It resulted in high predictive performance. In addition to amino acids, preference of certain codons around the glycosylated sites might play a role in the glycosylability of glycoproteins and the methodology could be extended to study other such modifications in proteins to gain better insights.


In a major burst of creativity, Russian poet Alexander Pushkin during just three months in 1830 completed Eugene Onegin, composed more than thirty lyric poems, wrote several short stories and folk tales, and penned the four short dramas in verse that comprise the "little tragedies." The "little tragedies" stand among the great masterpieces of Russian literature, yet they were last translated into English a quarter-century ago and have in recent years been out of print entirely. In this outstanding new translation, Nancy K. Anderson preserves the cadence and intensity of Pushkin's work while aligning it with today's poetic practices and freer approach to metrics. In addition she provides critical essays examining each play in depth, a discussion of her approach to translating the plays, and a consideration of the genre of these dramatic pieces and their performability. The four "little tragedies"-Mozart and Salieri, The Miserly Knight, The Stone Guest, and A Feast During the Plague-are extremely compressed dialogues, each dealing with a dominant protagonist whose central internal conflict determines both the plot and structure of the play. Pushkin focuses on human passions and the interplay between free will and fate: though each protagonist could avoid self-ruin, instead he freely chooses it.


Myopia is invariably a lifelong condition characterised by high prevalence, significant risk in terms of associated ocular pathology, due to its increased axial length, and a substantial economic and social burden. While myopia can be corrected with spectacles and standard contact lenses, neither protect the eye from continued growth nor increased progression. At birth, the eye's refractive error can be significant. As the eye grows the magnitudeof refractive error commonly reduces in a process termed 'emmetropisation'. Substantial evidence exists to suggest that emmetropisation is an active process which relies on a normal visual experience, the absence of which in early life typically results in a refractive error. Research from animal models has shown the peripheral retina also plays a role in the emmetropisation process. Modification of the peripheral focus has been found to influence myopia progression. This thesis is stimulated by the findings of Anstice and Phillips (2011) who, using a Dual-Focus contact lens, which provided clear central vision and simultaneous peripheral myopic retinal defocus, showed a reduction in axial myopic progression in children. This thesis aims to describe the efficacy of a parallel-group, double blind and randomised controlled trial of a dual focus contact lens to slow myopia progression in children. Biometric data were compared for 27 myopic child participants aged 8 to 12 years at baseline. Children who wore the test lens had 41% less progression of myopia as measured by cycloplegic refraction and 44.5% less axial elongation after 12 months of lens wear. Additionally, the effect of lag of accommodation, peripheral refractive error, pupil size and time spent outdoors were explored. This thesis demonstrates that peripheral retinal defocus plays a role in slowing the progression of myopia in children and that interventions to limit the progression of myopia may need to be tailored to individual characteristics.


For identical diagnoses in the trigeminal innervation territory, individual differences have been clinically observed among the symptoms reported, such as dysesthesia and pain. Different subjective perceptions of unpleasantness and pain intensity may have different cortical substrates. The aim of this study was to identify brain areas in which activation depends on the subjective perception (intensity and unpleasantness) of electric dental stimulation. Electrical stimuli of increasing intensity were applied to maxillary canines in 14 healthy volunteers. Ratings for stimulus intensity and unpleasantness perceived across the stimulation session were reported postscan on 11-point numerical scales. The rating values were then included as covariates in the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) group analysis. Interindividual differences of intensity ratings were reflected in differential activity of the following brain areas: superior parietal lobule, superior temporal gyrus/anterior insula, inferior and middle temporal gyrus, lingual gyrus, anterior cingulate, and caudate nucleus. Differences related to unpleasantness ratings were reflected in the lingual gyrus. In conclusion, differences of perceived intensity between individuals are reflected in the differential activity of a set of brain areas distinct from those regions, reflecting rating differences of unpleasantness.


At present Veps, a Finno-Ugric minority in north-western Russia, live in three different administrative regions, i.e., the Republic of Karelia, and the Leningrad and Vologda Oblasts. Due to several socio-economic and political factors Veps have experienced a drastic change in their communicative practices and ways of speaking in the last century. Indeed, Vepsian heritage language is now classified as severely endangered by UNESCO. Since perestroika a group of Vepsian activists working in Petrozavodsk (Republic of Karelia) has been promoting Vepsian language and culture. This paper aims to challenge an international rhetoric around language endangerment and language death through an analysis of Vepsian language ecology and revitalisation. Vepsian ontologies and communicative practices do not always match detached metaphors of language, which view them as separate entities and often in competition with each other. The efforts to promote the language and how these are discussed among the policy-makers and Vepsian activists also do not concur with such a drastic terminology as death and endangerment. Therefore, this paper aims to bring to the surface local ontologies and worldviews in order to query the paradigms around language shift and language death that dominate worldwide academic and political discourse.


