This study overlaps with Johnson's (1987) ideas about the image schemas underlying thought, but rather than grasping them through the deductive analysis of verbal metaphors, they are approached here through the analysis of the symbolic components of gestures which, accompanying speech, refer to abstract entities. The corpus analyzed was compiled from six television interviews with the French Prime Minister, Lionel Jospin. The interviews averaged thirty minutes and took place over a one-year period. Only symbolic variations along the transverse axis, which is both symmetrical and oriented, are studied. The transverse axis appears to encompass several symbolic axes: a value axis, a spatio-temporal axis, and a logico-temporal axis, themselves derived from the axes of physical progression, which are growth, walking, and writing. A fourth, two-directional symbolic axis depicting an evolving process is added to the above. Successive translations of the upward and forward axes on to the rightward axis, achieved for contextual or ergonomic reasons, are mentally possible, since all three are axes of physical progression. This projection on to the side-toside axis accounts for the semiologically motivated complexity of the symbolic system represented on this major axis.


This article moves at the crossroads of particular processes of change in the 16th and 17th centuries' perceptions of love and passion, which have been described as shifts in the collective mentalite. Taking some literary notions of suffering as its departure point, it proceeds to the investigation of writings the main concern of which was how to resolve crisis and suffering. Thus, it tackles the issue of the basic fabric of daily life from the perspective of a logic of the concrete. Methodologically referring to the triangle relation between terms for pain, the relevant concepts and the bodily facts, it seeks for insights on the corporeal realities of pain and suffering in 17th century China, which also provide information about the cultural interface in the experience of pain. The present article argues that, in order to integrate concepts and words with corporeal realities of emotion and suffering, it is necessary to go beyond conceptual metaphors and to explore the social fabric in particular historical periods and geographical regions of China.


This brief essay, to appear in the Cambridge Companion to the Rule of Law (Marti Loughlin & Jens Meierhenrich eds.), describes what critical legal scholars said – or perhaps more accurately – would have said – about the concept of the rule of law. Describing critical legal studies as a project in American legal thought rather than analytical jurisprudence, it argues that "the rule of law" is an ideological project, and can come in various versions – liberal, social democratic, and more. It addresses Morton Horwitz's critique of E.P. Thompson's assertion that the rule of law is an unqualified human good, and situates the CLS critique of the rule of law within more general discussion of the rule of law by Hayek and Fuller. It concludes by applying ideology-critique to the rule of law, arguing that in whatever form it takes the rule of law contributes to a culture of justification, which may indeed be an unqualified human good.


The inboard limiters for ITER were initially designed on the assumption that the parallel heat flux density in the scrape-off layer (SOL) could be approximated by a single exponential with decay length λq. This assumption was found not to be adequate in 2012, when infra-red (IR) thermography measurements on the inner column during JET limiter discharges clearly revealed the presence of a narrow heat flux channel adjacent to the last closed flux surface. This near-SOL decay occurs with λq ∼ few mm, much shorter than the main SOL λq, and can raise the heat flux at the limiter apex a factor up to ∼4 above the value expected from a single, broader exponential. The original logarithmically shaped ITER inner wall first wall panels (FWPs) would be unsuited to handling the power loads produced by such a narrow feature. A multi-machine study involving the C-Mod, COMPASS, DIII-D and TCV tokamaks, employing inner wall IR measurements and/or inner wall reciprocating probes, was initiated to investigate the narrow limiter SOL heat flux channel. This paper describes the new results which have provided an experimental database for the narrow feature and presents an ITER inner wall FWP toroidal shape optimized for a double-exponential profile with λq = 4 (narrow feature) and 50 mm (main-SOL), the latter also derived from a separate multi-machine database constituted recently within the International Tokamak Physics Activity. It is shown that the new shape allows the power handling capability of the original shape design to be completely recovered for a wide variety of limiter start-up equilibria in the presence of a narrow feature, even taking assembly tolerances into account. It is, moreover, further shown that the new shape has the interesting property of both mitigating the impact of the narrow feature and resulting in only a very modest increase in heat load, compared to the current design, if the narrow feature is not eventually found on ITER.


This research was undertaken as part of a larger project designed to establish some means of assessing standards of nursing care. This particular study was confined to examination of 'quality care' in paediatric units. An assumption was made that nursing care of satisfactory quality exists only when the emotional needs as well as the physical needs of the patient are considered and provision is made for their fulfillment. A review of the literature concerning child care studies in paediatric hospitals makes it apparent that general theories of child care or findings from relevant studies are not always incorporated in nursing practices in hospitals. The field work for the present study has been conducted in nine paediatric units. Modified activity sampling was used to find out how the nurses spent their time, and similar techniques were modified to observe and attempt to assess the child's emotional well-being during a seven day period. Nurses completed questionnaires designed to demonstrate their understanding and knowledge of the young patient's emotional needs, and semi-structured interviews were held with sisters in charge of the units and tutors of the training schools, in order to discover how much benefit the nurses were deriving from ward practice and from theory. The results of these interviews and findings derived from the questionnaires are presented and discussed. A means of measuring the quality of care for children's emotional needs is described. Finally, conclusions are formulated, and subsequent recommendations to improve nursing practice are suggested. These relate mainly to the need to find ways of increasing the nursing staffs understanding of the emotional needs of young children and discovering ways of meeting those needs. An experimental course, which might contribute to these ends is outlined. During the project it become clear that little objective knowledge of nurses' activities in children's wards was available. As already stated, part of the study was comprised of a modified activity sampling of nurses' duties. The results showed that with proper management the nurses in the wards observed had time available to be able to care for the children's emotional needs. Taking the study as a whole it is clear that there is a strong case for teaching the nurses more of these emotional needs and for extension of parental attendance in children's wards.


Objectives Following up the systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identification of NMNAT2 at rs2022013, we fine-mapped its 150 kb flanking regions containing NMNAT2 and SMG7 in a 15 292 case–control multi-ancestry population and tested functions of identified variants. Methods We performed genotyping using custom array, imputation by IMPUTE 2.1.2 and allele specific functions using quantitative real-time PCR and luciferase reporter transfections. SLE peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured with small interfering RNAs to measure antinuclear antibody (ANA) and cyto/chemokine levels in supernatants using ELISA. Results We confirmed association at NMNAT2 in European American (EA) and Amerindian/Hispanic ancestries, and identified independent signal at SMG7 tagged by rs2702178 in EA only (p=2.4×10−8, OR=1.23 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.32)). In complete linkage disequilibrium with rs2702178, rs2275675 in the promoter region robustly associated with SMG7 mRNA levels in multiple expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) datasets. Its risk allele was dose-dependently associated with decreased SMG7 mRNA levels in PBMCs of 86 patients with SLE and 119 controls (p=1.1×10−3 and 6.8×10−8, respectively) and conferred reduced transcription activity in transfected HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney cell line) and Raji cells (p=0.0035 and 0.0037, respectively). As a critical component in the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway, SMG7 could regulate autoantigens including ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and Smith (Sm). We showed SMG7 mRNA levels in PBMCs correlated inversely with ANA titres of patients with SLE (r=−0.31, p=0.01), and SMG7 knockdown increased levels of ANA IgG and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 in SLE PBMCs (p=2.0×10−5 and 2.0×10−4, respectively). Conclusion We confirmed NMNAT2 and identified independent SMG7 association with SLE. The inverse relationship between levels of the risk allele-associated SMG7 mRNAs and ANA suggested the novel contribution of mRNA surveillance pathway to SLE pathogenesis.


Overrun by monsters and tyrants, and ravaged by fanaticism, excess, and greed, World of Warcraft offers players a chance to struggle metaphorically against that which oppresses them: the excesses of late capitalism as they are represented by the game's spectacular antagonisms. In order to take advantage of this opportunity, however, players must employ the very thing through which their oppression is manifested. Interpellated into the game as fetishized images, players must construct themselves and function in accordance with the limitations imposed upon them by the race and class of their characters. Players, as such, are incorporated into World of Warcraft's spectacle even as they struggle against it. What World of Warcraft sells players is thus not liberation and fulfillment, but more of the same: a spectacular version of the present tense in which the race- and class-based antagonisms that define the status quo of late capitalism are represented as magical and fantastic. In approaching World of Warcraft in these terms, this article attempts to understand how the game commodifies struggle, not only securing the consent of players to produce themselves and perform as subjects, but in doing so, reproducing the illusion in which the society of World of Warcraft's spectacle is manifested: the illusion that the spectacular hierarchies and inequalities of late capitalism are natural and inevitable rather than socially constructed.


