A diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis carries with it a lifelong progressive disease; however twenty percent of patients enjoy periods of partial to total remission. After remission, the disease will frequently plague previously unaffected joints. Life expectancy is reduced by an average of three to seven years. Complications of RA include vasculitis and amyloidosis affecting any vessel, including the aorta. Additionally, complications of therapy such as chronic NSAID use leading to GI bleeding and infections associated with long term steroid use, can add to the difficulties of the disease. The recent discovery and use of anticytokines and DMARDs has lead to greatly reduced symptomology associated with RA and greater patient comfort. Side effects of drugs should be well understood including the risk of bleeding from NSAIDs. Management and surgical intervention of problems that arise from this disease vary dramatically. The anesthesiologist must be aware of airway pathologies, pain management techniques, and available pharmacology parameters.


Abstract In this paper, we present a preliminary estimate of the financial impact of the recent reform of the Spanish pension system. After updating the projections of pension expenditure constructed in de la Fuente and Doménech (2010) for the period 2008–2060, we analyze the impact on this variable of raising the retirement age from 65 to 67 years, extending from 15 to 25 years the period over which wages are averaged to calculate the starting pension and increasing from 35 to 37 the number of contribution years required to obtain a 'full pension.' Conditional on a series of assumptions about the evolution of employment, productivity and demographics, our estimates suggest that these measures will reduce pension expenditure by up to 1.4 percentage points of GDP once the reforms have been fully implemented in 2027, thereby stabilizing pension expenditure at a bit over 9% of GDP during the transition period and preventing the emergence of a structural deficit in the system before the end of the next decade. On the other hand, the existing uncertainty about the future evolution of the relevant variables suggests that it would be desirable to bring forward in time the introduction of the periodic evaluation of the system (the so-called sustainability factor) so as to have in place a mechanism that can be used to modulate the rhythm and scope of the reform if the system's financial situation requires it before the end of the transitional period.


JavaServer Pages (JSP) has built a huge following since the release of JSP 1.0 in 1999, providing Enterprise Java developers with a flexible tool for the development of dynamic web sites and web applications. While new point releases over the years, along with the introduction of the JSP Standard Tag Library (JSTL), have incrementally improved the rough areas of the first version of the JSP specification, JSP 2.0 takes this technology to new heights. JavaServer Pages, Third Edition, is completely revised and updated to cover the JSP 2.0 and JSTL 1.1 specifications. It includes detailed coverage of the Expression Language (EL) incorporated into JSP 2.0, the JSTL 1.1 tag libraries and the new function library, the new tag file format that enables custom tag library development without Java code, the simplified Java tag library API, improvements in the JSP XML syntax, and more. Further, it details setup of the Apache Tomcat server, JSP and JSTL syntax and features, error handling and debugging, authentication and personalization, database access, XML processing, and internationalization. This book recognizes the different needs of the two groups of professionals who want to learn JSP: page authors interested in using JSP elements in web pages, and programmers concerned with learning the JSP API and using JSP effectively as a part of an enterprise application. If you're in the first group, you'll learn from the practical web application examples in the second part of the book. If you're in the latter group, you'll appreciate the detailed coverage of advanced topics in the third part, such as how to integrate servlets and JavaBeans components with JSP using the popular Apache Struts MVC framework, and how to develop custom tag libraries using the JSP API, with realistic examples that you can use as a springboard for your own libraries. "Hans Bergsten, a JSP expert group veteran and one of our most active contributors, has thoroughly and accurately captured the new features of JSP 2.0 and JSTL 1.1 in a way that is well-organized and easy to understand. With excellent, to-the-point examples, this book is a 'must have' for any serious JSP 2.0 developer." --Mark Roth, JSP 2.0 Specification Lead, Sun Microsystems, Inc. Hans Bergsten is the founder of Gefion Software, a company focused on Java services and products based on J2EE technologies. Hans has been an active participant in the working groups for both the servlet and JSP specifications since their inception and contributes to other related JCP specifications, such as JSP Standard Tag Library (JSTL) and JavaServer Faces (JSF), and, as one of the initial members of the Apache Jakarta Project Management Committee, helped develop the Apache Tomcat reference implementation for the servlet and JSP specifications.


Face Recognition is most used for biometric user authentication that identifies a user based on his or her facial features. The system is in high demand, as it is used by many businesses and employed in many devices such as smartphones and surveillance cameras. However, one frequent problem that is still observed in this user-verification method is its accuracy rate. Numerous approaches and algorithms have been experimented to improve the stated flaw of the system. This research develops one such algorithm that utilizes a combination of two different approaches. Using the concepts from Linear Algebra and computational geometry, the research examines the integration of Principal Component Analysis with Delaunay Triangulation; the method triangulates a set of face landmark points and obtains eigenfaces of the provided images. It compares the algorithm with traditional PCA and discusses the inclusion of different face landmark points to deliver an effective recognition rate.


In the present article the results of observations are considered 1) of a person A by another person B and 2) by himself when he is in such a state that he is not able to determine his place in space and time (we call such a state meditation state). It was shown that results of these two kinds of measurements are complementary reciprocally, if to express it in quantum terms. This consideration shows how a person in the meditation state can obtain information on the past and the future, as well as on places being at the large, even big distances (e. g., even in other Galaxy), while from the point of view of the person B he, A, did not change his place in space-time. It is important that among the information obtained A being in the meditation state is the one on somebody thinking, i. e., A in the meditation state is able to the telepathy with other human being in other places of space-time. It is clarified that the telepathic information is trasferred in space and time by human wave de-Broglie, but not by any radiation. It is very important because the propagation velocity of De-Broglie waves is not limited by the light velocity, and can reach any point of the Universe in zero time. It can be important for space researche and communications between space crafts. However, communications using human De-Broglie waves, for example, telepathy, are not reliable (exactly, much less reliable than ordinary electromagnetic communications, e. g., the radio ones): a message may be lost partially or completely, may be distorded. It would be interesting to study this problem in detail. The concept of observer is introduced and studied in the connection with the human thinking. Our approach allows one to define the concept of soul, personality in mathematical terms, and to introduce the notion of states of mind.


The negative performance impact of the presence of hidden terminals in wireless networks has been well know for decades. Despite much research in the area, many deployed networks continue to suffer a performance penalty because of hidden terminals. Ad hoc wireless networks are particularly susceptible to hidden terminal collisions because there are fewer opportunities to plan the network in a way that avoids or reduces the number of hidden terminals. Measuring the presence of hidden terminals and the impact they are having on performance is difficult, especially in a network of many nodes. Without such measurements, the users and operators of wireless networks can not tell if performance problems are caused by hidden terminals or some other problem. We introduce new methodology that can detect the presence of hidden terminals and estimate the performance impact they are causing. The methodology requires no additional hardware and is suitable for wide scale deployment and long term operation. The approach is based on in-kernel instrumentation of the wireless network stack. The design, implementation, and testing of the approach are covered. Results from in-lab testing and the measurement of a live commercial 802.11 network are also presented, including a case study where performance was significantly improved.


Contemporary professional football (and sports) entities have embraced technology and data to boost sporting quality. However, this development has gone beyond the playing field as technology and data also start to play a larger role in improving business perfor - mances in the football (sports) industry. This chapter looks into how technology and data in the form of sports tracking systems, cf. based on (but not totally limited to) the case of the ZXY sports tracking system, are capable of helping to translate improved sporting performances into enhanced business performances. The intensified commercialization in football from technology and data takes fandom to new heights and bring about new revenue generating opportunities. However, harnessing the increased amounts of data is associated with technical challenges and financial and human resource constraints. In some instances, the context of applying 'big data' in football is still premature. Therefore, the technology and data implementation in professional football needs to undergo a qualification process to secure that the applied data co-exists with a context of compe - tent knowledge-sharing, individual and organizational learning in order to positively develop sporting and business performances.


Private consumption expenditure (PCE) contributes a major share in Indonesian GDP and its growth has been dominating the economic growth. PCE is also linked directly to the welfare of Indonesian people making it even more relevant for its close monitoring. However, despite the high volatility of macroeconomic conditions due to both global and domestic disturbances, indicators that measure PCE in frequency higher than quarterly is not yet existent in Indonesia. This paper is the first attempt to construct a monthly index of private consumption expenditure for Indonesia. Using a methodology based on the experience of other countries and constrained with data availability, we devise the index based on four statistically relevant variables: value added tax revenue, excise tax revenue, electricity consumption, and fuel consumption. Using the weights estimated based on the principal component analysis we found that our monthly PCE index fits well and correlate highly with the quarterly private consumption expenditure from the national accounts data. We hope that our initial attempt to construct the monthly PCE index will encourage others to devise even better measure of monthly consumption indicators.


Given the proliferation of computers and computer-related products, it is difficult to realize that the computer's history is, in fact, a very short one. RenA(c) Moreau, Director of Scientific Development, IBM France, traces the evolution of the computer from its earliest stored-program stages in the 1940s to the introduction of the IBM 360 Series in 1963.Written for the nonspecialist, his book defines, explains, and dates those first formulations in computer science and covers the major phases in the evolution of the software and hardware. Moreau divides his history into three sections - The Birth of the Computer (up to 1950), The First Generation (1950-1959), and The Second Generation (1959-1963). He concludes by examining the current state of the computer industry and its future direction. Also included are a discussion of programming languages and an appendix which details early work on computers in the USSR.


