We introduce Rabia, a simple and high performance framework for implementing state-machine replication (SMR) within a datacenter. The main innovation of Rabia is in using randomization to simplify the design. Rabia provides the following two features: (i) It does not need any fail-over protocol and supports trivial auxiliary protocols like log compaction, snapshotting, and reconfiguration, components that are often considered the most challenging when developing SMR systems; and (ii) It provides high performance, up to 1.5x higher throughput than the closest competitor (i.e., EPaxos) in a favorable setup (same availability zone with three replicas) and is comparable with a larger number of replicas or when deployed in multiple availability zones.


This paper describes an approach for constructing a mixture of language models based on simple statistical notions of semantics using probabilistic models developed for information retrieval. The approach encapsulates corpus-derived semantic information and is able to model varying styles of text. Using such information, the corpus texts are clustered in an unsupervised manner and a mixture of topic-specific language models is automatically created. The principal contribution of this work is to characterise the document space resulting from information retrieval techniques and to demonstrate the approach for mixture language modelling. A comparison is made between manual and automatic clustering in order to elucidate how the global content information is expressed in the space. We also compare (in terms of association with manual clustering and language modelling accuracy) alternative term-weighting schemes and the effect of singular value decomposition dimension reduction (latent semantic analysis). Test set perplexity results using the British National Corpus indicate that the approach can improve the potential of statistical language modelling. Using an adaptive procedure, the conventional model may be tuned to track text data with a slight increase in computational cost.


Abstract Since 2008, a massive shift has occurred from active toward passive investment strategies. The passive index fund industry is dominated by BlackRock, Vanguard, and State Street, which we call the "Big Three." We comprehensively map the ownership of the Big Three in the United States and find that together they constitute the largest shareholder in 88 percent of the S&P 500 firms. In contrast to active funds, the Big Three hold relatively illiquid and permanent ownership positions. This has led to opposing views on incentives and possibilities to actively exert shareholder power. Some argue passive investors have little shareholder power because they cannot "exit," while others point out this gives them stronger incentives to actively influence corporations. Through an analysis of proxy vote records we find that the Big Three do utilize coordinated voting strategies and hence follow a centralized corporate governance strategy. However, they generally vote with management, except at director (re-)elections. Moreover, the Big Three may exert "hidden power" through two channels: First, via private engagements with management of invested companies; and second, because company executives could be prone to internalizing the objectives of the Big Three. We discuss how this development entails new forms of financial risk.


The effect of age and parity of dams on their daughters' milk yield is not well known. Lactation data from 276,000 cows were extracted from the Norwegian Dairy Herd Recording System and analyzed using a linear animal model to estimate effects of parity and age within parity of dam. The 305-d milk yield of daughters decreased as parity of dam increased. Daughters of first-parity dams produced 149 kg more milk than did daughters of seventh-parity dams. We also observed an effect of age of dam within parity on 305-d milk yield of daughters in first lactation. Dams that were young at first calving gave birth to daughters with a higher milk yield compared with older dams within the same parity. The effect of age within parity of dam was highest for second-parity dams. Extensive use of heifers would have a systematic effect, and age and parity of dam should be included in the model when planning a future strategy.


A sensitive and efficient electrophoretic technique for the
examination of fungal pectic enzymes was developed. This involved
electrophoresis of culture fluids in polyacrylamide slab gels
containing pectin. Gels were soaked in malic acid solution which
gradually reduced the gel pH from 8.7 to 3.0 and allowed the
enzymes to act on the incorporated pectin when the pH was
suitable. Ruthenium red treatment stained the unaltered pectin
revealing unstained zones due to polygalacturonase activity and
zones with intensified staining where pectinesterases had
converted the pectin to pectic acid. Results were recorded as
photograms. Other enzyme systems were investigated.
Zymogram clarity was improved by reduction of gel thickness
from 3.5 to 2.0 mm and sample wells from 15 to 4.5 ul. Curvature
of buffer fronts was eliminated by efficient gel cooling. Tailing
was reduced and isozyme band clarity was improved by loading
samples as a slurry with Sephadex G150—superfine. Thorough gel
polymerization before gel moulds were opened was found to be
essential for migration characteristics to be uniform through the
depth of the gels. The technique was applied to the enzymes of Botrytis and
Penicillium species and the Rhizoctonia complex. The influences of
culture medium composition were examined for each genus and media
suitable for pectic enzyme production were developed. Potent
yields of polygalacturonase were obtained from Botrytis species in
the absence of pectin. Zymograms from these differed from those produced from pectin media and both were used to advantage.
Distinctive and characteristic zymograms were obtained from
Botrytis species and provided an accurate means for their
identification, and indications of synonymy. An extensive study of
B. cinerea detected nine pectic enzyme genotypes. One of these was
principally associated with Vitis and may constitute B.
fuckeliana.
The use of zymograms as taxonomic criteria in Penicillium
provided a means for the accurate identification of species in
this notoriously difficult genus. The extensive synonymy in
subgenus Penicillium was examined by zymograms and 80 taxa were
assigned to 21 species, with significant changes in assignments to
P. aurantiogriseum and P. commune. The latter was shown to be the
previously unknown ancestor of the domesticated P. camembertii.
Zymogram studies revealed the presence of five zymogram
groups in Thanatephorus, five in Ceratobasidium and one in Waitea,
from Rhizoctonia isolates provided from the grain belt of Western
Australia. A similar result was obtained from isolates provided
from South Australia and a link was shown between grouping of
isolates by anastomosis behaviour and by zymograms in the case of
four anastomosis groups available from that State. Other
anastomosis groups and species in the Ceratobasidiaceae were
examined and the correlations found between zymogram patterns and
anastomosis groups and subgroups gave promise of aiding the
practical recognition of species in the complex.


Rare-earth permanent magnets are used extensively in numerous technical applications, e.g. wind turbines, audio speakers, and hybrid/electric vehicles. The demand and production of rare-earth permanent magnets in the world has in the past decades increased significantly. However, the decrease in export of rare-earth elements from China in recent time has led to a renewed interest in developing rare-earth free permanent magnets. Elements such as Fe and Co have potential, due to their high magnetization, to be used as hosts in rare-earth free permanent magnets but a major challenge is to increase their magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant, K1, which largely drives the coercivity. Theoretical calculations indicate that dissolving the 5d transition metal W in Fe or Co increases the magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The challenge, though, is in creating a solid solution in hcp Co or bcc Fe, which under equilibrium conditions have negligible solubility. In this dissertation, the formation, structure, and magnetic properties of sub-10 nm CoW clusters with W content ranging from 4 to 24 atomic percent were studied. CoW alloy clusters with extended solubility of W in hcp Co were produced by inert gas condensation. The different processing conditions such as the cooling scheme and sputtering power were found to control the structural state of the as-deposited CoW clusters. For clusters formed in the water-cooled formation chamber, the mean size and the fraction crystalline clusters increased with increasing power, while the fraction of crystalline clusters formed in the liquid nitrogen-cooled formation chamber was not as affected by the sputtering power. For the low W content clusters, the structural characterization revealed clusters predominantly single crystalline hcp Co(W) structure, a significant extension of W solubility when compared to the equilibrium solubility, but fcc Co(W) and Co3W structures were observed in very small and large clusters, respectively. At high W content, clusters with hcp Co(W), fcc Co(W) or Co3W structures were observed. The magnetic measurements at 10 K and 300 K revealed that the coercivity, saturation magnetization and magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the clusters formed in the water-cooled formation chamber were higher than for clusters formed in the liquid nitrogen-cooled formation chamber. The coercivity and magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the clusters increased as long as W was dissolved into the hcp Co structure. With increasing fraction of Co3W and fcc Co(W) clusters, as observed in the high-W content sample, the magnetic properties deteriorated significantly. The highest coercivity and magnetocrystalline anisotropy of 893 Oe and 3.9 x …


GPU-Volume rendering had a great impact in the way of visualizing multidimensional data because of the great parallelism that this architecture provides. Since the programmable GPUs appeared various techniques of volume rendering have been implemented to exploit the parallel processing capabilities of this architecture.
Rendering volume models are still a challenge and this is caused by two main problems: first, the intensity of computation that requires the typical algorithms currently implemented in GPUs and second, the fact that by its nature, volumetric data is large and often beyond the amount of information that can be stored in real-time, either in GPU and even RAM memory. This is why many researchers have developed techniques to mitigate these issues.
Recently mobile devices have considerably increased their processing power. Scientists and developers have taken interest in creating scientific visualization in these platforms, but creating applications in these platforms is quite different compared to the traditional applications that are developed for desktops, workstations or laptops, because mobile devices have limited memory and processing power. Another factor to take in account is the smaller screen that these devices have, this leads to the necessity to adapt or create graphical interfaces in an efficient manner.
This thesis objective is to develop an application that is able to render volumetric datasets at interactive frame-rates and decrease the memory footprint in mobile devices using a variety of texture compressions that mobile devices support nowadays.