Selection for residual feed intake (RFI) as a trait to improve production efficiency was proposed as early as 1963. A low RFI value indicates a more efficient animal and heritability estimates of between 0.28 and 0.58 have been reported for RFI in the literature. It is also reported that a 13.38 g/d reduction in methane emission was associated with a 1 kg/d reduction in the Estimated Breeding Value (EBV) for RFI, with low-RFI steers emitting 25% less methane daily. The difference in methane production in high and low RFI animals cannot be explained by the difference in feed intake alone. Possible reasons could be digestion of feed, protein turnover and overall tissue metabolism (mitochondrial function, body composition, Insulin Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) and cortisol levels), activity, thermoregulation and growth. Low-RFI animals tend to digest feed better than high-RFI animals, and as intake increases there is a tendency for digestion to decrease. The correlation between RFI and dry matter (DM) digestibility has been determined to be r = –0.33. A positive correlation exists between metabolisable energy for maintenance (ME) and RFI, as well as between ME and protein turnover. Thus protein secretion in low-RFI animals are the same as high-RFI animals, but the breakdown of protein in low-RFI animals is less. Clear differences can be observed in heat production, with low-RFI animals producing up to 21% less heat than high-RFI animals. Selection for low-RFI animals may thus reduce the carbon footprint of beef cattle. Keywords: Body composition, production efficiency, carbon footprint, protein turnover, selection indices, methane emission


The purpose of this dissertation is to use critical and transformative research to engage academic advisors in developing the social, cultural, and political habits of mind, understanding, knowledge and skills necessary to enact social justice leadership in academic systems and higher education. This research posits that a contemporary approach to academic advising is necessary to meet the diverse sociocultural and sociopolitical needs of today's learners. Today's colleges and universities need academic advisors who encompass a unique set of critical competencies necessary to support and promote equity and equality, and contribute to the holistic success and achievement of college students. At the center of the dissertation project lies a social justice development model, designed to represent the logical sequence of stages/phases an advisor may undergo to develop the necessary social justice competencies and habits of mind to engage in social justice leadership. Critical theoretical constructs such as critical feminism, critical race theory, constructivism, critical pedagogy, post-womanist pedagogy and transformative curriculum leadership are used to develop the model. Additionally, a diversity education curriculum is included to engage academic systems and academic/student affairs practitioners in a professional development workshop/training experience.


The Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory (ERL) at iThemba LABS undertakes experimental work using a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector for laboratory measurements. In this study the Monte Carlo transport code, MCNPX, which is a general-purpose Monte Carlo N − Particle code that extends the capabilities of the MCNP code, developed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, was used. The study considers how various parameters such as (1) coincidence summing, (2) volume, (3) atomic number (Z) and (4) density, affects the absolute photopeak efficiency of the ERL's HPGe detector in a close geometry (Marinelli beaker) for soil, sand, KCl and liquid samples. The results from these simulations are presented here, together with an intercomparison exercise of two MC codes (MCNPX and a C++ program developed for this study) that determine the energy deposition of a point source in germanium spheres of radii 1 cm and 5 cm. A sensitivity analysis on the effect of the detector dimensions (dead layer and core of detector crystal) on the photopeak detection efficiency in a liquid sample and the effect of moisture content on the photopeak detection efficiency in sand and soil samples, was also carried out. This study has shown evidence that the dead layer of the ERL HPGe detector may be larger than stated by the manufacturer, possibly due to warming up of the detector crystal. This would result in a decrease in the photopeak efficiency of up to 8 % if the dead layer of the crystal were doubled from its original size of 0.05 cm. This study shows the need for coincidence summing correction factors for the gamma lines (911.1 keV and 968.1 keV) in the Th series for determining accurate activity concentrations in environmental samples. For the liquid source the gamma lines, 121.8 keV, 244.7 keV, 444.1 keV and 1085.5 keV of the Eu series, together with the 1173.2 keV and 1332.5 keV gamma lines of the Co, are particularly prone to coincidence summing. In the investigation into the effects of density and volume on the photopeak efficiency for the KCl samples, it has been found that the simulated results are in good agreement with experimental data. For the range of sample densities that are dealt with by the ERL it has been found that the drop in photopeak efficiency is less than 5 %. This study shows that the uncertainty of the KCl sample activity measurement due to the effect of different filling volumes in a Marinelli beaker is estimated in the range of 0.6 % per mm and is not expected to vary appreciably with photon energy. In the case of the effect of filling height on the efficiency for the soil sample, it was found that there is a large discrepancy in the trends of the simulated and experimental curves. This discrepancy could be a result of the use of only one sand sample in this study and therefore the homogeneity of the sample has to be investigated. The effect of atomic number has been found to be negligible for the soil and sand compositions for energies above 400 keV, however if the composition of the heavy elements is not properly considered when simulating soil and sand samples, the effect of atomic number on the absolute photopeak efficiency in the low energy (< 400 keV) region can make a 14 % difference.


This paper tests the 'leap-frog' hypothesis by modeling the impact of existing telecommunications infrastructure, controlling for economic, political and demographic factors, on changes in information communication technology (ICT) access for over 200 countries between 1995 and 2005. This study has significantly greater coverage than previous research, in terms of both time frame and country cases. First, the analysis demonstrates that in the first decade of the information society successful leap-frog countries are few and far between. Second, the relative distribution of personal computers, internet hosts and secure servers among the nations of the world has barely improved over the last decade. Third, contrary to received wisdom, most of the countries that might qualify as successful leap-frog countries are actually among the wealthiest in the world. Finally, while policy reform in the telecommunications sector can sometimes speed the diffusion of digital communication tools, the record of market reforms is mixed, and the overall effect of economic wealth is still paramount. In sum, a few poor countries have leapt ahead in the development of a few aspects of ICT infrastructure and use, but these relatively rare successes are more likely to be due to economic productivity than to privatization, regulatory separation and depoliticization, or market liberalization in the telecommunications sector.


RNA interference (RNAi) is a widely adopted tool for loss-of-function studies but RNAi results only have biological relevance if the reagents are appropriately mapped to genes. Several groups have designed and generated RNAi reagent libraries for studies in cells or in vivo for Drosophila and other species. At first glance, matching RNAi reagents to genes appears to be a simple problem, as each reagent is typically designed to target a single gene. In practice, however, the reagent–gene relationship is complex. Although the sequences of oligonucleotides used to generate most types of RNAi reagents are static, the reference genome and gene annotations are regularly updated. Thus, at the time a researcher chooses an RNAi reagent or analyzes RNAi data, the most current interpretation of the RNAi reagent–gene relationship, as well as related information regarding specificity (e.g., predicted off-target effects), can be different from the original interpretation. Here, we describe a set of strategies and an accompanying online tool, UP-TORR (for Updated Targets of RNAi Reagents; www.flyrnai.org/up-torr), useful for accurate and up-to-date annotation of cell-based and in vivo RNAi reagents. Importantly, UP-TORR automatically synchronizes with gene annotations daily, retrieving the most current information available, and for Drosophila, also synchronizes with the major reagent collections. Thus, UP-TORR allows users to choose the most appropriate RNAi reagents at the onset of a study, as well as to perform the most appropriate analyses of results of RNAi-based studies.


Processes of disagreement are important to public deliberation, but research has not examined the dynamics of disagreement in deliberation of political topics with respect to effects of the channel of interaction. This study analyzes the discussions generated via an experiment in which discussants were randomly assigned either to deliberate online via synchronous chat or face-to-face. The study compares the initiation of disagreement, its qualities, and how long it is sustained in the two environments. Discourse analysis suggests that in the online environment initial expressions of disagreement were less frequent, less bold, and were not sustained as compared with the face-to-face discussions. Reasons include the lack of coherence in synchronous chat, which may challenge interlocutors and prevent them from pursuing a disagreement over multiple turns. Implications of these findings for scholars and practitioners are discussed.


Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors occurring worldwide, most of which are secondary to either viral hepatitis (type B or C) or cirrhosis with variant causes. Some of the clinical signs and symptoms include jaundice, ascites, weight loss, and abdominal pain. Patients with rising alpha-fetoprotein and the above-mentioned situations should be considered with a higher suspicion for HCC. In these cases, various imaging modalities, including CT, MRI and ultrasonography, have been used for diagnoses, and often include the application of intravenous contrast agents. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has been recommended for several applications by the guidelines of several societies and is currently accepted as a reliable imaging method for the diagnosis and evaluation of HCC (Claudon M et al. Ultraschall in Med, Online Publication: 2012: DIO 10.1055/s-0032-1325499). The following is a report of HCCwith rare clinical and CEUS presentations.


This articleexploresthe potential for environmental sustainability in the rapidly growing industry of Could Computing. By understanding the Cloud as a commercially driven endeavor, we unearth the motivations that drive the growth of the burgeoning industry. We go on to explain the impetus behind many of the Data Center innovations that Cloud Computing has brought about. We show that these innovations are why the Cloud has been heralded as a form of Sustainable Computing.After exploring the technologies endorsed and innovated by Cloud Computing, the article proceeds todiscuss some of the potential downfalls inherent to propagating a commercially driven, yet environmentally sustainable industry. Lastly, the paper discusses the role that we, the consumer, play in shaping the environmental sustainability of the digital storage industry.


This paper discusses a number of key issues regarding implementation by the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) and the Federal Insurance Office (FIO) of the Dodd-Frank Act's provisions affecting insurance. The paper emphasizes the fundamental differences between insurance and banking, including much lower potential for systemic risk and substantial market discipline in insurance, and how those differences favor solvency regulation and guaranty systems that reflect the distinctive features of each sector. The FSOC and FIO should carefully consider those differences in their analyses of possibly systemically important insurance companies and in the FIO's study and report to Congress on insurance regulation. Particular attention should be paid to the relatively low systemic risk and relatively strong market discipline in insurance compared with banking.


Colourless crystals of the novel compound BaYb6(Si2O7)2(Si3O10) were prepared using a high-temperature flux-growth technique in air. The crystal structure was solved and refined to R ( F ) = 2.50 % using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collected at room temperature. The silicate is monoclinic, space group P 21/ m ( Z = 2), with a = 5.5173(11), b = 27.260(6), c = 6.8150(14) A, β = 106.73(3)°, V = 981.6(3) A3. BaYb6(Si2O7)2(Si3O10) represents the first silicate containing both (Si2O7) and (Si3O10) groups in the ratio 2:1 and is isotypic with (NH4)Cd6(P2O7)2(P3O10). Its framework topology is characterised by one horseshoe-shaped trisilicate (Si3O10) group, two symmetrically equivalent (Si2O7) groups with the Si–O–Si angle of 165.3° and staggered conformation, and zigzag chains of edge-sharing distorted YbO6 octahedra ( ). The Ba atoms occupy narrow channels extending parallel to [100]. The topological features of BaYb6(Si2O7)2(Si3O10) are compared to those of other compounds containing mixed groups ( M 2O7) and ( M 3O10). A similarity to BaY4(Si2O7)(Si3O10) is pointed out.