Is the perception of risks and opportunities on the Internet changing? The voices of intellectually challenged teens' parents. Emma Sorbring and Martin Molin at University West Charlotta Lofgren-Martensson at Malmo UniversityPrevious studies have shown that parents view their children's Internet use both as positive and negative. In general, parents are far more positive to teens pursuing relationships away from the Internet. However, when it comes to the parents of intellectually challenged teens, this might not be true. In a recent pilot-study, parents talk about the Internet as an opportunity for their teenage child to meet someone and start an intimate relationship. The Internet as a potentially dangerous place is acknowledged, but looked upon as a risk worth taking when it comes to social experience. Due to their children's specific challenges, these parents see the Internet as offering them great opportunities, at the same time they are afraid their teens could be more susceptible to various kind of content and interactions. Parents both want to encourage more Internet use and simultaneously encourage more time for face-to-face interactions. They perceive the risk that their teen will end up alone, without an intimate partner as more serious than the risks of the Internet. This presentation will discuss 'positive risk-taking', which brings into focus the importance of managing risks – not avoiding or ignoring them – but taking the risk because the potential benefits outweigh the potential harm. The parent's responsibility and support will also be discussed. The empirical material consists of interviews with intellectually challenged teens' parents, from the pilot study and the main study.


A substantial number of empirical studies on the linear relationship between executive compensation and firm performance for European firms suggest that the pay-performance sensitivity is not significantly positive. We argue that a nonlinear structure fits the data better, because compensation contracts provide for minimum performance benchmarks and an upper limit to the variable component of compensation. We test for such discontinuities in the pay performance relationship, and confirm their existence, using hand collected data from German Prime All Share firms' CEO bonus compensation. It turns out that there is a significant positive relationship between return on assets and CEO bonus for ROA between -3% and +20%. Performance sensitivity is then tested for changes over time between 2006 and 2009. Results reveal that during the first three years after the introduction of a statutory transparency rule in 2005 governing the disclosure of individual CEO compensation, significant changes to compensation contracts did not occur; but that in 2009 the pay-performance sensitivity exhibited a significant increase, which coincides with the passing of a law that requires supervisory boards to ensure that new CEO employment contracts provide for 'reasonable' compensation.


INTRODUCTION
As clinical trials test efficacy rather than effectiveness of medications, real-world effectiveness data often vary from clinical trial data. Given the recent market entry of multiple biologics and biosimilars, a dedicated assessment of these diverse agents is needed to build the evidence base regarding efficacy and safety of innovator biologics and biosimilars.

PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
The Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy's Biologics and Biosimilars Collective Intelligence Consortium (BBCIC) was convened to address the lack of real-world, postmarket outcome evidence generation for innovator biologics and corresponding biosimilars. The BBCIC is a multistakeholder scientific research consortium whose participants prioritize topics and collaboratively conduct research studies. The BBCIC conducts a wide range of analyses, including population characterization, epidemiologic studies, and active observational studies, and develops best practices for conducting large-scale studies to provide real-world evidence.

OBSERVATIONS
Over the past 3 years, we undertook multiple descriptive analyses with the goal of characterizing data availability and demonstrating the feasibility and efficacy of using the BBCIC distributed research network (DRN), which includes commercial claims data from 2008-2018 covering approximately 100 million lives, with approximately 20 million active members in 2017 from 2 major U.S. health plans and 3 regional integrated delivery networks. We analyzed 4 medication classes of particular interest to biologics and biosimilars development: insulins, granulocyte colony-stimulating factors, erythropoietic-stimulating agents, and anti-inflammatories. We were able to identify exposures and user characteristics in all 4 categories. Herein we describe the successes and challenges of conducting some of our analyses, specifically among insulin users with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

IMPLICATIONS
Our results demonstrate the BBCIC DRN's ability to identify and characterize exposures, cohorts, and outcomes that can contribute to more sophisticated comparative surveillance of biosimilars and innovator biologics in the future. Additional linkages to laboratory data and a wider range of insurance carriers will further strengthen the BBCIC DRN.

DISCLOSURES
This study was coordinated and funded by the Biologics and Biosimilars Collective Intelligence Consortium (BBCIC) and represents the independent findings of the BBCIC Insulins Principal Investigator and the BBCIC Insulins Research Team. Lockhart is employed by the BBCIC; Eichelberger was employed by the BBCIC at the time of this study. McMahill-Walraven is employed by Aetna, a CVS Health business. Panozzo, Marshall, and Brown are employed by Harvard Pilgrim Healthcare Institute. Aetna receives external funding through research grants and subcontracts with Harvard Pilgrim Healthcare Institute, which are funded by the FDA, NIH, PCORI, BBCIC, Pfizer, and GSK; the Reagan-Udall Foundation for IMEDS; and PCORI for the ADAPTABLE Study. Aetna was reimbursed for data and analytic support from Harvard Pilgrim Healthcare Institute and the Reagan Udall Foundation for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. This work was presented as a poster at AMCP Nexus 2018, October 22-25, 2018, in Orlando, FL.


In the context of the US approach to climate science and policy, this chapter explores the cultural politics embedded in the processes of how the mass media shapes climate change discourses. These cultural politics are explored through a critical discussion of the claims-makers that get media 'air time', the power-laden storytelling of media reporting, a potted history of US reporting on climate change and, finally, a newer form of climate storytelling through public opinion polling. The chapter argues, amongst other things, that mass media reporting and discussions of climate change and climate change science work to inform—at various times and places paradoxically—but also obfuscate and thus complicate climate science policy and its associated cultural politics. Overall, we suggest that in the US, media reporting on climate change—which must be fully contextualised in the macro and micro power relations that co-create and inform it—has helped address, analyse and discuss climate-related issues but has not and cannot at all answer them.


Continuum Mechanics is a branch of physical mechanics that describes the macroscopic mechanical behavior of solid or fluid materials considered to be continuously distributed. It is fundamental to the fields of civil, mechanical, chemical and bioengineering. This time-tested text has been used for over 35 years to introduce junior and senior-level undergraduate engineering students, as well as graduate students, to the basic principles of continuum mechanics and their applications to real engineering problems. The text begins with a detailed presentation of the coordinate invariant quantity, the tensor, introduced as a linear transformation. This is then followed by the formulation of the kinematics of deformation, large as well as very small, the description of stresses and the basic laws of continuum mechanics. As applications of these laws, the behaviors of certain material idealizations (models) including the elastic, viscous and viscoelastic materials, are presented. This new edition offers expanded coverage of the subject matter both in terms of details and contents, providing greater flexibility for either a one or two-semester course in either continuum mechanics or elasticity. Although this current edition has expanded the coverage of the subject matter, it nevertheless uses the same approach as that in the earlier editions - that one can cover advanced topics in an elementary way that go from simple to complex, using a wealth of illustrative examples and problems. It is, and will remain, one of the most accessible textbooks on this challenging engineering subject. It offers significantly expanded coverage of elasticity in Chapter 5, including solutions of some 3-D problems based on the fundamental potential functions approach. It includes a new section at the end of Chapter 4 devoted to the integral formulation of the field equations. Seven new appendices appear at the end of the relevant chapters to help make each chapter more self-contained. This book contains expanded and improved problem sets providing both intellectual challenges and engineering applications.


Measurement of light distribution in biological tissue contributes to selecting strategy and optimizing dose for biomedical application. In this letter, a photoacoustic method combined with Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate the three-dimensional light distribution in biological tissue. The light distribution was produced by a cylindrical diffuser which interposed into tissues. The light profiles obtained by the method were compared to those detected by photo diodes. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of this method. The approach can play a significant role for photo-dosimetry in biomedical phototherapy.


In this article I shall examine the principles that guide Nigerian courts in granting Anton Piller orders in the wake of the Court of Appeal decision in Akumci Industries Ltd v Aynmn Enterprises Limited.' This decision is significant because it is one given so far by an appellate court in Nigeria on the issue.
An Anton Piller order has been described as:
... an injunctive remedy which is obtainable ex parte to facilitate the inspection of the premises of a suspected copyright infringer and the seizure of infringing copies or such relevant materials and documents which are vital to the prosecution of the plaintiff's case, but which could be destroyed by the defendant, if he had prior notice of litigation against him.


The experimental application of municipal biosolids to degraded arid and semiarid rangelands has been practiced for many years and is becoming more common in the western United States. Previous studies have examined the effects of applying biosolids to land areas that have been degraded by one or more different factors including overgrazing, fire suppression, and increased drought frequency, duration, or intensity. However, few of these studies have measured the persistence of biosolids in the soil. This study is an attempt to recover information from an abandoned reclamation effort in which municipal biosolids were spread on a degraded rangeland on the Jornada Experimental Range in southern New Mexico. The biosolids were applied in 1979 and were still present in substantial amounts when soil samples were taken in 1997. An estimated 32% of the applied biosolids persisted as fragments greater than 2 mm in diameter for almost 20 years. There were no apparent benefits of biosolid application at this site in terms of vegetation establishment within the first four years, and there was no correlation between vegetation patterns and the concentration of biosolids remaining in the soil in 1997. It is hypothesized that much of the applied sludge remains in the soil because of the recalcitrant nature of digested biosolids combined with the environmental conditions of soil in arid systems. Long-term results from biosolid addition experiments in arid and semiarid rangelands should be considered before the practice is widely used for reclamation of degraded rangeland sites.


