During the past few decades, evidence for the ancient smelting of copper has been discovered in areas isolated from one another. In most of them, the beginning of metallurgy had no substantial social and cultural consequences. Accordingly, the diffusionist theory (assuming the existence of a single homeland for metallurgy and its central importance in cultural development) has been replaced by a localizationist theory, in which the emergence of metallurgy is simply a continuation of the working of native copper. But neither of these theories is able either to correlate similarities observed among disparate Bronze Age civilizations or to explain the status of the smelter as civilizing hero in ancient mythologies. The problem, I argue, arises because previous scholars did not distinguish properly between two modes of copper production: crucible metallurgy and furnace smelting. According to the localizationist theory, crucible metallurgy appears as a spontaneous extension of the melting of native copper but does not result in any substantial cultural change, whereas the general principles of a diffusionist theory would regard the emergence of furnace metallurgy as a unique event that spread rapidly and spurred on vast cultural changes (if diffusionists had ever actually understood the difference between the two production methods). I propose instead a synthetic theory in which the spread of furnace metallurgy—which was fundamentally different from crucible metallurgy and depended on complex technical knowledge—from the southern Levant generated a wide network linking Bronze Age societies. This has important implications for our understanding of the international network of exchanges in technology, artifacts, and ideas during the Bronze Age.


In this paper we examine the historical and social factors associated with language contact in three Queensland settlements – Yarrabah, Cherbourg and Woorabinda – and discuss the impact these may have had on the emergence of the English-lexified vernacular languages associated with these communities today. Our focus is on the 20th century and how Queensland Government policies of removal towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, including those of the Cape York Peninsula, provided new contexts for sustained language contact in these settlements, not only between traditional languages, but also with pre-existing contact varieties. We show here how each vernacular is different because the sociohistorical circumstances in which they emerged are different. So while the three vernaculars we examine have been labelled as 'Aboriginal English', our research demonstrates a much richer picture – one which demands a re-examination of the vernacular of any Aboriginal community today as a product of its own unique history.


The most important thing from the regional development by implementing
the regional autonomy is improving the regional motivation to have a high growth
rate. If that thing happens, it will cause the improvement of regional gap because
the high regional potency will be richer but the low regional potency will be
poorer. One of the Central Java Government policies to create a balance between
economy growth rate and per capita income is through regional cooperation
concept. Purwomanggung region is one of the result of that policy which consist
are these districts: Purworejo, Wonosobo, Magelang, Temanggung, and
Magelang City as the growth pole. The problem of this research is Magelang as a
growth pole is have not been a fast growth city yet, and the dominant contribution
sector towards GDRP is still having a low growth.
This research aims to identify the economic interaction Magelang City
with hinterland and analize the potential economic sector for the development of
Magelang City. The kind of data that used for this research are secondary data
since 2003 – 2008 from BPS Central Java Province and Magelang City,
BAPPEDA Central Java Province and Magelang City journey and also related
literature about this research. Analysis method that used are Gravity model,
Location Quotient analysis (LQ), Growth Ratio Model (GRM), Overlay analysis,
and Shift Share analysis.
This research is show based on gravity analysis, the decision to
announce Magelang City as a growth pole was not always good because the low
economic interaction between Magelang City with hinterland. The regency which
has strong interaction with Magelang City are Magelang Regency and
Temanggung Regency which can be enlarge as a cooperation partner in regional
development. Based on Overlay and Shift Share analysis shows that the decision
of choose Magelang City as a growth pole is very correct because it has many
potential sector such as: electricity sector, building sector, transportation sector,
trade sector, financial sector, and service sector. Among the sixth sectors that
become the first priority of Magelang City development is transportation sector,
the second is electricity sector, trade sector, finansial sector and the third is
service sector. From all those analysis above, it can be conclude that Magelang
city has not complete yet some criteria of the growth pole, because Magelang City
have less interesting view for hinterland, although it has potential sector, but the
sector growth progress is still low.


What can good design offer the hospital, a functionally distinct building type showing considerable consistency of component parts and key issues around the world? Few well-known architects have been involved in the design of hospitals and even fewer big architectural awards have been won. And yet in almost no other building type are the consequences of getting the design wrong quite so serious. Richly illustrated in full colour, "Changing Hospital Architecture" shows what can be achieved by reflecting on the UK's current huge hospital building programme in the light of historical and international experience. It is aimed at architects and other construction professionals in the health sector as well as health policy makers, and points to potential exemplars, presents key issues and occasionally signals caution.An international survey of case studies is drawn from countries with developed industrial economies and healthcare practices of direct relevance to the UK. The introduction is followed by three chapters that set the scene: a post-War history of the British hospital; an examination of the crucial and undervalued early inception stages of a hospital; and, a revealing analysis of the changing context of the financing and construction of hospitals. Four chapters present evidence from around the world, spotlighting the UK, Europe, the USA and Australia. Finally, the book closes with a speculation on the architectural form of the future hospital.


Standards impact interoperability, portability, and security of products or services. Standards contribute to open and flexible systems that, in turn, are a catalyst for the uptake of new technologies. The assessment of standards in disruptive innovation is, however, challenged by uncertainty over markets, technology evolution, and organizational change. The dynamics of technology progression, furthermore, contribute to high assessment efforts, leading to situations where up-to-date information on standards is effectively missing. In this paper, we build upon previous work on a model and method to support assessment of standards in disruptive innovation. We summarize the methods potentials for reducing standards assessment efforts and automation. Thereupon, we propose a conceptual software architecture for standards assessment platforms and instantiate the platform for the domain of cloud computing. Our discussion of the Cloud Standards Assessment Platform will present the user experience and reflect the realizability of automation potentials in standards assessment. We give an outlook on future work and platform adoption to conclude this paper.


This study examines the complex, important, yet unclear responses to terrorism within the framework of international law. The question of who is a terrorist depends to a significant extent on the subjective outlook of the definer and many researchers tend to believe that an objective and internationally accepted definition of terrorism can never be agreed upon. The aims of terrorism and guerrilla warfare may well be the same, but they are distinguished from each other by the targets of their operations. A lawful cause does not act to legitimate the means and methods used; therefore, this research examines, in particular, the jus ad bellum and the jus in bello applicable when peoples actively practise their right to self-determination, and the relationship between the struggle for self-determination and terrorism.

The thesis explores ideas and disagreements over definitions of what constitutes terrorist activity. Such problems are tracked by discussing the background and history of terrorism and responses to terrorism, and the thesis considers how these manifests in debates around definitions of armed conflict and their relationship to war crimes, and the reasons which made it impossible to include terrorism within the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court.

Finally, the thesis considers the unfolding developments around the problem of foreign terrorist fighters, and UN Security Council policy and practice on this issue including concerning how the law seems to be changing in this field and what the implications might be for humanitarian action. Furthermore, this thesis discusses the question of what should be done to address the threats caused by the return of foreign terrorist fighters and whether the measures issued by international bodies such as Security Council Resolution 2178 are sufficient. The concluding part of the thesis makes recommendations aimed at improving the international legal framework.


Abstract. VGE geographic knowledge refers to the abstract and repeatable geo-information which is related to the geo-science problem, geographical phenomena and geographical laws supported by VGE. That includes expert experiences, evolution rule, simulation processes and prediction results in VGE. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for VGE knowledge engineering in order to effectively manage and use geographic knowledge in VGE. Our approach relies on previous well established theories on knowledge engineering and VGE. The main contribution of this report is following: (1) The concepts of VGE knowledge and VGE knowledge engineering which are defined clearly; (2) features about VGE knowledge different with common knowledge; (3) geographic knowledge evolution process that help users rapidly acquire knowledge in VGE; and (4) a conceptual framework for VGE knowledge engineering providing the supporting methodologies system for building an intelligent VGE. This conceptual framework systematically describes the related VGE knowledge theories and key technologies. That will promote the rapid transformation from geodata to geographic knowledge, and furtherly reduce the gap between the data explosion and knowledge absence.


In time-selected migration birds adapt their fuel deposition and flight behaviour to maximise sustained migration speed. What are the expectations for the final part of spring migration when the transition to breeding takes place and the criterion of a maximum total migration speed is no longer relevant? Two possible strategies representing different ends of the capital – income spectrum are evaluated. In the first strategy the birds gain an advancement in the breeding cycle by depositing breeding resources while still on migration, as long as the marginal resource deposition rate at the final stopover site, devaluated for the flight transport costs, exceeds that at the breeding destination. In the second strategy an early arrival at the breeding site, before competitors, is of overriding importance, and sprint migration is predicted. In this case migration towards the breeding grounds would to a large degree be a race between competitors, where the birds are expected to change from a maximum sustained speed during much of migration to a final sprint. In such sprint migration the birds exhaust their resources and expose themselves to increased risks in order to obtain the critical priority benefits associated with an arrival before competitors. If and to what degree these strategies exist among migratory birds is unknown. Predictions are given for testing if capital breeding is driven by differential resource gain rates at stopover versus breeding sites. For testing the strategy of sprint migration, investigations of the migrants' flight behaviour on their final approach to the breeding destinations will be decisive. Inspection of satellite tracking data for two Ospreys Pandion haliaetus revealed an accelerated final approach to the breeding site including nocturnal flights in addition to the regular diurnal thermal soaring migration in one but not the other individual.