ABSTRACT New procedures are explored for the development of models in the context of large eddy simulation (LES) of a passive scalar. They rely on the combination of the optimal estimator theory with machine-learning algorithms. The concept of optimal estimator allows to identify the most accurate set of parameters to be used when deriving a model. The model itself can then be defined by training an artificial neural network (ANN) on a database derived from the filtering of direct numerical simulation (DNS) results. This procedure leads to a subgrid scale model displaying good structural performance, which allows to perform LESs very close to the filtered DNS results. However, this first procedure does not control the functional performance so that the model can fail when the flow configuration differs from the training database. Another procedure is then proposed, where the model functional form is imposed and the ANN used only to define the model coefficients. The training step is a bi-objective optimisation in order to control both structural and functional performances. The model derived from this second procedure proves to be more robust. It also provides stable LESs for a turbulent plane jet flow configuration very far from the training database but over-estimates the mixing process in that case.


This paper presents a novel filtering technique that uses contact detection data and environmental stiffness estimates to register and localize a robot with respect to an a priori 3D surface model. The algorithm leverages geometric constraints within a Kalman filter framework and relies on two distinct update procedures: 1) an equality constrained step for when the robot is forcefully contacting the environment, and 2) an inequality constrained step for when the robot lies in the free-space of the environment. This filtering procedure registers the robot by incrementally eliminating probabilistically infeasible state space regions until a high likelihood solution emerges. In addition to registration and localization, the algorithm can estimate the deformation of the surface model and can detect false positives with respect to contact estimation. This method is experimentally evaluated with an experiment involving a continuum robot interacting with a bench-top flexible structure. The presented algorithm produces an experimental error in registration (with respect to the end-effector position) of 1.1 mm, which is less than 0.8 percent of the robot length.


The market for hospital registered nurses (RNs) is often offered as an example of "classic" monopsony, while a "new" monopsony literature emphasizes firm labor supply being upward-sloping for reasons other than market structure. Using data from several sources, we explore the relationship between wages and measures of classic and new monopsony. Micro wage data for 1993-2002 provide little evidence of classic monopsonistic outcomes in the long run, the relative wages of RNs in 240 U.S. labor markets being largely uncorrelated with market size or employer concentration. A short-run relationship is found, with RN wages declining in markets with increased hospital system concentration. Measures of new monopsony use data on mobility to proxy inverse supply elasticities. No relationship is found between these measure and nursing wages, but evidence supporting new monopsony is found for women elsewhere in the labor market. RNs display greater inter-employer mobility than do women (or men) in general. Two conclusions follow. First, evidence of upward sloping labor supply need not imply monopsonistic outcomes. Second, nursing should not be held up as a prototypical example of monopsony.


Completeness checking of constructional steel structures with several hundred weld-on parts (mountings, such as car body shells/chassis for rail vehicles, for example) still represents a great challenge. It has been performed manually so far. By the use of 3-D scanners, it is possible to obtain sufficiently comprehensive information about the actual configuration (as-is state) of the constructional steel structure to be checked. For this purpose, the laser beam geometry must be contemplated. By using an adapted algorithm for post-processing of the resulting point clouds, difference figures are superimposed over the respective 3-D model as the target state. Therefore, an algorithm was adapted and applied here. The difference figures are useful for signalling the possible deviations and the missing parts, at least, however, suspect points. Thus, the disadvantages of the exclusively manual completeness checking practiced so far, i.e. tiredness and slowness of the inspector, can largely be avoided. The 3-D model-based inspection procedure allows one to handle the variation in the target state with just a few volumes of equal configuration (e.g. less than 10 trains with equal configuration). There is a general problem that the tolerance for the structure is in the same range as the size of the mountings. It is possible to solve this problem by dividing the test item as well as the point cloud into areas. Superposing the 3-D model by point clouds and calculating the difference figures will be performed area by area.


Bracci et al (1) conducted an important study of the expression of nine circadian genes and the levels of melatonin and estradiol among female nurses working a rotating shift schedule compared to nurses on a day-only shift. Rotating shift is perhaps the most disruptive to circadian physiology and sleep (2). The authors found elevated estradiol levels in the blood of rotating- compared to day-shift nurses, but no significant difference in the urinary melatonin metabolite 6-sulphatoxymelatonin. Their interpretation was that because there was a day off between last work shift and collection of overnight urine specimens, melatonin production in the night workers had rebounded from the last night shift worked, whereas the change in estradiol in blood was a longer lasting effect of chronic shift work and the circadian disruption that it entails. Elevated estradiol from exposure to light at night, via melatonin suppression, was the first mechanism offered for an elevated risk of breast cancer in women in the industrialized world (3).

