After the first high power D-T experiment in JET in 1997 (DTE1), when JET was equipped with Carbon PFC's, a proposed second high power (up to ∼40MW) D-T campaign (DTE2) in the current Be/W vessel will address essential operational, technical, diagnostics and scientific issues in support of ITER. These experiments are proposed to minimize the risks to ITER by testing strategies for the management of the in-vessel tritium content, by providing the basis for transferring operational scenarios from non-active operation to D-T mixtures and by addressing the issue of the neutron measurement accuracy. Dedicated campaigns with operation in Deuterium, Hydrogen and Tritium before the D-T campaign proper will allow the investigation of isotope scaling of the H-mode transition, pedestal physics, heat, particle, momentum and impurity transport in much greater detail than was possible in DTE1. The D-T campaign proper will include validations of the baseline ELMy H-Mode scenario, of the hybrid H-mode and advanced tokamak scenarios, as well as the investigation of alpha particle physics and the qualification of ICRH scenarios suitable for D-T operation. This paper reviews the scientific goals of DTE2 together with a summary of the results of DTE1.


The book provides a comprehensive overview and explanation of the substance of the European Union's (EU) democracy promotion policy. With the promotion of democracy becoming an increasingly important element of European Union foreign policy, the contributors argue that the question of what is actually being promoted by the EU in third countries must come to the fore of academic and practical discussions. Dealing with the democratic agenda promoted by the EU, this collection focuses on elections, civil and political rights, horizontal accountability, effective power to govern, stateness, state administrative capacity, civil society, and socio-economic context as components of embedded liberal democracy. The 11 empirical chapters examine 22 countries, combining a common analytical framework with critical discussions from various scholarly perspectives such as law, political economy, critical social theory, and governance.


On-station participatory evaluation of varieties was used to identify the characteristics of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. Br.) preferred by farmers in western Niger. Large numbers of productive tillers, large grain size, plant height of about 250 cm and a crop cycle of 100 d or less were the main traits that motivated farmers' preference for ICMV IS 92222. High grain yield was of less concern to farmers than these factors. Small grain size, short or thin panicles, short or thin stalks and a crop cycle of 110 d or more are traits likely to be rejected by farmers. Evidence of gender-based trait preferences was significant only for short or thin panicles and thin stalks. There was no evidence of location-driven trait preferences. Farmer participation in the on-station varietal evaluation provided a means of identifying a wide range of traits that were valued by farmers and could provide guidance on farmer demand for use in varietal evaluations.


Abstract A great amount of the findings in ELF research has not yet reached the regular practitioner in different parts of the world. Despite the fact that ELF research has been solidly advancing, very little has been found out about teachers' questioning their role in the context of ELF, the global position of English, their role in possibly reproducing or resisting discourses of dominance, inequalities, hegemony, among others. This paper investigates teachers' attitudes towards ELF, and what influences them, with pre- and in-service teachers in Brazil, the former from a public university and the latter from a prestigious language institute located in Salvador, the capital city of Bahia, Brazil. The findings have shown that regardless of the differences in experience and background knowledge, both groups have demonstrated a very positive attitude towards ELF, although many questions and doubts were brought up when it came to conceiving the teaching of ELF-oriented classes on a regular basis. At a broader level, both groups highlighted the link between an ELF-oriented pedagogy and emancipation and open-mindedness, a way of liberating the teachers from the straightjacket of traditional ELT.


In Shi ji studies, scholars from both the East and West have predominantly taken one particular approach: the psychological reading of its author, Sima Qian. Since the author suffered penal castration when he was writing the Shi ji, this approach has been summarized as "the theory of conveying one's frustration." Many scholars, modern and pre-modern alike, have inferred the author's feelings and emotions from his biographical experiences and have interpreted the text accordingly. This narrow interpretation constrains our understanding by exclusively focusing on the author's personal pains and purposes. Such analysis thus commits the intentional fallacy, which mistakenly equates the author with the text, unjustifiably simplifying the complicated interpretive process. I explore the features of the text itself, shifting the focus of research from the author's intention to the effects produced by its narrative devices, which have determinative influence over the interpretive process but have long been overlooked. I explore the role of narrative as a medium in historical works, applying theories of narratology from the French Structualist Gérard Genette to analyze narratives in the Shi ji. By setting the text into this framework, I systematically examine the narrative sequences, such as anticipation and flashback, narrative duration and mood, and characterization. My investigation shows that these narrative devices produce literary effects, distinguishing Shi ji from both earlier and later histories, such as the Zuo zhuan and Han shu. Shi ji presents a highly complicated past by manipulating interrelations among historical events, regulating information, and emphasizing changes and their effects. It pays most attention to how the historical events happened, more than what happened and why, a significant issue has not been discussed in a context of Chinese historiography. My narratological approach provides an alternative perspective and explores new territory in Shi ji studies. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group East Asian Languages & Civilizations First Advisor Paul Dr. Goldin


In this paper, we cast the image-ranking problem into the task of identifying "authority" nodes on an inferred visual similarity graph and propose an algorithm to analyze the visual link structure that can be created among a group of images. Through an iterative procedure based on the PageRank computation, a numerical weight is assigned to each image; this measures its relative importance to the other images being considered. The incorporation of visual signals in this process differs from the majority of large-scale commercial-search engines in use today. Commercial search-engines often solely rely on the text clues of the pages in which images are embedded to rank images, and often entirely ignore the content of the images themselves as a ranking signal. To quantify the performance of our approach in a real-world system, we conducted a series of experiments based on the task of retrieving images for 2000 of the most popular products queries. Our experimental results show significant improvement, in terms of user satisfaction and relevancy, in comparison to the most recent Google Image Search results.


ABSTRACT Background: The poor biopharmaceutical properties of thymoquinone (TQ) obstruct its development as a hepatoprotective agent. To surmount the delivery challenges of TQ, phospholipid nanoconstructs (PNCs) were constructed. Method: PNCs were constructed employing microemulsification technique and systematic optimization by three-factor three level Box-Behnken design. Result: Optimized PNC composition exhibited nano size (<100 nm), spherical morphology, within acceptable range of polydispersity index (0.55), high drug entrapment efficiency (>90%), controlled drug release pattern, and neutral surface charge (zeta potential of −0.65 mV). After oral administration of a single dose of PNC, it showed a relative bioavailability of 386.03% vis-à-vis plain TQ suspension. Further, TQ-loaded PNC demonstrated significant enhanced hepato-protective effect vis-à-vis pure TQ suspension and silymarin, as evidenced by reduction in the ALP, ALT, AST, bilirubin, and albumin level and ratified by histopathological analysis. Conclusion: TQ-loaded PNCs can be efficient nano-platforms for the management of hepatic disorders and promising drug delivery systems to enhance oral bioavailability of this hydrophobic molecule.


Eutrophication of coastal ecosystems is a global problem that often results in bottom water oxygen deficiency and in turn promotes sediment phosphorus (P) release (A). In order to increase sediment P retention, we injected dissolved aluminum into the anoxic sediment of a eutrophic semienclosed bay in the Baltic Sea, thereby inhibiting P recycling and further eutrophication (B). The P concentration in the bay remained at half, as did phytoplankton biomass (C), compared to pretreatment conditions and compared to the reference bay. Four years after treatment the water column transparency was increased, allowing submerged vegetation to penetrate deeper, and the habitat suitable for fish and benthic fauna had expanded (D). The lowered P concentration in the bay decreased the P export to the surrounding archipelago. This is the first full-scale marine remediation project using a geo-engineering method that demonstrates a quick recovery. For successful remediation in coastal areas, permanent binding of mobile P in anoxic sediments may be needed together with measures in the catchment area to obtain faster recovery of eutrophicated marine ecosystems.


Aims.L 98-59 (TIC 307210830, TOI-175) is a nearby M3 dwarf around which TESS revealed three small transiting planets (0.80, 1.35, 1.57 Earth radii) in a compact configuration with orbital periods shorter than 7.5 days. Here we aim to measure the masses of the known transiting planets in this system using precise radial velocity (RV) measurements taken with the HARPS spectrograph.Methods.We considered both trained and untrained Gaussian process regression models of stellar activity, which are modeled simultaneously with the planetary signals. Our RV analysis was then supplemented with dynamical simulations to provide strong constraints on the planets' orbital eccentricities by requiring long-term stability.Results.We measure the planet masses of the two outermost planets to be 2.42 ± 0.35 and 2.31 ± 0.46 Earth masses, which confirms the bulk terrestrial composition of the former and eludes to a significant radius fraction in an extended gaseous envelope for the latter. We are able to place an upper limit on the mass of the smallest, innermost planet of <1.01 Earth masses with 95% confidence. Our RV plus dynamical stability analysis places strong constraints on the orbital eccentricities and reveals that each planet's orbit likely hase< 0.1.Conclusions.L 98-59 is likely a compact system of two rocky planets plus a third outer planet with a lower bulk density possibly indicative of the planet having retained a modest atmosphere. The system offers a unique laboratory for studies of planet formation, dynamical stability, and comparative atmospheric planetology as the two outer planets are attractive targets for atmospheric characterization through transmission spectroscopy. Continued RV monitoring will help refine the characterization of the innermost planet and potentially reveal additional planets in the system at wider separations.