In this paper, we present coherence-based performance guarantees of Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) for both support recovery and signal reconstruction of sparse signals when the measurements are corrupted by noise. In particular, two variants of OMP either with known sparsity level or with a stopping rule are analyzed. It is shown that if the measurement matrix X ϵ Cn×p satisfies the strong coherence property, then with n ≳ O(k log p), OMP will recover a k-sparse signal with high probability. In particular, the performance guarantees obtained here separate the properties required of the measurement matrix from the properties required of the signal, which depends critically on the minimum signal to noise ratio rather than the power profiles of the signal. We also provide performance guarantees for partial support recovery. Comparisons are given with other performance guarantees for OMP using worst-case analysis and the sorted one step thresholding algorithm.


An international group of scholars illustrate the immense riches of environmental writing from the earliest literary periods down to the present. It addresses ancient writings about human/animal/plant relations from India, classical Greece, Chinese and Japanese literature, the Maya Popol Vuh, Islamic texts, medieval European works, eighteenth-century and Romantic ecologies, colonial/postcolonial environmental interrelations, responses to industrialization, and the emerging literatures of the world in the present Anthropocene moment. Essays range from Trinidad to New Zealand, Estonia to Brazil. Discussion of these texts indicates a variety of ways environmental criticism can fruitfully engage literary works and cultures from every continent and every historical period. This is a uniquely varied and rich international history of environmental writing from ancient Mesopotamian and Asian works to the present. It provides a compelling account of a topic that is crucial to twenty-first-century global literary studies.


Explicit abstraction heuristics, notably pattern-database and merge-and-shrink heuristics, are employed by some state-of-the-art optimal heuristic-search planners. The major limitation of these abstraction heuristics is that the size of the abstract space has to be bounded by a (large) constant. Targeting this issue, Katz and Domshlak (2008b) introduced structural, and in particular fork-decomposition, abstractions, in which the planning task is abstracted by an instance of a tractable fragment of optimal planning. At first view, however, the lunch was not free. Some of the power of the explicit abstraction heuristics comes from pre-computing the heuristic function offline, and then determine h(s) for each evaluated state s by a very fast lookup in a "database." In contrast, fork-decomposition offer a poly-time, yet far from being fast, computation. In this contribution, we show that the time-per-node complexity bottleneck of the fork-decomposition heuristics can be successfully overcome. Specifically, we show that an equivalent of the explicit abstractions' notion of "database" exists for the fork-decomposition abstractions as well, and this despite of their exponential-size abstract spaces. Experimentally, we show that heuristic search with such "databased" fork-decomposition heuristics favorably competes with the state-of-the-art of optimal planning.


A polarised society is frequently observed among ideological extremes, despite individual and collective efforts to reach a consensual opinion. Human factors, such as the tendency to interact with similar people and the reinforcement of such homophilic interactions or the selective exposure and assimilation to distinct views are some of the mechanisms why opinions might evolve into a more divergent distribution. A complex model in which individuals are exposed to alternating waves of propaganda which fully support different extreme views is considered here within an opinion dynamics model. People exposed to different extreme narratives adopt and share them with their peers based on the persuasiveness of the propaganda and are mixed with their previous opinions based on the volatility of opinions to form a new individual view. Social networks help capture elements such as homophily, whilst persuasiveness and memory capture bias assimilation and the exposure to ideas inside and outside echo chambers. The social levels of homophily and polarisation after iterations of people being exposed to extreme narratives define distinct trajectories of society becoming more or less homophilic and reaching extremism or consensus. There is extreme sensitivity to the parameters so that a small perturbation to the persuasiveness or the memory of a network in which consensus is reached could lead to the polarisation of opinions, but there is also unpredictability of the system since even under the same starting point, a society could follow substantially different trajectories and end with a consensual opinion or with extreme polarising views.


Men and women exiting the correctional system represent a population at high risk for mental health problems, and the body of research on the mental health needs of former prisoners is growing. These mental health problems pose challenges for individuals at every stage of the criminal justice process, from arrest to incarceration to reentry and reintegration. This article examines the mental health status and gender differences among a sample of 352 men and women leaving confinement and the role that mental health problems played in shaping their reentry outcomes using data collected between 2002 and 2005. In the year after leaving prison, men and women with mental health problems reported worse health indicators and less satisfactory social factors, such as employment, housing, and family support. The article concludes with a discussion of recommendations for improved policy and practice for assisting former prisoners with mental health problems during reintegration.


Due to the inherent uncertainty of data, the problem of predicting partial ranking from pairwise comparison data with ties has attracted increasing interest in recent years. However, in real-world scenarios, different individuals often hold distinct preferences, thus might be misleading to merely look at a global partial ranking while ignoring personal diversity. In this paper, instead of learning a global ranking which is agreed with the consensus, we pursue the tie-aware partial ranking from an individualized perspective. Particularly, we formulate a unified framework which not only can be used for individualized partial ranking prediction, but can also be helpful for abnormal users selection. This is realized by a variable splitting-based algorithm called iSplit LBI. Specifically, our algorithm generates a sequence of estimations with a regularization path, where both the hyperparameters and model parameters are updated. At each step of the path, the parameters can be decomposed into three orthogonal parts, namely, abnormal signals, personalized signals and random noise. The abnormal signals can serve the purpose of abnormal user selection, while the abnormal signals and personalized signals together are mainly responsible for user partial ranking prediction. Extensive experiments on simulated and real-world datasets demonstrate that our new approach significantly outperforms state-of-the-art alternatives.


Abstract Experiments were performed to determine the likelihood of a vapor explosion when injecting an inert gas (nitrogen) and a coolant (water) into a pool of molten metal (tin) in a large-scale chamber (~20 kg fuel). The injection flow rates of the water and nitrogen gas were the principal experimental variables, with average water flow rates up to 0.05 × 10-3 m3/s and gas flow rates ranging from 0.33 × 10-3 to 1.67 × 10-3 m3/s. Of 35 successful experiments, 11 resulted in an explosive interaction, as determined by audible signals, videotape, and accelerometer data. The main objective of the investigation was to determine the existence of a boundary between explosive and nonexplosive regions in the water-gas flow rate plane: Such a boundary was indeed identified and approximated by a straight line. Two experiments in which explosive interactions were obtained in the low water/gas flow regions after a relatively long time of coolant injection (~5 to 10 s) demonstrate the hitherto undervalued importance of the temporal variable.


This thesis explores patterns of language development in hearing children with severe learning disabilities (moderate to severe intellectual impairments) whose speech is unintelligible, and who rely on manual signs as their primary means of communication. Previous research had suggested that relatively few children reach the stage of producing multisign combinations, and that those who did so were using signs as codes for speech, rather than as an independent route to language acquisition. A series of studies was undertaken to describe the skills of a sample of 10 multi-signing children selected from a survey of 100 schools in the South of England. 'Ihis group were compared with deaf children with learning disabilities who were being educated in a signing environment. They were filmed in three contexts: picture description, conversation and story recall. The data were transcribed using a notation framework devised for British Sign Language.
An initial study established criteria for determining utterance boundaries in sign. Subsequent analyses were concerned with describing patterns of semantic relations, lexical categories, word order and grammatical development in both sign and speech. Three alternative models which might account for the children's behaviour were considered:- signs as manual codes for speech; signs as gestures, and signs as elements in a bimodal process of language acquisition.
The results indicated that the majority of the hearing children were functioning at a pre-syntactic level in both sign and speech. Some evidence was found to suggest that children may exploit the sign modality to produce contrasts in meaning, and that sign combinations may have independent temporal structure. Both findings are more consistent with the notion of _bimodal language development than the notion of signs as gestures or codes for speech.
It was concluded that longitudinal studies of children who are highly sign-dependent are needed, to determine whether they develop syntax and morphology in this modality.


This paper proposes a static-dynamic hybrid malware detecting scheme for Android applications. While the static analysis could be defeated by transformation technique sometimes and dynamic analysis needs a high complexity, the suggested methods can automatically deliver an unknown App to static or dynamic analysis path according to whether the Android App can be decompiled(its feature) which overcomes both weakness. The experimental results show that the suggested scheme is effective as its detection accuracy can achieve to 93.33%-99.28%.


Background Given the ageing population and rising prevalence of obesity, the aim was to examine the association between body mass index (BMI) and health care utilisation in older Irish adults. Methods Baseline cross-sectional data from the Irish Longitudinal Study of Ageing (TILDA) were analysed. A clustered sample of addresses was chosen from all residential addresses in the Republic of Ireland. All household residents aged 50 or over and their spouses/partners were eligible to participate. A response rate of 62% was achieved, based on the proportion of selected households including an eligible participant who was successfully interviewed (total n = 6282 households). BMI was measured objectively using standard methods. WHO classifications were used to categorise BMI as normal (BMI 18.5 – 24.99 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25 – 29.99 kg/m2) or obese (> 30 kg/m2). Those classified as underweight (n = 32) were excluded from analysis which was conducted using Stata v12. Results Preliminary analysis was based on the 5873 individuals aged 50 and over, who participated in the health assessment. Applying sample weights, 49% of the population are male (n = 2701) with a mean age of 63.1 years. The mean age of females was 64.1 years. Most participants were overweight (43%) or obese (35.7%). Unadjusted comparisons between normal, overweight and obese groups suggest a significant association with high GP use (≥4 visits) and the use of out-patient hospital services. Almost 50% of obese individuals had ≥4 visits to the GP in the previous 12 months, compared to 36% of normal and 39% of overweight individuals (p = 0.000). Similarly, 47% of obese individuals had visited hospital out-patient services compared to 41% of overweight and 39% of normal weight individuals (p = 0.003). There were also significant associations between BMI and hospitalisation (p = 0.02) and receiving a prostate exam (p = 0.04). There was no significant association between BMI category and use of emergency department (p = 0.1428) or attending mammography screening (p = 0.8959). Discussion Preliminary analysis suggests increased use of health services among older adults who are overweight or obese. Multivariate analysis will be conducted to examine whether overweight/obesity is an independent predictor of health service use in this population.