In addition, Bracci et al (1) found greater levels of expression of certain circadian genes and lower levels of others. A couple years ago, we published results from a small study of women working the night shift in Denmark compared to day-working women (4). We had hypothesized that expression of CLOCK would be higher and CRY2 would be lower in the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of night-working women. Due to the type of samples available to us, we could not examine transcript levels and so rather we looked at the degree of promoter methylation with the inference that hypomethylation was consistent with increased gene expression and hypermethylation consistent with decreased gene expression. Our reasoning was that CLOCK acts a transcriptional activator within the circadian molecular machinery, whereas CRY2 acts as a transcriptional repressor; therefore CLOCK may be more generally an "oncogene" and CRY2 a "tumor suppressor". We had previously found that women with breast cancer showed hypomethylation of CLOCK (5) and hypermethylation of CRY2 (6) compared to population controls, consistent with our prediction. Since shift-working women have been reported to be at increased risk of breast cancer (7), we reasoned that shift workers in general would show these same changes systemically in CLOCK and CRY2 expression.

Using a more direct approach, Bracci et al (1) also found evidence for elevated CLOCK gene expression in PBL of night-working women compared to day workers, and lower expression of CRY2 . Although each of the nine or so core circadian genes has a specific function within the circadian feedback loop, it is becoming clear that each also has many other functions in physiology systemically (eg, 8); as much as 10% of the entire genome is under direct circadian control (9). The other gene expression changes Bracci et al (1) found undoubtedly have implications far beyond the cellular clock itself.

If the gene expression changes found by Bracci et al (1) and the DNA methylation changes we observed (4) are replicable, then they are quite important. These consistent changes should be examined in women and men working less disruptive non-day shifts such as permanent evening or night. In addition, even among day working people, greater exposure to light at night might also yield changes in gene expression pertinent to cancer risk. With these expression markers of circadian disruption, there may ultimately result a better understanding of the links among electric lighting, circadian disruption, and breast cancer and other diseases. The long-term goal is, of course, better use of lighting for work, play, and health (10).


Aim: To study the current prevalence and trends in overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Denmark from 1995 to 2000—2002. Methods: Cross-sectional national dietary surveys were conducted in 1995 and 2000—2002. The analysis was based on two random population samples from the Danish civil registration system. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from self-reported height and weight for 1,026 and 1,152 children and adolescents (4—18 years), who participated in 1995 and 2000—2002, respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was defined according to the international age and gender-specific child BMI cut-off points. In the statistical analysis, overweight and obesity were included in the prevalence of overweight. Results: Mean BMI increased significantly between 1995 and 2000—2002 for all combinations of age groups (4—6, 7—10, 11—14 and 15—18 years) and genders. Prevalence of overweight increased between survey years for boys and girls for all age groups (4—6, 7—10, 11—14 and 15—18 years), although formal statistical significance was not reached (p>0.05). When all children and adolescents (4—18 years) were analysed, the prevalence of overweight rose significantly from 10.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 9.0—12.8) to 14.4% (95% CI 12.5—16.3) between 1995 and 2000— 2002 (p=0.01), whereas the increase in the prevalence of obesity did not reach significance (1995, 2.3% (95% CI 1.3—3.3) vs. 2000—2002, 2.4% (95% CI 1.6—3.3); p=0.74). Conclusions: The present study revealed a significant increase from 1995 to 2000—2002 in mean BMI for boys and girls for all age groups and a significant increase in the prevalence of overweight when all Danish children and adolescents (4—18 years) were analysed.


Diet is one of the most important factors that are necessary for the better health of an individual. Provision of diet for the maintenance of physical and mental health is a basic right of an individual and the outcome of factors related to diet on health has been matter of concern since ancient times. Flaxseed (Linum Usitatissimum) is generally cultivated for linen fiber or for oil from its seeds. Flax seed is richest source of alpha-linolenic acid, lignans and other nutritional components. The incorporation of flax seed into diet can help to have a superior taste in regularly consumed dishes. The reddish brown flax seed grains have a pleasant flavour and taste resembling nuts and its utilization is simple in different products. Considering the above facts, this study was undertaken with special interest in the development of omega 3 fatty acid enriched designer food. The aim of the study to optimize roasted linseed powder (RLSP) incorporated Chidwa laddu food using Response Surface Methodology. The optimum condition of rice flakes 138.16g, RLSP 20g, groundnut 28.82g and Bengal gram 20g respectively. Corresponding to these values of process variables, the values of carbohydrate 287.48g, protein 34.39g, omega 3 fatty acid 36.58mg and overall acceptability 8. The overall desirability was 0.51 respectively.


Enterprise Architecture (EA) management relies on solid and up-to-date information about the current state of an EA. In current practices the manual collection of information is prevailing resulting in an error-prone, time-consuming, and expensive task. Recent research efforts seek to automate this task by integrating existing information sources in the organization to optimize the EA documentation process. While automation of EA documentation enables many advantages, the transformation of the collected information to an EA model remains an unresolved challenge since it cannot be automated completely. In particular, conflicts resulting from partial transformations require involvement of EA Stakeholders possibly not having a technical background. In this paper we propose an approach for the conflict resolution facilitating our long-term goal of automated EA documentation. We illustrate our approach using a productive Enterprise Service Bus from a leading organization of the fashion industry and evaluate our approach with expert interviews.