Objective. To collect questionnaire data from patients in a large clinical population that would allow for an estimate of the prevalence of self-reported symptoms of dry eyes. Methods. A 13-point questionnaire (The Canada Dry Eye Epidemiology Study, CANDEES) was mailed to all optometric practices in Canada in October 1994, with the request that it be completed by 30 successive nonselected patients. Results. Four hundred fifty sets of questionnaires (total, 13,517) were analyzed (a 15.7% return rate) from patients aged from <10 years to >80 years; 55% were in the 21- to 50-year age group; 60.7% were female; and 24.3% were contact lens wearers. A total of 28.7% reported dry eye symptoms, of whom 24.2% reported concurrent dry mouth, 24.5% had worse symptoms in the morning, 30.3% reported concurrent lid problems, and 35.7% reported a history of allergies. Of the 3716 patients reporting symptoms, 62 (1.6%) were in the "severe" category and 290 (7.8%) were in the "constant but moderate" category. Contact lens wear, concurrent allergies, dry mouth, lid problems, or use of medications increased the chance of a patient reporting dry eye symptoms. Conclusions. The prevalence of patients reporting any level of symptoms of dry eyes was approximately 1 in 4; severe symptoms were reported by 1 in 225 patients.


From the industrial revolution through to more recent advances in information technology, radical changes in working practices have accelerated rates of production to previously unimaginable levels. The establishment of wage relations, in the second half of the 19th Century, precipitated the rise of the 'employment society' and a movement towards synchronized work. Industrialization epitomized the capitalist definition of work time.

In Gender and Work in Capitalist Economies, Pamela Odih advances a politics of gender and time, exploring the sociological aspects of work. This book provides a dynamic intervention into Marxist analysis of time and capitalist accumulation, and looks at how in contemporary regimes this translates as the universal appropriation of women's labour time.

Pamela Odih reasons that it is a disconcerting fact of global manufacturing, that accelerated turnover gains have become increasingly dependent on the exploitation of a spatially disaggregated, feminized global assembly-line.


We recommend establishment of a community-focused Health & Work Service (HWS) dedicated to responding rapidly to new health-related work absence among working people due to potentially disabling conditions. The first few days and weeks after onset are an especially critical period during which the likelihood of a good long-term outcome is being influenced, either favorably or unfavorably, by some simple things that either do or do not happen during that interval. It is the optimal window of opportunity to improve outcomes by simultaneously attending to the worker's basic needs and concerns as well as coordinating the medical, functional restoration, and occupational aspects of the situation in a coordinated fashion.


The exploitation of theoretical results in knowledge representation, language standardization by W3C and data publication initiatives such as Linked Open Data have given a level of concreteness to the field of ontology research. In light of these recent outcomes, ontology development has also found its way to the forefront, benefiting from years of R&D on development tools. Semi-Automatic Ontology Development: Processes and Resources includes state-of-the-art research results aimed at the automation of ontology development processes and the reuse of external resources becoming a reality, thus being of interest for a wide and diversified community of users. This book provides a thorough overview on the current efforts on this subject and suggests common directions for interested researchers and practitioners


This article reports the findings of a follow-up study of suicide mortality in elderly patients after an index episode of self-poisoning. A total of 222 consecutive patients (143 female) aged 65 years or older (mean age 76.5 years; range 65–100) presenting at the emergency department of the Karolinska University Hospital after self-poisoning during 1994–2000, were followed up for the cause of death by January 1, 2006. Survival analysis was applied to study suicide and death risk. Of the 15 suicides, 13 (87%) occurred during the first year after the index episode of self-poisoning (cumulative suicide risk 6.2%). The risk of dying of all causes during the first year was increased fourfold. Self-poisoning in both elderly men and women is associated with high early suicide risk.


Sudden cardiac death, caused by ventricular fibrillation, is a leading cause of mortality. To date, the only treatment is the delivery of a high-energy electrical shock through the heart, either externally or through implanted devices. Although potentially life- saving, these shocks can be painful and traumatic for patients, especially when delivered due to diagnostic errors or device malfunctions. A promising new method to terminate ventricular fibrillation more gently is Low Energy Antifibrillation Pacing (LEAP). LEAP applies a series of pulses at low electric field strengths, thereby exciting the heart muscle locally at many different locations and synchronizing the tissue. In this work I show that this excitation takes place at the cardiac vasculature and that LEAP leads to substantial energy reductions. With the use of a micro-CT scanner, I obtained three- dimensional data of cardiac vasculature of dogs and pigs and quantified the vessel sizes with a custom-developed algorithm. I found that the size distribution of the coronary vasculature follows a power law that can be transformed into a prediction of the dynamic behavior of cardiac tissue. To assess the efficiency of LEAP in clinically relevant settings, I performed in vivo and ex vivo experiments on porcine and canine hearts. On average, the defibrillation energy using LEAP could be decreased by up to 70 % compared to the respective single shock energy. Pacing slower than the dominant fibrillatory frequency was more efficient than faster pacing, which supports the hypothesis that direct access to fibrillation vortex cores via heterogeneities is essential to LEAP success.


Twenty-two strains of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, obtained from various localities of the world, were analyzed for the presence of family 1 and family 2 repeated DNA sequences by the Southern not technique. Evidence shows that these sequences transpose in the genome of T. ferrooxidans and help the bacterium adapt to changing environment of various salt concentrations and temperatures. Twelve strains, including the type strain ATCC 2370 have multiple copies of both families. One strain has family 1but not family 2, three strains have family 2 but not family 1 and the remaining six strains have neither of the families. Three strains of Thiobacillus thiooxidans were similarly analyzed. Two of the strains have both families of repeated DNA sequences and the other strain have neither family.

Analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism indicated that the multiple copies of both, family 2 are conserved within and between strain of T. ferrooxidans and also between T. thiooxidans. In contrast the genomic locations in which members of family 1 and family 2 are found can vary between strains of T. ferrooxidans. An analysis of these positional differences suggests that both families are insertion sequence elements capable of transposition.

The following bacterial strains lacked family 1 and family 2 repeated sequence T. acidophilus, T. thioparus, T. novellus, Leptospirillum ferrooxidans, Acidophiliun, cyrptum, A organovorum and Escherichia coli C600

Four Thiobacillus ferrooxidans strain isolated from effluents of coal-mines of Pakistan were screened for the presence of plasmids. One of the strains designated L9 (from Lakhra coal-mines of Sind Province ), was found to have plasmid. The purity of the strain was assessed by DNA probes through Southern blotting. Plasmid DNA from T. ferrooxidans L9 was isolated and used to transform E. coli HB101. Transformants were selected on ampicillin plates. Plasmid DNA from transformant E. coli cells was isolated and the size of DNA was compared with plasmid DNA of T. ferrooxidans L9. The transformant E. coli HB101 cells were grown on plates containing different concentration of 9 antibiotics and at least three metal ions. In this study at least eig selectable markers were noted on a T. ferrooxidans plasmid.

A pure culture of T. ferrooxidans growing in basal salts- thiosulfate medium was used to determine growth of T. ferrooxidans on organically supplemented thiosulfate agarose plates. Fourteen organic compounds , i.e. amino acids vitamins were us in a concentration of 10 µg/ml in plates. T. ferrooxidans showed growth on 12 organ compounds, while no growth was observed on two of the compounds. The study would open a way to determine growth conditions of T. ferrooxidans mutagenesis a selection of auxotrophs. Cultures of T. ferrooxidans growing on ferrous sulfate thiosulfate and tetrathionate media transferred from one mediums to other a their ability to switch from one energy source to other was observed. T. ferrooxidans showed ability to switch from one source to other in some cases while in other cases showed inability to grow on changed medium, in this study.


In order to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of recombinant bovine interferon-alpha (rBoIFN-α) in cattle, which has potential for its antiviral and immunomodulatory activities, 12 animals of 6-month age were classified into 4 groups (n=3) to receive rBoIFN-α through IV, IM or SC routes at a dose of 5.0×103 IU/kg. Serum rBoIFN-α titer was evaluated using cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition bioassay. Then, the standard pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using the DAS (Drug and statistics) software. The concentrationtime profiles of serum rBoIFN-α following IM administration, SC administration and IV administration were characteristics of the 1-, 1-, and 2-compartment open models, respectively. After a single dose of IV administration, the drug rapidly dispersed and was rapidly eliminated from the body (T1/2α=0.15±0.02 h, T1/2=6.48±0.49 h). After IM and SC administrations, the drug is rapidly absorbed and slowly eliminated from the body (For IM administration, Tmax=6.12±0.32 h, T1/2=8.19±0.74 h) (For SC administration, Tmax=4.06±0.56 h, T1/2=7.29±0.55 h). The bioavailability of rBoIFN-α after IM administration is 53.74%, which is higher than the bioavailability of SC administration (27.96%). Therefore, the results showed that the drug administration effect can be preferably obtained following a single dose IM injection using the rBoIFN-α aqueous preparation. We hope that this study will provide valuable information for the clinical application of rBoIFN-α as an potential antiviral agent.