Aims: The aim of this guide is to provide practical help for ecologists who analyze data from biodiversity–ecosystem functioning experiments. Our approach differs from others in the use of least squares-based linear models (LMs) together with restricted maximum likelihood-based mixed models (MMs) for the analysis of hierarchical data. An original data set containing diameter and height of young trees grown in monocultures, 2- or 4-species mixtures under ambient light or shade is used as an example.
Methods: Starting with a simple LM, basic features of model fitting and the subsequent analysis of variance (ANOVA) for significance tests are summarized. From this, more complex models are developed. We use the statistical software R for model fitting and to demonstrate similarities and complementarities between LMs and MMs. The formation of contrasts and the use of error (LMs) or random-effects (MMs) terms to account for hierarchical data structure in ANOVAs are explained.
Important Findings: Data from biodiversity experiments can be analyzed at the level of entire plant communities (plots) and plant individuals. The basic explanatory term is species composition, which can be divided into contrasts in many ways depending on specific biological hypotheses. Typically, these contrasts code for aspects of species richness or the presence of particular species. For significance tests in ANOVAs, contrast terms generally are compared with remaining variation of the explanatory terms from which they have been 'carved out'. Once a final model has been selected, parameters (e.g. means or slopes for fixed-effects terms and variance components for error or random-effects terms) can be estimated to indicate the direction and size of effects.


Global models of the oceanic nitrogen cycle are subject to many uncertainties regarding the representation of the relevant biogeochemical processes and of the feedbacks between nitrogen sources and sinks that determine spaceand timescales on which the global nitrogen budget is regulated. We investigate these aspects using a global model of ocean biogeochemistry that explicitly considers phosphorus and nitrogen, including pelagic denitrification and nitrogen fixation as sink and source terms of fixed nitrogen, respectively. The model explores different parameterizations of organic matter sinking speed, oxidant affinity of oxic and suboxic remineralization, and regulation of nitrogen fixation by temperature and different stoichiometric ratios. Examination of the initial transient behavior of different model setups initialized from observed biogeochemical tracer distributions reveal changes in simulated nitrogen inventories and fluxes particularly during the first centuries. Millennial timescales have to be resolved in order to bring all biogeochemical and physical processes into a dynamically consistent steady state. Analysis of global properties suggests that not only particularly particle sinking speed but also the parameterization of denitrification determine the extent of oxygen minimum zones, global nitrogen fluxes, and hence the oceanic nitrogen inventory. However, the ways and directions in which different parameterizations of particle sinking, nitrogen fixation, and denitrification affect the global diagnostics are different suggesting that these may, in principle, be constrained independently from each other. Analysis of the model misfit with respect to observed biogeochemical tracer distributions and fluxes suggests a particle flux profile close to the one suggested by Martin et al. (1987). Simulated pelagic denitrification best agrees with the lower values between 59 and 84 Tg N yr recently estimated by other authors.


In celebration of Playboy magazine?s 50th anniversary, TASCHEN brings you this ultimate Playboy Playmate tribute featuring each and every Playmate of the Month since issue number one. Beginning with Marilyn Monroe herself and including such favorites as Pamela Anderson, Anna Nicole Smith, and Jenny McCarthy, this chronological look at the history of Playboy centerfolds includes photos of the Playmates as well as updated personal information about their lives to this day - just enough to spark your memory or pique your interest and surely leaving you yearning for more...Hugh Marston Hefner was born in Chicago on April 9, 1926. The first issue of Playboy magazine, featuring the now-famous calendar photo of Marilyn Monroe, was produced in 1953 on a card table in his South Side apartment. Playboy grew at a phenomenal rate and by the end of the decade, the magazine was selling more than a million copies a month. At the start of the Sixties, Hef began to live out the "Good Life" depicted in the pages of his publication. He hosted a popular syndicated television show called Playboy?s Penthouse, purchased the Playboy Mansion, and opened the first Playboy Club on the Near North Side of Chicago. Throughout the Sixties, Hef and Playboy became what Chicago columnist Bob Greene has called "a force of nature." Hef wrote an extended series of editorials titled "The Playboy Philosophy," championing the rights of the individual and challenging the country?s heritage of puritan repression. By 1971, when Playboy Enterprises went public, the magazine was selling 7 million copies a month and there were 23 Playboy Clubs, resorts, hotels and casinos with more than 900,000 members worldwide. Hef established a second residence in Los Angeles, which quickly became known as Playboy Mansion West, and in 1975 decided to settle there permanently. In 1980, Hef championed the reconstruction of the Hollywood sign (then in serious disrepair) and was honored with a star on the Hollywood walk of fame for his efforts. Since the mid-Eighties, daughter Christie Hefner has served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Playboy Enterprises, but Hef continues to serve as the magazine?s editor-in-chief.


Combustion of coal, oil, and gas has raised the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to levels higher than they have been for millions of years. A brief review of the history of Earth's climate puts the next hundred years in its natural context, suggesting that most predictions based on climate models may be underestimating the problem. Reducing risks of future climate change requires changes in existing energy systems. These changes will be in three areas: increasing energy efficiency, increasing the stock of non-fossil energy generation, and adopting technologies for capturing and storing carbon dioxide from fossil fuels.


Professor David Kennedy's 2018 Montesquieu Lecture considers the role of expert legal knowledge in our political and economic life. As politicians, citizens, and experts engage one another on a technocratic terrain of irresolvable argument and uncertain knowledge, a world of astonishing inequality and injustice is born. Kennedy draws on his experience working with international lawyers, human rights advocates, policy professionals, economic development specialists, military lawyers, and humanitarian strategists to describe the conflicts, unexamined assumptions, and assertions of power and entitlement that lie at the center of expert rule. He explores how we can harness expert knowledge to remake an unjust world.


Learning thrives in conducive and supportive environments, and where a culture of learning is cultivated. There are many factors that distract learners from devoting themselves wholeheartedly to learning. This study takes a critical look at such factors, and the involvement of high school learners in the infonnal sector of the economy is identified as the focus for an in-depth interrogation. More specifically, the focus is on the reasons for learners' involvement in infonnal work, the type of work they do, as well as the impact of such involvement on their academic perfonnance. I have chosen to use the case study method in order to understand this phenomenon in one township high school, with a focus on Grade 11 learners as the study participants. Data was collected through a multi-method approach. This entailed a survey questionnaire, letters written by learners, and group and individual interviews. The life histories of learners were developed drawing from the data, and my own autobiography. Five learners, two boys and three girls, were selected to represent the voices of working learners through life histories. The findings of this study reveal that the kind of work activity engaged by learners is gendered, poorly paid, and makes them vulnerable to abuse and exploitation, and that poverty, education needs, culture, family structure, and size are the main reasons for children's involvement in the economic activities of the infonnal sector. Noting the magnitude of the problem, the study concludes with some recommendations whilst conceding that there are no quick-fix solutions to challenges of this nature.


In this paper, we present a system for interactive computation of global illumination in dynamic scenes. Our system uses a novel scheme for caching the results of a high quality pixel-based renderer such as a bidirectional path tracer. The Shading Cache is an object-space hierarchical subdivision mesh with lazily computed shading values at its vertices. A high frame rate display is generated from the Shading Cache using hardware-based interpolation and texture mapping. An image space sampling scheme refines the Shading Cache in regions that have the most interpolation error or those that are most likely to be affected by object or camera motion.Our system handles dynamic scenes and moving light sources efficiently, providing useful feedback within a few seconds and high quality images within a few tens of seconds, without the need for any pre-computation. Our approach allows us to significantly outperform other interactive systems based on caching ray-tracing samples, especially in dynamic scenes. Based on our results, we believe that the Shading Cache will be an invaluable tool in lighting design and modelling while rendering.


Hepatitis A is a common water-borne virus. Though it is an endemic disease but epidemics have occurred over the years. HAV infects more than 80% of the population of many developing countries by late adolescence. The difference is endemicity is related to the hygienic and sanitary conditions and also on other indicators of level of development. The outcome of hepatitis A may be extremely variable. Hepatitis A is a costly burden to society that could be countered by universal childhood immunization with hepatitis A vaccine. Considering other more pressing issues universal immunization may actually be a distant dream. Under prevailing conditions the disease can best be controlled by improving general living conditions.


The theatrical practice of prominently attaching a well-known theatre practitioner's name to a staged playtext, which may have been composed using an expert's literal translation, raises issues of visibility and agency in translation theory. How does the 'celebrity' translator contribute to the eventual performance and the collaborative process of production? This thesis conducts an empirical study on a time-based sample of eight translated plays performed on the mainstream London stage during a three-month period in 2005. The sample comprises direct, indirect and literal translators from a variety of professional backgrounds, and the plays range from Ancient Greek to contemporary Danish. Methodologies include archival investigations and oral histories. Firstly, I scrutinise the physical and economic contexts of the productions, analysing the sites of commission and performance, including a review of funding and management practices. Secondly, I examine the translation procedures of the eight plays, the collaboration of the translation and theatre practitioners and the relation of the translated playtext to the source-language play and earlier translations, where relevant. I consider the terminology presented to the prospective audience as translation, version or adaptation, and review reception. Thirdly, based on my interview research, I discuss the approaches adopted by the practitioners involved in the translation project, from inception to public performance, including producers, directors, literary managers, translators and writers. Finally, I interrogate issues of celebrity and collaboration in two case studies: Lorca's The House of Bernarda Alba in an indirect translation by David Hare, and Euripides' Hecuba in a direct translation by Tony Harrison. I conclude that investigation of the wider aspects of theatre translation results in a re-evaluation of visibility issues. Studying the power-lines of theatrical networks reveals the multiplicity of voices among the agents collaborating in performance, where celebrity is only one of the contextual factors contributing to a staged translation.


