The lively debate over the meaning of the Second Amendment has focused on the question of whether the amendment protects a right of individuals to possess arms or a collective right of states to maintain militias free from federal interference. Over the past few years, the individual-rights view has won over at least one federal circuit court and has become the official position of the Bush Administration's Department of Justice. Mostly overlooked in the Second Amendment literature however is the important question of what standard of review would apply to laws burdening the right to bear arms under the individual-rights reading. This lack of attention may be due to the assumption that strict scrutiny would necessarily apply because the right is fundamental or because it is located in the Bill of Rights. In this article, I challenge that assumption and consider the arguments for a contrary conclusion: that the Second Amendment's individual right to bear arms is appropriately governed by a deferential, reasonableness review under which nearly all gun control laws would survive judicial review. My discussion is informed by the example of state constitutional law, where the individual right to bear arms is already well established. Forty-two states have constitutional provisions guaranteeing an individual right to bear arms and, tellingly, every state to consider the question applies a deferential reasonable regulation standard in arms rights cases. No state applies strict scrutiny or any other type of heightened review to gun laws. Since World War II, the state courts have authored hundreds of opinions using the reasonable regulation test to determine the constitutionality of all sorts of gun control laws. All but a fraction of these decisions uphold gun control laws as reasonable measures to protect public safety. If the federal courts follow this universal practice of the state courts and apply the reasonable regulation standard, nearly all gun control laws will survive judicial review. Moreover, I argue, even if the federal courts decide to apply strict scrutiny, most weapons laws are still likely to be upheld. If so, then any eventual triumph of the individual-rights reading of the Second Amendment is likely to be more symbolic than substantive.


This report evaluates the efficiency of federal spectrum use, performing a study that compares the spectrum resources used by several alternative land mobile radio (LMR) system architectures employing trunked radio technology to the spectrum resources used by the current conventional LMR systems. This study considered the 162-174 MHz federal LMR band in the Washington, D.C. area. The Washington, D.C. area was selected because it represents a spectrally congested environment and the 162-174 MHz band because it represents the most heavily used federal land mobile frequency band.


The linkages between inflation and the economy's cyclical position are thought to be strongly affected by the credibility of monetary authorities. The author complements existing research by estimating a small forward-looking model of the U.S. economy with endogenous central bank credibility. His work differs from the existing literature in several ways. First, he endogenizes and estimates credibility parameters, allowing inflation expectations to be a mix of backward- and forward-looking agents. Second, his models include both outcome- and action-based credibility. Third, he estimates a non-linear relation between policy credibility and divergences of inflation from target, which is also assumed to change over history. Finally, the author's non-linear time-varying credibility indexes do not rely on a two-regime definition, but on a continuum of credibility regimes. The author finds strong, stable, and statistically significant outcome- and action-credibility effects that generate important inflation inertia. According to his results, the value of the endogenous credibility indexes has risen steadily across the different monetary policy regimes.


Mutual Exclusivity (ME) is a prominent constraint in language acquisition, which guides children to establish one-to-one mappings between words and referents. But how does unfolding experience of multiple-to-one word-meaning mappings in bilingual children's environment affect their understanding of when to use ME and when to accept lexical overlap? Three-to-five-year-old monolingual and simultaneous bilingual children completed two pragmatically distinct tasks, where successful word learning relied on either the default use of ME or the ability to accept overlapping labels. All children could flexibly use ME by following the social-pragmatic directions available in each task. However, linguistic experience shaped the development of ME use, whereby older monolinguals showed a greater reliance on the one-to-one mapping assumption, but older bilinguals showed a greater ability to accept lexical overlap. We suggest that flexible use of ME is thus shaped by pragmatic information present in each communicative interaction and children's individual linguistic experience.


Although many studies have analyzed the effects of urbanization on temperature changes, the urbanization's effect on temperature change remains controversial. Northeast China is the largest old industrial base in China, which experienced a rapid urbanization in the past decades. Under the background of climate change, understanding the changes of surface air temperature and urbanization effects on temperature changes in the Northeast China is important to predict climate change in China. By analyzing the historical climate data, our results suggested that minimum temperature (Tmin) over the Northeast China increased significantly (0.40°C decade-1) from 1960 to 1989, but showed no significant change (-0.02°C decade-1) during 1990 2016. Due to slight change of maximum temperature (Tmax), the diurnal temperature range (DTR) showed a significant decreasing trend before 1989 (-0.34°C decade-1), but reached a stable level after 1990 (-0.06°C decade-1). In Northeast China, urbanization had a significant warming effect on Tmin during the night-time, but had different effects on Tmax during the daytime under the different changes of solar radiation before and after 1990. There were moderate warming effects of urbanization on Tmax during the solar dimming period of 1960 1989, but weak cooling effects on Tmax during the solar stable period after 1990. Due to obvious warming effect of urbanization on Tmin, urbanization in Northeast China tends to result in an increase of mean temperature but a decrease of DTR. Article history: Received 1 August 2019 Revised 14 November 2019 Accepted 27 November 2019


Although human and animal behaviors are largely shaped by reinforcement and punishment, choices in social settings are also influenced by information about the knowledge and experience of other decision-makers. During competitive games, monkeys increased their payoffs by systematically deviating from a simple heuristic learning algorithm and thereby countering the predictable exploitation by their computer opponent. Neurons in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) signaled the animal's recent choice and reward history that reflected the computer's exploitative strategy. The strength of switching signals in the dmPFC also correlated with the animal's tendency to deviate from the heuristic learning algorithm. Therefore, the dmPFC might provide control signals for overriding simple heuristic learning algorithms based on the inferred strategies of the opponent. Neuronal responses in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex predict choices and switches in gaming strategies in monkeys. Smart monkeys can outwit a computer What happens in the brain when we are learning to compete against an opponent? Seo et al. observed monkeys competing against a computer that can adapt to the monkey's behavior. The monkeys switched their learning strategies when they worked out that their opponent was reacting to their behavior. The responses of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex cells in the monkey brains predicted their choices and switches in strategies. Science, this issue p. 340


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to generate a theory grounded in data explaining caregivers' understanding of their child's language disorder and the perceived role of speech-language pathologists in facilitating this knowledge.Method: This study employed grounded theory as a conceptual framework. Qualitative data were generated based on semistructured interviews conducted with 12 mothers of children who had received speech-language pathology services.Results: The following themes emerged from the data analysis: (a) Many mothers reported receiving confusing or irrelevant diagnostic terms for language disorder, (b) mothers of children with language disorders were distressed about their children's language problems, (c) mothers did not always trust or understand their children's speech-language pathologist, and (d) mothers were satisfied with the interventions their child had been receiving. Mothers described their children's language disorder using a total of 23 labels, most of which were not useful for accessing meaningful information about the nature of their child's communication problem. Generally, mothers reported they did not receive language-related diagnostic labels from speech-language pathologists for their child's language disorder.Conclusions: Two theories were generated from the results: (a) Lack of information provided to mothers about their child's language disorder causes mothers psychological harm that appears to be long lasting. (b) Difficulties in successfully relaying information about language disorders to parents result in negative perceptions of speech-language pathology. Implications and future directions are discussed.Supplemental Material S1. List of codes from the three coding passes.Supplemental Material S2. The member-checking document sent to mothers at the completion of the study.Ash, A. C., Christopulos, T. T., & Redmond, S. M. (2020). "Tell me about your child": A grounded theory study of mothers' understanding of language disorder. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1044/2020_AJSLP-19-00064


The Universal Networking Language (UNL) is a worldwide generalizes form human interactive in machine independent digital platform for defining, representing, storing and dissipating knowledge or information among people of different nations. The theoretical and practical research associated with these interdisciplinary endeavour facilities in a number of practical applications in most domains of human activities such as creating globalization trends of market or geopolitical independence among nations. In this paper we will discusses the interlingua approach to machine translation. Here Universal Networking Language (UNL) has been used as the intermediate representation. In this thesis work, we have dealt with the language independent deconverter for the Bangla language it takes as input a UNL (Universal Networking language) expression. The system takes a set of UNL expression as input and with the help of language independent algorithm and language dependent data generates corresponding Bangla sentence. The process of deconversion involves syntax planning and morphology phase. The syntax planning phase is aimed at generation of proper sequence of words for the target sentence.


This thesis sets out to increase our understanding on how to conduct successful military interventions in internal wars, such as the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan. But, instead of investigating different variables which might contribute to success, the focus is on the practice of knowledge production. Numerous scholars have focused on how to conduct military interventions in internal wars successfully. However, research is conducted in different disciplines, such as Peace Studies and War Studies. According to interdisciplinary advocates, this might impede a rational advancement of knowledge. The aim of this thesis, therefore, is to scrutinise whether military interventions in internal wars are understood and approached differently in different disciplines, and to investigate whether these differences result in different knowledge about how to conduct successful military interventions in internal wars. The investigation has been conducted in two steps. In the first step – focusing on theory – research on peace operations and counterinsurgencies was compared, regarding underlying assumptions, independent and dependent variables, causal mechanisms and methodology. Several differences were identified. Not only are the underlying assumptions, theories, and variables different between the two research areas of peace operations and counterinsurgencies, there are also differences in methodological approaches, such as the unit of analysis. These differences could imply that disciplines frame the way we understand the object of study and how we conduct research. In the second step – focusing on practice – the ISAF mission in Afghanistan was interpreted from the two disciplinary perspectives. Several differences were identified here as well, suggesting that disciplinary approaches influence our knowledge of how to conduct successful military interventions in internal wars. Departing from the differences found between the two research areas in the first part of the thesis, different ways to overcome these differences are suggested. Following these suggestions, research on military interventions in internal wars might become more rational, potentially increasing our understanding of how to conduct these operations successfully.