Both document clustering and word clustering are well studied problems. Most existing algorithms cluster documents and words separately but not simultaneously. In this paper we present the novel idea of modeling the document collection as a bipartite graph between documents and words, using which the simultaneous clustering problem can be posed as a bipartite graph partitioning problem. To solve the partitioning problem, we use a new spectral co-clustering algorithm that uses the second left and right singular vectors of an appropriately scaled word-document matrix to yield good bipartitionings. The spectral algorithm enjoys some optimality properties; it can be shown that the singular vectors solve a real relaxation to the NP-complete graph bipartitioning problem. We present experimental results to verify that the resulting co-clustering algorithm works well in practice.


BACKGROUND
We have recently shown that, contrary to the widespread assumption, vision is not uniform within the foveola, the tiny (~0.8 deg2 in area) high-acuity region of the fovea where rods are absent and cones most densely packed. Performance in fine spatial discrimination drops just a few arcminutes away from the center of the preferred retinal locus of fixation, an effect normally compensated by microsaccades, which precisely bring this locus on the object of interest. Humans can covertly shift attention away from the center of gaze toward objects in the visual periphery. However, it is unknown whether attention can also be selectively controlled within the foveola.

PURPOSE
To test the hypothesis that, like eye movements, attention can also be selectively allocated at this microscopic scale, and facilitate target detection within the foveola.

METHODS
We manipulated endogenous (voluntary) attention. Observers were asked to detect the presence of targets, as fast and accurately as possible, at cued and uncued locations, with valid, neutral and invalid cues. Measuring attention shifts within the foveola is challenging because fixational eye movements continually displace the projection of the stimulus on the retina. We circumvented this problem by relying on gaze-contingent display control techniques to selectively stimulate a desired eccentricity within the foveola. We presented very small targets (5 arcminutes) at only 10 arcminutes from the center of gaze.

RESULTS
Reaction times were faster when targets were presented at cued than uncued locations. The attentional benefit (~25ms) was highly similar to that observed when stimuli were displayed outside the foveola, at 3o eccentricity. Accuracy did not differ significantly across attended and unattended locations for either eccentricity.

CONCLUSION
These findings indicate that we are capable of selectively allocating attention to objects separated by only 20 arcminutes, revealing a remarkably high resolution of endogenous attention within the foveola. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


Abstract Citrullus amarus (CA) (previously known as Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) accessions collected in southern Africa are known to have resistance to root-knot nematodes (RKN) and are suitable rootstocks for grafted watermelon. The objective of this study was to conduct a comparative metabolomics analysis and identify unique metabolites in roots of CA accessions versus roots of watermelon cultivars (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai var. lanatus; CL). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to analyze and compare metabolic profiles of seven CA accessions resistant to RKN along with two RKN-susceptible watermelon cultivars (Charleston Gray and Crimson Sweet). Calculation of the Mahalanobis distance revealed that the CA United States Plant Introduction (PI) 189225 (Line number 1832) and PI 482324 (1849) have the most distinct metabolic profiles compared with the watermelon cultivars Charleston Gray and Crimson Sweet, respectively. Several amino acids identified in the CA accessions were reported in previous studies to have a nematicidal effect. The results in this study indicate that roots of watermelon accessions collected in the wild are rich in metabolic compounds. These metabolic compounds may have been diminished in watermelon cultivars as a consequence of many years of cultivation and selection for desirable fruit qualities.


This study tracks the remediation history and redevelopment on three brownfield sites in Baltimore, Maryland. The sites are Camden Crossing, Highland Marine Terminal, and Crown, Cork, and Seal. The first project, Camden Crossing, promises to turn previously industrial property into a town house development. Highland Marine Terminal and Crown, Cork, and Seal were industrial sites transformed into warehouse space. The proposed residential, Camden Crossing, project has met with continuous impediments and delays, and is now running more than eight years behind schedule. The two industry to warehouse sites can be characterized as successful, with profitable enterprises now operating on both. The factors that appear to compress risk and contribute to successful brownfield redevelopments are continuous industrial use, a strong market for the final use, and quick movement through the Phase I and Phase II testing, Maryland Department of the Environment approvals, and reuse. The continuous industrial use means that cleanup standards are not as stringent as for residential use, thereby speeding cleanup and lowering remdiation costs. Moreover, an uncertain market for the final product increases risk. For example, the warehouse market in Baltimore is much stronger than the residential market. The weak residential market in combination with stringent cleanup standards undermines the profitability of Camden Crossing. Finally, the delays in Camden Crossing have both resulted in and been further aggravated by changes in the Maryland Department of the Environment staff. Over the eight years the project has been under discussion, the Maryland Department of the Environment has revised and made cleanup standards more strict.


Recently, WaveNet has become a popular choice of neural network to synthesize speech audio. Autoregressive WaveNet is capable of producing high-fidelity audio, but is too slow for real-time synthesis. As a remedy, Parallel WaveNet was proposed, which can produce audio faster than real time through distillation of an autoregressive teacher into a feedforward student network. A shortcoming of this approach, however, is that a large amount of recorded speech data is required to produce high-quality student models, and this data is not always available. In this paper, we propose StrawNet: a self-training approach to train a Parallel WaveNet. Self-training is performed using the synthetic examples generated by the autoregressive WaveNet teacher. We show that, in low-data regimes, training on high-fidelity synthetic data from an autoregressive teacher model is superior to training the student model on (much fewer) examples of recorded speech. We compare StrawNet to a baseline Parallel WaveNet, using both side-by-side tests and Mean Opinion Score evaluations. To our knowledge, synthetic speech has not been used to train neural text-to-speech before.


Introduction: Although sports has been widely used and believed to help in HIV/AIDS prevention to date its impact in fighting HIV/AIDS has not been thoroughly investigated. Because sports tend to conjoin many people of all walks of life either as participants or as spectators, the use of the power of sports in tackling the HIV/AIDS pandemic may be worthy studying hence this study. The study aimed at assessing the role of sports in fighting HIV/AIDS among the youth of Bugulumbya sub-county in Kamuli District. Methods: The researcher employed a Descriptive cross-sectional study design that used both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection. The methods included; questionnaires, interviews, observations as well as documentary analysis. The researcher used a purposive sampling technique to meet part of the population like the head-teachers and teachers whereas stratified random sampling was employed to select the students. Convenience sampling was used to select the parents of the students depending on their accessibility and availability. Part of the data collected was analyzed using content analysis while the quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The analyzed results were presented in form of tables, pie-charts, graphs and narratives. Results: The results of the study indicate that majority of the youth who participated in various sports activities in their various schools had something to learn from the sports events where HIV/AIDS messages are conveyed to masses. This helped them to make informed decisions after participating in the above sports events hence leading to an overall positive behavioral change. They all recommended the strategy of using the power of sport in tackling HIV/AIDS among the youth as being an effective tool in fighting HIV/AIDS and as well as being a learning experience with fun. Most teachers, parents and head-teachers contended the strategy of using the power of sport to tackle the HIV/AIDS pandemic as being effective in creating awareness among the youth and reinforcing what the youth had already known about the HIV/AIDS scourge.


Nasal congestion is the most common cause of airway obstruction, but what exactly is congestion? It is often thought that congestion is the blockage of the nasal passages due to the presence of too much thick mucus. However, congestion is due to inflammation of the airways. The mucosal lining becomes swollen, causing a reduction in the diameter of the nasal passages. Increased mucus production adds to the congestion, or results in a runny nose.


We consider the problem of correlated data gathering by a network with a sink node and a tree-based communication structure, where the goal is to minimize the total transmission cost of transporting the information collected by the nodes, to the sink node. For source coding of correlated data, we consider a joint entropy-based coding model with explicit communication where coding is simple and the transmission structure optimization is difficult. We first formulate the optimization problem definition in the general case and then we study further a network setting where the entropy conditioning at nodes does not depend on the amount of side information, but only on its availability. We prove that even in this simple case, the optimization problem is NP-hard. We propose some efficient, scalable, and distributed heuristic approximation algorithms for solving this problem and show by numerical simulations that the total transmission cost can be significantly improved over direct transmission or the shortest path tree. We also present an approximation algorithm that provides a tree transmission structure with total cost within a constant factor from the optimal.


We examine two phenomena which, with the exception of Bogal-Allbritten & Weir (2017), have not been systematically studied together but are clearly related: (a) epistemic adverbs in ad-nominal positions modifying a DP outside of coordination and (b) epistemic adverbs modifying a DP within a coordination of DPs (Collins conjunction). Ad-nominal adverbs outside of coordinate structures have been claimed to have a strong reading giving rise to an existential entailment ("John visited maybe England" entails that John visited some place, and that place might have been England) while in Collins conjunctions, a weak reading with no existential implication has been claimed to be available ("John and perhaps Mary went to the store" means that either John went to the store, or John and Mary went to the store). We provide corpus data which show that weak and strong readings are available both inside and outside coordination, and we provide a unified analysis of both phenomena based in event semantics which allows modal adverbs to have sub-sentential scope and still target expressions of propositional type. Our analysis relies on the flexible approach to semantic composition afforded by glue semantics (Dalrymple 1999; Gotham 2018), where a functor can 'ignore' unsaturated positions in its arguments.


In this paper, we propose to use the concept of local fairness for auditing and ranking redistricting plans. Given a redistricting plan, a deviating group is a population-balanced contiguous region in which a majority of individuals are of the same interest and in the minority of their respective districts; such a set of individuals have a justified complaint with how the redistricting plan was drawn. A redistricting plan with no deviating groups is called locally fair. We show that the problem of auditing a given plan for local fairness is NP-complete. We present an MCMC approach for auditing as well as ranking redistricting plans. We also present a dynamic programming based algorithm for the auditing problem that we use to demonstrate the efficacy of our MCMC approach. Using these tools, we test local fairness on real-world election data, showing that it is indeed possible to find plans that are almost or exactly locally fair. Further, we show that such plans can be generated while sacrificing very little in terms of compactness and existing fairness measures such as competitiveness of the districts or seat shares of the plans.


