This chapter provides an overview of comparative administrative law, with particular attention to European jurisdictions and the United States. The underlying conceptual similarity that serves to organize the comparative analysis is the purpose, common to these systems, of rendering public administration both capable and expert, on the one hand, and accountable to a variety of liberal democratic actors, on the other hand. The chapter first discusses what historically was the principal legal tool for achieving neutrality and expertise — the legal guarantees of civil service employment — together with national variations in the professionalization of administration. It then turns to three important types of accountability and the different institutions, rules, and procedures used to achieve these forms of accountability in the legal systems under consideration: the contestation of administrative action before the courts; the involvement of organized interests in administrative policymaking; and informal accountability to the general public through parliamentary ombudsmen and transparency guarantees.


As the oversight role of the corporate board in Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) expands, companies feel the need to fill a knowledge gap on effective risk governance practices.The concept of correlating risk management, governance, and strategy in an enterprise-wide structure first appeared in the midst of merger frenzy of the late 1980s. At the time, many executives and strategists acknowledged that the enormous amount of risk undertaken through a series of corporate combinations was often not justified by a sound analysis of long-term prospects. In the 1990s, the debate continued and increasingly drew the attention of the business community, only to be obfuscated by the more exclusive focus on financial and accounting risks resulting from the wave of scandals of the Enron era. A few years into the implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, corporations are now ready to leverage their experience with mandatory internal control procedures to establish a more comprehensive ERM infrastructure.In response to the need for guidance in the design and implementation of ERM, The Conference Board instituted a case-study based Research Working Group on Enterprise Risk Management with select risk and governance officers. Intended as a complement to the recent paper on The Role of U.S. Corporate Boards in Enterprise Risk Management (by Carolyn K. Brancato, Matteo Tonello, and Ellen Hexter), this study presents an overview of the research group's findings, including insights from five case studies of companies at the forefront of ERM:- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company- Capital One Financial Corporation- International Paper- MetLife, Inc.- Moody's Investors ServiceThe paper also outlines a risk governance "road map," with a detailed discussion of the oversight role of corporate boards in each stage of ERM development and execution.


In this paper, the Escherichia coli cell is considered as a system designed for rapid growth, but limited by the medium. We propose that this very design causes the cell to become subsaturated with precursors and catalytic components at all levels of macromolecular biosynthesis and leads to a molecular sharing economy at a high level of competition inside the cell. Thus, the promoters compete with each other in the binding of a limited amount of free RNA polymerase and the ribosome binding sites on the mRNA chains compete with each other for the free ribosomes. The macromolecular chain elongation reactions sequester a considerable proportion of the total amount of RNA polymerase and ribosomes in the cells. We propose that the degree of subsaturation of the macromolecular biosynthetic apparatus renders a variable fraction of RNA polymerase and ribosomes unavailable for the initiation of new chain synthesis and that this, at least in part, determines the composition of the cell as a function of the growth rate. Thus, at rapid growth, the high speed of the elongation reactions enables the cell to increase the concentrations of free RNA polymerase and ribosomes for initiation purposes. Furthermore, it is proposed that the speed of RNA polymerase movement is adjusted to the performance speed of the ribosomes. Mechanistically, this adjustment of the coupling between transcription and translation involves transcriptional pause sites along the RNA chains, the adjustment of the saturation level of RNA polymerase with the nucleoside triphosphate substrates, and the concentration of ppGpp, which is known to inhibit RNA chain elongation. This model is able to explain the stringent response and the control of stable RNA and of ribosome synthesis in steady states and in shifts, as well as the rate of overall protein synthesis as a function of the growth rate.


Objective:Communities need to identify cost-effective interventions for HIV prevention to optimize limited resources. Methods:The authors developed a spreadsheet tool using Bernoulli and proportionate change models to estimate the relative cost-effectiveness for 26 HIV prevention interventions including biomedical interventions, structural interventions, and interventions designed to change risk behaviors of individuals. They also conducted sensitivity analyses to assess patterns of the cost-effectiveness across different populations using various assumptions. Results:The 2 factors most strongly determining the cost-effectiveness of the different interventions were the HIV prevalence of the population at risk and the cost per person reached. In low-prevalence populations (eg, heterosexuals) the most cost-effective interventions were structural interventions (eg, mass media, condom distribution), whereas in high-prevalence populations (eg, men who have sex with men) individually focused interventions to change risk behavior were also relatively cost-effective. Among the most cost-effective interventions overall were showing videos in STD clinics and raising alcohol taxes. School-based HIV prevention programs appeared to be the least cost-effective. Needle exchange and needle deregulation programs were relatively cost-effective only when injection drug users have a high HIV prevalence. Conclusions:Comparing estimates of the cost-effectiveness of HIV interventions provides insight that can help local communities maximize the impact of their HIV prevention resources.


This paper discusses teacher education, institutional growth and the economy of information. It compares the sector of teacher education with global markets, described by Thomas Friedman in his book The world is flat, as emerging and "flattening" in light of rapid technological and communication advances. The institutional framework of teacher production has tightly aligned with a hierarchy of controls and norms used widely by both private and public universities. Authors argue that the economy of universal information cannot provide an educational system with the tools it needs to train teachers and develop students as valuable contributors to the emerging world economy. Although it may be financially costly in the short‐term, the higher‐cost variables of particular information will prove vital to giving teacher training programs and independent universities the freedom to innovate, meeting the challenges afforded by a changing world.


The structure sensitivity of a liquid-phase 1-hexyne hydrogenation was studied using monodispersed nonsupported Pd nanoparticles of 6, 8, 11, 13, and 14 nm diameter. The particles were prepared via a reverse microemulsion water/AOT/isooctane. The size was varied by the water-to-surfactant ratio. A 15-fold TOF increase was observed with increase of the particle diameter from 11 to 14 nm. For particles above 14 nm, TOF approached the value of the Pd black catalyst. It was observed that the selectivity toward 1-hexene did not vary with the particle size and was 96.5% at the conversion of 1-hexyne of 85%. The byproduct distribution was characterized by the ratio of selectivities to 2-hexenes/n-hexane and decreased 5-fold with particle diameter from 6 to 11 nm but remained constant for bigger particles. The experimental results indicate a predominance of a "geometric" nature of the size effect observed during selective 1-hexyne hydrogenation, suggesting that an ensemble of neighboring Pd surface atoms constitu...


A new approach to the representation of nonsymmetrical optical systems by matrices is introduced. In the paraxial approximation each component of an optical system is represented by a 4 × 4 unitary matrix, and the product of those matrices yields the transfer matrix of the system. The transfer matrix that represents the propagation between two arbitrary planes through the system containing two independently rotated cylindrical lenses is decomposed into the product of three matrices. The eigenvalues of the submatrices in this factorized form determine the focal lengths of the equivalent system and the localization of the foci of the system with respect to these arbitrarily chosen planes.


