This article explores the distant but significant relation, which has been overlooked so far, between the ideals of Italian Futurism and those of ZAJ, an Spanish avant-garde musical movement of the 1960s, tracing the far-reaching line that unites Henri Bergson's philosophy with the anarchist ideas of Georges Sorel, the way those ideas influenced Italian Futurism, as reflected on the key notions employed in their manifestos, and how some of those notions defined the artistic agenda of the Spanish movement. Tomás Marco's collaborations with ZAJ are taken both as an implicit point of departure, given the previously analyzed connection between his musical ideas and Bergson's thought, and as an explicit point of arrival. The article opens with a consideration of the great significance that Bergson's philosophy had at the beginning of the twentieth century before it explores its relation to Sorel's thinking as well as to the intellectual and aesthetic basis of Italian Futurism, and in doing so it focuses on defining the influences on and nature of certain aspects of Italian Futurism that had an impact on the Spanish movement, which is only introduced as a corollary in the final part of the text, once those connections have been justified.


Puzzle-based storage systems are a new type of automated storage systems that allow storage of unit loads (e.g. cars, pallets, boxes) in a rack on a very small footprint with individual accessibility of all loads. They resemble the famous 15-sliding tile puzzle. Current models for such systems study retrieving loads one at a time. However, much time can be saved by considering multiple retrieval loads simultaneously. We develop an optimal method to do this for two loads and heuristics for three or more loads. Optimal retrieval paths are constructed for multiple load retrieval, which consists of moving multiple loads first to an intermediary 'joining location'. We find that, compared to individual retrieval, optimal dual load retrieval saves on average 17% move time, and savings from the heuristic is almost the same. For three loads, savings are 23% on average. A limitation of our method is that it is valid only for systems with a very high space utilisation, i.e. only one empty location is available. Future research should investigate retrieving multiple loads for systems with multiple empty slots.


This submission demonstrates the original contribution made by my published work in advancing knowledge and understanding in the field of land law and specifically the Torrens system of land registration (or more generally title by registration). My body of work references a series of integrated and interrelated research questions all of which go towards answering the following: To what extent have the judicial and legislative developments concerning title by registration achieved doctrinal coherence with the ideas that underlie a title by registration (or Torrens) system of land registration? Within this overarching question, the taxonomy of my work is structured as follows: doctrinal research into indefeasibility and the recognition of unregistered interests in the Torrens system, the relationship between possession and title by registration, and discourse on the application of economic theory and consumer law to title by registration. The overarching view I reach is that the Torrens system of land registration and the institutions that guard its principles (be it the Parliament, judiciary, academe, conveyancing agents, financial institutions, and electronic conveyancing regulators (Australian Registrars National Electronic Conveyancing Council and Property Exchange Australia)) must remain vigilant in ensuring that the Torrens system of land registration is not modified in such a way that its doctrinal coherence is undermined.


People undoubtedly constitute the most valuable asset in any enterprise be it public or private. Until we acknowledge that the expert in any particular job is most often the person performing it, we shall forever limit the potential of that person in terms of both his contribution to the organisation and his personal development. Man, as one of the 5Ms of factors of production, (machines, materials, money and management of time) plays the role of a hub, without which the organisation cannot function effectively. Faced with rapid change that pervades business environment, organisations need to develop a more focused, dynamic and coherent approach to managing its human resources. Managing the human capital of any enterprise requires a complex and effective utilization of both human and material resources. It is against this background that this paper will examine how people are managed for desired results. This paper further examines the paradigm shift in the roles (past, present and the future) of Human Resource practitioners in the management of people for optimum results. Literature reviewed, so far, maintained that managing people for optimum performance is a sine qua non. Most specifically, this paper will address strategies put in place by forward looking organisations to ensure that right employees are acquired, maintained and discharged in such a way that they bring returns on investments, not only to the enterprise but to themselves and community at large. A further review of managing human resource diversity is highly recommended.


AIMS
To gather prevalence data regarding alcohol consumption and gauge perceptions of community responses to alcohol and service provision in a sample of Pakistani, Indian and Chinese young people aged 16-25 years, in Greater Glasgow, Scotland, UK.

METHODS
A survey methodology utilizing purposive sampling techniques (n = 174) was employed. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire.

RESULTS
Alcohol consumption amongst the target populations is currently lower than that of the general population. Predictors of alcohol consumption were found to include self-reported importance of religion (a negative association with consumption) and having same-ethnicity friends who drink alcohol. There was a lack of consensus amongst participants regarding whether service provision should be part of the mainstream or specialist for black and minority ethnic individuals.

CONCLUSIONS
Alcohol consumption in the target populations may be increasing and service provision could benefit by including specialist services for black and minority ethnic groups, in addition to mainstream services that need to be culturally sensitive.


Where do meteorites come from? For years, planetary scientists have puzzled over this problem, for almost no known asteroids matched the composition of the most common rocky meteorites, the ordinary chondrites. Now new analyses of the color (and therefore the composition) of the asteroid Hebe suggest that this single body may contribute up to half the known chondrites.