This paper examines the assertion that "environmental protection costs jobs", a point that is thematic in the Australian state of Tasmania where banning clear felling of old-growth forests is vigorously resisted because of associated job losses. The debate between "jobs" and "environment" protagonists often originates in disagreements about political power, economic growth, distributional impacts, and the valuation of the environment. Although the loss of jobs due to environmental protection initiatives is typically portrayed as unreasonable by affected parties such as industry workers, unions, businesses and some governments, the conclusion drawn in this paper is that these job losses are no less legitimate than losses attributed to technological change or shifting consumer demand. What needs to be emphasised is that we would normally expect jobs to be created and lost in a dynamic economy. The real jobs argument is about making the transition now when there are still options to consider about forestry jobs. A key policy problem is the development of transitional strategies to aid community and individual adjustment.


In 1936, anthropologist Tom Harrison, poet and journalist Charles Madge and documentary filmmaker Humphrey Jennings set up the Mass Observation Project. The idea was simple: ordinary people would record, in diary form, the events of their everyday lives. An estimated one million pages eventually found their way to the archive - and it soon became clear this was more than anyone could digest. Today, the diaries are stored at the University of Sussex, where remarkably most remain unread. In "Our Hidden Lives", Simon Garfield has skilfully woven a tapestry of diary entries in the rarely discussed but pivotal period of 1945 to 1948. The result is a moving, intriguing, funny, at times heartbreaking book - unashamedly populist in the spirit of "Forgotten Voices" or indeed Margaret Forster's "Diary of an Ordinary Woman". "I love these diaries. They have the attraction of being stories, but REAL stories - Better than any novel." - Margaret Forster. "A lovely book. It will appeal to anyone who appreciates the richness and diversity of human experience." - Tony Benn. "Utterly engrossing, better than any kind of reality TV." - Gavin Esler. "Funny, vivid, touching, angry, thoughtful - every page is a delight. This is definitely no. 1 on my present list to give to everyone in the coming year." - Jenny Uglow, author of "The Lunar Men".


Green capitalism is shaping public discourse on how to best deal with the climate crisis, yet doesn't challenge the 'business as usual' of free market capitalism that caused the crisis in the first place. Small scale practices challenging 'business as usual' aren't part of public discourse because they are small scale, less visible, often hard to access, easily appropriated by and seemingly unable to compete with the powerful lobby of large corporations. With Big Tech having an increasingly negative impact on the environment, and simultaneously shaping the discourse on how to best tackle the climate crisis, it is important to give voice and visibility to these alternatives.

There is a rich diversity of practices and views on how network infrastructures' impact could be lowered. This study aims to make them visible through a mapping of the different terms currently in circulation used by communities of practice, with the aim of teasing out the diverse thinking informing the infrastructures that are developed, maintained and repaired. The mapping will be based on a review of relevant literature and the results from a survey conducted on Mastodon, an open source decentralized social network with a user base that includes many developers and activists working on sustainability and social justice in relation to computing. The mapping aims to celebrate differences and also show what common ground this pluriverse of small scale community practices share.


Abstract. Cumulus clouds exhibit a life cycle that consists of (a) the growth phase (increasing size, most notably in the vertical direction); (b) the mature phase (growth ceases; any precipitation that develops is strongest during this period); and (c) the dissipation phase (cloud dissipates because of precipitation and/or entrainment; no more dynamical support). Although radar can track clouds over time and give some sense of the age of a cloud, most aircraft in situ measurements lack temporal context. We use large eddy simulations of trade wind cumulus cloud fields from cases during the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX) and Rain In Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) campaigns to demonstrate a potential cumulus cloud "clock." We find that the volume-averaged total water mixing ratio rt is a useful cloud clock for the 12 clouds studied. A cloud's initial rt is set by the subcloud mixed-layer mean rt and decreases monotonically from the initial value due primarily to entrainment. The clock is insensitive to aerosol loading, environmental sounding and extrinsic cloud properties such as lifetime and volume. In some cases (more commonly for larger clouds), multiple pulses of buoyancy occur, which complicate the cumulus clock by replenishing rt. The clock is most effectively used to classify clouds by life phase.


Abstract The paper discusses the operationalization of responsible research and innovation (RRI), drawing on empirical materials from a research project that explored ICT-enabled tools and methods for crowdsourcing in urban environmental research and decision- making. An integrated model for RRI is developed from prior studies, in which socially responsible crowdsourcing is described as an iterative and recursive process of inclusion, anticipation, reflexivity and responsiveness on the purpose, process, product and people components of the crowdsourcing project. The paper outlines four important aspects that influence the practice of RRI: time, interdisciplinary skills and capacities, design flexibility of ICT tools and strategic alliances between researchers and public officials. Theoretically, the paper contributes with an integrated conceptual model that further extends the already existing RRI framework.


State natural resource development projects have become sites of intense political, social, and cultural contestation among a diversity of actors. In particular, such projects often lead to detrimental consequences for the empowerment, livelihood, and cultural and economic development of historically marginalized communities. This Article fills a gap in the existing literature by identifying and analyzing emerging international law approaches that impact the intrastate allocation of land and natural resources to historically marginalized communities, and thereby, carve away at states' top-down decision-making authority over development. It argues that while international law may have only been originally concerned with the allocation of land and natural resources in an interstate context, it plays a distributive role today in an intrastate context. Ultimately, this Article proposes that an emerging human rights approach to the allocation of land and natural resources supports a peoples-based development model potentially capable of more readily alleviating conditions of inequity and continued subordination for historically marginalized communities.


This paper look into the key issues concerning trade facilitation and SMEs, particularly how information technology related measures have influenced SMEs. India undertook focused and dedicated trade facilitation (TF) initiatives for improving infrastructure and the regulatory regime dealing with its external sector. Information technology (IT) and information technology enabled services (ITES) are prominently placed centre-stage of the trade process reforms. Despite full automation of the cargo clearance process, constant personal follow-up at various stages is still needed, which small and medium enterprises with a low volume of trade find it difficult to pursue. This leaves SMEs with very little option but to rely on CHAs, which has its own implications for transaction costs. Moreover, in India some of the key legislations are also not SME friendly. For instance, the customs automation programme does not distinguish between small and large players, despite SMEs contribution in Indias trade being consistently above the 30 per cent mark.


This study examines how the extent of entrepreneurship education within university departments influences students' entrepreneurial intentions in three careers: computer science, electrical engineering, and business. Specifically, it proposes that the effect of such education is (1) contingent on its mode (active, e.g. business plan seminars, vs. reflective, e.g. theory lectures), (2) contingent on the regional context and (3) complemented by individual-level influences such as role models or work experience. Results show that active modes of entrepreneurship education directly increase intentions and attitudes, whereas the impact of reflective modes depends on the regional context. Parental role models and work experience are found to complement entrepreneurship education in different ways. The findings have important implications for theory building as well as for the practice of teaching entrepreneurship.


The link between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities and financial performance of firms has been intensively examined and debated in academics and politics, but the connection to innovation has so far lacked research attention. This paper investigates whether CSR is complementary to environmental innovations, so that a joint introduction of both strategies generates a higher financial performance than the application of one or none of the strategies. We analyse if environmental innovators can generate higher financial performance by signalling their environmental engagement through CSR. For this purpose, we use panel data of environmental R&D activity together with a CSR variable on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and analyse their effect on the financial performance of a firm. The novelty of our work is the complementary approach with which we examine the effect of a joint strategy of environmental R&D and CSR on financial performance. Although our results support the view of strategic complements for environmental R&D and GRI, we cannot conclude that this is also true for other types of CSR signalling environmental engagement.


INTRODUCTION
Achieving a standard of clinical research at the pinnacle of the evidence pyramid is historically expensive and logistically challenging. Research collaboratives have delivered high-impact prospective multicentre audits and clinical trials by using trainee networks with a range of enabling technology. This review outlines such use of technology in the UK and provides a framework of recommended technologies for future studies.

METHODS
A review of the literature identified technology used in collaborative projects. Additional technologies were identified through web searches. Technologies were grouped into themes including access (networking and engagement), collaboration and event organisation. The technologies available to support each theme were studied further to outline relative benefits and limitations.

FINDINGS
Thirty-three articles from trainee research collaboratives were identified. The most frequently documented technologies were social media applications, website platforms and research databases. The Supportive Technologies in Collaborative Research framework is proposed, providing a structure for using the technologies available to support multicentre collaboration. Such technologies are often overlooked in the literature by established and start-up collaborative project groups. If used correctly, they might help to overcome the physical, logistical and financial barriers of multicentre clinical trials.


On the basis of the relative daily logarithmic returns of 88 different funds in the Chinese fund market (CFM) from June 2005 to October 2009, we construct the cross-correlation matrix of the CFM. It is shown that the logarithmic returns follow an exponential distribution, which is commonly shared by some emerging markets. We hereby analyze the statistical properties of the cross-correlation coefficients in different time periods, such as the distribution, the mean value, the standard deviation, the skewness and the kurtosis. By using the method of the scaled factorial moment, we observe the intermittence phenomenon in the distribution of the cross-correlation coefficients. Also by employing the random matrix theory (RMT), we find a few isolated large eigenvalues of the cross-correlation matrix, and the distribution of eigenvalues exhibits the power-law tails. Furthermore, we study the features of the correlation strength with a simple definition.