While many community-driven development (CDD) initiatives may be successful, their impact is often limited by their small scale. Building on past and ongoing work on CDD, this study addresses the fundamental question: how can CDD initiatives motivate and empower the greatest number of communities to take control of their own development? What are the key contextual factors, institutional arrangements, capacity elements, and processes related to successful scaling-up of CDD, and, conversely, what are the main constraints or limiting factors, in different contexts? Drawing upon recent literature and the findings from five case studies, key lessons on how best to stimulate, facilitate, and support the scaling-up of CDD in different situations, along with some major challenges, are highlighted. Lessons include the need for donors and supporters of CDD, including governments, to think of the process beyond the project, and of transformation or transition rather than exit. Donor push and community pull factors need to be balanced to prevent "supply-driven, demand-driven development." Overall, capacity is pivotal to successful CDD and its successful scaling-up over time. Capacity is more than simply resources, however; it also includes motivation and commitment, which, in turn, require appropriate incentives at all levels. Capacity development takes time and resources, but it is an essential upfront and ongoing investment, with the capacity and commitment of facilitators and local leaders being particularly important. A "learning by doing" culture—one that values adaptation, flexibility, and openness to change—needs to be fostered at all levels, with time horizons adjusted accordingly. The building of a library of well-documented, context-specific experiences through good monitoring, evaluation, and operational research will be useful in advocating for improvements in the contextual environment. Ultimately, for CDD to be sustained, it should be anchored within existing contextual systems (government), frameworks (e.g., PRSP), and processes (decentralization), even where these are imperfect.


Background Individuals with a history of previous injury have been shown to be at higher risk for re-injury. It is plausible that this is due to balance deficits which have been identified as injury risk factors in multiple sports. Objective To quantify the impact of previous knee joint injury on clinical and force plate measures of balance. Design Historical Cohort. Setting University of Calgary Human Performance Laboratory. Participants 25 young adults with a 3–10 year history of intra-articular knee joint injury and 25 matched (age, sex and sport) uninjured controls (34 males: 17-26 yrs; 16 females: 14-26 yrs). Assessment of risk factors Intra-articular knee injury was defined as a clinical diagnosis of bone, cartilage, ligament or meniscal injury that required medical consultation and disrupted sport participation. Main outcome measures Star excursion balance test (SEBT), medio-lateral entropic half-life (EHL-ML), anterior-posterior entropic half-life (EHL-AP), and center of pressure 95% ellipse area (EA). Force plate measures were quantified during single leg quiet standing. Results Injured participants had longer EHL-ML compared to healthy controls [Injured: 103 ms (95% CI: 97–109), Uninjured 94 ms (95% CI: 88–100), (paired t=2.031, P=.048)]. No group differences were found for the remaining balance measure [SEBT: Injured 76% (95% CI: 74–79), Uninjured 79% (95% CI: 77,80), (paired t=1.413, P=.164); EHL-AP: Injured 169 ms (95% CI: 148–190), Uninjured 152 ms (95% CI: 138–167), (paired t=1.289, P=.204); EA: Injured 694 mm2 (95% CI: 585–802), Uninjured 597 mm2 (95% CI: 505–688), (paired t=1.340, P=.187)]. Conclusions Participants with previous knee injury (3–10 years) were unable to adjust their position as quickly and frequently as healthy controls as indicated by longer EHL-ML. This result suggests that previous injury has an impact on balance ability. These findings support the evaluation of balance to inform the development of interventions to prevent re-injury.


Seasonal and short-term runoff forecasts for two hydroelectric stations in the upper Rhine basin are carried out in real time based on snow cover monitoring by Landsat and SPOT satellites. Evaluation of snow reserves on 1 April 1993 from satellite data reveals uncertainties in estimates using point measurements on the ground as index. Runoff is computed by the SRM model with snow covered areas as well as temperature and precipitation forecasts as input variables. A SRM menu system has been installed for operational data acquisition and management. The runoff forecasts can be exploited, among other purposes, for optimizing the hydropower production and for timely decisions on the electricity market.


The legal status of children who stay in hospital for three months or longer gives rise to considerable confusion among managers in social services and social work departments. And the number of young people affected is significant. NHS statistics for the year ending 31 March 2000 suggest that in England around 2,800 children aged 0-19 on admission were discharged after spending more than two months in hospital, as were more than 500 children in Scotland. (A small number of these would have been discharged as adults.) A two-year study, commissioned by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation1 and carried out by the universities of Stirling, Durham, Newcastle and York, investigated the numbers, characteristics and circumstances of children and young people with complex needs who spend long periods in health care settings. Interviews were conducted in England and Scotland with 11 social services or health managers responsible for these children. The findings show a worrying degree of uncertainty about the position of young people who find themselves in a hospital or other health care setting for at least three months. One social services manager believed such children become looked after under the terms of the Children Act 1989. Another said children are not formally looked after but nevertheless receive the same services and safeguards as those who are. One Scottish social work manager did not know whether children going into health care settings for short-term (respite) care are looked after or not. And discussion with the research team's advisory group indicated that the confusion is not confined to our fieldwork areas.


A spectral-based 8-ink characterization model is developed to accurately predict the recipe for a multi-ink printer. The 8-ink color separation method is a union of five 3-ink and six 4-ink combinations based on the cellular Yule-Nielsen spectral Neugebauer model with a recipe selection strategy. The performance levels of the forward and backward models are evaluated for individual ink combinations using printed testing samples. Furthermore, the spectral-based method performs better compared with the XYZ-based approach. On the basis of the backward model performance, a novel fast recipe selection strategy is proposed and estimated.


Dvora Baron (1887-1956) has been called "the founding mother of Hebrew women's literature." Born in a small town on the outskirts of Minsk to the community rabbi, Baron immigrated from the Jewish Pale of Settlement to Palestine in 1910. Although she was not the only woman writing in Hebrew in the first few decades of the twentieth century, Baron was the only woman to achieve recognition in the canon of Modern Hebrew fiction during that period. As such, her work reflects both the revolutionary and conservative qualities of the Modern Hebrew Renaissance. Rooted in the Jewish tradition and using the Hebrew language as its battle cry, the Modern Hebrew Renaissance can be said to have distinguished itself from its patriarchal past by fostering a woman's literary emergence. At the same time, the fact that Dvora Baron was the only woman writing in the first decades of the twentieth century who was included into the Renaissance's literary canon indicates the movement's resistance to its own potentially revolutionary nature. Sheila E. Jelen reveals how Baron viewed her own singularity and what this teaches us about the contours of the Modern Hebrew Renaissance - its imperatives and assumptions, its successes and failures. This is the first full-length, English language treatment of Baron's Hebrew corpus. It will be of interest to scholars of literary studies, gender studies, Jewish cultural studies, Jewish literary studies, and Hebrew literary studies.


With growing numbers of Chinese students entering Western universities, cultural understanding is of increasing importance, not least in higher education. Without a good understanding of the academic conventions of Western universities, Chinese students, and undergraduates in particular, are at a disadvantage in the multi-cultural classroom. Lack of knowledge of structural influences on higher education, including teacher-student relations, reference management practices, and assessment procedures, are likely to lead to failure and disappointment. This paper, which is based on writing workshops conducted at Beijing University and in Sweden (Kristianstad University and Linnaeus University) in 2014, focuses primarily on writing practices and conventions because written texts are the main means of assessment in higher education. Addressing four key problems encountered by Chinese undergraduate writers in Western universities, namely lack of familiarity with the structure of academic papers, lack of focus on relevant issues, copying and pasting without giving proper reference, and inadequate understanding and mastery of the conventions of academic English, this paper argues for greater awareness of cultural differences between the Chinese and Western systems of education. Not until this has been achieved can Chinese students realize their full potential at Western universities.


Over the past fifteen years, a common set of questions has surfaced in different areas of scholarship about the breadth of the corporate attorney's role: Should the corporate attorney provide business advice when providing legal advice? Should the corporate attorney provide counsel related to other disciplines such as public relations, social responsibility, morals, accounting, and/or investment banking? Should the corporate attorney prevent corporate wrongdoing? Questions like these resound in the scholarship addressing the risks and benefits of multi-disciplinary partnerships, gatekeeping, moral counseling, ancillary services, and the application of the attorney-client privilege. When looked at in combination, these segregated discussions equate to an unidentified but burgeoning debate about the proper role of the corporate attorney and whether a distinction can or should be made between doing business and practicing law.This debate also exists in court opinions assessing the reach of recent SEC regulations, the work product doctrine, and the attorney-client privilege. Indeed, the application of the doctrine assessing these issues provides a lens through which to view the tensions created by the increasingly transdisciplinary and globalized role of the corporate attorney and the changing contours of litigation. To that end, by analyzing a sampling of federal court opinions that address the work product doctrine in the context of work related to public relations, this Article seeks to show that variations in how the doctrine is applied reflect disagreement about how expansive the role of today's corporate attorney and the definition of litigation should be. Further, given that judges can make decisions about work product protection based on their often narrow view of the proper role of an attorney as opposed to a businessperson, this Article argues that distinguishing between business and law when analyzing the work product doctrine is not only arbitrary and impossible in the corporate law context, but also inappropriate. This is clear when considering the history and purpose of the work product doctrine and the current application of the corporate attorney-client privilege.Therefore, the more elementary goal of this Article is to offer a refined approach to the work product doctrine in the corporate law context to better align it with the reality of corporate practice, corporate litigation, and the expanded role of the corporate lawyer in today's society. Although this Article offers a preliminary recommendation for a new work product test, its primary recommendation is that courts take the business prong out of the work product analysis entirely so that (1) courts do not attempt to make a distinction between business and law when analyzing whether work is protectable and (2) the application of the doctrine does not hinge on a judge's view of how expansive corporate practice or litigation is or should be. The more ambitious goal of this Article, however, is to urge those in the legal profession to begin a comprehensive discussion about the proper role of the corporate attorney and to consider whether, as the responsibilities and expectations of corporate lawyers grow, and as our definition of litigation expands, the law's protective doctrines should follow suit.