Successful dispersal is a critical parameter for species persistence and evolution. Despite this, factors determining successful dispersal are poorly understood, particularly in wide-ranging species. Condition-dependent dispersal strategies tend to be more successful than fixed ones since they can entail dispersal occurring when an individual is most suited to doing so. However, the juvenile's family group or conspecifics may initiate premature dispersal, which could influence whether or not dispersal is successful. We studied dispersal in African lions and investigated 1) whether dispersal age affects dispersal success and 2) factors determining dispersal timing. We found that all males that dispersed before 31 months died during transience and that dispersal coincided, regardless of age or body condition, with the arrival of unfamiliar adult males. Whereas a high turn-over of territorial males is known to result in infanticide and eviction of sub-adults, our results indicate it can also induce a previously undescribed, 'delayed infanticide'.


On the one hand, Gadamer"s philosophical hermeneutics is admittedly the integrative part of the history of phenomenological movement. On the other hand, the hermeneutical subject area, as well as disciplinary self-awareness of hermeneutics, diverges considerably from that of the initial E. Husserl"s phenomenological project. This fact serves as a motif for reconstruction of the intrinsic logic of the phenomenological movement. The aim of such reconstruction is to answer the following questions: What is the reason for including philosophical hermeneutics into phenomenological philosophy? What role does hermeneutics play in the history of the phenomenological movement? The interpretation of phenomenological subject area in terms of primordial phenomenality serves as a horizon for this reconstruction of the essential logic of phenomenological research. Such understanding of phenomenological philosophy focus has priority over conventional characteristics of phenomenological subject matter as a variety of phenomena accessible within special methodological attitude. It allows, first of all, to avoid fragmentation of the area of primordial, i.e. phenomenological phenomena and to minimize presuppositions. The totality of phenomenality blocks constructivism inherent to descriptive phenomenology and in consequence limits the application field of reflexive or methodological approaches. The process of disclosing or articulating primordial phenomenality can be described as phenomenologising. Eventually, phenomenology as an explicative method is regarded as the first part of the two-level process of phenomenologising. The second part of this process is the spontaneous self-disclosing of primordial phenomenality. The idea of two-level phenomenology (phenomenology as a method and as a spontaneous event) has been differently realised in Heidegger"s and Gadamer"s phenomenological-hermeneutical conceptions. From the very beginning Heidegger stands up for the performative, i.e. existential-practical understanding of phenomenological explication. According to him, phenomenology does not so much explicate phenomena but points at those areas and forms of experience where that explication occurs spontaneously. Still, Heidegger is oriented at the explication of static structures of these experiences (which he calls existentialities), which allows us to speak about rudimentary transcendentalism of his philosophical position. In his late works Heidegger emphasises the world-disclosing potency of ontic experiences. Gadamer develops this tendency considering various everyday experiences such as perception of art, participation in rituals, reading, and etc. to be areas of spontaneous phenomenologising.


Many of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's 94 Calls to Action focus on the need for Canadians to learn about Indigenous law. We are of the view that such learning is best done in the context of established partnerships with knowledge keepers from specific Indigenous legal orders. While such partnerships are ideal, challenges of both funding and distance make it inevitable that partnerships are not always possible. Our hope is that at some point there will be as many resources for teaching and learning Indigenous law as there are for Canadian law. But until then, we still need to develop the skills of legal literacy (familiarity with stories, practices of engagement, contexts, and legal theories) necessary to facilitate meaningful engagement with a multiplicity of Indigenous legal orders. In this paper, we participate in the larger conversation about ways that settler scholars can begin learning how-to-learn about Indigenous law from Indigenous resources. In particular, we share some observations about our attempts to use an adapted case briefing methodology to begin learning about Inupiaq law from published and publicly accessible Inupiaq stories.


Existing analytical solutions to determine aquifer response to a change in stream stage are inappropriate where an unsaturated zone exists beneath the stream, as in the case of disconnected stream‐aquifer systems. A better understanding of the relationship between aquifer response and transient stream stage in disconnected systems is therefore required, as this would also aid in the field determination of the status of connection between the stream and aquifer. We use a numerical model to examine transient stream stage and the corresponding water table response. Beneath disconnected streams, the magnitude of head change in the water table level is a balance between the cumulative infiltration during a flow event and the rate at which the water can disperse laterally. Increases in wave duration, stream width, and streambed permeability result in greater infiltrated water volume and therefore a higher peak response at the water table. Conversely, higher aquifer transmissivity and aquifer hydraulic conductivity allow the water to move laterally away from the stream faster, resulting in a smaller head change below the stream. Lower unsaturated storage results in a greater and faster aquifer response because the unsaturated zone can fill more quickly. Under some combinations of parameters, the magnitude of the disconnected head response is more than seven times greater than the change in stream stage driving streambed infiltration; an effect which can never occur beneath a connected stream. The results of this sensitivity analysis are compared to field data from a river in eastern Australia to determine periods of disconnection. Where the change in aquifer head is greater than the change in stream stage, disconnection between the stream and aquifer can be determined.