Wave polarization and polarimetry play vital roles in radar target identification comprising the three phases of target detection, discrimination, and recognition. This chapter presents an introduction to radar polarimetry emphasizing the polarization behavior as described by the scattering matrix. After a brief review of linear, circular, and elliptical polarization and the geometrical parameters of polarization ellipse, such as tilt and ellipticity angles and axial ratio, Stokes parameters and scattering matrices are introduced and explained using examples on canonical targets. The projection of polarization states on the Poincare sphere is discussed. The transformation of the scattering matrix from one polarization state basis to another (e.g., linear to circular and vice versa) is derived. Unitary transformations are applied to the scattering matrix for fully polarized targets and eigen-polarization states corresponding to maximum and minimum backscattered power are derived. The location of null polarization states on the Poincare sphere is discussed, and the Huynen polarization fork is introduced as a useful tool in the visualization of optimal polarimetric parameters. Stokes reflection or Mueller matrix is derived for partially polarized waves. The distinction between Kennaugh's and Huynen's formulations of the target scattering matrix (partially polarized case) is discussed. To demonstrate the application of radar polarimetry, the scattering matrix measurements of a cone with grooves (resembling a missile reentry vehicle) are processed to extract key features such as specular scattering and edge contributions, and the usefulness of polarimetric signatures to discriminate between coated and uncoated bodies is discussed. The polarimetric behavior of precipitation clutter, sea clutter, and ground clutter is also discussed. A radar instrumentation setup for scattering matrix measurement in block diagram form is described, and implications on the setup imposed by colocation of transmit and receive antennas for monostatic measurements and the need to measure amplitude and phase of each orthogonal channel relative to a coherent source are discussed.


Demographic growth that will take place on urban centers for the next decades may constitute a new challenge for water providers, which may then have to rely on more distant and/or poorer quality sources, or opt for energy-intensive technological solutions. In this context, the water–energy nexus will assume great relevance in near future water management policies and rainwater harvesting systems (RHS) may arise as an appealing alternative. The goal of this paper was to describe RaINvesT, a holistic tool developed to assess the viability of RHS, helping to adequately size the system, while allowing estimating its embodied energy per cubic meter (kWh/m 3 ). Additionally, considering the independence towards the public water supply network, an investment analysis is performed for both the water provider and the final user perspectives. RaINvesT was tested for a university campus: evidencing, in terms of embodied energy, a positive ratio of 0.013 kWh/m 3 . The investment analysis has proven the RHS to be economically viable, revealing an investment return of about 12 years. The promotion of RHS can therefore represent a viable business model for water utilities, and can be a step forward in water systems decentralization, contributing to this sector sustainability for future cities.


This thesis deals with composite joints. Designing such joints is more difficult than metallic joints due to the mechanical properties of composite materials. Composites are anisotropic and have a limited ability of yielding. The low degree of yielding means that stress concentrations are not relieved by plastic deformation, which is important in multi-fastener single-lap joints. The distribution of load between the fasteners may be more uneven than in metallic joints due to that the stress concentrations around the holes are not relieved. Single-lap joints have an eccentric load path which generates a nonuniform bolt-hole contact pressure through the plate thickness. This generates out-of-plane deflection of the joint, termed secondary bending. Such nonuniform contact stress severely limits the strength of the joint. The nonuniform contact stress distribution is affected by several factors, e.g. bolthole clearance and secondary bending. The first part of the work is devoted to investigating secondary bending, and its effect on stresses in the joint. A novel technique to study secondary bending has been developed and used in a parametric study. It is based on the calculation of specimen curvature from out-of-plane deflections measured with an optical technique. It is shown that the specimen curvature is correlated to the conventional definition of secondary bending, which involves strain measurements on both sides of the plate. The two most important parameters affecting specimen curvature was found to be the overlap length and the thickness of the plates. The finite element method was used to study the influence of secondary bending on joint strength. Secondary bending was changed in magnitude by altering the length of the overlap region in a two-fastener specimen. It was found that secondary bending affects the local stress field around the fasteners and that it may change the strength and the mode of failure. The second part is concerned with the load distribution and prediction of joint strength. A detailed finite element model was developed to calculate the load distribution while accounting for bolt-hole clearances, bolt clamp-up, secondary bending and friction. An experimental programme was conducted in order to validate the finite element model by means of instrumented fasteners. Good agreement between simulations and experiments was achieved and it was found that bolt-hole clearance is the most important factor in terms of load distribution between the fasteners. Sensitivity to this parameter was found to be large, implying that temperature changes could affect the load distribution if member plates with different thermal expansion properties are used. Calculating the load distribution in structures with a large number of fasteners is in general not feasible with detailed finite element models based on continuum elements. A simplified, computationally effective model of a multi-fastener, singlelap joint has been developed by means of structural finite elements. The model accounts for bolt-hole clearances, bolt clamp-up, secondary bending and friction. Comparisons with the detailed finite element model and experiments validated the accuracy of the simplified model. A parametric study was conducted where it was found that an increased stiffness mismatch between the plates generates a more uneven load distribution, while reducing the length of the overlap region has the opposite effect. Increasing the stiffness of a fastener shifts some of the load from the nearest fasteners to that particular fastener. An idealized optimization study was conducted in order to minimize bearing stresses in the joint with restrictions on the increase of joint weight and net-section stresses. Maximum bearing stress was reduced from 220 MPa to 120 MPa while both weight and net-section stresses decreased. A procedure to predict bearing strength based on the results from the simplified model was developed. It was established by an experimental programme that fiber micro-buckling is the initial failure mode. The stress state in the laminate was determined through force and moment equilibrium, based on output from the finite element model. An existing criterion was used to predict the fiber microbuckling, and thus the initial failure. Predictions were compared with experiments which validated the method. The small computational cost required by the procedure suggests that the method is applicable on large scale structures and suitable to use in conjunction with iterative schemes such as optimization and statistical investigations.


The influence of aerosol particles on cloud reflectivity remains one of the largest sources of uncertainty in our understanding of anthropogenic climate change. Commercial shipping constitutes a large and concentrated aerosol perturbation in a meteorological regime where clouds have a disproportionally large effect on climate. Yet, to date, studies have been unable to detect climatologically relevant cloud radiative effects from shipping, despite models indicating that the cloud response should produce a sizable negative radiative forcing (perturbation to Earth's energy balance). We attribute a significant increase in cloud reflectivity to enhanced cloud droplet number concentrations within a major shipping corridor in the southeast Atlantic. Prevailing winds constrain emissions around the corridor, which cuts through a climatically important region of expansive low cloud cover. We use universal kriging, a classic geostatistical method, to estimate what cloud properties would have been in the absence of shipping. In the morning, cloud brightening is consistent with changes in microphysics alone, whereas in the afternoon, increases in cloud brightness from microphysical changes are offset by decreases in the total amount of cloud water. We calculate an effective radiative forcing within the southeast Atlantic shipping corridor of approximately −2 W/m2. Several years of data are required to identify a clear signal.


We present a quantitative geometric rigidity estimate in dimensions $d=2,3$ generalizing the celebrated result by Friesecke, James, and M\"uller to the setting of variable domains. Loosely speaking, we show that for each $y \in H^1(U;\mathbb{R}^d)$ and for each connected component of a smooth open, bounded set $U \subset \mathbb{R}^d$, the $L^2$-distance of $\nabla y$ from a single rotation can be controlled up to a constant by its $L^2$-distance from the group $SO(d)$, with the constant not depending on the precise shape of $U$, but only on an integral curvature functional related to $\partial U$. We further show that for linear strains the estimate can be refined, leading to a uniform control independent of the set $U$. The estimate can be used to establish compactness in the space of generalized special functions of bounded deformation ($GSBD^2$) for sequences of displacements related to deformations with uniformly bounded elastic energy. As an application, we rigorously derive linearized models for nonlinearly elastic materials with free surfaces by means of $\Gamma$-convergence. In particular, we study energies related to epitaxially strained crystalline films and to the formation of material voids inside elastically stressed solids.


Plasminogen activator inhibitor PAI-1 is a fast-acting controlling factor of the plasminogen activator system. The system contains proteolytic enzymes that may contribute to cancer cell invasion by degrading the surrounding extracellular matrix and dissociate cell-cell or cell-matrix attachments. There is substantial evidence in many types of cancer that the antigen content of PAI-1 in primary cancer tissue extracts are of strong prognostic value: high level of PAI-1 in tumor predict poor prognosis for the patient. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the level of PAI-1 in metastasis is significantly higher compared to primary tumors. An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter of the PAI-1 gene has been described that relates to plasma PAI-1 levels. We studied this polymorphism in the plasma of subjects with cancer. Blood was taken from 23 patients (10 breast cancers, 5 gastric cancers, 4 head and neck cancers, 2 melanomas and 2 colorectal cancers) and 23 matched controls. Although frequencies of the 4G and 5G alleles were approximately 0.5/0.5 in both patients and controls, the genotype distribution differed significantly between the two groups – the 4G/5G genotype was observed more frequently in patients with cancer than in the controls. Further studies are needed to check whether the prevalence of the 4G/5G genotype may influence an individual's plasminogen activation system capacity and thereby contribute in a small way to the cancer risk profile.