THE POLITICS OF PROSTITUTION: Women's Movements, Democratic States and the Globalisation of Sex Commerce, Ed. Joyce Outshoorn, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2004, 329 pages, $29.99. While The Politics of Prostitution might seem an odd choice for review in a military journal, its selection reflects a growing awareness of the military's recent actions to combat prostitution, an initiative that is part of a larger fight against the dangerous international scourge of human trafficking. The Department of Defense has mandated education about human trafficking, and commanders have made establishments suspected of human trafficking activities off-limits to military personnel. Also, recognizing that service members-especially those stationed or deployed overseas-are an obvious market for sex traffickers, President George W. Bush signed an executive order in 2005 to clarify that "patronizing a prostitute" is a violation of Article 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice, in the Manual for Courts-Martial. These new policies have been largely influenced by an understanding that prostitution has direct links to human trafficking. Along with arms and drug trafficking, human trafficking finances criminal organizations that support terrorism, the killing of Soldiers, and regional instability. So, to say nothing of social justice considerations, fighting human trafficking activities such as prostitution is a national security issue, one that is directly tied to the military's mission of fighting and winning our country's wars. While The Politics of Prostitution does not discuss the U.S. military in particular, it does address human trafficking and its links to prostitution and prostitution policy. The book is a collection of studies by the Research Network on Gender Politics and the State (RNGS) that examine prostitution policy debates in a dozen Western democratic nations: Australia, Austria, Britain, Canada, Finland, France, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and the United States. The RNGS characterizes approaches to prostitution policies as abolitionist (punish the Johns but not the prostitutes), prohibitionist (punish everyone involved), or regulatory (subject prostitution services to state control). These competing approaches appear both within countries and across borders. Each of the book's chapters covers a different country; the authors give a clear and concise description of the main debates over prostitution policy in each country, and they identify the groups that helped craft the policy. The chapter on prostitution policy in Italy, for example, outlines the continued debates over the 1958 Merlin Law-debates generated largely by Catholic and feminist concerns (which are often at odds) and brought into public view because of increasing human trafficking activities in that country resulting from the breakup of the Soviet Union. …


This practical book provides a step-by-step approach to testing mission-critical applications for scalability and performance before they're deployed -- a vital topic to which other books devote one chapter, if that. Businesses today live and die by network applications and web services. Because of the increasing complexity of these programs, and the pressure to deploy them quickly, many professionals don't take the time to ensure that they'll perform well and scale effectively. The Art of Application Performance Testing explains the complete life cycle of the testing process, and demonstrates best practices to help you plan, gain approval for, coordinate, and conduct performance tests on your applications. With this book, you'll learn to: Set realistic performance testing goals Implement an effective application performance testing strategy Interpret performance test results Cope with different application technologies and architectures Use automated performance testing tools Test traditional local applications, web-based applications, and web services (SOAs) Recognize and resolves issues that are often overlooked in performance tests Written by a consultant with 30 years of experience in the IT industry and over 12 years experience with performance testing, this easy-to-read book is illustrated with real-world examples and packed with practical advice. The Art of Application Performance Testing thoroughly explains the pitfalls of an inadequate testing strategy and offers you a robust, structured approach for ensuring that your applications perform well and scale effectively when the need arises. "Ian has maintained a vendor-agnostic methodology beautifully in this material. The metrics and graphs, along with background information provided in his case studies, eloquently convey to the reader, 'Methodology above all, tools at your discretion...' Ian's expertise shines through throughout the entire reading experience." -- Matt St. Onge, Enterprise Solution Architect, HCL Technologies America / Teradyne


Abstract. The inability to detect the Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) at an early stage has led to the enumerable loss of different species of ash trees. Due to the increasing risk being posed by the EAB, a robust and accurate method is needed for identifying Individual Tree Crowns (ITCs) that are at a risk of being infected or are already diseased. This paper attempts to outline an ITC delineation method that employs airborne multi-spectral Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) to accurately delineate tree crowns. The raw LiDAR data were initially pre-processed to generate the Digital Surface Models (DSM) and Digital Elevation Models (DEM) using an iterative progressive TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) densification method. The DSM and DEM were consequently used for Canopy Height Model (CHM) generation, from which the structural information pertaining to the size and shape of the tree crowns was obtained. The structural information along with the spectral information was used to segment ITCs using a region growing algorithm. The availability of the multi-spectral LiDAR data allows for delineation of crowns that have otherwise homogenous structural characteristics and hence cannot be isolated from the CHM alone. This study exploits the spectral data to derive initial approximations of individual tree tops and consequently grow those regions based on the spectral constraints of the individual trees.


Information environments have the power to affect people's perceptions and behaviors. In this paper, we present the results of studies in which we characterize the gender bias present in image search results for a variety of occupations. We experimentally evaluate the effects of bias in image search results on the images people choose to represent those careers and on people's perceptions of the prevalence of men and women in each occupation. We find evidence for both stereotype exaggeration and systematic underrepresentation of women in search results. We also find that people rate search results higher when they are consistent with stereotypes for a career, and shifting the representation of gender in image search results can shift people's perceptions about real-world distributions. We also discuss tensions between desires for high-quality results and broader societal goals for equality of representation in this space.


Ralstonia solanacearum is a soil and water-borne pathogen that can infect a wide range of plants and cause the devastating bacterial wilt disease. To successfully colonize a host, R. solanacearum requires the type III secretion system (T3SS), which delivers bacterial effector proteins inside the plant cells. HrpG is a central transcriptional regulator that drives the expression of the T3SS and other virulence determinants. hrpG transcription is highly induced upon plant cell contact and its product is also post-transcriptionally activated by metabolic signals present when bacteria are grown in minimal medium (MM). Here, we describe a transcriptional induction of hrpG at early stages of bacterial co-culture with plant cells that caused overexpression of the downstream T3SS effector genes. This induction was maintained in a strain devoid of prhA, the outer membrane receptor that senses bacterial contact with plant cells, demonstrating that this is a response to an unknown signal. Induction was unaffected after disruption of the known R. solanacearum pathogenicity regulators, indicating that it is controlled by a non-described system. Moreover, plant contact-independent signals are also important in planta, as shown by the hrpG induction triggered by apoplastic and xylem extracts. We also found that none of the amino acids or sugars present in the apoplast and xylem saps studied correlated with hrpG induction. This suggests that a small molecule or an environmental condition is responsible for the T3SS gene expression inside the plants. Our results also highlight the abundance and diversity of possible carbon, nitrogen and energy sources likely used by R. solanacearum during growth in planta.


Efficient task allocation with timing constraints to a team of possibly heterogeneous robots is a challenging problem with application, e. g., in search and rescue. In this paper a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) approach is proposed for assigning heterogeneous robot teams to the simultaneous completion of sequences of tasks with specific requirements such as completion deadlines. For this purpose our approach efficiently combines the strength of state of the art mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) solvers with human expertise in mission scheduling. We experimentally show that simple and intuitive inputs by a human user have substantial impact on both computation time and quality of the solution. The presented approach can in principle be applied to quite general missions for robot teams with human supervision.


A youth culture has been visible in clubs within and outside India since the mid-eighties in which a genre of music dubbed 'new Asian dance music' by the British media, consisting mainly of Bhangra and Bollywood remixes, emerges as the most important site for the production of new ethnicities as brown, black and white bodies mingle on the dance floor. As bodies in motion mimic the gestures and movements of Bhangra and Bollywood dancers, the dancing body becomes a means of performing and negotiating difference in the space of multiculturalism. Drawing on my fieldwork in college fests, community functions and clubs in Kharagpur, Kolkata, New Delhi, Chandigarh, Bangalore, Sydney, Melbourne, Toronto and New York, I will examine the dance floor as a liminal space in which bodily signifiers and movements perform a dialectic of desire to resist prohibitions and constraints of everyday life.


Many optical filtering problems require the use of assemblies of layers with thicknesses that bear no obvious relationship to each other. Here we present the results obtained for a number of examples in which optical monitoring is performed with a change of control wavelengths for each layer of the stack. For this, it is necessary to determine for each layer the different wavelengths that provide an extremum of transmittance when the required thickness is achieved. We show that this leads, in some cases, to making the benefit of error compensation analogous to the well-known method used in the production of quarter-wave stacks. Because ion-assisted deposition and ion-plating techniques are suitable from the point of view of refractive-index reproducibility, optical monitoring can be used at a good level of performance. However, the production of high-quality optical thin films needs more than just the choice of a monitoring process. In particular, problems of uniformity are critical for high-performance coatings. Here we show how uniformity can be determined for each material involved.


Evolving robust behaviors for robots has proven to be a challenging problem. Determining how to optimize behavior for a specific instance, while also realizing behaviors that generalize to variations on the problem often requires highly customized algorithms and problem-specific tuning of the evolutionary platform. Algorithms that can realize robust, generalized behavior without this customization are therefore highly desirable. In this paper, we examine the Lexicase selection algorithm as a possible general algorithm for a wall crossing robot task. Previous work has resulted in specialized strategies to evolve robust behaviors for this task. Here, we show that Lexicase selection is not only competitive with these strategies but after parameter tuning, actually exceeds the performance of the specialized algorithms.