In recent years, scientists advanced the study of bio-ferroelectric composites to develop new environmentally friendly and inexpensive electronic elements such as capacitors, actuators, and transistors. Accordingly, the present research relates to composites made of chitosan-cellulose polymeric matrix and strontium titanate (STO) nanoparticles. The variables considered include different percentages of cellulose (15 and 25 v%) and strontium titanate nanoparticles (10 and 20 wt%). The electrical characterization of the composites included measuring their dielectric constant, current density, and conduc- tivity. The results suggest that the addition of STO nanoparticles raised the dielectric constant while lowering the current density and the conductivity of the nanocompos- ites. Moreover, although the cellulose addition increased the current density and the conductivity of the composites, it lowered their dielectric constant. Also, the resulting biocomposite capacitors could withstand up to 60 V without any detectable dielectric breakdown. The other two properties measured were the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and the degradation temperature (Tdeg). Higher percentages of cellulose decreased the UTS and the Tdeg of the chitosan-cellulose composites while the addition of cellulose slightly raised these properties of the composites made of chitosan-cellulose and STO nanoparticles. The results proved that these types of biocomposites are apt as capacitors with adequate strength to withstand aggressive environments. This work was fully conducted in the facilities of the Nanotechnology Center hosted by the University of Puerto Rico – Mayagüez, from December 2014 to January 2017.


Cooking is an essentially human activity, embodying the transformation from the natural to the cultural and increasing the palatability and availability of food resources. Plants probably formed the major part of the hunter-gatherer Aboriginal Australian diet and plant residues on stone tools used for processing have been identified by Australian archaeologists. Ethnohistories also record the cooking and processing of plants by Aboriginal people, but very little direct archaeological evidence of plant food cooking has been confirmed.  In this vein, replicative cooking and stone tool processing of three ethnohistorically recorded starchy plant foods from southeast Queensland (Alocasia macrorrhiza [native taro], Blechnum indicum [fern-root] and Castanospermum australe [Moreton Bay chestnut]) was undertaken. The resulting residues were compared using microscopy and a biological stain, in order to test the effects of cooking on starch grains, which demonstrate irrefutable changes after being affected by heat. Results revealed that the main morphological effects of cooking on starch are swelling, and disruption of the extinction-cross; and that Congo Red dye stains gelatinised, and otherwise damaged, starch such that raw grains are distinguishable from cooked grains. Application of the Congo Red stain to the residues of three bevel-edged artefacts (functionally associated with B. indicum processing) produced consistently reliable results, allowing identification and differentiation of cooked, damaged and raw starch. Several grains seen on these artefacts were similar to those in cooked B. indicum   reference samples. This thesis reports the first successful archaeological use of Congo Red, and the first detailed evidence of the effects of cooking on starchy plants known to have been cooked and processed by past Aboriginal people. The results of this study may be used by archaeologists to infer archaeological residues deriving from cooked starchy foods and thus identify cooking as a specific form of activity in past subsistence behaviour.


This thesis is an ethnography of an Integrated Rural Development Project which began its activities in 1984 and is aimed at 'fighting against desertification' in the Ader Doutchi Majiya Region of Niger. The Project is financed by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and, until 2000, was implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations. The thesis aims at contributing to our understanding of 'development': how it works; what configurations of power and forms of agency it produces; and how it is perceived by different categories of actors involved in it, including planners, project staff, and the men and women living in the 'intervention area'. The thesis contains nine chapters. Chapter one introduces the thesis' aim, theoretical import and methodological approaches. Chapters two and three provide an introduction to the historical and socio-economic context of the Ader Doutchi Majiya. Chapter four unravels the discourses of development which made the Project and its strategies possible in the early 1980s. Chapter five looks at the concepts and practices of development of project staff, and Chapter six focuses on local people's perceptions and patterns of agency in relation to the Keita Project. Chapters seven and eight compare the discourses and practices of planners, project staff, and local people, with reference to two axes of project 'intervention': gender (Chapter seven) and participation (Chapter eight). Chapter nine concludes the thesis. The thesis contributes to theory in the anthropology of development, bringing together actor-oriented and structural explanations into one analytical framework and arguing that there are limits to the productive pursuit of either on its own. It contributes to anthropological studies of change in West African societies; and it adds new insights to the 'ethnography of aid', making available some 'lessons learned' from the Keita Project to a potentially interdisciplinary audience.


Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) pandemic increased significantly worldwide. The rise in cases of HIV/AIDS was also followed by an increase in the incidence of opportunistic infection, with tuberculosis being the most opportunistic infection found in HIV/AIDS and the main cause of mortality in HIV/AIDS patients. Diagnosis of tuberculosis in HIV/AIDS patients is often difficult because of the uncommon symptom in HIV/AIDS patients compared to those without the disease. Thus, diagnostic tools are required that are more effective and efficient to diagnose tuberculosis in HIV/AIDS. CXCL-10/IP-10 is a chemokine that binds to the CXCR3 receptor found in HIV/AIDS patients with a weakened immune system. Tuberculosis infection in HIV/AIDS activates chemokine IP-10 in urine, which is used as a marker for diagnosis of infection. The aim of this study was to prove whether IP-10 urine can be a biomarker diagnosis of active lung tuberculosis in HIV-AIDS patients. Design of this study is a cross sectional study involving HIV/AIDS patients with lung tuberculosis as the subject of this study. Forty-seven HIV/AIDS patients with tuberculosis based on clinical and biochemical laboratory were asked to collect urine samples and IP-10/CXCL-10 urine being measured using ELISA method with 18 healthy human urine samples as control. Forty-seven patients diagnosed as HIV/AIDS were included as a subject of this study. HIV/AIDS were more common in male than in women with the percentage in male 85.1% vs. 14.5% of women. In this study, most diagnosed patients were aged 31-40 years old, followed by those 2130 years, and > 40 years old, with one case diagnosed at age less than 20 years of age. From the result of the urine IP-10 using ELISA method, there was significant increase of the mean value of IP-10 urine in patients with TB-HIV/AIDS co-infection compared to the healthy control with mean 61.05 pg/mL  78.01 pg/mL vs. mean 17.2 pg/mL. Based on this research, there was significant increase of urine IP-10/CXCL-10 in active lung tuberculosis with HIV/AIDS compared to the healthy control. From this finding, it is necessary to conduct further research into whether urine IP-10/CXCL-10 plays a significant role in TB-HIV/AIDS co-infection, which can also be used as a biomarker in the early diagnosis of TB-HIV. Keywords—Chemokine, IP-10 urine, HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis.


While there was a wealth of research and documentation on meeting student learning needs in mainstream national schools, the world of international schooling appeared to have remained relatively untouched by the march towards inclusion. The motivation for this inquiry was to examine efforts to develop inclusive educational provision in the elementary department of an international school. This small-scale study gave the researcher access to an international elementary school that was considered successful in responding flexibly to the needs of all learners. As there had been little research in the area of inclusion and international schooling the theory for this study was generated from the data and from a comparison with the findings of research on inclusion in national education systems. The research aimed to identify the climate and conditions present in the primary school at the time of the research by considering how it had removed barriers to learning for three students in different levels of learning support. A qualitative approach sought to use the data to understand the context and an 'emergent' design combining grounded theory and a case study approach was used. A central principle of constructivist grounded theory is that of giving voice to research participants and this study incorporated the voices, views and experiences of the students alongside their parents, educators and the specialists who worked with them. Data was collected from interviews and multidisciplinary child study meetings. Interviews were carried out with the senior leadership team, the students, their parents and educators. Classroom observations were carried out to supplement interview data for the student in intensive levels of support and further data was collected from school documentation written for parents. The findings indicated that the school climate was characterised by a strong focus on learning, access and solution seeking and the conditions found to support this climate were space and resources. Space was considered in terms of the use of space and the time required to facilitate both collaboration within the wider school community and collaborative teaching practices. Resources considered at the level of school organisation included personnel, therapies, policies and procedures, and the school curriculum. The overall findings from this study indicate that inclusion in this context was a process bound up in a proactive, dynamic, continuous cycle where a focus on solution seeking, learning and access drove the cycle. Based on the findings from this small-scale study it is recommended that international schools locate inclusion in the arena of whole school development where learning, access and solution seeking drives the school development cycle. It is recognised that the emerging theory could not be divorced from the interpretations of the researcher and additional research by a diverse range of researchers, in diverse international school contexts is needed. To better inform international school leaders it is hoped that these results will become part of a larger body of research that better reflects the range of international school contexts.


