In this fascinating collection of translations, Telling Lives looks at the self-writing of five Japanese women who came of age during the decades leading up to World War II. Following an introduction that situates women's self-writing against the backdrop of Japan during the 1920s and 1930s, Loftus takes up the autobiographies of Oku Mumeo, a leader of the prewar women's movement, and Takai Toshio, a textile worker who later became a well-known labor activist. Next is the moving story of Nishi Kyoko, whose Reminiscences tells of her life as a young woman who escapes the oppression of her family and establishes her financial independence. Nishi's narrative precedes a detailed look at the autobiography of Sato Ineko. Sato's Between the Lines of My Personal Chronology recounts her years as a member of a proletarian arts circle and her struggle to become a writer. The collection ends with the Marxist Fukunaga Misao's frank and explosive text Memoirs of a Female Communist, which is examined as a manifesto condemning the male chauvinism of the prewar Japanese Communist Party.


Abstract In this reconnaissance study, skeletal materials from people, dating from ~1500 B.P., who lived by or worked at the ancient copper mines and furnaces of the Wadi Faynan in southern Jordan, were analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) to determine the intensities of accumulation of copper and lead in their bones. Many of the bones analysed contained concentrations of these metals which are comparable to those of modern individuals who are heavily exposed to metals through contemporary industrial processes. Patterns of partitioning throughout the skeleton of a number of individuals were also studied. These AAS data suggest that within the human organism there may be some ability to influence the patterns of accumulation of copper within the skeleton. The humerus was frequently found to contain more copper than other bones studied. Within the humerus itself, the medial epicondyle frequently contained the highest concentrations, which may indicate a significant degree of organization or control of the process. These metal concentration data together with their toxicological consequences suggest that the health of the ancient human populations must have been adversely affected by exposure during life to copper in the environment. They also point to the need for further detailed studies of metal partitioning within the bones of the human skeleton.


When interpreting responses to experimental manipulations or particular environmental cues, it is necessary to have previous knowledge about the natural variation of the response traits. We studied how nine blood parameters, including four enzymatic activities, varied with time in wild Great Tits by assessing their repeatabilities over periods of 45 days, in the same season (Spring or Autumn/Winter), in the same year and over a four years period. The accuracy of the measurements of these blood parameters was also assessed. Measurement error reflected essentially sample and time of storage rather than assay effects. Hematocrit and haemoglobin had low repeatabilities within Spring, ranging from 0.26 to 0.31; Heterophil/Lymphocyte ratio (H/L), white blood cell count (WBC), total plasma cholinesterase and red blood cell glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities had moderate to high repeatabilities over periods of 45 days (repeatabilities ranged from 0.47 to 0.81 for GSH-Px and H/L, respectively), but also during longer periods such as dur- ing Spring (total plasma cholinesterase activity) and Autumn/Winter (WBC, H/L and GSH-Px). Of the blood parameters measured, total plasma cholinesterase, glutathione peroxidase and the haematological parameters WBC and H/L seem relatively constant and therefore reliable indicators of Great Tit's physiological condition within, at least, a 45 days time frame.


We consider processes that have transitions labeled with atomic actions, and states labeled with formulas over a propositional logic. These state labels are called signals. A process in a parallel composition may proceed conditionally, dependent on the presence of a signal in the process in parallel. This allows a natural treatment of signal observation.


The maleic acid - castor oil monoester (MACO) was synthesized and was used as monomer to synthesize a new potentially environmentally friendly copolymer of styrene and MACO (poly-St/MACO) by suspension polymerization. Under the appropriate conditions, the poly-St/MACO with yield of 81%, number average molecular weight of 44100?g/mol, and molecular weight distribution of 1.5 could be obtained. The chemical structures of the MACO and resulting copolymer were confirmed by Mass Spectrometry Infrared Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy H[1]. The results of thermogravimetric analysis and biodegradation test showed the poly-St/MACO can be used as a new potentially environmentally friendly material with excellent thermal stability.


Recent studies have shown that induced polarization (IP) coupled with electrical resistivity surveys can be used for in situ lithological and hydrologic discrimination of the subsurface; yet the driving factors behind the effects of water content dynamics on IP are relatively understudied. We sought to improve the understanding of the relationship of IP on variations in water saturation degree for an undisturbed agricultural soil. Our experiment consisted of collecting IP measurements concurrently with hydraulic data during multistep outflow experiments. We determined the hydraulic properties of the undisturbed soil samples and correlated saturation degree with IP data. Due to an increase in pore fluid conductivity in the column pore water with decreasing saturation degree, we found that imaginary conductivity (σ″) may offer distinct advantages for determining water content over real conductivity (σ′) measurements. Although σ″ exhibits a weaker dependence on saturation degree compared to σ′, the relative insensitivity of σ″ to pore fluid conductivity results in a simpler dependence on saturation change in the presence of varying salinities. As changes in pore fluid conductivity are likely to occur in the field simultaneously with water content variations, we suggest that although IP has mostly been used to discriminate lithology, time lapse IP measurements may additionally provide a robust indicator of changes in saturation degree.


Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) is one of the most popular vegetable crops in many countries of the world as its nutritional importance. It has the most exacting climatic and cultural requirements, which limit its commercial production to a few favored locations. In Thailand, broccoli has been expending in recent years and amount of increasing production. It is best planted in the North where the weather is cool or in the Northeast during winter season. The South has tropical climates and raining all year round, but farmers can produce broccoli during early summer by using the heat-tolerant varieties. Although the broccoli is highly priced and still wanted by consumers in the rainy season, the farmers might not choose to grow as the problems with low productivity. Thus, the selection of suitable planting dates and varieties is crucial for successful cultivation during rainy season in the South. The experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of planting dates and broccoli varieties on their growth and yield responses during rainy season. Four broccoli varieties: 'Top Green', 'Green Queen', 'Yok Kheo' and 'Special' were plated for six planting dates: July, August, September, October, November and December at Prince of Songkla University, Thailand, between July, 2011 and January, 2012. Split-plot in a randomized complete block design was used in this experiment with four replications. This study showed that four broccoli varieties had highly seedling survival rates of 70.31-99.22% when planting in July-December except 'Special' of 54.68% when planting in August. 'Yok Kheo' had plant diameter of 67.54-75.24 cm when planting in July and December, not significantly different from 'Top Green' planting in July, August and November of 69.15-71.24 cm and 'Green Queen' in July and September of 68.69-68.88 cm. The highest total yield was obtained by 'Yok Kheo' when planting in July and December of 7.73-7.87 t.ha-1. It is anew interesting hybrid variety producing higher yields than 'Top Green' which is popular variety planted in southern Thailand. Therefore, 'Yok Kheo' is the suitable variety for production during rainy season in southern Thailand because it provides high growths and yields, especially in July and December.