There are three general methods to identify and track assets: paper and pencil or similar manual record keeping techniques; bar code techniques using printed paper or plastic labels with laser readers. Barcode labels use light beams which cannot read through dirt, or around corners or through walls, or at distances significantly greater than six inches. Bar code was thus limited to clean environments with a direct line of sight from the reader, and the reader had to be close to the label. The development of radio frequency techniques promised to overcome these limitations and with the introduction of the Radio Frequency Identification products, this promise became reality. By this paper we hope to provide an insight into this new field of wireless technology. Keywords-RFID; bar-code; wireless; tags; UPC; RFID


With the help of Gaussian Brackets, this paper presents a paraxial study of the mechanically compensated zoom lens which consists of a fixed front component, three independently movable components, and a fixed fifth component. The expressions, which define the displacement of components at zooming, the critical point of displacement, and the singular point of displacement are derived. Some numerical examples of the zooming locus are given.


Beam loss monitors are of high importance in high-intensity hadron facilities where any energy loss can produce damage or/and activation of materials. A new type of neutron BLM have been developed for hadron accelerators aiming to cover the low energy part. In this region typical BLMs based on charged particle detection are not appropriate because the expected particle fields will be dominated by neutrons and photons. Moreover, the photon background due to the RF cavities can produce false beam loss signals. The BLM proposed is based on gaseous Micromegas detectors, designed to be sensitive to fast neutrons and insensitive to photons (X and gamma). In addition, the detectors will be insensitive to thermal neutrons, since part of them will not be directly correlated to beam loss location. The appropriate configuration of the Micromegas operating conditions will allow excellent timing, intrinsic photon background suppression and individual neutron counting, extending thus the dynamic range to very low particle fluxes. The concept of the detectors and the first results from tests in several facilities will be presented. Moreover, their use in the nBLM ESS system will be also discussed


Venture philanthropy provides new supports to social services in the form of innovative projects, and has a step-by-step progress. The subject of a prefect venture philanthropy includes donors, recipients, beneficiaries and independent qualified Third-Party Assessment Entities. The venture philanthropy has an interactive process, which consists of the following four steps: project collection and training, field visits and project optimization, project review and publicity, and signature of the protocol. Venture philanthropy can promote the concept that governments can buy public service from other organizations, and advance win-win cooperation between the government and the social organizations. The government supports the benign development of public organizations and guides the practice of public venture capital in order to serve the masses, forming a multi body participation in social governance innovation pattern. This paper have studied the venture philanthropy practice, analyzed the influencing factors of the venture philanthropy, and summarized the relationship between the venture philanthropy process and the subjects on the basic of the field investigation of China's venture philanthropy.


Nearfield Systems Inc. (NSI) has been contracted by the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the University of Waterloo to install a unique antenna test system with multiple configurations allowing it to characterize a wide variety of antenna types over a very wide bandwidth. The system employs a total of 10 positional axes to allow near-field and farfield testing in various modes of operation with great flexibility. A 4 m x 4 m planar near-field (PNF) scanner is used for testing directive antennas operating at frequencies up to 110 GHz with laser interferometer position feedback providing dynamic probe position correction. The PNF's Y-axis can also be used for cylindrical near-field (CNF) testing applications when paired with a floor mounted azimuth rotation stage. A single phi-overtheta positioner permits both spherical near-field (SNF) testing from L-band to W-band and far-field testing down to 0.2 GHz. This positioner is installed on a translation stage allowing 1.8 m of Z-axis travel to adjust the probe-to-AUT separation. In addition, a theta-over-phi swing arm SNF system is available for testing large, gravitationally sensitive antennas that may be easily installed on a floor mounted rotation stage. In order to ensure system and personnel safety, a complex interlock system was designed to reduce the risk of mechanical interference and ease the transition from one configuration to another. The system installation and validation was completed in March 2013. We believe that this facility is unique in that it encompasses all commonly used near-field configurations within one chamber. It therefore provides a perfect environment for the training of young engineers and could potentially form the baseline of future academic test facilities. This paper will outline the technical specifications of the scanner and discuss the recommended applications for each configuration. It will also describe the details of the safety interlock system.


This paper discusses a dual approach of case study and research survey to investigate the complex factors in sustaining academic library digitization programs. The case study involves the background of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) Libraries' digitization program and elaborates on the authors' efforts to gain staff support for this program. A related survey was administered to all Association of Research Libraries (ARL) members, seeking to collect baseline data on their digital collections, understand their respective administrative frameworks, and to gather feedback on both negative obstacles and positive inputs affecting their success. Results from the survey, combined with the authors' local experience, point to several potential success factors including staff skill sets, funding, and strategic planning.


Salinity is the essential parameter for ocean dynamics studies. Its definition and using in the equations used to calculate the thermodynamic properties of seawater, have been revised in 2010, opening the possibility of new sensors developments. In this context, NOSS (NKE Optical Salinity Sensor) has emerged as one of the first underwater instrument for in situ refractive index measurement in the past years open up the scope of possibilities to access to density parameter. This achievement is the fruit of the cooperation between several institutions and the fruit of several years of developments and trials. NOSS sensor has been designed to be deployed in coastal environment and open-ocean waters up to 2000 m, especially on profiling floats of the Argo network.


This Article argues that the form of international agreements — binding hard law agreements versus non-binding soft law agreements — can be partially explained by states' interests in promoting renegotiation in the presence of uncertainty and shifting power. I make this argument in three steps. First, I explain that states regularly use unilateral non-compliance as a renegotiation strategy. Second, I argue that making an agreement soft facilitates this use of unilateral non-compliance. Third, I analyze the conditions — uncertainty characterized by common interests (but not uncertainty characterized by distributive concerns) and shifting power — under which facilitating renegotiation through soft law will appeal to states. In particular, I argue that in the presence of these conditions preventing renegotiation creates long-term costs for states that can inhibit short-term cooperation. In effect, under these conditions the shadow of the future can inhibit cooperation, rather than support it as is conventionally thought. These conditions are common to many major contemporary subjects of international cooperation in a way they were not during the latter half of the twentieth century, partially explaining the increased importance of soft law to contemporary international governance.


"The country house that Adolf Loos designed for Paul Khuner in Payerbach represents
one of his most brilliant achievements, complementary to the more famous
Villa Müller in Prague. These two buildings, both completed in 1930, constitute a
sort of legacy summarizing Loos' visions and architectural principles. The country
house is particularly significant in regard to the apparently contradictory relationship
between modernity and tradition. Furthermore, the building reveals a quieter
approach to the Raumplan, thanks to the adoption of a clear typological figure:
the double-height central space with an upper-level distribution gallery. In this work,
Loos applies the principles presented in his seminal text "Architecture", where he
criticized the incapacity of a villa designed by an architect of integrating the idyllic
and peaceful character of a mountain valley. In this perspective, the Khuner house
was a unique occasion for Loos to build in a completely new context, far away from
the typical urban situations where he was accustomed to working.
The pitched roof, the wooden construction and the general shape of the building
are alien to Loos' ideas. Nevertheless, they are so carefully defined and their integration
in the landscape is so calm that one could have the impression of looking at
a traditional mountain building. Upon careful observation, one discovers that many
elements do not correspond to a vernacular vocabulary, but rather produce a series
of slight dissimilarities that demonstrate how modernity can affirm its values in a
discreet way."


This study looked at the influence of a Sport Education intervention program on students' motivational responses in a high school physical education setting. Two intact groups were assigned curricular interventions: the Sport Education group (n = 25), which received eight 60-min lessons, and the comparison group (n = 26), which received a traditional teaching approach to sportbased activity. Pre- and postintervention measures of student enjoyment, perceived effort, perceived competence, goal orientations, perceived motivational climate, and perceived autonomy were obtained for both groups. Repeatedmeasures ANOVAs showed significant increases in student enjoyment and perceived effort in the Sport Education group only. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that increases in task-involving climate and perceived autonomy explained a significant amount of unique variance in the Sport Education students' postintervention enjoyment, perceived effort, and perceived competence responses. The results suggest that the Sport Education curriculum may increase perceptions of a task-involving climate and perceived autonomy, and in so doing, enhance the motivation of high school students toward physical education.


We study the weak solvability of a system of coupled Allen-Cahn-like equations resembling cross-diffusion which is arising as a model for the consolidation of saturated porous media. Besides using energy like estimates, we cast the special structure of the system in the framework of the Leray-Schauder fixed point principle and ensure this way the local existence of strong solutions to a regularised version of our system. Furthermore, weak convergence techniques ensure the existence of weak solutions to the original consolidation problem. The uniqueness of global-in-time solutions is guaranteed in a particular case. Moreover, we use a finite difference scheme to show the negativity of the vector of solutions.


This work investigates the role of interstitial oxygen content in the starting Czochralski bonding wafers, and the effects of buried layered implants and thermal processing on the formation of crystalline defects in the surface of bonded silicon on insulator (SOI) material. We found that unimplanted SOI material originating from Si with high oxygen levels (>7.0 X 10(17)/cm(3)), were populated with heavy oxygen precipitation and related crystal defects, and were also characterized by low minority carrier lifetime values. However, a dramatic improvement was observed in the behavior of SOI with low oxygen levels (6 X 10(17)/cm(3)), where the development of oxygen precipitation in the SOI layer was inhibited. Incorporation of a buried As ion implanted layer in high oxygen level SOI increased the lifetime of the material and suppressed the formation of oxygen precipitates through an oxygen gettering effect. The gettering efficiency of the buried defect layer was found to be related to the dose of the As ion implantation, the annealing temperature, and type of starting silicon material. A dose of (1-5) X 10(15)cm(-2) was sufficient for effective gettering.