Combination gene therapy delivered in lipid-based nanoparticles drastically reduces the number and size of human non-small cell lung cancer tumors in mice, researchers at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center report in the Jan. 15, 2007 edition of Cancer Research.Two tumor-suppressing genes given intravenously reduced cancer separately but had their most powerful effect when administered together, cutting the number of tumors per mouse by 75% and the weight of tumors by 80%."In cancer treatment we have combination chemotherapy, and we also combine different modes of therapy - surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Now you've got the possibility of combined targeted gene therapy," said Jack Roth, M.D., professor and chair of the M. D. Anderson Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and a senior researcher on the project. Dr. Roth is also Associate Editor for the Gene Therapy section of Cancer Biology and Therapy. The genes wrapped in the nanoparticles were p53, a well-known tumor suppressor that works by causing defective cells to commit suicide and is often shut down or defective in cancer cells, and FUS1, a tumor-suppressor discovered by the research group that is deficient in most human lung cancers. Each nanoparticle carried one of the two genes.The Cancer Research paper reports that FUS1 works with p53 to force the lung cancer cells to kill themselves - a process known as apoptosis.Further analysis showed that the combination achieved greater cell suicide because FUS1 suppresses a gene that expresses a protein known to rapidly degrade p53, says senior author Lin Ji, Ph.D., M. D. Anderson associate professor of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.The FUS1/p53 combination also activates a cell suicide pathway based in the cells' mitochondria, their energy powerhouse.Lab experiments first showed that the gene combination cut the number of viable cells in four lines of human non-small cell lung cancer by 70 to 80% 48 hours after treatment while leaving a control group of normal cells unaffected. The cancer cell lines treated with the gene combination had 2 to 3 times more cells killed by apoptosis than either gene nanoparticle had individually. The research team then confirmed these findings in the mouse studies.The nanoparticle delivery system, which the researchers have used for years, consists of a plasmid gene expression cassette loaded with DNA that encodes either the p53 or the FUS1 protein. This is wrapped tightly in a form of cholesterol to protect it from the body's defense mechanisms. "You can'tdeliver naked DNA for cancer therapy," Ji says.The nanoparticles accumulate mainly in the lungs, particularly in the tumors, Ji says. The positively charged nanoparticles are delivered to the negatively charged cancer cell membrane and taken into the cell, where the genes repeatedly express either p53 or FUS1 tumor-suppressing proteins.Roth expects the research team to advance combination therapies to clinical trials in the coming years, either of genes or of genes with other biologic or chemotherapy agents."We certainly hope this approach will be more effective but we also think it's likely to be much less toxic, with fewer side effects, than other types of combined cancer therapy," Roth says. "These genes don't have much effect on normal tissue or normal cells when they are overexpressed. It's really justcancer cells where they seem to have their effect. Ultimately, the usefulness of this approach has to be proven in clinical trials."The FUS1 nanoparticles are being tested alone in a phase 1 safety and dose-escalation clinical trial at M. D. Anderson for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer that has spread to other organs. Charles Lu, M.D., associate professor in the M. D. Anderson Department of Thoracic, Head and Neck Medical Oncology, is conducting the clinical trial, which is funded by M. D. Anderson's and UT-Southwestern's joint National Cancer Institute Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in lung cancer.Co-authors with Roth and Ji are John D. Minna, M.D., Department of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center; first author Wu-Guo Deng, Ph.D., Hiroyaki Kawashima, M.D., Ph.D., Guanglin Wu, M.D., Gitanjali Jayachandran, Ph.D., and Kai Xu, M.S., all of the M. D. Anderson Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. Research was supported by a National Cancer Institute SPORE grant, U.S. Department of Defense TARGET Lung Cancer Programs grant, W.M. Keck Gene Therapy Career Development grant, M. D. Anderson's Cancer Center Support Grant, and a grant from the Tobacco Settlement Funds appropriated by the Texas Legislature.


Molecular Revolution in BrazilFelix Guattari and Suely Rolniktranslated by Karel Clapshow and Brian HolmesYes, I believe that there is a multiple people, a people of mutants, a people of potentialities that appears and disappears, that is embodied in social, literary, and musical events...I think that we're in a period of productivity, proliferation, creation, utterly fabulous revolutions from the viewpoint of this emergence of a people. That's molecular revolution: it isn't a slogan or a program, it's something that I feel, that I live...--from Molecular Revolution in BrazilFollowing Brazil's first democratic election after two decades of military dictatorship, French philosopher Felix Guattari traveled through Brazil in 1982 with Brazilian psychoanalyst Suely Rolnik and discovered an exciting, new political vitality. In the infancy of its new republic, Brazil was moving against traditional hierarchies of control and totalitarian regimes and founding a revolution of ideas and politics. Molecular Revolution in Brazil documents the conversations, discussions, and debates that arose during the trip, including a dialogue between Guattari and Brazil's future President Luis Ignacia Lula da Silva, then a young gubernatorial candidate. Through these exchanges, Guattari cuts through to the shadowy practices of globalization gone awry and boldly charts a revolution in practice.Assembled and edited by Rolnik, Molecular Revolution in Brazil is organized thematically; aphoristic at times, it presents a lesser-known, more overtly political aspect of Guattari's work. Originally published in Brazil in 1986 as Micropolitica: Cartografias do desejo, the book became a crucial reference for political movements in Brazil in the 1980s and 1990s. It now provides English-speaking readers with an invaluable picture of the radical thought and optimism that lies at the root of Lula's Brazil. Felix Guattari (1930-19920), post-'68 French psychoanalyst and philosopher, is the author of Anti-Oedipus (with Gilles Deleuze), The Anti-Oedipus Papers (Semiotext(e), 2006), and other books. Semiotext(e) has published the first two volumes of his complete essays, Chaosophy (1995) and Soft Subversions (1996), and will publish the final volume, Chaos and Complexity, in 2008. Suely Rolnik is a psychoanalyst, cultural critic, and curator who lives and works in Sao Paulo, Brazil. She was a close collaborator of Guattari during her exile in Paris from the military dictatorship in Brazil.


The goal of this report is to inform investors about the potential of solar minigrid technologies to serve India's rural market. Under the US-India Energy Dialogue, the US Department of Energy's (DOE) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is supporting the Indian Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)'s Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) in performing a business-case and policy-oriented analysis on the deployment of solar minigrids in India. The JNNSM scheme targets the development of 2GW of off-grid solar power by 2022 and provides large subsidies to meet this target. NREL worked with electricity capacity and demand data supplied by the Ladakh Renewable Energy Development Agency (LREDA) from Leh District, to develop a technical approach for solar minigrid development. Based on the NREL-developed, simulated solar insolation data for the city of Leh, a 250-kW solar photovoltaic (PV) system can produce 427,737 kWh over a 12-month period. The business case analysis, based on several different scenarios and JNNSM incentives shows the cost of power ranges from Rs. 6.3/kWh (US$0.126) to Rs. 9/kWh (US$0.18). At these rates, solar power is a cheaper alternative to diesel. An assessment of the macro-environment elements--including political, economic, environmental, social, and technological--was also performed to identify more » factors that may impact India?s energy development initiatives. « less


Ever since the first judicial decisions on the question of implementing the resolutions passed by the Security Council in the wake of combatting terrorism were rendered, the tension between the so-called 1267 sanctions regime and fundamental human rights became all too visible and confronted the lawyer – most of all, the judge(s) – with the unpleasant dilemma to choose sides in the classical liberty or security-dichotomy: obeying the Security Council or looking for legal loopholes, regardless of how fishy they may appear, in order to guarantee the basic human rights for those affected? Case-law on this subject matter shows that judges soon realized that they were not alone in attempting to find a somewhat acceptable way out of this dilemma. Many domestic and international courts have – to varying degrees – proven to be ready and willing to refer to the decisions and the underlying rationale of their counterparts in other jurisdictions. After all, the main reason why judges resort to such a 'judicial dialogue' – a legal problem which goes beyond the specific technicalities of a given legal order and which has been raised during the proceedings of various courts – was obviously present and while it may be too emphatic to speak of a triumph of judicial dialogue, it has certainly played a key role in improving (although still not to a satisfying extent) the 1267 sanctions regime.


Objectives Achieving congruence between preferred and actual place of death is increasingly being used as a quantifiable indicator of the effectiveness of palliative care services. Current secular trends indicate a reversal of the institutionalisation of death, but this has been more pronounced in patients with malignant disease. As such, this study was conducted to evaluate whether the preservation of autonomy has been addressed equitably for cancer and non-cancer populations. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed in line with recommendations from Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. A comprehensive computerised search of 14 databases, supplemented by a manual review of the literature was performed for all peer-reviewed publications, from 1980 to the present, identifying rates of incongruence for cancer and/or non-cancer cohorts. Aggregation of outcomes was performed using a random effects model. Results A total of 26 articles were identified that met the search and inclusion criteria. A non-cancer diagnosis was found to significantly increase the incidence of incongruence with a weighted risk ratio of 1.23 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.49, p=0.04) and this disparity appears to have increased since 2004. A moderate degree of heterogeneity was noted (I2=62%). Conclusions These findings pose a significant challenge, as a 'good' death has been closely matched to achieving patients' wishes, including preferred place of death. Despite increasing awareness that those dying from chronic non-malignant diseases have extensive palliative care needs, much is still to be done to preserve their autonomy and reduce powerlessness in the face of death.


We introduce a novel co-learning paradigm for manifolds naturally equipped with a group action, motivated by recent developments on learning a manifold from attached fibre bundle structures. We utilize a representation theoretic mechanism that canonically associates multiple independent vector bundles over a common base manifold, which provides multiple views for the geometry of the underlying manifold. The consistency across these fibre bundles provide a common base for performing unsupervised manifold co-learning through the redundancy created artificially across irreducible representations of the transformation group. We demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithmic paradigm through drastically improved robust nearest neighbor search and community detection on rotation-invariant cryo-electron microscopy image analysis.


North America is currently home to a number of grey wolf (Canis lupus) and wolf-like canid populations, including the coyote (Canis latrans) and the taxonomically controversial red, Eastern timber and Great Lakes wolves. We explored their population structure and regional gene flow using a dataset of 40 full genome sequences that represent the extant diversity of North American wolves and wolf-like canid populations. This included 15 new genomes (13 North American grey wolves, 1 red wolf and 1 Eastern timber/Great Lakes wolf), ranging from 0.4 to 15x coverage. In addition to providing full genome support for the previously proposed coyote-wolf admixture origin for the taxonomically controversial red, Eastern timber and Great Lakes wolves, the discriminatory power offered by our dataset suggests all North American grey wolves, including the Mexican form, are monophyletic, and thus share a common ancestor to the exclusion of all other wolves. Furthermore, we identify three distinct populations in the high arctic, one being a previously unidentified "Polar wolf" population endemic to Ellesmere Island and Greenland. Genetic diversity analyses reveal particularly high inbreeding and low heterozygosity in these Polar wolves, consistent with long-term isolation from the other North American wolves.