Why do some democracies revert to non-democratic forms of governance? We develop an explanation of democratic reversals that emphasizes the influence of states' external border relations on domestic politics. Latent threats to a state's territory encourage political centralization of authority in the executive to defend against danger to the homeland. Latent territorial threat also facilitates the construction and maintenance of large land armies to fight threatening neighbors. Combined, latent territorial threat increases leaders' domestic power, weakens democratic institutions, encourages other conditions threatening democratic survival, and, ultimately, leads to democratic reversals. Synthesizing prior research on territorial conflict, we generate a quantitative, continuous measure of latent territorial threat against all democracies with contiguous neighbors from 1946 to 2016, using Bayesian estimation. Empirical tests accounting for measurement uncertainty and other common determinants of reversals as well as brief reviews of individual cases of reversal provide robust evidence that democracy failed at higher rates in countries facing high levels of threats to their territory from neighbors. Our study implies that a complete account of the development of democratic institutions should emphasize that domestic factors alone fall short of explaining why democracies fail.


Cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) is known to metabolize nicotine, the major constituent of tobacco, leading to the production of toxic metabolites and induction of oxidative stress that result in liver damage and lung cancer. Recently, we have shown that CYP2A6 is induced by ethanol and metabolizes nicotine into cotinine and other metabolites leading to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in U937 monocytes. However, the mechanism by which CYP2A6 is induced by ethanol is unknown. In this study, we have examined the role of the PKC/Nrf2 pathway (protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation and translocation of nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 to the nucleus) in ethanol-mediated CYP2A6 induction. Our results showed that 100 mM ethanol significantly induced CYP2A6 mRNA and protein (∼150%) and increased ROS formation, and induction of gene expression and ROS were both completely blocked by treatment with either a CYP2E1 inhibitor (diallyl sulfide) or an antioxidant (vitamin C). The results suggest the role of oxidative stress in the regulation of CYP2A6 expression. Subsequently, we investigated the role of Nrf2 pathway in oxidative stress-mediated regulation of CYP2A6 expression in U937 monocytes. Our results showed that butylated hydroxyanisole, a stabilizer of nuclear Nrf2, increased CYP2A6 levels >200%. Staurosporine, an inhibitor of PKC, completely abolished ethanol-induced CYP2A6 expression. Furthermore, our results showed that a specific inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) (U0126) completely abolished ethanol-mediated CYP2A6 induction and Nrf2 translocation. Overall, these results suggest that CYP2E1-mediated oxidative stress produced as a result of ethanol metabolism translocates Nrf2 into the nucleus through PKC/MEK pathway, resulting in the induction of CYP2A6 in monocytes. An increased level of CYP2A6 in monocytes is expected to further increase oxidative stress in smokers through CYP2A6-mediated nicotine metabolism. Thus, this study has clinical relevance because of the high incidence of alcohol use among smokers, especially in HIV-infected individuals.


In previous studies, various A-gliadin peptides with known amino acid sequences have been tested for their damaging effects on in vitro cultured atrophic coeliac mucosa. The largest common sequences among the in vitro toxic peptides were (gln) 3 -pro and pro-ser-(gln)2. Three of these active A-gliadin fragments were synthesised and characterised, namely, the peptides corresponding to the amino acid sequences "31–43" and "44–55", which contain the sequences (gln)3-rpro and pro-ser-(gln)2, respectively, and the "56–68" fragment lacking both active amino acid sequences. While the "56–68" A-gliadin peptide was completely inactive in CaCo-2 cells, the other two peptides were cytotoxic toward these cells to different extents. Our results confirm that CaCo-2 cells are a suitable model for the identification of toxic peptides responsible for coeliac pathogenesis.


of a Project Accelerated Creative Problem Solving and Product Improvement Applied to Experimental Devices in a Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation Class—Improving the Role of Insight Development Tools as a Generator of New Ideas in Novel Situations This project uses an action research centered study protocol to examine the effects of a problem-based learning exercise related to bloodstain pattern interpretation in a crime scene processing and general criminalistics class taught as part of an upper division forensic chemistry major in a four year college. The goal is to apply design principles and creative problem solving methods directly adapted to a project involving interpreting a set of crime scene photographs depicting blood spatter and with the aid of guided exercises in ideation and design, lead students into the development of alternate theories of how the bloodstains were created in the context of reconstructing a criminal event and how students can translate these ideas into the creation of processes and apparatus that replicate the flight dynamics of blood and injury patterns that lead to these shapes for the ultimate purpose of crime scene reconstruction, theory validation, and courtroom demonstration. The quality of the final projects will be based on a rubric that examines the novelty and scientific validity of the project based on creative product assessment protocols drawn from various sources. The assignments and final project success in inspiring student growth in the topic area of bloodstain pattern examination will be based on their scores in project creativity vs. their success in a preand post-examination related to bloodstain pattern principles. The role of corroboration, prototyping, insight development tools, and work space design, acceleration of the creative process and development of appropriate evaluation assessments of creative products will be part of the action research study. It is hoped that through this research, general methods of instruction may be developed that relate creative problem solving tools to generation of creative ideas in specific domain areas.


This study examines the tone of management disclosures and their impact on capital markets. In particular, I examine the positive and negative tone, as defined by the Harvard IV-4 Dictionary, during conference calls and the impact on analyst accuracy, dispersion of analysts' estimates, cumulative abnormal returns, abnormal trading volumes, and the number of days after the end of the quarter. Results indicate that pessimism is significantly related to decreased analyst accuracy. A one percent increase in the pessimism of a conference call results in a decrease in analyst accuracy by approximately 10%. In addition, an increase in pessimism is associated with an increase in the dispersion of analysts' estimates. Pessimism is related to negative abnormal returns in the 30 days after the end of the conference call and also to increased trading volume in the three days after the conference call. A one percent increase in the pessimism of a conference call is related to a negative abnormal return of approximately .4%. These findings are consistent with the theory that the positive and negative tone of a conference call provides incremental information to the capital markets. I am unable to find significant results for an increase in the number of days between the end of the quarter and the conference call date. These results are robust to using a more financially oriented dictionary created by Loughran and McDonald (2011)


In this study we analyze the effects of corruption on income inequality and poverty. Our analysis advances the existing literature in four ways. First, instead of using corruption indices assembled by various investment risk services, we use an objective measure of corruption: the number of public officials convicted in a state for crimes related to corruption. Second, we use all commonly used inequality and poverty measures including various Atkinson indexes, Gini index, standard deviation of the logarithms, relative mean deviation, coefficient of variation, and the poverty rate defined by the U.S. Census Bureau. Third, we minimize the problems which are likely to arise due to data incomparability by examining the differences in income inequality, and poverty across U.S. states. Finally, we exploit both time series and cross sectional variation in the data. We find robust evidence that an increase in corruption increases income inequality and poverty.