Kalantar Ahmadi1, S.A., A. Ebadi, J. Daneshian, S.A. Siadat and S. Jahanbakhsh. 2017. Effect of drought stress and foliar application of growth regulators on photosynthetic pigments and seed yield of rapeseed (Brassica napus L. cv. Hyola 401). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 18(3): 196-217. (In Persian). Changes in environmental conditions have led to various types of stresses that affect plants growth, development, and also its survival. Since the growth regulators improve plant tolerance to unfavorable environmental conditions, therefore, y the effect of drought stress and foliar application of some growth regulatorson rapeseed cv. Hyola 401 was studied. A field experiment was carried out as split plot arrangements using randomized complete block design with three replications at Safiabad Agricultural Research Center, Dezful, Iran during 2012-2014. The main plots were assigned to three irrigation levels; irrigation after 70mm evaporation from evaporation pan as control treatment (Optimum irrigation), withholding irrigation at flowering and silique stages, and sub plots included 10 levels of foliar application (100, 200, 300 mg.l-1 ascorbic acid, 100, 200, 300 μmol; salisylic acid; 10, 20, 30 vol% methanol and distilled water as control treatment). Results showed that withholding irrigation at flowering and silique stages led to reduction in grain yield by 38% and 15%, respectively. The interaction of withholding irrigation × foliar application showed that the highest (4493 kg.ha-1) seed yield under optimum irrigation conditions belonged to foliar application of ascorbic acid (300 mg.l-1) and the lowest (1968 kg.ha-1) to withholding irrigation at flowering stage and foliar application of distilled water (control). Foliar application of ascorbic acid (300 mg.l-1) led to enhancement of seed yield under optimum irrigation conditions and withholding irrigation during the silique stage. By increasing drought stress severity chlorophylla decreased while chlorophyllb was enhanced. Effect of methanol (30%) on proline accumulation was more than ascorbic acid and salicylic acid under mild and severe drought stress conditions. It was concluded that application of growth regulators increased seed yield due to increase in proline and phytosynthetic pigments accumulation and their effect on seed yield components. Application of ascorbic acid (300 mg.l-1) under optimum irrigation and mild stress and methanol (30%) at severe stress conditions improved seed yield of rapeseed cv. Hayola 304.


The drone industry is burgeoning and there is boundless excitement over the potential civil and commercial applications of these aerial observers. Drones are also fun recreational toys that have more capabilities than their predecessor - the remote controlled helicopter. But along with the benefits comes the potential for misuse. More and more frequently concerned spectators are reporting drones flying around the windows of homes, backyards, and at beaches and sporting events. In some places people are even shooting them down. We have entered a new frontier of aerial observation with the unmanned aircraft. As is often the case with new technology, drones (or unmanned aircraft systems as they are commonly referred) are outpacing the law. Controversies over whether a drone can hover above one's property, capture images of those on the ground without consent, destroy a drone that is invading one's privacy are ripe legal issues. The question being asked by lawmakers, practitioners, journalists, and the general public is whether existing laws provide adequate remedies or whether this technology falls through a legal gap? This article sets out to answer that question at a time when lawmakers are feverishly proposing drone specific legislation, possibly duplicating laws already in place. At present, 45 states have considered legislation seeking to regulate drones. Twenty-five states have passed laws that limit the use of drones. The majority of these laws include civil causes of action for capturing images and recordings of individuals by a drone without consent. Before more incidents ripen in to lawsuits, we need to evaluate whether our long-standing common law torts - trespass, nuisance, intrusion upon seclusion, and publication of private facts, offer remedies of equal or greater value than the drone specific legislation being considered. To the extent that common law torts fall short of providing adequate remedies at law, understanding their shortcomings will strengthen future drone legislation.


The MRC OX-44 molecule, which is expressed on all peripheral leukocytes, identifies the subset of thymocytes capable of proliferating in response to alloantigens and lectins (Paterson, D.J., J.R. Green, W.A. Jefferies, M. Puklavec, and A.F. Williams. 1987. J. Exp. Med. 165:1). When we isolated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) on the basis of their ability to activate the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway in RNK-16 cells (a rat leukemia line with natural killer activity), three of the resulting mAbs recognized the OX-44 molecule. Addition of these mAbs to RNK-16 elicits protein tyrosine phosphorylation, generates inositol phosphates, and increases the concentration of cytoplasmic free calcium. These responses require the addition of intact mAb and are not observed with F(ab')2 fragments. One of these mAbs (7D2) is mitogenic for freshly isolated rat splenic T cells and synergizes with a mAb to the T cell antigen receptor in this activation. A 50-60-kD glycoprotein coprecipitates with the OX-44 molecule from RNK-16 cells and rat splenic T cells. Peptide mapping and reprecipitation studies indicate that the coprecipitating molecule is CD2. Thus, the OX-44 molecule can couple to multiple signaling pathways and associates with CD2 on both RNK-16 and rat T cells.


As part of a study to understand factors impacting the efficiency of an artificial recharge pond in Watsonville, CA, a time series of resistivity measurements was made using a permanently installed one‐dimensional resistivity probe. Measurements were made in the top 2 m of sediment with data acquired every 30 min. There was an observed diurnal signal in these data due to daily temperature fluctuations in the pond water. By viewing this signal as a thermal tracer, we used the movement of the associated thermal front to estimate infiltration rates from the resistivity data. We developed a wavelet‐based method for calculating lag times of the thermal front between measurement locations. As part of this algorithm, we tested the statistical significance of a given signal and automatically rejected calculated lag times that were associated with signals below a given confidence interval. We included a linear inversion routine for calculating the velocity of the thermal front from the calculated lag times. Using the thermal velocity, we estimated an infiltration rate at the resistivity probe that decreased from approximately 3.5 to 1 m d−1 during a period of 18 d. Resistivity data have a distinct advantage over direct temperature measurements: a resistivity measurement is sensitive to changes outside the region disturbed by instrument emplacement. While our processing approach was demonstrated on the presented resistivity data, it is equally valid for use with direct temperature measurements.