1. Optimizing the Corporate Finance Function Introduction The External Business Environment and Corporate Financial Strategy The Strategic Logic of High Growth 2. Shareholder Value Maximization Introduction Corporate Valuation Valuation Models: Public Company Valuation Models: Closely held Company Corporate Performance Measurement: Economic Value Added (EVA) 3. Financial Policy Introduction Capital Structure Operating Leverage Dividend Policy Pricing Strategy Tax Planning Optimal Capital Budgeting with real Options Mergers and Acquisitions Asset-Liability Management: Optimizing the Balance Sheet 4. Risk Management Introduction Identifying and Estimating Risk Exposure Off-Balance Sheet (OBS) Risks Operational Risk Management Enterprise Wide Risk Management (EWRM) Risk Hedging Strategies 5. Financial Reporting, Planning and Control Introduction Financial Reporting: GAAP Convergence Business and Financial Planning Treasury Management Financial Control and Audit Optimize amid Changing Operating Conditions 6. Corporate Performance Management: The Balancing act? Introduction The Execution Problem The Balanced Scorecard Real-time Financial Systems: Corporate Performance Management (CPM) Integrated Financial Management Appendix: Applied Financial Optimization Modelling Value Maximisation: Analytical Techniques Company Size, Asset Utilization and Financial Leverage Brief Synopsis of each Chapter: Chapter 1: Introduction: Optimizing the Corporate Finance Function -- an integrated frameworkEach business is unique in terms of product, market, size, industry, management, culture, and financial strength. Companies need to tailor any generic model to its own unique needs and circumstances. Corporate financial management includes shareholder value maximization, risk management, financial planning, and performance assessment. Often these functions are viewed independently. For example, risk management is often performed by the treasury department on an ad hoc basis, and without an integrated planning and optimisation framework. The corporate finance function supports shareholder wealth creation by supporting corporate growth objectives with a disciplined financial foundation that is dynamically optimised with superior insights. The Modified Balanced Scorecard provides such a framework, which integrates economic value creation, enterprise-wide-risk management, and financial planning in an applied model. We discuss quantitative methods for optimisation of the corporate finance function, and assess qualitative aspects of real-world corporate finance that supports optimal decision-making, from a senior management perspective. Chapter 2: Shareholder Value Maximization Shareholder value is maximized when a company maximizes its growth opportunities by making superior financing and investing decisions, while optimally managing the operational risks of the business. In this chapter, we discuss the major shareholder valuation methods, and analytical techniques for value maximization. This includes minimization of earnings and cash flow volatility. We focus on the economic valuation aspects or EVA-type valuation techniques instead of accounting-based valuations, and cover both publicly listed as well as privately held companies. Chapter 3: Financial Policy Corporations usually have some guidelines they use for financial management, such as dividend payout amounts or payout ratios, debt-to-equity ratios, accounts receivable-to-revenue ratios and so on. As competition gets harder, simple rules-of-thumb or directionally right benchmarks are increasingly sub-optimal for corporate management purposes. We discuss and demonstrate how advanced quantitative techniques can be used to reach accurate optimising financial policy decisions, and how they can be modified over-time for dynamic optimisation. Beyond the analytical techniques, however, optimal financial policy-making involves superior insights into financial market dynamics, so that anticipated losses can be averted with appropriate risk management initiatives, and new market opportunities capitalized upon. Chapter 4: Risk Management Applied financial optimisation is a quantitative discipline, and nowhere is that more obvious than in the area of financial planning. In this chapter, we discuss how a financial planning model can be optimised using stochastic programming, incorporating uncertainty into the model, and how Monte-Carlo simulations can be performed on the financial planning model. In the real world, this can be done real-time with financial systems such as Hyperion, PeopleSoft etc. that provide real-time financial statements, and with softwares such as Crystal Ball and Risk Optimizer that can be used to estimate optimal levels of decision-variables. Chapter 5: Financial Reporting, Planning and Control This is a difficult topic, since risk, in general, is poorly understood and poorly estimated. Only some leading companies have integrated risk management systems in place that allow them to dynamically evaluate various financial risks such as exchange rate risk, interest rate risk, commodity price risk, and operational risks. We review the state-of-the-art risk estimation model: Value-at-Risk (VaR), and the latest integrated risk management model: Enterprise Wide Risk Management (EWRM). We show how optimal risk exposures can be derived, and how that is, in turn, a part of the broader corporate performance assessment model: the modified balanced scorecard. Chapter 6: Corporate Performance Management: the Balancing act In this chapter, a detailed financial planning model is presented that links the Balance Sheet, Income Statement, and Cash Flow Statement. The model estimates EVA and enterprise valuation, and VaR estimation of risk exposures, given certain assumptions and data-points. The financial model is then used to optimise financial policy. It also identifies areas where expenses can be streamlined, and financial controls implemented. We discuss the need for real-time financial systems with capabilities to disaggregate financial information. In light of the recent focus on financial data-integrity, we discuss how internal and external audits help that process. Appendix: Optimizing Corporate Performance The Balanced Scorecard is a powerful method to assess corporate performance with both financial and non-financial metrics in the scorecard. We discuss how corporate performance can be optimised with a 'modified' balanced scorecard. The modifications we incorporate into the traditional balanced scorecard concept are the EWRM risk management model, the EVA valuation model, SAVANT tax planning model, the risk-adjusted value maximisation model, and the linkage among the four areas of performance assessment: financial perspective, customer perspective, learning and growth perspective, and internal operations and process perspective.


Abstract This paper focuses on an important step in the creation of a system of meaning representation and the development of semantically annotated parallel corpora, for use in applications such as machine translation, question answering, text summarization, and information retrieval. The work described below constitutes the first effort of any kind to annotate multiple translations of foreign-language texts with interlingual content. Three levels of representation are introduced: deep syntactic dependencies (IL0), intermediate semantic representations (IL1), and a normalized representation that unifies conversives, nonliteral language, and paraphrase (IL2). The resulting annotated, multilingually induced, parallel corpora will be useful as an empirical basis for a wide range of research, including the development and evaluation of interlingual NLP systems and paraphrase-extraction systems as well as a host of other research and development efforts in theoretical and applied linguistics, foreign language pedagogy, translation studies, and other related disciplines.


Relying on the fecund interface of three fields—studies in science, risk geography, and knowledge management—this paper notes first that the lack of understanding of the relationships between maps and territory and risks is an unfortunate consequence of the way the mapping impulse has been interpreted during the modernist period. Then, taking into account the advent of digital navigation, the paper discusses a very different interpretation of the mapping enterprise that allows a mimetic use of maps to be distinguished from a navigational one. Consequently, we suggest maps should be considered as dashboards of a calculation interface that allows one to pinpoint successive signposts while moving through the world, the famous multiverse of William James. This distinction, we argue, might, on the one hand, help geography to grasp the very idea of risks and, on the other, help to free geography from its fascination with the base map by allowing a whole set of new features, such as anticipation, participation, reflexivity, and feedback, now being included in the navigational definition of maps.


In this fascinating account, Kenneth R. Johnston portrays a Wordsworth different in crucial ways from the one the poet intended us to know. Taking advantage of unprecedented access to archives, family papers, and letters, he reveals the poet's complex relationship with his sister Dorothy; the full story of the affair with his French mistress, Annette Vallon; and his surprisingly close connections to both radical reformers and the political establishment of his day, including members of the newly formed British Secret Service in England and Germany. The Hidden Wordsworth also explores the poet's intense and often destructive relations with a cluster of young writers, leading up to his friendship with Samuel Taylor Coleridge. This brilliantly insightful biography breaks through the carefully crafted but frequently misleading accounts of his youth Wordsworth created in his conservative later years. The Hidden Wordsworth reveals the radical young poet whose powerful intellect revolutionized English poetry. Winner of the 1998 Jean Baracelli Prize from the American Conference on Romanticism; shortlisted for the James Tait Black biography prize (UK); a New York Times Notable Book of the Year. "Full of fresh information, fresh insights, and fresh intelligent critical readings of the poetry."-Stephen M. Parrish, editor, The Cornell Wordsworth


In this paper, we derive the statistical properties of a two step approach to estimating multivariate GARCH rotated BEKK (RBEKK) models. By the definition of rotated BEKK, we estimate the unconditional covariance matrix in the first step in order to rotate observed variables to have the identity matrix for its sample covariance matrix. In the second step, we estimate the remaining parameters via maximizing the quasi-likelihood function. For this two step quasi-maximum likelihood (2sQML) estimator, we show consistency and asymptotic normality under weak conditions. While second-order moments are needed for consistency of the estimated unconditional covariance matrix, the existence of finite sixthorder moments are required for convergence of the second-order derivatives of the quasilog-likelihood function. We also show the relationship of the asymptotic distributions of the 2sQML estimator for the RBEKK model and the variance targeting (VT) QML estimator for the VT-BEKK model. Monte Carlo experiments show that the bias of the 2sQML estimator is negligible, and that the appropriateness of the diagonal specification depends on the closeness to either of the Diagonal BEKK and the Diagonal RBEKK models.


From the Book:
Preface and Introduction
A man's gift makes room for him before great men. Gifts are like hooks that can catch hold of the mind taking it beyond the reach of forces that otherwise might constrain it.
-- Anon.
This is a book about Samba. It is a tool, a derived work of the labors of many and of the diligence and goodwill of more than a few. This book contains material that has been contributed in a persistent belief that each of us can add value to our neighbors as well as to those who will follow us.
This book is designed to meet the needs of the Microsoft network administrator. UNIX administrators will benefit from this book also, though they may complain that it is hard to find the information they think they need. So if you are a Microsoft certified specialist, this book should meet your needs rather well. If you are a UNIX or Linux administrator, there is no need to feel badly you should have no difficulty finding answers to your current concerns also. What Is Samba?
Samba is a big, complex project. The Samba project is ambitious and exciting. The team behind Samba is a group of some thirty individuals who are spread the world over and come from an interesting range of backgrounds. This team includes scientists, engineers, programmers, business people, and students.
Team members were drawn into active participation through the desire to help deliver an exciting level of transparent interoperability between Microsoft Windows and the non-Microsoft information technology world.
The slogan that unites the efforts behind the Samba project says: Samba, Opening Windows to a Wider World! The goal behind the project is oneof removing barriers to interoperability.
Samba provides file and print services for Microsoft Windows clients. These services may be hosted off any TCP/IP-enabled platform. The original deployment platforms were UNIX and Linux, though today it is in common use across a broad variety of systems.
The Samba project includes not only an impressive feature set in file and print serving capabilities, but has been extended to include client functionality, utilities to ease migration to Samba, tools to aid interoperability with Microsoft Windows, and adminstration tools.
The real people behind Samba are users like you. You have inspired the developers (the Samba Team) to do more than any of them imagined could or should be done. User feedback drives Samba development. Samba-3 in particular incorporates a huge amount of work done as a result of user requests, suggestions and direct code contributions. Why This Book?
There is admittedly a large number of Samba books on the market today and each book has its place. Despite the apparent plethora of books, Samba as a project continues to receive much criticism for failing to provide sufficient documentation. Samba is also criticized for being too complex and too difficult to configure. In many ways this is evidence of the success of Samba as there would be no complaints if it was not successful.
The Samba Team members work predominantly with UNIX and Linux, so it is hardly surprising that existing Samba documentation should reflect that orientation. The original HOWTO text documents were intended to provide some tips, a few golden nuggets, and if they helped anyone then that was just wonderful. But the HOWTOs lacked structure and context. They were isolated snapshots of information that were written to pass information on to someone else who might benefit. They reflected a need to transmit more information that could be conveniently put into manual pages.
The original HOWTO documents were written by different authors. Most HOWTO documents are the result of feedback and contributions from numerous authors. In this book we took care to preserve as much original content as possible. As you read this book you will note that chapters were written by multiple authors, each of whom has his own style. This demonstrates the nature of the Open Source software development process.
Out of the original HOWTO documents sprang a collection of unoffical HOWTO documents that are spread over the Internet. It is sincerely intended that this work will not replace the valuable unofficial HOWTO work that continues to flourish. If you are involved in unofficial HOWTOs then please continue your work!
Those of you who have dedicated your labors to the production of unofficial HOWTOs, to Web page information regarding Samba, or to answering questions on the mailing lists or elsewhere, may be aware that this is a labor of love. We would like to know about your contribution and willingly receive the precious perls of wisdom you have collected. Please email your contribution to John H. Terpstra.
As a service to other users we will gladly adopt material that is technically accurate.
Existing Samba books are largely addressed to the UNIX administrator. From the perspective of this target group the existing books serve an adequate purpose, with one exception - now that Samba-3 is out they need to be updated!
This book, the Official Samba-3 HOWTO and Reference Guide, includes the Samba-HOWTO-Collection.pdf that ships with Samba. These documents have been written with a new design intent and purpose.
Over the past two years many Microsoft network administrators have adopted Samba and have become interested in its deployment. Their information needs are very different from that of the UNIX administrator. This book has been arranged and the information presented from the perspective of someone with previous Microsoft Windows network administrative training and experience. Book Structure and Layout
This book is presented in six parts: General Installation
Designed to help you get Samba-3 running quickly. The Fast Start chapter is a direct response to requests from Microsoft network administrators for some sample configurations that just work. Server Configuration Basics
The purpose of this section is to aid the transition from existing Microsoft Windows network knowledge to Samba terminology and norms. The chapters in this part each cover the installation of one type of Samba server. Advanced Configuration
The mechanics of network browsing have long been the Achilles heel of all Microsoft Windows users. Samba-3 introduces new user and machine account management facilities, a new way to map UNIX groups and Windows groups, Interdomain trusts, new loadable file system drivers (VFS), and more. New with this document is expanded printing documentation, as well as a wealth of information regarding desktop and user policy handling, use of desktop profiles, and techniques for enhanced network integration. This section makes up the core of the book. Read and enjoy. Migration and Updating
A much requested addition to the book is information on how to migrate from Microsoft Windows NT4 to Samba-3, as well as an overview of what the issues are when moving from Samba-2.x to Samba-3. Troubleshooting
This short section should help you when all else fails. Appendix
Here you will find a collection of things that are either too peripheral for most users, or are a little left of field to be included in the main body of information.
Welcome to Samba-3 and the first published document to help you and your users to enjoy a whole new world of interoperability between Microsoft Windows and the rest of the world.