Donald R. Songer, Susan W. Johnson, C.L. Ostberg, and Matthew E. Wetstein, Law, Ideology, and Collegiality: Judicial Behaviour in the Supreme Court of Canada. McGillQueen's University Press, 2012, 223 pp. $29.95 paperback (978-0-7735-3929-7) The Supreme Court of Canada has come to play a key role in the resolution of significant public policy matters since the creations of Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982. The increased political involvement of the Court appears to be part of a broader trend in democratic nations where national courts increasingly involve themselves in politics. For example, the European Convention and the European Court of Human Rights have helped with the increasing judicialization of politics in Europe. (1) Concomitant with this increased involvement has been a consciousness of "rights." In Canada, this consciousness was reflected in the establishment of the Charter of Rights and Freedom and its use by various groups to enhance their social status. For several years now Canadian scholars have been wondering if the new mandate of the Supreme Court to protect Charter rights and freedoms has initiated a greater attitudinal (i.e., ideological) disagreement among the Court's justices. (2) Given the politically charged nature of many cases that the court hears, such disagreements seem inevitable. It seems that even the justices themselves have noticed increasing conflict within the Supreme court. It was suggested by one of them in 2002, Justice Frank Iacobucci who was a member of the Court between 1991-2004, that academics needed to devote some time to understand the nature of these disagreements. (3) Law, Ideology, and Collegiality does exactly that. In chapter 1 the authors state the key argument of the book: "justice's personal ideologies affect their approach to policy issues and help explain divisions among them" (p. 4). Ideology is understood as justices' adopted political philosophies. Ideologies are said to shape justices' approach to constitutional interpretation of legal texts, balancing various interests, advocating preferred freedoms, and delimiting the appropriate scope and purpose of government's intervention in society. Two additional factors shaping justices' decisions are their legal grounding and their compatibility with the Supreme Court's norms of collegiality, i.e., considerations regarding unanimity of decisions and other institutional considerations that may even outweigh personal ideologies. The main problem of this chapter is the somewhat confusing and repetitious way in which the authors state the key arguments of the book. Chapter 2 concisely narrates the history the Supreme Court of Canada as a policymaking institution. It traces the evolution of the court from its inception in 1875 to its current status as a key institution in Canadian politics. The main pieces of information in this chapter are that for its first 75 years the Canadian Supreme Court's power was severely limited by the principle of parliamentary supremacy, and that it did not always have the ultimate say on legal and constitutional matters, and that its decisions could be sent for appeal to the Judicial Committee of Britain's Privy Council in London. Chapter 3 reviews the extant literature regarding the increasing judicialization of politics around the world. It discusses the three models that social scientists have developed to understand judicial decision making (legal, attitudinal, and strategic) and Canada's Supreme Court justices' views of these models. It also assesses the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms impact on the role of the Supreme Court of Canada in the political process, and describes the existing debate over its power of judicial review. It also discusses the methodological problems associated with measuring ideology. Stating all these somewhat unrelated themes in one chapter is a bit confusing and could have been avoided had the authors divided these themes between at least two chapters. …


We used Mantel's tests and correlograms to statistically detect and describe large-scale spatial patterns during spring and summer in zooplankton biomass in the northeast Pacific Ocean following winters of varying degrees of wind stress. During the spring of 1963, a sampling period following a winter of moderate wlnd stress, we found that sites separated by 1 to 100, 201 to 400 and 1101 to 1200 km had similar biomass levels, and that areas of high biomass occurred around the penphery of the Gulf of Alaska. We found similar results for spring data from other years following winters of high wind stress. During summers following winters of low wind stress, biomass levels were similar among sites within 1 to 100 km of each other, but they were generally lower than the spring values. We did not detect spatial patterns in biomass during spnngs following winters of low wind stress, or during summers following winters of high wind stress. Elevated winter wind stress appeared to favor the formation of discernable spatial patterns In zooplankton blomass during the subsequent spring, but the pattern did not persist into the summer. It appears that spatial patterns ('zooplankton patches' at c400 km scales) may be formed b y meso-scale eddies, while the similarities over larger distance intervals may be attributed to gyre currents and spring bloom dynamics.


This paper describes a new approach to modeling duration for LVCSR using SCARF, a toolkit for speech recognition with segmental conditional random fields. We utilize SCARF's ability to integrate long-span, segment-level features to design and test duration models that help discriminate between correct and incorrect word hypotheses. We show that the duration distributions of correct and incorrect word hypotheses differ. Given a word hypothesis in the lattice and its duration, conditional length probabilities are integrated to the SCARF system as duration features. We evaluate three kinds of duration features on Broadcast News: word, pre- and post-pausal durations, and word span confusions. Adding the duration features to SCARF results in an up to 0.3% improvement over a state-of-the-art discriminatively trained baseline of 15.3% WER on a Broadcast News task.


This paper examines the effects of a zoning regulation on local redistribution in a multicommunity model. Each community chooses, by majority vote within the community, a property tax rate. The proceeds from this tax are then redistributed within the community on a per capita basis. Individuals that differ in their initial income choose a community in which to reside and how much housing to purchase. We examine the effects on allocations and welfare of a zoning regulation that allows one of the communities to set a minimum housing purchase for each of its residents. Two cases are analyzed: In the first, the zoning regulation is taken as exogenous. In the second, the level of zoning is endogenously determined via majority vote. Some of our findings are: (i) Contrary to results obtained in a model with no zoning, wealthy communities may engage in greater redistribution than do poorer communities. (ii) Zoning may cause the wealthy community to become less, rather than more, exclusive. (iii) Welfare effects are not monotone in income. (iv) It is possible for the wealthiest individuals to be made worse off by the imposition of zoning.


The burgeoning field of ecocriticism is beginning to address the work of such ecopoets as Gary Snyder, Mary Oliver, W. S. Merwin, and Wendell Berry, among others, whose poems increasingly deal with ecological and environmental issues. "Ecopoetry: A Critical Introduction "assembles previously unpublished contributions from many of the most important scholars in the field as they discuss the historical and crosscultural roots of ecopoetry, while expanding the boundaries to include such themes as genocide and extinction, the lesbian body, and post colonialism. This volume gathers these necessary voices in the emerging conversation regarding poetry s place in the environmental debate."


