OBJECTIVES
With improved short-term outcomes the right ventricular to pulmonary artery shunt (Sano) has become the preferred pulmonary blood source in the Norwood procedure in many centres. However, most studies analysed consecutive cohorts, with a first modified Blalock-Taussig shunt (BT) followed by the Sano cohort. Besides, neither comprehensive preoperative risk analysis nor outcome beyond 1 year of age was investigated.

METHODS
This study reviews 109 neonates undergoing the Norwood procedure in the same interval between October 2002 and December 2009. The Sano (38) or BT shunt (71) was assigned according to the surgeon's preference. Two neonates subsequently underwent successful biventricular repair and were excluded. The Aristotle comprehensive score (ACS) was used to evaluate preoperative risk, with high-risk patients (n = 39) classified as having an ACS ≥ 20, and low-risk patients (n = 68) given an ACS <20.

RESULTS
Mean Aristotle score at the Norwood operation was 18.8 ± 0.4 and 18.9 ± 0.3 (P = 0.9) in Sano and BT, respectively. Mean follow-up interval was 4.1 ± 2.1 years (range: 1.7-8.9 years). Actuarial survival was similar, stabilizing from the 8th postoperative month onwards at 78.6 ± 4.9% (95% CI: 67.0-86.5%) for Sano and 78.4 ± 6.8% (95% CI: 61.4-88.6%) for BT; P = 0.95. Midterm actuarial survival was higher in low-risk patients, 88.2 ± 3.9% (95% CI: 77.8-93.9%) than in high-risk patients: 61.5 ± 7.8% (95% CI: 44.5-74.7%, P = 0.0003). No survival benefit was detected in low- or high-risk cases for either shunt type. Risk factors for midterm mortality were cardiorespiratory failure requiring ventilation (13/34, P = 0.004), and ACS ≥ 20 (15/39, P = 0.001), but not shunt type (8/37, P = 0.95). Increased number of shunt-related interventions before the Glenn procedure were noted with Sano (32.4 versus 6.5%, P = 0.002).

CONCLUSIONS
Preoperative risk factors, regardless of shunt type, influence midterm survival after the Norwood procedure with an excellent outcome in low-risk patients, while high-risk cases still incur a significant mortality. Sano shunt interventions occurred with increased numbers. Although, Sano shunt may be the only feasible option in some instances, given the possible negative effects of ventriculotomy on right ventricle function, the widespread use of Sano shunt should be reconsidered.


With recent developments in micro and nano-technologies, mechanical components such as those used in medicine or electronics tend to be miniaturized, requiring a new set of testing techniques to study their reliability and performance. One of the new methods is micro-pillar compression testing, which allows the study of mechanical properties of confined volumes precisely shaped by focused ion beam (FIB) milling from sometimes complex microstructures. This technique has garnered a great deal of interest in recent years; on one hand because of its apparent simplicity, on the other hand because it revealed an unexpected size dependence in the flow stress of single crystals when the pillar diameter was reduced below a few tenths of a micrometre. The flow stress of FIB milled face centred cubic (fcc) micro-pillars appears to follow a power law as a function of their size. In contrast, non-FIB milled, body centred cubic (bcc) eutectic Molybdenum (Mo) alloy pillars prepared by directional growth exhibit, in their pristine state, whisker-like behaviour without a size effect. Furthermore, after FIB milling or moderate pre-deformation, the whisker character is lost and the typical scatter of the flow stress usually observed for FIB milled pillars is reproduced. After large pre-deformation the scatter vanishes and the pillars exhibit no size effect. These findings show that 1) the deterministic parameter in the size effect can be correlated with the initial microstructure of the pillar, and 2) FIB milling influences this microstructure. This study aims to link the deformation modes occurring in small-scale pillars with their initial microstructure by studying directionally solidified eutectic Mo-alloy pillars with a diameter of 1 micrometre. In-situ Laue diffraction experiments during the compression of such defect-free pillars show that with readily-available dislocation sources from a concave pillar top, the {112}[111] slip system with the highest Schmid factor is initially activated and not the allegedly assumed {110}[111] slip system that is typical for bcc metals. Post-mortem slip trace analysis and TEM observations confirm this finding. Moreover, 3D atom probe measurements and TEM images show that this behaviour can be linked to the presence of both alloying elements and fcc nano-precipitates found in the bcc Mo-alloy. Both can lead to a decrease of the critical temperature and the observation of an fcc-like deformation. Additionally, it is shown that both FIB milling and pre-deformation introduce defects in the initially dislocation-free pillars. In addition to this, pillars prepared under similar conditions yield quite different microstructures. The angle between the focused ion beam and the crystal orientation is found to play an important role in the creation of defects. It can also be shown that pillars with high initial dislocation density deform bulk-like and exhibit strain hardening, while pillars with low initial dislocation content demonstrate a large scatter in the flow and yield stress and exhibit large strain burst at later deformation stages. Furthermore several slip systems are activated before the flow stress is reached for pillars containing initially low dislocation content. Interestingly the first activated slip system can be linked to the initial streaking direction; slip is observed on the {112} plane that contains excess dislocations. For both the as-prepared pillars and the pillars with low initial dislocation content, the yield seems to be source limited, which is not the case for pillars with high initial dislocation content.


We studied the transmission characteristics of a planar metamaterial consisting of an array of electric split-ring resonators (eSRRs) with double periodicity. Because of coupling between different resonant modes induced by different lattice periods in metamaterials with double periodicity, the appearance of Fano resonance can be expected in the same manner as that in the case of coupled classical oscillators. We fabricated complementary eSRRs and verified that a Fano-like spectral shape appeared in the transmission spectra of eSRRs with double periodicity in the terahertz region.


Background/Context To date, there has been little attention given to how privilege is produced and enacted. Privilege has been mainly conceptualized as the advantages that one group has over another. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study In this article, the author seeks to move beyond current conceptions of privilege to explore the relationship between advantages and identity formation and to examine the ways in which students with schooling and life advantages actively construct privilege as a dimension or aspect of their identity. Research Design To explore this connection between advantages and identity, the author examines the understandings of two affluent students attending an elite private high school about the differences in educational experiences between low-income and affluent students. These two students were part of a larger ethnographic study of the lessons that students at elite schools are taught about their place in the world, their relationships with others, and who they are. Findings/Results The students' understandings reveal their use of particular ideological operations and modes to justify their own advantages in life and schooling, construct between-class divisions, establish within-class solidarity, and rationalize the disadvantages of Others. The author argues that these particular ideological operations and modes are not simply methods or competencies that affluent students know how to use but also formative elements of their respective identities. Conclusions/Recommendations This analysis illustrates the way that these students construct their own privilege not, fundamentally, as what they have, but rather, as who they are.


Rule learning is typically used in solving classification and prediction tasks. However, learning of classification rules can be adapted also to subgroup discovery. This paper shows how this can be achieved by modifying the CN2 rule learning algorithm. Modifications include a new covering algorithm (weighted covering algorithm), a new search heuristic (weighted relative accuracy), probabilistic classification of instances, and a new measure for evaluating the results of subgroup discovery (area under ROC curve). The main advantage of the proposed approach is that each rule with high weighted accuracy represents a 'chunk' of knowledge about the problem, due to the appropriate tradeoff between accuracy and coverage, achieved through the use of the weighted relative accuracy heuristic. Moreover, unlike the classical covering algorithm, in which only the first few induced rules may be of interest as subgroup descriptors with sufficient coverage (since subsequently induced rules are induced from biased example subsets), the subsequent rules induced by the weighted covering algorithm allow for discovering interesting subgroup properties of the entire population. Experimental results on 17 UCI datasets are very promising, demonstrating big improvements in number of induced rules, rule coverage and rule significance, as well as smaller improvements in rule accuracy and area under ROC curve.