Pompe disease is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by acid α‐glucosidase (GAA) deficiency, resulting in intralysosomal accumulation of glycogen, including cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle cells. The GAA gene is located on chromosome 17 (17q25.3), the GAA protein consists of 952 amino acids; of which 378 amino acids (347‐726) falls within the catalytic domain of the protein and comprises of active sites (518 and 521) and binding sites (404, 600, 616, and 674). In this study, we used several computational tools to classify the missense mutations in the catalytic domain of GAA for their pathogenicity and stability. Eight missense mutations (R437C, G478R, N573H, Y575S, G605D, V642D, L705P, and L712P) were predicted to be pathogenic and destabilizing to the protein structure. These mutations were further subjected to phenotyping analysis using SNPeffect 4.0 to predict the chaperone binding sites and structural stability of the protein. The mutations R437C and G478R were found to compromise the chaperone‐binding activity with GAA. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the G478R mutation to be more significant and hinders binding to the DNJ (Miglustat) compared with the R437C. Further molecular dynamic analysis for the two mutations demonstrated that the G478R mutation was acquired higher deviation, fluctuation, and lower compactness with decreased intramolecular hydrogen bonds compared to the mutant R437C. These data are expected to serve as a platform for drug design against Pompe disease and will serve as an ultimate tool for variant classification and interpretations.


When developing new perspectives and paradigms for practical theology in South Africa, we obviously have to take our South African context seriously. We live in a post-conflict society in which gigantic sociocultural shifts have taken place since 1994. Many institutions and groups endeavour to address the conflict, injustices and pain of the past, including the Institute for the Healing of Memories (IHOM). The Institute makes use of a specific methodology in their workshops. Having participated in these workshops in congregational contexts as well as in the training of theological students, in this article I investigated the methodology of the Institute as a framework for new perspectives on practical theology in South Africa. Making use of Victor Turner's theoretical construct of 'social drama' as one way of looking at the methodology of the IHOM, I reflected critically on the challenges that it poses to practical theology by making use of a 'rhetorical frame' and trying to delineate some constructive proposals for further reflections on practical theological paradigms and perspectives.


The peptide complexed with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) can be said to have a significant role in the generation of alloresponses, both in terms of cellular and humoral alloresponses. Previous researchers have identified minor histocompatibility antigen (mHAG) derived peptides such as HA-1, and their contribution to alloresponses. However, little research has been performed regarding the contribution of peptides, which are themselves derived from HLA molecules. To redress this, this thesis focused upon identifying and assessing the function of endogenous peptides, in particular peptides which are themselves derived from HLA class I molecules, which may have a role in the alloresponses, within the context of clinical transplantation.This research describes the creation of a database of HLA class I derived peptides predicted to bind to HLA-A*02 molecules, and then utilises this database to identify HLA class I derived peptides which are bound by the HLA-A*02 molecule, present upon the surface of the monocytic THP-1 cell line. This process identified two peptides, which were derived from one HLA class I molecule and presented by another (HLA-A*02). One of the identified peptides (VMAPRTLIL) belongs to a group of peptides, known as leader peptides, which have functions in both innate and adaptive immune responses. A clinical audit was performed to assess the effect of mismatching the HLA class I derived leader peptides within the context of renal transplantation and identified a correlation with a poorer functioning allograft at 12 months post transplant, when the donor and recipient have 3 leader peptide mismatches (p=< 0.05).Further experimental work attempted to determine a functional role of the endogenous peptides. In particular seeking to establish if variation within peptides bound by the same HLA molecule can influence the subsequent binding of HLA specific antibodies, and if so, seek to elucidate the mechanisms involved. Using a T2 cell line peptide binding assay, as a target for a HLA-A*02 specific antibody, a variation between the ability of the antibody to bind when alternative peptides were bound was observed. Through the use of structural modelling it was demonstrated that changes within HLA class I bound peptides can induce conformational changes to epitopes,which were previously described for HLA class I molecules as being the targets of HLA class I specific antibodies.These findings suggest an important role for HLA class I derived leader peptides in the outcome of renal transplantation, which requires further study within a validating cohort of patients. While the observation that peptides can induce conformational variation within identified epitopes provides further insight into the complex nature of alloantibody binding, and aides the understanding of this process.


There is growing interest in examining oscillations and brain signals outside traditional EEG bands (0.3–80Hz), as these regimes contain useful electrographic biomarkers for the diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis of neurological disorders and injuries.1 These include high gamma (80– 200 Hz), ripples and high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) (200–500 Hz), as well as infraslow oscillations (<0.1 Hz) and ultraslow potential shifts (UPS). In particular, UPS have remained poorly explored in clinical settings with the notable exception of the Co-Operative Studies on Brain Injury Depolarizations (COSBID) consortium,2 and specialist epilepsy surgical centres.3 This is due to the associated technical difficulties recording such slow potentials that require DC-coupled amplifiers and highly stable electrodes. However, UPS include clinically relevant events including preseizure DC shifts (1–3 mV), and large (tens of millivolt) spreading depolarisations (SD) which are thought to play an important role in brain injury and contribute to the pathophysiology associated with migraine with aura, stroke and epilepsy.4 Therefore, the ability to record and map a wide range of brain signals, from UPS to single units, using the same electrophysiological array will greatly advance our understanding of brain diseases and aid the clinical management of patients with diverse neurological disorders and injuries. Therefore, development of improved electrophysiological devices capable of detecting and mapping wide bandwidth signals with high-fidelity and spatial resolution is warranted.5,6


This paper undertakes three sets of tasks: (i) it analyzes positive and normative aspects of price scissors (the domestic terms of trade between agriculture and industry) within nonsocialist as well as socialist LDCs. The critical role of the economy's institutional features (e.g., external trade environment, wage and income determination, and wage-productivity effects) is emphasized. Certain aspects of the Soviet Industrialization Debate and subsequent collectivization are interpreted, (ii) It develops simple rules to delineate who gains and who loses (within agriculture) from changes in terms of trade, (iii) It presents powerful (and informationally parsimonious) rules for Pareto-improving price reforms for cash crops and agricultural inputs.


Using data from two rounds of the Employment-Unemployment Survey of the National Sample Survey for 2004-5 and 2009-10, we investigate the relationship between social identity, specifically caste identity in India, and perceptions of self-worth as measured by the amounts that individuals consider as remunerative earnings from self-employment. We also investigate if institutional change (e.g. a policy intervention such as an employment guarantee program, or change in the ruling party in power) mitigates this relationship. Finally, we examine the relationship between caste identity and actual earnings, and how institutional change can influence it. Our main finding is that caste identity in contemporary India does shape perceptions of self-worth. Among the fully self-employed, we find that controlling for other characteristics, lower-ranked groups earn lower amounts and perceive lower amounts as being remunerative. Further, institutional factors alter self-perceptions differentially for different caste groups, but in more nuanced ways than our ex-ante beliefs.


Background: Mapping can be performed to predict utility values from condition-specific measures when preference-based measures are absent. A previously developed algorithm that predicts EQ-5D-3L index values from the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29) has not yet been externally validated. Aim: To examine the external validity of a previously developed mapping algorithm by testing the accuracy of predicting EQ-5D-3L index values from MSIS-29 among multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in Sweden. Methods: Cross-sectional individual-level data were collected from population-based Swedish registers between 2011 and 2014. Health-related quality of life was assessed through MSIS-29 and EQ-5D-3L at one point in time among 767 individuals with known disability level of MS. A previously developed mapping algorithm was applied to predict EQ-5D index values from MSIS-29 items, and the predictive accuracy was assessed through mean absolute error and root mean square error. Results: When applying the algorithm, the predicted mean EQ-5D-3L index value was 0.77 compared to the observed mean index value of 0.75. Prediction error was higher for individuals reporting EQ-5D values <0.5 compared to individuals reporting EQ-5D values ≥0.5. Mean absolute error (0.12) and root mean square error (0.18) were smaller or equal to the prediction errors found in the original mapping study. Conclusion: The mapping algorithm had similar predictive accuracy in the two independent samples although results showed that the highest predictive performance was found in groups with better health. Varied predictive accuracy in subgroups is consistent with previous studies and strategies to deal with this are warranted.


Puerto Rico is a US territory and a popular destination for Latino immigrants in the Caribbean. Even with few language and cultural barriers, however, many Latino immigrants in Puerto Rico are uninsured. Using data from the 2014-19 Puerto Rico Community Survey, we examined inequities in health insurance coverage for non-Puerto Rican Latinos ages 18-64 living in Puerto Rico according to citizenship status and Latino subgroup (Dominican, Cuban, Mexican, and other Latino). After controlling for potential confounders, we found that noncitizen Dominicans had a significantly lower probability of having any health insurance (57.2 percent) and having any private insurance (31.5 percent). Regardless of similarities in culture and language, Latino immigrants on the island, particularly Dominicans, experience major health insurance coverage inequities. Considering that Puerto Rico's immigration system is regulated by US federal statute, both federal and local policy makers should acknowledge and focus on reducing these immigrant disparities in health insurance coverage.