This Article's claim is that deterrence in criminal law is composed of four oft-competing goals that ought to be taken into account when calibrating sanctions. Consider an offender, such as an armed robber or kidnapper, who threatens to commit a yet more serious crime unless the victim surrenders. The first goal, or dimension, of deterrence is to deter the threat, or crime in general, and this suggests a high sanction for the armed robbery or other threatening crime. A second goal is to deter escalation, in this case the execution of the threat once issued. This goal normally suggests a large gap between the sanctions for lesser and greater crimes, in order to discourage escalation. Given a natural or practical ceiling to criminal penalties, the suggested gap often implies relatively low sanction for the lesser crime, or threat, and some sacrifice of direct deterrence. Two other goals, or dimensions of deterrence, have been unrecognized by academic commentators and legislatures. By extending the analysis to include behavior by victims, it becomes apparent that law ought to make the offender's threat incredible to victims. If the threat can be weakened, victims will be less inclined to submit, and then offenders will have less reason to threaten in the first place. This third dimension suggests a large gap between the sanctions for the lesser (threat) and greater (execution) crimes; if the gap is small, victims will recognize that the offender has little to lose from continuing on and executing his threat, and these victims will submit and make the criminal's threat profitable, thereby encouraging yet more criminal activity. A fourth, equally novel, dimension of deterrence is the ability of law to make incredible the implicit promise by a threatener not to escalate if the victim submits. When this implicit promise is incredible, victims will again tend not to submit to the threat, and offenders will in turn issue fewer threats. To achieve this goal, the sanction for repeating a threat following submission by the victim should be low; victims will be less apt to submit to a threat if they realize that submission will often bring on another crime, or threat. The idea — which should be applied with caution — is familiar from blackmail; a victim who thinks the blackmailer will return for further payments will not pay the first time, and the blackmailer, in turn, will be discouraged.Optimal deterrence requires that criminal law should be attentive to the four dimensions described above. This Article presents a model for how law can do so and better accomplish its deterrent function.


The arbitral world is at a crucial point in its historical development, poised between two conflicting conceptions of its nature, purpose, and political legitimacy. Formally, the arbitrator is an agent of the contracting parties in dispute, a creature of a discrete contract gone wrong. Yet, increasingly, arbitrators are treated as agents of a larger global community, and arbitration houses concern themselves with the general and prospective impact of important awards. In this paper, I address these questions, first, from the standpoint of delegation theory. In Part I, I introduce the basic "Principal-Agent" framework [P-A] used by social scientists to explain why actors create new institutions, and then briefly discuss how P-A has been applied to the study of courts. Part II uses delegation theory to frame discussion of arbitration as a mode of governance for transnational business and investment. In Part III, I argue that the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) is presently in the throes of judicialization, indicators of which include the enhanced use of precedent-based argumentation and justification, the acceptance of third-party briefs, and a flirtation with proportionality balancing. Part IV focuses on the first wave of awards rendered by ICSID tribunals pursuant to Argentina's response to the crushing economic crisis of 2000-02, wherein proportionality emerged, adapted from the jurisprudence of the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization.


By the year 1839 Murchison had mapped and described the four groups that made up his Silurian System, defining each on the basis of fossils he had collected during five years fieldwork in South Wales and the Borders. His friend Professor Sedgwick had given only a brief lithological description of the Cambrian rocks of North Wales by this date. As it became clear the two great divisions did not lie one on the other but overlapped at their boundary, Murchison extended his Silurian terminology into Sedgwick's domain. The Professor's inability to give a palaeontological definition of even a restricted Cambrian System led Murchison to extend the Silurian System down to include the oldest fossiliferous strata. Arguments over the limits and validity of these two Systems scarcely abated with the death of the two chief contestants. British geologists remained in opposing camps until the end of the century, when Lapworth's Ordovician System of 1879 was generally accepted as a compromise for the disputed strata.


Dynamic spectrum allocation is becoming a means of allocating spectrum based on users and available frequencies in surrounding geographic regions. Presently, spectral masks are applied to radar transmission based on specifications from governmental regulatory agencies. This paper describes a concept for dynamic spectral mask determination based on the location and acceptable interference power levels at frequencies used by nearby communication receivers. This concept will be applied going forward to allow information from wireless networks about surrounding users to be applied in dynamically constraining radar transmitter spectra.


In Fighting Corruption Is Dangerous, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala has written a primer for those working to root out corruption and disrupt vested interests. Drawing on her experience as Nigeria's finance minister and that of her team, she describes dangers, pitfalls, and successes in fighting corruption. She provides practical lessons learned and tells how anti-corruption advocates need to equip themselves. Okonjo-Iweala details the numerous ways in which corruption can divert resources away from development, rewarding the unscrupulous and depriving poor people of services. Okonjo-Iweala discovered just how dangerous fighting corruption could be when her 83-year-old mother was kidnapped in 2012 by forces who objected to some of Okonjo-Iweala's efforts at reform—in particular a crackdown on fraudulent claims for oil subsidy payments, a huge drain on the country's finances. The kidnappers' first demand was that Okonjo-Iweala resign from her position on live television and leave the country. Okonjo-Iweala did not resign, her mother escaped, and the program of economic reforms continued. "Telling my story is risky," Okonjo-Iweala writes. "But not telling it is also dangerous." Her book ultimately leaves us with hope, showing that victories are possible in the fight against corruption.


On April 19, 2010, the European Commission issued a conditional marketing authorization valid throughout the European Union (EU) for ofatumumab (Arzerra®; Glaxo Group Ltd, Greenford, Middlesex, U.K.). The decision was based on the favorable opinion of the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use recommending a conditional marketing authorization for ofatumumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in patients refractory to fludarabine and alemtuzumab. A conditional marketing authorization means that additional data to confirm the benefit-risk balance of ofatumumab are awaited. The active substance of Arzerra® is ofatumumab, a monoclonal antibody medicinal product (ATC code L01XC10). The recommended dose is 300 mg of atumumab for the first infusion and 2,000 mg of atumumab for all subsequent infusions. The infusion schedule is eight consecutive weekly infusions, followed 4-5 weeks later by four consecutive monthly (i.e., every 4 weeks) infusions. Ofatumumab targets CD20, a cell surface marker of B lymphocytes, which is followed by cell lysis via complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The benefit of ofatumumab is the control of CLL in patients who are refractory to both fludarabine and alemtuzumab, which was indicated by a high response rate. The most common side effects are infections and infusion reactions. The objective of this paper is to summarize the scientific review of the application leading to approval in the EU. The detailed scientific assessment report and product information, including the summary of product characteristics, are available on the EMA website (http://www.ema.europa.eu).


There is an emerging consensus that business models are systemic and transcend firm boundaries. Yet, existing research on Business Model Innovation (BMI) challenges focus almost exclusively on intra-firm factors such as capabilities, cognition and leadership. We explore challenges related to BMI by instead drawing on an open systems perspective on organisations. In particular, we argue that the systemic and boundary-spanning nature of business models imply that firms are forced to act under conditions of interdependence and restricted freedom, since they do not have executive control over their surrounding network. Consequently, we propose that suitable managerial solutions include the development of shared knowledge, appropriability regimes based on trust, network stability and the alignment of heterogeneous interests.


Rapidly changing environmental conditions are influencing distributions of wildlife species in Alaska. Due to strict physiological requirements, the distribution of American martens (Martes americana) is theorized to be driven by changing habitat, climate, and other anthropogenic conditions. We aimed to quantify marten distributions on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, and compared historic and contemporary occurrence records. To illustrate changing distribution patterns, we developed predictive niche models for 2 decades and investigated patterns by relating environmental trends with predicted distributions. Museum and trapping records, supplemented by aerial videography detections for martens on the Kenai over the past century, served to train RandomForests-based niche models for 1988–2001 and 2002–2010. Change-detection analyses revealed an ongoing westward expansion of likely marten distribution on the Kenai Peninsula since at least 1988, and historic records indicated longer-term growth. Top predictors in the models included soil ecotype, landcover, distance to trails, and distance to recreation sites. Our research suggests that on the Kenai Peninsula, marten distribution is responding to a combination of landscape and climate effects that have contributed to expanding marten distributions over the past century.


The decoy effect is a violation of rationality that occurs when the relative preference between two target options changes with the addition of a third option, called the decoy, that is no better than the target options but worse than one of the options on one attribute. The presence of the decoy increases the chance that the option that dominates it on this attribute is chosen over the other target option. The current study tested decoy effects with great apes' food preferences. We presented apes with two target items, grape and banana, and a third item, the decoy, which was either a smaller grape or a smaller piece of banana. We found that apes' decisions were not influenced by the presence of a decoy. In general, apes did not increase their choices in favor of the target item that dominated the decoy. This would indicate that great apes are not vulnerable to the cognitive biases that cause decoy effects in humans, at least in cases where choice is between two different types of food. We discuss what can be concluded about the psychological causes of human irrational choices and their evolutionary origin.


In this paper we report for the first time a method for the production of transparent computer generated holograms by desktop inkjet printing. Here we demonstrate a methodology suitable for the development of a practical approach towards fabrication of diffraction patterns using a desktop inkjet printer and nonocrystalline sol-gel ink. In particular, the reported inkjet printing method can be used to generate transparent diffraction structures on supports such as those widely applied in security technologies. Transparent highly refractive layers were deposited with a high precision via a wet-to-dry printing method based on the sol-gel transition phenomenon. With this approach we were able to print a diffraction pattern by TiO2 xerogel, with which a transparent computer generated hologram was created. We argue that this new technology can form the foundation for a new generation of commercial protective coating technologies applied by industrial inkjet printing.