Kazimierz and Ewa (of Uwoyni) Burba, the wojskis (officials attending to the needs of soldiers' families during wars) of Šiauliai and collators of the Church of St Peter and St Paul in Apytalaukis, donated the painting "The Sacred Heart of Jesus" to the high altar of the church in 1817. From 1755, when a fraternity of the Sacred Heart of Jesus was established, this altar had been decorated with an earlier painting of the same name. The painting donated by the Burba decorated the first tier of a new high altar erected after 1817 and the existing high altar that was built before 1920s (?). It is believed that due to its poor condition, the old painting was replaced with a copy during repairs in 1964, and it is this copy that is on the altar to date. In 2019, the painting was restored as it had lost many fragments of the paint layer, especially at the bottom. The prototype of this painting is the painting "The Sacred Heart of Jesus and the Eucharist" by Pietro Tedeschi (the Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel, Imola, 1780). It is believed that the painter used an engraving of this image, presumably by Lorenzo Capponi. The painting in the church in Apytalaukis is narrower and therefore the baroque composition created by Pietro Tedeschi is somewhat reduced and adjusted. In addition, the drawing, rhythm, and colours of the painting of 1817 are characteristic of the features of the classicist style and paintings of the Vilnius School of Art. Due to the analogies of stylistics and the wellknown fact of Kazimierz Burba's acquaintance with the painter Jan Rustem, the painting is hypothetically attributed to this artist. The face of Jesus in the painting in Apytalaukis can be compared to Burba's portrait by Jan Rustem (unfortunately, only a copy has survived). We propose the title "The Eucharistic Sacred Heart of Jesus" as it defines the iconography of the painting more precisely.


Today, pharmaceutical companies, HMOs, insurance carriers, and the health care system in general may often puzzle and frustrate the general public - and even physicians and researchers. By contrast, from the 1880s through the 1950s Americans enthusiastically embraced medicine and its practitioners. "Picturing Medical Progress from Pasteur to Polio" offers a refreshing portrait of an era when the public excitedly anticipated medical progress and research breakthroughs. This unique study with 130 archival illustrations drawn from newspaper sketches, caricatures, comic books, Hollywood films, and "LIFE" magazine photography analyzes the relationship between mass media images and popular attitudes. Bert Hansen considers the impact these representations had on public attitudes and shows how media portrayal and popular support for medical research grew together and reinforced each other.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
a-globin cluster polymorphisms are obtained with specific restriction enzymes (Xba I, Eco RI, Sac I, Apa I, Bgl II, etc) that can also have implications for genetic analysis. DESIGN AND AND METHODS: We studied three unrelated patients; one from Argentina, one from Spain and one from Australia but of Polish origin. Genomic DNA was digested with several different restriction enzymes and probes, amplified and sequenced with an ABI Prism 310 sequencer.

RESULTS
In the three patients an abnormal 26 kb band appeared when they were studied with restriction enzyme Bgl II and z probe. A fragment of 944 bp was amplified with primers that cover from -280 to +714 bp of the recognition sequence of Bgl II enzyme (AGATCT) localized 5' from pseudogene z1. After digestion of this PCR product with Bgl II, two fragments of 714 and 280 bp were produced in normal controls, whereas in patient #1 the PCR fragment was undigested and in patients 2 and 3 both undigested and digested fragments were observed. Sequencing of the PCR fragment showed that in all three patients it was the same polymorphism (G->A) at nucleotide 153171 of the 16 p sequence found in the Bgl II recognition site that changed to AAATCT.

INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS
We describe a new polymorphism in the yz1 first exon Bgl II restriction site (G->A). The polymorphism is associated in cis with haplotype -a3.7. The fragment obtained by PCR enabled us to corroborate the presence of the polymorphism quickly without having to use complicated sequencing techniques.


We present methods for automatic and semi-automatic creation of music videos, given an arbitrary audio soundtrack and source video. Significant audio changes are automatically detected; similarly, the source video is automatically segmented and analyzed for suitability based on camera motion and exposure. Video with excessive camera motion or poor contrast is penalized with a high unsuitability score, and is more likely to be discarded in the final edit. High quality video clips are then automatically selected and aligned in time with significant audio changes. Video clips are adjusted to match the audio segments by selecting the most suitable region of the desired length. Besides a fully automated solution, our system can also start with clips manually selected and ordered using a graphical interface. The video is then created by truncating the selected clips (preserving the high quality portions) to produce a video digest that is synchronized with the soundtrack music, thus enhancing the impact of both.


Based on well-established machine learning techniques and neural networks, several biclustering algorithms can be developed for DNA microarray analysis. It has been recognized that genes (even though they may belong to the same gene group) may be co-expressed via a diversity of coherence models. One convincing argument is that a gene may participate in multiple pathways that may or may not be co-active under all conditions. It is biologically more meaningful to cluster both genes and conditions in gene expression data $leading to the so-called biclustering analysis. In addition, we have developed a set of systematic preprocessing methods to effectively comply with various coherence models. This paper will show that the proposed framework enjoys a vital advantage of ease of visualization and analysis. Because a gene may follow more than one coherence models, a multivariate biclustering analysis based on fusion of scores derived from different preprocessing methods appears to be very promising. This is evidenced by our simulation study. In summary, this paper shows that machine learning techniques offers a viable approach to identifying and classifying biologically relevant groups in genes and conditions


This chapter examines beliefs about language(s), showing how they are rooted in and help maintain a standard language ideology, i.e. the conviction that certain languages exist in uniform standardised forms and that such forms are desirable. Such an ideology is widespread, although not universal, and has influenced lay and expert approaches to the study of language(s), as I show for example in a discussion of the concepts "vernacular" and "variety". Characteristics of the standard, like uniformity and determinacy, are postulated as ideal characteristics of all varieties. Speakers influenced by standard language ideology often interpret language contact and language "mixing" negatively as incompetent or sloppy language use. I discuss alternative ways of conceptualising language that might encourage a more positive view of multilingualism.