The medical burden of heart failure (HF) has spurred interest in clinicians and scientists to develop therapies to restore the function of a failing heart. To advance this agenda, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) convened a Working Group of experts from June 2-3, 2016, in Bethesda, MD, to develop NHLBI recommendations aimed at advancing the science of cardiac recovery in the setting of mechanical circulatory support (MCS). Mechanical circulatory support devices effectively reduce volume and pressure overload that drives the cycle of progressive myocardial dysfunction, thereby triggering structural and functional reverse remodeling. Research in this field could be innovative in many ways, and the Working Group specifically discussed opportunities associated with genome-phenome systems biology approaches; genetic epidemiology; bioinformatics and precision medicine at the population level; advanced imaging modalities, including molecular and metabolic imaging; and the development of minimally invasive surgical and percutaneous bioengineering approaches. These new avenues of investigations could lead to new treatments that target phylogenetically conserved pathways involved in cardiac reparative mechanisms. A central point that emerged from the NHLBI Working Group meeting was that the lessons learned from the MCS investigational setting can be extrapolated to the broader HF population. With the precedents set by the significant effect of studies of other well-controlled and tractable subsets on larger populations, such as the genetic work in both cancer and cardiovascular disease, the work to improve our understanding of cardiac recovery and resilience in MCS patients could be transformational for the greater HF population.


Over the last 35 years the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) has assessed major disasters in the Latin American region. Based on those exercises, which that have been conducted in a systematic manner using an evolving but comparable methodology over the years1, there is now historical evidence of the economic consequences these events have on the region's economies. This evidence-based approach sheds light on the link between economic performance, development dynamics and how disasters, as external shocks, generate lingering effects of different relative importance. The effect of disasters are most severe or visible in smaller, less developed, vulnerable, non diversified economies which are highly dependent on natural resources or on environmental services, interpreted in a broad sense to include services such as supporting tourism. It could be argued that this evidence is neither statistically fully representative (assessments are conducted as demand driven exercises at the request of ECLAC's member governments), nor comprehensive, as only major events have been assessed and there is a yearly cumulative recurrence of minor events that have not been fully assessed. It could also be argued that improvements in the quality of both baseline data and data on disaster impacts as well as methodological improvements may lead cause disaster impact to appear to grow more over time than they actually did. In addition to the case by case quantifications that constitute the historical record of disasters that will be the basis for this document, ECLAC has also undertake, some selected case studies on specific countries that quantify the economic impact of disasters over time in those countries.""


Th is paper discusses human thermoregulation and how this relates to health problems during exposure to climatic stress. Th e heat exchange of the body with the environment is described in terms of the heat balance equation which determines whether the body heats up, remains at stable temperature, or cools. Inside the body the thermoregulatory control aims at creating the right conditions of heat loss to keep the body temperature stable. In the heat the main eff ector mechanism for this is sweating. Th e heat balance is aff ected by air temperature, radiant temperature, humidity and wind speed as climatic parameters and by activity rate, clothing insulation, and sweat capacity as personal parameters. Heat tolerance is discussed in the light of personal characteristics (age, gender, fi tness, acclimatisation, morphology and fat) indicating age and fi tness as most important predictors. Heat related mortality and morbidity are strongly linked to age.


Knowledge of the mechanisms and controls of ice stream flow is fundamental to understanding ice discharge from large ice sheets. Here, we utilise an extensive (9950 km2) marine geophysical dataset (comprising multibeam swath bathymetry, sub-bottom and seismic profiles) to describe the geomorphological signature of a 265 km-long, 65 km-wide palaeo-ice stream in the western Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica. We show that substrate was a dominant control on the ice streams relict bedform morphology. Data illustrate a large convergent streaming system, which drained through a cross-shelf trough at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and probably during past glaciations. The sea-floor geomorphic imprint of the ice stream comprises more than 4000 elements, which have been digitised and mapped in a GIS. These include mega-scale glacial lineations (MSGLs), drumlins, meltwater channels, and grounding zone wedges. Bed roughness analysis and seismic profiles show that the former ice substrate was characterised by regions of rugged acoustic basement on the inner shelf (consisting of bedrock or indurated sedimentary rocks) and relatively smooth, truncated sedimentary strata, on the mid-to-outer shelf. A landsystem interpretation of the superimposed bed signature reveals a strong correlation to the substrate type, which can be sub-divided into five landsystem components: (1) a meltwater assemblage, (2) a composite ice sheet assemblage, (3) a sub-ice stream footprint group, (4) grounding line retreat morphology, and (5) a pro-marginal deglacial group. The MSGLs record a simple snapshot of the sole of the ice stream flowing over sediments, towards the end of the last glaciation, and although they are masked by iceberg ploughmarks on the outer shelf, we infer an extensive ice sheet in this sector at the LGM. By contrast, detailed landform mapping of the inner shelf convergence zone demonstrates overprinting, preservation and a time-transgressive history for the inner shelf landform groups, implying that bedforms, when viewed together, cannot be considered part of a single down-flow continuum, as suggested previously. Variability among inner shelf bedform types, their geometry and elongation also reveals information about local, complex basal-ice conditions and dynamics, not apparent at the scale of regional morphological studies, and which heavily influenced the bedform imprint. Thus, while we believe the analysis of a complete morphological dataset is a robust method for interpreting broad and localised palaeo-ice flow characteristics from bed signatures, we suggest that direct inferences about the dynamics and velocity of former ice streams, from limited bedform information, should be treated with caution.


Background Many public health interventions lead to disruption or decrease of transmission, providing a beneficial effect for people in the population regardless of whether or not they individually participate in the intervention. This protective benefit has been referred to as a herd or community effect and is dependent on sufficient population participation. In practice, public health interventions are implemented at different spatial scales (i.e., at the village, district, or provincial level). Populations, however defined (i.e., neighbourhoods, villages, districts) are frequently connected to other populations through human movement or travel, and this connectedness can influence potential herd effects. Methods The impact of a public health intervention (mass drug administration for malaria) was modelled, for different levels of connectedness between populations that have similar disease epidemiology (e.g., two nearby villages which have similar baseline malaria incidences and similar malaria intervention measures), or between populations of varying disease epidemiology (e.g., two nearby villages which have different baseline malaria incidences and/or malaria intervention measures). Results The overall impact of the interventions deployed could be influenced either positively (adding value to the intervention) or negatively (reducing the impact of the intervention) by how much the intervention units are connected with each other (e.g., how frequent people go to the other village or town) and how different the disease intensity between them are. This phenomenon is termed the "assembly effect", and it is a meta-population version of the more commonly understood "herd effect". Conclusions The connectedness of intervention units or populations is an important factor to be considered to achieve success in public health interventions that could provide herd effects. Appreciating the assembly effect can improve the cost-effective strategies for global disease elimination projects.


Contemporary sewer system operation heavily relies on urban drainage model results. In a case study near Leuven, Belgium, this research investigates the potential of a cost-effective local area weather radar (LAWR) for providing rainfall input to sewer models. Before rainfall estimation was possible, the radar was calibrated using tipping bucket rain gauge measurements. Various calibration methods were investigated, and a nonlinearly regressed power law function taking range to the radar into account was most suitable in this case study. Rainfall estimations could be slightly improved by rendering the calibration dependent on radar output. Fifty-seven events were simulated using the InfoWorks CS modeling software, and the effect of radar input on model results was investigated. There were large quantitative deviations, but the qualitative course of time series observed in conduits was reproduced well. Although certain events show a higher correspondence between measured and simulated time series when using radar-driven input, the gauge-driven input generally outperforms the former in this case study and the accompanying model.


This study was designed to analyze the comparative use of punctuation marks in Russian and English newspaper editorials. The study was conducted using corpora of English-language editorials, taken from the New York Times in 2005, and of Russian-language editorials, taken from Izvestiia in the same year. Results indicated that the comma, colon, and the em-dash were used more often in the Russian corpus. The difference was determined to be statistically significant. The author then compared these results to the results of punctuation use in corpora of Russian and English literary texts. Again these punctuation marks were used more frequently in the Russian literary corpus than in the English one. At the same time, in both the Russian and English literary corpora these marks were used much more frequently than in the corpora of Russian and English editorials. In the second part of the article, the author attempts to isolate the reasons for the discrepancy in use of the colon by examining rules for its use as elaborated in authoritative Russian and English style guides. On the basis of this, the author suggests guidelines for the translation of the colon into English.


Few process‐based studies have investigated the effects of large woody debris (LWD) on the fluvial dynamics of obstructed meander bends. This field‐based study examines the influence of LWD on spatial patterns of three‐dimensional (3‐D) flow in two meander bends of a low‐energy stream in northern Illinois. The results of this study indicate that LWD substantially modifies 3‐D flow structure through low‐gradient meander bends. However, the detailed nature of the flow modification is highly dependent on the particular arrangement, density, and mobility of LWD in a bend. In one of the study bends the LWD primarily functions as roughness elements that reduce the velocity of flow and constrain the high‐velocity core and helical motion to the center of the channel. In the other study bend, LWD obstructions act to strongly deflect the flow away from the outer bank rather than simply increasing the resistance to flow along this bank. While results indicate that LWD influences patterns of three‐dimensional flow at all stages, the degree of influence appears to change with stage; the overall pattern of three‐dimensional flow remains constant, but the spatial extent of the pattern increases with increasing stage.