Today, more than 70% of the world?s total electricity production is supplied by power plants using conventional fossil fuels. Coal accounts for more than half of the fossil fuel combustion in electricity plants. Future mega trends give reason to believe that electricity demand will double until 2030. The abundance of coal reserves in many countries and increasing fuel prices for gas and oil against the background of a growing need to provide sufficient, secure and affordable energy make coal an attractive option in worldwide electricity production. Against this background, the aim of this paper is to analyse why clean coal technologies in some countries diffuse faster and to a greater extent than in other nations. The paper applies the lead market concept. Lead markets are markets that adopt an innovation before it is adopted by most other countries and therefore lead the global diffusion of the innovation. The most important technological trajectory for coal power plants is the pulverised coal-fired steam cycle (PC) which is the basis for all other coal combustion technologies. Modern PC technology is well developed and accounts for over 90% of coal-fired capacity worldwide. Therefore it will be taken as a reference technology, with SC (Supercritical) coal-fired power generation technologies being selected as an innovative technology within this trajectory. As for the diffusion of SC, the paper concentrates on Germany, USA, China and Japan. The analysis shows that the typical lead market pattern applies only to a limited extent. In the 1960s and 1970s, the USA has established a lead market for SC technology. In the meanwhile, Japan has surpassed the United States, although it started out as typical lag market. After analysing the technology diffusion in the four countries, one central question evolves: Can we determine a lead market for coal-fired power plant technology today? The discussion of lead market factors shows that currently no clear lead market exists for coal-fired power plant technology. Although the United States still has comparative advantages in terms of prices, demand and market structure, Japan has caught up in terms of transfer advantage and Germany in terms of regulation. In the near future, demand advantages will switch to China. This supports also the hypothesis that - apart from the demand-oriented lead market model - push factors such as R&D activity play a strong role as well. The transfer advantage of Japan stems mainly from its intensive R&D activities. Thus it can be concluded that a mix of push and pull policies is necessary in order to establish a lead market position.


contents Preface About the Authors part one Hallmarks of Accommodative Instruction Chapter 1 Multidimensional Foundations of Methods for CLD Students Demographic Patterns and Student Diversity Teacher Preparation for Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in the Classroom Describing Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in the Classroom Key Terms and Acronyms The CLD Student: Asset or Liability? Understanding the Realities of Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in the Classroom Expanding on the Prism Model The Sociocultural Dimension of the CLD Student Biography chapter 2 Cognitive and Academic Dimensions of Methods for CLD Students The Cognitive Dimension of the CLD Student Biography Cognitive Challenges Cognitive Processes Cognitive Dimension: Implications for Classroom and School Practice The Academic Dimension of the CLD Student Biography Academic Challenges Academic Processes Academic Dimension: Implications for Classroom and School Practice chapter 3 Linguistic Dimension of Methods for CLD Students The Linguistic Dimension of the CLD Student Biography Dynamics of First Language Acquisition (FLA) Differences between First and Second Language Acquisition Demands of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) Challenges of the Linguistic Dimension Time Required for Second Language Acquisition Exposure to Authentic Literacy Instruction and Activities Processes of the Linguistic Dimension Linguistic Process of Second Language Acquisition Linguistic Process of Understanding Concepts about Print Linguistic Dimension: Implications for Classrooms and School Practice Instructional Planning for CALP Development in L1 and L2 Anticipating and Preassessing for the Array of Student Biographies Fostering Communicative, Constructivist Language Acquisition Environments part two Accommodation Readiness chapter 4 Changing Perspectives in Platform Development for Instructional Methods Effective Program Models for CLD Students: Research and Analysis Predictors of Academic Success among CLD Students Findings of Research: The Case for Bilingual Education Bilingual Education and the SUP-CUP Distinction When the Ideal Is Not Ideal Complicating Variables Range of Program Models for CLD Students English as a Second Language (ESL) Transitional Bilingual Education Developmental Bilingual Education Two-Way Immersion Limited-Use Program Models Sociopolitical Foundations of Quality Programming Lau v. Nichols (1974) Castaneda v. Pickard (1981) Plyler v. Doe (1982) chapter 5 A Framework of Accommodation Readiness The Accommodation Readiness Spiral Levels of Readiness Forms of Readiness Readiness for Critical Reflection on Practice Reflection Critical Reflection Readiness for CLD Students and Families Semistructured Conversations Environmental Readiness The External Environment The Internal Environment Curricular Readiness Curriculum Trends Curriculum Essentials Programming and Instructional Readiness Decision Making without a Current Program Model Decision Making with a Current Program Model Programming and Instructional Readiness through Advocacy Readiness for Application and Advocacy Readiness for Theory-into-Practice Applications Readiness for Differentiated Instruction Readiness for Advocacy part three Professionalism in Practice chapter 6 Planning and Grounding Instructional Methodology Consistency in Nomenclature Enables Communication Approach Method Strategy Technique Consistency: In Practice Three Dominant Approaches to Second Language Instruction Grammatical Approach Communicative Approach Cognitive Approach chapter 7 The Integrated Content-Based Method of Instruction Evolution of Content-Based Instruction Content-Centered Methods of Instruction Integrated Content-Based Instruction Benefits of ICB Instruction for CLD Students Delivering Integrated Content-Based Instruction Planning an ICB Lesson Instruction Assessment Concluding Thoughts chapter 8 The Sheltered Method of Instruction Realities of Sheltered Instruction Variations on Sheltered Instruction Myths and Misconceptions Associated with Sheltered Instruction Types of Students Language Proficiency of CLD Students Standards of Best Practice Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English (SDAIE) The Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP) Preparation Instruction Review and Assessment Closing Thoughts on the SIOP Model of Sheltered Instruction chapter 9 The CALLA Method of Instruction Cognitive Methods and Learning Strategies Crosslinguistic Strategies Cognitive Teaching Methods for Instructing CLD Students The CALLA Method chapter 10 Achieving Standards-Driven Professional Practice Nationally Recognized Standards for Teachers of CLD Students NBPTS Standards CREDE Standards TESOL/NCATE Standards Standards-Driven Reflection on Professional Practice Benchmarks of Effective Practice Key Facets of a Platform for Best Practice with CLD Students Conclusion: Setting Goals for Professional Development Appendix Glossary References Name Index Subject Index


In 1965 Lotfi Zadeh, a professor of electrical engineering at the University of California in Berkeley, published the first of his papers on his new Fuzzy Set Theory. Since the 1980s this mathematical theory of "unsharp amounts" has been applied in many different fields with great success. The word "fuzzy" has also become very well-known among non-scientists thanks to extensive advertising campaigns for fuzzy-controlled household appliances and to their prominent presence in the media, first in Japan and then in other countries. On the other hand, the story of how Fuzzy Set Theory and its earliest applications originated remains largely unknown. In this book, the history of Fuzzy Set Theory and the ways it was first used are incorporated into the history of 20th century science and technology. Influences from philosophy, system theory and cybernetics stemming from the earliest part of the 20th century are considered alongside those of communication and control theory from mid-century. Today, Fuzzy Set Theory is the core discipline of "soft computing," and provides new impetus for research in the field of Artificial Intelligence.


Dredging is a special type of excavation involving the removal of material from under water. Several thousand years ago the Chinese and the Assyrians employed the primitive spoon-and-bag dredger to clean and maintain their canals. This apparatus consisted of a bag manipulated from a boat by means of a pole attached to a yoke or hoop at the mouth of the bag which was dragged along the canal bottom. When full, the bag was lifted and dumped into the boat. The method of disposal of the material is not clear, but it must be assumed that it was lifted ashore or dumped overboard, all probably by hand. Little improvement over this spoon-and-bag method of dredging was made until the advent of the industrial era in the eighteenth century. The method was then developed into a chain of buckets moving on a ladder.


An improved and economically viable process is described to prepare N-(1-(3-(2-fluorophenyl) quinoxalin-2-yl) pyrrolidin-3-yl) derivatives. Initially tert-butyl 1-(3-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl) pyrrolidin-3-yl carbamate (2) was prepared by treating of 2, 3-dichloroquinoxaline (1) with tert-butyl pyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate and sodium carbonate in t-butanol. Tert-butyl 1-(3-chloroquinoxalin-2-yl) pyrrolidin-3-yl carbamate (2) is reacted with Bis-(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene dichloropalladium (II), complex PdCl2 (dppf). DCM (6% mol) and substituted phenyl boronic acid is refluxed overnight in presence toluene to form tert-butyl 1-(3-(2-fluorophenyl) quinoxalin-2-yl) pyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamate and its related substituted compounds (3a-c). Deprotection of (3a-c) by TFA at 0-5°C in dichloroethane in presence of microporous tosic acid (MP-TSOH) to give 1-(3-(2-fluorophenyl) quinoxalin-2-yl) pyrrolidin-3-amine and its related compounds (4a-c). Amidation of deprotected product (4a-c) by dissolved in dichloroethane with Polymer Supported Triethylamine (PL-TEA) and respective acid chloride to obtained 1-(3-(2-fluorophenyl) quinoxalin-2-yl) pyrrolidin-3-amine derivatives (5a-d). Antibacterial activities of these compounds were studied.