Reversible protein phosphorylation is a common and important form of protein posttranslational modification which determines the proteins' activities, substrate specificity and inhibitions or degradations, depending on the specific amino acid residue, or combination of residues, being targeted. While protein phosphorylations by kinases have been well studied, the importance of protein dephosphorylation by phosphatases has emerged over the past two decades in numerous cell functions, including cell cycle, development, regulation of signal transduction pathways, mitochondrial fussion and fission and disease states of cells. So far, there are five classes of phosphatases: tyrosine-specific phosphatases, serine/threonine specific phosphatases, dual specificity phosphatases, histidine phosphatase and lipid phosphatase. The subject of this review, Protein Phosphatase 2 (PP2, aka PP2A), is a member of the serine/threonine specific phosphatases which dephosphorylate a wide range of proteins including many of the phosphatases and kinases. In eukaryotic proteins, 86 and 12% are phosphorylated on Ser and Thr, respectively and the reversible phosphorylation of these proteins is key to their dynamic functions. The research done on PP2A has exploded in recent years and there are many excellent detail reviews each with a specific PP2A topic. This article presents a brief overview of PP2A functions in four aspects: Their substrate specificity, roles in Tau hyperphosphorylation, roles in mitochondria fusion and fission and nine examples of their roles in neuronal functions.


Silky sharks, Carcharhinus falciformis (Muller and Henle, 1839), are the primary elasmobranch bycatch species in tuna purse seine fisheries throughout the world's major oceans. Juveniles of this species commonly associate with drifting fish aggregating devices (Fads) deployed to enhance tuna catches in these fisheries. Here we present results from the first investigation into the behavior of juvenile silky sharks associated with drifting Fads in the western indian ocean. A total of 10 silky sharks were tagged with coded acoustic transmitters around drifting Fads equipped with acoustic receivers. Following release, all sharks undertook an excursion away from the Fad with which they were associated. Two individuals were subsequently never detected, while the initial absence period of the eight detected sharks ranged between 0.1 and 3.5 d. After returning, total association times averaged 5.19 d (sd = 3.15 d) and related horizontal movement rates ranged from 8 to 50 km d-1. Short excursions away from the Fad were undertaken by some individuals, all of which lasted a few hours and were made at night. During periods of association, silky sharks typically occupied the upper 35 m of the water column for the majority of the observation period. These results provide new insights into our understanding of associative behaviors. Further studies are needed to improve assessment of the impacts of Fads on the ecology of this species, a major concern considering the large number of Fads deployed.


GAME DEVELOPMENT WITH UNITY shows readers how to use the Unity game engine, a multiplatform engine and editor in one, to build games. Perfect for new developers or those looking to create games with an easy, efficient, and inexpensive game engine, they'll find a complete overview of the Unity editor along with basic game and level design theory taught alongside so they can build their game development skill set. New concepts and skill are taught using step-by-step tutorials and questions, as well comprehensive projects. GAME DEVELOPMENT WITH UNITY covers everything from building game assets, to adding interactivity, to polishing your finished game and publishing it.


Compliance with speed limits among vehicle operators, and attitudes towards speeding behaviour, do not appear to have changed significantly in Victoria over the last eight or nine years. Contrary to drink driving behaviour, which in Victoria is met with almost unanimous social disapproval, speeding behaviour does not attract the indignation of the populace; consequently there is little or no social pressure to comply with speed limits. Building community acceptance for effective speed management is, therefore, a priority for road safety agencies, including the Transport Accident Commission (TAC). The TAC believes its efforts in public education and road safety promotion over the past 20 years have contributed to a shift in the community's social norms in relation to drink driving behaviour. Making speeding behaviour similarly socially unacceptable is likely to be a long term process. This article considers the current level of social acceptance of speeding in light of a range of survey data collected by the TAC.


Jacopo Zabarella's two treatises "On Methods" and "On Regressus" (1578) are among the most important Renaissance discussions of how scientific knowledge should be acquired, arranged, and transmitted. They belong to a lively debate about the order in which sciences should be taught and the method to be followed in scientific demonstration that roiled the Late Renaissance world for decades. In these famous works Zabarella rejected the views of Ramists and modern Galenists in favor of the pure doctrine of Aristotle, freed from misunderstandings foisted upon it by medieval interpreters. The influence of these works on Galileo's scientific method and Descartes' famous "Discourse on Method "(1637) has long been debated. They are here translated into English for the first time, along with a new Latin text based on the corrected 1586 edition.Volume 1 contains "On Methods, " Books I-II. Volume 2 contains "On Methods," Books III-IV, and "On Regressus."


The conventional wisdom about solar array arcing in LEO is that only the parts of the solar array that are swept over by the arc-generated plasma front are discharged in the initial arc. This limits the amount of energy that can be discharged. Recent work done at the NASA Glenn Research Center has shown that this idea is mistaken. In fact, the capacitance of the entire solar array may be discharged, which for large arrays leads to very large and possibly debilitating arcs, even if no sustained arc occurs. We present the laboratory work that conclusively demonstrates this fact by using a grounded plate that prevents the arc-plasma front from reaching certain array strings. Finally, we discuss the dependence of arc strength and arc pulse width on the capacitance that is discharged, and provide a physical mechanism for discharge of the entire array, even when parts of the array are not accessible to the arcplasma front. Mitigation techniques are also presented. A = c = F = I = LEG 4 = 7 = t = x = v = Nomenclature Amperes of current Capacitance Farads of capacitance current = Low Earth Orbit charge pulse width time dimensionless time voltage, electrical potential relative to space plasma


Moral engagement is a key feature of human nature: we hold moral values, condemn those who violate those values, and attempt to adhere to them ourselves. Yet moral engagement can make us appear hypocritical if we fail to behave morally. When does moral engagement risk triggering ascriptions of hypocrisy? And when do hypocrites—moreso than ordinary wrongdoers—earn particular moral outrage? Across four studies (total n = 1,787), we provide evidence of two distinct pathways to hypocrisy: (1) violating a moral value that you have signaled to others that you adhere to (i.e., engaging in false signaling) and (2) violating a moral value that you genuinely hold (i.e., committing a personal moral failing). Furthermore, we show that these pathways have unequal moral weight, such that false signaling is evaluated more negatively. In Study 1, we confirm that paradigmatic hypocrites activate judgments associated with both pathways. In Studies 2-3, we investigate case studies designed to activate one pathway but not the other. We find evidence that both pathways are sufficient to trigger ascriptions of hypocrisy, but false signalers are more likely to be penalized for their hypocrisy (and thus deemed less moral than non-hypocritical transgressors). Finally, Study 4 demonstrates that a target who violates a stated value, but avoids activating either pathway, is judged as neither hypocritical nor immoral—confirming that at least one pathway is necessary for hypocrisy. Together, these findings suggest that false signaling and personal moral failings constitute two distinct pathways to hypocrisy with unequal moral weight.