Discrete Choice Methods have brought attention to the study of the travel mode choice behavior in both theoretical and practical areas of transportation planning and modeling. Unlike discrete choice models that impose pre-defined probability distributions on choice probabilities, data mining approaches view the travel mode choice as a pattern recognition problem whereby the travel choices can be identified by a combination of explanatory variables. As such, data mining techniques have enjoyed increasing applications in agent-based modeling. This paper examines the capability of a promising machine learning algorithm, Class Association Rules (CAR), for the estimation of the work trip modal choice using Chicago Area Transportation Studies (CATS) 1990 Household Travel Survey (HTTS) as the case. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the advantages, disadvantages and applicability of CARs for the study of mode choice behavior. It reveals that the CAR is a useful tool for building a powerful mode choice model, with the overall accuracy reaching up to 93% for the data set used in this study. Unlike some of other mining methods, the rules extracted by CAR are easy to interpret and provide insights into the travel behavior from a perspective that is different from statistical models. The example presented in this paper also illustrates one of the key advantages of CAR over discrete choice models, which is the flexibility of the model specification.


The quality and reliability problem of VoIP comes from the fact that VoIP relies on the network to transport the voice packets. The inherent problem of VoIP is that there is a mismatch between VoIP and the network. Namely, VoIP has a strict requirement of bandwidth, delay, and loss, but the network (particularly best-effort service networks) cannot guarantee such a requirement. A solution to deal with this problem is to enhance VoIP with an adaptive-rate control, called adaptive-rate VoIP. Adaptive-rate VoIP has the ability to detect the state of the network and adjust the transmission accordingly. Therefore, it gives VoIP the intelligence to optimize its performance, and making it resilient and robust to the service offered by the network. The objective of this dissertation is to develop an adaptive-rate VoIP system. We take a comprehensive approach in the study and development. Adaptive-rate VoIP is generally composed of three components: rate adaptation, network state detection, and adaptive-rate control. In the rate adaptation component, we study optimizing packetization, which can be used as an alternative means for rate adaptation. An advantage is that rate adaptation is independent of the speech coder. With this method, an adaptive-rate VoIP can be based on any constant bitrate speech coder. The study shows that the VoIP performance is primarily affected by three factors: packetization, network load, and significance of VoIP traffic; and, optimizing packetization allows us to ensure the highest possible performance. In the network state detection component, we propose a novel measurement methodology called Sync & Sense of periodic stream. Sync & Sense is unique in that it can virtually synchronize the transmission and reception timing of the VoIP session without requiring a synchronized clock. The simulation result shows that Sync & Sense can accurately measure one-way network delay. Other benefits of Sync & Sense include the ability to estimate the available network bandwidth and the full spectrum of the delays of the VoIP session. In the adaptive-rate control component, we consider the design choices and develop an adaptive-rate control that makes use of the first two components. The integration of the three components is a novel and unique adaptive-rate VoIP called Sync & Sense Enabled Adaptive Packetization VoIP. The simulation result shows that our adaptive VoIP can optimize the performance under any given network condition, and deliver a better performance than traditional VoIP. The simulation result also demonstrates that our adaptive VoIP possesses the desirable properties, which include fast response to network condition, aggressiveness to compete for the needed share of bandwidth, TCP-friendliness, and fair bandwidth allocation.


The majority of genetic variants associated with common human diseases map to enhancers, non-coding elements that shape cell type-specific transcriptional programs and responses to specific extracellular cues 1-3. In order to understand the mechanisms by which non-coding genetic variation contributes to disease, systematic mapping of functional enhancers and their biological contexts is required. Here, we develop an unbiased discovery platform that can identify enhancers for a target gene without prior knowledge of their native functional context. We used tiled CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) to synthetically recruit transcription factors to sites across large genomic regions (>100 kilobases) surrounding two key autoimmunity risk loci, CD69 and IL2RA (interleukin-2 receptor alpha; CD25). We identified several CRISPRa responsive elements (CaREs) with stimulation-dependent enhancer activity, including an IL2RA enhancer that harbors an autoimmunity risk variant. Using engineered mouse models and genome editing of human primary T cells, we found that sequence perturbation of the disease-associated IL2RA enhancer does not block IL2RA expression, but rather delays the timing of gene activation in response to specific extracellular signals. This work develops an approach to rapidly identify functional enhancers within non-coding regions, decodes a key human autoimmunity association, and suggests a general mechanism by which genetic variation can cause immune dysfunction.


Pedestrian crashes are among the most common causes of death and serious injury to young children in the developed world. The literature suggests that younger children may be at increased risk of crash involvement, mainly due to poor or under-developed road-crossing skills. This paper reports on a study examining the effects of age and gender on road-crossing skill amongst children aged 6-10 years (those at highest risk of crash involvement). Children were asked to make road-crossing decisions in a simulated road environment in which time gap and vehicle speed were systematically manipulated. Functional performance was also examined as part of a larger study. The results indicate that, for all age groups, gap selection was primarily based on vehicle distance and less so on time-of-arrival. The results also showed that the proportion of 'yes' responses increased as the time gap increased. Younger children (6-8 years old) were more likely than older children (9-10 years old) to indicate they would have crossed in short distance and time gaps. This suggests that many younger children may lack the skills required to make safe and appropriate gap selection of approaching traffic. Gender was not a significant predictor of road-crossing decisions. The findings from this research will play a major role in the development of countermeasures aimed to improve the safety of primary school-aged children, providing effective training aimed to improve essential skills and strategies to cross roads safely.


The study involved student teachers enrolled in early childhood teaching at a teacher training institute in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Seventy-four students participated in flipped classroom activities during their first semester of study. Students were told to learn from online videos related to using image editing software in their own time and pace prior to the next class. When they met in class, they were asked to apply their recently acquired editing knowledge to edit an image of their own choice related to the theme of their group project. At the end of the activity, students were asked to complete an online questionnaire. It was found that students had rated all five questions relating to generic skills highly, with self-study skills rated the highest. They particularly enjoyed the flexibility of learning on their own time and pace as a benefit of the flipped classroom. Data collected from students' project pages show they had used average of 3.22 editing features for the theme images for their project. Most groups had inserted text followed by using the filter function. It is possible that these two functions are more noticeable than other editing functions. In conclusion, students were able to apply their self-learnt knowledge in a real-life situation and they had also developed their generic skills via the flipped classroom pedagogy.


Current parametric modeling systems suffer from the persistent naming problem, which is responsible for the unpredictable, sometimes stunning, behavior of such systems when re-evaluating a model, even after simple editing operations. This paper claims that the problem is an inherent difficulty of the approaches taken by current parametric modeling systems, in which various persistent naming schemes end up solving only a fraction of the problem. Instead, it is argued that the rationale behind such schemes should itself be revised. Alternative approaches to define a parametric model based on persistent parametric entities can, in fact, eliminate the flaws of using references to non-persistent geometric model entities, which is the real cause of the problem. One such approach is described here, which is able to take full advantage of parametric modeling. It provides persistent entities in the parametric definition domain, which can always be consistently referred to. Basically, it proposes the use of the names of persistent feature faces, instead of the names of boundary faces, every time a reference to a face is required in a parametric definition. Furthermore, it makes use of these feature faces names in order to identify any edge of interest on the boundary representation of the model. These edge names can then be consistently referred to in further parametric definitions. Whenever ambiguities occur, e.g. due to multiple intersections, half-spaces are automatically defined by means of references associated to the features involved, which are kept in the parametric domain. An implementation of this approach is also described, which takes care of maintaining the semantics of the parametric definition of a solid object. A number of examples illustrate how user specification of modeling operations can be transparently performed through interaction with a declarative feature model.


This paper examines how video can be used to enhance teacher engagement with ICT as a teaching tool. The Connect School Project, South Dublin County Council's ubiquitous computing initiative, equipped St. Aidan's with a vast amount of information and communication technologies (ICT). A review of appropriate literature indicated that the use of such technologies in class could lead to effective teaching and learning environments, increase student self-esteem and could bridge the 'digital-divide' that might exist between students in disadvantaged areas and those in more affluent communities. Through two cycles of enquiry, I planned and produced a video which modelled how the laptops and associated hard and software could be used effectively in class. The video aimed to represent all stakeholders in the school: management, teachers and students. In this way a top-down endorsement of the use of ICT as a teaching and learning tool was communicated. I feel that if teachers are to embrace the use of technology in class, pedagogical as well as technical support must be provided. Using video to model effective practice could be an ideal way to provide such support.


The judicial appointments process has grown increasingly frustrating in recent years. Both sides claim that their candidates are the "most meritorious" and yet there is seldom any discussion of what constitutes merit. Instead, the discussion moves immediately to the candidates' likely positions on hot-button political issues like abortion, gun control, and the death penalty. One side (these days, the Republicans) claims that it is proposing certain candidates based on merit, while the other (the Democrats) claims that the real reason for pushing those candidates is their ideology and, in particular, their likely votes on certain key hot-button issues. With one side arguing merit and the other side arguing ideology, the two sides talk past each other and the end result is often an impasse. To get past the impasse, we propose placing judges in a tournament based on relatively objective measures of judicial merit and productivity. A tournament allows the public to test the politicians' claims of merit. Being able to test those claims helps make transparent the occasions on which the real debate is over ideology. It is harder to disguise a purely ideological candidate as the best from a "merit" standpoint when the candidate performs poorly relative to many other judges based on objective factors. Once merit-based arguments have been isolated (or at least reduced in scope) to factors related to the tournament, it should be possible to have a transparent and meaningful debate over ideology. The Article runs such a tournament using data on opinions authored by active federal circuit court judges from one common time period: the beginning of 1998 to the end of 2000. The focus on a common time period helps put judges in the tournament on a level playing field. We then generate a series of measures of merit focusing on (a) productivity, (b) opinion quality, and (c) judicial independence. While not perfect, our measures interject a greater focus on merit in the current nomination process (thereby flushing out previously non-transparent motives based on ideology). With our data, we are able to test the claims of merit that the next President will inevitably make when he announces one or the other of his favorite circuit court judges as the nominee for the Supreme Court.