Several authors 2,4,7,8 have described a filterable virus capable of inducing tumors in a wide range of hosts (mice, hamsters, rats). Likewise, it has been shown that formation of antibodies is induced by some of these viruses, so that treated animals are protected against inoculation with the live virus 3,6,8 Stewart and Eddy 8 induced this immunity in hamsters by injecting a mixture of virus culture, culture fluid, and immune serum which had been incubated overnight at 4 C. Herein we are reporting some experiments in which Sarcoma 180 cells were incubated in rabbit serum and a similar number of cells in guinea pig serum, followed by inoculation into Swiss mice subcutaneously. Nineteen days after the last of 3 such injections, these mice were challenged with a fresh suspension of 440,000 Sarcoma 180 cells. Materials and Methods A suspension of Sarcoma 180 cells was prepared by mincing 1 gm. of


Maintaining asymmetric balances of intra- and extra-cellular ion concentrations is essential for the healthy and regular functioning of a cell as the presence of specific ionic gradients are responsible for a number of cellular and physiological processes. In order to establish and maintain these ionic gradients, ion channels provide one mechanism of controlled transport of physiological ions such as sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+) and chloride (Cl-) into and out of the cell. Natural ion channels are large and very complex proteins that are able to rapidly transport ions across the cell"s bilayer membrane with high selectivity.
In order to understand which structural characteristics are required for effective and selective ion transport, a range of macrocyclic compounds based on calix[4]arenes, oxacalix[3]arenes, pillar[5]arenes and diaza-18-crown-6 was synthesised as models for channel-forming biomolecules. Through synthetic modifications and comparisons with their monomeric equivalents, it was possible to determine relationships between their structures and their activities. Polyether-based substituents, including an extended polyether, which incorporated a trans-but-2-ene linker, were attached in order to produce membrane-spanning molecules.
The key elements investigated were the effect of the macrocycles compared to their monomeric equivalents, the effect of macrocyclic cavity size on ion selectivity, the effect on ion conductance observed between a rigid macrocycle compared with a flexible macrocycle and the impact of altering polyether chain length and functionality on ion conductance and selectivity.
The compounds" ion transport abilities were assessed on artificial planar lipid bilayers and their antimicrobial activities determined by a variation of the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test on the common pathogens: E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and S. pyogenes.
Planar lipid bilayer results demonstrated that a predetermined structure, the length of the polyether substituent and the fit between the size of the macrocycle to the cation were important for transmembrane ion conduction; whereas the monomeric analogues formed unregulated sized pores leading to irregular to no activity and general non-selectivity. The rigid macrocycle compared to the flexible macrocycle demonstrated key differences in conduction where it is postulated that the flexible macrocycle conducted ionophorically. Antimicrobial tests revealed that the monomeric derivatives were significantly more potent towards bacteria than their macrocyclic equivalents, presumably due to the production of surfactant-like activity whilst the macrocyclic analogues displayed limited aqueous solubility.


My previous paper "A Reconsideration of the Theory of Perfect Competition" dealt with the fallacy of the Economic Theory regarding the perfectly elastic (horizontal) individual demand curve for the product of a firm; the correction of this fallacy involved a total and dramatic revision of the classic theory of Value, Perfect Competition and the associated theory of Social Welfare. The paper also included a mathematical proof for this fallacy, besides the conceptual validation, as well as the fundamental implications of it on Economics.The present paper aims to provide further support for the previous one with new arguments and findings and attempts to historically trace the fallacy and detect the reasons and root causes that presumably led to it. Specifically, this fallacy is attributed to a misinterpretation of a related Cournot's phrase regarding the perfect competition, while it is now in this paper completely reasoned that the real individual demand curves for the firms are sloped and distribute evenly the total demand among the (similar) firms for any price and thus they sum up to the total demand curve, in contrast to what the classic theory states. This unavoidably results in the monopolistic character of the market, even under perfect competition. The total profit of the industry is equally distributed among the similar firms, until the share marginally covers the fixed cost of the firm, due to the entry of new firms which are attracted by profit. This is the real reason for the stability of price in perfect competition and not the horizontal individual demand curve for the firms nor the large number of firms and the subsequent small individual production of each; those prerequisites are not valid and have to be retired and the emphasis in perfect competition must be placed on the zero profit and the entry-exit of firms.This revision of market equilibrium covers all types of market from monopoly to perfect competition and totally negates the classic theory of value and of perfect competition, as well as other fundamental outcomes of Economics, since: it invalidates the infamous principle of price determination by the intersection of total demand and total supply, as well as that of the equality of price to the minimum average cost in the long term, facts that move social welfare away from its optimum, as it is claimed by the classic economic theory; in addition, in the labor market labor is not paid according to the value of its marginal product but according to the marginal product revenue, which implies the monopolistic exploitation of labor and lower wage and employment levels and in fact worsens the previous social welfare's declination.


This study aims at describing the ways in marking information structure in Indonesian language. Based on the collected data it was found that the ways include the use of (1) definite markers, (2) demonstrative pronouns, (3) emphasis markers, (4) focusing adjuncts, and (5) the modification of syntactic structure. Definite marker in Indonesian language can be classified into clitic nya and particle si and sang. Indonesian language has two kinds of demonstrative pronouns, itu and ini. Those demonstrative pronouns have two functions: (1) used to give emphasis to nouns they follow, and (2) used to be subject or object of a sentence. Indonesian language also has emphasis markers; they are particle lah, kah, and pun. Particle lah is commonly used to give stress to focused words it attaches but particle kah which is normally attached to question words is used to give stress to the question words it attaches. However, when particle kah is added to subject or object of declarative sentence it may change the declarative into interrogative. Focusing adjuncts found in Indonesian language due to marking system of information structure are categorized into limiter and additive. The limiter includes hanya, cuma, and saja which have different position in a clause. The form hanya and cuma usually precedes verbs but saja always follows intransitive verbs and object of transitive verbs. Additive words used in regarding information structure are juga and pula. Meanwhile, the syntactic construction related to the information structure in Indonesian language is the construction of inversion.