Measurements of charged-particle fragmentation functions of jets produced in ultra-relativistic nuclear collisions can provide insight into the modification of parton showers in the hot, dense medium created in the collisions. ATLAS has measured jets in √ s NN = 2 . 76 TeV Pb + Pb collisions at the LHC using a data set recorded in 2011 with an integrated luminosity of 0.14 nb − 1 . Jets were reconstructed using the anti- k t algorithm with distance parameter values R = 0 . 2 , 0 . 3 , and 0 . 4. Distributions of charged-particle transverse momentum and longitudinal momentum fraction are reported for seven bins in collision centrality for R = 0 . 4 jets with p jetT > 100 GeV. Commensurate minimum p T values are used for the other radii. Ratios of fragment distributions in each centrality bin to those measured in the most peripheral bin are presented. These ratios show a reduction of fragment yield in central collisions relative to peripheral collisions at intermediate z values, 0 . 04 (cid:2) z (cid:2) 0 . 2, and an enhancement in fragment yield for z (cid:2) 0 . 04. A smaller, less significant enhancement is observed at large z and large p T in central collisions.


Obliged by act of Parliament to 'innovate and experiment', Channel 4 has, since its birth in 1982, been the UK's most pioneering commercial television broadcaster. Its arrival broadened the meaning, function and operations of public service broadcasting in the UK, with a particular focus on minorities and pushing boundaries, political and creative. In the late 1990s, though, it was under increasing threat from specialist pay-TV services that could more accurately target its audiences. As a commercially funded channel with public service responsibilities, Channel 4 was under increasing pressure to be financially independent and fulfil a challenging remit. Its response to a threatened income and increasing competition was to diversify its portfolio into various media related businesses, particularly taking advantage of the arrival of digital television to expand its offer. The subtitle of the Corporation's 2000 Annual report, 'More than a Television Channel' indicates the confidence, optimism and boldness with which this expansion was approached. The rapid expansion of the channel's portfolio in a time of relative confidence in the commercial viability of the television industry was to be reversed only a few years later, when, after it failed to produce the returns it was designed for, 4Ventures was drastically scaled back, and Channel 4 refocused its efforts on the core broadcast channel. Channel 4 therefore offers a test case in the limits of convergence as a strategy for survival for British broadcasters at the arrival of digital television. This paper focuses specifically on the areas of Channel 4's strategy that pertained to one of the broadcaster's particular strengths: film culture. It explores one of the film offshoots of 4Ventures: FilmFour Ltd, the film finance, production, sales and distribution company and how its failure to find a commercial hit mirrors the general problems for a commercial public service broadcaster in expanding to become a convergent television company.


Preface. Introduction. The Editors. The Authors. 1. Research Ethics and the Use of Human Participants (K. Larson). Key Ideas. Ethical Standards. The Genesis of Research Standards. Federal Regulations for Ethical Research. Institutional Review Boards. Minimizing Risks to Participants. Informed Consent. Deception. Debriefing. Confidentiality and Anonymity. Publishing Research. Social Consequences of Unethical Research. Reading and Evaluating Studies. Summary. Key Terms. Further Readings and Resources. 2. Understanding Literature Reviews (G. McAllister and A. Furlong). Key Ideas. Understanding Literature Reviews. What Is a Literature Review?. Basic Elements of a Literature Review. Types of Literature Reviews. Literature Reviews and Rigor. How to Read a Literature Review. Value of the Studies. Readability. Writing a Literature Review. Muck About. Set Your Parameters. Conduct Your Research. Analyze the Literature. Focus on the Purpose of Your Literature Review. Write Up the Literature Review. Summary. Activities. Key Terms. Further Readings and Resources. 3. Essential Elements of Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research (W. E. Martin Jr. and K. Bridgmon). Key Ideas. Experimental Research Today. Essential Elements of Experimental Research. Processes of Designing and Conducting Experimental Research. Formulating Experimental Conditions and Procedures. Reducing Imprecision in Measurement. Controlling Extraneous Experimental Influences. Experimental Designs. Randomized Posttest Only Control Group Design. Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. Randomized Multiple Treatments and Control with Pretest Design. Randomized Longitudinal Design. External Validity. Quasi-Experimental Research. Nonequivalent Control Group Design. Untreated Control Group Design with Dependent Pretest and Posttest Samples Using a Double Pretest. Multiple Time-Series Design. Summary. Key Terms. Further Readings and Resources. 4. Nonexperimental Quantitative Research (G. Belli). Key Ideas. Overview of Nonexperimental Research. Variables and Their Measurement. Defining Variables. Phrasing Questions. Classifying Nonexperimental Research. Classification Based on Purpose (Dimension 1). Classification Based on Time (Dimension 2). Combining Classification Dimensions. Causal Explanations and Nonexperimental Studies. Requirements for Causality. Ruling Out Alternative Hypotheses. Analysis and Interpretation in Nonexperimental Studies. Summary. Discussion Questions or Activities. Key Terms. Further Readings and Resources. 5. A Primer of Survey Methods (M. Berends and G. Zottola). Key Ideas. What Is Survey Research?. Surveys You Know. The Research Process. Choosing a Topic. Focusing the Research: Concepts and Constructs. Hypotheses, Variables, and Operationalization. Independent Versus Dependent Variables. Writing Good Survey Questions. Piloting and Cognitive Interviews. Sampling, Response Rates, and Nonresponse. Probability or Random Sampling. Simple, Stratified, and Systemic Samples. Nonprobability Sampling. Response Rates and Nonresponse. Is the Framework Intact?. Data Reduction. Types of Surveys. Face-to-Face Interviews. Telephone Surveys. Mail Surveys. Internet and Web-Based Surveys. Ethical Issues in Survey Research. Ways to Ensure Confidentiality and Increase Anonymity. Informed Consent. Ethics Beyond Data Collection. Summary. Key Terms. Further Readings and Resources. 6. Quantitative Data Analysis (M. T. Quartaroli). Key Ideas. What Do Those Numbers Mean?. Meanings of Numbers. Summarizing Data: Descriptive Statistics. Frequency Distributions. Distribution Patterns. Types of Numerical Data. Measures of Central Tendency. Measures of Variability. Measures of Relative Position. Measures of Relationship. Descriptive Statistics Are Important. Generalizing Results: Inferential Statistics. Tests of Significance. Selection of the Statistical Tests. Using Inferential Statistics for Decision Making. Evaluating Reports with Quantitative Data. Summary. Key Terms. Further Readings and Resources. 7. Understanding Meta-Analyses (G. V. Glass). Key Ideas. What Is Meta-Analysis?. Meta-Analysis Illustrated. Evaluating Meta-Analyses. Another Example. Summary. Key Terms. Further Readings and Resources. 8. Evaluating Historical Research (L. M. Hines). Key Ideas. Basics of Historical Research. How Are Questions Posed, or "So What"?. Intriguing and Important Questions. Filling a Gap. Interpretive Differences. Exploring Current Policy. What Data Are Used, or "How Do You Know"?. Primary Sources. Secondary Sources. What Is the Interpretation, or "Why Do You Think That"?. Foci of Historical Studies. Perspective on History. Categories of Analysis. Types of Historical Research. Learning More. Summary. Key Terms. Further Readings and Resources. 9. Case Study Research (S. D. Lapan and S. W. J. Armfield). Key Ideas. Purposes of Program Case Studies. Program Case Study Designs. One-Shot or Snapshot Design. Longitudinal Design. Comparison Design. Identifying the Case. Planning and Conducting Case Studies. Case Study Example: The Sentinel Middle School TILE Program. Case Study Question 1: Influence on Instructional Planning. Case Study Question 2: Student Thinking in Classroom Discussions. Common Case Study Characteristics. Learning from Case Studies. Trusting Case Study Reports. Summary. Key Terms. Further Readings and Resources. 10. Program Evaluation (S. D. Lapan and C. M. Haden). Key Ideas. What Is Evaluation?. The Logic of Evaluation. Qualitative Versus Quantitative Data. Forms of Evaluation. Definition of a Program. Purposes of Program Evaluation. Program Evaluation History. How Is Evaluation Done?. Evaluation Agreement. Criteria and Standard Selection. Measuring Through Data Collection. Synthesizing and Reporting Study Results. Trusting Program Evaluation Findings. Ethics in Evaluation Studies. Judging Program Evaluation Studies. Evaluator Qualifications. Evaluation Planning. Evaluation Design. Evaluation Process. Data Richness. Study Validity. Study Report. Study Use. Summary. Key Terms. Further Readings and Resources. 11. Ethnography Research (F. J. Riemer). Key Ideas. Groping in the Dark. What Is Ethnography Research?. Ethnography Is Descriptive. Ethnographic Methods. Data Collection. Risks of Ethnography Research. Ethnographic Data Analysis. Writing Up Field Notes. Writing Up Ethnography Research. Problems of Representation. Reading Ethnography. What Should a Reader Do?. Practice Your Reading Skills. Summary. Key Terms. Further Readings and Resources. 12. Feminism(s): Critique and Transformation (R. Lalik and C. B. Felderman). Key Ideas. Feminism in Academic and Popular Discourse. Variability Among Feminisms. Waves of Feminism. African American Feminists Broaden the Conversation. Feminism(s) and the Critique of Science. Critique Related to Women's Participation in Scientific Endeavors. Critique Related to the Erasure of Knowledge About Successful Women Scientists. Critique Related to the Patriarchal Nature of Science. Critique Related to the Epistemology of Science. Possibilities for a Feminist Epistemology. Feminism(s) and Research Method and Methodology. Resisting a Doctrine of Neutrality. Interrupting Efforts to Simplify and Universalize Knowledge. Studying How Women and Other Marginalized People Experience Life. Researching with Intention to Transform Society. Summary. Key Terms. Further Readings and Resources. 13. Using Multiple Methods Approaches (P. A. Schutz, S. L. Nichols, and K. A. Rodgers). Key Ideas. What Is Multimethod Research?. Potential Benefits of Multimethod Research. An Early Comment on the Benefits of Multiple Methods Research. Adaptability of Multimethod Research. Strength and Quality of Inferencing. Summary of Benefits. Multimethod Research Design. Designs. Sampling Schemes. Multimethod Sampling. Research Design Conclusion. Summary. Key Terms. Further Readings and Resources. Endnotes. 14. Qualitative Data Analysis (M. T. Quartaroli). Key Ideas. Words, Words, Words "Now What". Organizing the Data. Describing the Data. Coding the Data. How Patterns Emerge. Representing the Findings. Writing Memos. Creating Vignettes. Developing Metaphors. Creating Diagrams or Displays. Building Theory. Data Analysis Is Iterative. Evaluating Reports with Qualitative Data. Summary. Key Terms. Further Readings and Resources. 15. Applying Research Methods to Professional Practice (D. Hopkins and E. Ahtaridou). Key Ideas. What Is Action Research?. Models of Action Research. Kemmis Model. Elliott Model. Ebbutt Model. Methods of Action Research. Developing a Focus. Practitioner Reflection in Action. Data Collection Methods. A Framework for Data Analysis. Data Collection. Validation. Interpretation. Action. Summary. Key Terms. Further Readings and Resources. 16. Research, Policy, and Practice: The Great Disconnect (D. C. Berliner). Key Ideas. Origins of Faith and Apostasy in Research as a Guide to Practice. Examples of the Problem. Case 1. Case 2. Case 3. Case 4. Why the Disconnect?. The Privacy Problem. The Changed Roles Problem. The Problem of Complexity in Classrooms and Other Social Settings. The Problem of Science When It Delves into the Arts. The Problem of Quality in Research. The Problem of Relevance. The Problem of Accessibility to Ideas by Practitioners. The Problems of Stability and Instability in the Education System. How Might Things Change?. Summary. Key Terms. References. Index.