Musical histories before the twentieth century consistently described Orazio Vecchi9s L9Amfiparnaso (published in 1597) as an early or nascent form of opera, despite the composer9s explanation that the work is an aural spectacle, not a visual one. Later scholars have persisted in viewing L9Amfiparnaso as a fundamentally theatrical work (in a notional genre called madrigal comedy), designed for quasi-dramatic performance before a listening audience. A close reading of this historiography, along with a partial reconstruction of the membership and movements of the Gelosi and Uniti theater companies in the 1590s, disproves the widely held assumption that L9Amfiparnaso was composed and performed in 1594, and suggests that its characters9 names refer to specific actors who performed with the Uniti in Bologna in 1595 and 1596. This new account of the book9s origin opens it up to interpretation as a recreational collection of musical imitations of theatre, rather than as an incomplete "script" for a novel kind of dramatic performance. Through its diverse musical styles and poetic registers (Vecchi penned both the poems and the music), as well as its unusual custom-made woodcut illustrations, L9Amfiparnaso presents scenes whose range defies cinquecento theatrical convention. Urban comic dialogues share the imagined stage with tragicomic monologues, idiosyncratic musical dialogues are found alongside serious madrigals, and the woodcuts depict both characteristic comic and pastoral stage settings. As a whole, then, L9Amfiparnaso represents—in Vecchi9s words—"almost all the actions of the private man." This emphasis on variety locates the book firmly within the poetic sphere of Vecchi9s other large-scale collections, Selva di varia ricreatione (1590) and Convito musicale (1597), and adds special resonance to his claim that those seeking "a complete tale" in L9Amfiparnaso will find it only "in the mind."


Today's children and adolescents have a much higher prevalence of overweight than the generation of their parents had in their childhood. The prevalence of asthma symptoms has also increased at the end of the last century and associations between overweight and asthma have been convincingly shown in previous research. The increase in childhood and adolescent overweight might enhance the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases or earlier onset of cardiovascular disorders and the same can be hypothesized for lung diseases. The Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy (PIAMA) study enables the study of associations between childhood overweight on the one hand and respiratory health and early indicators of cardiovascular health in adult life on the other hand. 3963 children participate in this prospective birth cohort study with yearly questionnaires and medical examinations at ages 4, 8 and 12 years. In the Netherlands the prevalence of obesity is relatively low compared with that in the UK and USA. However, we observed higher blood pressure levels, more adverse cholesterol concentrations and more asthma symptoms in overweight than in normal weight children. Furthermore, in the 12-year-old children we observed similar blood pressure and cholesterol levels in normal weight children with and without a history of overweight. This suggests that the effects of overweight on blood pressure and cholesterol might be reversible, which is promising. In the studies with cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes, we assessed the relative importance of waist circumference and BMI in these associations. We have not demonstrated that children's waist circumference is always more important than BMI in associations with health outcomes. However, we have several findings indicating that waist circumference is at least as strongly associated with adverse health outcomes as BMI is. Furthermore, we found the early-life determinants maternal pre-pregnancy overweight, maternal smoking during pregnancy and rapid infant weight gain to be associated with 8-year-olds' cholesterol concentrations. BMI was associated with current asthma symptoms, but a high BMI and large waist circumference were not associated with lower lung function, measured as FEV1 and FVC, in 8-year-old children. Over the 4-8 age range, we prospectively studied the association between BMI and asthma symptoms to assess whether this association could be explained by pro-inflammatory proteins such as hs-CRP, C3 and C4. We found a strong cross-sectional association between BMI and asthma symptoms. We did not find evidence for a role of the measured pro-inflammatory proteins in the association between BMI and asthma symptoms. Furthermore, waist circumference measured and reported by the parents corresponded well with the waist circumference measured by the professionals, indicating that reported waist circumference may be used to study associations between waist circumference and risk factors or health outcomes. The most important conclusions of this thesis were, firstly, that already in childhood being overweight has adverse consequences; overweight children had higher blood pressure levels, more adverse cholesterol concentrations and more asthma symptoms than normal weight children. Secondly, waist circumference measured and reported by parents corresponded well with waist circumference measured by professionals.


Financial markets that function well are crucial for the long-run economic growth of a country. This paper, in the first instance, looks at how the financial development of an economy can be measured. It then traces the financial development of India through the 1990s to the present, assessing the development of each segment of financial markets. In doing so, it highlights the dualistic development of the financial sector. Finally, the paper makes an attempt to offer an explanation of this dualistic development and proposes a road map for the future development of financial markets in India.


The aim of bringing semantics to learning content and services is to enable large scale collaboration of e-learning activities over the Grid infrastructure. As machines and software applications will be ubiquitously involved in enabling and facilitating this collaboration, it requires a common understanding of the domain, in particular at the conceptual level, so that both computers and human participants of the e-learning activities understand and are able to communicate among themselves though a common conceptualisation of the learning domain. In this paper we propose that Ontology is required in this context which is shared as a language to enrich resources with semantics. In line with the pedagogical view of the semantics obtained from experts in the learning domain, we describe a semantics driven knowledge life cycle to address the key phases in managing semantics in e-learning. Service oriented architecture is adopted for the vision of Grid infrastructure, reusable components and easy integration at a later phase.


We use Kernel Canonical Correlation Analysis (KCCA) to infer brain activity in functional MRI by learning a semantic representation of fMRI brain scans and their associated activity signal. The semantic space provides a common representation and enables a comparison between the fMRI and the activity signal. We compare the approach against Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) and the more commonly used Ordinary Correlation Analysis (OCA) by localising "activity" on a simulated null data set. We also compare performance of the methods on the localisation of brain regions which control finger movement and regions that are involved in mental calculation. Finally we present an approach to reconstruct an activity signal from an "unknown" testing-set fMRI scans. This is used to validate the learnt semantics as non-trivial.


Globalization, population growth, and resource depletion are drawing increased attention to the importance of common resources such as forests, water resources, and fisheries. It is critical that these resources be governed in an equitable and sustainable way. The Commons in the New Millennium presents cutting-edge research in common property theory and provides an overview and progress report on common property research.The book analyzes new problems that owners, managers, policy makers, and analysts face in managing natural commons. It examines recent findings about the physical characteristics of the commons, their complexity and interconnectedness, and the role of social capital. It also provides empirical studies and suggestions for sustainable development. The topics discussed include the role of financial, political, and social capital in deforestation, community efforts to gain political influence in Indonesia, the Maine lobster industry, outcomes of the implementation of individual transferable quotas in New Zealand and Iceland fisheries, and design of multilateral emissions trading for regional air pollution and global warming.


The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) is a well-known Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM) method that is used to identify the most attractive alternative solution among a finite set of alternatives based on the simultaneous minimization of the distance from an ideal solution (IS) and the maximization of the distance from the nadir solution (NS). We propose an alternative Compromise Ratio Method (CRM) using an efficient and powerful distance measure for solving the group MADM problems. In the proposed CRM, similar to TOPSIS, the chosen alternative should be simultaneously as close as possible to the IS and as far away as possible from the NS. The conventional MADM problems require well-defined and precise data; however, the values associated with the parameters in the real-world are often imprecise, vague, uncertain or incomplete. Fuzzy sets provide a powerful tool for dealing with the ambiguous data. We capture the decision makers' (DMs') judgments with linguistic variables and represent their importance weights with fuzzy sets. The fuzzy group MADM (FGMADM) method proposed in this study improves the usability of the CRM. We integrate the FGMADM method into a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis framework to show the applicability of the proposed method in a solar panel manufacturing firm in Canada.


In the event that a contaminant is introduced to a water distribution network, a large population of consumers may risk exposure. Selecting mitigation actions to protect public health may be difficult, as contamination is a poorly predictable dynamic event. Consumers who become aware of an event may select protective actions to change their water demands from typical demand patterns, and new hydraulic conditions can arise that differ from conditions that would be predicted when demands are considered as exogenous inputs. Consequently, the movement of the contaminant plume in the pipe network may shift from its expected trajectory. A sociotechnical model is developed here to integrate agent-based models of consumers with an engineering water distribution system model and capture the dynamics between consumer behaviors and the water distribution system for predicting contaminant transport and public exposure. Consumers are simulated as agents with behaviors, including movement, water consumption, exposure, reduction in demands, and communication with other agents. As consumers decrease their water use, the location of the contaminant plume is updated and the amount of contaminant consumed by each agent is calculated. The framework is tested through simulating realistic contamination scenarios for a virtual city and water distribution system.