This article offers a theoretical approach to evaluate political friendship, and to test this approach by focusing on two well documented and supposed friendships: those of Helmut Kohl and Francois Mitterrand, and George H. W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev. In so doing the article aims to address an academic oversight where friendship is taken for granted, without pausing to define and measure its influence on political actors. Part one aims to operationalize the concept of friendship, offering a concise philosophical overview of the concept, culminating in a demarcation between a (businesslike) partnership and a character- driven friendship. Part two analyses the current state-centred approach to friendship in international relations and shows that operationalizing the concept of friendship between actors connects directly to current research on friendship, adding an additional layer of analysis on the level of political actors. Part three follows with an overview of the supposed friendships between Kohl and Mitterrand, and Bush and Gorbachev, which are then evaluated in the light of the definitions of partnership and friendship. This paper concludes by marking the similarities and inherent differences of the two friendships, particularly pausing on the thin line a politician must walk between personal affections and an opportune political agenda.


"Thirty-five years ago few could have predicted that "The New Science of Politics" would be a best-seller by political theory standards. Compressed within the Draconian economy of the six Walgreen lectures is a complete theory of man, society, and history, presented at the most profound and intellectual level. . . . Voegelin's [work] stands out in bold relief from much of what has passed under the name of political science in recent decades. . . . The New Science is aptly titled, for Voegelin makes clear at the outset that a 'return to the specific content' of premodern political theory is out of the question. . . . The subtitle of the book, An Introduction, clearly indicates that The New Science of Politics is an invitation to join the search for the recovery of our full humanity." From the new Foreword by Dante Germino "This book must be considered one of the most enlightening essays on the character of European politics that has appeared in half a century. . . . This is a book powerful and vivid enough to make agreement or disagreement with even its main thesis relatively unimportant." "Times Literary Supplement " "Voegelin . . . is one of the most distinguished interpreters to Americans of the non-liberal streams of European thought. . . . He brings a remarkable breadth of knowledge, and a historical imagination that ranges frequently into brilliant insights and generalizations." Francis G. Wilson, "American Political Science Review " "This book is beautifully constructed . . . his erudition constantly brings a startling illumination." Martin Wright, "International Affairs " "A ledestar to thinking men who seek a restoration of political science on the classic and Christian basis . . . a significant accomplishment in the retheorization of our age." Anthony Harrigan, "Christian Century ""


Rapid screening of active compounds plays a crucial role in the research and application of complex natural medicines. Herein, a new method of simultaneous label-free multi-drug screening based on a selective aptamer-carboxyfluorescein/graphene oxide energy transfer optical sensor combined with microfluidic chip electrophoretic separation is reported. In this study, seven traditional Chinese medicinal monomers were chosen as targets for the screening of G-quadruplex ligands. The screening results of the G-quadruplex active ligands, including daidzein, berberine hydrochloride, jatrorrhizine hydrochloride, and fangchinoline, and non-active ligands, including geniposide and oxymatrine, were consistent with those reported in literature. Moreover, one new potential G4DNA active drug, jujuboside A, was identified. Molecular simulation of the interaction between G4DNA and drugs was also carried out using HyperChem and AutoDock to verify the results of the experimental screening. It further demonstrated the reliability of our strategy. This novel separation and concentration based multi-sensing strategy provides a simple, rapid, and sensitive tool for simultaneous multi-drug screening, which is very meaningful for drug screening and bio-interaction analysis.


Audio coding based on Frequency Domain Linear Prediction (FDLP) uses auto-regressive models to approximate Hilbert envelopes in frequency sub-bands. Although the basic technique achieves good coding efficiency, there is a need to improve the reconstructed signal quality for tonal signals with impulsive spectral content. For such signals, the quantization noise in the FDLP codec appears as frequency components not present in the input signal. In this paper, we propose a technique of Spectral Noise Shaping (SNS) for improving the quality of tonal signals by applying a Time Domain Linear Prediction (TDLP) filter prior to the FDLP processing. The inverse TDLP filter at the decoder shapes the quantization noise to reduce the artifacts. Application of the SNS technique to the FDLP codec improves the quality of the tonal signals without affecting the bit-rate. Performance evaluation is done with Perceptual Evaluation of Audio Quality (PEAQ) scores and with subjective listening tests.


Global abstract: The research presented in this thesis is in several parts. Firstly, the aim of systematic review was to systematically review available evidence on the efficacy of two local anaesthetic solutions lidocaine and articaine used for dental treatment in children. The findings from this review served as a basis for the next phase of the project, which was to address the deficiencies identified from the systematic review. This took the form of a Randomised Controlled Trial, the aim of which was to carry out an equivalence parallel prospective, randomised, controlled study, in order to evaluate and compare the anaesthetic efficacy of mandibular infiltration using 4% articaine (1:100,000 epinephrine) with mandibular nerve block using 2% lidocaine (1:80,000 epinephrine) in the extraction and restoration of mandibular primary molars. The translational intention was to be able to recommend the most effective and acceptable method of achieving anaesthesia for dental treatment of mandibular primary molars in children.
In addition, a mixed method research strategy was implemented, in order to assess and explore the child's experience associated with dental injection, and compare the two different techniques that were used (buccal infiltration and inferior dental nerve block). This comparison was in terms of children acceptance as well as parent satisfaction of their child's dental treatment under local anaesthesia and their perception of the impact of this treatment on their child.
Methods: Systematic review: A systematic search was conducted on Cochrane CENTRAL Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE (OVID; 1950 to June 2013), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL; EBSCOhost; 1982 to June 2013), EMBASE (OVID; 1980 to June 2013), SCI-EXPANDED (ISI Web of Knowledge; 1900 to June 2013), key journals, and previous review bibliographies through June 2013. No restrictions were placed on years, language or publication status. Original research studies that compared articaine with lidocaine in children dental treatment were included and methodological quality assessment including assessment of risk of bias was carried out for each of the included studies.
RCT: In total 98 children aged 5–9 years old were randomly assigned into two groups: one group (treatment group) received mandibular infiltration with 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine; the other group (control group) received an inferior alveolar nerve block with 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine. All local anaesthetic injections were given by a single operator, who had the role of assessing the presence/absence of pain as well as the child's behaviour during the injection and treatment procedures (using W-BFRS, VAS and Frankl Behaviour Scale). Each child received one treatment for one tooth only.
Qualitative sub-study: Concurrent mixed method data collection strategies were used. The qualitative and quantitative data were collected from the same participants as well as in the same timeframe. Thematic analysis was performed on the semi- structured interviews.
Results: Systematic review: Electronic searching identified 520 publications. After the primary and secondary assessment process, only three studies were included in the final analysis. The RCTs included in this review investigated the efficacy of local anaesthetic solutions when given as a combination of both techniques, local infiltration as well as block anaesthesia. The data analyses showed superiority of articaine over that of lidocaine in terms of achieving anaesthetic success, although these results were not statistically significant.
RCT: During the injection phase the absolute differences between the two anaesthetic techniques using W-BFRS VAS and behaviour scales was zero (no difference), 0.060 (95% CI -0.110 to 0.230) and -0.080 (95% CI -0.190 to 0.030) respectively. During the treatment phase, the absolute difference were -0.020 (95% CI -0.180 to 0.140), -0.040 (95% CI -0.220 to 0.150) and zero (no difference). The equivalence margin was set at ± 0.2 and all comparisons showed equivalence of the two treatments except for the comparison of VAS during injection and W-BFRS during treatment with the 95% confidence intervals exceeding the equivalence margin.
Qualitative sub-study: A total of 42 (56%) participants in the qualitative part of the study, were in articaine group while 31 (41%) were in lidocaine group. Only two of the participants (3%) had received both local anaesthetics. Parent's responses to the questionnaire reflected their opinion based on their observation of the dental treatment. Majority of the parents were happy about the treatment in general. The children's responses were very positive as well.
The questionnaire/interviews with the children, parents, along with the dentist's comments, allowed the development of three major themes addressing the aims and purposes of the study. The three major themes emerged were: Firstly, "Experience of the anaesthetic procedures". Second major theme "Ease vs difficulty of the dental treatment" and the third major theme was "Perception of the dentist approach during the treatment".
Conclusion: The quality of the included RCTs in the systematic review was generally inadequate. All the included studies had several limitations in reporting which indicated a need for a randomised clinical trial with standardised methodology to address these limitations.
The findings of the systematic review indicated that, articaine and lidocaine presented similar efficacy when used as infiltration and blocks respectively for routine dental treatments. The effect of numbness of soft tissues was longer using articaine than lidocaine, and few adverse events were reported following the use of both solutions. The results from this review indicate that articaine injections can cause slightly more post injection pain in the area injected than lignocaine, the difference was not statistically significant.
Overall, the results of the present RCT pointed out that it would be acceptable to carry out invasive dental treatment for mandibular molars with the administration of infiltration with buccal intrapapillary infiltration using 4% articaine instead of the traditional method of inferior dental block using lidocaine, which many children find difficult to cope with.
Considering the findings from the survey, along with the results from the questionnaire/interview, it was established that, the reactions of the patients with both of the local anaesthetics were very similar. The interview findings added meaning and depth to the survey findings, in terms of explaining and clarifying the children's responses and answers. Parents/children reported a high degree of satisfaction with the treatment outcomes. The satisfaction expressed by parents/children can have a positive impact on the children's future dental treatment.
Registration: SR Registration: PROSPERO registration: CRD42013004620. Trial registration: EudraCT number: 2011-004711-23