Epigenetics is a rapidly developing field of study which investigates chemical modifications to the genome, independent of the DNA sequence, which regulate gene expression profiles. The most commonly studied epigenetic modification, DNA methylation, has been demonstrated to be influenced by lifestyle factors including diet and exercise. The modulation of DNA methylation by lifestyle factors is one potential mechanism for the reduction in disease risk induced by a healthy lifestyle. This thesis aimed to identify the impact of exercise on DNA methylation and mRNA expression and determine whether fatty acid supplementation may modulate this response.Custom assays were developed and validated (Chapter 4) to assess the DNA methylation of peroxisome proliferative activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PPARGC1A), interleukin 6 (IL6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) at specific cytosine bases in genomic locations previously identified to be biologically relevant. Assays to investigate the mRNA expression of PPARGC1A, IL6, TNF and the DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) were validated to ensure accurate results. In Chapter 5, DNMT mRNA expression decreased following an acute bout of exercise to volitional fatigue; whereas, no changes in DNA methylation were identified as a result of exercise or supplementation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs). However, an interaction was determined between exercise and n-3 PUFA supplementation for the DNA methylation of a single IL6 CpG site. Following exercise, decreased DNA methylation and increased mRNA expression of IL6 was detected after n-3 PUFA supplementation compared to the trial before supplementation. IL6 methylation was correlated to the n-3 PUFA content in whole blood following supplementation suggesting increased n-3 PUFA content following supplementation may prime the cells for future exercise stimuli.Chapter 6 sought to investigate whether acute exercise of an increased duration would modulate DNA methylation profiles and adopted a double-blind randomised repeated measures design to try and confirm the interaction between exercise and n-3 PUFA supplementation. Following a one-hour cycling bout, consisting of 45 mins cycling at 70% of VO2 followed by a 15 min time trial, we determined global hypomethylation, a reduction in PPARGC1A DNA methylation and increased mRNA expression of PPARGC1A. These methylation changes were associated with a similar reduction in DNMT expression as reported in Chapter 5. In line with the positive correlations between whole blood n-3 PUFA content in the previous chapter, an increase in IL6 methylation was determined following n-3 PUFA supplementation compared to the impact of supplementation with extra virgin olive oil; however, this relationship was not further modulated by exercise. The focus of Chapter 7 was the impact of acute resistance exercise on DNA methylation profiles and whether resistance training and fatty acid supplementation could modulate the epigenetic response. Acute resistance exercise was sufficient to increase DNA methylation of PPARGC1A and IL6, and decrease TNF DNA methylation in both leukocytes and skeletal muscle. However, neither resistance training nor fatty acid supplementation modulated this response. The magnitude of modulated DNA methylation of the cytokines IL6 and TNF was greater in skeletal muscle than it was in leukocytes and the mRNA expression of these cytokines increased as a result of acute resistance exercise in skeletal muscle but not leukocytes suggesting tissue-specificity in the inflammatory response to exercise. The resistance exercise-induced methylation of an alternative promoter of the PPARGC1A, shown for the first time, suggests changes in DNA methylation may be critical for exercise-induced expression of transcript variants. In accordance with the impact of aerobic exercise (Chapters 5 and 6), resistance exercise was sufficient to reduce the mRNA expression of DNMT3a and DNMT3b.The data in this thesis indicates acute exercise can alter DNA methylation profiles; whereas, fatty acid supplementation has a limited impact on DNA methylation. Aerobic and resistance exercise was sufficient to alter DNA methylation in leukocytes; however, a more extensive response was determined in skeletal muscle following resistance exercise. Acute exercise, independent of mode, was sufficient to reduce the mRNA expression of DNMTs; whereas, resistance exercise training did not alter DNA methylation or mRNA expression of candidate genes. Despite the novel findings presented in this thesis, a number of fundamental questions remain to fully understand the epigenetic response to exercise and nutritional interventions before they can be used to target the aberrant methylation profiles


This paper discusses two simple decompositions for aggregate productivity analysis in the presence of distortions and in general equilibrium. The first is a generalization of Baqaee and Farhi (2017) and the second is due to Petrin and Levinsohn (2012). In the process, we propose a new "distorted" Solow residual which, contrary to the traditional Solow residual, accurately measures changes in aggregate productivity in disaggregated economies with distortions. These formulas apply to any collection of producers ranging from one isolated producer to an industry or to an entire economy. They can be useful for empiricists and theorists alike. Potential applications of these formulas include: (1) decomposing aggregate productivity into its microeconomic sources, separating technical and allocative efficiency; (2) aggregating microeconomic estimates (for example, from natural experiments) to assess macroeconomic effects; (3) constructing and interpreting aggregate counterfactuals. Despite their simplicity, the formulas are general, allowing for production networks, multi-product firms, and non-constant returns. They are also entirely nonparametric. They only assume market clearing and cost minimization.


We calculate the impact of an increase in carbon taxation on carbon emissions and on income inequality. Carbon emissions reduce by 3.94 per cent for a carbon tax increase of €30 per tonne, and 10.24 per cent for an increase of €80 per tonne. Carbon taxation is found to be regressive, with poorer households spending a greater proportion of their income on the tax than more affluent households. However, returning the carbon tax revenues to households reverses this regressive effect, and the net policy effect is progressive. A 'carbon cheque' that distributes the revenues equally to every household leads to small changes in income inequality, while a targeted mechanism that directs more of the revenues towards less affluent households is more progressive, and actually reduces income inequality. The targeted mechanism resembles recycling the revenues through the tax and welfare system, and thus has lower administrative costs than a 'carbon cheque'.


Laser spark emission spectroscopy is used to determine the elemental composition of contaminants found on electronic microcircuits fabricated on alumina substrates. This technique is particularly useful for rapid analyses of dielectric surfaces, and spatially resolved data with some degree of depth profiling information are obtained. Two specific examples are given which illustrate the utility of the method in pinpointing production problems.


Objective The validity and functional predictive values of the apraxia tests in the Birmingham Cognitive Screen (BCoS) were evaluated. BCoS was developed to identify patients with different forms of praxic deficit using procedures designed to be inclusive for patients with aphasia and/or spatial neglect. Method Observational studies were conducted from a university neuropsychological assessment centre and from acute and rehabilitation stroke care hospitals throughout an English region. Volunteers from referred patients with chronic acquired brain injuries, a consecutive hospital sample of patients within 3 months of stroke (n=635) and a population based healthy control sample (n=100) were recruited. The main outcome measures used were the Barthel Index, the Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living Scale as well as recovery from apraxia. Results There were high inter-rater reliabilities and correlations between the BCoS apraxia tasks and counterpart tests from the literature. The vast majority (88.3%) of the stroke survivors were able to complete the screen. Pantomime and gesture recognition tasks were more sensitive in differentiating between individuals with left hemisphere damage and right hemisphere damage whereas the Multistep Object Use test and the imitation task had higher functional correlates over and above effects of hemiplegia. Together, the initial scores of the four tasks enabled predictions with 75% accuracy, the recovery of apraxia and independence level at 9 months. Conclusions As a model based assessment, BCoS offers a quick and valid way to detect apraxia and predict functional recovery. It enables early and informative assessment of most stroke patients for rehabilitation planning.


We present a general framework for graph clustering where a label is observed to each pair of nodes. This allows a very rich encoding of various types of pairwise interactions between nodes. We propose a new tractable approach to this problem based on maximum likelihood estimator and convex optimization. We analyze our algorithm under a general generative model, and provide both necessary and sufficient conditions for successful recovery of the underlying clusters. Our theoretical results cover and subsume a wide range of existing graph clustering results including planted partition, weighted clustering and partially observed graphs. Furthermore, the result is applicable to novel settings including time-varying graphs such that new insights can be gained on solving these problems. Our theoretical findings are further supported by empirical results on both synthetic and real data.


Abstract Background: Identification of neoplastic cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by cytological analysis is the key diagnostic feature of leptomeningeal metastasis (LM). Because of the lack of sensitivity of this test, considerable efforts have been made to identify alternative diagnostic markers. Data from the literature suggest that measurement of tumor markers (TM) in CSF may be helpful for improving the diagnosis. Methods: We analyzed the concentrations of the TM carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA15.3, CA125 and CA19.9 in both CSF and serum from 18 patients with neoplastic meningitis diagnosed by CSF cytology. We also performed these same measurements in 50 patients affected by other neurological diseases (OND) in order to evaluate putative intrathecal synthesis. In addition, CSF and serum concentrations of the proangiogenic factor VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) were evaluated. Results: All LM patients showed intrathecal synthesis for at least one TM. In one patient, a negative CSF cytology after treatment paralleled normalization of tumor marker synthesis. None of the OND patients displayed intrathecal TM synthesis. The VEGF Index (CSF/serum VEGF relative to CSF/serum albumin ratios) was significantly higher in LM patients compared with the control group. However, significant overlap between LM patients and values seen in those with OND was observed. Conclusions: Evaluation of intrathecal TM synthesis is a specific, sensitive, reliable, and reproducible diagnostic tool, and is useful to support diagnosis of carcinomatous meningitis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:874–9.


Increasingly, education policymakers are touting restorative justice as a way to interrupt the "school-to-prison pipeline," which disproportionately impacts students by race, sexuality, and disability. A small but growing research literature suggests that restorative justice decreases suspension and behavioral incidents, while improving school climate—particularly when embraced as a schoolwide ethos, rather than a targeted disciplinary strategy. Restorative justice represents a marked departure from long-standing punitive approaches to discipline, however, and school communities are eager for support in navigating this culture shift. To this end, this article presents findings from case studies of five diverse NYC schools using restorative justice approaches. Drawing on qualitative data from interviews and focus groups with educators, students, parents, and school safety agents, our findings provide insight into key practices and resources, stakeholder perceptions, and challenges of and practical strategies for building holistic, schoolwide restorative justice. We present a series of "lessons" to inform restorative justice practice and policy, underscoring the importance of community-building, deliberate resources and infrastructure, interrogating localized and systemic power dynamics, and elevating student leadership.