Indian Religions: Renaissance and Renewal, the latest collection of Spalding papers, celebrates the work of Ninian Smart in bringing together papers by some of the most eminent scholars within this field. The papers are concerned with cultural, religious, political or textual exchange and encounter, and therefore in concepts of rupture, revival, restoration, reformation and reformulation. The title of this book comes directly from Professor Klaus Klostermaier's paper which argues that the real Hindu Renaissance is happening now. However, the title also embraces the contemporary problematic of the study of Indian religions. There cannot ever have been a time when the scholarly study of Indic religions has been under such scrutiny or more politically, culturally and religiously sensitive. The papers in section one urge a major rethinking of academic paradigms. The papers in the second section focus on texts, contexts and ways of understanding. Vastly different in style, period and approach, they nevertheless cumulatively develop sensitivity to textual continuities, to the purposes of commentators and the contemporary creative reinterpretation of texts and their application to real life. The third section is concerned with cultural and religious encounter and exchange, transformation, restoration, revival and reformation. The fourth section is concerned with the performative, experiential and expressive. There are papers on the Hindu imagination and imaginary Hinduisms; religion, the media and a multi-modal future; ritual performance and gender; art and the aesthetic imagination.


Human face and behavior analysis are very important research topics in the field of computer vision and they have broad applications in our everyday life. For instance, face alignment, face aging, face expression analysis and action recognition have been well studied and applied for security and entertainment. With these face analyzing techniques (e.g., face aging), we could enhance the performance of cross-age face verification system which now has been used for banks and electronic devices to recognize their clients. With the help of action recognition system, we could better summarize the user uploaded videos or generate logs for surveillance videos. This could help us retrieve the videos more accurately and easily.

The dictionary learning and neural networks are powerful machine learning models for these research tasks. Initially, we focus on the multi-view action recognition task. First, a class-wise dictionary is pre-trained which encourages the sparse representations of the between-class videos from different views to lie close by. Next, we integrate the classifiers and the dictionary learning model into a unified model to learn the dictionary and classifiers jointly.

For face alignment, we frame the standard cascaded face alignment problem as a recurrent process by using a recurrent neural network. Importantly, by combining a convolutional neural network with a recurrent one we alleviate hand-crafted features to learn task-specific features. For human face aging task, it takes as input a single image and automatically outputs a series of aged faces. Since human face aging is a smooth progression, it is more appropriate to age the face by going through smooth transitional states. In this way, the intermediate aged faces between the age groups can be generated. Towards this target, we employ a recurrent neural network. The hidden units in the RFA are connected autoregressively allowing the framework to age the person by referring to the previous aged faces. For smile video generation, one person may smile in different ways (e.g., closing/opening the eyes or mouth). This is a one-to-many image-to-video generation problem, and we introduce a deep neural architecture named conditional multi-mode network (CMM-Net) to approach it. A multi-mode recurrent generator is trained to induce diversity and generate K different sequences of video frames.


IntroductionIt is well known that ultra-endurance exercise, such as Adventure racing and military operations, often induce substantial energy deficits. This suggests a catabolic state, but the exact effects on protein turnover have not yet been sufficiently investigated. The aim of this study was to examine several markers involved in muscle protein turnover before and after a multi-day physically demanding military training operation.MethodsSeven female (age 21 ± 5 years, weight 71.2 ± 6.6 kg) and seventeen male (age 20 ± 1 years, weight 76.6 ± 6.2 kg) performed a 185 hours military training operation. Energy intake was estimated from food supply and energy expenditure was calculated from continuous heart rate and accelerometer recordings. Muscle biopsies were taken from M Vastus Lateralis before and after the operation.ResultsA negative energy balance of 1,500-2,000 kcal/24 hours was estimated. Body weight declined 3.4 (95% CI 3.0-3.8) kg and muscle explosive strength, evaluated from squad and counter movement jumps, was reduced 5 and 6 %, respectively, after the operation with no difference between genders. Muscle glycogen content was reduced from 269 ± 58 to 181 ± 44 mmol/kg dry muscle (p<0.05) with no difference between genders. Muscle content of mTOR and p70 as well as MAFbx were unchanged while the protein content of MuRF-1 was significantly down regulated in both genders.DiscussionThe study indicated that prolonged low intensity exercise with substantial energy deficit reduces muscle function and muscle glycogen content. Proteins for muscle synthesis mTOR and p70 were unchanged while the down regulation of MuRF-1 indicates a protection against muscle break down during the energy deficit situation, preserving the muscle mass.


This constructivist grounded theory explored the perspectives of twelve families of children who were using Augmentative and Alternative Communication Systems (AAC). There is a growing body of research literature concerning AAC but very little is focused on the perspectives of the 'whole' family and the use of AAC in the home environment. Twenty-five parents and children were interviewed using a variety of flexible qualitative methods including a 'draw and tell' approach for younger children and 'Talking Mats', a framework to support children with complex communication needs to express their views.
The core category, 'Finding a Voice', emerged from the analysis of the data as families expressed the desire for their child with complex communication needs to gain a voice through the use of AAC. A trajectory was identified which provides a framework underpinning the families' continuous progress towards 'Finding a Voice' for their child. The four phases in the trajectory: Loss of Voice, Prioritising a Voice, Gaining a Voice and Sustaining a Voice encapsulate the strategies parents used in implementing AAC in the home. Dynamic conditions associated with daily family life and routines resulted in parents redefining family roles and shifting priorities to allow the implementation of AAC. The findings show that although the use of AAC systems in the home can be challenging, parents in the study viewed successful communication as a high priority for their children.

These findings give a greater insight into the perspectives of families using AAC systems with implications for professional practice.


Breeding rice for heavy panicle is prospective to improve production. However, the information on genotype x environment interaction (GxE) of rice panicle morphology is limited. This study was aimed to evaluate the GxE interaction on panicle morphology of heavy panicle rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes. The experiments were conducted in four environmental conditions. The research was conducted from December 2017 to May 2019 at the Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB University, using 24 genotypes (F5-F6 generation) with 6 check varieties. The experimental design was an augmented design (3 replicates of check). Analysis of variance showed that GxE interaction effects were significant on the panicle length, number of axis nodes, primary branches number, secondary branches number, tertiary branches number, number of grains per panicle, and grain density per primary branch. The results showed that the two environments in the rainy season produced higher primary branches number, secondary branches number, tertiary branches number, number of grain per panicle, and grain density per primary branch than the two environments in the dry season. Correlation and path analyses showed that panicle length, number of secondary branches, and grain density per primary branch had a significant and direct positive effect on the number of grains per panicle.
Keywords: primary branches, panicle length, secondary branches, tertiary branches


Congenital Marfan syndrome is a rare and severe disease of the newborn, causing devastating and often fatal effects on the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and musculoskeletal systems. Familial mutations of FBN1 have been studied and identified in Marfan syndrome, but the congenital variant is often due to de novo mutations, limiting the diagnostic capabilities of genetic screening. Ultrasound is essential for early diagnosis and management, yet few cases of sonographic diagnosis have been cited in the literature. This report outlines one such case of congenital Marfan syndrome diagnosed at 24week ultrasound. Further detailed reports should aim to improve screening, diagnosis, and treatment of congenital Marfan syndrome to advance options in family planning and disease management.


ABSTRACT Italy has experienced a new wave of population outflows, in particular since the end of the 2000s, with France as one of the top destinations. This paper investigates the structural and socio-cultural integration of Italian migrants in Paris. The paper is based on a mixed-methods approach, using in-depth interviews, census data and an online survey. We found that the profile and incorporation patterns of post-crisis migrants reflects a long-term trend of middling migration out of Italy. Similar to other studies, we show that current Italian migrants are prevailingly highly skilled and employed in non-manual jobs. As for socio-cultural integration, the paper highlights the symbolic value of the host city, to which migrants are strongly attached. Moreover, the longer the Italian's stay in Paris, the higher his/her integration in Italy-oriented activities, both within Paris and in Italy. This indicates a complex incorporation model that is at odds with assimilation but at the same time departs from ethnicised and community-based patterns. Italian migrants combine being both Parisian and Italian in a 'synergistic balancing act' (Erdal and Oeppen 2013. 'Migrant Balancing Acts: Understanding the Interactions between Integration and Transnationalism.' Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 39 (6):867–884.) of integration and transnationalism.