We propose optimal approaches to integrating traffic grooming and the protection strategies of virtual ring (VR) and drop and continue (DC) in dual-node interconnection (DNI) multiring translucent networks. A multilayer design matches the optimal solutions from the electronic layer to the physical topology available using a particular DNI-routing-and-wavelength-assignment formulation. Study cases with 20 different traffic matrices are performed over translucent and opaque networks with 13 nodes. Despite the excessive traffic duplication of the VR, there is only a minor distinction from the DC performance, even under heavy intra-ring traffic, thanks to an optimally chosen intra-ring lightpath in translucent networks.


Selenoproteins, in particular thioredoxin reductase, have been implicated in countering oxidative damage occurring during aging but the molecular functions of these proteins have not been extensively investigated in different animal models. Here we demonstrate that TRXR-1 thioredoxin reductase, the sole selenoprotein in Caenorhabditis elegans, does not protect against acute oxidative stress but functions instead together with GSR-1 glutathione reductase to promote the removal of old cuticle during molting. We show that the oxidation state of disulfide groups in the cuticle is tightly regulated during the molting cycle, and that when trxr-1 and gsr-1 function is reduced, disulfide groups in the cuticle remain oxidized. A selenocysteine-to-cysteine TRXR-1 mutant fails to rescue molting defects. Furthermore, worms lacking SELB-1, the C. elegans homolog of Escherichia coli SelB or mammalian EFsec, a translation elongation factor known to be specific for selenocysteine in E. coli, fail to incorporate selenocysteine, and display the same phenotype as those lacking trxr-1. Thus, TRXR-1 function in the reduction of old cuticle is strictly selenocysteine dependent in the nematode. Exogenously supplied reduced glutathione reduces disulfide groups in the cuticle and induces apolysis, the separation of old and new cuticle, strongly suggesting that molting involves the regulated reduction of cuticle components driven by TRXR-1 and GSR-1. Using dauer larvae, we demonstrate that aged worms have a decreased capacity to molt, and decreased expression of GSR-1. Together, our results establish a function for the selenoprotein TRXR-1 and GSR-1 in the removal of old cuticle from the surface of epidermal cells.


Two sites, one dominated by Anthyllis cytisoides and the other by Retama sphaerocarpa in south‐east Spain were instrumented to measure soil matric potential to a soil depth of 1 m and soil water content to 2·75 m depth within shrubs and grass areas. Soil cores and underground surveys were taken to estimate root length and soil texture, ground cover volume was measured and runoff traps were installed to estimate overland flow in grass and shrub areas. The outcome of the results was summarised as a conceptual model to describe the flow of water within patch vegetation, where the main dominating factor of patch vegetation was found to be the function of shrub canopy/root systems. The results illustrated that not only the dynamics of runoff/runon between grass and shrub areas were significant in redistributing rainfall, but also the morphology of shrub species caused significant differences to the accumulation and movement of water in shrub zones. A comparison of growth and flowering times of grass and shrub species showed that soil water availability for each species differs throughout the year. Such an understanding of water movement within patch vegetation of different species shows that sustainable management practices of semi‐arid areas must take into account not only natural vegetation patterns, but also the function of each plant type. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The 10-Day MBA is an essential business reference, summarising a top business school education in one easy-to-read volume. Steven Silbiger devotes a concise chapter to each discipline you will encounter on an MBA course - Marketing, Ethics, Accounting, Organisational Behaviour, Quantitative Analysis, Finance, Operations, Economics, and Strategy. On Day 10 the author gives a series of MBA mini courses on research, public speaking, negotiating, international business, and more. This third edition of Steven Silbiger's bestselling book has the latest facts, figures and trends, as well as information on ethics in business post-Enron and personal finance. All-new mini-courses in property investment, business writing, leadership coaching, and financial planning have also been added. Prospective MBAs can use The 10-Day MBA to decide if they want to pursue a degree; those about to enter business school can use it to get a BIG head start on the competition; and those without the time and money can get the equivalent of an MBA education at 99 per cent off the list price.