The evaluation of patients with diffuse parenchymal lung disease is best achieved by a multidisciplinary team approach combining clinical, radiological, and pathological information. Although a lung biopsy may be necessary to firmly establish a diagnosis, safely obtaining adequate tissue specimens in such patients remains challenging. Traditional bronchoscopic forceps biopsies are not recommended for most idiopathic interstitial pneumonias due to their low diagnostic yields, whereas a surgical lung biopsy increases the risk for serious complications, including a small but real risk of an exacerbation of the underlying interstitial lung disease and death. Bronchoscopic cryosurgical techniques (i.e., cryobiopsy) is being increasingly used as an attractive compromise between the two, due to its ability to be performed under conscious sedation and its ability to obtain larger tissue fragments without crush artifacts. Although promising and increasingly employed at some academic centers, it remains untested in rigorous systematic studies. This article will review the existing literature on the diagnostic role and safety of transbronchial cryobiopsy in patients with diffuse parenchymal lung diseases.


One hundred years ago in early 1917, the Original Dixieland Jazz Band released the first widely disseminated jazz recording. This recording included the song Livery Stable Blues, which quickly became the subject of copyright infringement litigation in the case Hart v. Graham. This case ended in a court decision that soon became virtually invisible, at least in the legal universe. This legal case highlights the impact of curation, long recognized in artistic spheres but generally not acknowledged as such in law. Discussions of curation are typically associated with dialogue in artistic arenas. However, pulling together, sifting through and selecting materials for presentation and representation evident in curation of art and music are pervasive in law. Law is represented, displayed, exhibited, and performed in varied contexts, many of which reflect curatorial activities. Acts of selection and representation may in turn reveal conscious and unconscious assumptions and biases. The shaping of black music as a category owes much to curation by varied actors in different locations at varied points in time. Consequently, what is thought to constitute black music is closely related to societal conceptions and individual understandings of what African American culture should be. The body of works that came to be categorized as black music constitutes a malleable category that has changed and that will continue to change with time, place, and circumstance. This paper assesses implications of curation for African American music and legal and other contexts within which such music has been created, circulated, and consumed.


Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system vendors need to customize their products according to the domain-specific requirements of their customers. Systematic reuse of features and related ERP product customizations would improve software quality and save implementation time. In our previous research, we have developed a tool-based approach supporting feature-based reuse of ERP product customizations. Our tool environment automatically infers reusable features from requirements and their associated implementation artifacts. Furthermore, it allows domain experts to search for features based on natural language requirement descriptions representing the needs of new customers. Matching features can be automatically deployed to a new ERP product. In this paper, we present an industrial evaluation of our tool-based approach conducted together with an Austrian small- to medium-sized enterprise. A domain expert used our approach to identify matching features for 20 randomly selected requirements for new customer products and identified matching features for 17 of the 20 requirements. We compared the time needed to identify and deploy the candidate features with the time required to implement the requirements from scratch. We found that, in total, over 60% implementation time can be saved by applying our reuse approach presented in this case study.


Social rental housing ought to function as safety net for the lower income groups in the housing system. However, the Dutch housing system has a relatively large social housing stock in relation to other housing systems in Europe – larger than would be required for a safety net for lower income groups. Hence, households which are financially able to purchase market housing occupy social dwellings. The Dutch government proposed four policy changes to improve the accessibility of the social housing market for low income families. The effects of these policy changes are uncertain due to unpredictable housing move behaviour of households (which is also influenced by economic and demographic uncertainty). A system dynamics model, taking this unpredictability to some extent into account, was created to explore the effects of the policy changes until 2020. Latin Hypercube simulations suggest that these measures improve the allocation of low income households to the social housing sector, while the uncertainty ranges of the absolute number of low income households of in the social housing sector do not differ among scenarios.


The nineteenth century was a time of unprecedented transformation, and nowhere was this more apparent than on the streets of London. In only a few decades, London grew from a Regency town to the biggest city the world had ever seen, with more than 6.5 million people and railways, street-lighting and new buildings at every turn. In The Victorian House, Judith Flanders described in intimate detail what went on inside the nineteenth-century home. Now, in The Victorian City, she explores London's outdoors in an extraordinary, revelatory portrait of everyday life on the streets. From the moment Charles Dickens, the century's best-loved novelist and London's greatest observer, arrived in the city in 1822, he obsessively walked its streets, recording its pleasures, curiosities and cruelties. Now, with him, Judith Flanders leads us through the markets, transport systems, sewers, rivers, slums, alleys, cemeteries, gin palaces, chop-houses and entertainment emporia of Dickens' London, to reveal the Victorian capital in all its variety, vibrancy, and squalor. From the colourful cries of street-sellers to the uncomfortable reality of travel by omnibus, via the many uses for the body parts of dead horses or the unimaginably grueling working days of hawker children, no detail is too small, or too strange. No one who reads Judith Flanders's The Victorian City will view London in the same light again.


Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder that is strongly associated with cardiovascular risk. Inflammation is a potential risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In this study, hydro alcoholic extract of Nettle (Urtica dioica) on insulin sensitivity and some inflammatory indicators in type 2 diabetic patients were studied. A randomized double-blind clinical trial on 50 men and women with type 2 diabetes was done for 8 weeks. Patients were adjusted by age, sex and duration of diabetes, then randomly divided into two groups, an intervention and control group. They received, 100 mg kg-1nettle extract or placebo in three portions a day for 8 weeks. Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), High Sensitive C-Reactive protein (hs-CRP) and Fasting Insulin concentration were measured. Insulin Sensitivity was calculated, at the beginning and the end of the study. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 18, p<0.05 was considered significant for all variables. After 8 weeks, IL-6 and hs-CRP showed a significant decrease in the intervention group compared to the control group (p<0.05). The findings showed that the hydro alcoholic extract of nettle has decreasing effects on IL-6 and hs-CRP in patients with type 2 diabetes after eight weeks intervention.


Background Extremely preterm (EP, <26 weeks gestation) children have been observed to have poor academic achievement in comparison to their term-born peers, especially in mathematics. This study investigated potential underlying causes of this difficulty. Methods. 219 extremely preterm participants were compared with 153 term-born control children at 11 years old. All children were assessed by a psychologist on a battery of standardised cognitive tests and a number estimation test assessing children's numerical representations. Results. EP children underperformed in all tests in comparison to the term controls (the majority of p's<.001). Different underlying relationships between performance on the number estimation test and mathematical achievement were found in extremely preterm compared to control children. That is, even after controlling for cognitive ability, a relationship between number representations and mathematical performance persisted for EP children only (EP: r= .346, n= 186, p< .001; Control: r= .095, n=146, p= .256). Conclusion. Interventions for EP children may target improving children's numerical representations in order to subsequently remediate their mathematical skills.


Federated learning has become one of the most recent and widely researched areas of machine learning. Several machine-learning frameworks, such as Tensorflow Federated and PySyft and others have gained momentum in recent past and continue to evolve. Some of the frameworks involve techniques such as differential privacy, secure multi-party computation, gradient descent calculation over the network to achieve privacy of underlying data in federated learning. While these frameworks serve the need for a general-purpose federated learning model as per certain framework, in this paper we present a solution based on distributed messaging with appropriate entitlements that enterprises can leverage in a managed and permissioned network. The solution implements access controls on message source and destination in a decentralized network, which can implement any given data science model in the federated network to facilitate secure federated learning.


Abstract A preliminary attempt is made to analyze the intraspecific aggressive behavior of mammals in terms of specific neural circuitry. The results of stimulation, lesion, and recording studies of aggressive behavior in cats and rats are reviewed and analyzed in terms of three hypothetical motivational systems: offense, defense, and submission. A critical distinction, derived from ethological theory, is made between motivating stimuli that simultaneously activate functional groupings of motor patterning mechanisms, and releasing and directing stimuli that are necessary for the activation of discrete motor patterning mechanisms. It is suggested that motivating stimuli activate pathways that converge upon sets of homogeneous neurons, called motivational mechanisms, whose activity determines the motivational state of the animal. A defense motivational mechanism is hypothesized to be located in the midbrain central gray. In addition to tactile, auditory, and visual inputs from the paleospinothalamic tract, lateral lemniscus, and (perhaps) from the pretectum, it may receive inputs from a major forebrain pathway whose functional significance is not yet understood. A submission motivational mechanism is also thought to be located in the central gray. In addition to inputs for defense, it is thought to receive a necessary input from a "consociate (social familiarity cue) modulator" located in the ventromedial hypothalamus, which can switch behavior from defense to submission. The location of the hypothetical offense motivational mechanism is not known, although the pathways by which it is activated are traced in some detail. Brain mechanisms of aggression in primitive mammals and in primates are apparently similar to those in rats and cats.