Strategic trade policy affects foreign-based furn's internationalization mode. In this paper, we endogenize market structure and tariff policy by considering a sequential game in which (i) a policy-maker maximizes national welfare, (ii) aforeign-based furn decides whether to supply the host-country market by exports orby activating a local plant, (iii) a local furn decides whether entering or not the domestic market, (in) both Gums choose output. We show that optimal tariff policy does no tallow for the existence of multinational enterprises at equilibrium (when transportation costs are neglected). Tile link between national welfare and fixed costs is fairly complex and counterintuitive results arise.


Scientific advances in the field of nanotechnology have led to the wide-scale use of engineered nanomaterials, resulting in an increased demand to understand the biological impact of these materials when released to the environment. This demand has led to an evolving field of science focused specifically on interactions at the nano–bio interface, where researchers investigate the biological responses of a wide range of organisms to engineered nanomaterials. The majority of investigations into the nano–bio interface are focused on the biological response of single-phase nanomaterials, yet engineered nanomaterials are often more complex than a single-phase nanomaterial. Many engineered nanomaterials can be described as solid solutions (or alloys) where multiple types of cations (and/or anions) are present in different ratios, and properties such as spin state, valence charge, and lattice constant can be tuned by changing the atomic composition. Research at the nano–bio interface must go beyond investigating the biological response of single-phase nanomaterials and include a systematic approach to predict how the biological interactions of nanomaterial solid solutions can be controlled via systematic changes in chemical composition. In this highlight, we focus on four publications that use a range of experimental methods to delineate the interactions of solid solutions composed of either Au metal or ZnO solid oxide on a variety of organisms. The first highlighted work tunes the composition of Au–Pt nanoparticles for antibacterial activity. The second article investigates the reprotoxicity of Au–Ag nanoparticles. The third highlighted work shows that Fe–ZnO nanoparticles demonstrate a reduced toxicity when compared to ZnO. Finally, the fourth study presents an in silico design strategy for cancer specific Fe–ZnO nanoparticles. Together, these four studies reveal the wide range of chemical compositions that are accessible in nanomaterial solid solutions and demonstrate that careful modifications in compositional phase space can result in selective nano–bio interactions.


A series of β-carboline-benzimidazole conjugates bearing a substituted benzimidazole and an aryl ring at C3 and C1 respectively were designed and synthesized. The key step of their preparation was determined to involve condensation of substituted o-phenylenediamines with 1-(substituted phenyl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carbaldehyde using La(NO3)3·6H2O as a catalyst and their cytotoxic potential was evaluated. Conjugates 5a, 5d, 5h and 5r showed enhanced cytotoxic activity (GI50 values range from 0.3 to 7.1 μM in most of the human cancer cell lines) in comparison to some of the previously reported β-carboline derivatives. To substantiate the cytotoxic activity and to understand the nature of interaction of these conjugates with DNA, spectroscopy, DNA photocleavage and DNA topoisomerase I inhibition (topo-I) studies were performed. These conjugates (5a, 5d and 5r) effectively cleave pBR322 plasmid DNA in the presence of UV light. In addition, the effect of these conjugates on DNA Topo I inhibition was studied. The mode of binding of these new conjugates with DNA was also examined by using both biophysical as well as molecular docking studies, which supported their multiple modes of interaction with DNA. Moreover, an in silico study of these β-carboline-benzimidazole conjugates reveals that they possess drug-like properties.


In fishes that employ suction feeding, coordinating the timing of peak flow velocity with mouth opening is likely to be an important feature of prey capture success because this will allow the highest forces to be exerted on prey items when the jaws are fully extended and the flow field is at its largest. Although it has long been known that kinematics of buccal expansion in feeding fishes are characterized by an anterior-to-posterior wave of expansion, this pattern has not been incorporated in most previous computational models of suction feeding. As a consequence, these models have failed to correctly predict the timing of peak flow velocity, which according to the currently available empirical data should occur around the time of peak gape. In this study, we use a simple fluid dynamic model to demonstrate that the inclusion of an anterior-to-posterior wave of buccal expansion can correctly reproduce the empirically determined flow velocity profile, although only under very constrained conditions, whereas models that do not allow this wave of expansion inevitably predict peak velocity earlier in the strike, when the gape is less than half of its maximum. The conditions that are required to produce a realistic velocity profile are as follows: (i) a relatively long time lag between mouth opening and expansion of the more posterior parts of the mouth, (ii) a short anterior portion of the mouth relative to more posterior sections, and (iii) a pattern of movement that begins slowly and then rapidly accelerates. Greater maximum velocities were generated in simulations without the anterior-to-posterior wave of expansion, suggesting a trade-off between maximizing fluid speed and coordination of peak fluid speed with peak gape.


Traditionally mire ecosystems (especially bogs) have been viewed as stable systems with slow changes in the vegetation over time. In this study the mire Akhultmyren, south-central Sweden was re-investigated in 1997 after 40 yr of continued natural development. The results show a high degree of dynamics in a Sphagnum dominated bog and fen. Altogether 97 vascular plant and bryophyte species were recorded in the two inventories of the bog and poor fen vegetation. pH and electrical conductivity in the mire water were also surveyed. In 1997 we found 10 new species and that 8 species had disappeared since 1954 but the over-all mean number of species per plot (size 400 m(2)) had hardly changed. However, 21% of the species increased and 21% decreased significantly in frequency. Most of the species that decreased in frequency were low-grown vascular plants, most common in wet microhabitats. Vascular plant species that increased in frequency included trees (defined as > 1.3 m in height) and were generally taller than the unchanged or decreasing species. The frequency of dwarf shrubs and hummock bryophytes increased too. Areas with an initial pH of 4.5-5.0 showed the strongest decrease in pH, coinciding with an enlarged distribution of some Sphagnum species. The species diversity increased on the bog, but decreased in the wettest parts of the fen, where the pH also decreased. Species with unchanged or increasing frequency often showed high capacity to colonise new plots. On average the sum of gains and losses of species in the plots in 1997 was ca 50% of the species number in 1954. The vegetation changes indicate a drier mire surface and an increased availability of nitrogen. The increased tree cover may have triggered further changes in the plant cover. (Less)


Background: The use of mobile phones (MPs) in hospital halls, laboratories, intensive care units, and operating rooms is a common practice. There are no proper guidelines for the disinfection of MPs that meet hospital standards. This study investigated the bacterial contamination on MPs of health-care workers employed in tertiary healthcare Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS) Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir." Materials and Methods: One-hundred and fifty-five health-care workers (57 doctors, 50 nurses, 35 technical staff, and 21 other employees) were included in a cross-sectional study performed from January 2018 to June 2018 at the SKIMS, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. Social demographic characteristics (such as gender and occupation) and cell phone-related questions were gathered through a self-administered questionnaire (e.g., frequency of MP disinfection and use of the MP at work). Sample collection and processing were done correctly to avoid any bias. Results: Majority (79%) were working in different wards of the institute, followed by (51%) working in different laboratories and (8%) working in intensive care settings. The majority of the participants (42%) said they used their phone less than ten times per day; 33% said they used it 10–20 times/day. In terms of disinfection, 107 (69%) of the participants cleaned their MP occasionally, 31 (20%) never cleansed their phone, and just 17 (11%) regularly disinfected their phone. Out of 155 MPs sampled, 125 (80.6%) showed microbial growth, and 30 (19.4%) were free of microbial growth. Out of the total 125 positive samples, 51 (40.8%) were Gram-positive bacilli (which was considered as airborne contamination), 36 (28.8%) were Gram-positive cocci (GPC), 25 (20%) Gram-negative bacilli, 11 (8.8%) were mixed growth, and 2 (1.6%) were yeasts. Out of 36 GPC, Staphylococcus aureus was predominant, i.e., 15 (41.6%), followed by Enterococcus spp. 12 (33.3%), Coagulase-negative Staphylococci spp. 7 (19.4%), and Streptococci spp. 2 (5.5%). Conclusion: Almost all MPs were contaminated, with more than half of them harboring pathogenic microorganisms. It could pose a significant risk to both health-care personnel and patients in the form of nosocomial infections.


Compared to other urban redevelopment approaches, Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) - special geographically defined zones that are authorized to collect taxes from their members and then manage those revenues to serve a variety of purposes - have had relative uncontreversial success. Since the establishment of the first BID in Toronto in 1969, BIDs have become popular around the world, with more than 1,500 such districts in North America alone. Given that the needs of the inner-city poor are certainly as great as - if not greater than - those of urban businessmen, states and municipalities should act promptly to enact the necessary authorizing legislation that would allow Residential Improvement Districts (RIDs), organizations similar to BIDs but focused on the renewal neighborhoods, to exist and thrive.


The ACSL A/G polymorphism is associated with endurance trainability. Previous studies have demonstrated that homozygotes of the minor AA allele had a reduced maximal oxygen consumption response to training compared to the common GG allele homozygotes, and that the ACSL A/G single nucleotide polymorphism explained 6.1% of the variance in the VO2max response to endurance training. The contribution of ACSL single nucleotide polymorphism to endurance trainability was shown in nonathletes, however, its potential role in professional athletes is not clear. Moreover, the genetic basis to anaerobic trainability is even less studied. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of ACSL single nucleotide polymorphism among professional Israeli long distance runners (n=59), middle distance runners (n=31), sprinters and jumpers (n=48) and non-athletic controls (n=60). The main finding of the present study was that the ACSL1 AA genotype, previously shown to be associated with reduced endurance trainability, was not higher among sprinters and jumpers (15%) compared to middle- (16%) and long-distance runners (15%). This suggests that in contrast to previous studies indicating that the ACSL1 single nucleotide polymorphism may influence endurance trainability among non-athletic individuals, the role of this polymorphism among professional athletes is still not clear.