This dissertation illustrates the impact of the Loco-Foco movement (1820s-1870s), most notably its role in the development of "Manifest Destiny," the Free Soil Party, and the Republican Party. While historians have assumed that the Loco-Foco movement ended with the existence of the original third party in New York (1836-7), I pursue their philosophy and activism throughout the time and space of the late antebellum period. Loco-Focoism can be characterized as radical classical liberalism, including commitments to natural and equal rights, individualism, private property, laissez-faire, democratic republicanism, and, often, antislavery. Self-avowed and influential Loco-Focos included Herman Melville, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Walt Whitman, and countless other important figures in antebellum thought, culture, and politics ranging across the continent from New England and the northern border to the Pacific frontier zone and even the increasingly proslavery, anti-locofoco South. This study compiles the largest collection of primary sources related to the movement of any treatment to date, including dozens of newspapers, published books, poems, and pamphlets, public speeches, paintings, and private correspondence collections. This is the first and only history of the Loco-Foco Movement as such, and its conclusions offer sharp challenges to prevailing interpretations of the development of democratic-republican government, liberalism, and corporate-capitalism in the United States. While their ideology offered radical alternative models for American political and intellectual life, their efforts at practical politicking created much of the modern democratic, corporate-capitalist nation-state familiar to present-day readers.


OBJECTIVES
Percentage-predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), and their predicted postoperative (ppo) values are established prognostic factors for postoperative pulmonary complications after thoracotomy. However, their predictive value for minimally invasive pulmonary resections remains controversial. This study assessed the incidence of pulmonary complications after robotic lobectomy for primary lung cancer and analysed the predictive significance of FEV1 and DLCO.

METHODS
This was a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent robotic lobectomy from 4 institutions. Descriptive and comparative analyses were performed for patients who experienced pulmonary complications versus patients who did not, in relation to FEV1 and DLCO values. To identify thresholds for increased complications, patients were categorized into groups of 10% incremental increases in FEV1 and DLCO, and their ppo values.

RESULTS
From November 2002 to April 2018, 1088 patients underwent robotic lobectomy. Overall, 169 postoperative pulmonary complications occurred in 141 patients. Male gender and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group grade ≥1 were associated with increased pulmonary complications on univariable analysis. Patients who experienced pulmonary complications had increased mortality (2.1% vs 0.2%, P = 0.017) and longer hospitalizations (9 vs 4 days, P < 0.001). Pulmonary complications were associated when FEV1 ≤60% and DLCO ≤50%, and when ppo FEV1 or DLCO was ≤50%; ppo FEV1 ≤50% (P < 0.001) and ppo DLCO ≤50% (P = 0.031) remained statistically significant on multivariable analysis.

CONCLUSIONS
Both FEV1 and DLCO were shown to be significant predictors of pulmonary complications. Furthermore, thresholds of percentage-predicted and ppo FEV1 and DLCO values were identified, below which pulmonary complications occurred significantly more frequently, suggesting their predictive values are particularly useful in patients with poorer pulmonary function.


The ${T}_{\rm eff}$ location of Pre-Main Sequence (PMS) evolutionary tracks depends on the treatment of over-adiabaticity (D'Antona & Mazzitelli [CITE], [CITE]). Since the convection penetrates into the stellar atmosphere, also the treatment of convection in the modeling of stellar atmospheres will affect the location of the Hayashi tracks. In this paper we present new non-grey PMS tracks for ${T}_{\rm eff}$ $>4000$ K. We compute several grids of evolutionary tracks varying: i) the treatment of convection: either the Mixing Length Theory (MLT) or Canuto et al. ([CITE], CGM) formulation of a Full Spectrum of Turbulence; ii) the atmospheric boundary conditions: we use the new Vienna grids of ATLAS9 atmospheres (Heiter et al. [CITE]), which were computed using either MLT (with $\alpha=\Lambda/H_{\rm p}=0.5$) or CGM treatments. For comparison, we also compute grids of models with the NextGen (Allard & Hauschildt [CITE], AH97) atmosphere models, and a 1 ${M}_{\odot}$ grey MLT evolutionary track using the α  calibration based on 2D-hydrodynamical models (Ludwig et al. [CITE]). These different grids of models allow us to analyze the effects of convection modeling on the non-grey PMS evolutionary tracks. We disentangle the effect of the wavelength dependent opacity on a self-consistent treatment of convection in the atmosphere from the role of the convection model itself in the atmosphere and in the interior. While for some parts of the HR diagram (e.g., A stars) a low efficiency of atmospheric convection is clearly indicated by the data, for others the evidence is conflicting, showing the weaknesses of all the presently adopted local convection models. Nevertheless, the assumption of a low photospheric efficiency permits us to reproduce a larger amount of data and we have hence restricted our study to this case and draw the following conclusions for it: i)  in spite of the solar calibration, if MLT convection is adopted a large uncertainty results in the shape and location of PMS tracks, and the MLT calibration loses sense. ii)  As long as the model of convection is not the same in the interior and in the atmosphere, the optical depth at which we take the boundary conditions is an additional parameter of the models. iii)  Furthermore, very different sub-atmospheric structures are obtained (for MS and PMS stellar models) depending not only on the treatment of convection, but also on the optical depth at which the boundary conditions are taken. iv)  The comparison between NextGen based models and ATLAS9 based models shows that in the ${T}_{\rm eff}$ domain they have in common (4000–10 000 K) the improved opacities in NextGen atmosphere models have no relevant role on the PMS location, this being determined mainly by the treatment of the over-adiabatic convection. v)  In the framework of standard stellar modeling (i.e., non-magnetic, non-rotating, spherical models), the comparison between theoretical models and observational data in very young binary systems indicates that, for both treatments of convection (MLT and CGM) and for any of the atmosphere grids (including those based on the 2D-hydrodynamical atmosphere models), the same assumption for convection cannot be used in PMS and MS: either the models fit the MS – and the Sun in particular – or they fit the PMS. Convection in the PMS phase appears to be less efficient than what is necessary to fit the Sun.


My abstract moving image making has provided a foundation for my practice since I first started processing and solarizing my own 16mm film in one of those LOMO Russian processing tanks in 1973. Feyers, Zoomfilm (1976) and Running (1976) rework some of those early strips of black and white film. Whenever funding dried up I always fell back on my abstract direct on film work. It was cheap. Like knitting, it gave me a space to process the dilemmas and incongruities of daily life and to escape its clutches. I also began to understand that these forces were still there, embedded implicitly in the work. Now, more than ever, I understand this as a survival response to corporate doublespeak. I would never throw anything away. New scratching, painting, taping or bleaching strategies could be added later. Intensive cluster editing of single frames became an obsession. The translated difference between what you saw over a light-box and what was projected drew me in. Like the migrant position I was allocated from childhood I survived in the space between these two territories. As well as an archive of images and movement I collect optical effects. The flash frame. The trail of afterimages resulting from flickering between positive and negative images. At their liveliest these images float above the screen. Now the digital allows me to amplify the material presence of 16m and 35mm film and a whole new world opens up before me. I cobble together found footage films from my own archive of discarded data and unfinished sentences.


Bile acid metabolism and biliary secretion were characterized in the first 2 wk after orthotopic liver transplantation in 15 patients receiving cyclosporine and in five patients receiving FK 506. Analyses were performed on hepatic bile obtained by T‐tube drainage; values obtained were compared with literature values for bile samples obtained in patients who had undergone cholecystectomy. Biliary bile acid output, which is equivalent to bile acid biosynthesis from cholesterol, was low (mean ± S.E.M.) and increased with time: day 1, 0.50 ± 0.1 mmol/day; day 3, 0.8 ± 0.1 mmol/day; and day 6, 1.6 ± 0.5 mmol/day. Chenodeoxycholic acid biosynthesis, as percent of total bile acid biosynthesis, was abnormally low in patients receiving cyclosporine (16.2 ± 1.1) but not in patients receiving FK 506 (38.2 ± 4.8) (p<0.005). Before the T‐tube was clamped, the proportion of deoxycholic acid (a secondary bile acid formed by bacterial 7‐dehydroxylation of cholic acid) was low in both groups: cyclosporine, 0.4 ± 0.1; FK 506, 4.8 ± 2.5 (p<0.01). The mean concentration of bile acids in hepatic bile between days 4 and 11 did not differ significantly between groups: cyclosporine, 7.7 ± 1.3 mmol/L; FK 506 4.3 ± 0.7 mmol/L (mean ± S.E.M.). (These values are similar to those reported for patients who have undergone cholecystectomy.) Bile acid–dependent bile flow, expressed as apparent choleretic activity (microliters of bile per micromole of bile acid output), was markedly elevated: in patients receiving cyclosporine the value was 129, and in patients receiving FK 506 the value was 220. (In patients who have undergone cholecystectomy, this value is less than 30.) It is concluded that canalicular secretion of bile acids is markedly decreased in the immediate postoperative period after liver transplantation, whereas bile flow is relatively unimpaired, possibly because of impaired biliary duct function. During this period, administration of cyclosporine but not FK 506 causes a selective reduction in chenodeoxycholic acid biosynthesis, probably attributable to its known inhibition of cholesterol 27‐hydroxylase. (HEPATOLOGY 1994;19:1381–1389.)