We present a multimodal science simulation, including visual and auditory (descriptions, sound effects, and sonifications) display. The design of each modality is described, as well as evaluation with learners with and without visual impairments. We conclude with challenges and opportunities at the intersection of multiple modalities.


The origin of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) is an open question. In this proceeding, we first review the general physical requirements that a source must meet for acceleration to 10-100 EeV, including the consideration that the shock is not highly relativistic. We show that shocks in the backflows of radio galaxies can meet these requirements. We discuss a model in which giant-lobed radio galaxies such as Centaurus A and Fornax A act as slowly-leaking UHECR reservoirs, with the UHECRs being accelerated during a more powerful past episode. We also show that Centaurus A, Fornax A and other radio galaxies may explain the observed anisotropies in data from the Pierre Auger Observatory, before examining some of the difficulties in associating UHECR anisotropies with astrophysical sources.


Previous studies demonstrated that brief (3 to 4 min) daily application of light at 670 nm to diabetic rodents inhibited molecular and pathophysiologic processes implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and reversed diabetic macular edema in small numbers of patients studied. Whether or not this therapy would inhibit the neural and vascular lesions that characterize the early stages of the retinopathy was unknown. We administered photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy daily for 8 months to streptozotocin-diabetic mice and assessed effects of PBM on visual function, retinal capillary permeability, and capillary degeneration using published methods. Vitamin D receptor and Cyp24a1 transcripts were quantified by quantitative real-time PCR, and the abundance of c-Kit+ stem cells in blood and retina were assessed. Long-term daily administration of PBM significantly inhibited the diabetes-induced leakage and degeneration of retinal capillaries and also significantly inhibited the diabetes-induced reduction in visual function. PBM also inhibited diabetes-induced reductions in retinal Cyp24a1 mRNA levels and numbers of circulating stem cells (CD45−/c-Kit+), but these effects may not account for the beneficial effects of PBM on the retinopathy. PBM significantly inhibits the functional and histopathologic features of early DR, and these effects likely are mediated via multiple mechanisms.


A 3D hydrodynamical model is applied to the ria of A Coruna to analyze the evolution of the circulation pattern in the ria after the building of a breakwater (Barrie de la Maza dock) in the sixties. This circulation pattern has changed greatly. On the one hand, the circulation, which was almost parallel to the shore line under the original conditions, now shows a gyre near the end of the dock. On the other hand, a considerable increase (about 30%) in the velocities near the end of the breakwater and in the main channel of the estuary has been observed after the building of the dock. A stronger bottom shear stress has been generated in the estuary areas where the velocity increased. The bottom shear stress increase was particularly great (over 100%) near the end of the dock. This increase in the shear stress produced bottom erosion and matter resuspension, and consequently major changes in the bathymetry. In addition, in situ sedimentary measurements carried out by Lopez-Jamar (1996) corroborate the bottom erosion in the main chanel of the estuary and at the end of the dock produced by the velocity increase generated by the building of the breakwater.


The directional shear cell has become an important tool for investigating anisotropic soil behavior, especially effects caused by rotation of principal stress directions during monotonic, cyclic, proportional, and nonproportional loading. This paper describes a newly developed directional shear cell and typical stress-strain response curves from two groups of experiments on a cohesionless soil where the principal stress directions either rotate discretely in a jump-like manner or continuously rotate at constant magnitude. It is shown that stiffness moduli are significantly reduced when principal stresses rotate with respect to the soil fabric and that substantial shear strains occur when principal stresses rotate while their magnitudes remain constant.


Introduction The analysis of the diffusion of the Internet, taking into account different social and cultural activities, and different political fields, highlights the existence of the "Digital Divide", that is the digital gap among those having material and cultural resources to exploit the new technologies and those that do not, or that do not have the ability to adapt to the rapid changes that characterize the Internet today. Even if researchers, organizations and governments acknowledge the existence of the digital divide, there have been theories attempting to identify the possible causes of this phenomenon. Many researchers have acknowledged that the differences concerning Internet use among countries are fundamentally related to economic variables such as Internet access costs and per capita income. Starting from these argumentations, the Institute of Informatics and Telematics of the National Research Council of Pisa (IIT-CNR) has decided to analyze the diffusion of the Internet among individuals and compare the respective penetration rates at a geographical level. This in order to verify the possible presence of a Digital Divide in Italy and analyze the factors that determine it, taking into consideration not only economic variables but also, demographic, technological variables.


This paper explores the quasi-deformation scheme devised by Hartwig, Larsson and Silvestrov as applied to the simple Lie algebra sl2(F). One of the main points of this method is that the quasi-deformed algebra comes endowed with a canonical twisted Jacobi identity. We show in the present article that when the quasi-deformation method is applied to sl2(F) via representations by twisted derivations on the algebra F[t]/(tN) one obtains interesting new multi-parameter families of almost quadratic algebras.