This thesis discusses several applications of computational topology to the visualization
of scalar fields. Scalar field data come from different measurements and simulations. The
intrinsic properties of this kind of data, which make the visualization of it to a complicated
task, are the large size and presence of noise. Computational topology is a powerful tool
for automatic feature extraction, which allows the user to interpret the information contained
in the dataset in a more efficient way. Utilizing it one can make the main purpose of
scientific visualization, namely extracting knowledge from data, a more convenient task.
Volume rendering is a class of methods designed for realistic visual representation of 3D
scalar fields. It is used in a wide range of applications with different data size, noise
rate and requirements on interactivity and flexibility. At the moment there is no known
technique which can meet the needs of every application domain, therefore development
of methods solving specific problems is required. One of such algorithms, designed for
rendering of noisy data with high frequencies is presented in the first part of this thesis.
The method works with multidimensional transfer functions and is especially suited for
functions exhibiting sharp features. Compared with known methods the presented algorithm
achieves better visual quality with a faster performance in presence of mentioned
features. An improvement on the method utilizing a topological theory, Morse theory, and
a topological construct, Morse-Smale complex, is also presented in this part of the thesis.
The improvement allows for performance speedup at a little precomputation and memory
cost.
The usage of topological methods for feature extraction on a real world dataset often
results in a very large feature space which easily leads to information overflow. Topology
simplification is designed to reduce the number of features and allow a domain expert
to concentrate on the most important ones. In the terms of Morse theory features are
represented by critical points. An importance measure which is usually used for removing
critical points is called homological persistence. Critical points are cancelled pairwise
according to their homological persistence value. In the presence of outlier-like noise
homological persistence has a clear drawback: the outliers get a high importance value
assigned and therefore are not being removed. In the second part of this thesis a new
importance measure is presented which is especially suited for data with outliers. This
importance measure is called scale space persistence. The algorithm for the computation
of this measure is based on the scale space theory known from the area of computer
vision. The development of a critical point in scale space gives information about its
spacial extent, therefore outliers can be distinguished from other critical points. The usage
of the presented importance measure is demonstrated on a real world application, crater
identification on a surface of Mars.
The third part of this work presents a system for general interactive topology analysis
and exploration. The development of such a system is motivated by the fact that topological
methods are often considered to be complicated and hard to understand, because
application of topology for visualization requires deep understanding of the mathematical
background behind it. A domain expert exploring the data using topology for feature
extraction needs an intuitive way to manipulate the exploration process. The presented
system is based on an intuitive notion of a scene graph, where the user can choose and
place the component blocks to achieve an individual result. This way the domain expert
can extract more knowledge from given data independent on the application domain. The
tool gives the possibility for calculation and simplification of the underlying topological
structure, Morse-Smale complex, and also the visualization of parts of it. The system also
includes a simple generic query language to acquire different structures of the topological
structure at different levels of hierarchy.
The fourth part of this dissertation is concentrated on an application of computational
geometry for quality assessment of a triangulated surface. Quality assessment of a triangulation
is called surface interrogation and is aimed for revealing intrinsic irregularities
of a surface. Curvature and continuity are the properties required to design a visually
pleasing geometric object. For example, a surface of a manufactured body usually should
be convex without bumps of wiggles. Conventional rendering methods hide the regions
of interest because of smoothing or interpolation. Two new methods which are presented
here: curvature estimation using local fitting with B´ezier patches and computation of reflection
lines for visual representation of continuity, are specially designed for assessment
problems. The examples and comparisons presented in this part of the thesis prove the
benefits of the introduced algorithms. The methods are also well suited for concurrent visualization
of the results from simulation and surface interrogation to reveal the possible
intrinsic relationship between them.


Suborbital flights are a low-cost option for universities. To perform suborbital missions, it is necessary to design, plan, test, verify, and validate each and every one of the subsystems that integrate the payload without leaving the Earth. In Mexico, some experiments have been carried out since the 1990s to test communication systems in case of disaster and emergency. The Mexican Service Gondola (CSM) from 2015 to date has made sub- orbital flights in conjunction with the National Polytechnic Institute and the group of Protective Coatings Resistant to Thermal Changes and Cosmic Radiation (CRTCR) to test communication systems and glass-ceramic coatings. Suborbital flights are a great oppor-tunity to explore the national territory and test new communication systems, structures, and materials.


Tailgut cyst, also
called retrorectal hamartoma, is a rare congenital lesion and is usually
located anterior to the sacrum and posterior to the rectum. We report a case
of double tailgut cyst (presacral and precoccygeal hamartoma). A 62-year- old
female visited the hospital complaining of anal pain and pressure in the
perianal area for one month. Digital rectal examination revealed a round mass
with hard consistency in the lateral and posterior part of rectum 5 cm from the
anal verge. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging showed two cystic and solid presacral masses (lateral and posterior part of
rectum) compressing the rectum. The patient underwent surgical resection for
pathologic diagnosis. At operation, two masses were located in the left
presacral space without invasion to adjacent organs and soft tissue. Pathologic
examination revealed double tailgut cysts without malignant transformation. A differential diagnosis of perirectal cystic hamartoma includes epidermal cysts, cystic teratomas, dermoid cysts, anal
gland cysts, sarcoma and rectal duplications.
Regional inflammatory process frequently complicates this lesion and
perirectal fistula can develop. Tailgut cyst also has a malignancy potential, with development of adenocarcinomas. To establish a definite diagnosis and prevent complication, complete surgical resection is recommended.


Most professionals face work-life conflicts as they move through their profession's hierarch and progressively advanced stages. This study explores the impact of work-life conflicts on employee performance. A sample of 130 respondents was selected from the National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA). There appears to be a positive and significant relationship between work-life conflicts and performance of employees.Statistical analysis was used to see the impact of gender and marital status on the work-life conflicts and performance of employees. The results indicate that gender had no significant effect on performance and work-life conflicts whereas marital status of the respondents' had a significant impact on the work-life conflicts.


Whereas the tool of the surgeon is the scalpel, internists cure, or at least treat, with medication. However, in the past decade our toolbox has grown so rapidly that it is becoming more and more difficult to handle. The result: adverse drug events (ADE). In a meta-analysis by Hakkarainen et al., it was demonstrated that in an outpatient population up to 2% of all admissions or emergency visits are due to ADE, many of which were potentially preventable. The most important risk factor for ADE in hospitalised patients is the number of drugs they use and the start of a new drug during admission. Patients on cancer treatment sometimes start three new drugs during admission just to treat their nausea. In the current issue, Schoffelen et al. explain how various drugs given in cancer therapy may interact with each other.
Prescription errors and drug-drug interactions are potentially preventable as a cause of ADE. Computerised prescriber order entry may help in prevention but depends on adherence and completeness. We need to do better. In the current issue of the journal, Bosma et al. demonstrated that adding a pharmacologist to the team present during rounds on the intensive care unit leads to further improvement in medication care for patients and on top of this to a decrease in costs.
Luckily most patients admitted do not end up in the ICU unit, but also on general wards and in the outpatient clinic patients might benefit from better pharmacological awareness. Apart from drug interactions, knowledge on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is becoming more and more important especially in a patient population that is gradually ageing. As Ross and Maxwell stated: 'Good prescribing requires a sound understanding of the principles of clinical pharmacology, knowledge of medicines, appreciation of uncertainty and good judgement, ideally based on experience'. Intensifying training in pharmacology ultimately will lead to better patient care.


Abstract The Rio scale is a tool for communicating the significance of a signal to the general public. It assigns scores to signals detected in searches for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI), which characterizes both the consequences of a signal and the probability the signal is truly from ETI, in an easily digestible format for laypeople to interpret. In the 17 years since its construction, the number of groups actively conducting searches for evidence of intelligent life beyond the Earth has increased significantly, and theoretical work has established a new suite of observables that are capable of revealing the presence of ETI in a range of astronomical observations. In this paper, we revise the Rio scale, with the aim of (i) achieving consensus across academic disciplines on a scheme for classifying signals potentially indicating the existence of advanced extraterrestrial life, (ii) supplying a pedagogical tool to help inform the public about the process scientists go through to develop an understanding of a signal and (iii) providing a means of calibrating the expectations of the world at large when signals are discussed in the media. We also present (and encourage the SETI community to adopt) a single set of consistent terminology for discussing signals.


In about 30% of the patients with syndromal craniosynostosis, a genetic mutation can be traced. For the purpose of adequate genetic counseling and treatment of these patients, the full spectrum of clinical findings for each specific mutation needs to be appreciated. The Pro250Arg mutation in the FGFR3 gene is found in patients with Muenke syndrome and is one of the most frequently encountered mutations in craniosynostosis syndromes. A number of studies on the relationship between genotype and phenotype concerning this specific mutation have been published. Two Dutch families with Muenke syndrome were screened for the reported characteristics of this syndrome and for additional features. New phenotypical findings were hypoplasia of the frontal sinus, ptosis of the upper eyelids, dysplastic elbow joints with restricted elbow motion, and mild cutaneous syndactyly. Incidentally, polydactyly, severe ankylosis of the elbow, fusion of cervical vertebrae, and epilepsy were found. Upper eyelid ptosis is thought to be pathognomonic for Saethre-Chotzen syndrome but was also observed in our series of patients with Muenke syndrome. Because Muenke and Saethre-Chotzen syndrome can have similar phenotypes, DNA analysis is needed to distinguish between these syndromes, even when a syndrome diagnosis is already made in a family member.


A key property of the World Wide Web is the possibility for firms to place virtually costless links to third-party content as a substitute or complement to their own content. This ability to hyperlink has enabled new types of players, such as search engines and content aggregators, to successfully enter content ecosystems, attracting traffic and revenues by hosting links to the content of others. This, in turn, has sparked a heated controversy between content producers and aggregators regarding the legitimacy and social costs/benefits of uninhibited free linking. This work is the first to model the implications of interrelated and strategic hyper-linking and content investments. Our results provide a nuanced view of the much-touted Olink economyO, highlighting both the beneficial consequences and the drawbacks of free hyperlinks for content producers and consumers. We show that content sites can reduce competition and improve profits by forming links to each other; in such networks one site makes high investments in content and other sites link to it. Interestingly, competitive dynamics often preclude the formation of link networks, even in settings where they would improve everyone's profits. Furthermore, such networks improve economic efficiency only when all members have similar abilities to produce content; otherwise the less capable nodes can free-ride on the content of the more capable nodes, reducing profits for the capable nodes as well as the average content quality available to consumers. Within these networks, aggregators have both positive and negative effects. By making it easier for consumers to access good quality content they increase the appeal of the entire content ecosystem relative to the alternatives. To the extent that this increases the total traffic flowing into the content ecosystem, aggregators can help increase the profits of the highest quality content sites. At the same time, however, the market entry of aggregators takes away some of the revenue that would otherwise go to pure content sites. Finally, by placing links to only a subset of available content, aggregators further increase competitive pressure on content sites. Interestingly, this can increase the likelihood that such sites will then attempt to alleviate the competitive pressure by forming link networks.