The accuracy with which a computer vision system is able to identify objects in an image is heavily dependent upon the accuracy of the low level processes that identify which points lie on the edges of an object. In order to remove noise and fine texture from an image, it is usually smoothed before edge detection is performed. This smoothing causes edges to be displaced from their actual location in the image. Knowledge about the changes that occur with different degrees of smoothing (scales) and the physical conditions that cause these changes is essential to proper interpretation of the results obtained. In this work the amount of delocalization and the magnitude of the response to the Normalized Gradient of Gaussian operator are analyzed as a function of $\sigma$, the standard deviation of the Gaussian. As a result of this analysis it was determined that edge points could be characterized as to slope, contrast, and proximity to other edges. The analysis is also used to define the size that the neighborhood of an edge point must be in order to assure its containing the delocalized edge point at another scale when $\sigma$ is known.
Given this theoretical background, an algorithm was developed to obtain sequential lists of edge points. This used multiple scales in order to achieve the superior localization and detection of weak edges possible with smaller scales combined with the noise suppression of the larger scales. The edge contours obtained with this method are significantly better than those achieved with a single scale. A second algorithm was developed to allow sets of edge contour points to be represented as active contours so that interaction with a higher level process is possible. This higher level process could do such things as determine where corners or discontinuities could appear. The algorithm developed here allows hard constraints and represents a significant improvement in speed over previous algorithms allowing hard constraints, being linear rather than cubic.


English: Nearest neighbour search is the one of the most simple and used technique in
Pattern Recognition due to its simplicity and its good behaviour..
Many fast NN search algorithm have been developed during last years. However,
in some classifacation tasks an exact NN search is too slow, and a way to quicken the
search is required. To face these tasks it is possible to use approximate NN search, which
usually increases error rates but highly reduces search time.
One of the most known faster nearest neighbour algorithms was proposed by
Fugunada and Naendra. There are two way to perfoem the algorithm: building a tree or
performing clustering(classic way) in process time that is traversed on search time using
some elimination rules to avoid its full exploration. This paper tests one type of the
improvement in a real data environment. A new priority list is invited in order to reduce
significant both: the number of distance computations and the search time expended to
find the nearest neighbour.
This work has been developed on the program R-project version 2.13.1. over a
computer with Windows Vista 32 bits, CPU: AMD Athlon X2 Dual-Duo CPU 2.00GHz
and RAM: 2038 MB.


Sediment reference sites were used to establish toxicity standards against which to compare results from sites investigated in San Francisco Bay (California, USA) monitoring programs. The reference sites were selected on the basis of low concentrations of anthropogenic chemicals, distance from active contaminant sources, location in representative hydrographic areas of the Bay, and physical features characteristic of depositional areas (e.g., fine grain size and medium total organic carbon [TOC]). Five field‐replicated sites in San Francisco Bay were evaluated over three seasons. Samples from each site were tested with nine toxicity test protocols and were analyzed for sediment grain size and concentrations of trace metals, trace organics, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and TOC. The candidate sites were found to have relatively low concentrations of measured chemicals and generally exhibited low toxicity. Toxicity data from the reference sites were then used to calculate numerical tolerance limits to be used as threshold values to determine which test sites had significantly higher toxicity than reference sites. Tolerance limits are presented for four standard test protocols, including solid‐phase sediment tests with the amphipods Ampelisca abdita and Eohaustorius estuarius and sea urchin Strong ylocentrotus purpuratus embryo/larval development tests in pore water and at the sediment‐water interface (SWI). Tolerance limits delineating the lowest 10th percentile (0.10 quantile) of the reference site data distribution were 71% of the control response for Ampelisca, 70% for Eohaustorius, 94% for sea urchin embryos in pore water, and 87% for sea urchins embryos exposed at the SWI. The tolerance limits are discussed in terms of the critical values governing their calculation and the management implications arising from their use in determining elevated toxicity relative to reference conditions.


Ship strikes of large whales cause mortalities worldwide, but there is uncertainty regarding the frequency and species involved. We examined 130 records (from 1980–2006) of large whale strandings in Washington State. Nineteen strandings (seven species) had evidence of ship-strikes. Fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) had the highest incidence of ante-mortem ship strike (five of seven, with the remaining two possibly post-mortem) and all but one occurring since 2002. Six grey whales (Eschrichtius robustus) suffered 'possible ship strike' injuries, likely the result of their large numbers in the area, rather than high levels of ship strikes. Only one possible ship-struck humpback whale was recorded, despite concentrations of humpbacks feeding within shipping lanes in this region. This study shows dramatic differences in occurrences of ship-struck large whales by species, which we believe results from a combination of species' vulnerability to ship strikes, and how likely a struck whale is to be caught up on the bow of a ship and brought to waters where it can be examined.


Over the past forty years, economists associated with the University of Chicago have won more than one-third of the Nobel prizes awarded in their discipline and have been major influences on American public policy. Building Chicago Economics presents the first collective attempt by social science historians to chart the rise and development of the Chicago School during the decades that followed the Second World War. Drawing on new research in published and archival sources, contributors examine the people, institutions and ideas that established the foundations for the success of Chicago economics and thereby positioned it as a powerful and controversial force in American political and intellectual life.


Fighting crime requires that we vest police with extensive discretion so that they can protect the public. Unfortunately, the nature of police work makes it difficult to ensure that law enforcement authority is not abused. This challenge is exacerbated by the fact that a great deal of questionable police activity exists in the legal shadows -- unregulated practices that do not violate defined legal limits because they have generally eluded both judicial and legislative scrutiny. Local law enforcement strategies, like the maintenance of unauthorized police DNA databases and the routine practice of initiating casual street encounters, threaten fundamental notions of a free society but have largely failed to elicit a judicial or legislative response.This Article argues that instead of establishing a floor for impermissible police misconduct and then ceding responsibility to the legislative branch, state courts should become more interventionist -- prodding legislators to provide greater guidance about police activities that they condone by forcing them to explicitly endorse questionable police practices. Accordingly, this Article suggests that state courts take advantage of the intrastate preemption doctrine, which allows a court to find that a municipality's authority in a particular area has been supplanted by state law, to find that local police officers are barred from engaging in certain law enforcement activities. While intrastate preemption is often accused of stifling municipal policy innovation, the doctrine has decidedly different implications when applied to statutes implicating police conduct and historically disfranchised groups. In such cases, a finding of preemption may actually precipitate a policy debate that engages both legislators and the electorate in evaluating police activity. This "information-forcing" approach can promote a more democratic dialogue about police practices, provide stronger protections for the community, and confer greater legitimacy on police activities that legislators choose to sanction.


Lung cancer is the leadingworldwide cause of cancermortality, as it is often detected at an advanced stage. Since 2011, low-dose CT scan–based screening has promised a 20% reduction in lung cancer mortality. However, effectiveness of screening has been limited by eligibility only for a high-risk population of heavy smokers and a large number of false positives generated by CT. Biomarkers have tremendous potential to improve early detection of lung cancer by refining lung cancer risk, stratifying positive CT scans, and categorizing intermediate-risk pulmonary nodules. Three biomarker tests (Early CDT-Lung, Nodify XL2, Percepta) have undergone extensive validation and are available to the clinician. The authors discuss these tests, with their clinical applicability and limitations, current ongoing evaluation, and future directions for biomarkers in lung cancer screening and detection. See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, "NCI Early Detection Research Network: Making Cancer Detection Possible."


This study analyses the impact of value added tax on key sectoral and macroeconomic aggregates, using a CGE model considered suitable for Nigeria. A survey of VATable Nigerian manufacturers, distributors, importers and suppliers of goods and services, organizations was conducted to gain insights into the way VAT is treated by these organizations. The survey shows that a majority of the VATable organizations treat VAT in a price cascading manner by regarding it as cost contrary to expectations. Evidence from the way VAT revenue is being shared among the three levels of government in Nigeria suggests that this revenue is being re-injected into the economy. Against this background, model simulations were run for three scenarios. The simulation results shows that if VATable organizations treat the VAT in the expected non-cascading manner and the VAT revenue is re-injected via increases in sectoral government consumption expenditure, the general price level will increase by 5%, total private consumption expenditures will fall by over 12%, total consumption expenditure inclusive of government component will fall by only 6.7%, total gross output and GDP will fall by about 3% and 5% respectively, but the share of wages in total factor income will increase lightly. Private savings will increase by over 14% in order to secure the savings-investment balance because government and foreign savings will fall by about 4% and 11.6% respectively. If the VATable organizations treat the VAT in a non-cascading manner but the VAT revenue is sterilized the results show that although the price effects will be the same, the effects on the other sectoral and macroeconomic aggregates will be more deleterious than in the first scenario. Finally, when VAT is treated in a cascading manner by the VATable organizations and the VAT revenue is re-injected into the economy the price, consumption expenditure, output and income effects will be most deleterious. It turns out that this scenario where VAT will have the most adverse effects on price, consumption, output, employment and income best approximates the Nigerian situation. It will, therefore, be necessary to consider strategies for securing appropriate treatment of VAT by the VATable organizations while taking steps to ensure that the VAT revenue is targeted at sectors most likely to ameliorate the inadvertent adverse effects of VAT on consumer welfare, production, employment and income.


Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is recruited during visual working memory (WM) when relevant information must be maintained in the presence of distracting information. The mechanism by which DLPFC might ensure successful maintenance of the contents of WM is, however, unclear; it might enhance neural maintenance of memory targets or suppress processing of distracters. To adjudicate between these possibilities, we applied time-locked transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) during functional MRI, an approach that permits causal assessment of a stimulated brain region's influence on connected brain regions, and evaluated how this influence may change under different task conditions. Participants performed a visual WM task requiring retention of visual stimuli (faces or houses) across a delay during which visual distracters could be present or absent. When distracters were present, they were always from the opposite stimulus category, so that targets and distracters were represented in distinct posterior cortical areas. We then measured whether DLPFC-TMS, administered in the delay at the time point when distracters could appear, would modulate posterior regions representing memory targets or distracters. We found that DLPFC-TMS influenced posterior areas only when distracters were present and, critically, that this influence consisted of increased activity in regions representing the current memory targets. DLPFC-TMS did not affect regions representing current distracters. These results provide a new line of causal evidence for a top-down DLPFC-based control mechanism that promotes successful maintenance of relevant information in WM in the presence of distraction.


Type-and-effect systems are a well-studied approach for reasoning about the computational behavior of programs. A major roadblock in adopting effect systems in popular languages is the tradeoff between expressiveness and verbosity. In this technical report, we present a syntactically lightweight but expressive system for annotating effect-polymorphic behavior of functions. The presented system is independent from any specific effect domains and can be embedded in an extensible type-and-effect system.


Madison, Wisconsin—An instrument aboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory satellite has detected 100-million-degree oxygen ions in the suns atmosphere, investigators announced at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society here last week. That temperature is tens of times higher than has ever been measured before in the corona, the sun's halo of ionized gases. But a handful of solar physicists aren't surprised. They say that the detection of superhot oxygen provides crucial support for theories that they have proposed to solve the mystery of what heats the corona to millions of degrees when the surface of the sun is a cool 6000 degrees.


This essay/review by Ruthann Robson and Tanya Kessler, published at 53 McGill Law Journal 535-571 (2008), situates Brenda Cossman's book Sexual Citizens in the context of sexual-citizenship discourse, which has arisen from the critique of dominant theories of citizenship that fail to recognize citizenship as gendered, racialized and sexualized. Cossman employs the term "citizenship" to mean not only a formal legal status, but also metaphorically as forms of belonging, recognition and participation. Using examples from popular culture, she seeks to illustrate that the emerging sexual citizenship of sexual minorities in the United States is overtly sexual, yet also privatized and self-disciplined. Using Sexual Citizens as an illustration, the authors suggest that sexual citizenship discourse currently neglects the issue of sexual minorities' access to formal citizenship. In many cases, formal citizenship status is even presumed. At a time of burgeoning repression of immigrants in the United States and elsewhere, sexual-citizenship discourse should be more cognizant of citizenship as a formal legal status and explore the manner in which immigration law regulates sexual practices. Although the language of citizenship can provide some valuable metaphors for sexual minorities and is an apt response where the nation-state invokes citizenship to regulate behaviour, this analysis should confront the notion of citizenship itself. Indeed, the rubric for theorizing the regulation of citizenship should not necessarily be citizenship, since it risks perpetuating the notion's noninclusiveness. The authors thus propose that a language of "personhood" may be more suitable in pursuing rights and participation for sexual minorities.


Although the conceptual foundations of PBS at the universal level have been widely described and presented in the literature, secondary and tertiary interventions have been presented through very limited examples. This paper defines the key features of secondary and tertiary interventions and presents a decision-making process to guide schools through a continuum of strategies at these levels. The continuum is described in terms of a recursive loop, repetitively asking four questions: what is predictable about student failure, what is the simplest effective intervention, how can consistent implementation be achieved, and is it working? With each pass through this set of questions there is a steadily increasing focus on smaller groups and eventually individual students. The focus on the continuum of strategies at the tertiary level for individual students is presented through the lens of functional behavior assessment. A summary and recommendations for future study are included.


The year 2000 is almost upon us. Figuring out the implications of the millennium for budgeters is an urgent task: This editorial lays out some likely scenarios. To budgeters used to thinking in terms of annual and biennial budgets, a millennial budget is a new concept. Millennial budgeting for some budgeters, especially in CBO, OMB, and GAO, means budgeting for the next 1000 years. They are already projecting thirty years out. What is another 970 years? After fixing social security and health care spending, these budgeters have a relatively easy ride for the next 900 years. Agreement on assumptions for the outyears may prove difficult, however, and the projections of the three agencies differ by about 17 googleplexes. The difference in projections is not problematic, because Congress has agreed to pick whichever projection favors the currently preferred policy. They call this practice "directed projections." However, Congress did pressure CBO to increase the estimate of surpluses in year 3002 so that they could reduce taxes in year 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, and on to 3001. Members of Congress argued that this improved projection was justified by the fiscal dividend resulting from the budget surplus in 1998. This surplus would have a chance to improve the economy each year between 2000 and 3001 and hence would produce a surplus in that year of any desired size. Other budgeters have argued that the millennium means that Armageddon will finally arrive in a blast of heat. They have been waiting for it and announcing budget meltdown each year for the last millennium (and you thought economics was the dismal science), and now they have a chance to be right. These budgeters refuse to spend the money for the Y2K solutions, firmly believing that the year 2001 will never occur. Budgeting with the idea that the world will end in two years changes things, besides the number of outyears in the budget. Groups of Believers in different budgeting approaches have divided over how to budget for the final year. Incrementalists argue for keeping the budget distribution just as it is now, but would like everyone to go out happy, so they budget for a 100 percent increment. The department heads are ecstatic, until they realize they won't get a chance to spend it, unless they move very very quickly. Everything at city hall speeds up: The fire trucks go faster, the police arrest people faster, the finance office pays bills faster, and overall productivity improves, like the Fourth of July fireworks just before the end of the show. To get the extra money, the incrementalists push off expenditures into next year, and push up revenues into this year. Performance budgeters are initially ecstatic about the improved productivity. But then they think about what it means if the programs they are monitoring actually come to an end. And they also worry about who will be around to do the final evaluation, and if evaluation of programs will be on His or Her mind. In light of disagreement on these crucial issues, they decide to push the idea of self-evaluating organizations. Zero-based budgeters are least able to deal with the millennium, until they remember that from the department's point of view, zero base is the end of the world. …


Article history: Received October 1, 2011 Received in Revised form November, 14, 2011 Accepted 15 February 2012 Available online 23 February 2012 This research examines the determinants of firms' investment introducing a behavioral perspective that has received little attention in corporate finance literature. The following central hypothesis emerges from a set of recently developed theories: Investment decisions are influenced not only by their fundamentals but also depend on some other factors. One factor is the biasness of any CEO to their investment, biasness depends on the cognition and emotions, because some leaders use them as heuristic for the investment decision instead of fundamentals. This paper shows how CEO emotional bias (optimism, loss aversion and overconfidence) affects the investment decisions. The proposed model of this paper uses Bayesian Network Method to examine this relationship. Emotional bias has been measured by means of a questionnaire comprising several items. As for the selected sample, it has been composed of some 100 Tunisian executives. Our results have revealed that the behavioral analysis of investment decision implies leader affected by behavioral biases (optimism, loss aversion, and overconfidence) adjusts its investment choices based on their ability to assess alternatives (optimism and overconfidence) and risk perception (loss aversion) to create of shareholder value and ensure its place at the head of the management team. © 2012 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


Condition assessment of Reinforced Concrete Bridge is a complex subject imbued with
uncertainty and vagueness. This complexity arises from numbers and relations of
problems in reinforced concrete bridges. Condition assessment process requires deep
knowledge of the behavior of Reinforced Concrete Bridge, awareness of change, good
understanding of design process and skillful person. This requirement can be achieved
through a comprehensive expert system, which may represent human expertise.
The aim of this project is to develop an expert system for condition assessment of
reinforced concrete bridges. The system should be an efficient tool to guide the field
inspectors during identification of potential problems associated with existing reinforced
concrete bridges. It is developed by integrating the existing condition assessment
procedures by the Public Work Department (JKR), which is only based on visual
inspection, and the results obtained through non-destructive test (NDT) techniques and
finite element analysis.The system has been successfully developed. Its final output, which not only is displayed
on the monitor but also can be saved in a computer file and sent to a printer. Having this
computation power, one file is created for each bridge at a particular area and quantitative
comparison can be done faster and much more precisely than the available methods of
condition assessment.