This Article proceeds in seven parts. Part I briefly outlines the ADA's position on reasonable accommodations. Part II addresses how law firms are reacting and responding to the fact that they employ lawyers with mood disorders, such as depression or bipolar disorder, attorneys with learning disabilities, and individuals with alcohol or drug addiction. What disabilities are most often represented? Are lawyers with disabilities apt to receive work modifications to accommodate their disability? Are attorneys with mental illness provided with less stressful case assignments? Are lawyers with substance use disorders and alcohol or drug addiction assigned co-counsel to monitor or offer support to the disabled individual?Part III of this Article outlines the annual ABA report on lawyers with disabilities, which includes recommendations as to how employers should accommodate disabled persons from the hiring process through employment. A fundamental concern underlying the provision of reasonable accommodations within the law firm is the potentially negative impact on client representation. Part IV of this Article analyzes the balancing act of providing reasonable accommodations to the disabled lawyer and the importance of providing competent representation to the client. Part V examines attorney disciplinary proceedings pursuant to the Model Rules of Professional Conduct in order to shed light on the issues related to the disabled lawyer. Part VI discusses and analyzes court decisions in the area of reasonable accommodations in the workplace to note the impact of the ADA and the direction in which courts are heading as they tackle this challenging and significant area of law.Empirical data contained in this Article serves as a backdrop for purposes of elaboration and comparison of these and other questions. Attorneys from fifty law firms in nine states were surveyed to obtain data and their opinions on questions relating to employment accommodations by law firms. Because of the significant number of disabled lawyers entering the workforce and seeking modifications and accommodations, such an inquiry is well warranted. Law firms are beginning to grapple with the disabled lawyer's claim for fair and equitable treatment, while still serving their clients to the best of their ability. Part VII presents and analyzes this empirical data. In conclusion, this Article offers recommendations regarding fair and equitable reasonable accommodations for disabled lawyers in the workplace.


Background/introduction When outbreaks of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are identified, effective management in a timely manner is essential for bringing the outbreak under control. Challenges to achieving this may vary, needing different approaches. Aim(s)/objectives To review the management of outbreaks contrasting by setting and sexual orientation in order to inform responsive guidance. Methods We interviewed clinicians and public health professionals who had recently been involved in identifying and managing STI outbreaks in the United Kingdom. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. Results Ten outbreaks were reviewed. The combination of public health teams' wider outbreak expertise and clinic staff's knowledge of the local population was essential when developing management strategies. Partner notification, mainly by health advisers, was very achievable in smaller heterosexual outbreaks but proved challenging in MSM focussed outbreaks where use of mobile apps or anonymous sex was common. Publicity campaigns via social media platforms and third sector organisations were employed although quantifying their impact was difficult. Education of local physicians resulted in syphilis referrals to sexual health services via ophthalmology, gastroenterology, oral and maxillofacial surgery and general practice. Enhanced surveillance enabled venue identification but was time consuming for clinic staff. In gonorrhoea outbreaks, the use of dual NAAT testing as part of the chlamydia screening programme enabled case finding. Discussion/conclusion Traditional management strategies remain important but as the use of social media increases, novel strategies for managing outbreaks are needed. Education of other professionals is essential to maximise case finding.


This article explores the social( ist ) pedagogies of the Brazilian Landless Workers Movement (MST), a large agrarian social movement that fights for socialism in the Brazilian countryside, meaning that workers own their own means of production and collectively produce the food and other products necessary for their communities' survival. Over the past three decades, activists in the movement have developed an alternative educational proposal for rural schooling that supports these new social relations of production. Drawing on major theories of reproduction, cultural production, and resistance in the field of education, I argue that three theorists—Paul Willis, Paulo Freire, and Antonio Gramsci—are critical in assessing the role of schools in processes of social reproduction. I examine four components of the MST's social( ist ) pedagogy: the incorporation of manual labor into public schools; the promotion of collective learning; counter-cultural production; and linking schools to concrete political struggles. Drawing on Willis, Freire, and Gramsci, I argue that the MST's educational proposal is a limited but real attempt to interrupt dominant social relations of production in the Brazilian countryside, thus representing a unique example of social pedagogy in the 21 century.


We describe a means for efficient, energy-scalable generation of first-order anti-Stokes light by four-wave mixing, using collimated pump and first-order Stokes seed beams. We performed a one-dimensional, plane-wave analysis of the process, assuming steady-state conditions and monochromatic beams. A prescription for designing the optimum anti-Stokes converter with this technique is derived from this analysis, and we show that energy conversion efficiencies from pump light to anti-Stokes light of ~30% might be possible. We also report an unoptimized, proof-of-concept experiment that produced 40 mJ of anti-Stokes-shifted light at 432 nm from 1.2 J of 527-nm pump light in a 60-cm-long hydrogen cell.


Following initial enthusiasm in the post-war period, land reform fell out of favour with donors from the early 1970s. Nonetheless, sporadic efforts to redistribute land continued: Ethiopia in 1975, Zimbabwe in 1980 and a renewed commitment to land reform in the Philippines in 1988. These reforms stemmed from shifts in the domestic balance of power between landowners and landless workers and peasants, which were quite independent of donor policies. In the 1990s, decollectivisation and privatisation in the former socialist economies have provided a new dimension to land reform; so too has majority rule in South Africa, where the racially-skewed ownership of land is under challenge and where market-based measures to achieve land redistribution in favour of blacks are being tried. In the Philippines non-market policies are being supported by donors, now that the Cold War is over. Whereas the geographical context and individual country strategies may be new, the range of land reform measures being adopted and the implementation problems encountered are not. This paper reviews recent experiences.


Harden perimeter routers with Cisco firewall functionality and features to ensure network security Detect and prevent denial of service (DoS) attacks with TCP Intercept, Context-Based Access Control (CBAC), and rate-limiting techniques Use Network-Based Application Recognition (NBAR) to detect and filter unwanted and malicious traffic Use router authentication to prevent spoofing and routing attacks Activate basic Cisco IOS filtering features like standard, extended, timed, lock-and-key, and reflexive ACLs to block various types of security threats and attacks, such as spoofing, DoS, Trojan horses, and worms Use black hole routing, policy routing, and Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF) to protect against spoofing attacks Apply stateful filtering of traffic with CBAC, including dynamic port mapping Use Authentication Proxy (AP) for user authentication Perform address translation with NAT, PAT, load distribution, and other methods Implement stateful NAT (SNAT) for redundancy Use Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to protect against basic types of attacks Obtain how-to instructions on basic logging and learn to easily interpret results Apply IPSec to provide secure connectivity for site-to-site and remote access connections Read about many, many more features of the IOS firewall for mastery of router securityThe Cisco IOS firewall offers you the feature-rich functionality that you've come to expect from best-of-breed firewalls: address translation, authentication, encryption, stateful filtering, failover, URL content filtering, ACLs, NBAR, and many others. Cisco Router Firewall Security teaches you how to use the Cisco IOS firewall to enhance the security of your perimeter routers and, along the way, take advantage of the flexibility and scalability that is part of the Cisco IOS Software package.Each chapter in Cisco Router Firewall Security addresses an important component of perimeter router security. Author Richard Deal explains the advantages and disadvantages of all key security features to help you understand when they should be used and includes examples from his personal consulting experience to illustrate critical issues and security pitfalls. A detailed case study is included at the end of the book, which illustrates best practices and specific information on how to implement Cisco router security features.Whether you are looking to learn about firewall security or seeking how-to techniques to enhance security in your Cisco routers, Cisco Router Firewall Security is your complete reference for securing the perimeter of your network.This book is part of the Networking Technology Series from Cisco Press, which offers networking professionals valuable information for constructing efficient networks, understanding new technologies, and building successful careers.


ECMA-407, the first 3D audio standard worldwide, introduces a new concept of static models to lower bitrate coding, which may be equally applied with channels, channels and objects and Higher Order Ambisonics (HOA). Static models may either operate in time domain or in frequency domain and allow transporting highly complex 3D audio content up to NHK 22.2 with no or very little side information, as would be necessary with dynamic models, generally referred to as parametric coding. Static models in time domain, when calibrated with statistical means, would require extensive computational complexity and large amount of data. A new approach, based on David Hilbert's extensive studies on invariant theory, contrarily introduces a new "non-random" concept with Gaussian processes. Apart from an already published solution to the problem, an alternative solution is given here for the first time, entirely based on Hilbert's ingenious construction of "kanonische Nullformen". ECMA-407 is compliant with waveform preserving base audio codecs and non-waveform preserving audio codecs such as USAC and HE-AAC v2. Dataflow-programming by means of RVC-CAL will furthermore establish a programming environment, which is particularly apt for ECMA-407. The development, spatial tuning and testing environment for ECMA-407 at McGill University, conformant to ITU-R Recommendation BS.1116-1, is described together with a short description of subjective performance with PCM and with non-tuned and tuned non-waveform preserving based audio codecs.


As a possible solution to the severe crises of the PAYGO pension systems induced by population aging and by low economic growth, many countries are recently switching from a defined benefit (DB) to a notional defined contribution (NDC) scheme. Particularly important for the NDC systems are the rules which establish how to incorporate life expectancies and their changes into the pension formulae. This work investigates these issues focusing on the Italian NDC system, introduced by the 1995 reform and gradually taking the place of the previous DB one. The methodology used follows a representative agents approach, in which each agent describes a cohort, either involved in the transition to the new rules or of steady-state. Cohort-and-gender mortality projections, developed ad hoc for this work, are exploited to establish a benchmark against which actuarial fairness and neutrality can be assessed. The NDC Italian pension system is almost actuarially fair and neutral. However, some noticeable distortions from our benchmark exist. A remarkable one comes from the use in the pension formulae of mortality tables which do not incorporate longitudinal trends in mortality rates.


We opted for Go when building CockroachDB, a scale-out, relational database, because of its support for libraries, interfaces, and tooling. However, it has come with its own frustrations, often related to performance and synchronization. And as for Cgo, RocksDB, and other critical external libraries, we've had to hunt down or develop creative workarounds to ensure they work well the rest of the toolchain. In this talk, we'll share how we've optimized our memory usage to mitigate issues related to garbage collection and improved our use of channels to avoid deadlocks. We will also share creative techniques to integrate non-Go dependencies into the Go build process.