Abstract International studies reveal that occupational stress among educators has been researched for a number of decades. As a result of a drastically changed working environment in the teaching profession in South Africa, stress as a phenomenon has also received attention. Since valuable studies have been undertaken on certain aspects of educator stress, this article attempts to provide an overview of the occurrence of stress among educators. In the light of this, the article focuses on different models of occupational stress and identifies key factors that may have an impact on occupational stress among educators.


Walls, windows, roofs, and fences cannot protect our home from virtual invasions and other non-physical intrusions. Neither can the current legal framework of home protection continue to safeguard the sanctity of home in a data- driven environment. Due to critical changes in household infrastructure and lifestyle, contemporary law has gradually become disconnected from the reality of the digital home, providing less protection than it did in the pre-digital age. This is partially because contemporary law has not properly addressed the complications, including a) the rise of digital and hybrid spaces and digital assets in the traditional physical home; b) the fast expansion of home (private) life into multiple spaces and places independent of geo-location; c) the lack of clear home boundaries in the digital world, as compared to boundaries previously marked by physical walls, fences, windows, etc.; d) the new power dynamics between home residents (now the data source) and devices and services providers (now increasingly in control of the home); e) the growing significance of home data protection in addition to physical privacy; f) the changing perception of home in the Internet of Things (IoT) age that is becoming more detached from home's geo- location and physical features; and g) weak enforcement jurisdiction in view of the complicated industrial supply chain, growing cross-border data flows, and untamed foreign tech powers.

This paper argues that contemporary law needs to develop a better conceptual framework to adjust to the fundamental changes as outlined. It argues that the inviolability of the home and home protection should cover not only the home's physical space, but also its virtual and hybrid space, helping residents regain their control of home. This can be achieved, the paper suggests, by adopting a new concept "Home 2.0," an upgrade of the traditional home ("Home 1.0"), and by re-emphasizing the physicality of the new home environment to better anchor the current home protection legal framework.


In the present article, we expose various properties of unbounded absolutely weak Dunford?Pettis and unbounded absolutely weak compact operators on a Banach lattice E. In addition to their topological and lattice properties, we investigate relationships between M-weakly compact operators, L-weakly compact operators, and order weakly compact operators with unbounded absolutely weak Dunford-Pettis operators. We show that the square of any positive uaw-Dunford-Pettis (M-weakly compact) operator on an order continuous Banach lattice is compact. Many examples are given to illustrate the essential conditions.


Environmental changes are some of the factors that affect fisheries and biological characteristics of fishes. The African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) has biological characteristics that enable it to persist under various stressful environmental conditions. However, few studies have examined how the African catfish responds to conditions created by a changing climate. The study examined some of the fishery and biological characteristics of African catfish in Lake Wamala (Uganda) to provide an understanding of their response to changing climatic conditions using data for the period 1950 - 2013. Temperature around the lake increased by 0.02oC/year since 1980, commensurate with the regional trend, while rainfall was above average since 1996, except in 2004 and 2008. Lake depth was strongly positively correlated with rainfall (r =0.83, n= 6, p<0.05) up to 2000, after which, lake depth decreased amidst increase in rainfall. The contribution of African catfish increased from 20% to 85% and 17% to 78% respectively to commercial and experimental catches respectively between 1975 and 2013 despite the decrease in lake depth. The modal total length, condition factor, food, and fecundity did not change. Only size at first maturity decreased from 37.5 to 30 cm TL in females and 39.5 to 34.2 cm TL in males between 1999/2000 and 2012/2013. The biological characteristics of the African catfish were comparable with those of the same species in other lakes and remained relatively stable. The results suggested that the African catfish has the capacity to persist and/or adjust appropriately under conditions created by climate variability and change, and if properly managed, can sustain the fisheries of Lake Wamala.


SUMMARY Adenylate energy charge (AEC) is directly related to the cellular concentrations of the three adenylates nucleotides ATP, ADP and AMP. This biochemical index reaches high values (0.9) under optimal conditions but drops rapidly in the presence of stressing agents. In vertebrates, AEC is strongly regulated and maintained within narrow limits. In contrast, in invertebrates, AEC displays a wide range of values according to the importance of the internal stress or to the variations in the external environment of the organisms (natural or anthropogenic). This work concerns the use of adenine nucleotides concentrations, ATP/ ADP ratios and AEC as physiological markers in different species. Our results show that AEC is modified in animals submitted to experimental pollution or sampled in polluted areas. Results of zinc contamination in adults of clam Ruditapes decussatus show that after one month exposure, AEC values change significantly. The use of AEC in the bivalve Ruditapes decussatus for in situ evaluation allowed a classification among different sampling sites in what concerns environmental quality. In this way, AEC proved to be an accurate bi<?chemical and physiological marker in monitoring the health of organisms exposed to pollution and can be used as a complementary tool in impact and environmental management studies.


What would happen if there is a machine that could learn emotions at a very similar pace to humans? The machine exists in reality. It is clones, which are created by humans like robots, and which humans have control of, and which benefit humans. The film Never Let Me Go is a great visual representation of the fate and life of these clones. The feature of the film, which is distinct from numerous films dealing with the clone, is that it not only describes the story from the clone's point of view, but also allows viewers to watch the clone's growth and suffering from childhood to adulthood. In the process, Clones doesn't require an artificial programming in emotion learning and they learn emotions through natural relationships with people around them just like human beings. This paper focuses on the film Never Let Me Go and studies human-made creatures invading human boundaries and exerting influence. The paper is also meaningful in that the film study has been lacked when it compares to the original novel with the same title even though both works are dealing with the same content, and that the work can analyze the present and future of artificial intelligence and clones interpreted by the writer and the director.


To solve the bandwidth and latency issues in current hierarchical data center network (DCN) architectures based on electrical switches, we propose a novel hybridDCNarchitecture based on distributed flow-controlled fast optical switches (FOS) and modified top-of-the-rack (TOR) switches (HiFOST). The intra-cluster interconnection of HiFOST is built by FOS with wavelength switching in nanoseconds' time for an efficient statistical multiplexing operation, while the inter-cluster interconnection is connected by the TOR interfaces directly. Due to the lack of practical optical buffers, optical flow control is implemented to retransmit packets in case of contention. We investigate the performance of HiFOST DCN with different TOR buffer sizes, optical link capacities, elastic allocation of transceivers, and network scales under realistic data center (DC) traffic. The results show an average serverto- server latency of less than 2.8 μs, a packet loss <5.6 × 10−6 at load of 0.5 for a DC size of 94,080 servers with limited 50 KB TOR buffer. In addition, for scaling out the servers' number and scaling up the data rate of connected servers, the cost and power consumption of the HiFOST DCN have been investigated and compared with the electrical Fat-Tree and Leaf-Spine DCN architectures, as well as with the optical H-LION and OPSquare DCN architectures. Results indicate that, for 94,080 servers operating at 10 Gb/s, HiFOST has a 48.2% and 34.1% savings of the cost and 46.3% and 32.5% savings of the power consumption with respect to the Fat-Tree and Leaf-Spine, respectively. For a HiFOST DCN supporting a 10880 server, scaling up the operating data rate of the server to 100 Gb/s, the HiFOST solution has a cost savings of 35.6% and 34.1% and power consumption of 56.5% and 59.2% as compared to the Fat-Tree and Leaf-Spine, respectively.


Principal component analysis applied to a set of dipeptides illustrates how changes in families of parameters act in concert to produce overall molecular structural changes. Principal component analysis is an eigenvalue–eigenvector analysis whereby the parametric sensitivity coefficient matrix is manipulated to produce weighted principal components, which reveal the variant and invariant directions in the parameter space. This analysis summarizes the sensitivity results by revealing interdependence among the parameter values with regard to their role in controlling the molecular structure. An analysis of the principal components reveals hidden relationships among the parameters. Thus, those parameters, which were thought to be of controlling significance with respect to the molecular structure, may, in fact, not be (or vice versa) due to cooperative parametric interactions; as a result, the parameters of significance in a sequence of dipeptides are identified. In general, for the dipeptides studied, there is mutual exclusion of dominant parameters between the sets of invariant and variant eigenvectors. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Rhizome anatomy of 2 species of Ceradenia and 2 species of Zygophlebia, mainly Malagasy endemics, was studied in detail, and compared with preliminary results previously achieved in 2 other Zygophlebia species from Madagascar. Stele architecture was reconstructed in each species, with two sketches (a cross section and a splitting-out diagram), thus providing anatomical features and allowing a discussion about their relevance for distinguishing the two genera. Especially, we emphasize that Ceradenia differs from Zygophlebia by lacking any accessory ventral gap, but that character has a value only in combination with the occurrence of whitish waxy hairs in the sori. On the other hand, histology provides few correlated results, due to a narrow sampling, but tracheids lumen appears in transverse section sinuate in Ceradenia, rounded in Zygophlebia. Rhizotaxis was analyzed, revealing a more or less helical insertion of roots, along meridians in definite number, mainly crowded at the ventral rhizome side, and whose divergence angle seems to be little altered by environmental constraints. Phyllopodial divergence angles are constant too. All these geometrical data may be useful for characterizing species, or species groups, but not at a generic level. They appear however not tightly correlated to rhizome size and might have an adaptive significance.