10 Be and 26 Al data from sandstone boulders in three Neogene glacial deposits in the McMurdo Sound–Dry Valleys region of southern Victoria Land, Antarctica, indicate minimum exposure ages of (Approx.)3 Ma and maximum long-term erosion rates of (Approx.)5–12 cm/m.y., supporting the suggestion that polar desert conditions have persisted in the Dry Valleys since at least late Pliocene time. Variation of cosmogenic nuclide production rate with altitude also allows constraints on past uplift rates. Model calculations employing 10 Be data indicate little or no uplift in the Dry Valleys region in the past 3 m.y., precluding rapid (≈1 km/m.y.) late Pliocene uplift previously suggested for some parts of the Transantarctic Mountains.


"Forever Rumpole" - a hilarious new selection of the very best Rumpole stories by John Mortimer. Horace Rumpole lives alongside Mr Pickwick and Bertie Wooster as one of the immortal comic characters in English fiction. With his curmudgeonly wit, his literary allusions, his disdain for personal ambition and his lack of pomposity, he has, in the words of the "Daily Telegraph", 'ascended to the pantheon of literary immortals'. "Forever Rumpole" contains seven stories originally chosen by the author himself as his favourites, together with a further seven from the later period and the opening chapters of a Rumpole novel that Sir John was working on when he died in 2009. The book also includes a fascinating introduction by Ann Mallalieu, fellow lawyer and for many years Sir John's colleague in practice. "Rumpole, like Jeeves and Sherlock Holmes, is immortal". (P. D James, "Mail on Sunday"). "I thank heaven for small mercies. The first of these is Rumpole". (Clive James, "Observer"). Sir John Mortimer was a barrister, playwright and novelist. His fictional trilogy about the inexorable rise of an ambitious Tory MP in the Thatcher years ("Paradise Postponed", "Titmuss Regained" and "The Sound of Trumpets") has recently been republished in "Penguin Classics", together with "Clinging to the Wreckage" and his play "A Voyage round My Father". His most famous creation was the barrister Horace Rumpole, who featured in four novels and around eighty short stories. His books in Penguin include: "The Anti-social Behaviour of Horace Rumpole"; "The Collected Stories of Rumpole"; "The First Rumpole Omnibus"; "Rumpole and the Angel of Death"; "Rumpole and the Penge Bungalow Murders"; "Rumpole and the Primrose Path"; "Rumpole and the Reign of Terror"; "Rumpole and the Younger Generation"; "Rumpole at Christmas"; "Rumpole Rests His Case"; "The Second Rumpole Omnibus"; "Forever Rumpole"; "In Other Words"; "Quite Honestly" and "Summer's Lease".


Gender schematic processing theory suggests that children will use gender knowledge about themselves and others to make 'like me' judgements about others. They will use the behaviour of 'like me' others to create appropriate 'own-sex' schemas which will guide their behaviour. The research presented here examines this main premise of gender schematic processing theory. Because gender schematic processing posits a unitary source for the development of sex-typed behaviour i.e. the development of gender cognitions, the trajectory of development is presumed to be the same for boys and girls. This assumption is also examined in this thesis. The sex-typed preference of sixty infants at 3, 9, and 18 months was studied using measures of duration of attention to simultaneously-presented male/female pictures of peers, toys, and play activities. Self-recognition (thought to be an early manifestation of self-concept) was measured by observing mirror behaviour (rouge test) and through monitoring the infants' preferential looking to their own image paired with that of a same-age, same-sex peer. The infants' gender labelling ability was assessed at eighteen months, and demographic information was collected at each session. The infants showed self-recognition on both measures at eighteen months, but their poor performance at the gender labelling task suggested that their formal understanding of gender identity had not yet developed. The infants as a group did not show sex-typed preferences for attending to peers, or play activities, although same-sex preference was found for male infants in both areas. Despite an apparent lack of gender- related cohnitions, there was a significant sex-congruent preference for toys when the group of infants was tested at eighteen months. The trajectory of development of this sex-typed behaviour was different for male and female infants suggesting that the gender schematic processing model is not adequate in its present form to predict the ontogeny of sex-typed behaviour.


Environmental awareness has increased during the past 2-3 decades, and companies have gone from simply following legislation to adding environmental considerations into their business plans. The ongoing developments make it interesting to study how leading companies integrate environmental considerations into their product development processes. The aim of this thesis is to study how environmental considerations can be integrated into the product development process. It is based on studies made in the Swedish manufacturing industry. The research has used both quantitative and qualitative methods. The foundation for the conclusion was derived from the four different studies building this thesis. The aggregated conclusion from the studies suggests a conceptual model consisting of four cornerstones that should be addressed in order to ease the integration of environmental concerns: the management, product development process, DfE Mindset, and DfE Tools. The development of this model has its foundation in industrial case studies that show how leading companies have integrated environmental considerations in an innovative way. Combined with the conceptual model is a discussion concerning the usage of existing tools and how sub-activities carried out within the development process are less formal than before. This non-rigid structure is in line with what is suggested in current innovation research for radical innovation, since it enables creativity to flourish and does not limit designers. This freedom of action for the creativity of the personnel in the projects has raised the environmental work to a new level. The thesis also suggests how to use analytical and dialogue-based tools in a development project. It is beneficial to have a dialogue tool in the beginning of a project and in a radical innovation project, while it is beneficial to have an analytical tool later on in a project if more that one tool is used or in an incremental innovation project.


This volume analyzes the economic challenges confronting Turkey in its quest to accede to the European Union (EU). It focuses on the extent to which Turkey is ready to join the Single Market, comply with the EU's body of economic regulations and directives, the Acquis Communautaire, and meet the Maastricht criteria for fiscal, monetary, and exchange rate policies. This book also provides an assessment of Turkey's national program to meet the accession requirements. It describes briefly what Turkey needs to achieve on the economic policy front to satisfy the conditions for accession, the progress to date, and the likely consequences of implementing the full body of EU requirements. The book is divided into four parts: 1) An analysis of the macroeconomic policies for EU accession; 2) An analysis of the effects of integration on key sectors: agriculture; manufacturing; services industries, including banking, telecommunications, transportation, and natural gas; and network industries; 3) An exploration of key economic policy challenges, including labor market regulation, foreign direct investment challenges, and the costs and benefits of meeting the EU environmental Acquis; and 4) The quantification of the impact of EU accession and consideration of the welfare effects of integration. While the focus is on the specific situation of Turkey, the subject will be of value to all researchers with an interest in the challenges of deeper integration through regional agreements.


Currently, the world culture is characterized by clustering of the communicative practices and global cultural diffusion. Implementing the personal life strategies, a modern person usually does not associate oneself with ancestral traditions and often demonstrates outstanding results attaining recognition and leadership positions in extraneous and imported spheres. Studying the biographies of famous personalities shows that a significant component participating in the formation of leaders should be recognized as the existence of the value orientation system formed by the notion of "ideal personalities". According to Max Weber, the concept of the ideal type is ancestral; it provides the conditions forming various generic directions. The term "ideal type" finds its use in the theoretical constructs of psychologists (types of characters, personality types), sociologists and cultural studies researchers (concepts of a bourgeois, proletarian, intellectual, or "raznochinets"). In the realities of modern diffused culture, researchers observe the Western types of ideal personality spreading in the East, and vice versa, such heroes as bodhisattva, sannyasin, and junzi becoming more and more popular along with introducing certain foreign for Europeans rules, codes, regulations, and vows. Deeper analysis of the "ideal personality type" allows, along with the notion of "sociocultural type", to introduce the notion of a "biographical type". In this paper, we find "sociocultural type" in sociology and cultural studies while describing the language of social action (types of a nihilist, cultivated person, intellectual). Respectively, the concept of "biographical type" is a representation of a certain life-behavior strategy of literary heroes or real idols of the era. The followers of Nietzsche, Voltaire, Werthers, Lenin, Sai Baba, Ole Nidahl represent the biographical types that reveal the mechanisms of typology within the culture in accordance with the ratio of individual and collective fundamentals and determine the nature of the influence of an image on the dialogue of generations. Identifying the important role of the "ideal type of personality" in the formation of modern leaders, it is necessary to recognize this theoretical semantic structure as being applicable for solving both theoretical and applied problem. It contains significant potential for explaining, systematizing, understanding, predicting and evaluating communicative value strategies of leadership of the past and present.


ABSTRACT During routine diagnosis in 2012, 69 samples of diseased turkey breeding and fattening flocks in Germany were examined for infection with aviadenoviruses by virus isolation using primary chicken embryo liver cells. In total, 21 aviadenovirus isolates, identified by a group-specific indirect immunofluorescence test, were obtained from 19 flocks. In almost all cases, molecular typing of these isolates based on partial hexon gene sequences revealed the presence of different types of turkey aviadenoviruses (TAdVs), including species Turkey aviadenovirus B (TAdV-B) with at least two different genotypes, as well as the species Turkey aviadenovirus C (TAdV-C) and Turkey aviadenovirus D (TAdV-D). Further analysis of DNA-dependent DNA polymerase gene sequences confirmed the classification of selected TAdV-C and TAdV-D isolates. Based on the results obtained for both genes, we suggest that TAdV-2, in addition to TAdV-4, belongs to the species TAdV-C. In contrast, amplification of the DNA polymerase gene fragment of nearly all investigated TAdV-B isolates failed due to unknown reasons. The results of sequence and phylogenetic analysis support the previously proposed classification of TAdVs into three different species and demonstrated how widely spread these viruses are in German turkey flocks. Analysis of case histories revealed a wide range of clinical and pathological changes; however an apparent link between types and disease conditions was not identified.