The vast majority of European grasslands strongly depend on the regular removal of aboveground biomass by agricultural land use, mostly grazing or mowing or a combination of both. These specific management schemes have strong influence on plant diversity and vegetation composition, depending on their particular characteristics and their intensity. For example, the presence or absence of fertilization will favour some species over others, changing plant communities accordingly. Additionally, the farmer's choice of a specific management scheme will also depend on the abiotic site conditions. This leads to a complex set of associated factors potentially affecting the structure and diversity of grasslands. In this study, we compiled a unique dataset of 169 differently managed grasslands (in total 202 plots), which were sampled in five regions across Germany. For each plot, we documented management characteristics, measured plant diversity and functional group composition, recorded endangered species according to red lists, and calculated Ellenberg indicator values. We assessed patterns in vegetation composition and diversity in relation to the particular management scheme, which was categorized as meadow, meadow with autumn or winter grazing (with mowing as predominant management), mown pasture (where mowing and grazing are used at roughly equal intensity), seasonal pasture (with grazing as predominant management) and year-round pasture. Our study showed that grasslands of different management schemes significantly differed in diversity, structure and functional composition. However, it also became obvious that vegetation composition was not strictly distinguished by management alone. Local and regional characteristics such as soil conditions, size of the grassland species pool or land-use history, often played a more prominent role than land use alone. Assumingly, the interplay of those local and regional characteristics with the pro portion of grazing and mowing at a particular site inhibit clear differences among our predefined management schemes. Nevertheless, species richness was the lowest in year-round pastures, moderate in meadows and highest in seasonal pastures. In contrast, year-round pastures harboured the highest mean numbers of endangered species. The dependency of a certain management scheme on site-specific environmental factors such as soil fertility, further complicated the clear separation of management effects from those of the environmental background. In summary, modern grassland management strongly shaped grassland vegetation, but today's combination of different management practices complicated the assessment of specific land-use effects on plant diversity. Thus, neither mowing nor grazing turned out to be ``the one and only'' management for nature conservation. Although our results challenge long-term prognoses for future vegetation development under modern grassland management, we clearly showed that low-intensity management and the absence of fertilization promoted plant diversity, with higher values in pastures compared to meadows and mown pastures.


A description classifier organizes concepts and relations into a taxonomy based on the results of subsumption computations applied to pairs of relation definitions. Until now, description classifiers have only been designed to operate over definitions phrased in highly restricted subsets of the predicate calculus. This paper describes a classifier able to reason with definitions phrased in the full first order predicate calculus, extended with sets, cardinality, equality, scalar inequalities, and predicate variables. The performance of the new classifier is comparable to that of existing description classifiers. Our classifier introduces two new techniques, dual representations and auto-Socratic elaboration, that may be expected to improve the performance of existing description classifiers.


Learning strategies can be described as behaviours and thoughts a learner engages in during learning that are aimed at gaining knowledge. Learners are, to use Mayer's (1996) constructivist definition, 'sense makers'. We can therefore position this to mean that, if learners are sense makers, then learning strategies are essentially cognitive processes used when learners are striving to make sense out of newly presented material. This paper intends to demonstrate that such thoughts and behaviours can be made explicit and that students can co-ordinate the basic cognitive processes of selecting, organising and integrating. I will discuss two learning strategies which were developed during three cycles of an action research enquiry with a group of illustration students. While each cycle had its own particular structure and aims, the main task, that of illustrating a passage of expository text into an illustration was a constant factor. The first learning strategy involved assisting students develop 'macropropositions'—personal understandings of the gist or essence of a text (Louwerse and Graesser, 2006; Armbruster, Anderson and Ostertag, 1987; Van Dijk & Kintsch, 1983). The second learning strategy used a form of induction categorised as analogical reasoning (Holyoak, 2005; Sloman and Lagnado, 2005). Both strategies were combined to illustrate the expository text extract. The data suggests that design students benefit from a structured approach to learning, where thinking processes and approaches can be identified and accessible for other learning situations. The research methodology is based on semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, developmental design (including student notes) and final design output. All student names used are pseudonyms. The text extract from 'Through the Magic Door' an essay Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, (1907) has been included as it provides context to analysis outcomes, student comments and design outputs.

Keywords:
Action Research; Illustration; Macrostructures; Analogical Reasoning; Learning Strategies


Purpose: The scope of the paper was the assessment of the contamination (or monitoring) of poultry meat and semi-finished products with Campylobacter ("from the retail network and farms" may be added), using the culture identification technique and the polymerase chain reaction method, as well as the evaluation of the antibiotic resistance of strains isolated from poultry meat and semi-finished products. Materials and Methods: The experimental part of the work was carried out on the basis of the Institute of Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise, Biological and Food Safety of the Moscow State Institute of Food Production and the Federal Publicly Funded Institution of Science "FIC of Nutrition and Biotechnology" at the Nutriicrobiome Biosafety and Analysis Laboratory. The GOST ISO 10272-1-2013 "microbiology of food and animal feeds. Methods for the detection and counting of Campylobacter spp., Part 1. Detection method" was used in the work performed to isolate and identify the Campylobacter spp., Pure growths were identified per totality of cultural, morphological, and biochemical signs confirming the belonging of the isolated cultures to the bacteria of the Campylobacter genus. The belonging of Campylobacter spp., isolated cultures was also determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with electrophoretic detection of amplification products in an agarose gel. The sensitivity to antibiotics was determined according to the clinical guidelines "determination of the sensitivity of microorganisms to antimicrobial agents" (IACMAC, 2014) by disc diffusion method using standard discs. Results: It was established that out of the 28 samples of poultry meat and semi-finished products, Campylobacter bacteria were found in 4 samples of the half-finished product "drumette" in the weights of 10 and 1.0 g. Conclusions: The results of the PCR analysis confirmed the belonging of the isolated cultures to Campylobacter Jejuni species. In turn, the PCR is a faster method than the culture technique and allows giving a definitive answer within a few hours.


Core-collapse supernovae span a wide range of energies, from much less than to much greater than the binding energy of the progenitor star. As a result, the shock wave generated from a supernova explosion can have a wide range of Mach numbers. In this paper, we investigate the propagation of shocks with arbitrary initial strengths in polytropic stellar envelopes using a suite of spherically symmetric hydrodynamic simulations. We interpret these results using the three known self-similar solutions for this problem: the Sedov–Taylor blast-wave describes an infinitely strong shock, and the self-similar solutions from Coughlin et al. (Papers I and II) describe a weak and infinitely weak shock (the latter being a rarefaction wave). We find that shocks, no matter their initial strengths, evolve toward either the infinitely strong or infinitely weak self-similar solutions at sufficiently late times. For a given density profile, a single function characterizes the long-term evolution of a shock's radius and strength. However, shocks with strengths near the self-similar solution for a weak shock (from Paper I) evolve extremely slowly with time. Therefore, the self-similar solutions for infinitely strong and infinitely weak shocks are not likely to be realized in low-energy stellar explosions, which will instead retain a memory of the shock strength initiated in the stellar interior.


This article follows the personal trajectory of Mikhail Lavrentiev from his early integration into the European mathematical community to his role in the construction of the Siberian science-city, Akademgorodok. Using biography as a privileged vantage point, it offers a revision of the conception of Akademgorodok as a remote utopia ultimately corrupted by political interference. It argues that, although built on a site geographically distant from the center, the project reflects Moscow's aspirations and testifies to a close and evolving relationship between scientists and the party-state. Lavrentiev nurtured a community rooted in his personal networks and supervised the construction of an urban environment emblematic of the Khrushchev era. The success and the future of the new science-city were predicated on its visibility. Akademgorodok was a model and a showcase of post-Stalinist science, of a Soviet way of living and a universal way of knowing. Focusing on the city's role as a showcase opens possibilities to take the investigation of late socialist science and society in new directions: from the unavoidable conflict between experts and the party state to the analysis of local, national, and transnational interactions shaping socialist knowledge-making. Ultimately, Lavrentiev's ability to make Akademgorodok into the scene of major international encounters highlights the important role of Soviet science in the Cold War circulation of knowledge.


Background: In contemporary Taiwan, after giving birth, many women undertake a traditional postpartum practice called 'doing the month', which occurs in the medical context of postpartum nursing centres instead of at home. Thus, healthcare workers must identify and address the care needs of new mothers in this setting to improve the care of new mothers and their baby and family. Aim: To explore new mothers' care needs from their own perspectives during the period of doing the month. Methods: A qualitative study was performed. Eligible participants recruited through purposive sampling were interviewed comprehensively. Results: Twenty-seven primiparous women participated (mean age: 32 years; mean marriage length: 3.4 years). Four themes were identified: the need to increase energy to gain more yang force, the need to internalise mothering, the need to be supported by the family and friends, and the need to be understood. Conclusions: For effective care, sufficient support and guidance must be provided to first-time mothers and their families, especially when mother–baby rooming-in is the standard of care.