The article elaborates on the lack of objective guarantees of independence and impartiality in the existing system of investment treaty arbitration. This founds a case for an international investment court to replace the existing system. The argument proceeds in three steps: (1) investment treaty arbitration is uniquely a form of public law adjudication, constituted at the international level; (2) as constituted it does not satisfy standards of independence and impartiality in public law adjudication; and (3) various reasons that might be offered to justify this failing are unsatisfactory in light of the importance of these standards. For this reason, states should be encouraged to establish an international investment court in accordance with well-known principles of judicial decision-making. Above all, alternatives to the existing system should be measured against the criteria that typically apply in public law, especially the related principles of openness and independence. Absent these criteria being met, one does not have a system that depoliticizes disputes and subjects them to the rule of law, or that warrants the utmost respect of all parties, above all developing states.


The development of diabetes mellitus depends on the balance between beta-cell proliferation and death. As mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) may control this balance, the aim of this study was to investigate the events leading to MAPK activation in beta-cells and the consequences of these events. Overexpression of the SH2-domain containing adaptor protein Shb resulted in the assembly and activation of multiunit complex consisting of at least Shb, IRS-1, IRS-2, FAK and PI3K. Consequently, the phosphorylation of Akt was enhanced under basal conditions in Shb overexpression cells. This was paralleled by an attenuated activation of the MAP kinases ERK1/2. Thus, Shb-induced alterations in the IRS-1/PI3K/Akt/ERK pathway might explain the increased proliferation and apoptosis of beta-cells overexpressing Shb.The importance of the MAP kinase p38 in nitric oxide- and cytokine-induced beta-cell death was also investigated. Knock-down of p38 expression resulted in a lowered cell death rate in response to a nitric oxide donor. In transient transfections MKK3 over-expression resulted in increased p38 phosphorylation in RIN-5AH cells. In addition, a short-term MKK3 expression resulted in increased cytokine-induced cell death. A nitric oxide synthase inhibitor abolished the MKK3-potentiating effect on cytokine-induced cell death and inhibitors of phosphatases enhanced MKK3-stimulated p38 phosphorylation. Finally, as the dominant negative mutant of MKK3 did not affect cytokine-induced p38 phosphorylation, and as wild type MKK3 did not influence p38 autophosphorylation, it may be that p38 is activated by MKK3/6-independent pathways in response to cytokines and nitric oxide.In further support for an MKK3/6-indepedent mechanism, the adaptor protein TAB1 significantly increased the cytokine- and nitric oxide-stimulated phosphorylation of p38. The TAB1-mediated activation of p38 was paralleled by a compensatory inhibition of ERK and JNK. In summary, p38 MAPK, activated mainly by TAB1, promotes, at least in part, beta-cell death in response to cytokines or nitric oxide.


Many recent experiments have explored the way people take advice into account. It has been observed that in so doing participants often rely on one of the two following strategies: averaging between the different opinions or choosing one of the opinions, as opposed to using more complex weighting strategies. While several factors that affect strategy choice have been investigated, no attention has been paid to potential cultural variations. Among the many relevant cross-cultural differences, results have show that Easterners tend to favor compromise more than Westerners, a difference that could translate into a greater preference for averaging in Eastern population. In Experiment 1, we confronted Japanese and French participants to two pieces of advice and asked them to form an aggregate answer. In Experiments 2, participants had to aggregate their own opinion and a piece of advice. In neither of the experiments were the Japanese more likely to use averaging than the French. Explanations for this robust absence of difference are suggested. The only difference that emerged was that the Japanese were more likely to choose the advice and less likely to choose their own answer than the French. Different interpretations of this result are discussed, including the possibility that it is an artifact of a theoretically irrelevant difference between the populations under study.