Cobalt-chromium based alloys are widely used in dental applications due to their excellent mechanical properties, high corrosion resistance and good biocompatibility. Although they are generally fabricated by casting for dental restorations, recently selective laser melting (SLM) has become an attractive production method since it allows complex geometries. Recent studies revealed that Co-Cr alloys formed by SLM, provided better corrosion resistance as well.

In this study, tribo-corrosion behavior of a Co-Cr-Mo alloy produced by casting (Biosil-Degudent) was compared with the one (Co212-f ASTM F75) produced by SLM. The wear properties were investigated by tribo-corrosion tests in a Fusayama-Meyer artificial saliva solution using a "ball-on-disc" type tribometer. Polished surfaces were tested against zirconia balls at the same sliding speed, distance and load. Friction coefficient values were determined and the worn surfaces were evaluated using microscopes to compare the wear and tribo- corrosion resistance through wear tracks. SLM proved to be a promising manufacturing method for dental applications.


BACKGROUND
A transdermal patch for delivery of levonorgestrel (LNG) can be used for long-acting contraception.

OBJECTIVE
In this study, we designed and characterized a patch made of nonwoven electrospun microfibers comprised of polycaprolactone (PCL) encapsulating LNG for slow release in a mineral oil matrix.

METHODS AND RESULTS
Scanning electron microscopy showed uniform, randomly oriented PCL fibers with large interconnected voids filled with mineral oil. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that LNG loaded into PCL fibers had thermal stability up to ~200°C. Differential scanning calorimetry suggested that LNG was dispersed in the electrospun fibers without interaction between the LNG and PCL, and without formation of drug crystals. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and X-ray diffraction results further supported the conclusion that there was no chemical drug-polymer interaction in LNG-loaded fibers. Effective in vitro flux (i) from patches into mineral oil was 1.9 µgcm-2h-1, (ii) from mineral oil across porcine skin was 4.6 µg cm-2 h-1 and (iii) from patches across porcine skin was 1.7 µgcm-2h-1, indicating that transdermal delivery rate was controlled by a combination of the patch and the skin.

CONCLUSION
The LNG-loaded patches demonstrated steady delivery of LNG across skin for up to 5 days in vitro. With additional development, LNG-loaded electrospun PCL patches could be used for long-acting contraception.


OBJECTIVE
To identify dietary patterns (DPs) characterized by a set of nutrients of concern and their association with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 120,343 participants from the U.K. Biobank study with at least two 24 h dietary assessments were studied. Reduced rank regression was used to derive DPs explaining variability in energy density, free sugars, saturated fat, and fiber intakes. We investigated prospective associations with T2D using Cox proportional hazard models.

RESULTS
Over 8.4 years of follow-up from the latest dietary assessment, 2,878 participants developed T2D. Two DPs were identified that jointly explained a total of 63% variation in four nutrients. DP1 was characterized by high intakes of chocolate and confectionery, butter, low-fiber bread, and sugars and preserves, and low intakes of fruits and vegetables. DP1 was linearly associated with T2D in multivariable models without BMI adjustment (per z score, hazard ratio [HR] 1.11 [95% CI 1.08-1.14]) and after BMI adjustment (HR 1.09 [95% CI 1.06-1.12]). DP2 was characterized by high intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit juice, table sugars and preserves, and low intakes of high-fat cheese and butter, but showed no clear association with T2D. There were significant interactions between both DPs and age, with increased risks among younger people in DP1 (HR 1.13 [95% CI 1.09-1.18]) and DP2 (HR 1.10 [95% CI 1.05-1.15]), as well as with DP1 and BMI, with increased risks among people with obesity (HR 1.11 [95% CI 1.07-1.16]).

CONCLUSIONS
A DP characterized by high intakes of chocolate, confectionery, butter, low-fiber bread, and added sugars, and low in fresh fruits and vegetables intake is associated with a higher incidence of T2D, particularly among younger people and those with obesity.


Despite the impressive popularity of choice-of-court agreements under the Brussels regime, statistics provided by the European Commission revealed that nearly 10 per cent of all concluded jurisdiction agreements are breached by parties once a dispute arises. Such flawed practice and the obvious lack of a binding nature were among the reasons behind the need to recast the Brussels I regulation. This article focuses on the current regulation and attempts to answer the question "what makes a jurisdiction agreement valid and binding?". The regulation's provisions on such agreements are of a general nature, so the formal requirements for valid jurisdiction agreements are analysed in the context of the case law of the CJEU. In addition, taking into account that the validity of such agreements does not presuppose their effectiveness, the article investigates the new provisions aimed at ensuring the effectiveness of choice-of-court agreements. The regulation now provides a uniform rule on the substantive validity of jurisdiction agreements, allowing the parties involved to identify applicable law even before consenting to confer jurisdiction to a particular court. Furthermore, the recast now limits the application of a rigorous lis pendens rule and prioritises the principle of party autonomy over the "first seized court" rule.


Spinal trauma in children is not common, but the cost is high – both financially and emotionally, and is most commonly seen as a result of traffic related events. This study aimed to characterise the types and numbers of injuries to the spinal region among children (0-16 years) resulting from traffic incidents. This included motor vehicle occupants, pedestrians, bicyclists, and motorcyclists. A retrospective case review methodology was used. All children 16 years of age and under, treated at the major children's hospitals in Sydney after sustaining any spinal trauma from a traffic related cause over a five year period, were included. Injury type, severity, and mechanisms were analysed and the changes with age investigated. Data was collected for 101 children. Descriptive analytical techniques were used. Occupants made up approximately 60% of all spinal injury cases, pedestrians accounted for 17%, and bicycle and motor cycle riders approximately 8% and 15% respectively. There were, however, significant variations in the type of traffic incident leading to spinal injury depending on age. There were also differences in the pattern of injury with age. Minor injuries accounted for 44% of the sample, spinal cord injuries 13%, fractures without cord injury 31% and serious soft tissue injuries (without fracture or cord injury) 12%. Children under 5 years were more likely to sustain serious injuries than older children. This study demonstrates that in order to reduce traffic-related paediatric spinal injury, addressing protection in child occupants should be the highest priority. There is a particular need for further examination of injury mechanisms in children too big for booster seats. Pedestrians would be the next priority, specifically children less than 5 years. Motorbike crashes accounted for more serious spinal injuries than pedal cycle incidents. Furthermore, the findings suggest that different injury prevention strategies may be required for younger ( 10 years), and crash factor studies in this area are recommended. In particular there may be a need to examine the relationship between motor coordination development and motorcycle handling in off-road situations.


The modeling of heterogeneous dynamic cell populations based on population balance equations is an important tool to describe the interaction between intracellular dynamics and population dynamics. However, the numerical simulation of such models remains challenging for models with high-dimensional intracellular dynamics, when these dynamics influence the growth rate of the cells. To cope with this challenge, we propose a hybrid simulation scheme based on the method of partial characteristics. We show that important features of the population density function, such as its moments or marginals, can be approximated by this scheme in a statistically converging way. In a case study with a population of differentiating cells, we illustrate how to obtain the growth dynamics of the individual subpopulations and deduce the extent of cell differentiation under a time-varying stimulus.


Hard real-time applications typically have to satisfy high dependability requirements in terms of fault tolerance in both the value and the time domains. Loosely synchronized real-time systems, which represent many of the systems that are developed, make any form of voting difficult as each replica may provide different outputs independent of whether there has been an error or not. This can also lead to false positives and false negatives which makes achieving fault tolerance, and hence dependability, difficult. We have earlier proposed a majority voting technique, "Voting on Time and Value" (VTV) that explicitly considers combinations of value and timing errors, targeting loosely-synchronised systems. In this paper, we extend VTV to enable voter parameter tuning to obtain the desired user specified trade-offs between the false positive and false negative rates in the voter outputs. We evaluate the performance of VTV against Compare Majority Voting (CMV), which is a known voting approach applicable in similar contexts, through extensive simulation studies. The results clearly demonstrate that VTV outperforms CMV in all scenarios with lower false negative rates.


This paper presents the main features of the macroeconomic model being used at The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, which has proven to be a useful tool in tracking the current financial and economic crisis. We investigate the connections of the model to the 'New Cambridge' approach, and discuss other recent approaches to the evolution of financial balances for all sectors of the economy. We will show the effects of fiscal policy in the model, and its implications for the proposed fiscal stimulus on the US economy. We show that the New Cambridge hypothesis, which claimed that the private sector financial balance would be stable relative to income in the short run, does not hold for the short term in our model, but it does hold for the medium/long term. This implies that the major impact of the fiscal stimulus in the long run will be on the external imbalance, unless other measures are taken.


With more than 1 million users, NUTRITION: CONCEPTS AND CONTROVERSIES remains the nutrition text of choice for majors and non-majors alike. Packed with practical applications and powerful resources, the exciting new eleventh edition equips you with a thorough understanding of important nutrition concepts and tools to make informed and responsible decisions about your own nutrition. Known for its clear explanations that show relevance to readers, the text helps students of all backgrounds learn the basics of nutrition--from being good consumers to understanding the science of nutrition. It is packed with practical applications that support quantitative learning skills, critical-thinking skills, and behavior change. The authors quickly draw you into the study of nutrition through a number of innovative learning tools, including captivating chapter opening "Do You Ever" sections, "Food Feature" and "Consumer Corner" sections, integrated "Key Points," and end-of-chapter "Controversies." An exciting new CengageNOW resource site provides a variety of learning aids, including the unique "MyTurn" student video case studies, personalized learning plans, behavior change activities, animations, and much more. Combining a powerful package with comprehensive, up-to-date, engaging coverage, NUTRITION CONCEPTS AND CONTROVERSIES, Eleventh Edition, is the text for you!"