Part I. Introduction to Whole Grains and Health. 1. The Future of Whole Grains. 2. Using a Model of the Food and Nutrition System for Examining Whole Grain Foods from Agriculture to Health. Part II. Whole Grains, Dietary Fiber, and Chronic Disease. 3. Whole Grains and Diabetes. 4. Whole Grains and Related Dietary Patterns in Relation to Weight Gain. 5. Whole Grains and Cardiovascular Disease. 6. Whole Grains and Cancer Prevention. 7. The Effects of Cereal Fibers on Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Risk. Part III. Grain Technology and Health-related Outcomes. 8. Biochemistry and Compartmentalization of Cereal Grain Components and Their Functional Relationship to Mammalian Health. 9. Structure of Whole Grain Breads: Sensory Perception and Health Effects. 10. Aleurone: Processing, Nutrition, Product Development, and Marketing. 11. Active Components of Whole Grain Foods. 12. White Wheat: Biochemical and Sensory Characteristics of Bread. 13. Barley beta-glucan and Wheat Arabinoxylan Soluble Fiber Technologies for Health-promoting Bread Products. 14. Modulating Glycemia with Cereal Products. 15. Whole Grain Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity. 16. Alkylresorcinols as a Potential Biomarker for Whole Grain Wheat and Rye. 17. Resistant Starch as a Contributor to the Health Benefits of Whole Grains. 18. Influence of Germination Conditions on the Bioactivity of Rye. Part IV. Whole Grains and Consumer and Regulatory Issues. 19. Barriers to the Consumption of Whole Grain Foods. 20. Consumer Acceptance of Refined and Whole Wheat Breads. 21. The Whole Grain Stamp Program. 22. Whole Grains and Consumers. 23. The Industry's Commitment to Whole Grains Education. 24. Industry Initiatives in Whole Grain Education. 25. Communicating with Consumers: Whole Grain Messaging. 26. Global Regulation, Labeling, Claims, and Seals: Perspectives and Guidelines. Index


In this work we use Branch-and-Bound (BB) to efficiently detect objects with deformable part models. Instead of evaluating the classifier score exhaustively over image locations and scales, we use BB to focus on promising image locations. The core problem is to compute bounds that accommodate part deformations; for this we adapt the Dual Trees data structure [7] to our problem.

We evaluate our approach using Mixture-of-Deformable Part Models [4]. We obtain exactly the same results but are 10-20 times faster on average. We also develop a multiple-object detection variation of the system, where hypotheses for 20 categories are inserted in a common priority queue. For the problem of finding the strongest category in an image this results in a 100-fold speedup.


Abstract. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of photo-oxidation on organic aerosol (OA) emissions from flaming and smoldering hard- and soft-wood fires under plume-like conditions. This was done by exposing the dilute emissions from a small wood stove to UV light in a smog chamber and measuring the gas- and particle-phase pollutant concentrations with a suite of instruments including a Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS), an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) and a thermodenuder. The measurements highlight how atmospheric processing can lead to considerable evolution of the mass and volatility of biomass-burning OA. Photochemical oxidation produced substantial new OA, increasing concentrations by a factor of 1.5 to 2.8 after several hours of exposure to typical summertime hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations. Less than 20% of this new OA could be explained using a state-of-the-art secondary organic aerosol model and the measured decay of traditional SOA precursors. The thermodenuder data indicate that the primary OA is semivolatile; at 50°C between 50 and 80% of the fresh primary OA evaporated. Aging reduced the volatility of the OA; at 50°C only 20 to 40% of aged OA evaporated. The predictions of a volatility basis-set model that explicitly tracks the partitioning and aging of low-volatility organics was compared to the chamber data. The OA production can be explained by the oxidation of low-volatility organic vapors; the model can also reproduce observed changes in OA volatility and composition. The model was used to investigate the competition between photochemical processing and dilution on OA concentrations in plumes.


AIMS
Non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) is present in about 60-70% of patients admitted with acute coronary syndromes in clinical practice. This study provides a 'real-life' overview of NSTE-ACS patient characteristics, dual antiplatelet therapy clinical practice, and outcomes at both the time of discharge from hospital and up to 1-year post-discharge.

METHODS AND RESULTS
A total of 10 registries (documenting 84 054 NSTE-ACS patients) provided data in a systematic manner on patient characteristics and outcomes for NSTE-ACS in general, and 6 of these (with 52 173 NSTE-ACS patients) also provided more specific data according to P2Y12 receptor inhibitor used. Unadjusted analyses were performed at the study level, and no formal meta-analysis was performed due to large heterogeneity between studies in the settings, patient characteristics, and outcome definitions. All-cause death rates across registries ranged from 0.76 to 4.79% in-hospital, from 1.61 to 6.65% at 30 days, from 3.66 to 7.16% at 180 days, and from 3.14 to 9.73% at 1 year. Major bleeding events were reported in up to 2.77% of patients while in hospital (in seven registries), up to 1.08% at 30 days (data from one registry only), and 2.06% at 1 year (one registry).