Grammar formalisms built on the notion of word-to-word dependencies make attractive alternatives to formalisms built on phrase structure representations. However, little is known about the formal properties of dependency grammars, and few such grammars have been implemented. We present results from two strands of research that address these issues. The aims of this research were to classify dependency grammars in terms of their generative capacity and parsing complexity, and to systematically explore their expressive power in the context of a practical system for grammar development and parsing.


This article discusses two German Protestant writers who used Latin to insert themselves into the culture of the Elizabethan court. Jacobus Falckenburgius's two collections of verse indicate the strategies and, when placed within the political context of the court, the perils that a Reformed Protestant encountered in advancing his religious and political commitments. Like Falckenburgius, Paulus Melissus saw England as a safe haven from the religious wars. He used his considerable literary skills more openly to seek professional advancement at Elizabeth's court. But like Falckenburgius he too was interested in England's role in continental politics, and a series of poems to Elizabeth suggests the complexities that arose when a poet as sophisticated as Melissus tried to draw the English queen into his vision of Europe's religious and political destiny. The literary works of Falckenburgius and Melissus discussed in this article are important in contributing to a transnational Protestant literary culture that, often using Latin, connected the English court with Protestant centers in continental northern Europe.


Nearly every function in living beings depends on proteins. They account for 50% of the dry mass of cells and play a role in everything an organism does. There are many different types of proteins. Different proteins can play a role in speeding up chemical reactions, storage, defense, cell communication, movement, and structural support. Humans have tens of thousands of proteins in their bodies at any given moment in time. Each of these proteins has its own structure and function. They are known as the most structurally complicated biological molecules. As diverse as they can be, they are all made up of the same 20 amino acids. By forming peptide bonds between the amino and carboxyl groups on two different amino acids, large polypeptide chains can be created.Every protein can be described according to its primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure. In brief, primary structure is the linear chain of amino acids. Secondary structure is comprised of regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms in the polypeptide backbone. Tertiary structure is the three-dimensional shape of the protein determined by regions stabilized by interactions between the side chains. Quaternary structure is the association between two or more polypeptides, but not every protein has a quaternary structure.


A new iterative algorithm is developed to estimate LIDAR ratio for a thin cirrus cloud over an aerosol layer. First, the thin cirrus cloud is screened out and replaced by a modeled LIDAR signal and the extinction coefficients of the aerosol layer are derived using the Fernald backward method. These aerosol coefficients are referred as the "actual values". Second, the original LIDAR signal which includes the thin cirrus cloud is also inverted by the Fernald backward method down to the aerosol layer but using different LIDAR ratio for the thin cirrus cloud. Depending on the different assumptions about the LIDAR ratio of the thin cirrus cloud, different sets of aerosol extinction can be derived. The "actual values" which are found in the first step can be used to constrain this iterative progress and the correct LIDAR ratio of the thin cirrus cloud can be found. The detailed description of this method and retrieval examples are given in the paper. The cases compared with other methods are presented and the statistical result is also shown and agrees well with other studies.


In this paper, we set out general principles and develop geostatistical methods for the analysis of data from spatio‐temporally referenced prevalence surveys. Our objective is to provide a tutorial guide that can be used in order to identify parsimonious geostatistical models for prevalence mapping. A general variogram‐based Monte Carlo procedure is proposed to check the validity of the modelling assumptions. We describe and contrast likelihood‐based and Bayesian methods of inference, showing how to account for parameter uncertainty under each of the two paradigms. We also describe extensions of the standard model for disease prevalence that can be used when stationarity of the spatio‐temporal covariance function is not supported by the data. We discuss how to define predictive targets and argue that exceedance probabilities provide one of the most effective ways to convey uncertainty in prevalence estimates. We describe statistical software for the visualisation of spatio‐temporal predictive summaries of prevalence through interactive animations. Finally, we illustrate an application to historical malaria prevalence data from 1 334 surveys conducted in Senegal between 1905 and 2014.


By coupling statistics and heat transfer, we investigate numerically laser-induced crystal damage by multi-gigawatt nanosecond pulses. Our model is based on the heating of nanometric absorbing defects that may cooperate when sufficiently aggregated. In that configuration, they induce locally a strong increase of temperature that may lead to a subsequent damage. This approach allows to predict cluster size distribution and damage probabilities as a function of the laser fluence. By studying the influence of the pulse duration onto the laser-induced damage threshold, we have established scaling laws that link the critical laser fluence to its pulse duration tau. In particular, this approach provides an explanation to the deviation from the standard tau(1/2) scaling law that has been recently observed in laser-induced damage experiments with KH(2)PO(4) (KDP) crystals [J.J. Adams et al., Proc. of SPIE 5991, 5991R-1 (2005)]. In the present paper, despite the 3D problem is tackled, we focus our attention on a 1D modeling of thermal diffusion that is shown to provide more reliable predictions than the 3D one. These results indicate that absorbers involved in KDP damage may be associated with a collection of planar defects. First general comparisons with some experimental facts have been performed.


This study examined the effectiveness of a brief, class-wide, expressive writing intervention aimed at improving academic performance and decreasing test anxiety. This study included 110 students from six undergraduate psychology classes. In the first phase of the study, students completed a trait test anxiety measure and a demographic survey. In the second phase of the study, students completed a pre-intervention state test anxiety measure, responded to a 10-minute writing prompt (expressive or neutral), and completed the same state test anxiety measure, and then were administered an in-class exam. Approximately half the students were randomly assigned to the expressive writing group, and asked to write about their concerns and worries regarding the exam; and the other half assigned to the neutral writing group, and asked to write about how they used their time during the past 24 hours. Contrary to some previous studies (Ramirez & Beilock, 2011; Park, Ramirez & Beilock), this study found no significant group differences between the expressive writing group and the neutral writing group in academic performance or change in test anxiety. This expressive writing intervention was found to be ineffective in improving academic performance and at decreasing test anxiety. Interestingly, the strongest predictor of exam performance was previous exam performance, and test anxiety was a very weak predictor of exam performance. Possible reasons for disparate research findings are discussed.


Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas to control the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood. In people who have diabetes, the pancreas does not produce any or enough insulin, or is unable to effectively use the insulin it does produce. As a result, glucose builds up in the bloodstream, potentially leading to serious health problems such as blindness, heart disease, kidney problems, amputation, nerve damage and erectile dysfunction.


Abstract The purpose of this paper was to prepare purified Na- bentonite with improved properties for use in the pharmaceutical industry. Calcium bentonite from the Shagia region of Karak district, Pakistan, was activated with various proportions of sodium carbonate (2, 3, 5 and 8 wt.%) and purified by sedimentation to remove impurities, especially quartz. X-ray diffraction (XRD), and swelling volume confirmed the conversion of raw bentonite to sodium bentonite by using 5% Na2CO3. The sodium bentonite (K5) obtained by activation met the chemical and microbiological requirements set by the pharmacopeias regarding the toxic trace elemental content (Pb and As), absence of E. coli, total aerobic microbial contents and physicochemical properties such as swelling volume, pH and sedimentation volume. Therefore K5 bentonite could be designated as potentially suitable for pharmaceutical applications. The CEC, surface area, porosity, pH, gel formation and swelling volume indicated that K5 bentonite could be used in the formulation of oral suspension and in topical application.


SUMMARY

Ongoing controversies on the timing and kinematics of the Indo–Asia collision can be solved by palaeomagnetically determined palaeolatitudes of terranes bounding the Indo–Asia suture zone. We show here, based on new palaeomagnetic data from the Linzizong volcanic rocks (54–47 Ma) near the city of Lhasa, that the latitude of the southern margin of Asia was 22.8 ± 4.2°N when these rocks were deposited. This result, combined with revised palaeomagnetic results from the northernmost sedimentary units of Greater India and with apparent polar wander paths of India and Eurasia, palaeomagnetically constrain the collision to have occurred at 46 ± 8 Ma (95 per cent confidence interval). These palaeomagnetic results are consistent with tomographic anomalies at 15–25°N that are interpreted to locate the Tethyan oceanic slab that detached following collision, and with independent 56–46 Ma collision age estimates inferred from the timing of slowing down of India, high pressure metamorphism, the end of marine sedimentation and the first occurrence of suture zone and arc detritus on the Greater Indian margin. When compared with apparent polar wander paths of India and Eurasia, the ∼46 Ma onset of collision at 22.8 ± 4.2°N implies 2900 ± 600 km subsequent latitudinal convergence between India and Asia divided into 1100 ± 500 km within Asia and 1800 ± 700 km within India.