Dendritic cells can induce an immune response as competent antigen presenting cells. It has been reported that immature bone marrow derived dendritic cells are capable of inducing an immune response against tumours displaying significant apoptosis. It is still controversial, however whether immature dendritic cells can also induce an immune response against tumours with a low apoptotic index. C-26 adenocarcinoma cells were injected into the footpad of Balb/c mice. One million immature dendritic cells cultured in vitro using GM-CSF and IL-4 were injected into the tumour-bearing footpad on day 6 after tumour cell inoculation. Tumour volume was measured starting from day 5 after tumour cell inoculation. Mice were observed daily for survival. The growing tumours were characterized by a low apoptotic index. There was a statistically significant delay in the tumour growth and a significant prolongation of the survival time in DC treated group as compared with controls (p<0.05). Immature dendritic cells injected into the site of tumour growth are able to induce a potent antitumour response which leads to the retardation of the tumour growth and the prolongation of the life survival time. Here we show that even a single injection of immature dendritic cells is able to induce a significant immune response against tumours with low apoptotic index.


Aim/Purpose: In this study, we explored the learning experiences of graduate students enrolled at Vietnamese-German University (VGU), a transnational collaborative university that uses English as the language for instruction that is primarily conducted by German faculty.

Background: Transnational education has gained in popularity across the globe, often with English serving as the common language, or lingua franca. However, English as lingua franca contributes to learning challenges as a result of English language dominance in academia.

Methodology: Case study methodology was used to examine the learning experiences of graduate students at Vietnamese-German University, with the institution as the case and 24 participants as the unit of analysis. Semi-structured interviews were conducted face-to-face which allowed for rich data.

Contribution: Transnational education has gained significant attention in recent years, including how language may influence operations and motivations of institutions. However, few studies exist that examine English as lingua franca at transnational universities from the student perspective. The context of Vietnam is also important as Asia is a growing region for the establishment of transnational universities.

Findings: Participants expressed that the primary reason they chose to attend VGU was because of its use of English as lingua franca. However, they experienced several challenges, particularly with technical jargon and an overall language barrier in the classroom. Participants navigated challenges with three strategies for learning: asking the professor questions, talking with peers, and using supplemental resources to understand unfamiliar concepts.

Recommendations for Practitioners: Results from this study include implications for instructors to better meet the needs of non-native English learners in the classroom, such as supporting peer engagement, group work, and engaging in pedagogical training.

Impact on Society: The findings from this study provides additional perspectives on how English as lingua franca allows for affordances and challenges for student learning at transnational universities in Vietnam. The results of this study could inform other transnational universities in Asia.

Future Research: Recommendations for future research include examining English as lingua franca from the perspectives of instructors. Additional suggestions include longitudinal studies on the outcomes of graduates' English language learning and how English language training contributed to their employment in the global sector.


At the Heemskerk water treatment plant of N.V. PWN Water Supply Company North Holland the first full scale integrated membrane system in the Netherlands is realized. The 20 Mm3/year (15 MGD) ultrafiltration (UF)/reverse osmosis (RO) plant servicing IJssel Lake water has been in operation since the second half of 1999. Disinfection is a major objective of the direct surface water treatment plant without chemical disinfection. After UF indicator organisms such as E. coli and Clostridia spores were absent. Integer UF membranes removed MS-2 phage spikes completely (<5.4 log), severely compromised membranes removed 2.7 log only. RO showed a high although incomplete removal of MS-2 phages (up to 4.8 log). Therefore integrity monitoring is a critical issue. Before installation, vacuum testing was applied with a criterion of 10 kPa/min. Many standard modules failed to pass the test. During operation UF is monitored by 1 μm particle counting with 0.05 μm particle counting as a quality control. A 3 log removal can be established. At this moment for RO conductivity measurement is applied enabling a 2 log removal monitoring. Short term monitoring of conductivity will be replaced by sulfate, increasing the monitoring range by 1 log unit. The total monitoring range of 5-6 log units easily satisfies the maximum disinfection requirement for the membrane steps for viruses of 3.6 log. To determine a wider range of disinfection requirements PWN together with Norit Membrane Technology developed the Spiked Integrity Monitoring (SIM®) System. Spiking with 14000 PAC particles/ml combined with 1 μm particle counting increased the potential for log removal monitoring of UF to 5.8 log units. Additionally PAC particle spiking increased the potential to detect UF fiber compromising. During the first 200 days of full scale operation, system performance is excellent. Membrane integrity control is very satisfactory and SIM®-System integrity control has proved to be a valid technique to establish a broader range of required inactivation capacities.


India has been exploring the response to China's growing influence and its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) for long. The contours to find viable alternatives to this challenge are now becoming visible. India is slowly transitioning to increased – and previously unthinkable – cooperation with other states in South Asia. Within its extended neighbourhood, India has developed new formats of cooperation with Japan, the USA and Australia that are directly or indirectly positioned against China. For Germany and Europe, this shift in Indian foreign policy opens new avenues for cooperation.


This thesis is an examination of the contribution of the English scholar, Robert Willis (1800-1875) to the discipline of architectural history. Willis's writings are set within a context of nineteenth-century antiquarian scholarship and their methodology and conclusions explored and evaluated. the work i not treated as a conventional biography, for reasons given in the Introduction, but divided into sections dealing with the different types of work produced by Wilils. chapter One examines Willis's first architectural work, Remarks on the Architecture of the Middle Ages, especially of Italy, (1835). This is discussed in relation to a tradition of 'scientific' antiquarianism which includes such scholars as James Essex, Thomas Kerrich, Thomas Rickman and William Whewell. The influence of Whewell's study of German gothic on Willis's approach is assessed and the differences between the two works considered in terms of the contrasting concerns of German Idealism and French Rationalism as well as WIllis's stated aim of discovering principles of gothic design to be used in nineteenth-century architectural practice. The book's role in the revival of gothic is appraised and also the relationship between Willis's principles and the 'true principles' of A.W.N. Pugin.
Chapter Two looks at another attempt by Willis to discover the principles of gothic design by studying the vaults of the middle ages. the formation of a language in which to speak of gothic vaults is described and the various ways in which they were classified. With reference to unpublished notes from the Cambridge archive, I endeavour to explain how the study of individual features led Willis to become dissatisfied with the methodology of gothic 'system builders', who were concerned primarily with the abstract progression of styles. Chapter Three examines Willis's alternative to the theoretical history of architecture, expressed in the series of architectural histories of individual cathedrals produced for the British Archaeological Association (founded in 1843), and thereafter the Archaeological Institute. The history of the study of documentary and structural evidence relating to buildings and Willis's estimation of their relative value is explored. The Architectural History of Canterbury Cathedral, Willis's first such study, is described in detail to demonstrate his use of data and strategies of argumentation. Thereafter particular elements of his methodology are treated with respect to examples of their employment in the subsequent histories.
Chapter Four is a study of some of Willis's 'minor' works, on architectural nomenclature, seals, the church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem and his editions of the St. Gall plan and the sketchbook of Villard de Honnecourt. they are discussed in terms of how Willis responded to previous scholarship, his own concerns and the use made of works by their various audiences. This demonstrates how Willis's intention in writing did not necessarily correspond to the response of the readership and the influence of a work was not always coincident with its inherent worth.
In Chapter Five I discuss Willis's practical involvement in architecture at various levels. Examples are listed of his acting as an architectural consultant and his role in the restoration of Ely cathedral is examined in detail. His philosophy of restoration is explained and contrasted with those or Ruskin and Viollet-le-Duc, two other individuals whose influence in England was rather through their ideas than actual activity. I also consider the role of antiquarian scholarship in the practice of architecture in the nineteenth century and the different estimations by contemporary architects of the value of Willis's contribution.
Chapter Six treat Willis's final architectural study, The Architectural History of the Conventual Buildings of Christ Church Canterbury, and The Architectural History of the University of Cambridge, which was published after his death with substantial additions by his nephew, John Willis Clark. The works are similar in their concentration on the study of plans. The Canterbury work is set within a context of the archaeology and interpretation of conventual architecture and I investigate the part played by Willis in the identification of the standard location of the various offices. The Cambridge project developed over many years and I examine Willis's changing views on the relationship between the monastic and collegiate plans as well as discussing the political circumstances in which Willis was writing, which made any investigation of University history an inevitably controversial activity.
The final chapter attempts to review the influence of Willis on the modern discipline of architectural history, showing how his methodology and conclusions were transferred and raising questions about his continued relevance.
Appendices discuss the evidence for Willis's unfinished magnum opus and reproduce a series of unpublished notes on restoration.