CONCLUSIONS
There were substantial differences in the use of and patient selection for clopidogrel, prasugrel, and ticagrelor, which were associated with differences in short- and long-term ischaemic and bleeding events. In future registries, data collection should be performed in a more standardized way with respect to endpoints, definitions, and time points.


1. Rats were made hypertensive by ligating the aorta between the origins of both renal arteries. Sham-operated animals served as controls. Urinary and renal kallikrein activities, as well as plasma and renal renin activities, were measured 8 and 90 days after surgery. 2. Blood pressure was 155 +/- 6 mmHg on day 8 after aortic ligature and 142 +/- 6 mmHg on day 90; in controls pressures were 107 +/- 3 and 110 +/- 5 mmHg respectively. 3. Eight days after aortic ligature, kallikrein activity in the ischaemic kidneys was about 6.5 times, and in the non-ischaemic kidneys almost 2 times, that in controls. After 90 days the kallikrein activity was reduced to one-half of that in the controls in the ischaemic kidneys and it was normal in the contralateral. 4. The urinary kallikrein excretion of hypertensive rats was about one-third of that of the controls at both 8 and 90 days after aortic ligature. 5. The plasma renin activity in hypertensive rats was approximately seven times that in control animal 8 days after aortic ligature and did not differ from the control value after 90 days. Renin activity in the kidneys showed the same pattern as in other models of renovascular hypertension: elevation in the ischaemic kidney and reduction in the non-ischaemic one.


This research has been conducted to reveal the metaphors of geography teacher candidates about "Geography" concept. Within 2009-2010 Academic Year, Spring Term, 120 geography teacher candidates at University of Gazi, Educational Faculty, Geography Education Department joined the study as the research group. The datum of the research conducted as the geography teacher candidates' completing the statement: "Geography is like <<<<.., because <<". Phenomenon Scientific Pattern was used with Qualitative Research Method's Content Analysis Technique to analyse and interpret the collected datum. According to the outcome of the research geography teacher candidates have created 42 different and acceptable mental images related to "Geography" concept. These metaphors were classified under 7 different conceptual categories after studied carefully with regard to common qualities. At the end of the research, it was understood that %45 of the geography teacher candidates have a perception that Geography is the expression of life, %17 of the those perceived that it is a way of expressing importance, %17 as an expression of place, %7 as an expression of obscurity, %7 as a way of expressing knowledge, %7 as a way of expressing love and %4 as a way of expressing unification.


Part I defines anonymity and explains that respect for the capacity to remain physically and psychologically unknown to the government traces back to the Founding. With the advent and expansion of new technologies such as facial recognition technology ("FRT"), the ability to remain anonymous has eroded, leading to a litany of possible harms.Part II reviews the existing Fourth and First Amendment doctrine that is available to stave off ubiquitous government surveillance and identifies anonymity as a constitutional value that warrants more explicit doctrinal protection. Although the Fourth Amendment has been construed to excise surveillance of public and third-party information from its scope, the Court's recent jurisprudence indicates a growing recognition that constitutional doctrine is out of step with modern surveillance technologies. The Supreme Court has expressly recognized a First Amendment right to anonymous speech, which should be taken into account in assessing the constitutionality of government surveillance systems under the Fourth Amendment. This Part accordingly draws a distinction between cases that arose in the pre-digital age, in which content was often collected through physical trespass or eavesdropping, and those arising in the digital age, in which correlations among disparate points of "big data" are used to make predictions.Part III argues that Fourth and First Amendment doctrine should be reconciled to address the manipulation — versus acquisition — of FRT data to derive new information about individuals which is exceedingly intimate and otherwise out of the government's reach. This Part suggests that this qualitative shift in information gathering is constitutionally significant under existing doctrine. Part III also offers guidelines gleaned from the intersection of First and Fourth Amendment jurisprudence for consideration by lower courts and legislators as they address the threat of limitless surveillance which big data and new technologies present.