Book synopsis: Throughout the human sciences, recent debates have centred on the relationship between social structures and subjectivity. These debates have been exemplary in the areas of gender, discourse and psychotherapy. Drawing on postmodernism and on psychoanalysis, scholars in these areas have attempted to theorise the social 'human subject' as a site for the expression of cultural and linguistic forces, whilst struggling to maintain the possibility of personal agency and political resistance.

In this book, which draws on some of Stephen Frosh's most innovative work, the question of how to understand the 'personal' in contemporary social life is explored through three themes: 'troubled masculinities', 'postmodernism and family therapy' and 'beyond discourse'. The studies which make up the book centre on the task of constructing theories which are genuinely 'psychosocial' in the sense of dealing with processes of social construction and with personal agency, in a context that celebrates the diversity of cultural and subjective forms. The book thus represents a substantial contribution to thinking around the intersections between psychology, psychoanalysis, systems therapy, postmodernism and social theory.

Stephen Frosh is Professor of Psychology and Director of the Centre for Psychosocial Studies at Birkbeck College, University of London. He was previously Consultant Clinical Psychologist at the Tavistock Clinic, London. He is the author of numerous academic papers and several books, the most recent (with Ann Phoenix and Rob Pattman) being Young Masculinities: Understanding Boys in Contemporary Society.


The difficulty of establishing democracy in ethnically divided countries can be traced to the tendency of parties to divide on ethnic lines, and to become more or less mono-ethnic. To overcome this problem, a range of eleven new electoral systems is put forward, designed to provide each party with strong electoral incentives to become pan-ethnic, that is, to seek the votes of each ethnic group, and to respond to the concerns of each ethnic group. Each new system is a modified form of proportional representation, which allocates one-half of the seats in proportion to each party's first-preference votes, as a guaranteed minimum, and allocates the remaining half of the seats as a pan-ethnic incentive, to reward parties for obtaining votes from each ethnic group. Each new system uses, to provide this pan-ethnic incentive, one or both of the following two basic principles: Two-Party Competition and the Distributed Vote. Systems using the first principle set up any number of two-party competitions, in each of which the two parties compete for the votes of the whole electorate. A party gets more seats not only by getting more first-preference votes, but also by getting a higher non-first ranking from electors who give their first preferences to some other party. This gives the party the incentive to appeal more widely, to electors of ethnic groups and other groups to which it did not appeal before, in order to obtain a higher non-first ranking from them. Systems using the Distributed Vote operate by rewarding a party with more seats for getting an even distribution of its votes between the different ethnic groups. Should a system become acceptable, the dominant parties will share their influence with the previously excluded minority, resulting in a more stable and peaceful political system.


We introduce Photon-HDF5, an open and efficient file format to simplify exchange and long term accessibility of data from single-molecule fluorescence experiments based on photon-counting detectors such as single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD), photomultiplier tube (PMT) or arrays of such detectors. The format is based on HDF5, a widely used platform- and language-independent hierarchical file format for which user-friendly viewers are available. Photon-HDF5 can store raw photon data (timestamp, channel number, etc…) from any acquisition hardware, but also setup and sample description, information on provenance, authorship and other metadata, and is flexible enough to include any kind of custom data. The format specifications are hosted on a public website, which is open to contributions by the biophysics community. As an initial resource, the website provides code examples to read Photon-HDF5 files in several programming languages and a reference Python library (phconvert), to create new Photon-HDF5 files and convert several existing file formats into Photon-HDF5. To encourage adoption by the academic and commercial communities, all software is released under the MIT open source license.


Land-Surface Models (LSMs) are tools that represent energy and water flux exchanges between land and the atmosphere. Although much progress has been made in adding detailed physical processes into these models, there is much room left for improved estimates of evapotranspiration fluxes, by including a more reasonable and accurate representation of crop dynamics. Recent studies suggest a strong land-surface–atmosphere coupling over India and since this is one of the most intensively cultivated areas in the world, the strong impact of crops on the evaporative flux cannot be neglected. In this study we dynamically couple the LSM JULES with the crop growth model InfoCrop. JULES in its current version (v3.4) does not simulate crop growth. Instead, it treats crops as natural grass, while using prescribed vegetation parameters. Such simplification might lead to modelling errors. Therefore we developed a coupled modelling scheme that simulates dynamically crop development and parametrized it for the two main crops of the study area, wheat and rice. This setup is used to examine the impact of inter-seasonal land cover changes in evapotranspiration fluxes of the Upper Ganges River basin (India). The sensitivity of JULES with regard to the dynamics of the vegetation cover is evaluated. Our results show that the model is sensitive to the changes introduced after coupling it with the crop model. Evapotranspiration fluxes, which are significantly different between the original and the coupled model, are giving an approximation of the magnitude of error to be expected in LSMs that do not include dynamic crop growth. For the wet season, in the original model, the monthly Mean Error ranges from 7.5 to 24.4 mm month −1 , depending on different precipitation forcing. For the same season, in the coupled model, the monthly Mean Error's range is reduced to 5.4–11.6 mm month −1 . For the dry season, in the original model, the monthly Mean Error ranges from 10 to 17 mm month −1 , depending on different precipitation forcing. For the same season, in the coupled model, the monthly Mean Error's range is reduced to 2.2–3.4 mm month −1 . The new modelling scheme, by offering increased accuracy of evapotranspiration estimations, is an important step towards a better understanding of the two-way crops–atmosphere interactions.


Conversion narratives dominated the American Cancer Society's (ACS) public education films from the 1920s to the late 1940s: the vast majority of its films included a conversion story, and conversion provided the central narrative structure of those movies in which it appeared. This hegemony, however, did not survive the 1940s. Both forms of domination came to be challenged late in that decade, as television began to change the context in which these films were viewed, and as the cancer organization began to increase the numbers of educational films it produced and to broaden the range of subjects covered by its movies. This paper aims to explain the changing role of the conversion narrative within the ACS's cinematic output, and to explore the role of movies, and the conversion narratives embedded in them, as tools for managing public responses to cancer.