Abstract It is a commonly accepted notion that the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of wood at a given relative humidity (RH) is highest during initial desorption of green wood due to an irreversible loss of hygroscopicity during the 1st desorption. The basis for this notion is investigated by assessing how drying and saturation procedures influence the differences between the 1st and the 2nd desorption curves for Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) sapwood. The study establishes 1st and 2nd desorption isotherms for a variety of initial conditions and it covers the RH range from 60.1% to 99.9%. The state of the water is not affected by oven-drying and rewetting as demonstrated by time domain low field NMR relaxometry. The results challenge the conclusions of earlier studies and indicate that in these studies the 2nd desorption was initiated at much too low EMC and therefore fails to describe a boundary desorption isotherm. Instead, it becomes an intermediate desorption isotherm starting at the adsorption boundary curve and crossing over to eventually meet the desorption boundary curve. The results also show that vacuum drying at room temperature only gives a modest loss of hygroscopicity compared to the green state. Conversely, oven-drying at 103°C results in a more significant loss of hygroscopicity, except for RH above 96% where an increase in EMC surprisingly is seen.


Ratione et Cons/i/o (by reason and sound judgement) is the motto of the Magistrates' Association. As an approach to the resolution of environmental cases this ought to be a satisfactory basis. However the reality is much more complex. By a combination of history, policy and jurisprudence the magistrates' courts find themselves dealing with cases which do not easily fit within their normal conceptual model of the criminal law.
This study, by examining; the origins of the modern office of magistrate, the origins of environmental law, the methods of environmental regulators, the theory behind the law in this area and the attitudes of magistrates, identifies and explores a number of key influencing factors.
The common opinion of the regulators, that magistrates' courts fail to hand out sufficiently harsh deterrent sentences, is, it is proposed, based on a flawed view. It is based on a view which sees regulators and the courts as totally separate rather than, as they are, part of an overall regulatory system. They (the regulators) distance themselves from the perceived weak point in the regulatory system (the court) and thus removed are able to point to the deficiencies in the courts rather than to the processes at work within the entire system.
The study finds that magistrates do appear interested in environmental matters but are inevitably handicapped when dealing with such things. This because of a lack of historical involvement, allied to a lack of training. Thus this study suggests that they resort to an approach of their own making. An approach which appears to search for a moral thsead within the cases they try and, if found or implied, then marks the case as serious or not. They do not, cannot, share the same view as the regulatory agencies about matters before them without there being a change within the overall regulatory system. Thus the schism between regulators and courts will remain.
This study offers an insight into the magistrates' court as an environmental tribunal. It challenges some of the standard assumptions in this area of the law and contributes to the ongoing debate.


The objective of this study is to conduct an investigation in order to develop a new entrepreneurship module for vocational and technical high schools in North Cyprus. Based on a review of the relevant literature on entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship education, curriculum development and the experiences and the views of the target audiences, this action research study examines how to improve the current entrepreneurship module in order to develop a good framework for vocational and technical high schools in North Cyprus. The research paradigm of my research is interpretive. Action research has been used as a research approach because of its distinctive characteristics of combining theory and practice, giving the opportunity to work collaboratively with the partners of the project and improving education by positively changing it. Data has been collected through semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and documents. I have also used a diary and recorded my experiences and the actions throughout the process which enabled me to be more reflective. The data analysis includes both qualitative and quantitative methods; content analysis was used for the semistructured interviews and a statistical program was used to assess the data collected from the questionnaires. In addition I have carefully analysed documents. In my research process, semi-structured interviews demonstrated that there is a lack in the current module of issues of relating to 'North Cyprus and Entrepreneurship', feasibility studies, information about an entrepreneur, presentation of the role and the importance of entrepreneurship, CV writing techniques, professional development and know yourself. Inviting entrepreneurs to the classroom and organizing visits to work places has also been suggested. EU practices are also presented to be used as activities. The results of the questionnaires showed that the module should incorporate more information about the three skills of an entrepreneur; the ability to telescope, future orientation, opportunity and goal oriented. With these results, the relevant documents have been reviewed in order to provide the necessary information and knowledge. In the end, the results have been combined, so that by adding sections about those issues identified and leaving out ones which do not correspond to the analysis of data, I have redesigned the current entrepreneurship module. I have used a module-writing guide in order to use the right structure while re-designing the module, as suggested by an expert from the Ministry of Education, Sports and Youth. A curriculum development expert suggested that a philosophical base should be considered while re-designing the module. The new module has been used at vocational and technical high schools for one semester by the teachers who took part in the project and those who have chosen the subject of entrepreneurship for that semester. Therefore, in total, eleven teachers were interviewed at the end of the semester, and I have made the last changes to the module based on the analysis of these interviews. Recommendations are also presented in the project which focus on areas for further study and the actions that could be taken to increase the awareness of entrepreneurship and maintain the sustainability of improvement in entrepreneurship education in vocational and technical high schools in North Cyprus. The research concludes with a reflection addressing the objectives of the study, a contribution of the project to the knowledge base and suggestions for future research in this area. The project consists of two documents as evidence of its achievement: the new (revised) module.


We experimentally investigated the transmission characteristics of 400 Gbit/s (10 Gbit/s ${\times}$ 40 channels) WDM signals with 100 GHz channel spacing over 323 km of installed NZ_DSF. The installed fiber has optical properties of 0.28 dB/km attenuation, 4.3 ps/nm/km dispersion, $0.083ps/nm^2/km$ dispersion slope and less than $0.05ps/km^{1/2}$ PMD coefficient. In this experiment, two cases of dispersion compensation schemes, the lumped type and the distributed type, were compared. The results implied that the distributed type dispersion compensation in which dispersion compensation devices are inserted at the end of the each span showed better transmission performance than the lumped one in which dispersion compensation devices are located at the transmitter and receiver sites. From the analysis of the experimental results, we verified that different transmission performance comes from the power penalty induced by XPM in the distributed scheme is lower than the lumped scheme case.


Early reports have suggested that smell loss may be an early symptom associated with the pandemic known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). The possibility that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) might cause olfactory dysfunction is certainly plausible. Patients presenting to specialized smell clinics are commonly diagnosed with upper respiratory infection (URI)‐associated olfactory loss and most are presumed to be viral related. In acute phases of infection, it is common to experience some smell loss as a result of nasal inflammation, mucosal edema, and obstruction of airflow into the olfactory cleft. In most cases, these episodes of smell loss are self‐limiting and coincide with resolution of URI symptoms. However, in some cases the smell loss persists for months to years and this is presumed to occur through a more direct olfactory insult by the virus. It remains too early to know whether infection with SARS‐CoV‐2 causes persistent olfactory dysfunction. However, given the scale of this pandemic, if SARS‐CoV‐2 does cause chronic olfactory loss in even a small portion of those infected, then the overall population prevalence could be quite large. This review provides a brief, practical overview of viral‐associated olfactory loss, realizing that evidence related to COVID‐19 will likely not be clear for some time. Our goal is to highlight the existence and importance of this condition and provide information geared for both providers and patients. Practical suggestions regarding evaluation and treatment will be provided, realizing that there may be constraints on medical resources and the nature of this pandemic remains dynamic.


This paper analyses the European legislation on asylum, the so-called 'Dublin System', finding three main issues affecting it a) the allocation of refugees between member states; b) the differences between member states in the treatment of asylum seekers and asylum applications; and c) the differences in the rights granted to the refugee status across member states. In addition, it examines the European Agenda on Migration that represents the official response of the EU to the present crisis. In the last section, it presents some proposal aimed to improve the European managing of refugees and asylum seekers. Following a moderated cosmopolitan approach, I propose the establishment of a limited citizenship for refugees that might be thought as a temporary citizenship conditioned to the possession of the refugee status. At this particular citizenship, one may apply different rights, but to face the issues encountered, it may be sufficient to connect to it only the freedom of movement and residence throughout the EU. I argue that such a policy would have a number of advantages and could at least partially solve the issues currently present in the European asylum policy.


In the eastern Mendip Hills, on the northern margin of the Wessex Basin, SW England, the Carboniferous Limestone is cut by numerous fissures that are filled with Mesozoic sediments (sedimentary dykes, neptunian dykes). The fissures contain a record of Triassic–Lower Jurassic sediments that are only sparingly preserved in their normal stratigraphical position between the Carboniferous Limestone and the unconformably overlying Upper Inferior Oolite of Bajocian age. Detailed analysis of cross-cutting relationships, facies analysis, biostratigraphy, lithostratigraphy and strontium-isotope ages of relevant Mesozoic sediments has allowed the construction of an Upper Triassic–Lower Jurassic fissure-fill stratigraphy for the eastern Mendip area. Most fissures were clearly formed by rapid influx of unlithified sediment from the land surface or sea floor. Some smaller cavities, or larger cavities with restricted access to the unconformity, were apparently filled by sediment that trickled down into the fissure system. The vast majority of the Mendip fissures are interpreted as having formed as a response of the Carboniferous Limestone, north of major basin-bounding faults, to pulses of tectonic extension during Ladinian–Norian/Rhaetian, late Hettangian–early Sinemurian, late Sinemurian–early Pliensbachian, mid-Pliensbachian, late Pliensbachian and Bajocian times. Triassic–earliest Jurassic fissures have a broad spread of strike from E–W to NW–SE to N–S, accommodating extension in a roughly NE–SW direction. Younger Jurassic fissures show well-defined E–W and N–S trends with the former becoming dominant through time. Total extension of ∼4.7% N–S and ∼0.6% E–W was produced by the formation of Triassic–Jurassic fissures within the Carboniferous Limestone. Such patterns of extension are thought likely to be characteristic of the subsurface geology in much of southern England and Wales. Major implications of this study are that: (1) the presence of seismically unresolvable sediment-filled fissures in supposedly rigid fault blocks can lead to a significant underestimate of regional extension based on the restoration of motion on normal faults on seismic-reflection profiles, and (2) the isolation of pulses of tectonic activity with a temporal resolution of 105–106 years may provide a means of identifying a tectonic signal in relative sea-level curves derived from the Jurassic sedimentary record.