It is well known that patent citations occur disproportionately between patents issued to inventors living in the same location, which has been taken as evidence of geographically localized knowledge spillovers. In this study, we find that patent citations also occur disproportionately often in locations where the cited inventor was living prior to being issued the patent in question, which we interpret as evidence of a significant role played by social capital in promoting knowledge spillovers. We first develop a model of purposeful investments in social capital by co-located inventors that incorporates the effect of expected mobility. Using patent and citation data, we then test two hypotheses motivated by the model. First, we find strong evidence in support of the enduring social capital hypothesis; social ties that facilitate knowledge transfer persist even after formerly co-located individuals are separated. Consistent with the model, we find that individuals with higher ex ante mobility are somewhat less likely to invest in location-specific social relationships, but the pattern of spillovers implied by patent citations is consistent with them investing in those social relationships that survive subsequent geographic separation. Second, we find strong evidence that the social ties associated with co-location are particularly important for facilitating knowledge spillovers across technology fields or communities of practice where alternative mechanisms for transferring knowledge are more costly.


Negotiations form the heart of mergers and acquisitions efforts, for their conclusions contain both anticipated and unforeseen implications.  Don DePamphilis presents a summary of negotiating and deal structuring that captures its dynamic process, showing readers how brokers, bankers, accountants, attorneys, tax experts, managers, investors, and others must work together and what happens when they don't.  Writtten for those who seek a broadly-based view of M&A and understand their own roles in the process, this book treads a middle ground between highly technical and dumbed-down descriptions of complex events.  It mixes theory with case studies so the text is current and useful.  Unique and practical, this book can add hard-won insights to anybody's list of M&A titles..

 Presents negotiation as a team effort

 Includes all participants, from investment bankers to accountants and business managers

 Emphasizes the interactive natures of decisions about assets, payments, and appropriate legal structures

 Written for those who seek summarizing, non-technical information


Abstract This study examined four policy documents published by the Norwegian government from 1995 to 2009 describing issues regarding the provision of public services to elderly Sami in Norway. Adopting a Foucauldian discourse analytic approach, we explored how the statements regarding elderly Sami and care services in these documents are situated within contemporary ethno-political and healthcare discourses. The documents exhibited two major and interrelated trends: the predominant portrayal of the Sami and the ethos of cultural congruent care. The analysis demonstrated a high degree of discursive continuity throughout the four documents, with the image of the elderly Sami constructed in the earliest document reproduced to a large extent in the newer documents. We suggest that a critical cultural perspective offers an alternative to the understanding of culture and the concept of cultural congruent care found in the documents. From a critical cultural perspective, culture is seen as relational, changing over time, and dependent on social context, history, gender, and other factors. In this view, cultural competence does not involve learning a fixed, coherent body of knowledge comprising "the Sami culture". A critical cultural perspective challenges those who provide care to the elderly Sami to become aware of social, political, and historical processes while simultaneously acknowledging that the impacts of these processes on the lives of the individuals they encounter can never be fully known. Furthermore, this perspective prompts healthcare providers to reflect on how their assumptions about the people they encounter are shaped by their own social, cultural, economic, and professional backgrounds. We suggest that the authorities initiate a new policy document based on current insights into the everyday experiences of the current cohort of elderly Sami as well as contemporary social, ethno-political, and healthcare discourses.


Compared with those born at term gestation, infants with complex congenital heart defects (CCHD) who were delivered before 37 weeks of gestational age and received neonatal open cardiac surgery (OHS) have poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes in early childhood. Specific details related to the neurodevelopmental outcome of these infants remain unpublished.

 To describe the growth, disability, functional, and neurodevelopmental outcome in early childhood of preterm infants (born at <37+0 weeks gestation) with CCHD and neonatal OHS.

 We studied all infants with CCHD who received OHS within 6 weeks of corrected age between 1996 and 2016. In the Western Canadian Complex Pediatric Therapies Follow-up Program, comprehensive neurodevelopmental assessments at a corrected age of 18-24 months were done by multidisciplinary teams at the original referral sites. In addition to demographic and clinical data, standardized age-appropriate outcome measures included physical growth with calculated Z-scores, disabilities including cerebral palsy, visual impairment, sensorineural hearing loss; adaptive function (Adaptive Behavioural Assessment System-II); and cognitive, language, and motor skills (Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III).

 From 1996 to 2016, 115 preterm infants (34±2 weeks gestation, 2339±637g, 64% males) with CCHD had OHS with 11(10%) deaths before first discharge and 21 (18%) by 2 years. Prior to the first surgery, 7 (6%) neonates had cerebral injuries. Overall, 7 had necrotizing enterocolitis; none had retinopathy of prematurity. All 94 surviving infants received comprehensive evaluation at 2 years corrected age; Eighteen (19%) had congenital syndromes who had worse functional and neurodevelopmental outcomes compared to those (n=76) without syndromal abnormalities (SA) (Table).

 For preterm neonates with CCHD and early OHS, the mortality was significant, but the short-term neonatal morbidity was not increased. Compared with published preterm outcomes, the early outcome suggests more cerebral palsy but not sensorineural hearing loss, and greater neurodevelopmental delay. This information is important for management care of the infants, parental counselling and the decision-making process.


We are interested in the Guivarc'h inequality for admissible random walks on finitely generated relatively hyperbolic groups, endowed with a word metric. We show that for random walks with finite super-exponential moment, if this inequality is an equality, then the Green distance is roughly similar to the word distance, generalizing results of Blach{\`e}re, Ha{\"i}ssinsky and Mathieu for hyperbolic groups [4]. Our main application is for relatively hyperbolic groups with respect to virtually abelian subgroups of rank at least 2. We show that for such groups, the Guivarc'h inequality with respect to a word distance and a finitely supported random walk is always strict.


This work was carried out to study the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MLE) on the morphological and physiological growth characteristics of cassava ( Manihot utilissima Pohl.); and its efficacy as organic insecticide in controlling Zonocerus variegatus infestation on the plant. The leaf extract was diluted in water at the ratios of 1:10, 1:20, 1:30 and 1:40. "Uppercut (R)" (30g dimethoate + 250g cypermethrin), used as water emulsifiable concentrate, was applied at the rate of 0.2 a.i./ha for comparison. Cassava hybrid, CR1247 was planted at the spacing of 1m x 1m. Moringa oleifera leaf extract was applied weekly while the dimethoate + cypermethrin was applied at three-weekly interval for two months. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. The Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MLE) dilution at the ratio of 1:30 MLE in water gave the highest percentage stem height difference (% SHD) at the eighth week after treatment with a value of 20.5% followed by 1:20, 1:10 MLE in water, dimethoate + cypermethrin and 1:40 MLE in water (i.e. 17.82%, 10.56%, 8.98% and 8.05% respectively). The control had the least % SHD. Dimethoate + cypermethrin had the highest percentage leaf number difference (% LND) at the eighth week after treatment with a value of 70.99% followed by 1:10, 1:30, 1:20 and 1:40 MLE in water in that order (i.e. 25.23%, 18.43%, 3.83% and 0.33% respectively). Control also had the least % LND. The 1:40 MLE in water treatment recorded the highest percentage leaf appearance (31%) at eight weeks followed by 1:30, 1:20, 1:10 and dimethoate + cypermethrin in that order (i.e. 29%, 28%, 26% and 20% respectively). Dimethoate + cypermethrin eradicated the insects and caused significant (P< 0.05) increase in the number of leaves and reduction in the percentage leaf abscission especially from the sixth week after treatment. Keywords – Moringa, dimethoate + cypermethrin, insecticide, cassava hybrid.


High and persistent fiscal deficit is one of the major macroeconomic problems in India since the mid-1980s. Fiscal consolidation is in the forefront of policy discussion in India not only at present but since the early 1990s. However the actual administrative measure to control it constitutionally by enacting an Act took place in 2003 and the Fiscal Responsibility & Budget Management (FRBM) Act came into force in April 2004. The major reason behind controlling fiscal deficit is its adverse effect on the macro economy, particularly output growth. Monetary policy makers in India (RBI) argue that high deficit will adversely affect growth and hence requires control. But fiscal policy makers (Ministry of Finance) argue that government spending will promote growth. Hence, there exists a puzzle about how fiscal deficit is affecting GDP in India. This paper tries to answer the puzzle by taking up a long-term time series analysis starting from 1980-81 to 2012-13. It also carries a detailed analysis by including the composition of fiscal deficit and its impact on GDP. By adopting a Vector Error Correction method, this paper proves that fiscal deficit is adversely affecting growth and also argues that if fiscal deficit money is spent on capital formation, it promotes growth, supporting the 'Golden Rule' of public finance.