Fourier spectrometers are sensitive to many kinds of disturbance. This focus is mainly on those connected to mechanical vibrations, assessing the relationships between the mechanical inputs and the deriving effects on the spectra. Mechanical vibrations have two main effects on the spectra, the addition of signals due to direct sensitivity to vibrations of the detectors (e.g., through piezoelectric effect) and the changes of the interferogram due to the interferometer optical components motion. The Fourier transform spectrometer considered in this study is based on the constant optical path step sampling achieved by using the interferogram of a reference laser as a trigger so, ideally insensitive to mirrors speed changes, however, the analysis will show how the effects of delays in the sampling chain can compromise the benefits of this configuration. The effects of the vibration of the interferometer optical alignment are considered as well, showing the effect produced on the interferograms and eventually on the spectra. Despite their nonmechanical nature, detector nonlinearity and internal optical reflections are considered as well because their effects, similar to the mechanical ones, could be confused with the latter while in spectra diagnostic it is often important to be able to distinguish between the two. For all the analyzed effects the quantitative relationships between the mechanical disturbances' amplitudes and spectral observed effects are derived.


The tragedy of September 11th 2001 at the World Trade Center is likely to propel search-and-rescue robotics into its next stage, just as the Kobe earthquake and the Oklahoma City bombing were the catalysts for this research domain. Tragedy hasn't been the only motivator for urban search-and-rescue advancements in the USA and Japan; international competition has motivated both countries, first with RoboCup Soccer and more recently with RoboCup Rescue. We may see inexpensive urban search-and-rescue robots mass-produced within five years if advances in hardware and software keep up.


Activation of a set of proteases known as caspases is an important part of the cellular signaling mechanisms that lead to cell death or apoptosis. One caspase target is the protein BID, which, after cleavage, translocates from the cytosol to the mitochondrial membrane. There, it interacts with other proteins to influence mitochondrial function and the release of cytochrome c. Zha et al. now provide a surprising mechanism for how cleavage of BID results in mitochondrial targeting. Cleavage of BID exposes an NH2-terminal glycine residue, which then undergoes a lipid modification (myristoylation) that enhances its binding to mitochondrial membranes. Furthermore, a mutant that cannot be myristoylated has reduced apoptotic activity. Previously, myristoylation of mammalian proteins has only been observed as a cotranslational modification. Myristoylation may be acutely regulated and may serve as a switch that alters localization of signaling proteins. Zha, J., Weiler, S., Oh, K.J., Wei, M.C., and Korsmeyer, S.J. (2000) Posttranslational N-myristoylation of BID as a molecular switch for targeting mitochondria and apoptosis. Science 290: 1761-1765. [Abstract] [Full Text]


Purpose: To quantify the consequence of deformable image registration (DIR) errors on the total dose calculated for lung SBRT patients. Methods: 4DCT images were acquired from three lung SBRT patients who had lesions in the upper, middle and lower lobes of lungs. From their end‐inhale (EI) CT image, finite element models were developed to generate different sets of displacement vector fields (FEM‐DVFs). With these DVFs, mid‐and end‐exhale (EE) phase images were created from the EI images using a subvoxel‐based, mass mapping method. The simulated images were registered to the EI image using Elastix software, and the resultant DVFs were compared with the FEM‐DVFs to quantify registration errors at each image voxel. IMRT plans were developed with Pinnacle on simulated maximum intensity projection (MIP) images, and recalculated on each simulated phase image. The resultant dose was warped back to the EI image using both FEM and Elastix DVFs. Relative dose error was quantified via the difference between the two warped doses divided by the prescribed target dose. The dosimetric impact index was then calculated as the ratio of the relative dose error to the registration displacement error at each image voxel. Results: The mean registration errors evaluated in PTV for the three patients were 1.6, 1.9 and 1.7 mm, and their corresponding dosimetric impact indices were 4.2, 6.1 and 4.9%, respectively. The dosimetric impact indices averaged in PTV, ITV, lung and patient volume for these patients were 5.1, 4.4, 0.4 and 0.7%, and their corresponding standard deviations were 8.1, 7.0, 3.3 and 4.3%, respectively. Conclusion: The impact of DIR errors on dose accumulation has been quantified with patient‐specific FEM‐based breathing models. The dosimetric impact indices derived could help assess the quality of dose mapping for lung SBRT patients. The research was supported by NIH/NCI R01CA140341.


With mounting discontent due to widespread unemployment, corruption and misgovernment, the Ninth National People's Congress in March 2000 was a letdown. Significant though was Premier Zhu Rongji's announcement at the Congress of the leadership's decision to go west. While Zhu explained the policy shift as the government's attempt to develop the country's inland regions, many are skeptical, dismissing it as a camouflage for the premier's failure in the reform programmes introduced when he came to power. On the international front, with the US ambivalence in regard to China's WTO accession and China's apparent loss of grip on cross-straits relations, the future of the Jiang leadership appears to be in the balance.Against this background of neiyou waihuan (internal disturbance and external threats), will the Jiang-Zhu coalition be able to rise to the occasion and push through its many reform programmes, let alone retain its hold on power? China After the 2000 National People's Congress, (I) and (II) address this and related questions, giving an in-depth analysis of recent developments and changes in the power relations among China's top leaders, especially the Jiang-Zhu coalition.


This report analyzes a large sample of U.S. grocery warehouse operators in 54 well defined grocery marketing areas. Almost all grocer retail chains with more than 40 supermarkets and $500 million in retail sales in 1990 are vertically integrated into wholesaling. More than four-fifths of the market areas display high levels of sales concentration (four-firm concentration greater than 60 percent). The 1992 merger between Super Value and Wetterau violated federal merger enforcement guidelines in at least four market areas, and several more horizontal mergers between merchant grocery wholesalers have been consummated since then.


Consider random hypergraphs on n vertices, where each k-element subset of vertices is selected with probability p independently and randomly as a hyperedge. By sparse we mean that the total number of hyperedges is O(n) or O(n ln n). When k = 2, these are exactly the classical Erdos-Renyi random graphs G(n, p). We prove that with high probability, hinge width on these sparse random hypergraphs can grow linearly with the expected number of hyperedges. Some random constraint satisfaction problems such as Model RB and Model RD have satisfiability thresholds on these sparse constraint hypergraphs, thus the large hinge width results provide some theoretical evidence for random instances around satisfiability thresholds to be hard for a standard hinge-decomposition based algorithm. We also conduct experiments on these and other kinds of random graphs with several hundreds vertices, including regular random graphs and power law random graphs. The experimental results also show that hinge width can grow linearly with the number of edges on these different random graphs. These results may be of further interests.


When assessing the economic viability of a wind farm, the estimation of the on-site wind power potential is perhaps the most important step. The most common way of evaluating the wind power potential of an area of interest consists of making on-site measurements for a period of one year. In order to take account of the inter-annual variation of wind speed, the one year of data are normally correlated with data recorded at a reference site where long-term data (typically > 10 years) are available. A correlation analysis is formulated for the concurrent data sets at the reference and prediction sites. This correlation is then used to transform the long-term wind speed at the reference site to the long-term wind speed that would have been expected at the prediction site had long-term measurements been made at this site. An alternative approach is also used, which consists of establishing site-to-site relationships using a numerical model to simulate meteorological situations which are typical for the area of interest. These relationships are then used to transpose the known long-term wind statistics of the reference site to the prediction site. Such an approach is applied in this work to the region of Chasseral & Mt-Crosin. The wind data available for a period of 16 years at Chasseral are transposed to the Mt-Crosin site where they are then compared to the data measured at the location of the installed wind farm. Over complex terrain, the linearised models traditionally used for wind power potential assessment fail to reproduce accurate wind fields. Therefore, to be applied to mountainous terrain such as that found in Switzerland, the approach relying on numerical simulation requires the development and validation of a numerical tool capable of simulating wind fields over complex topography. As the numerical model would have to deal with relatively steep slopes requiring a fine horizontal (50-100 m) and vertical resolution (∼5-10 m in the lowest levels), a fluid dynamics model was used which solves the complete set of Navier-Stokes equations with κ-e turbulence closure. The standard version of the model used (CFX4) is modified in a novel way to extend its field of application so that atmospheric phenomena could be simulated which are typical of the meso-scale. The modified version solves the flow equations with the anelastic approximation (deep Boussinesq) and assuming a background rotation of the wind field (with the high altitude wind field following the geostrophic approximation). In the first part of this work, the numerical model is validated. The results obtained in this phase show that for meteorological situations for which the wind at the ground is coupled to the high altitude wind, the numerical model is able to satisfactorily reproduce: the flow in the surface layer, reproducing the effects associated with the ground roughness, roughness change, or heat flux through the ground; the flow in the Ekman layer together with the interaction between the free flow thermal stability conditions and the boundary layer; the linear and non-linear effects associated with the perturbation induced by a mountain in a stably stratified flow. In the second stage of this work, an extension of the standard Measure-Correlate-Predict method is presented to calculate the wind speed distribution at the prediction site, from transposition relationships and from the wind statistics at the reference site. The validity of the underlying assumptions is confirmed using concurrent data sets that were collected at both the reference and prediction sites. To evaluate the accuracy that can be achieved with the transposition assumptions, a back-prediction is performed using the transposition relationships obtained using the observations. Different types of transposition relationships have been investigated. Finally, the transposition methodology is applied to calculate the wind speed conditions at Mt-Crosin from the Chassera1 data, using the transposition relationships calculated by the numerical model for a range of meteorological situations typical for the area considered. The Mt-Crosin to Chassera1 sector wind speed ratios calculated by the numerical model tend to slightly underestimate those observed. The mean wind speeds obtained from the transposition are underestimated by 7% to 18% at the three measuring mast locations on Mt-Crosin. The yearly energy output that can be produced by a wind turbine in these conditions is underestimated by 8% to 36%. For a further period, the actual energy production of the three installed wind turbines has been compared with the model prediction at hub height, which showed that the transposition results underestimate the actual yearly production by 22% to 24%. From the transposition of the long-term data at Chassera1 (16 years), with the relationships obtained by the numerical model, a wind power potential of between 470 MWh/year (Cote Est) and 596 MWh/year (Cote Nord) is predicted using the characteristics of a Vestas-V44 wind turbine. From the work presented here, it appears that for well-exposed sites such as those located along the Jura Crest, the methods developed are able to give a wind power potential prediction with a similar accuracy as a one year measurement campaign performed on site.