Arctic lowlands are characterized by large numbers of small waterbodies, which are known to affect surface energy budgets and the global carbon cycle. Statistical analysis of their size distributions has been hindered by the shortage of observations at sufficiently high spatial resolutions. This situation has now changed with the high-resolution (< 5m) circum-Arctic Permafrost Region Pond and Lake (PeRL) database recently becoming available. We have used this database to make the first consistent, high-resolution estimation of Arctic waterbody size distributions, with surface areas ranging from 0.0001 km² (100 m²) to 1 km². We found that the size distributions varied greatly across the thirty study regions investigated and that there was no single universal size distribution function (including power-law distribution functions) appropriate across all of the study regions. We did, however, find close relationships between the statistical moments (mean, variance, and skewness) of the waterbody size distributions from different study regions. Specifically, we found that the spatial variance increased linearly with mean waterbody size (R² = 0.97, p <2.2e-16) and that the skewness decreased approximately hyperbolically. We have demonstrated that these relationships (1) hold across the thirty Arctic study regions covering a variety of (bio)climatic and permafrost zones, (2) hold over time in two of these study regions for which multi-decadal satellite imagery is available, and (3) can be reproduced by simulating rising water levels in a high-resolution digital elevation model. The consistent spatial and temporal relationships between the statistical moments of the waterbody size distributions underscore the dominance of topographic controls in lowland permafrost areas. These results provide motivation for further analyses of the factors involved in waterbody development and spatial distribution and for investigations into the possibility of using statistical moments to predict future hydrologic dynamics in the Arctic.


Objective: To assess the level of knowledge about HIV, substance abuse and unsafe sexual practices among merchants in Kinshasa, DR Congo.
Methodology: A study was conducted of awareness, attitudes, and practices involving 2,256 randomly selected merchants in the six major open-air markets of Kinshasa from August to September 2016. Data was collected using a standard questionnaire targeting true and incorrect knowledge/misinformation about HIV, high-risk sexual practices and consumption and abuse of psychoactive substances. The means of transmission and the preventive measures were considered as dependent variables. Logistic regression revealed determinants at P<0.005.
Results:
• The mean age was 38.2 ± 12.9 years with a gender ratio of 1H: 1F.
• 77% were educated.
• 53% had insufficient overall knowledge of HIV/AIDS.
• 75% had unprotected sexual practices.
• 47% reported incorrect overall knowledge.
• Age >25 years old, consumption of psychoactive substances and low level of education were the determinants for lack of knowledge/misinformation.
• Age <45 years old, male, high-level of education, unmarried and abuse of psychoactive substances were the determinants of high-risk sexual behavior.
• The consumption of psychoactive substances was more frequent in males.
Conclusion: The young, educated merchants in Kinshasa had a low overall level of education on HIV/AIDS, worsen by erroneous knowledge. They had sexual risk behaviors mediated by male gender, unmarried status and the psychoactive substances abuse.


The objective of this study is to analyze the occupied space of passengers with reduced mobility when boarding or alighting a train through an experimental approach based on a virtual tracking tool system to obtain their exact position. The designed experiments considered a train and its adjacent platform, in which 21 volunteers were recruited, 3 with reduced mobility. The results indicated that passengers with reduced mobility required up to 80% more space, compared to a passenger without reduced mobility, when waiting to board the train. The passenger who occupied the largest space was the one with a pram, reaching 1.70 m2/passenger, represented as a polygon. In addition, when passengers started to walk, the space used increased due to limb movement. In the alighting process, passengers with reduced mobility used almost twice the space required for the boarding process due to the relatively larger platform space occupied as each passenger alights and walks away, whereas when boarding, each passenger has less space to share with the other people waiting for the train to arrive or for the doors to open. These results could help practitioners improve the design of the platform or implement control measures, such as adding waiting areas for those passengers with reduced mobility. Further research is needed regarding other types of stations and density situations.


Centrifugal pumps are widely used in many different industrial processes, such as power generation stations, chemical processing plants, and petroleum industries. The problem of failures in centrifugal pumps is a large concern due to its significant influence on such critical industries. Particularly, as the core, parts of a pump, bearings and the impellers are subject to different corrosions and their faults can cause major degradation of pump performances and lead to the breakdown of production. Therefore, an early detection of these types of faults would provide information to take timely preventive actions.

This research investigates more effective techniques for diagnosing common faults of impellers and bearings with advanced signal analysis of surface vibration. As overall vibration responses contain a high level of broadband noises due to fluid cavities and turbulences, noise reduction is critical to developing reliable and accurate features. However, considering the modulation effect between the rotating shaft, vane passing components and any structural resonances, a modulation signal bispectrum (MSB) method is mainly used to extract these deterministic characteristics of modulations, which differs from previous researches in that the broadband vibration is often characterised with statistical methods, high frequency demodulation along spectrum analysis. Both theoretical analysis and experimental evaluation show that the diagnostic features developed by MSB allow impellers with inlet vane damages and exit vane faults to be identified under different operating conditions.

It starts with an in-depth examination of the vibration excitation mechanisms associated with each type of common pump faults including impeller leakages, impeller blockages, bearing inner race defects and bearing outrace defects. Subsequently, fault diagnosis was carried out using popular spectrum and envelope analysis, and more advanced kurtogram and MSB analysis. These methods all can successfully provide correct detection and diagnosis of the faults, which are induced manually to the test pump.

Envelope analysis in a bands optimised with Kurtogram produces outstanding detection results for bearing faults but not the impeller faults in a frequency range as high as several thousand hertz (about 7.5kHz). In addition, it cannot provide satisfactory diagnostic results in separating the faults across different flow rates, especially when the compound faults were evaluated. This deficiency is because they do not have the capability of suppressing the random noises.

Meanwhile, it has found that the MSB analysis allows both impeller and bearing faults to be detected and diagnosed. Especially, when the pump operated with compound faults both the fault types and severity can be attained by the analysis with acceptable accuracy for different flow rates. This high performance of diagnosis is due to that MSB has the unique capability of noise reduction and nonlinearity demodulation. Moreover, MSB diagnosis can be a frequency…


Fortschritte der Mineralogie , the journal of the Deutsche Mineralogische Gesellschaft (DMG), was founded in 1911. Until 1988, a total of 66 volumes appeared, although with some interruptions due to World Wars I and II. In contrast to other mineralogical periodicals the Fortschritte published predominantly review articles in all fields of mineralogy. From 1960 on part of the contributions were written in English, thus conforming to the trend towards English as a lingua franca in natural sciences, including geosciences. On August 1, 1988, the Deutsche Mineralogische Gesellschaft, the Societe francaise de Mineralogie and the Societa Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia founded the European Journal of Mineralogy (EJM) and, at the same time, decided to discontinue their own traditional journals; the same holds true for the Sociedad Espanola de Mineralogia who joined in editing the EJM in 2004. During the two decades of existence, nearly 1900 paper have been published by the EJM in the fields of crystallography (18 %), systematic, regional and applied mineralogy (39 %) and petrology (43 %). The overwhelming majority of the papers (more than 80 %) was written by European authors, i.e. 22 % from Italy, 20 % from Germany, 11 % from France, 5 % from the United Kingdom, 3% from Spain, Switzerland, and Austria, resp., and 5 % from Russia. The USA contributed 5 % of the papers, Canada 3 % and Japan 2.5 %. The EJM has established itself as an internationally respected, high rank European periodical in all fields of mineralogy with an impact factor ranging from 1.1 to 1.45.