Objectives: The objective was to determine the results of early active controlled motion in the patients rehabilitated by our new protocol. Methods: 91 fingers in 64 patients with flexor tendon repair in all zones were enrolled in a single group (quasi-experimental) clinical trial. 58 fingers in 43 patients were assessed at least three months postoperatively. Outcomes were defined using the 'White' criteria for thumbs and the 'Strickland' criteria for other fingers. Results: The results for range of motion of fingers were Excellent in 70.7, good in 13.8, fair in 6.9 and poor in 8.6. There were 3 (5.17) postoperative tendon ruptures. Discussion: Early active controlled motion with our rehabilitation protocol shows acceptable postoperative results. This rehabilitation protocol is more effective if carried out from the 1st to 4th weeks after surgery, under the supervision of a surgeon or hand therapist. Then, from the 4th to 6th weeks, it should be performed at a hand therapy clinic and from the 6th to 12th weeks at home, supervised by a hand therapist.


Abstract. We investigate the impact of biogenic emissions on carbon monoxide (CO) and formaldehyde (HCHO) in the Southern Hemisphere (SH), with simulations using two different biogenic emission inventories for isoprene and monoterpenes. Results from four atmospheric chemistry models are compared to continuous long-term ground-based CO and HCHO column measurements at the SH Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) sites, the satellite measurement of tropospheric CO columns from the Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT), and in situ surface CO measurements from across the SH, representing a subset of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Global Monitoring Division (NOAA GMD) network. Simulated mean model CO using the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (v2.1) computed in the frame work of the Land Community Model (CLM-MEGANv2.1) inventory is in better agreement with both column and surface observations than simulations adopting the emission inventory generated from the LPJ-GUESS dynamical vegetation model framework, which markedly underestimate measured column and surface CO at most sites. Differences in biogenic emissions cause large differences in CO in the source regions which propagate to the remote SH. Significant inter-model differences exist in modelled column and surface CO, and secondary production of CO dominates these inter-model differences, due mainly to differences in the models' oxidation schemes for volatile organic compounds, predominantly isoprene oxidation. While biogenic emissions are a significant factor in modelling SH CO, inter-model differences pose an additional challenge to constrain these emissions. Corresponding comparisons of HCHO columns at two SH mid-latitude sites reveal that all models significantly underestimate the observed values by approximately a factor of 2. There is a much smaller impact on HCHO of the significantly different biogenic emissions in remote regions, compared to the source regions. Decreased biogenic emissions cause decreased CO export to remote regions, which leads to increased OH; this in turn results in increased HCHO production through methane oxidation. In agreement with earlier studies, we corroborate that significant HCHO sources are likely missing in the models in the remote SH.


We propose a unified framework for building unsupervised representations of individual objects or entities (and their compositions), by associating with each object both a distributional as well as a point estimate (vector embedding). This is made possible by the use of optimal transport, which allows us to build these associated estimates while harnessing the underlying geometry of the ground space. Our method gives a novel perspective for building rich and powerful feature representations that simultaneously capture uncertainty (via a distributional estimate) and interpretability (with the optimal transport map). As a guiding example, we formulate unsupervised representations for text, in particular for sentence representation and entailment detection. Empirical results show strong advantages gained through the proposed framework. This approach can be used for any unsupervised or supervised problem (on text or other modalities) with a co-occurrence structure, such as any sequence data. The key tools underlying the framework are Wasserstein distances and Wasserstein barycenters (and, hence the title!).


Four studies were conducted to assess the psychometric properties and the theoretical basis of a version of the Inventory of Desirable Responding in Relationships, originally developed and validated for assessment of romantic relationships, in a different relational context (i.e., coach-athlete relationships). The first study aimed to address the content validity of the modified inventory, the Inventory of Desirable Responding in Coach-Athlete Relationship (IDR-CART) scale. The second study employed factor analytic techniques to examine its psychometric properties. Results confirmed the two-factor structure of the inventory: self-deception (CART-SD) and impression management (CART-IM). In the third study, data were collected under public and anonymous conditions. Results revealed, however, that neither condition supported the factor structure, thereby casting doubt on theoretical assumptions. The fourth study demonstrated that CART-SD is associated with indices of relationship quality, providing evidence of convergent validity. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.


T his paper presents the calculation methods developed at ONERA to assess the lifetime of aeroengine structures subjected to multiaxial thermo-mechanical loadings. The complexity of the steps required in this process has grown over the past years, in order to take advantage of extremely accurate observations in materials and more precise experimental results. The research activities in the field of fatigue are presented within a framework that covers microstructural observations, mechanical testing, the development of constitutive equations and fatigue damage models associated with numerical calculations. All of these steps are today closely interrelated in the complex analysis of lifetime predictions. A fundamental aspect is highlighted: the simultaneous consideration of multiaxial and anisothermal loadings, which requires specific developments. These points are detailed, illustrated by many examples of applications and positioned with respect to research works in the literature.


Although considerable progress has been made with tuberculosis control efforts in South
Africa since 2000, there is little sign that the
epidemic is abating. The South African government adopted the
resolutions of the
March 2000 Amsterdam
Declaration to Stop TB and a strategic plan for 2001-2005 for combating the
tuberculosis
epidemic is now in place. Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) activities have been expanded within
South Africa. the
percentage of districts operating as DOTS Demonstration and Training
Districts increased from 66% in 1999 to 87% in 2002. the
aspiration is to achieve full
DOTS coverage in the
country by the
end of 2002. However, efforts to provide effective TB treatment using DOTS at district and facility level
are constrained by numerous factors. Whilst the
national and provincial strategic plans
provide a framework for addressing constraints in a systematic manner, effective TB control
relies on the
commitment of health workers and managers at facility and district level. A
number of innovative approaches to improving TB control at these levels are therefore
included in the
chapter. The Department of Health HIV / AIDS and TB Control Directorate also hopes to roll out
integrated management of TB and HIV within the
country based on lessons learnt from
the four TB / HIV pilot sites that have been operational since 1999. the
plan is to establish
at least one training site for integrated TB / HIV management in every province by the
end
of 2002. Partnerships with other stakeholders in TB control, at both international and local levels
have also been strengthened. Several international agencies provide both financial and
technical support to the
National TB Control Programme. Examples of how local
non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are participating in TB care delivery in the
country
are provided highlighting some of the
challenges these organisations face. Despite this progress however, the
cure rate of 64% for new TB patients for 2001 still
remains far below the
internationally and nationally accepted target of 85%. There should
be no room for complacency and sustained effort is required to ensure that better TB
management at national level translates into improved outcomes for patients at primary
health care level.


For most businesses, group work is the way in which ideas are given voice. In this study, ethnographic research was conducted to explore group work and the environments in which it occurs. The research provides context for architects and designers who are conceiving improvements or reinventing the ways the built environment (e.g., furnishings, decor and architecture) influences the outcome of group activities. The research took place in two phases; phase one sought to develop a set of observable hypotheses and phase two sought to validate the hypotheses through observation. In the first phase "embedded reporters" were recruited from Herman Miller and Gensler staff to serve as observers of their own group work and to report on idea flow, knowledge transfer, size of groups, reasons for working together, stage of process, etc. During the second phase of the study, an ethnographic researcher shadowed a "hub" person skilled in group work for 1–3 days and observed group work behaviors. A second researcher with architectural experience documented the spaces where the observations took place. Same time / same place interactions are most important when meetings are highly staged or highly urgent. The intangible aspects of communication such as emotional comfort and group dynamics add value that is integral in these situations.


Since the Roberts Court was formed in January 2006, the Court has decided 43 cases in which the Chamber of Commerce of the United States filed a brief either as a party or amicus. In these 43 cases, the party supported by the Chamber ended up prevailing in 30, for a winning percentage of almost 70 percent. Nor did the parties supported by the Chamber typically squeak by with narrow victories - twelve of the Chamber's 30 wins were by unanimous votes, and in eight more the Chamber or the party it supported got seven or eight votes. As the Chamber's success rate illustrates, there is little doubt that the Roberts Court is, broadly speaking, a business-friendly Court. The questions that remain have to do with what kind of a business-friendly Court it is. In what contexts is the Court especially receptive to the arguments and interests of business, and for what reasons? In what areas has the Court remained relatively unreceptive, and why? Are the Court's pro-business leanings best explained in terms of legal doctrines or ideological preferences? Part I of this article describes the Chamber's litigation efforts generally and its participation as amicus in the Supreme Court in particular, and canvasses the existing literature on amicus brief efficacy in order to put the Chamber's efforts and outcomes in perspective. Part II is the main part of the article; it examines the Court's decisions and the Chamber's briefs in five key areas - preemption, punitive damages, arbitration, pleading standards, and employment discrimination - and finds in these areas a consistent theme of skepticism about litigation as a mode of regulatory control. The article concludes with a brief comment about the implications of this preliminary finding for future research.


The U.S. antidumping case in vector supercomputers - the Cray-NEC case - resulted in the imposition of the highest antidumping duties in the entire U.S. antidumping history (454% for NEC, the main defendant). This, along with the considerable attention attracted by the dispute, would be sufficient ground for a closer examination of the case. Three additional aspects of the Cray-NEC case, however, render it particularly relevant to the economics and law of antidumping: (1) the Cray-NEC case offers an opportunity to look at cases of dumping in the context of a product where antidumping could be a likely policy option - though such a policy is probably a second best option. There are, indeed, two situations where dumping could be considered as a serious source of concern and cause of policy intervention: predatory and strategic dumping. Predatory dumping is more likely to occur where only a few firms are involved, such as in the supercomputer industry. Strategic dumping requires static or dynamic scale economies which seem also likely in this case; (2) the Cray-NEC case offers an opportunity to look at antidumping policy as a component of industrial policy. The supercomputer industry has so far been shaped by two other industrial policy tools: active subsidy through RD (3) the supercomputer case raises key issues about antidumping procedures per se, from the point of view of both determination and enforcement. Supercomputers as a product do not seem really subject to markets. The number of transactions, realized through auctioning, is very small, and the products sold are highly diversified. In these circumstances, is it meaningful to talk about a «market» for supercomputers - hence to apply GATT antidumping rules which presuppose that there is a market? Turning to enforcement, the Cray-NEC case offers an interesting development: if Japanese supercomputers cannot be sold in the U.S. market, they can be located in Japan, and their services sold to U.S. potential buyers from there (through appropriate telecommunications). In other words, the Cray-NEC case may offer the first clear example of trade in services as a substitute to trade in goods - raising a host of issues regarding antidumping procedures.