To investigate wheel/rail interaction resulting from actual out-of-round wheels, wheel radial irregularities are
measured from Chinese 25G passenger trains. The measured irregularities are utilized to evaluate vehicle-track
interaction effects by use of a vehicle-track coupled dynamics model. The characteristics of the wheel/rail
interaction are analysed in both time and frequency domains. Simulation results reveal that out-of-round wheel can
result in considerable fluctuation of wheel/rail contact loads. Derivative of wheel radial deviation is an effective
indicator of dynamic wheel/rail force due to the damping effect of vehicle-track system. The vehicle-track coupled
vibration plays a critical role in wheel/rail interaction. Dominant harmonics of the measured wheels are probable to
induce P2 resonances at normal running speeds. Dynamic wheel/rail loads become more sensitive to both higher
and lower order harmonics with increased speeds. Influence of the out-of-round wheel on vehicle vibration is
mainly related to the unsprung mass and primary suspension. Short-wavelength components of the irregularities
stimulate high-frequency vibration of the rail. The rail oscillations are transmitted to the sleepers and ballast bed


This paper uses diversity management as a placeholder for human rights policy. By diversity management, I mean those policy techniques that a society can use to deal with diversity, which include not only decisions to make diversity a subject of active legal and governmental intervention, but also decisions to leave diversity to informal, unregulated choices by individuals or civil society institutions. My discussion proceeds with particular reference to the United States, in part because it has been relatively successful in managing its diversity in recent decades—relative, that is, both to its own past (especially the pre-1965 period) and to the record of other countries today. (Serious, long-standing problems in the integration of certain minorities in the U.S. remain, most notably with respect to three groups: Native-Americans, "underclass" black men, and unskilled, often undocumented, immigrants.)An approach to diversity management "works," in my view, if and to the extent that the country's vulnerable minorities (a) enjoy some social mobility, (b) are integrated into the major institutions of society, (c) have access to political influence roughly proportional to their limited numbers, (d) are free to live according to their own group values and practices, and (e) do not feel deep alienation from the dominant cultural norms. By this definition, the American system works relatively well—with the qualifications and exceptions noted just above. The paper proceeds in three parts. Part I seeks to sharpen our understanding of diversity by analyzing several different ways of understanding and defining that idea, with a view to underscoring the significance of choosing one or another measure of it. Part II discusses two examples— multiracial individuals and anti-profiling laws—to illustrate the inevitable politicization of certain demographic categories when used for politicallysensitive purposes. Part III presents some distinctive and, in some cases, unique features of the American approach to diversity management. Most of these features, I argue, effectively advance the cause of minority mobility and integration, whereas some tend to undermine these goals.


Context. Theoretical arguments and numerical simulations of radiative
 shocks produced by the impact of the accreting gas onto young stars predict quasi-periodic
 oscillations in the emitted radiation. However, observational data do not show evidence of
 such periodicity. Aims. We investigate whether physically plausible perturbations in the
 accretion column or in the chromosphere could disrupt the shock structure influencing the
 observability of the oscillatory behavior. Methods. We performed local 2D magneto-hydrodynamical simulations of an
 accretion shock impacting a chromosphere, taking optically thin radiation losses and
 thermal conduction into account. We investigated the effects of several perturbation
 types, such as clumps in the accretion stream or chromospheric fluctuations, and also
 explored a wide range of plasma-β values. Results. In the case of a weak magnetic field, the post-shock region
 shows chaotic motion and mixing, smoothing out the perturbations and retaining a global
 periodic signature. On the other hand, a strong magnetic field confines the plasma in flux
 tubes, which leads to the formation of fibrils that oscillate independently. Realistic
 values for the amplitude, length, and time scales of the perturbation are capable of
 bringing the fibril oscillations out of phase, suppressing the periodicity of the
 emission. Conclusions. The strength of a locally uniform magnetic field in YSO
 accretion shocks determines the structure of the post-shock region, namely, whether it
 will be somewhat homogeneous or if it will split up to form a collection of fibrils. In
 the second case, the size and shape of the fibrils is found to depend strongly on the
 plasma-β value but not on the perturbation type. Therefore, the actual
 value of the protostellar magnetic field is expected to play a critical role in the time
 dependence of the observable emission.


The purpose of this qualitative study was to determine the factors which helped these foster care alumni to persevere and to succeed. The intent was to provide a framework for equipping youth in foster care more effectively by building on their strengths and the resources available in foster care. The study's method incorporated the interviewing of ten ethnically diverse individuals who had experienced the foster care system. Based on their insights and the themes which emerged, the WARRIORS Model was created. This acronym represents the key themes derived from the interviews: Wounded, Advocacy, Reality of Belonging, Resources, Inspired to Succeed, Obtain Life Skills, Resilience and Spirituality. A Wounded past was the reality of every participant yet many found purpose and meaning in their Advocacy roles. The Reality of Belonging was vital in each of their lives in addition to accessing Resources for post-high school educational and housing options, both implicating the significance of foster parent involvement. All were Inspired to Succeed both personally and educationally and were receptive to Obtain the Life Skills necessary for their future independence and success. They demonstrated such hopeful countenance and profound Resilience, in addition to accessing and benefitting from their chosen avenues of Spirituality. Finally, while navigating through both the negative and positive aspects of their lives, these youth have revealed the strength of the human spirit which has given them every right to be identified as WARRIORS. The WARRIORS Model can be utilized by clinicians and professionals involved in the systems addressing the needs of youth in foster care and training foster parents. Greater opportunities are needed for youth in foster care to advocate for themselves and others with the hope of gaining a sense of worth as their opinions are valued by the adults claiming to represent them. Finally, further research is needed concerning the spiritual development of youth in foster care and ways in which we can assist in this promising aspect of cultivating resilience as evidenced in this study and other established research. The electronic version of this dissertation can be found at the OhioLink ETD Center, www.ohiolink.edu/etd.


Abstract : This study reviews leadership theory and application, and it assembles a heuristic model of leadership's macrocosm. It intends to inspire an appreciation of the broad spectrum of leadership styles and their varied effectiveness. Moreover, it outlines leadership's creative processes to further understanding. Considering the fundamental principles of leader theories, this research examined their application in team building, organizational management, and goal-setting methods. The literature review encapsulates the dominate theories and practices relating to leaders, groups, and goals. The analysis abstracts a broad expression of leadership as the art of guiding a group toward a goal. From this expression, it perceives the fundamental elements of leaders, groups, goals, and guidance. Then it designs a model that incorporates those elements and illustrates how they interact. Finally, a historical discussion guides a demonstration of the painting-leading model. In this way, theory is linked to the model, then the model is linked to application, completing a bridge from theory to application. Reviewing Admiral Horatio Nelson's victory at Trafalgar and General George Patton's victory at Bastogne, this study describes the creative process of leading groups towards goals by creating cohesion, purpose, and productivity.


John Philip was struck by a car and killed on Saturday 26 June 1999 in Amsterdam where he was visiting the Centre for Mathematics and Information Science. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society, a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science, a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union, a Foreign Member of the All-Union (later Russian) Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and only the second Australian Foreign Associate of the US National Academy of Engineering. He was the first non-American recipient of the Robert E. Horton Medal, the highest award for hydrology of the American Geophysical Union. In 1998 he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for 'service to the science of hydrology, to scientific communication in promoting the interests of science for the community, and to Australian culture through architecture and literature'. This memoir discusses John Philip's character and his work as Australia's most distinguished environmental physicist. It explores his management of science and his role in the Australian Academy of Science as well as his poetry and his fascination with architecture.


OBJECTIVE
To develop a game-based review instrument for use by newborn caregivers in preparing for emergency situations.

DESIGN
One hundred and one test questions covering pathophysiology, resuscitation, and medications were developed. The questions then underwent expert and peer review, psychometric testing for content validity and test-retest reliability, and a game trial.

ANALYSIS
The needs of adult learners are different from those of other learners. The gaming format uses knowledge gained through experience and provides an avenue for validating knowledge and sharing experiences. This format has been found effective for review and reinforcement of facts. Twelve nurses participated in a trial game and completed a written evaluation using a Likert scale.

CONCLUSION
The Neonatal Emergency Trivia Game is an effective tool for reviewing material related to neonatal emergency care decisions. Additional testing with a larger group would strengthen validity and reliability data.


Over the years there has been steadfast increase in the quantity of patients with a prenatally detected structural congenital heart disease. Despite efforts to achieve the contrary, some of these pregnancies will end in intra-uterine death. In these patients the sole advantage of the prenatal diagnosis is the facilitation of thorough parental counseling concerning future pregnancies; additionally it might help parents better to cope with the loss of their child.
The primary goal of prenatal detection of cardiac defects, however, is the enabling of better care in the immediate postnatal period and the most convincing justification for the efforts taken, would be to demonstrate that prenatally diagnosed patients have a better chance on a good outcome as a result of early initiation of therapy.
This thesis shows that prenatal diagnosis of heart disease, both morphological and functional, may influence management of pregnancy and outcome for affected fetuses. It is the most important positive effect of prenatal diagnosis that the sequence of planned delivery in a center, equipped to treat this type of patients, and the immediate installment of appropriate therapy can lead to an improved long-term outcome. Lactate levels reflecting the overall oxygen deficiency experienced seem to be a good indicator to measure this possible positive effect. Planned delivery and immediate therapy may keep lactate levels of affected fetuses below 6.1 mmol/l, providing a safe starting point for surgical intervention with better chances of a normal neurophysiological development.
The two extreme sides of the spectrum of prenatally encountered congenital heart disease described in this thesis, the hypoplastic left heart syndrome and Ebstein's malformation, indicate that in these cases morphology dominates outcome in a negative manner. This implies that even the best managed pregnancies, deliveries and immediate care of these patients do not assure a favourable long-term outcome.
Finally data concerning the well-controlled diabetic pregnancies show that this maternal disease infringes on both the fetal cardiac anatomy and circulation. The higher incidence of congenital heart disease is predominantly located in the cono-truncal region. The circulatory changes encountered in the structurally normal heart occur later in gestation and suggest to be adaptive to ensure an increased cardiac output.