Effects of multiple scattering on reflectivity are studied for millimeter wavelength weather radars. A time‐independent vector theory, including up to second‐order scattering, is derived for a single layer of hydrometeors of a uniform density and a uniform diameter. In this theory, spherical waves with a Gaussian antenna pattern are used to calculate ladder and cross terms in the analytical scattering theory. The former terms represent the conventional multiple scattering, while the latter terms cause backscattering enhancement in both the copolarized and cross‐polarized components. As the optical thickness of the hydrometeor layer increases, the differences from the conventional plane wave theory become more significant, and essentially, the reflectivity of multiple scattering depends on the ratio of mean free path to radar footprint radius. These results must be taken into account when analyzing radar reflectivity for use in remote sensing.


The American Civil War and the Italian Unification occurred simultaneously, and the major parties involved – the American government, the Confederacy, the Italian state, and the still-independent Papal States – interacted with each other on numerous occasions. The revolutionaries of the Risorgimento served as promising recruits for the Union's armies, especially Garibaldi himself, although only Italians already in America actually fought. Italy would receive ironclad warships from the wartime United States. Those actions, however, alienated the Papal States from the North, presenting the Confederacy a diplomatic opportunity. The positive position of Catholicism in the South permitted the Confederacy to act and the possibility of diplomatic recognition by Catholic countries in Europe, particularly France, provided the Confederacy with the motivation to reach out to the Vatican. While the Confederacy did not receive recognition, it did receive a letter from Pope Pius IX expressing his sympathies, which the Confederacy at times portrayed as a formal recognition. Armed with the argument that the Pope had recognized its sovereignty, the Confederacy tried to dissuade Catholics from enlisting in the Union military. Any successes, however, were too minor to be effective. During the war, a bitter debate developed in the press about the letter's meaning, a debate that extended into the postwar period largely as a weapon against Catholicism, especially when coupled with the Pope's postwar support for former Confederates. The distortion of the letter as a sign of recognition lived on in anti-Catholic rhetoric, sometimes supported even by members of the U.S. government. The argument, however, was later refuted by Catholic prelates and historians.

"The Pope and the Presidents" contributes to a growing scholarship on the internationalization of the Civil War by revealing the complex relationships between all the parties in the Civil War and the Italian Unification. Taking the analysis a step further, it looks at these relationships in ways that many previous historians, ignoring the interactions of multilateral diplomacy, overlooked. It does so bringing together secondary research from scholars who examined the histories separately and using a wealth of newspaper articles and other documents now accessible though digitalization.


With current global businesses extensively depending on data, Internet of Things (IoT) sensors have become the primary source of the real-time data that enable the digital transformation. According to Bain's Insight, the market for the IoT will grow to more than $520 billion by 2021. The technology has been significantly adopted with an array of use cases, but due to the ever-expanding threat landscape, many customers show that security remains the primary barrier when it comes to acceptance of IoT. The current security risk management methodologies focus mostly on the cyber view. This paper identifies 29 risk factors that are extracted using the risk breakdown structure method by expanding the traditional view to include other views such as physical and psychological ones, which are critical to business operations. These, in turn, will help clarify the IoT security and the relation of non-cyber risk for proper implementation of IoT systems.


Objective: To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of rhinotopic therapy, and its impact on the mucosal membrane and mucosal biofilms of patients with refractory chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).
Study design: Prospective pilot clinical study.
Setting: Tertiary rhinology referral center.
Subjects and methods: Twenty-three patients with refractory CRS were treated with the rhinotopic protocol, a multimodality therapy consisting of topical sinus application of antibiotics and corticosteroids through gel and nebulization, endoscopic sinus debridement and saline irrigation. Clinical outcome was assessed using Lund-Kennedy (LK) symptom and endoscopic appearance scores. Mucosal epithelial barrier changes were evaluated through H & E stain. The impact on biofilms was assessed through colony forming units (CFUs) counts.
Results: Following treatment, there was a significant improvement in the patients' LK symptom and endoscopic appearance scores, in the mucosal epithelial barrier and in the biofilms CFUs count. The clinical improvement was sustained at least 6 months following completion of therapy.
Conclusion: Refractory CRS is a difficult to treat entity that does not respond to traditional medical therapy, including repeated oral antibiotics, commercial nasal steroids, nasal saline rinses and sinus debridement. This work shows that rhinotopic therapy is effective in improving clinical symptoms, healing mucosal damage and disrupting biofilm load in refractory CRS patients. Further work is needed to investigate if single aspects or a collective implementation of the different components of this therapy are responsible for improvement.


Law school faculty personnel decisions are often controversial. Debates may be heated, votes may be close, and ill will may be incurred. One way to avoid this enmity and to promote or maintain a collegial atmosphere is to use secret ballots for votes on hiring, retention, promotion, and tenure. The use of secret ballots, however, allows for the possibility of voting for the wrong reasons (e.g., bias, discrimination). But open voting carries the same possibility (e.g., political correctness, fear of reprisals). This Article discusses the evolution and significance of the secret ballot and considers the arguments for and against its use on law school faculties. It also presents the results of an original survey (with a 97% response rate) on the use of secret ballots in faculty personnel decisions at all law schools in the United States. Comments from the survey and conversations and email exchanges between the author and faculty and administrators across the country reveal a subtext that involves, among other things, the need for candor, openness, fairness, and sensitivity, on the one hand, as well as concerns about politics, frustration, anger, power, dominance, and control, on the other hand. The Article concludes that, with secret ballots - at the very least, with an open and honest debate about whether to conduct secret ballots - may come not only candor, but also greater harmony and collegiality.


Some parallel applications do not require a precise imitation of the behaviour of the physically shared memory programming model. Consequently, certain parallel machine architectures have elected to emphasise different required coherency properties because of possible efficiency gains. This has led to various definitions of models of store coherency. These definitions have not been amenable t o detailed analysis and, consequently, inconsistencies have resulted. In this paper a unified framework is proposed in which different models of store coherency are developed systematically by progressively relaxing the constraints that they have t o satisfy. A demonstration is given of how formal reasoning can be cam'ed out to compare different models. Some real-life systems are considered and a definition of a version of weak coherency is found to be incomplete.


Background
Accurate and timely information on health intervention coverage, quality, and equity is the foundation of public health practice. To achieve this, countries have made efforts to improve the quality and availability of community health data by implementing the community health information system that is used to collect data in the field generated by community health workers and other community-facing providers. Despite all the efforts, evidence on the current state is scant in Low Middle Income Countries (LMICs).

Objective
To summarize the available evidence on the current implementation status, lessons learned and implementation challenges of community health information system (CHIS) in LMICs.

Methods
We conducted a scoping review that included studies searched using electronic databases like Pubmed/Medline, World Health Organization (WHO) Library, Science Direct, Cochrane Library. We also searched Google and Google Scholar using different combinations of search strategies. Studies that applied any study design, data collection and analysis methods related to CHIS were included. The review included all studies published until February 30, 2022. Two authors extracted the data and resolved disagreements by discussion consulting a third author.

Results
A total of 1,552 potentially relevant articles/reports were generated from the initial search, of which 21 were considered for the final review. The review found that CHIS is implemented in various structures using various tools across different LMICs. For the CHIS implementation majority used registers, family folder/card, mobile technologies and chalk/white board. Community level information was fragmented, incomplete and in most cases flowed only one way, with a bottom-up approach. The review also indicated that, technology particularly Electronic Community Health Information System (eCHIS) and mobile applications plays a role in strengthening CHIS implementation in most LMICs. Many challenges remain for effective implementation of CHIS with unintegrated systems including existence of parallel recording & reporting tools. Besides, lack of resources, low technical capacity, shortage of human resource and poor Information Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure were reported as barriers for effective implementation of CHIS in LMICs.

Conclusion
Generally, community health information system implementation in LMICs is in its early stage. There was not a universal or standard CHIS design and implementation modality across countries. There are also promising practices on digitalizing the community health information systems. Different organizational, technical, behavioural and economic barriers exist for effective implementation of CHIS. Hence, greater collaboration, coordination, and joint action are needed to address these challenges. Strong leadership, motivation, capacity building and regular feedback are also important to strengthen the CHIS in LMICs. Moreover, CHIS should be transformed in to eCHIS with integration of different technology solutions. Local ownership is also critical to the long-term sustainability of CHIS implementation.


We argue for network slicing as an efficient solution that addresses the diverse requirements of 5G mobile networks, thus providing the necessary flexibility and scalability associated with future network implementations. We elaborate on the challenges that emerge when designing 5G networks based on network slicing. We focus on the architectural aspects associated with the coexistence of dedicated as well as shared slices in the network. In particular, we analyze the realization options of a flexible radio access network with focus on network slicing and their impact on the design of 5G mobile networks. In addition to the technical study, this article provides an investigation of the revenue potential of network slicing, where the applications that originate from this concept and the profit capabilities from the network operator�s perspective are put forward.