The first hyperpolarizabilities ('beta') of four azobenzene derivatives are measured via hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) technique at 1064 nm. These compounds show weak absorbance at 532 nm and neglectable two-photon fluorescence (TPF). Their static first hyperpolarizabilities ('beta0') are estimated by the classical two-level model. The effects of varying the variety and number of the acceptors from chloro to nitro substituents are studied. It is concluded that the first hyperpolarizabilities will be enhanced with increasing polarity or number of the acceptors, attributed to improved transferability of their 'pi'-conjugated electron clouds.


Professional development is the phrase that many professions use to describe the continuous learning that professionals may need to maintain, enhance, or broaden their competence. Professional development in physical therapy is essential to update physical therapists (PTs) and physical therapist assistants (PTAs) regarding new developments in knowledge, skills, and technology to ensure continued competence within the profession. Clinical faculty members provide a vital role in the education of physical therapy students. This role necessitates that faculty development plans include input from student evaluations that reflect how well the program prepared them for clinical practice. This study completed a survey investigation to identify the professional development needs of 50 clinical faculty and 25 graduates affiliated with an established physical therapist assistant program. It also examined the professional development needs of clinical faculty as identified through PTA students' evaluation at the time of graduation and through the programs' overall curriculum evaluation. Graduates reported that overall they were well prepared as entry level PTAs and rated the effectiveness of the program favorably. Curriculum content areas identified by graduates as needing improvement included wound care and leadership skills. Clinical instructors concurred with the graduates by identifying wound care as an area of need for their professional development. Recommendations from this study would be to: perform similar studies encompassing more than one program, followup with future curriculum evaluations to verified if the identified weaknesses were addressed through curriculum changes, and for allied health programs to offer education methodology courses for their clinical instructors. ********** Definition of Key Words: Academic Coordinator for Clinical Education (ACCE): The core faculty member who has responsibility in the program for coordinating the clinical education portion of the curriculum. Center Coordinator of Clinical Education (CCCE): The individual at each clinical education site who coordinates and arranges the clinical education of the physical therapy student and who communicates with the ACCE and faculty at the educational institution. Clinical Instructor (CI): A person who is responsible for the direct instruction and supervision of the student in the clinical education setting. Clinical Education: The portion of the student's professional education, which involves practice and application of classroom knowledge and skills to on-the-job responsibilities. Professional Development: The continuous learning that professionals may need to pursue throughout their careers in order to maintain, enhance, and broaden their professional competence. Introduction Professional development is defined as the continuous learning that professionals need to pursue throughout their careers to maintain, enhance, and broaden their professional competence (Physiotherapy, 1994). It is the phrase that many professions use for continuing education and development, which in college and university settings, may be called faculty development (Mathis, 1982; Millis, 1990). Professional development activities may encompass research and teaching activities, personal health and growth, and the management of a professional career over time (Deusinger, Cornbleet, & Stith, 1991). Professional development in the physical therapy profession is important to update physical therapists (PTs) and physical therapist assistants (PTAs) in new developments in terms of knowledge, skills, and technology to ensure continuing competence within the profession. Traditionally, professional development has been viewed as short training courses; however, professional development can be formal or informal. Physical therapy clinicians are often recruited to serve as clinical instructors for physical therapy education programs, with many clinicians assuming this role within one to two years of entry into the profession (Schuster, & Wheeler, 1990; Butterfield, Strube, Deusinger, & Gillespie, 1998). …


We investigate laser high-order harmonic generation in the presence of interfering light. A relatively weak interfering pulse intersects the primary harmonic-generating laser pulse at the focus. The influence on the harmonic-generation process is studied at near-counterpropagating and at perpendicular angles. The interfering beam creates a standing intensity and phase modulation, which disrupts microscopic phase matching and shuts down local high-harmonic production. Simple quasi-phase matching is demonstrated in which the interfering light disrupts harmonic generation in a portion of the laser focus. Under poor phase-matching conditions, perpendicularly propagating light is shown to enhance the 23rd harmonic generated in argon.


Since the late 1990s, the European higher education system has had to face deep structural changes. With the public authorities seeking to create an environment of quasi-markets in the higher education sector, the increased competition induced by recent reforms has pushed all publicly financed higher education institutions to use their resources more efficiently. Higher education institutions increasingly now aim at differentiating themselves from their competitors in terms of the range of outputs they produce. Assuming that different market positioning strategies will have different effects on the performance of higher education institutions, this paper explores the existence of economies of scale and scope in the German higher education sector. Using an input-oriented distance function approach, we estimate the economies of scale and scope and the technical efficiency for 154 German higher education institutions from 2001 through 2007. Our results suggest that comprehensive universities should indeed orientate their activities to the concept of a full-university that combines teaching and research activities across a broad range of subjects. In contrast, praxis-oriented small and medium-sized universities of applied sciences should specialise in the teaching and research activities they conduct.


Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been widely applied in many fields owing to their advantages. The recognition mechanism between target molecules and MIPs and the influence of dominant factor on the recognition process are still poorly understood. In this paper, a cubic methacrylate-based MIP model was constructed, and the charge on carboxyl group atoms was changed artificially to investigate the recognition process. It is found that the diffusion coefficients of the target molecules (cholesterol) are not affected by polymer network structure. The recognition process is mainly determined by the mesh sizes of the polymer network. In addition, the structure of modified MIP systems was also discussed from the viewpoints of radial distribution function and hydrogen bonds system. These results suggest that the polymer matrix structure would be enhanced with an increase in charge. Thus, it influences the structure of the water molecules in the system a little.


The lichen Xanthoria parietina has a widespread distribution in Asia, Africa, Australia, and Northern Europe.  Records of this species in the United States have been limited to coastal areas, hence its common name, "the maritime sunburst lichen" (Brodo et. al., 2007).  Xanthoria parietina has thus far only been reported once in an inland area in the Pacific Northwest: in Montana (McCune et al., 2014).  Here, we report X. parietina in additional inland cities in Idaho (Moscow, Coeur d'Alene, and Boise) and Washington (Pullman and Spokane).  Our hypothesis that X. parietina was introduced to these inland cities on woody plants shipped from coastal nurseries was supported by the following findings: 1) it was found on stock available for sale in an Oregon coastal nursery; 2) in Moscow it was most common in the UI Arboretum in which coastal nursery stock is commonly planted; and 3) it was not found on naturally occurring woody plants in natural areas outside of Moscow.  It is important to know where X. parietina occurs because it might eventually decrease native lichen diversity through displacement of local species (Gadson et. al., 2010).


The four studies in this book center on the Western obsession with the nature of personal identity. Focusing on the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, but with an eye toward antiquity and the present, Caroline Walker Bynum explores the themes of metamorphosis and hybridity in genres ranging from poetry, folktales, and miracle collections to scholastic theology, devotional treatises, and works of natural philosophy. She argues that the obsession with boundary-crossing and otherness was an effort to delineate nature's regularities and to establish a strong sense of personal identity, extending even beyond the grave. She examines historical figures such as Marie de France, Gerald of Wales, Bernard Clairvaux, Thomas Aquinas, and Dante, as well as modern fabulists such as Angela Carter, as examples of solutions to the perennial question of how the individual can both change and remain constant. Addressing the fundamental question for historians--that of change--Bynum also explores the nature of history writing itself.


This article presents a study on the privacy concerns associated with the practice of repairing broken digital objects in Bangladesh. Historically, repair of old or broken technologies has received less attention in ICTD scholarship than design, development, or use. As a result, the potential privacy risks associated with repair practices have remained mostly unaddressed. This article describes our three-month ethnographic study that took place at 10 major repair sites in Dhaka, Bangladesh. We show a variety of ways in which the privacy of an individual's personal data may be compromised during the repair process. We also examine people's perceptions around privacy during repair, and its connections with their broader social and cultural values. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for future research to strengthen the repair ecosystem in developing countries. Taken together, our andings contribute to the growing discourse around post-use cycles of technology.