AKDEMIR, S., 2012. Energy consumption of an experimental cold storage. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 18: 991-996 Energy consumption of an experimental cold storage was measured for different storage temperatures. Suction temperature and pressure temperature of the compressor and working time of the compressor were determined to reach evaporator set up temperatures. Capacity of compressor, condenser, and evaporator were 10460 kJ/h, 12552 kJ/h, and 10460 kJ/h, respectively. An axial fan located back of the evaporator was used to distribute the cooled air into the cold store. An electrical heater was used to defrost. Refrigerant was R22. The compressor suction and pressure temperatures varied between 1.8 o C-14 o C, and 37 o C-44 o C, respectively. Condenser output temperature changed from 28.8 to 45.5 o C. Electrical energy consumption were measured as 0.001 kWh for 5 o C, 4 o C, and 3 o C and 0.003 kWh for 2 o C, 0.006 kWh for 1 o C, 0.001 kWh for -1 o C, 0.109 kWh for -2 o C and 0.120 kWh for -3 o C. Mean energy consumption of the compressor was 0.035 kWh/ o C for positive cold storage temperatures (from 5 o C to 0 o C) and 0.093 kWh/ o C for negative temperatures (-1 o C, -2 o C, and -3 o C). Working time of the compressor was changed from 207 s to 25049 s


Chapter 2 of Performing Music Research reviews three methodological approaches: qualitative, quantitative, and multistrategy. While all three approaches can be used to shed light on musical topics, qualitative approaches tend to elicit an understanding of individuals' idiosyncratic perspectives and experiences, whereas quantitative approaches tend to focus on larger-scale, more generalizable explanations. The chapter considers the main features of these two approaches and addresses the increasing body of work combining qualitative and quantitative forms of enquiry in multistrategy research. It delves deeper into each of the three methodological approaches to illuminate some of the specific strategies associated with them, ranging from the ethnographic exploration of musical cultures to experimental studies testing the very latest innovations in the field.


This paper presents a coordination algorithm for mobile autonomous robots. Relying on distributed sensing, the robots achieve rendezvous, i.e., they move to a common location. Each robot is a point mass moving in a simply connected, nonconvex, unknown environment according to an omnidirectional kinematic model. It is equipped with line-of-sight limited-range sensors, i.e., it can measure the relative position of any object (robots or environment boundary) if and only if the object is within a given distance and there are no obstacles in between. The perimeter minimizing algorithm is designed using the notions of robust visibility, connectivity-preserving constraint sets, and proximity graphs. The algorithm provably achieves rendezvous if the interagent sensing graph is connected at any time during the evolution of the group. Simulations illustrate the theoretical results and the performance of the proposed algorithm in asynchronous setups and with measurement errors, control errors, and nonzero robot size. Simulations to illustrate the importance of visibility constraints and comparisons with the optimal centralized algorithm are also included.


Medical curriculum can exposed the medical students to a significant levels of mental pressure. Therefore, the prevalence and incidence of psychiatric disorders including abnormal value of stress, depression and anxiety are higher in the schools of medicine. There are two major types of sources that can lead to stress and further mental problems in the medical students: 1. stresses related to the university and 2. individual features of the students themselves. This high level of mental pressure has various consequences which may lead to further problems including drug abuse, smoking, alcohol drinking, academic failure, sleep disorders and suicide. Thus, it is important to manage stress and its consequences in medical schools. In this paper, we review the prevalence, manifestations, causes, consequences and proposed approaches to decrease student distress.


This paper seeks to investigate issues associated with the inconspicuousness of indigenous African languages in the South African education system. The integration of indigenous African languages into information and communication technology (ICT) in the basic education sector, in KwaZulu-Natal is one of the key and strategic shifts that should be considered and embraced. Such imperatives are bound to positively fast-track various efforts targeted towards the elevation and promotion of indigenous African languages as medium of instruction. These languages have been discriminated against for a number of years, since the era of colonisation and Apartheid South Africa. Despite numerous attempts by the new democratic government, through transformative legislative frameworks that seek to elevate the status of these languages, African languages are still not seriously considered within the education sector. Institutions of learning have developed multilingual language policies yet their implementation remains a major problem and a pipedream for a majority of South African. Based on the critical review of the literature on indigenous African languages and ICT, the paper highlights various opportunities and benefits that at are at disposal for the integration of indigenous African languages into ICT within the education sector, as well as some challenges associated with such initiatives. The paper concludes with a discussion of some linguistic challenges that are responsible for the continued low profile of indigenous languages in education and to a high failure rate in South African schools.


Operations of mobile ad hoc networks rely on the collaboration of participating nodes to route data for each other. This standard approach using a fixed set of nodes for each communication link cannot cope with high mobility due to a high frequency of link breaks. A recent approach based on virtual routers has been proposed to address this problem. In this new environment, virtual routers are used for forwarding data. The functionality of each virtual router is provided by the mobile devices currently within its spatial proximity. Since these routers do not move, the communication links are much more robust compared to those of the conventional techniques. In this paper, we investigate techniques to enforce collaboration among mobile devices by identify and punish misbehaving users in supporting the virtual router functionality. Simulation results based on various system configurations are given. They indicate that the proposed technique is effective.


This study intends to fabricate a small-size capacitive wireless transmission device. As to the design of electrode plates, the active electrode is designed in two ways, through row array and column array, and the area of an electrode plate is limited to below 20.25 cm2. Moreover, the passive electrode of row-array electrode plates is designed in three ways: general row array, window array, and rhombus array. As seen from the results of circuit simulation, the transmission efficiency of the capacitive wireless transmission device is as high as 0.7. In the actual circuit experiment, the electrode plate in the window-array design has the highest efficiency at 51%. In addition, the electrode plates in the window array and those in other arrays have higher stability and transmission efficiency. In the rotational angle dislocation experiment, the unit area current amount of the column-array electrode plates in the high coupling region is also smaller than that of the window-array electrode plates. However, the performance of column-array electrode plates reaches higher stability in the angle dislocation experiment, and its anti-angle dislocation is obviously higher than that of the electrode plates designed in the other three row arrays. Moreover, when the area of the column-array electrode plates is 22.25 cm2, the highest transmission distance is 22.5 mm.


The eastern Owl Creek Mts. are part of a block of Precambrian and younger rocks moved upward and southward in early Eocene by a moderately high angle thrust fault. The toe of the thrust became broken by normal faulting and the part behind it became the Copper Mtn. arch. Cedar Ridge fault scarp in the southern part of the toe is composed of post-thrust arkoses of the lower Eocene Wind River Formation. Drill-hole data suggest that Wind River arkose exists in the subsurface north of Cedar Ridge fault, but in most of the toe, the Tepee Trail is underlain by Paleozoic and Precambrian rocks, indicating extensive erosion of the Wind River on the toe prior to Tepee Trail time. It is postulated that the Wind River horst blocks and perhaps the Steffen Hill complex were grabens at this time, and were faulted upward after Tepee Trail time.


This paper analyzes the design, refinement, and evolution of organizational policymaking processes, that is to say, organizational governance. Governance procedures like other aspects of organization are refined through time to advance formeteur interests. Several mechanisms of evolution are explored in this paper. First, formal organizations have a beginning. They are founded. As a consequence, governance templates initially tend to maximize formeteur control over their organizations. Second, formeteurs may subsequently revise the initial distribution of authority. There are often good reasons for formeteurs to exchange some of their initial authority for services and resources that advance organizational interests. Third, there are the constraints of survivorship, which require an organization to attract sufficient resources to be self sustaining. This paper suggests that the results of these processes of refinement tend to be ruledriven, divided governments, many of which will be based on the king and council template. That template facilitates the emergence of relatively effective forms of organizational governance, because it can be adjusted at a large number of margins without changing the essential architecture of governance.


Background . More international HIV/AIDS intervention initiatives targeting young adults are needed to help reach targets set by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS). Objectives. To determine the effect of an online HIV/AIDS course on 1st-year pharmacy students' knowledge of HIV prevention and transmission and of the science of HIV infection. Methods. Online anonymous surveys, the Pre- and Post-Confirmation of Acceptance for Studies, were administered by means of an online survey tool, SurveyMonkey (USA), to 1st-year pharmacy students, from 2009 to 2013. These surveys were administered online during the first and last weeks of class, respectively. Results. With regard to HIV prevention and transmission, student knowledge of the manner in which HIV is transmitted improved during the course.  Overall, students were more confident about their knowledge of HIV prevention. They also indicated that as a direct result of taking the AIDS Online International course they were more reluctant to have unsafe sex and more confident about how to protect themselves against HIV/AIDS. Their scientific knowledge also improved. Conclusion. The implementation of an online HIV/AIDS course has proved to be an effective method of HIV/AIDS education, and may also be a viable HIV intervention initiative.