Intellectual property is a key, albeit overlooked, issue when it comes to the Internet of Things (IoT). It is still unclear, for instance, to what extent trade secrets can be used to prevent the user from controlling their own device (the so-called right to hack) and to hinder interoperability. Likewise, it is still to be fully explored to what extent intellectual property (database rights) can be used to prevent data portability. This paper focuses on patent law and, namely, on computer-implemented inventions by giving account of the approaches followed in Europe, United States, and India. With the IoT patenting activity being over eight times larger than the general worldwide increase in patenting, research on this field appears critical. The occasion of this study is the adoption in 2016 of the final version of the Indian guidelines on the examination of computer-related inventions, which have been surprisingly overlooked in the legal literature. The main idea is that the Internet of Things will lead to a dramatic increase of applications for software patents and if examiners, courts, and legislators will not be careful, there is the concrete risk of a surreptitious generalised grant of patents for computer programs as such (in Europe) and for abstract ideas (in the United States). The clarity provided by the Indian guidelines, following a lively public debate, can constitute good practices that Europe, the United States, as well as the Republic of Turkey, should take into account.With the increase of IoT patents, it is foreseeable the shift from the smartphone wars to the IoT wars, as evidenced by some recent litigation between Fitbit and Jawbone. The (perhaps cold) war seems impending, due to a number of reasons, such as the complexity of the supply chain, the several domains in which the IoT is divided and the composite nature of the IoT devices.


The ability to recognize facial expressions of basic emotions is often considered a universal human ability. However, recent studies have suggested that the commonality of recognition mechanisms across cultures has been overestimated and that people from different cultures (Western and Chinese) use information from different regions of face to internally represent expressions (Jack et al., 2009; Jack et al., 2012). We investigated this possibility by systematically examining cultural similarities and differences in the perception and categorization of facial expressions between participants from Chinese and British cultures. The perceptual task involved rating the degree of similarity between pictures of facial expressions of same or different emotions, and the categorization task involved forced-choice recognition of emotion from the same images. Our results showed no difference in perception of images of whole faces between British and Chinese participants, but both groups of participants were slightly more accurate overall at categorizing expressions shown on faces of their own ethnic group. To further investigate potential strategy differences we repeated the tasks but with presentation of only the upper (eyes and forehead) or lower (mouth and chin) half of each face. Again, perception of facial expressions was similar between the Chinese and British groups, and this held for upper and lower face regions. However, participants were better at categorizing facial expressions shown by members of their own ethnic group when only the lower halves of the faces were visible to them, indicating that the way culture shapes the categorization of facial expressions is largely driven by differences in information decoding from this part of the face. These findings clarify the way in which culture can influence the interpretation of facial expressions. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


OBJECTIVE
To examine whether body mass index is an independent predictor of cataract. (Body mass index is a standardized measure defined as weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters.)

DESIGN
Prospective cohort study, with 5 years of follow-up.

PARTICIPANTS
A total of 17,764 US male physicians participating in the Physicians' Health Study, aged 40 to 84 years, who were free of cataract, myocardial infarction, stroke, and cancer at baseline and reported complete information about body mass index and other cataract risk factors.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Incident cataract, defined as a self-report, confirmed by medical record review, first diagnosed after randomization, age-related in origin, and responsible for a decrease in best corrected visual acuity to 20/30 or worse.

RESULTS
Incident cataract occurred during follow-up in 370 participants. In proportional hazards models that adjusted for potential confounding variables, body mass index had a strong, graded relationship with risk of cataract. Relative to those with body mass index less than 22, relative risks (95% confidence intervals) associated with body mass index of 22 to less than 25, 25 to less than 27.8, and 27.8 or more were 1.54 (1.04 to 2.27), 1.46 (0.98 to 2.20), and 2.10 (1.35 to 3.25), respectively. Relative to any given level of body mass index, a 2-unit higher level predicted a 12% increase in risk of cataract (95% confidence interval, 5% to 19%). Higher body mass index was especially strongly related to risk of posterior subcapsular and nuclear sclerotic cataracts and was also significantly related to risk of cataract extraction.

CONCLUSIONS
In a prospective cohort study of apparently healthy men, higher body mass index, a potentially modifiable risk factor, was a determinant of cataract. The leanest men had the lowest rates, consistent with experimental evidence that restriction of energy intake slows development of cataract. Although precise mechanisms are unclear, the effect of body mass index on cataractogenesis is apparently independent of other risk factors, including age, smoking, and diagnosed diabetes.


Analysis of the economic activity in the pre-crisis period of 2000-2008. shows a steady decrease in the efficiency of actual production in Russia. Many businesses come to a threshold of bankruptcy: the profitability and financial strength are low, their products are not competitive, sources of development, they have not. The crisis has shown wrong economic policy, based solely on faith in the market. Russia needs a new model of social and economic development, adequate to innovative modernization. The question comes down to what should be the involvement of the state in the economy. Proponents of the market deny such participation. However, the anti-crisis measures in all countries, based on the state regulation of the process of pulling the economy out of crisis. The market itself is powerless to do so. Leaders and the public developed countries and Russia have come to believe that the participation of the state in regulating the economy is necessary, and the only question is the extent and forms of participation.