Spectral and photophysical properties of the alkaloid berberine ( B ) were studied in solvents with different solvent parameters, using UV/Vis absorption, emission and excitation spectroscopy. The absorption and emission maxima were found to be between 421–431 nm and 514–555 nm, respectively, leading to Stokes' shifts between 4099 and 5735 cm^−1. The fluorescence quantum yields varied between 10^−2–10^−4, depending on the solvent. Different solvent scales have been used to study the solvatochromism of B . Linear solvation energy relationships (LSER) proposed by Kamlet–Taft suggest that B is a molecule attractive as a probe for solvent polarity and hydrogen bonding properties.


Fueled by the widespread deployment of information communication technologies, the notion of collaborative consumption has become popular in recent years. Traditionally, individuals have viewed ownership as the most desirable way to access products. In recent years, individuals have shown a robust appetite for collaborative consumption. While the prevalence of collaborative consumption activities has significantly affected the industry and the individual, scientific understanding of this emerging phenomenon remains scant. A review of the extant literature suggested that little is known about the motivating and inhibiting factors for participation in collaborative consumption. Building on the benefit-cost framework, this research-in-progress paper proposes an integrated model to explain the influence of perceived benefits (enjoyment and economic reward), perceived costs (privacy risk and security risk), and perceived platform quality on collaborative consumption. The research model will be tested with 300 active users who have participated in car-sharing activity with Uber. This study is expected to contribute to the research on, and practice of, the sharing economy by revealing the factors affecting participation in collaborative consumption.


The paper explores the vulnerability and persistence of poverty amongst the rural households in the disaster-prone areas of Bangladesh. It draws upon some of the factors and processes that have prevented certain groups of people in ecologically vulnerable areas escaping from extreme poverty using both household level data and focused group discussions. In the light of this, special attention has been given to the monga problem, which refers to the state of seasonal unemployment and deprivation, especially in the northern districts of Bangladesh.The paper also suggests ways to cope with the vulnerabilities faced by the people living in the river erosion and flood affected areas. Useful insights into comparisons between ecologically favourable and unfavourable zones are also provided in terms of the socio-economic characteristics and poverty status of the households, their coping strategies, as well as their access to services provided by both government and non-government organizations.The study has used quantitative analyses of household level data collected from a 64-village census plus survey conducted under the Programme for Research on Chronic Poverty in Bangladesh (Phase II). The important conclusions derived from the paper suggest that flood-prone zones are the worst off among different disaster-prone areas in terms of food shortages, the incidence of extreme poor, insufficient income, illiteracy, and a high concentration of wage labourers. Therefore, as expected, access to government programs like the VGD/VGF is the highest in the flood-prone zones. On the contrary, infrastructural services particularly that of roads, are more prevalent in the ecologically favourable areas.The paper observes that groups that appear to be particularly vulnerable include households with limited assets, women-headed households, adolescent unmarried girls, elderly people without family to support them, fishermen, and communities living on the island or attached chars. Their vulnerability is further exacerbated by their inability to reduce the risk of natural disasters. In as high as one-third of the cases, the households, especially in unfavourable zones, do not have any viable coping strategies. For those who have, borrowing and savings are the most common approaches.Interestingly, it was observed that some people (though lesser in proportion) were able to sustain and sometime even improve their economic position compared to others with similar conditions, due to: smaller household size, more earners, better health, diversification in employment, greater migratory tendency, linkages, and motivation.


The genus Phytophthora contains a large number of species that are known plant pathogens of a variety of important crops. Phytophthora sojae, a hemibiotroph, causes approximately 1-2 billion dollars (US) of lost soybean world-wide each year. P. infestans, the causative agent of the Irish potato famine, is responsible for over 5 billion dollars (US) worth of lost potato each year. These destructive plant pathogens facilitate pathogenesis through the use of small secreted proteins known as effector proteins. A large subset of effector proteins is able to translocate into host cells and target plant defense pathways. P. sojae Avr1b is able to suppress cell death triggered by BAX and hydrogen peroxide. The W-domain of Avr1b is responsible for this functionality, and is recognized by the Rps1b gene product to induce effector triggered immunity. These oomycete effector proteins translocate into host cells via a highly conserved N-terminal motif known as RXLR-dEER without the use of any pathogen encoded machinery. In fungi an RXLR-like motif exists, [R,K,H] X [L,F,Y,M,~I] X, that is able to facilitate translocation without pathogen encoded machinery. Both functional RXLR and RXLR-like motifs are able to bind phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PtdIns3-P) to mediate entry into host cells. The use of novel inhibitory mechanisms has shown effector entry can be blocked either by sequestering PtdIns-3-P on the outer leaflet of plant and animal cells or by competitive inhibition of the binding pocket of the RXLR or RXLR-like motifs.


This commentary sketches a research agenda for mapping the normative networks through which debates concerning transboundary water resources in the Mekong River Basin are being conducted, particularly those networks' transnational legal dimensions. It argues that traditional 'hard versus soft law' analyses of the Mekong River Basin have to date paid too little attention to the role that legal vocabularies, institutions and actors are in fact playing on this highly contested terrain. Such analyses have, moreover, been insufficiently attentive to the particular, plural understandings, expectations and makings of law traceable to parties living and operating in the Mekong River Basin. The commentary outlines a research agenda informed broadly by Michel Foucault's writing on governmentality and Pierre Bourdieu's reflexive sociology and outlines some preliminary intuitions animating that agenda. It advocates, in brief, Mekong specific inquiries into hybrid and variegated forms of legal knowledge and their uneven distribution, beyond any single hard–soft law continuum.


The fourth edition of this best selling "how-to" book includes major revisions, including the expansion of the screening mammography and breast MRI chapters, as well as the addition of digital breast tomosynthesis studies. Rather than having selected cropped images, the print and online versions of this book provide the reader with thousands of high quality images and complete imaging evaluations, from the screening images to the diagnostic mammogram, and—when appropriate—images from ultrasound, MRI, imaging guided biopsy, and preoperative wire localizations. Bulleted "key-facts" describe clinical, imaging and histological findings for a spectrum of breast diseases. With this book, breast-imaging radiologists are strongly encouraged to provide clinical, imaging and pathology concordance for optimal patient care, as well as direct and clinically relevant communication with providers and patients.


Abstract. A first validation of water vapour total column amounts derived from measurements of the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) in the visible spectral region has been performed. For this purpose, SCIAMACHY water vapour data have been determined for the year 2003 using an extended version of the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) method, called Air Mass Corrected (AMC-DOAS). The SCIAMACHY results are compared with corresponding water vapour measurements by the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and with model data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). In confirmation of previous results it could be shown that SCIAMACHY derived water vapour columns are typically slightly lower than both SSM/I and ECMWF data, especially over ocean areas. However, these deviations are much smaller than the observed scatter of the data which is caused by the different temporal and spatial sampling and resolution of the data sets. For example, the overall difference with ECMWF data is only -0.05 g/cm2 whereas the typical scatter is in the order of 0.5 g/cm2. Both values show almost no variation over the year. In addition, first monthly means of SCIAMACHY water vapour data have been computed. The quality of these monthly means is currently limited by the availability of calibrated SCIAMACHY spectra. Nevertheless, first comparisons with ECMWF data show that SCIAMACHY (and similar instruments) are able to provide a new independent global water vapour data set.


Since the introduction of the H1N1 influenza vaccine in the wake of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, many serious and nonserious adverse events related to the vaccine have been reported. We describe a 59‐year‐old African‐American man with severe chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who experienced a new‐onset, generalized tonic‐clonic seizure less than 1 hour after receiving the H1N1 vaccine. He had never experienced any reactions to previous seasonal influenza vaccines. His medical history, physical examination, and targeted investigations revealed no evidence of other potential etiologies for his seizure. After this event, the patient, who was discharged without anticonvulsant therapy, remained seizure free for the next 10 months. Use of the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale indicated a possible relationship (score of 4) between the patient's seizure and the receipt of the H1N1 vaccine. This is the first case report, to our knowledge, to suggest a possible association between the H1N1 influenza vaccine and seizure. The mechanism of the association is unclear. Further case series may clarify the nature of the association.


Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis in children disturbs not only mandibular growth, but also facial skeletal development. Costochondral graft was used to ensure growth, but it had proven to be unpredictable. The authors evaluate retrospectively 41 patients who underwent temporomandibular joint reconstruction during the last 10 years. Twenty were treated by costochondral graft, 15 by arthroplasty, and 6 by other surgical procedures, and they were excluded. The etiology was septic in 54% of the cases. Follow-up was at least 12 months in all cases. Arthroplasty was a quicker and easier procedure than the costochondral graft, reducing operating time, risk of blood transfusion, and hospital stays and costs. It also was associated with less risk of reankylosis, 13%vs 25%. Furthermore, it was associated with a minor morbidity and secondary complications. Seventy-five percent of the patients treated with bone graft required additional secondary surgery. Radiographically, the authors observed a remodeled neocondyle at the level of proximal mandibular end in cases treated by arthroplasty.On clinical examination, patients showed variable degrees of facial deformity and an unknown potential of mandibular growth after TMJ arthroplasty. The authors also observed improved clinical and radiologic appearance after ankylosis correction. Is it reasonable to perform ankylosis release and mandibular distraction simultaneously without knowing which patients will be able to experience growth with time? In that case it would be necessary a predict growth to apply the exact amount of mandibular distraction for obtaining stable results. Timing of mandibular distraction, after TMJ arthroplasty is performed and mandibular function restored, must be specific to each patient's needs, assuring the best distraction conditions and planning. The authors present their treatment protocol, including TMJ joint arthroplasty with temporal muscle interposition, and mandibular distraction osteogenesis, as a second procedure, to correct residual asymmetry or retrognathism if necessary.


On the basis of residents' survey results in the Urals region the author shows that the main sources of information transfer about the Second World War are still family and high school. However, importance of these social institutions in maintaining and updating historical memory is decreasing because of several reasons. Results of the survey among urban residents in the Middle Urals show that from the point of view of preserving the memory of the war 15–17 year olds were more vulnerable than is those born in late 1990th. This suggests that decay of traditional mechanisms to preserve memory of the Great Patriotic War took place gradually, paralleling transformations of mass and interpersonal communication mechanisms. Increasing negative effect emerged only in our days, and only partially, for greatness and significance of these events are imperishable.


In this study, 78 kindergarten and first-grade children were interviewed about their writing to identify indicators of self-assessment. Writing samples for each participant were saved over a three month period, then compared and discussed by the child. Results indicated that these young children did engage in self:-assessment behaviors. The classroom teachers were asked to place the participants in their classes along a writing continuum known as a Writing Band. Graphs were presented to show the writing levels of the children by classroom. In addition, each classroom was surveyed to document events which promote literacy development within the framework of an integrated curriculum. Writing samples for each child were collected and kept in a portfolio. Participants were interviewed regarding the contents of the portfolio. Children in two of the kindergarten classes were interviewed using 5 samples collected over a 2 1/2 month time period, and all other participants were interviewed using 6 writing samples collected over a 3 month period. Findings indicated that not only did these young children recognize growth in their writing, but they also assessed that growth based on outward, physical features of their writing. The writing ability of each child at the beginning of the study did not appear to affect the child's ability to self-assess writing growth. Children on the first 4 Writing Bands, A, B, C, and D self-assessed using similar criteria. Additional findings suggested that many of these young children knew there was a thought process involved with choosing topics to be written about. The results of this study suggested implications for continued investigations into using self-assessment with young children. For example, it was proposed that varying the learning environment may change the criteria that children use for self-assessment. Further research was recommended that would identify student and teacher behaviors that enhance self-assessment.


This paper explores narrative literature as a means of inquiry into the sense of self in depression. Described as a disease, an identity and a way of life, depression is influenced by both internal and external factors. Although brain research has provided new insight into the relationship between neurotransmitter function and depression, the symptoms are experienced by individuals whose lives are intertwined with historical and sociocultural interpretations of illness and its manifestations. At the intersection of science and the humanities, narratives aid in the interpretation of lived experiences, provide a window to that experience, and a public medium that engages writers and readers as they interpret the world. Engaging narratives to interpret both experience and medical jargon may reveal for both those experiencing depression and those engaged in their care, a way of mediating that experience. Narratives can help dissect and thus illuminate the official language of medicine and psychiatry and the personal language of depression. Such a window can enhance the opportunities for empathy and care.


Paragangliomas are rare lesions, and in filum terminale region they account for only 3.3 to 3.5% of tumors. We report the case of a patient with history of progressive low back pain at night with altered sensitivity in the lower limbs and neurogenic bladder. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a mass lesion in the conus medullaris region. The patient underwent complete microsurgical resection and experienced improvement of his symptoms. Histologic evaluation was consistent with a paraganglioma of the filum terminale. We provide a brief review of the epidemiology and clinical and radiological features of this condition. Prognosis is associated with the ability to achieve total surgical resection. In the event of partial removal, longer follow-up is required.


This Paper analyses industrial policy in a high wage open economy hosting an agglomeration consisting of vertically linked upstream and downstream firms. We show that optimal policy towards upstream industries typically differ from the optimal policy towards downstream industries. Internationalization impacts on the costs as well as on the benefits related to sustaining an industrial agglomeration. Whether maintaining the agglomeration is compatible with a welfare maximizing policy is shown to depend on level of economic integration.


A CLUSTERED BACK-BONE FOR ROUTING IN AD-HOC NETWORKS by Delzad Kothawala In the recent years, a lot of research work has been undertaken in the area of ad-hoc networks due to the increasing potential of putting them to commercial use in various types of mobile computing devices. Topology control in ad-hoc networks is a widely researched topic; with a number of algorithms being proposed for the construction of a power-efficient topology that optimizes the battery usage of the mobile nodes. This research proposes a novel technique of partitioning the ad-hoc network into virtually-disjoint clusters. The ultimate aim of forming a routing graph over which power-efficient routing can be implemented in a simple and effective manner is realized by partitioning the network into disjoint clusters and thereafter joining them through gateways to form a connected, planar back-bone which is also a t-spanner of the original Unit Disk Graph (UDG). Some of the previously proposed algorithms require the nodes to construct local variations of the Delaunay Triangulation and undertake several complicated steps for ensuring the planarity of the back-bone graph. The construction of the Delaunay Triangulation is very complex and time-consuming. This work achieves the objective of constructing a routing graph which is a planar spanner, without requiring the expensive construction of the Delaunay Triangulation, thus saving the node power, an important resource in the ad-hoc network. Moreover, the algorithm guarantees that the total number of messages required to be sent by each node is 0(n). This makes the topology easily reconfigurable in case of node motion. A CLUSTERED BACK-BONE FOR ROUTING IN AD-HOC NETWORKS


Companies are constantly being pressured to innovate in order to stay competitive in the short run and have new offerings in the long run. One way of boosting innovation is to develop idea support systems that go beyond the traditional methods and tools. Through a qualitative study, this paper explores the lessons learned from developing an online platform for idea generation, and discusses it in terms of innovation process, climate, and capabilities. The results show that the platform itself is not enough for innovation. The structure and work processes around the platform are as important, which implies the need to design processes and procedures that allow an idea to develop, providing, focus, idea feedback and role clarity.


ABSTRACT The first stage of the Korean Earthquake Early Warning System (KEEWS) began operations at the Korea Meteorological Administration in January 2015. The goal at this stage is to issue a warning within 50 s of detecting an earthquake of magnitude 5.0 or more. Since operations began, all local earthquakes of magnitude 3.0 or greater have been detected with sufficient accuracy. In the two years since operations started, three warnings have been issued, including for an offshore earthquake of magnitude 5.0 that occurred on 5 July 2016 and for two successive magnitude 5.1 and 5.8 earthquakes that occurred in the southeastern Korean Peninsula on 12 September 2016. In this article, we introduce the KEEWS and review its performance from January 2015 to July 2016. We also report on its responses for recent offshore and inland earthquakes.


This study set out to investigate the possible effect of life history strategy on the trace metal biology of crustaceans living in coastal sites contaminated by high availabilities of toxic metals. Amphipods brood their young, parents and offspring staying in the same habitat. Therefore a population of amphipods living in a trace-metal-rich estuary would have been selected over generations for any physiological adaptation reducing the potential toxic action of the trace metals, such as reduced rates of uptake of metals from solution. Crabs, on the other hand, are dispersed by a planktonic larval phase, the zoea, increasing the probability that the parents of individuals inhabiting a metal-rich estuary would have lived in a remote location not exposed to selection pressure to reduce metal uptake rates. Uptake rates of the dissolved trace metals Zn, Cd and Ag were, therefore, measured in amphipods Orchestia gammarellus and crabs Carcinus maenas and Pachygrapsus marmoratus from coastal sites in Britain and France exposed to different degrees of trace metal enrichment, in order to test 3 hypotheses: (1) the mean metal uptake rates of amphipods and crabs from a metal-rich site would be lower than those of the same crustaceans from a control site; (2) the mean metal uptake rates of amphipods would show a greater reduction from those of control amphipods than would those of equivalent crabs; (3) the mean metal uptake rates of amphipods from metal-rich sites would show smaller coefficients of variation than those of equivalent crabs. In practice the mean metal uptake rates of both amphipods and crabs did not show consistent significant differences between the crustaceans from the metal-rich and control sites. Furthermore there was no evidence to conclude that the coefficients of variation of the mean uptake rates of amphipods from the relatively metal-rich sites are lower than those of crabs from the same sites. It is concluded that the exposure of the crustaceans to raised trace metal availabilities has not been sufficient to select for a reduction in dissolved trace metal uptake rates, even in the case of the in situ populations of amphipods. It is relevant that a suite of physiological mechanisms for the amelioration of the potential toxic effects of trace metals is available to coastal invertebrates, and it remains possible that other physiological processes promoting metal tolerance may be active to differing degrees in crustaceans from metal-rich habitats.