Differential requirements for receptor endocytosis and delivery to the perinuclear region for activation of STAT3. Stimulation of the receptors for oncostatin M and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) results in activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) through a process involving phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of STAT3, which allows STAT3 to regulate gene expression. Kermorgant and Parker show that, in HeLa cells, activation of STAT3 by HGF requires the endocytosis and trafficking to a perinuclear region of the HGF receptor c-Met, whereas activation of STAT3 by oncostatin M through its receptor does not rely on this internalization process. The authors found that STAT3 and phosphorylated STAT3 colocalized with c-Met at endosomes. If endocytosis was blocked through various means, or if delivery of c-Met to the perinuclear region was blocked by disrupting either microtubule motor function or microtubules, then STAT3 activation and nuclear translocation was inhibited. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) was inhibited if c-Met endocytosis was blocked but was not impaired if microtubules were disrupted so that c-Met trafficking to the perinuclear compartment was blocked, suggesting differential signaling requirements for these two downstream components of c-Met signaling. If c-Met activity was inhibited pharmacologically with a cell-permeable inhibitor after the cells were exposed to HGF (to allow time for receptor endocytosis), then STAT3 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation was inhibited. However, application of an antibody that neutralizes HGF did not inhibit STAT3 and ERK1/2 activation, suggesting that receptor recycling to the membrane was not required. The differential requirements for receptor trafficking appear to control the kinetics of downstream signaling: ERK1/2 activation in response to HGF was rapid and occurred within 15 minutes of HGF addition, whereas STAT3 activation required longer exposure to HGF. Activation of STAT3 by oncostatin M was also rapid, occurring within 15 minutes of ligand addition, and the total phosphorylated STAT3 was greater than when the cells were exposed to HGF. Thus, receptor trafficking appears to control both the kinetics and strength of the STAT3 response. S. Kermorgant, P. J. Parker, Receptor trafficking controls weak signal delivery: A strategy used by c-Met for STAT3 nuclear accumulation. J. Cell Biol. 182, 855-863 (2008). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Spanning the years from the early 1280s until about 1308, this collection of poems contains Dante's juvenilia as well as his more mature work prior to the Divine Comedy. Patrick Diehl's translation offers in a single volume the bulk of Dante's shorter poetry. The collection, omitting only those poems Dante incorporated into the Vila nuova, contains several masterpieces of medieval poetry and gives us a fascinating look at the poet's development.Originally published in 1979.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


A cohort of more than 8000 Japanese men living in Hawaii was studied for factors associated with blood pressure levels, with an emphasis on biological and sociocultural variables. Bivariate and multivariate analyses of more than 50 variables indicated that obesity, age, hematocrit, heart rate, forced vital capacity, serum triglyceride, serum uric acid, cigarette consumption, and family history of hypertension were independently associated with both cross-sectional levels and longitudinal changes in blood pressure. Serum glucose and alcohol consumption were associated with cross-sectional levels only. There was little evidence of association for specific dietary items, type of diet, diet changes, or use of salt. Furthermore, there was no support for the psychosocial hypotheses of elevated blood pressure from the stress of migration, acculturation, or status incongruity. (Hypertension 4: 406–414, 1982)


Importance Technical proficiency at robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy (RPD) and video assessment are promising tools for understanding postoperative outcomes. Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) remains a major driver of cost and morbidity after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Objective To determine if technical variables during RPD are associated with postoperative DGE. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective study was conducted of technical assessment performed in all available videos (n = 192) of consecutive RPDs performed at a single academic institution from October 3, 2008, through September 27, 2016. Exposures Video review of gastrojejunal anastomosis during RPD. Main Outcomes and Measures Delayed gastric emptying was classified according to International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery criteria. Video analysis reviewed technical variables specific in the construction of the gastrojejunal anastomosis. Using multivariate analysis, DGE was correlated with known patient variables and technical variables, individually and combined. Results Of 410 RPDs performed, video was available for 192 RPDs (80 women and 112 men; mean [SD] age, 65.7 [11.1] years). Delayed gastric emptying occurred in 41 patients (21.4%; grade A, 15; grade B, 14; and grade C, 12). Patient variables contributing to DGE on multivariate analysis were advanced age (odds ratio [OR] 1.11; 95% CI, 1.05-1.16; P < .001), small pancreatic duct size (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.72-0.98; P = .03), and postoperative pseudoaneurysm (OR, 17.29; 95% CI, 2.34-127.78; P = .005). However, technical variables contributing to decreased DGE on multivariate analysis included the flow angle (within 30° of vertical) between the stomach and efferent jejunal limb (OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.08-0.79; P = .02), greater length of the gastrojejunal anastomosis (OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.20-0.77; P = .006), and a robotic-sewn anastomosis (robotic suture vs stapler: OR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.09-0.95; P = .04). Conclusions and Relevance This study examines modifiable technical factors through the use of review of video obtained at the time of operation and suggests ways by which the surgical construction of the gastrojejunal anastomosis during RPD may reduce the incidence of DGE as a framework for prospective quality improvement.


An exhibit dedicated to Erroll Garner and the opening of his archive. Exhibit unveiled at the University's William Pitt Union; a combined effort of the Archives Service Center and the Pitt Department of Music, particularly Jazz Studies faculty and student


The PEIMS Standard Reports are provided to meet general requirements for information concerning public education in Texas. Some of these reports comprise geographic information for each district and campus; while others contain listings of school districts or campuses by legislative districts. There are also reports that include information for high school graduates, or information for student enrollment. Other PEIMS Standard Reports include information concerning superintendents, staff or teachers employed by school districts.


The purpose of the present research was studying the effect of organizational culture on creativity with an emphasis on the mediating role of knowledge management. In terms of purpose, this is a practical research, in terms of data collection this is a descriptive survey research, and the collected data are quantitative (via questionnaire). The statistical population of the present research consisted of 301 people working in educational deputies, research and technology deputies, and cultural and scholastic deputies. From them, 170 individuals were selected as sample size, using Morgan and Krejcie tables, and Stratified Random Sampling method. The data analysis were performed by structural equation modelling (SEM) and Smart PLS software. The results showed a positive and significant effect of organizational culture on the creativity of the employees, organizational culture on knowledge management and finally knowledge management on the creativity of the employees.


The article presents a research project at the Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training in Germany and reflects the perspective of researchers in the field of vocational education and training (VET). It investigates the technical and structural, policy-related, and normative and inherent academic research conditions exerting an influence on the acceptance, dissemination, and use of Open Access (OA). The research project focuses on the German-speaking countries. VET research represents an interlinking of various related academic research areas, rather than comprising a stand-alone discipline. Therefore, the assumption must be that the results of the project will be at least partially transferable to other fields within the social sciences and the humanities and will thus contribute towards findings with regard to OA across the whole of the latter domain. The background to the project is underpinned by science communication and by media theory. The empirical basis of the study has its foundations in a Sequential Mixed Method Design with a qualitative strand, followed by a quantitative strand. The qualitative exploration via focus groups will lead to hypotheses for the online survey. The online survey will be aimed at academic researchers from various disciplines who share common ground in that they address topics that are related to VET research. The realisation of the research project is planned for 2018–2020.


We present QCA, a package for performing Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). QCA is becoming increasingly popular with social scientists, but none of the existing software alternatives covers the full range of core procedures. This gap is now filled by QCA. After a mapping of the method's diffusion, we introduce some of the package's main capabilities, including the calibration of crisp and fuzzy sets, the analysis of necessity relations, the construction of truth tables and the derivation of complex, parsimonious and intermediate solutions.


Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) is generally used in modern communication devices, and a large part of day-to-day communication is done through it. Study of literature of past few year shows that, the leading work on MPA is focused on designing compact sized broadband microstrip antenna. But inherently MPA have narrow bandwidth so to enhance bandwidth various techniques are engaged. This review paper demonstrates some commonly engaged techniques to fabricate MPA with broader-bandwidth since last few decades.


Abstract Context: The growth of osteopathic medicine in the United States has led to a vibrant expansion of the profession internationally. Canadian students represent the majority of international applicants and matriculants to US colleges of osteopathic medicine (COMs); however, to our knowledge, no studies have explored this population. Objective: To gain a better understanding of Canadian students attending US colleges of osteopathic medicine by examining their residency training preference, visa preference, intent to practice in the United States or Canada, receptiveness to incorporating osteopathic manipulative medicine into practice, specialty preference, estimated debt incurred, and effect of debt on specialty choice. Methods: A 10-question electronic survey was sent to Canadian osteopathic medical students in the 17 COMs and branch campuses that accept international applicants. The initial survey pool consisted of frst-, second-, third-, and fourth-year medical students (classes of 2014-2017) compiled from a database managed by the Canadian Osteopathic Medical Student Association. Results: Of the 102 students contacted, 66 (65%) completed the survey. Respondents had a strong desire to practice in Canada (44 [67%]) but were considering an Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) or dually accredited residency program in the United States (46 [70%] and 15 [23%], respectively) that would sponsor an H1B visa. Respondents were receptive to incorporating osteopathic manipulative medicine into practice (44 [67%]). Most respondents chose non–primary care specialties (40 [61%]) and incurred a debt of more than $200,000 (44 of 65 [68%]); however, debt had a limited infuence on respondents' choice of specialty (χ23=1.911; P=.591). Conclusion: Most respondents planned to complete ACGME training, to return to Canada to practice medicine, and to practice in a non–primary care specialty. As a growing population that will play a large role in the expansion and reception of the profession internationally, Canadian osteopathic medical students and US-trained Canadian DOs merit further examination.


Esther Ann Mather was the daughter of Joseph Benson Mather who operated a drapery business in Liverpool Street, Tasmania, Australia. Esther married Charles Henry Robey, also of the Quaker Faith on the 23rd of July 1884. A number of prominent Tasmanian Quaker families attended the wedding, including Ann Pollard Mather who was present at first Meeting for Discipline in Hobart in 1833.
Photograph titled 'Wedding of Charles Henry Robey and Esther Ann Mather': shows wedding party of the Robey Wedding (held by University of Tasmania Library, Special and Rare Materials Collection).Photograph titled 'Robey Wedding Photo Back': shows the handwritten notes indicating the identities of the wedding party.
Photograph titled 'Esther Robey's (nee Mather) wedding dress': shows Esther's grey Quaker style wedding dress (held by Society of Friends' Meeting House Collection.
Photograph titled 'Detail of Esther Robey's (nee Mather) wedding dress': shows detail of the back of Esther Robey's wedding dress . Photograph titled 'Detail of buttons of Esther Robey's (nee Mather) wedding dress': shows a detailed close up image of the dress' buttons.