Iowa State University annually evaluates the agronomic performance and nematode control of hundreds of soybean varieties that are resistant to the soybean cyst nematode (SCN). A limited number of SCNsusceptible soybean varieties are included in the research to serve as a reference point for comparison. The work is supported by the soybean checkoff through the Iowa Soybean Association. The experiments are conducted in each of Iowa's nine crop reporting districts. Disciplines Agricultural Science | Agriculture This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cropnews/2516 3/5/2019 2018 SCN-resistant Variety Trial Results Show Yield Effects and SCN Buildup | Integrated Crop Management https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2019/01/2018-scn-resistant-variety-trial-results-show-yield-effects-and-scn-buildup 1/6 Integrated Crop Management 2018 SCN-resistant Variety Trial Results Show Yield Effects and SCN Buildup January 3, 2019 Iowa State University annually evaluates the agronomic performance and nematode control of hundreds of soybean varieties that are resistant to the soybean cyst nematode (SCN). A limited number of SCN-susceptible soybean varieties are included in the research to serve as a reference point for comparison. The work is supported by the soybean checkoff through the Iowa Soybean Association. The experiments are conducted in each of Iowa's nine crop reporting districts. The results of the experiments conducted in 2018 were compiled in a report that will soon appear in an issue of the Iowa Farmer Today in January 2019. The report currently is available online for free. A summary of the basic information about yields and SCN populations for eight of the nine experiments conducted in 2018 is given in Table 1. One of the experiments, in southwest Iowa, was not harvested because of wet soil conditions. 3/5/2019 2018 SCN-resistant Variety Trial Results Show Yield Effects and SCN Buildup | Integrated Crop Management https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2019/01/2018-scn-resistant-variety-trial-results-show-yield-effects-and-scn-buildup 2/6 Table 1. Basic yield and SCN population information for eight variety evaluation experiments conducted throughout Iowa in 2018. Low SCN population densities at planting, but high reproduction on PI 88788 In all but one of the experiments, the initial (at-planting) SCN population densities were low (Table 1). The exception was the experiment near Newell (northwest Iowa), which was in a field with a moderate SCN population density. The SCN infestation categories are explained in a publication available online for free. The ability of the SCN populations in the fields to reproduce on the Peking and PI 88788 sources of resistance also is shown in Table 1. The SCN populations in all of the fields where the experiments were conducted had 10 percent or less reproduction on Peking. But reproduction of the SCN populations on PI 88788 was more than 10 percent in all fields and ranged from 11 percent to 53 percent. Ideally, levels of reproduction should be less than 10 percent. PI 88788 is the source of resistance genes for more than 95 percent of resistant varieties in Iowa whereas currently, Peking resistance is available only in 35 varieties (see previous ICM News article). Low initial SCN population densities build up to cause yield loss 3/5/2019 2018 SCN-resistant Variety Trial Results Show Yield Effects and SCN Buildup | Integrated Crop Management https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2019/01/2018-scn-resistant-variety-trial-results-show-yield-effects-and-scn-buildup 3/6 Even though initial SCN population densities were low in all but one experiment, differences in yield between resistant and susceptible varieties occurred in all of the experiments and ranged from 3.8 to 19.3 bushels per acre (Figure 1). For example, the initial SCN population density in the experiment near Urbana, in east central Iowa, was 448 eggs per 100 cc of soil. And the average yield of resistant varieties was 14 bushels per acre (or 35 percent) more than yields of the susceptible varieties in that experiment. This large yield difference shows the potential for low population densities of SCN in the soil to reduce soybean yields. Figure 1. Overall mean yields of SCN-resistant and susceptible soybean varieties in experiments conducted in 2018. The Pi numbers in the column on the left are the initial SCN population densities in the plots when the experiments were planted. Significant soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) occurred in the experiments near Arlington, Moorhead, and Urbana. The population density of SCN in the soil increased 3to 22-fold over the course of the growing season in the experiments on both SCN-resistant and susceptible varieties (Figure 2). The experiment conducted in the field near Ames, in central Iowa, had the lowest initial SCN population density of 218 eggs per 100 cc of soil. End-of-season population 3/5/2019 2018 SCN-resistant Variety Trial Results Show Yield Effects and SCN Buildup | Integrated Crop Management https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2019/01/2018-scn-resistant-variety-trial-results-show-yield-effects-and-scn-buildup 4/6 densities at harvest in the Ames experiment averaged 1,618 for the resistant varieties and 4,975 for the susceptible varieties. The largest increase in SCN population densities was seen in the experiment in southeast Iowa, near Fruitland, where the initial SCN population density was 372 eggs per 100 cc of soil and end-of-season population densities averaged 7,968 for the resistant varieties and 6,392 for the susceptible varieties. Figure 2. Mean end-of-season (final) SCN egg population densities for SCNresistant soybean varieties compared to susceptible soybean varieties in experiments conducted in 2018. The Pi numbers in the column on the left are the initial SCN population densities in the plots when the experiments were planted. A wide range of yields among SCN-resistant soybean varieties There were some large differences in yields and in the season-long increases in SCN population densities among the SCN-resistant soybean varieties in the experiments. Differences in yields of individual SCN-resistant varieties ranged from 10.6 to 35.6 bushels per acre in the experiments (Table 1). Some differences in yields and in season-long 3/5/2019 2018 SCN-resistant Variety Trial Results Show Yield Effects and SCN Buildup | Integrated Crop Management https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2019/01/2018-scn-resistant-variety-trial-results-show-yield-effects-and-scn-buildup 5/6 changes in SCN population densities were not significantly different (i.e. were not true differences among varieties but due to various other sources of variation). However, there were many significant differences among varieties studied in the experiments. Soybean sudden death syndrome in three experiments SCN is never the sole pathogen or pest within a field. Efforts are taken to not use fields with a history of other diseases to conduct the SCN-resistant soybean variety evaluation experiments. Also, substantial efforts are put forth to control weeds and insects (if warranted). However, disease levels sometimes reach the extent that they likely affect the yield results of the experiments. Such was the case with soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) in 2018. Significant SDS occurred in the experiments conducted in northeastern, west central, and east central Iowa. For those three experiments, SDS incidence and severity were rated for each plot, and an SDS disease index was calculated and included in the tables in the report with the other data for those experiments. Summary The results of these experiments show that even low SCN soil population densities in the spring can increase greatly throughout a growing season and cause substantial yield loss. The yield benefits of SCN control provided by good resistant varieties are apparent in the research. The data from these experiments represent a limited number of locations and should be used only as a beginning point for developing a SCN management program for a specific field. Performance of individual SCN-resistant soybean varieties in SCN-infested fields will vary among locations and years. Farmers and those who advise them are encouraged to evaluate several SCN-resistant soybean varieties at their own locations to determine the best varieties for their local conditions. Learn more about managing SCN from The SCN Coalition SCN continues to reduce the productivity and profitability of soybean production throughout Iowa and the Midwest. Yield losses due to SCN occur in every infested field. The best approach to managing SCN is through integrated use of multiple management strategies including growing nonhost crops and resistant soybean varieties with different sources of resistance. Nematode-protectant seed treatments also are available to use in an integrated management plan. And fields must be monitored regularly to assess changes in 3/5/2019 2018 SCN-resistant Variety Trial Results Show Yield Effects and SCN Buildup | Integrated Crop Management https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/cropnews/2019/01/2018-scn-resistant-variety-trial-results-show-yield-effects-and-scn-buildup 6/6 population densities. Consult the SCN Coalition for more information at www.TheSCNCoalition.com. Links to this article are strongly encouraged, and this article may be republished without further permission if published as written and if credit is given to the author, Integrated Crop Management News, and Iowa State University Extension and Outreach. If this article is to be used in any other manner, permission from the author is required. This article was originally published on January 3, 2019. The information contained within may not be the most current and accurate depending on when it is accessed. Category: Plant Diseases Crop: Soybean Tags: SCN; SCN resistance; SCN Management A


This paper proves that an "old dog", namely - the classical Johnson-Lindenstrauss transform, "performs new tricks" - it gives a novel way of preserving differential privacy. We show that if we take two databases, D and D', such that (i) D'-D is a rank-1 matrix of bounded norm and (ii) all singular values of D and D' are sufficiently large, then multiplying either D or D' with a vector of iid normal Gaussians yields two statistically close distributions in the sense of differential privacy. Furthermore, a small, deterministic and public alteration of the input is enough to assert that all singular values of D are large. We apply the Johnson-Lindenstrauss transform to the task of approximating cut-queries: the number of edges crossing a (S, S)-cut in a graph. We show that the JL transform allows us to publish a sanitized graph that preserves edge differential privacy (where two graphs are neighbors if they differ on a single edge) while adding only O(|S|ϵ) random noise to any given query (w.h.p). Comparing the additive noise of our algorithm to existing algorithms for answering cut-queries in a differentially private manner, we outperform all others on small cuts (|S| = o(n)). We also apply our technique to the task of estimating the variance of a given matrix in any given direction. The JL transform allows us to publish a sanitized covariance matrix that preserves differential privacy w.r.t bounded changes (each row in the matrix can change by at most a norm-1 vector) while adding random noise of magnitude independent of the size of the matrix (w.h.p). In contrast, existing algorithms introduce an error which depends on the matrix dimensions.


Both laser cladding and laser alloying are related techniques for surface modifications of tools – mainly used for increasing wear and/or corrosion resistance locally. While laser cladding is nowadays already well established but has certain competitors (e.g. PTA-welding and flame gunning), laser alloying is a unique technique with currently only one single industrial implementation but lots of prospective applications. This article will introduce the principles and differences of laser cladding and alloying and give a brief synopsis of the advantages compared to its competitive techniques. Finally a few selected applications are presented.