In the nineteenth century artists patronised by national, imperial and aristocratic elites in Europe turned to Tacitus and other classical sources for inspiration in defining the national and ethnic ideal of these patrons. This is a phenomenon that was particularly evident in the German-speaking countries of central Europe, where the figure of Arminius from Tacitus' Annals was represented in many different artistic media, from painting to monumental sculpture. In the German states themselves depictions often followed a similar prescription, which took their inspiration from the plays of Freidrich Gottlieb Klopstock and Heinrich von Kleist, which dramatised the victory of Arminius (or 'Hermann') over Quinctilius Varus and his Roman army. The national context of the time was complicated by the process of unification and the reach of German language and culture beyond the borders of what was in the later century united in the new German Reich.

Use was also made of figures drawn from Tacitus in nineteenth-century Britain. In this thesis I also examine how Boadicea and Calgacus were employed in national and local contexts during a period when Britain's imperial power was at its height. It is shown that here too the approach taken by artists to their subject matter in a nationalist context was not always predictable. Examining both central Europe and Britain it compares different case studies, to demonstrate something of the flexibility possible in the treatment of an – at first sight – straightforward theme from classical literature.

It will also be explored how the political and artistic contexts of the respective periods in which artists lived variously affected – or did not affect - their treatment of the themes. The extent to which one can analyse their individual portrayals as 'nationalist', or under the influence of 'nationalist' themes, is explored.


In the rat sciatic nerve, the relationship between Schwann cells, axons, the extracellular matrix and perineurial sheath cells undergoes extensive modification between embryo day 15 and the onset of myelination during the first postnatal day. Little is known about molecular changes in Schwann cells in this important prenatal period. In the present paper, we use immunofluorescence to study the prenatal development and postnatal regulation of the antigen(s) recognized by the 04 monoclonal antibody and a well-characterized rat monoclonal antibody to sulfatide, A007. We show that, in a series of immunochemical tests, the 04 antibody recognizes only sulfatide in neonatal and adult rat nerves. Both antibodies first bind to Schwann cells in the sciatic nerve at embryo day 16-17, and all Schwann cells bind both antibodies at birth. In the adult nerve, both nonmyelin-forming and myelin-forming cells are labelled with the antibodies. Schwann cells dissociated from embryo day 15 nerves and cultured in the absence of axons develop neither 04 nor A007 binding on schedule, and 04-positive and A007-positive Schwann cells from postnatal nerves lose the ability to bind these antibodies during the first few days in culture. Schwann cells in the distal stump of transected nerves also sharply down-regulate cell surface binding of 04. High numbers of 04-positive or A007-positive Schwann cells reappear in cultures treated with agents that mimic or elevate intracellular cAMP. We conclude that two anti-sulfatide antibodies 04 and A007, recognize an antigen, probably sulfatide, that appears very early in Schwann cell development (one to two days prior to galactocerebroside) but is nevertheless subject to upregulation by axonal contact or elevation of intracellular cAMP.


This paper investigates the school-based factors influencing effective implementation of inclusive education in public primary school in Kirinyaga West Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design and was guided by the self-efficacy theory propounded by Bandura's. The target population for the study consisted of all public primary schools in Kirinyaga West Sub-County. The sampling procedure included, purposive and simple random sampling. Purposive sampling was used to identify 10 schools that offer inclusive education while simple random sampling using Gay formula (10-20%) was applied to select 10 students in the selected schools yielding a sample size of 100 students. In addition five teachers from each of the sampled schools were randomly selected to produce a sample size of 50 teachers. Data for this study was collected using two sets of questionnaires; one for learners and the other for teachers. The findings of the study revealed that primary schools in Kirinyaga West Sub-County had done very little in terms of structural modifications to facilitate effective implementation of inclusive education. The schools were ill equipped to implement inclusive education programmes in their curriculum, majority of the schools lacked admission guidelines on special needs education (SNE) learners and instructional resources were grossly inadequate in schools. The study further established that the teachers' attitude toward implementation of inclusive education policy in schools was negative. The teachers beliefs about inclusion suggest that they do not regard students with impairments as being able to learn in regular classes and preferred educating them separately in special schools. The study recommended the need to strengthen implementation of inclusive education policies in primary schools in Kirinyaga West Sub-county.


This paper describes the morphological and economical evaluation of the beach nourishment maintenance strategy of an eroding recreational beach at the Dutch coast. In addition to the results of this evaluation two alternative strategies were analysed. In order to assess the economical feasibility of the alternatives appeared to be essential to estimate the morphological effectiveness of the alternative strategies. Therefore, an extensive numerical modelling scheme was set up. The numerical modelling played a key role in the understanding of the existing morphological system and subsequently in the assessment of the effectiveness of the alternatives on a long term basis. The morphological effectiveness of the alternatives, being offshore breakwaters and a 450 m long groin, was calculated in terms of reduction of required beach nourishments. The objective of the study was not only to find an optimal coastal morphology strategy but also to find the best strategy which combines a sound beach protection with effects valuable for the specific recreational function of the beach, including an effective way to deal with eventual lee-side erosion. Possibilities were studied to shift the erosion to the dune area in the north which would allow a more flexible and dynamic way of maintenance.