Caliban: Be not afeard: the isle is full of noises, Sounds and sweet airs that give delight and hurt not. Sometimes a thousand twangling instruments Will hum about mine ears; and sometimes voices That, if I then had waked after long sleep, Will make me sleep again; and then, in dreaming, The clouds methought would open and show riches Ready to drop upon me, that, when I waked, I cried to dream again. (3.2.133-41) CALIBAN'S FAMOUS SET-PIECE in The Tempest does not lead where its beginning seems to point. From an enumeration of sounds, songs, and musical instruments, he veers toward a vision of the heavens bursting with palpable riches. From a state of sharp, wakeful cognizance, he drifts toward sleep and dreams. Somewhere far behind Caliban's dream stands the archetype for all musical dreams through the Middle Ages and Renaissance: Cicero's Somnium scipionis, dispersed widely enough in Macrobius's Commentaries to become a commonplace in praises of music and its powers. If, however, Scipio's dream is a straightforward Neoplatonic anamnesis, leading the soul back through the musical spheres toward its heavenly origins, Shakespeare's somnium calibanis is something else again. It does not point upward toward musical quintessence and, finally, transcendent immateriality. Instead Caliban's noises and songs seem positively to induce the opposition at the heart of his dream: immaterial heavens versus the too-solid riches they would shower down on him. Sonic forces seem to be positioned here at a liminal meeting-point of matter and nonmatter. From this place they confront interpretations of early modern ontologies that would straightforwardly separate the two. Caliban's positioning of sounds and songs would not have surprised a Renaissance Neoplatonist. The most influential sonic ontology of the period, Marsilio Ficino's, consistently emphasized a similar liminality.(1) In his often reprinted De vita libri tres, an elaboration on Plotinus dedicated to therapeutic and astrological magic, Ficino arranged mundane materials and phenomena of the human soul alongside the heavenly spheres whose influxes they might attract. Words, songs, and sounds (undifferentiated from one another: a point to which I will return) occupied the middle space, dedicated to the sun. Beneath them came more or less solid material substances--metals, plants, vapors, and so forth (associated with the moon, Mercury, and Venus)--while above them ranged immaterial psychic phenomena: conceptions of the imagination (Mars), the deliberations of reason (Jupiter), and intuitive understanding (Saturn). Also in De vita, and elsewhere throughout his later writings, Ficino connected sounds and songs to the human spiritus. This too marked the borderline positioning of sounds, since spirit was the most liminal of human faculties. In Ficino's view, capping a history of pneumatology reaching back to ancient times, spirit joined body and soul--and hence, since the human organism was located at the midpoint of the cosmos, material and immaterial realms all told. Ficino's ambivalence in defining spirit shows that it did not admit of identification as either matter or nonmatter; it was, he wrote, "almost not a body but a soul; or again, almost not a soul but a body." The implications of this ambivalent spirit are far-reaching. It cannot be equated with Descartes's animal spirits, the most subtle materials of the human body (though these grew out of Ficinian and other pneumatological traditions). These later spirits remain stolidly material, however thin they might be; because of this they cannot come in contact with the immaterial soul. In affirming the impossibility of such contact they inaugurate the dualism of the Cartesian legacy. Ficino's spirit, instead, escapes dualism through its ineffable liminality. It suggests the possibility that Renaissance materialities were always in touch with nonmatter--if in ways difficult to perceive from a post-Cartesian perspective. …


This paper investigates the tutor's discourse in a university classroom for a business law tutorial. It is argued that the discourse is structured on several levels. On a deeper level, linguistic models of values underpinning the legal system can be discerned. Sinclair and Coulthard's classroom taxonomy was applied firstly to the discourse, followed by further investigation of the moves in the exchanges along the lines of Halliday's interpersonal, ideational and metalanguage components. In addition, characteristics of legal language were explored. It was found that, in combination, these form the medium through which the linguistic models of the legal system are presented. It is suggested that these elements of the discourse play an important role in initiating the students into the subject's discourse community. It is further suggested that students with less facility and flexibility in English may be positioned less advantageously to benefit from these subtle messages.


This paper introduces the Spotting by Association method for video analysis, which is a novel method to detect video segments with typical semantics. Video data contains various kinds of information by means of continuous images, natural language, and sound. For use in a Digital Library, it is essential to segment the video data into meaningful pieces. To detect meaningful segments, we should associate data from each modality, including video, language, and sound. For this purpose, we propose a new method for segment spotting by making correspondences between image clues detected by image analysis and language clues created by natural language analysis. As a result, relevant video segments with sufficient information in every modMity are obtained. We applied our method to closed-captioned CNN Headline News. Video segments with important situations, that is a speech, meeting, or visit, are detected fairly well.


It's a great discovery. Right there, at the bottom of the garden, bobbing on the river, is a canoe. The Minnow. David can't help wishing he could keep her ...The Minnow leads him to Adam, and an extraordinary summer begins. Armed with a mysterious, ancient clue, the two boys set out along the river by boat. They're determined to find the legendary lost treasure, hidden by one of Adam's ancestors hundreds of years before. But they are not the only people looking for treasure, and soon they are caught in a dangerous race against time ...


Is the Bible one book or a collection of writings? If it is a book, does it stand as a coherent piece of literature? In this beautifully written book Gabriel Josipovici answers these questions, drawing on his deep knowledge and appreciation of medieval and modern art and literature and on his personal understanding of the possibilities of narrative. His close textual analysis of the Bible not only lifts literary-biblical criticism to a new level but also makes the Bible accessible to our secular age. 'As 'A Resonse to the Bible', 'The Book of God' is fresh and energetic, scattering insights in all directions, making original and unexpected connections between the Bible and such modern authors as Proust, casting new light upon such questions as the Bible's place in Western culture and the nature of its authority, the unity and discontinuities of the text, and the need for a perspective that at once transcends and unites historical-theological and aesthetic interpretation.' Northrop Frye 'His book is easy, intimate, and direct, partly because he has digested all his learning, partly because his dissatisfaction with his predecessors' solutions never belittles them, and partly because his own readings are those of a cultivated contemporary who, though respectful, is not awestruck. Whatever he turns to, he illuminates.' The New Yorker 'Josipovici's insights ...deserve and need to be pondered by both literary critics and Biblical scholars.' John Barton, London Review of Books 'His urbane style, shrewd discernment, subtle humour, and, above all, his passion for words lead us to listen in fresh ways.' Walter Brueggemann, Theology Today 'This is a book to be grateful for: thoughtful, deeply felt, and beautifully written.' David Lodge, Independent Gabriel Josipovici is a novelist, literary theorist, critic and scholar. He was Professor of English at the University of Sussex, and Weidenfeld Professor of Comparative Literature at Oxford, and is now research professor in the Graduate School of Humanities, Sussex.


[1] This paper is based on a comparative study on ultraviolet radiation (UV) measurements and UV reconstruction models for eight sites in Europe. Reconstruction models include neural network techniques and radiative transfer modeling combined with empirical relationships. The models have been validated against quality-controlled ground-based measurements, 8 to 20 years, on time scales ranging from daily to yearly UV sums. The standard deviations in the ratios of modeled to measured daily sums vary between 10 and 15%. The yearly sums agree within a 5% range. Depending on the availability of ancillary measurements, reconstructions have been carried out to the early 1960s. A method has been set up to educe one best estimate of the historical UV levels that takes into account the long-term stability and underlying agreement of the models, and the agreement with actual UV measurements. Using this best estimate, the yearly sums of erythemally weighted UV irradiance showed a range of 300 kJ/m2 at 67°N to 750 kJ/m2 at 40°N. The year-to-year variability was lowest at 40°N with a relative variation of 4.3%; for central and northern European latitudes this year-to-year variation was 5.2 to 6.5%. With regard to the period 1980 to 2006, first-order trend lines range from 0.3 ± 0.1 to 0.6 ± 0.2% per year, approximately two thirds of which can be attributed to the diminishing of cloudiness and one third to ozone decline.


Transformer-Based Tunable Matching Networks implemented in Silicon CMOS Apsara Ravish Suvarna Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Jacques C. Rudell Department of Electrical Engineering The growing market for small form-factor, low power wireless communication devices has provided tremendous impetus towards research on multi-mode and multi-standard transceiver designs. A key building block in realizing such a transceiver is a reconfigurable/tunable matching network. In this thesis, two tunable matching networks, designed with the explicit goal of providing large impedance-tunability and low insertion loss, at a fixed resonant frequency have been proposed. The two tunable networks, namely Transformer-plus-L-Match Network (TLMN) and Transformer-plus-Pi-Match Network (TPMN) are fully-integrated and prototype test-chips have been realized in a 40nm bulk CMOS process. The transformer in the two networks provides fixed impedance conversion and switch-capacitance based L/Pi-network provides a variable impedance transformation. A design methodology highlighting the loss mechanism in a transformer-based matching network is presented. Based on this methodology, circuit conditions to obtain minimum insertion loss are derived.


Macroinvertebrate communities inhabiting an exotic, Myriophyllum spicatum, and a native, Heteranthera dubia macrophyte were studied from March 1999 to June 2000 in experimental ponds. Although macrophyte architecture explained some variation in macroinvertebrate abundance between the two macrophytes, most variation was explained by the sampling months. Total number of macroinvertebrates was found to be positively correlated with epiphyton biomass which differed significantly between the two plant types and among sampling months. Taxa richness did not vary between the two plant types. Chironomid larvae were the most abundant organisms and dominated by Apedilum elachistus on both plant communities. Annual production of five chironomid species was estimated by the size-frequency method. Production estimates (P) in g dry wt m-2 yr-1 of plant surface area for the predator Tanypodinae larvae were: Larsia decolarata, P= 0.77 and 0.67, Labrundinia virescens, P= 0.59 and 0.35 on M. spicatum and H. dubia, respectively. Larvae of Cricotopus sylvestris and Psectrocladius vernalis were collected from M. spicatum from March to mid-June. Production of C. sylvestris was found to be 0.46 g dry wt m-2, whereas it was 0.07 g dry wt m-2 for P. vernalis for this period. Apedilum elachistus exhibited the highest productivity: 9.9 g dry wt m-2 yr-1 of plant surface area on M. spicatum, and 8.5 g dry wt m-2 yr-1 on H. dubia. These production estimates are among the highest production values reported for a single species. Additionally, post-ovipositing development times for five chironomid species collected from Myriophyllum and Heteranthera were determined. Three different temperatures (15°, 20° and 25°C) were chosen to rear eggs under 12L: 12D photoperiod. Egg development times ranged between 1-4 days. Larval development times ranged from 44 days at 20°C for Tanypus neopunctipennis to as few as 9 days at 20°C for Larsia decolorata.