Quantum yield spectra for the photochemical formation of biologically labile photoproducts from dissolved organic matter (DOM) have not been available previously, although they would greatly facilitate attempts to model photoproduct formation rates across latitudinal, seasonal, and depth‐related changes in spectral irradiance. Apparent quantum yield spectra were calculated for two coastal environments from the southeastern United States using postirradiation bacterial respiration as a measure of total labile photoproduct formation and a cutoff filter method to model spectral dependence. As has been the case for previously studied classes of DOM photoproducts (i.e., dissolved inorganic carbon, CO, and H2O2), ultraviolet (UV)‐B irradiance was significantly more efficient at forming labile photoproducts (i.e., compounds readily assimilated by marine bacterioplankton) than UV‐A and visible irradiance. Calculations of DOM photoproduct formation in southeastern U.S. coastal surface waters indicate a formation ratio for biologically labile photoproducts :CO of 13 : 1. The slope of a natural log plot of the apparent quantum yield spectrum obtained for biologically labile photoproducts was similar to that for CO (0.028 nm−1 vs. 0.034 nm−1). Modeled kinetic rates therefore indicate that the production ratio of these photoproduct classes is approximately maintained despite variations in the solar spectrum that occur with depth in a water column or distance from shore. Application of the apparent quantum yield to coastal regions worldwide predicts an annual formation rate of biologically labile photoproducts in coastal waters of 206 × 1012 g C.


A simple formulation is presented for the analysis of nuclear quadrupole spectra in biaxial liquid crystals based on orientational order parameters. The analysis contains no tilt angle or other model-dependent parameters not directly measured in NMR experiments. The observability and effect of various order parameters on the asymmetry of the electric field gradient q is discussed. It is shown that q is insensitive to rotational freeze-out of the variety expected to b'e observed-in some biaxial phases. Nuclear quadrupole resonance experiments are described which are expected to yield rotational freeze-out parameters.


We review the extensive recent literature on automatic, data-based selection of a global smoothing parameter in univariate kernel density estimation. Proposals are presented in a unified framework, making considerable reference to their theoretical properties as we go. The results of a major simulation study of the practical performance of many of these methods are summarised. Also, our remarks are further consolidated by describing a small portion of our practical experience on real datasets. Our comparison of methods' practical performance demonstrates that improvements to be gained by using the better methods can be, and often are, considerable. It will be seen that achieving optimal theoretical performance (up to bounds derived by Hall and Marron, 1991) and acceptable practical performance is not accomplished by the same techniques. We put much effort into ~aking good practical choices whenever options arise. We emphasise that arguably the two best known bandwidth selection methods cannot be advocated for general practical use; these are "least squares cross-validation" (which suffers from too much variability) and normal-based "rules-of-thumb" (which are too biased towards oversmoothing). A number of methods that do seem to be 'worthy of further consideration are listed. We show why our o"erall current preference is for the method of Sheather and Jones (1991), It is hoped that the lessons learned in this comparatively simple setting will also prove useful in many other smoothing situations.


An extracellular L-glutamate oxidase (GLOD) was purified from soil-isolated Streptomyces sp 18G. The enzyme had a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and consisted of two identical subunits, each with a molecular weight of 61,000. The isoelectric point was pH 8.5 and the enzyme had an optimal pH between 7.0–7.4. GLOD showed the maximum activity at 37oC. The GLOD activity was stable at pH ranging from 6.5 to 7.0 for 1 hr. Among 21 amino acids tested for substrate specificity, L-glutamate was almost exclusively oxidized. D-glutamate and L-aspartate were oxidized but only to extents of 0.79% and 0.53%, respectively.


Encouraged by the success of deep convolutional neural networks on a variety of visual tasks, much theoretical and experimental work has been aimed at understanding and interpreting how vision networks operate. At the same time, deep neural networks have also achieved impressive performance in audio processing applications, both as sub-components of larger systems and as complete end-to-end systems by themselves. Despite their empirical successes, comparatively little is understood about how these audio models accomplish these tasks.In this work, we employ a recently developed statistical mechanical theory that connects geometric properties of network representations and the separability of classes to probe how information is untangled within neural networks trained to recognize speech. We observe that speaker-specific nuisance variations are discarded by the network's hierarchy, whereas task-relevant properties such as words and phonemes are untangled in later layers. Higher level concepts such as parts-of-speech and context dependence also emerge in the later layers of the network. Finally, we find that the deep representations carry out significant temporal untangling by efficiently extracting task-relevant features at each time step of the computation. Taken together, these findings shed light on how deep auditory models process their time dependent input signals to carry out invariant speech recognition, and show how different concepts emerge through the layers of the network.


This study compared and contrasted the fate of the microsporidian Loma salmonae, a branchial pathogen of salmonids of the genus Oncorhynchus, upon exposure of (1) naive susceptible rainbow trout (RT) O. mykiss, (2) naive RT passively immunized with sera from RT previously exposed to L. salmonae, (3) previously exposed and resistant RT and (4) two species believed to be innately resistant to the parasite, Atlantic salmon (AS) Salmo salar and brook trout (BT) Salvelinus fontinalis. The fish were infected per os with viable L. salmonae spores. The infection was followed in the fish by detection of parasite DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at several times post-infection. Spore germination and intestinal invasion by the parasite occurred in all groups of fish. In the susceptible RT, parasite DNA was detected in the heart by day 3 post-exposure (PE), followed by the gill at 2 weeks PE, whereas visible xenoparasitic complexes (xenomas) were detected by week 4 PE. In the passively immunized RT, the parasite's fate was similar to that of controls, however, its arrival in the heart was delayed by 1 week. A delay was also detected in RT which had been previously exposed to L. salmonae and then recovered from disease. In these resistant fish, the parasite was able to reach the heart by week 3 PE, however, it failed to reach the gill and form xenomas. In AS and BT, the parasite reached the heart and gills quickly, where it remained for 2 weeks before being cleared; xenomas never formed. We speculate that failure to complete the life cycle in AS, BT and resistant fish might be because of interference by the immune system in the development of the parasite, resulting in the absence of disease in these fish.


Partial discharge (PD) measurements are an important tool for assessing the health of power equipment. Different sources of PD have different effects on the insulation performance of power apparatus. Therefore, discrimination between PD sources is of great interest to both system utilities and equipment manufacturers. This paper investigates the use of a wide bandwidth PD on-line measurement system consisting of a radio frequency current transducer (RFCT) sensor, a digital storage oscilloscope and a high performance personal computer to facilitate automatic PD source identification. Three artificial PD models were used to simulate typical PD sources which may exist within power system apparatus. Wavelet analysis was applied to pre-process measurement data obtained from the wide bandwidth PD sensor. This data was then processed using correlation analysis to cluster the discharges into different groups. A machine learning technique, namely the support vector machine (SVM) was then used to identify between the different PD sources. The SVM is trained to differentiate between the inherent features of each discharge source signal. Laboratory experiments where the trained SVM was tested using measurement data from the RFCT as opposed to conventional measurement data indicate that this approach has a robust performance and has great potential for use with field measurement data.


This study is the first to investigate an optically addressed, electrically tunable prism grating based on homogeneously aligned liquid crystals (LCs) with a photoconductive layer. A conductivity-gradient electrode-like grating pattern of the polymer layer results in a spatially periodic gradient of the effective electric-field drop, producing a prism grating with a spatially periodic LC gradient reorientation. The asymmetric diffraction pattern can be adjusted by varying the dc voltage. The first-order diffraction efficiency is 64% at optimal conditions. The proposed prism grating exhibits extremely low diffraction noise in the off state, a high switching contrast inthe on–off state (~1000), simplicity of fabrication, and high controllability at a low voltage range (0 to 0.4 V/μm).


Since President Obama's election the number of concealed handgun permits has soared, growing from 4.6 million in 2007 to over 12.8 million this year. Among the findings in our report:-- The number of concealed handgun permits is increasing at an ever- increasing rate. Over the past year, 1.7 million additional new permits have been issued – a 15.4% increase in just one single year. This is the largest ever single-year increase in the number of concealed handgun permits.-- 5.2% of the total adult population has a permit.-- Five states now have more than 10% of their adult population with concealed handgun permits.-- In ten states, a permit is no longer required to carry in all or virtually all of the state. This is a major reason why legal carrying handguns is growing so much faster than the number of permits.-- Since 2007, permits for women has increased by 270% and for men by 156%.-- Some evidence suggests that permit holding by minorities is increasing more than twice as fast as for whites.-- Between 2007 and 2014, murder rates have fallen from 5.6 to 4.2 (preliminary estimates) per 100,000. This represents a 25% drop in the murder rate at the same time that the percentage of the adult population with permits soared by 156%. Overall violent crime also fell by 25 percent over that period of time.-- States with the largest increase in permits have seen the largest relative drops in murder rates.-- Concealed handgun permit holders are extremely law-abiding. In Florida and Texas, permit holders are convicted of misdemeanors or felonies at one-sixth the rate that police officers are convicted.


We address the trends in water temperature variability to understand the local global warming effects through different time scales using daily sea surface temperature (SST) measurements from 1966-2004. The abrupt SST changes off of the east coast of Korea are related to similar changes observed in the North Pacific. Seasonal water temperatures have increased by at least a factor of two or more in winter than in summer. While SSTs on annual timescales have increased significantly, SSTs on interannual timescales have decreased slightly at all stations. The anomalies in SST decadal time scales reveal maxima in temperature occurring in the mid-to-late 1970's, circa 1990 and circa 2000. These maxima coincide with major peaks in the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO) with a lag of 4-7 months. The most significant warming appears in the long-term SST trends at each station where it approaches +0.05°C yr^(-1). Overall, the SST off the east coast of Korea has increased at rates that are far greater than what is reported in many other marginal seas.