Sixty years ago political divisions in the United States ran even deeper than today's name-calling showdowns between the left and right. Back then, to call someone a communist was to threaten that person's career, family, freedom, and, sometimes, life itself. Hysteria about the "red menace" mushroomed as the Soviet Union tightened its grip on Eastern Europe, Mao Zedong rose to power in China, and the atomic arms race accelerated. Spy scandals fanned the flames, and headlines warned of sleeper cells in the nation's midst--just as it does today with the "War on Terror."In his new book, "The Fear Within," Scott Martelle takes dramatic aim at one pivotal moment of that era. On the afternoon of July 20, 1948, FBI agents began rounding up twelve men in New York City, Chicago, and Detroit whom the U.S. government believed posed a grave threat to the nation--the leadership of the Communist Party-USA. After a series of delays, eleven of the twelve "top Reds" went on trial in Manhattan's Foley Square in January 1949.The proceedings captivated the nation, but the trial quickly dissolved into farce. The eleven defendants were charged under the 1940 Smith Act with conspiring to teach the necessity of overthrowing the U.S. government based on their roles as party leaders and their distribution of books and pamphlets. In essence, they were on trial for their libraries and political beliefs, not for overt acts threatening national security. Despite the clear conflict with the First Amendment, the men were convicted and their appeals denied by the U.S. Supreme Court in a decision that gave the green light to federal persecution of Communist Party leaders--a decision the court effectively reversed six years later. But by then, the damage was done. So rancorous was the trial the presiding judge sentenced the defense attorneys to prison terms, too, chilling future defendants' access to qualified counsel.Martelle's story is a compelling look at how American society, both general and political, reacts to stress and, incongruously, clamps down in times of crisis on the very beliefs it holds dear: the freedoms of speech and political belief. At different points in our history, the executive branch, Congress, and the courts have subtly or more drastically eroded a pillar of American society for the politics of the moment. It is not surprising, then, that "The Fear Within" takes on added resonance in today's environment of suspicion and the decline of civil rights under the U.S. Patriot Act.


Parry, C. (2013). Testing the National Alcohol Policy Score Card (NAPSC) to assess progress in implementing a comprehensive policy response to reduce the harmful use of alcohol in South Africa. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 3 (3), 202 – 209. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v3i3.98 Aims: To complement recent alcohol policy initiatives of WHO, a study was designed to test the feasibility of a simple instrument to assess the state of alcohol policy development and implementation in a developing country. Design: A cross-sectional survey. Setting: Data were collected via a web-survey. Participants : 52 experts across various sectors were approached. Measures: Study participants were asked to complete a 13-item web survey that draws on the target areas for national action identified in the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol (2010).  The state of policy development and implementation was assessed for 2011 and then retrospectively to 2006.  Participants were also asked to comment on the ease of completing the survey. Findings: Based on the responses from 37 experts, improvements were noted in alcohol policy development and implementation in all areas over time, with particular movement in developing a national alcohol strategy; increasing leadership, awareness and commitment; drink-driving; and health services' response.  The total (average) score of 35% in 2011, while up by 11 percentage points, indicates that much work remains to be done, particularly to restrict the marketing of alcoholic beverages, address informal alcohol, increase community action to address harmful alcohol use, and increase financial resources. Conclusions:  Participants found the web-survey easy to use.  The overall findings and the way they are presented could be used to promote discussions around the development and implementation of national alcohol strategies and how they change over time, and even to compare the situations in different countries.  Refinement of the instrument continues.


Mining opinion targets and opinion words from online reviews are important tasks for fine-grained opinion mining, the key component of which involves detecting opinion relations among words. To this end, this paper proposes a novel approach based on the partially-supervised alignment model, which regards identifying opinion relations as an alignment process. Then, a graph-based co-ranking algorithm is exploited to estimate the confidence of each candidate. Finally, candidates with higher confidence are extracted as opinion targets or opinion words. Compared to previous methods based on the nearest-neighbor rules, our model captures opinion relations more precisely, especially for long-span relations. Compared to syntax-based methods, our word alignment model effectively alleviates the negative effects of parsing errors when dealing with informal online texts. In particular, compared to the traditional unsupervised alignment model, the proposed model obtains better precision because of the usage of partial supervision. In addition, when estimating candidate confidence, we penalize higher-degree vertices in our graph-based co-ranking algorithm to decrease the probability of error generation. Our experimental results on three corpora with different sizes and languages show that our approach effectively outperforms state-of-the-art methods.


An August 2011 decision in the high-fanfare, high-heeled case of Christian Louboutin v. Yves Saint Laurent America cements mid-2010 to mid-2011 as a "red-leather year" for the aesthetic functionality doctrine. This doctrine, which withholds trademark protection from ornamental features over which a grant of exclusive rights would significantly hinder competition, has had -- in the a propos words of the Ninth Circuit -- a decidedly "checkered" history.
Like intellectual property protection in general, the doctrine's scope has periodically expanded and contracted since it was formally recognized by the Ninth Circuit in 1952. But after that same appellate court largely banished aesthetic functionality in a 2006 decision that appeared to mark the end of an era, several recent, broadly worded decisions (including the headline-grabbing ruling in Louboutin) indicate that the aesthetic functionality doctrine may now be in a period of rapid growth -- perhaps even in the Ninth Circuit. Trademark practitioners should stay abreast of the changes in this area of the law; anyone who remains under the impression that the doctrine has been rendered toothless might be in for a nasty bite.
UPDATE (Jan. 2014): For a proposal that the courts and USPTO rely more heavily on the doctrine of "genericism" as a potential solution to the problems associated with the "aesthetic functionality" doctrine, please visit the LAW OF FASHION website -- containing a presentation given at the NYU 2014 Tri-State IP Workshop and forming the basis for a full-length work-in-progress.