Over the past decade, software agents and multiagent systems have grown into a powerful software engineering paradigm. They enable abstractions not only from the problem domain but also toward dynamic solutions that evolve in real time, depending on environmental stimuli to the software system. Agent-oriented software engineering supports the design of dynamically interacting components, each with its own thread of control, and using complex coordination protocols such as networking applications, ubiquitous computing, and sensor networks. The major pitfall so far has been the lack of sufficient engineering methodology. Author Hisham Mubarak looks at the engineering of agent-oriented systems and provides practical guidance to get started.


Physician burnout, a work‐related syndrome involving emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and a sense of reduced personal accomplishment, is prevalent internationally. Rates of burnout symptoms that have been associated with adverse effects on patients, the healthcare workforce, costs and physician health exceed 50% in studies of both physicians‐in‐training and practicing physicians. This problem represents a public health crisis with negative impacts on individual physicians, patients and healthcare organizations and systems. Drivers of this epidemic are largely rooted within healthcare organizations and systems and include excessive workloads, inefficient work processes, clerical burdens, work–home conflicts, lack of input or control for physicians with respect to issues affecting their work lives, organizational support structures and leadership culture. Individual physician‐level factors also play a role, with higher rates of burnout commonly reported in female and younger physicians. Effective solutions align with these drivers. For example, organizational efforts such as locally developed practice modifications and increased support for clinical work have demonstrated benefits in reducing burnout. Individually focused solutions such as mindfulness‐based stress reduction and small‐group programmes to promote community, connectedness and meaning have also been shown to be effective. Regardless of the specific approach taken, the problem of physician burnout is best addressed when viewed as a shared responsibility of both healthcare systems and individual physicians. Although our understanding of physician burnout has advanced considerably in recent years, many gaps in our knowledge remain. Longitudinal studies of burnout's effects and the impact of interventions on both burnout and its effects are needed, as are studies of effective solutions implemented in combination. For medicine to fulfil its mission for patients and for public health, all stakeholders in healthcare delivery must work together to develop and implement effective remedies for physician burnout.


Indirect dating methods have previously been applied to the rock paintings of north Queensland, utilising patterns of superimposition, depictions of material items and animals of known antiquity, the use of fragile paints such as mud and white kaolinite, and in-situ pigment stratigraphies. These patterns suggest that the vast majority of Chillagoe rock paintings are relatively young, likely less than 3500 years old. We directly analysed radiocarbon in .the charcoal pigments in several of the Chillagoe rock paintings. Preliminary radiocarbon results at three sites confirm that these charcoal paintings are less than 3500 years old, as predicted. A change in the geographical distribution of rock art styles across north Queensland-from widespread non-figurative forms (as evident in surviving petroglyphs) to regionally distinctive motifs-suggests a regionalisation of artistic conventions starting around 3500 years B.P. Such a regionalisation implies that major cultural changes accompanied the changes in rock painting styles.


Global Navigation Satellite System data are inverted to investigate the space‐time evolution of five Mw 6.6–6.7 slow slip events (SSEs) off the Boso Peninsula, central Japan, in 1996, 2002, 2007, 2011, and 2013–2014. Our analyses reveal that the nucleation style and space‐time evolution of slip vary among the five SSEs. The 2002, 2007, and 2011 SSEs nucleated more rapidly, with moment accelerations higher than those of the 1996 SSE by a factor of ∼2–6, and higher than those of the 2013–2014 SSE by an order of magnitude. Furthermore, the 2002, 2007, and 2011 SSEs exhibited more rapid temporal variations in their slip and moment rates and showed larger seismic moments and higher maximum slip rates than the 1996 and 2013–2014 SSEs, suggesting that the overall evolution of the SSEs is correlated with the nucleation style. The along‐strike expansion/propagation of slip is identified for the five SSEs, revealing that the expansion/propagation patterns vary from event to event. The earthquake swarms accompanying the SSEs occurred near the downdip edge of high‐slip‐rate areas, and the seismicity migrated during slow slip with directions and speeds similar to those of the slip expansion/propagation. These space‐time correlations between seismicity and slow slip suggest that the earthquake swarms were triggered by stress changes due to slow slip. The relative timing between the onsets of the SSEs and their associated seismicity varies from event to event and appears to be correlated with the nucleation style of the SSEs.


Caustics are complex physical phenomena resulting from the projection of light rays being reflected or refracted by a curved surface. In this paper, we address the problem of classifying and removing caustics from images and propose a novel solution based on two convolutional neural networks: SalienceNet and DeepCaustics. Caustics result in changes in illumination that are continuous in nature; therefore, the first network is trained to produce a classification of caustics that is represented as a saliency map of the likelihood of caustics occurring at a pixel. In applications where caustic removal is essential, the second network is trained to generate a caustic-free image. It is extremely hard to generate real ground truth for caustics. We demonstrate how synthetic caustic data can be used for training in such cases, and then transfer the learning to real data. To the best of our knowledge, out of the handful of techniques that have been proposed, this is the first time that the complex problem of caustic removal has been reformulated and addressed as a classification and learning problem. This paper is motivated by the real-world challenges in underwater archaeology.


Abstract Digital libraries of case studies of analogical design have been popular since their advent in the early 1990s. We consider four benefits of digital libraries of case studies of analogical design in the context of biologically inspired design. First, a digital library affords documentation. The 83 case studies in our work come from 8 years of extended, collaborative design projects in an interdisciplinary class on biologically inspired design. Second, a digital library provides on-demand access to the case studies. We describe a web-based library of case studies of biologically inspired design called the Design Study Library (DSL). Third, a compilation of case studies supports analyses of broader patterns and trends. As an example, an analysis of DSL's case studies found that environmental sustainability was a major factor in about a third of the case studies and an explicit design goal in about a fourth. Fourth, a digital library of case studies can support analogical learning. Preliminary results from an exploratory study indicate that DSL may support novice learning about the processes of biologically inspired design.


The aquatic application of the eddy correlation (EC) technique is growing more popular and is gradually becoming a standard method for resolving benthic O2 fluxes. By including the effects of the local hydrodynamics, the EC technique provides greater insight into the nature of benthic O2 exchange than traditional methods (i.e., benthic chambers and lander microprofilers). The growing popularity of the EC technique has led to a greater demand for easily accessible and robust EC instrumentation. Currently, the EC instrumentation is limited to two commercially available systems that are still in the development stage. Here, we present a robust, open source EC picoamplifier that is simple in design and can be easily adapted to both new and existing acoustic Doppler velocimeters (ADV). The picoamplifier has a response time of < 0.1 ms and features galvanic isolation that ensures very low noise contamination of the signal. It can be adjusted to accommodate varying ranges of microelectrode sensitivity as well as other types of amperometric microelectrodes. We show that the extracted flux values are not sensitive to reduced microelectrode operational ranges (i.e., lower resolution) and that no signal loss results from using either a 16‐ or 14‐bit analog‐to‐digital converter. Finally, we demonstrate the capabilities of the picoamplifier with field studies measuring both dissolved O2 and H2S EC fluxes. The picoamplifier presented here consistently acquires high‐quality EC data and provides a simple solution for those who wish to obtain EC instrumentation. The schematic of the amplifier's circuitry is given in the Web Appendix.


This diploma thesis evaluates various plug-in architectures for a Test Suite application. The Test Suite is a Windows-based application which is used for test procedures in the field of electrical power systems. The plug-in concept is widely used according to Mayer et al. [MMS02]. The concept can be found in many applications where it enables customers and third party manufacturers to extend the functionality of the application. A special adoption of the plug-in concept is to use it for building complex applications. In this case the separation of the code into manageable small plug-ins can increase the modularity of the application. The evaluation of the plug-in architectures is highly influenced by the requirements for a Test Suite application. These requirements are defined by the company OMICRON electronics GmbH. Most of the requirements are also adaptable to other projects, even though they might be of other domains. Three suitable solutions are chosen for the evaluation. One of the requirements defines that the Test Suite has to be a .NET application. Therefore, all solutions are based on the .NET Framework. Evaluated are the Composite UI Application Block (CAB) with the Smart Client Software Factory (SCSF) extensions, the Spring .NET framework and the SharpDevelop application. These solutions all have different strengths and weaknesses which are discussed in the evaluation chapter. The thesis shows that the Composite UI Application Block is the most applicable solution for the requirements of the Test Suite and therefore it is further investigated in this thesis. Reasons for using CAB are the good UI integration for the modules and the support for loosely coupled components. Because the framework does not support all requirements out of the box, a prototype implementation was created to show a possible way to fulfill all defined requirements. The prototype consists of an infrastructure part and several plug-ins. The infrastructure provides common services which are needed by the plug-ins e.g. the UI integration. The plug-ins show how the different requirements can be fulfilled. This diploma thesis shows that CAB can reduce the effort for developing a Test Suite.


The term "homeless children and youth"— (A) means individuals who lack a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence ...; and (B) includes— (i) children and youths who are sharing the housing of other persons due to loss of housing, economic hardship, or a similar reason; are living in motels, hotels, trailer parks, or camping grounds due to the lack of alternative accommodations; are living in emergency or transitional shelters; are abandoned in hospitals; or are awaiting foster care placement; (ii) children and youths who have a primary nighttime residence that is a public or private place not designed for or ordinarily used as a regular sleeping accommodation for human beings ... (iii) children and youths who are living in cars, parks, public spaces, abandoned buildings, substandard housing, bus or train stations, or similar settings; and (iv) migratory children who qualify as homeless for the purposes of this subtitle because the children are living in circumstances described in clauses (i) through (iii). BEST PRACTICES IN HOMELESS EDUCATION