This paper describes the selection of a state-space estimation method for application to the emerging research domain of agrometeorology. The work comes from a wider geocomputational research programme that relates to climate and environment monitoring and subsequent data analysis. In particular, the data currently being collected refers to meso-micro climates in vineyards across eight countries. It is terrestrial in kind, being in the context of near-ground truth continuous data. The time-related nature of the data, being continuous across a geospatial plane, gives rise to the need for mathematical models that are intrinsically spatio-temporal and while effective in their robust adequacy, are also computationally efficient. State-space models are considered a class of model within the time-series literature but they have some uniquely distinguishing features for continuous multivariate data representation. Ensemble Kalman Filter models are Bayesian based estimators of multiple realisations of statespaces over time, so are proposed here as applicable to this analytical process domain. Keywords-component; geocomputation; estimation; agronomy; meteorology; sensors; monitoring telemetry


This paper aims to extend understanding of potential general equilibrium effects of nitrogen pollution reduction policies in multifunctional agriculture. Under the EU Nitrates Directive, to achieve agricultural nitrogen pollution reduction, a country can choose between (or combine) market and command-and-control measures. To deal with nitrate pollution from agricultural sources Croatia uses measures such as input regulations and management practices, rather than market-based measures. This paper evaluates welfare and macroeconomic effects of selected market and command-and-control based agricultural nitrogen reduction policies within Croatian data based CGE model. The paper highlights the importance of usual theoretical assumptions, i.e. labor market cleaning assumption and the degree of substitutability of nitrogen in agricultural production, for policy prescriptions. Namely, the results suggest that agri-environmental policy prescriptions largely depend upon labor market cleaning assumption and substitutability of nitrogen in agricultural production. The paper also emphasizes current limitations of CGE models for agri-environmental nitrogen reduction related policies evaluation and highlights the methodological and database development needs for future research.


The use of Mid-infrared (mid-IR) imagers has great potential for a number of applications in gas sensing and medical diagnostics, but so far for many of those non-defence fields it has been significantly limited by their high price tag. One of the reasons behind the great cost of mid-IR imagers is that most of them need to operate at cryogenic temperatures. Thanks to more than half a century of research, state-of-the-art mid-IR photodetectors have finally achieved premium detection performance without the need for cryogenic cooling. Some of them have even demonstrated very promising results, suggesting room temperature operation is on the horizon. As a result, the cost associated with cooling equipment has been significantly suppressed. However, most mid-IR imagers are still based on hybrid technologies needing a great number of die-level process steps and being prone to connection failure during thermal cycles. The high manufacturing cost this entails is also preventing a wider diffusion of mid-IR imagers. Currently, there is still a lack of an effective monolithic approach able to achieve low-cost mass production of mid-IR imagers in the same way as monolithic integration has been widely used for imagers working at visible wavelengths.
This thesis presents a novel monolithic approach for making mid-IR imagers based on co-integration of mid-IR photodetectors with GaAs-based MESFETs on the same chip. The initial focus of the project was the development of the fabrication steps for delivery of prototype devices. In order to achieve monolithic fabrication of pixel devices made in either indium antimonide (InSb) or indium arsenide antimonide (InAsSb) on a gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrate, various highly controllable etch processes, both wet and dry etch based, were established for distinct material layers. Moreover, low temperature annealed Ohmic contacts to both antimonide-based materials and GaAs were used. The processing temperatures used never exceeded 180˚C, preventing degradation of photodetector performance after fabrication of transistors, thus avoiding well-known thermal issues of InSb fabrication. Furthermore, an intermediate step based on polyimide was developed to provide a smoothing section between the lower MESFET and upper photodetector regions of the pixel device. The polyimide planarisation enabled metal interconnects between the fabricated devices regardless of the considerable etch step (> 6 µm) created after multiple mesa etches. Detailed electrical and optical measurements demonstrated that the devices were sensitive to mid-IR radiation in the 3 to 5 µm range at room temperature, and that each pixel could be isolated from its contacts by switching off the co-integrated MESFET.
Following the newly developed fabrication flow, InSb-based mid-IR imaging arrays (in two sizes, 4×4 and 8×8) are presented here for the first time, with pixel addressing achieved by monolithically integrated GaAs MESFETs. By demonstrating real-time imaging results obtained from these array devices at room temperature, implementation of a new type of monolithic focal plane array for mid-IR imaging has been confirmed. The device is suitable for further scaling (up to 64×64 pixel and beyond) and potential commercialisation. More importantly, the monolithic approach developed in this work is very flexible, as a number of III-V materials with mid-IR detecting capabilities can be grown on GaAs substrates, meaning alternative semiconductor layer structures could also be investigated in the near future.


The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of phenolic monomers on
the enzymes and fermentation activities of a rumen fungus, Neocallimastix frontalis,
and to evaluate the ability of the fungus to colonize and degrade guinea grass which
contained large amount of phenolic monomers. From 115 isolates of N. frontalis,
15 isolates of Piromyces mae and 3 isolates of Orpinomyces joyonii obtained from
rumens of cattle and buffalo, a representative isolate of each species was selected for
further studies on its cellulolytic activity. Neocallimastix frontalis B15, P. mae B6
and O. joyonii C3 were selected based on their good growth in straw and ball-milled
filter paper media, and on their ability to maintain zoosporogenesis and viability in
the subcultures. 14C-labelled bacterial (A. xylinum) cellulose was used to determine
the cellulolytic activity of the three rumen fungal species and the effects of phenolic
acids (ρ-coumaric and ferulic acids) on the activity. The results showed that N.
frontalis B15 had the highest cellulolytic activity, and the phenolic acids had an
inhibitory effect on the activity. Other N. frontalis strains isolated from buffalo (B9),
cattle (C20) and goat were (G8) further characterized for their cellulolytic activities,and a strain, N. frontalis B9, which showed the highest activity was chosen for
subsequent studies The enzymes produced by N. frontalis B9 grown in filter paper or guinea grass media
included, CMCase, FPase, xylanase, β-glucosidase and β-xylosidase. The maximum
production of all the enzymes was at 72 h of incubation. The activities of the
enzymes in filter paper media in descending order were: CMCase > xylanase >
FPase > β-glucosidase, and in guinea grass media were: xylanase >
carboxymethylcellulase > FPase > β-xylosidase > β-glucosidase. Phenolic
monomers were found to inhibit the production of the enzymes and fermentation
activity of N. frontalis B9 in varying degrees. Of the four phenolic monomers,
ρ-coumaric and ferulic acids were the most inhibitory and vanillin the least. The
fermentation end-products were also inhibited by the phenolic monomers.
Observations using scanning electron microscopy showed that N. frontalis B9 in
control cultures without phenolic monomers could extensively colonise and degrade
various tissues of guinea grass, but treatments with the phenolic monomers
significantly reduced the colonization and degradation of the grass fragments.
Phenolic monomers, particularly ρ-coumaric acid and ferulic acid also inhibited the
dry weight loss and reduction in the textural strength of the grass fragments by
N. frontalis B9, which indicated a reduction in the degradation of the grass
fragments. Neocallimastix frontalis B9 produced esterases that released ferulic and
ρ-coumaric acids from their methyl esters and guinea grass. Production of feruloyl
and ρ-coumaroyl esterases, coupled with the penetrative ability provided by fungal
rhizoids, provided a mechanism for the breakdown and subsequent utilization of the
phenolic ester-linked carbohydrates present in plant cell walls.


Empirical research is an important methodology for the study of conceptual modeling practices. The recently published article "Representing Part-Whole Relations in Conceptual Modeling: An Empirical Evaluation" (Shanks et al. 2008) uses the lens of ontology to study a relatively sophisticated aspect of conceptual modeling practice, the representation of aggregation and composition. It contends that some analysts argue that a composite should be represented as a relationship while others argue that a composite should be represented as an entity. We find no evidence of such a dispute in the data modeling literature. We observe that composites are objects. By definition, all object-types should be represented as entities. Therefore, using the relationship construct to represent composites should not be seen as a viable alternative. Additionally, we found significant conceptual and methodological issues within the study that call its conclusions into question. As a way to offer insight into the requisite methodological procedures for research in this area, we conducted two experiments that both explicate and address the issues raised. Our results call into question the utility of using ontology as a foundation for conceptual modeling practice. Furthermore, they suggest a contrary but at least equally plausible explanation for the results reported by Shanks et al. In conducting this work we hope to encourage dialogue that will be beneficial for future endeavors aimed at identifying, developing, and evaluating appropriate foundations for the discipline of conceptual modeling.


Background & Aims: Chronic intake of alcohol increases the risk of gastrointestinal and hepatic carcinogenesis. The present study was focused to investigate the incidence and mechanism of pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during aging and chronic ingestion of alcohol without any additional hepatic injury. Methods: Ethanol was administered to ICR male mice through drinking water for 70 weeks at concentrations of 5% (first week), 10% (next 8 weeks), and 15% thereafter. The animals were sacrificed at 60 weeks and 70 weeks, the livers were examined for hepatic tumors, and evaluated for foci of cellular alteration. Immunohistochemical staining was performed in the liver sections for cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1), 4-hydroxy-nonenal, and proto-oncogene, c-Myc Results: At 60th week, 40% of mice in the ethanol group had visible white nodules (5-10 mm) in the liver, but not in control mice. At 70th week, several larger nodules (5-22 mm) were present in the livers of 50% mice in ethanol group. In control group, one mouse developed a single nodule. All nodules were histologically trabecular HCC composed of eosinophilic and vacuolated cells. In the livers of both control and ethanol group, several foci with cellular alteration were present, which were significantly higher in ethanol group. Staining for CYP2E1, 4-hydroxy-nonenal and c-Myc depicted marked upregulation of all these molecules in the foci of cellular alteration. Conclusions: Our data demonstrated that upregulation of CYP2E1 and subsequent production of reactive oxygen species along with the persistent expression of c-Myc play a significant role in the pathogenesis of HCC during chronic ingestion of ethanol. Furthermore, aging is also a risk factor for development of HCC. * Presenting author Citation Format: Joseph George, Mutsumi Tsuchishima, Nobuyuki Toshikuni, Takashi Saito, Mikihiro Tsutsumi. Ethanol and aging promote pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma in mice. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3584. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3584