The main objective of the work presented in this thesis was to combine top-down and bottom-up techniques to develop a nanofabrication method that would allow for the highly parallel and repetitive production of any desired nanostructure. This was realised by (1) immobilising gold nanoparticle (AuNP) building blocks onto lithographically produced nanopatterns (stamps) by electrostatic self-assembly, followed by (2) transfer of the surface-confined AuNP assemblies from the stamps to non-patterned capture substrates by a DNA-directed nanoprinting technique. A surfactant Tween 20 mediated AuNP surface modification was developed as a rapid synthesis of highly stable negatively charged AuNP conjugates. Three different types of AuNP conjugates bearing different surface ligands - deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), SH-PEG-COOH, and a mixture of DNA and SH-PEG-COOH (denoted AuNP/DNA, AuNP/SH-PEG-COOH and AuNP/DNA/SH-PEG-COOH) - were successfully synthesised at salt concentration of 0.5 M using this approach. The AuNP/DNA conjugates showed high colloidal stability in environments of high ionic strength (up to 1.5 M NaCl in the presence of Tween 20). The DNA loading densities on different sized AuNPs were investigated and found to be approximately 37, 102 and 231 DNA strands per NP for 20, 30 and 40 nm AuNP/DNA conjugates, respectively. The AuNP/SH-PEG-COOH conjugates showed sharp size-dependent colloidal stability thresholds as a function of ionic strength. A size-selective AuNP separation method was developed based on the colloidal stability of AuNP/SH-PEG-COOH conjugates of different sizes. A colloidal AuNP solution with bimodal size distribution (20 and 40 nm) was successfully separated using this approach, with more than 99.4% accuracy. Templating nanopatterns onto which the AuNP building blocks were immobilised comprised of elevated and recessed gold features on silica-coated silicon substrates were fabricated by means of electron beam lithography (EBL). Various geometries of the templating nanostructures, including nanolines, nanocrosses, nanotriangles, and nanodisks, were produced. Plain gold substrates were fabricated by evaporating chromium (Cr) and gold (Au) onto planar silicon wafers. The gold nanopatterns and the plain gold substrates were used as stamps and capture substrates for the DNA-directed AuNP printing, respectively. Protocols for surface modification of the stamps and capture substrates were developed; the former were surface-selectively modified with PEG-silane and SH-PEG-NH2 and the latter modified with DNA strands. The negatively charged AuNP conjugates were electrostatically assembled onto the EBL produced nanopatterns. When using AuNP/DNA conjugates as building blocks, the NPs were specifically immobilised onto positively charged gold nanopatterns, with high NP loadings. The EBL defined nanopatterns were well replicated by the self-assembled AuNP/DNA conjugates and non-specific adsorption was found to be extraordinarily low. When using AuNP/SH-PEG-COOH conjugates as building blocks, hexagonal close-packed (hcp) ordered AuNP superstructures and significant non-specific adsorption of AuNPs were observed. This is believed to be caused by AuNP agglomeration and precipitation during the self-assembly process. When AuNP/DNA/SH-PEG-COOH conjugates were used as NP building blocks, the NPs were specifically adsorbed onto the nanopatterns, forming closely packed AuNP assemblies on the nanopatterns. A two-step self-assembly strategy, that made use of electrostatic and DNA-directed AuNP immobilisation, was furthermore developed, enabling the fabrication of core-satellite AuNP assemblies (one 30 nm NP surrounded by six to nine 20 nm NPs). An affinity-based nanoprinting technique that exploits electrostatic AuNP assembly and DNA-directed replication of lithographically defined nanostructures was developed. The negatively charged AuNP/DNA conjugates were electrostatically immobilised onto SH-PEG-NH2 modified templating nanostructures and then printed onto non-patterned capture substrates, functionalised with DNA complementary to the AuNP-confined DNA, through DNA-DNA interaction. Single lines of AuNPs and regular NP patterns with close to single-particle resolution could be printed. Dense AuNP loading and high transfer yields were observed over three consecutive printing cycles. A UV-ozone surface cleaning method was developed to remove the AuNP-bound DNA strands, which could make the replicated AuNP nanopatterns applicable to a wide range of applications that require pristine metal NP arrays, e.g. plasmonic biosensors. The core-satellite assemblies were studied as substrates for Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS). The SERS signals of benzenethiol on the core-satellite AuNP assemblies were shown to be dependent on the excitation wavelength: the SERS effect was negligible when excited at 514 nm, while the SERS signals were significantly enhanced compared with the widely spaced core AuNPs and planar gold substrates when excited at 633 nm and 782 nm, respectively. The larger SERS enhancements for the core-satellite AuNP assemblies could be due to the formation of "hot spots" between core and satellite AuNPs. The detection limit of benzenethiol was found to be between 1-10 nM when using the core-satellite AuNP assemblies as SERS substrates.


Summary Here we present the first report of the Phorid fly Megaselia rufipes as a "facultative parasitoid" of the honey bee Apis mellifera after its identification in a natural colony in the Piedmont Region of Italy. 60 bees with deformed wings probably caused by deformed wing virus and 50 healthy bees were collected. Whilst maintained in the laboratory, parasitoid larvae emerged from the deformed-winged dead bees; further examination revealed that the parasitized bees contained emptied body cavities. Parasitization was not detected in the normal honey bees. This finding suggests that M. rufipes should be considered among the facultative parasitoids of A. mellifera. As the parasite was found only in non-flying bees already destined for death, the M. rufipes damage seems unlikely to be important. However, this finding, and the role of Phorids in beekeeping generally, beg more study given the recent link of the Phorid Apocephalus borealis to its potential of one of the indirect causes of widespread honey bee losses in the USA.