We present a framework for quantifying the impact of fire sales in a network of financial institutions with common asset holdings, subject to leverage or capital constraints. Asset losses triggered by macro-shocks may interact with one-sided portfolio constraints, such as leverage or capital constraints, resulting in liquidation of assets, which in turn affects market prices, leading to contagion of losses and possibly new rounds of fire sales when portfolios are marked to market. Price-mediated contagion occurs through common asset holdings, which we quantify through liquidity-weighted overlaps across portfolios. Exposure to price-mediated contagion leads to the concept of indirect exposure to an asset class, as a consequence of which the risk of a portfolio depends on the matrix of asset holdings of other large and leveraged portfolios with similar assets. Our model provides an operational stress testing method for quantifying the systemic risk arising from these effects. Using data from the European Banking Authority, we examine the exposure of the EU banking system to price-mediated contagion. Our results indicate that, even with optimistic estimates of market depth, moderately large macro-shocks may trigger fire sales which may then lead to substantial losses across bank portfolios, modifying the outcome of bank stress tests. Price-mediated contagion leads to a heterogeneous cross-sectional loss distribution across banks, which cannot be replicated simply by applying a macro-shock to bank portfolios in absence of fire sales. Unlike models based on `leverage targeting', which assume symmetric reactions to gains or losses, our approach is based on the asymmetric interaction of portfolio losses with one-sided constraints, distinguishes between insolvency and illiquidity and leads to substantially different loss estimates in stress scenarios.


This thesis investigates the widely documented positive association between health and socioeconomic status (SES) in adulthood, often referred to as the SES-health gradient in the literature (Marmot and Wilkinson, 1999; Smith, 1999), and it does so in two ways. First, as discussed in Currie and Madrian's (1999) survey in the Handbook of Labor Economics, (adult) health is a major determinant of (adult) labor market outcomes such as wages, hours and labor force participation, which themselves are key components of an individual's (adult) SES. Chapter 1, "What do wages add to the health-employment nexus? Evidence from older European workers", adds to this research by quantifying the role of individual wage rates in the health-employment nexus, an issue that, although previously highlighted by Cai (2009, 2010), has received virtually no attention in the empirical literature (e.g., Haveman et al., 1994). In particular, I measure the direct effect of health and the indirect effect of health through wages on employment. Chapter 2, "The impact of health on wages: Evidence from Europe before and during the Great Recession", focuses more closely on the direct effect of health on wages by implementing a recent estimation method proposed by Semykina and Wooldridge (2010) which addresses the problems unobserved heterogeneity, nonrandom sample selection and measurement error (in the self-reported health variable) in one comprehensive framework. Moreover, by using data from before and during the Great Recession -which started in Europe in 2008 (Arpaia and Curci, 2010)- I gain insights into how the current crisis has altered the relationship between health and wages. Still, and more generally, an understanding of the effects of health on labor market outcomes is especially important in regions with aging populations, as is the case across Europe (United Nations, 2009), something that will only become more pressing over time as more individuals reach the age where health has the greatest impact on labor market outcomes (Currie and Madrian, 1999). Chapter 1 uses individual-level panel data on older workers from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Chapter 2 explores the impact of health on wages in the working-age population by using individual-level panel data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), but also investigates if these effects differ between age groups.
Second, there is a growing literature that demonstrates that the SES-health gradient in adulthood has its origins in an individual's early life (Case et al., 2002; Currie and Stabile, 2003). Two chapters of the most recent volumes of the Handbook of Labor Economics (Almond and Currie, 2011b; Black and Devereux, 2011), for instance, show that adverse health events in early life and parental SES have long-lasting effects on later life health and SES-related outcomes such as earnings and work effort. The last two chapters of this thesis use individual-level data from SHARE, and in particular from its third wave called SHARELIFE, to explore the relationship between early life circumstances and later life outcomes. Chapter 3, "The associations between early life circumstances and later life health and employment in Europe", provides estimates on the associations of early life circumstances -measured by childhood health and socioeconomic SES- with educational attainment, and later life health and employment (at ages 50-64). Apart from presenting new empirical evidence for thirteen European countries on the extent to which an individual's early life circumstances are associated with educational attainment and, once this latter is controlled for, with their later life health (at ages 50-64), this chapter examines the associations between early life circumstances and later life employment (at ages 50-64) once we control for education and later life health, which can be potential mediators of the associations between early life circumstances and later life employment. Finally, Chapter 4, "Early life circumstances and life-cycle labor market outcomes", investigates how early life circumstances -as measured by two indices of childhood health and SES- are associated with labor market outcomes over an individual's entire life-cycle. By taking such a life-cycle approach one gains insights not only into which labor market outcomes are associated with adverse childhood events but also into if these associations are already present early or appear only later in adult life and if these are reduced or reinforced with age.


The synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of the first member of the carbon nanobelt family is reported. [12]Carbon nanobelt ([12]CNB) was originally obtained from a nickel-mediated reductive coupling reaction of a dodecabrominated macrocyclic precursor, albeit only in 1% yield. The present article reports on the development of this synthetic strategy and its extension to the preparation of the [16] and [24]CNB analogues. In particular, our extensive investigations on the final belt-forming, nickel-mediated reaction led to the development of a new ligand system that provides [12]CNB in up to 7% yield, contributing to the commercialization of [12]CNB. The belt structures of [12], [16], and [24]CNB were characterized by NMR, UV-vis, and Raman spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography. The fluorescence of the CNBs in solution displayed a remarkable dependence on the ring size, ranging from a broad red emission ([12]CNB) to a narrow-band blue emission ([24]CNB), while both features are observed for [16]CNB.


In academia, the definition of literacy has evolved from a focus on reading and writing to encompass more inclusive and expansive perspectives. Such perspectives have come from researchers involved in exploring literacy among diverse populations and across traditional divides such as cultural, political and socioeconomic boundaries. Changing definitions of literacy include usage in expressions such as 'computer literacy', 'civic literacy', 'health literacy', 'cultural literacy' and others. Recently, new directions in literacy research were foregrounded by critical questions that seek to discover how literacy functions in doctoral studies and within research communities. For instance, what does it mean to be 'literate' as a doctoral member of a research culture, within a field of research, within the academic profession and so on? In addition, doctoral candidates often grapple with what may be termed 'threshold concepts'.  Such concepts include the meaning of the doctorate as a qualification, its aims, its narrative and the level of literacy required to succeed with a doctorate. Against this background the article explores firstly how the concept of being literate has been broadened to include literacy for doctoral learning; secondly, it explains why doctorateness remains a threshold concept for many doctoral candidates and supervisors, and thirdly it provides some evidence from at least five years of working with doctoral education and doctoral supervisor development workshops to support an argument for doctoral literacy. Finally, the article provides some implications which emerged from a better understanding of the language and requirements of doctorateness as an essential literacy requirement for doctoral candidates and their supervisors.


Gisela Richter's classic book, first published in 1959, is the indispensable introduction to the study of Greek art: clear, factual, authoritative, and at the same time inspired and sensitive in its understanding and appreciation of the masterpieces it discusses. Lucidly arranged according to subject matter, the richly illustrated text covers architecture, large sculptures, statuettes, paintings and mosaics, gems, coins, jewellery, pottery and vase painting, furniture, textiles, glass, ornament and epigraphy. A companion volume, A Handbook of Roman Art, is available from Phaidon.


Rabbit antibodies were prepared against the major hemoglobin components of the larval and adult stages of R. catesbeiana . The properties of the antisera were studied by double immunodiffusion, precipitation, and complement fixation . The antisera to tadpole and frog hemoglobins did not cross-react with either hemoglobin or apohemoglobin . The antiserum against frog hemoglobin was used for the detection of frog hemoglobin in tadpoles undergoing either natural or thyroxin-induced metamorphosis . It was shown that frog hemoglobin is detectable first in the liver, indicating that the liver is the site of erythrocyte maturation during metamorphosis.