As the articles in interactions continue to focus on experiences, people, and technology, we are beginning to find these three core concepts appearing in unexpected places and with increased resonance. While the world copes with unprecedented changes and challenges, it's easy to slip into a sense of fear and distrust. We all look to traditional sources of leadership and energy, such as government, faith, and self, yet we encounter new and difficult changes that make us uneasy. The idea of trust is central both to social technologies and to experiences that require or encourage collaboration. And while trust is fragile and difficult to gain, a relationship characterized by respect and trust can forge powerful advances. This issue of interactions explores the idea of assurance and the feelings of ease or unease in regard to relationships of confidence or skepticism. Contributions from Jennifer Whitson and Hunter Whitney explore the notion of the digital self, as related to privacy and identity—and describe the technical and experiential implications of identity theft on culture and the individual. Dimitris Grammenos proposes a metaphorical ambient mirror that can help us better trust ourselves, while Steve Portigal ponders if we can ever trust advertisers. Eli Blevis explores the notion of confidence in the future by looking at something as seemingly innocuous as food. As Blevis says, "We in the industrialized world might be better off learning about conservationism and simple living than conceiving of social equity as something attainable only through the industrial-world consumption of digital technologies." Juxtaposed is Gary Marsden, who is embedded in the very same developing world implied by Blevis. Marsden considers the nature of digitization in cultures through artifacts. Blevis and Marsden agree that interaction design in developing worlds is quite different from the developed world, and both implicitly consider the nature of collaborative trust and the ability for empathy. Trust can be particularly difficult to achieve when different organizations or organizational levels work together in significant ways. However, Ben Fullerton argues that trust is essential when designing services, and an Intel team led by Kraig Finstad argues that trust is essential when designing "off-the-shelf" enterprise software. Alex Wright presents "Doing Business by Design," in which he reviews books by Robert Brunner and Stewart Emery, Peter Merholz and his team, and Marty Neumeier. Wright drives home the point that "all three of these books share a purpose: trying to influence business readers to shift their focus from one-off-product development to a more integrated approach to designing the customer experience." It is these business readers who might be in the most prominent and appropriate position to implement changes related to trust, empathy, and collaboration. The positioning of interaction design as a strategic embodiment within the enterprise raises it above the pragmatism of interface design; the books Wright has chosen, and the other articles in this issue describe a manner of designing for behavior, with the end goal of bettering the human condition. From "Food, Dude" to "Trusting Your Socks to Find Each Other," this issue of interactions attempts to find a way to embody and enhance trust, build collaboration, and better the world we live in through the changes and challenges we face on a daily basis. We hope you enjoy this issue as much as we do. —Richard Anderson and Jon Kolko firstname.lastname@example.com


There were many lessons learned by the flood disaster that hit the peninsular of Malaysia at the end of 2014. Of particular interest was the success story of good flood management that emerged in Kemaman, Terengganu. This chapter sheds some light on the charac - teristics that contributed to this success. To enable appreciation of this achievement, a comparison between selected flood-inflicted areas is presented, pointing out the similarity between flood factors that, however, produced differences in flood impact. A post-disaster study, which included analysis of flood reports, site visits (which included the disaster site, flood command centre and relief centres) and interviews with those involved in the flood incident, was conducted. The findings revealed the use of technology, a good stan - dard operating procedure and engagement of the local community to be key ingredients of its successful outcome. The study recommends the success of Kemaman to inspire flood management practice for other non-urban flood districts in Malaysia.


Winner of the 1974 National Book Award The product of many years of reflection on phenomenology, this book is a comprehensive and creative introduction to the philosophy of Edmund Husserl. Natanson uses Husserl's later work as a clue to the meaning of his entire intellectual career, showing how his earlier methodological work evolved into the search for transcendental roots and developed into a philosophy of the life-world. Phenomenology, for Natanson, emerges as a philosophy of origin, a transcendental discipline concerned with consciousness, history, and world rather than with introspection and traditional metaphysical warfare.


The Catholic tradition has always tried to explain its theology in a coherent and systematic way, but the great changes and tensions existing within Catholic moral theology today have made it difficult to develop systematic approaches to what was once called fundamental moral theology. Now a leading scholar active in this field for forty years offers a synthesis of Catholic moral theology set in the context of the broader Catholic tradition and the significant developments that have occurred since the Second Vatican Council. Charles E. Curran's succinct, coherent account of his wide-ranging work in Catholic moral theology points out agreements, disagreements, and changes in significant aspects of the Catholic moral tradition. His systematic approach explores major topics in a logical development: the ecclesiological foundation and stance of moral theology; the person as moral subject and agent; virtues, principles and norms; conscience and decision making; and, the role of the church as a teacher of morality. Curran's work condenses and organizes a large amount of material to show that the Catholic theological tradition is in dialogue with contemporary life and thought while remaining conscious of its rich history. Of great interest to theologians for its broad synthetic scope, this book is also a thorough introduction to the Catholic moral tradition for students and interested readers, including non-Catholics.


An aluminum target in air was irradiated by a 355-nm Nd:YAG laser with a pulse width of 10 ns and a repetition rate of 10 Hz. The emission spectra of the laser-produced aluminum plasma were investigated with varying distances from the target surface. The results show the presence of a strong continuum very close to the target surface, but as the plasma evolve in space, the continuum gradually disappears and the emitted spectra are dominated by stronger line emissions. The observed plasma species are the neutral and singly ionized aluminum and their speeds were investigated using an optical time-of-flight measurement technique. Results show that the speeds of the plasma species decreases gradually with distance from the target surface. Comparison of the computed speeds of the plasma species shows that the singly ionized species have relatively greater kinetic energy than the neutral species.


Mirage effect spectrometry is experimentally evaluated in this work as a technique of optical depth profiling in thin films where no prior information is available about the sample properties. An apparatus suitable for performing quantitative measurements is described. High-precision experimental alignment procedures are introduced along with a new method for precise optical correction of the detector signal for experimental frequency response nonuniformities. Reconstructions were made of the heat source density and absorption coefficient depth profile in materials with known depth dependence. These included samples approximating weighted delta function arrays, and depth-continuous media known to obey Beer's law to a good approximation. The properties of these samples were examined independently by using a technique of depth-sensitive light microscopy. Mirage effect depth profiles reconstructed on samples containing discrete absorbers were effectively regularization limited, indicating that resolution is limited by random error in the data rather than experimental bias. Depth profiles obtained in continuously absorbing media show a good agreement with those obtained by reference methods.


The kecak "monkey chant" is the most famous and popular art form presented to the Western world that has come out of the island of Bali in Southeast Asia. The synchronized dance movements of the pengecak-pengecak, the hundred or so men chanting in interlocking rhythms or kotekan, and the condensed story of the Ramayana has given Western tourists a taste of Balinese culture that many believe to be the most "traditional, real, and authentic" performances of Balinese culture out there. However, to the citizens of Bali, the kecak is mainly regarded as a means to produce income for their communities. Kecak in Bali has been a tool to impress Western tourists since the 1930s, and to some isn't considered a true embodiment of Balinese culture and entertainment. This may also have to do with the fact that many villages and communities (desa and banjar) that create kecak groups have little musician and dancer involvement in their renditions of kecak, and these performances are so standardized that they are not in line with the ideals of Balinese kreasi baru or "new music." The goal of this paper is to find concrete evidence of whether the Balinese kecak "monkey chant" can be considered an authentic Balinese art form, or if it has been created solely for the entertainment of Western tourists with no cultural significance to the native population itself.


Judith Fryer's study of novelists Edith Wharton and Willa Cather is a rich examination of the actual and imagined spaces women inhabit, perceive, and create. Turning to the period of ""America's coming of age,"" Fryer offers a woman-centered inquiry into an era whose traditional landmarks are the frontier, the rise of the city, and World War I. Fryer draws her analysis from history, philosophy, environmental psychology, anthropology, sociology, and geography as well as from literature, architechure, and painting. The book's conceptual bonds are women's structures of the period: the Woman's Building at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893 and the 1915 feminist utopian community, Herland, imagined by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Focusing on the experience of women, Fryer presents a series of meditations that are concerned with the structures of fantasy -- a plan for a house, a room, a set of furnishings, a landscape, a story. Offering new readings of the fictions of Edith Wharton and Willa Cather that depart from existing biographical or psychological analyses, Fryer provides an original view of the meaning of space for such educated women. Wharton and Cather departed from the customary ""American"" expressions of the dominant culture, Fryer argues, to explore and inscribe their own experiences. She focuses on their imaginative structures, from Wharton's meticulously conceived interiors, which include all that the eye can encompass, to Cather's unfurnished rooms and landscapes, which are her physical and spiritual correlatives. In demonstrating the relationship between the spaces women inhabit and the language of their imaginative creations, Fryer brings new meaning to the ongoing investigations of creativity versus environment. A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.


This poster challenges PhD training and academic writing conventions. A reflective insight of the process of doing business research is presented. The poster seeks to encourage scholarly debate for a different didactic approach to qualitative business research training. The call is made for further attention to be paid to the real issues early career researchers face when developing their research and deciding on their approach to the science of knowledge. It is argued that business research is cyclical and iterative in practice, as opposed to the post-hoc linear rationalisation encouraged by research methods texts and so evident in published work. The context of the study is the role of social media in football. Social media is a field attracting growing academic attention whilst organisations seek to identify if and how it can be used to business benefit. Based on the iterative approach taken to qualitative research interview method and case study research, an adapted research framework is proposed. Two key recommendations are made for early career researchers.