This report is an initiative of the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the science and knowledge service of the European Commission (EC), and supported by the Commission's Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy (DG REGIO). It highlights drivers shaping the urban future, identifying both the key challenges cities will have to address and the strengths they can capitalise on to proactively build their desired futures. The main aim of this report is to raise open questions and steer discussions on what the future of cities can, and should be, both within the science and policymaker communities. While addressing mainly European cities, examples from other world regions are also given since many challenges and solutions have a global relevance. The report is particularly novel in two ways. First, it was developed in an inclusive manner – close collaboration with the EC's Community of Practice on Cities (CoP-CITIES) provided insights from the broader research community and city networks, including individual municipalities, as well as Commission services and international organisations. It was also extensively reviewed by an Editorial Board. Secondly, the report is supported by an online 'living' platform which will host future updates, including additional analyses, discussions, case studies, comments and interactive maps that go beyond the scope of the current version of the report. Steered by the JRC, the platform will offer a permanent virtual space to the research, practice and policymaking community for sharing and accumulating knowledge on the future of cities. This report is produced in the framework of the EC Knowledge Centre for Territorial Policies and is part of a wider series of flagship Science for Policy reports by the JRC, investigating future perspectives concerning Artificial Intelligence, the Future of Road Transport, Resilience, Cybersecurity and Fairness Interactive online platform: https://urban.jrc.ec.europa.eu/thefutureofcities


The debate concerning the exact timing and causes of changes in economic leadership constitutes one of the central themes in economic history. This study aims to improve the measurement of economic performance in the United States and Western Europe (Britain, France and the Netherlands) during the long nineteenth century by constructing a new benchmark of sector productivity and new estimates of comparative gdp per capita and per worker. Our main finding is that the Anglo-Dutch and Anglo-American take-overs should be located earlier in time than suggested by the conventional Maddison database. We offer an explanation for this result by looking at differences in sectoral productivity performance as well as the different structures (sectoral employment shares) of the economy.


A dynamic recurrent neural network is proposed to model, linearise and control a process plant. In this approach the plant is first modelled using artificial neural networks (ANNs) based on input-output data and then the dynamic neural network model acting as a plant emulator is feedback linearised. The approach outlined in this work uses a novel ANN based structure to feedback linearise the process plant. Once the plant emulator is linearised, standard linear control strategy is used to control the plant emulator. Simulation results using actual industry data reveal the accuracy of the modelling, linearisation and control achieved.


Many potential indoor applications exist for autonomous vehicles, such as automated surveillance, inspection, and document delivery. A key requirement for autonomous operation is for the vehicles to be able to detect and map obstacles in order to avoid collisions. This work develops a comprehensive 3D scene reconstruction algorithm based on known vehicle motion and vision data that is specifically tailored to the indoor environment. Visible light cameras are one of the many sensors available for capturing information from the environment, and their key advantages over other sensors are that they are light weight, power efficient, cost effective, and provide abundant information about the scene. The emphasis on 3D indoor mapping enables the assumption that a large majority of the area to be mapped is comprised of planar surfaces such as floors, walls and ceilings, which can be exploited to simplify the complex task of dense reconstruction of the environment from monocular vision data. In this thesis, the Planar Surface Reconstruction (PSR) algorithm is presented. It extracts surface information from images and combines it with 3D point estimates in order to generate a reliable and complete environment map. It was designed to be used for single cameras with the primary assumptions that the objects in the environment are flat, static and chromatically unique. The algorithm finds and tracks Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) features from a sequence of images to calculate 3D point estimates. The individual surface information is extracted using a combination of the Kuwahara filter and mean shift segmentation, which is then coupled with the 3D point estimates to fit these surfaces in the environment map. The resultant map consists of both surfaces and points that are assumed to represent obstacles in the scene. A ground vehicle platform was developed for the real-time implementation of the algorithm and experiments were done to assess the PSR algorithm. Both clean and cluttered scenarios were used to evaluate the quality of the surfaces generated from the algorithm. The clean scenario satisfies the primary assumptions underlying the PSR algorithm, and as a result produced accurate surface details of the scene, while the cluttered scenario generated lower quality, but still promising, results. The significance behind these findings is that it is shown that incorporating object surface recognition into dense 3D reconstruction can significantly improve the overall quality of the environment map.


Novel structures are emerging utilizing high performance, self-consolidating, fibre-reinforced concrete (HPSCC) reinforced with high-strength, lightweight, and non-corroding prestressed reinforcement. One example of this is a new type of precast carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) pretensioned HPSCC panel intended as load-bearing panels for building envelopes. As for all load-bearing structural members in building applications, the performance of these members in fire must be understood before they can be used with confidence. In particular, the bond performance of CFRP prestressing reinforcement at elevated temperatures is not well known. This paper examines the fire performance of these new types of structural elements, placing particular emphasis on the bond performance of CFRP and steel wire prestressing reinforcement at elevated temperatures. The results of large scale fire tests and bond-pullout tests on CFRP and steel prestressing bars embedded in HPSCC cylinders are presented and discussed to shed light on the fire performance of these structural elements. An analytical model is proposed to determine the temperature at which first appearance of the cracking phenomenon and concrete cover failure occurred, in the large scale fire tests, due to incompatibility of thermal expansion between CFRP tendons and HPSCC. From this research it is proposed that temperatures in range of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the CFRP tendon's epoxy matrix are critical for the bond strength capacity of the CFRP tendons in reinforced or pretensioned concrete members.