Abstract The Skarfjell oil and gas discovery, situated 50 km north of the Troll Field in the NE North Sea, was discovered by well 35/9-7 and was appraised by three additional wells operated by Wintershall, in the period 2012–14. The Skarfjell discovery is an example of a combined structural/stratigraphic trap. The trap formed along the northern edge of a deep WNW–ESE-trending submarine canyon, which was created by Volgian erosion of intra-Heather, Oxfordian-aged sandstones and then infilled with Draupne Formation shales. This mud-filled canyon forms the top and side seal, with the bottom seal provided by Heather shales. The reservoir comprises mid-Oxfordian deep-water turbidites and sediment gravity flows, which formed in response to tectonic hinterland uplift and erosion of the basin margin, 10–20 km to the east. The Skarfjell discovery contains light oil and gas, and may be subdivided into Skarfjell West, in which the main oil reservoir and gas cap have known contacts, and Skarfjell Southeast, which comprises thinner oil and gas reservoirs with slightly lower pressure and unknown hydrocarbon contacts. The Upper Jurassic Draupne and Heather formations are excellent source rocks in the study area. They have generated large volumes of oil and gas reservoired in fields, and discoveries for which the dominant source rock and its maturity have been established by oil to source rock correlation and geochemical biomarker analysis. The Skarfjell fluids were expelled from mid-mature oil source rocks of mixed Heather and Draupne Formation origin. The recoverable resources are estimated at between 9 and 16 million standard cubic metres (Sm 3 ) of recoverable oil and condensate, and 4–6 billion Sm 3 of recoverable gas. The Skarfjell discovery is currently in the pre-development phase and is expected to come on stream in 2021.


Background Immune protection against pathogenic organisms has been shown to incur costs. Previous studies investigating the cost of immunity have mostly focused on the metabolic requirements of immune maintenance and activation. In addition to these metabolic costs, the immune system can induce damage to the host if the immune response is mis-targeted or over-expressed. Given its non-specific nature, an over-expressed inflammatory response is often associated with substantial damage for the host. Here, we investigated the cost of an over-expressed inflammatory response in the reproductive function of male mice. Methodology/Principal Findings We experimentally blocked the receptors of an anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in male mice exposed to a mild inflammatory challenge, with each treatment having an appropriate control group. The experiment was conducted on two age classes, young (3 month old) and old (15 month old) mice, to assess any age-related difference in the cost of a disrupted immune regulation. We found that the concomitant exposure to an inflammatory insult and the blockade of IL-10 induced a reduction in testis mass, compared to the three other groups. The frequency of abnormal sperm morphology was also higher in the group of mice exposed to the inflammatory challenge but did not depend on the blockade of the IL-10. Conclusions Our results provide evidence that immune regulation confers protection against the risk of inflammation-induced infertility during infection. They also suggest that disruption of the effectors involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response can have serious fitness consequences even under mild inflammatory insult and benign environmental conditions.


The 24th of April 1905 is a date of no particular significance in the current historiography of China. However, the memorial submitted this day by the Imperial Commissioners in charge of legal reforms, Wu Tingfang and Shen Jiaben, entailed the immediate suppression of so-called 'cruel punishments' (kuxing), such as dismemberment (lingchi), exposure of the head (xiaoshou) and desecration of the corpse (lushi). Judicial torture and bamboo flogging were suppressed straight after. From then on, cruelties of the past were illegal, and prohibited in practice, even though a penal code conforming to modern standards was not completed before 1928. China thus entered into the age of uneven and uncertain eradication of illegal but recurrent practices of torture. Though spectacular outbursts of violence occurred in contemporary China, with the complicity or under instigation of the highest authorities, those were not openly authorized by law, and they were eventually denounced, and some of their authors prosecuted. The shift from cruelty openly legitimized and practiced by the state to its official prohibition and ashamed toleration is an epochal change, which stems from the April 24th 1905 memorials.


The European Food Safety Authority was asked by the European Commission to assess the scientific information on some neonicotinoids (i.e. thiamethoxam, clothianidin and imidacloprid) and fipronil gathered by the Italian authorities with a funded project named "APENET" and to identify whether this new scientific information might require a change in the assessment of these substances as regards their effects on bees. APENET is a multidisciplinary monitoring and research project, mainly aimed at evaluating the bee health status, the dust dispersal during the sowing of maize coated seeds with thiamethoxam, clothianidin, imidacloprid and fipronil, the lethal effects on bees exposed to this dust, and homing behaviour and orientation effects. Potential synergism between clothianidin and bee pathology was also considered. EFSA evaluated in particular the scientific information as reported in the project report from 2011 (APENET, 2011), which was brought to the attention of the European Commission. Overall, due to some deficiencies in the study designs, weakness in the statistical analysis as documented and incompleteness in the reporting of results, it was not possible to draw a definitive conclusion on all the scientific information. However, within this project some potential concerns such as lethal effects on bees exposed to dust, sub-lethal effects and interactions between clothianidin and pathogens were identified suggesting that a change in the assessment of the substances thiamethoxam, clothianidin, imidacloprid and fipronil as regards their effects on bees might be required. © European Food Safety Authority, 2012


The idea that religious institutions should play a central role in understanding the First Amendment has become increasingly prominent in recent years. Litigation over the application of civil rights laws to ministers and the requirement that religious employers provide contraception coverage to their employees have elicited calls for a doctrine of church sovereignty based on an institutional conception of the Religion Clauses. In this Article, we present grounds for skepticism about this new religious institutionalism, especially the concept of "freedom of the church," which we distinguish from the seemingly related but importantly distinct idea of church autonomy. We further explain why individual rights of conscience are sufficient to protect the free exercise and anti-establishment values of the First Amendment. Our argument, contrary to some recent scholarship, is that religious institutions do not give rise to a special set of rights, autonomy, or sovereignty, and that what might be called institutional or church autonomy is ultimately derived from individual rights of conscience. Indeed, for purposes of understanding religious liberty, we contend that any notion of institutional autonomy — to the extent it exists — can come from nowhere else.


This standard, Design of Latticed Steel Transmission Structures (ASCE 10-90) , provides requirements for the design of guyed and self-supporting latticed steel electrical transmission structures. They are applicable for hot-rolled and cold-formed steel shapes. Analysis techniques are outlined for the geometrical configurations presently in use. Procedures for the design of individual members reflect extensive experience and test data on steels with yield points up to 65 ksi. Connection design procedures allow the engineer to match connection capability to the most suitable end and edge distances for detailing. If full scale structure testing is required procedures are outlined to assist in obtaining critical information. Design procedures cover structural steel members and connections used in foundations. The commentary provides supporting background data.


Regardless of the origin, financial and socio-economic crises feature combinations of adverse conditions: lack of access to financing/credit, slump in investments, household demand and consumption, a falling GDP, high deficits and debt ratios, loss of income, unemployment, shrinkage of state provisions, poverty, enforced migration, homelessness, and an incapacity to satisfy basic needs. These translate into losses for collective and private agencies in the crisis community. The systemically interrelated losses are not only financial and economic but also physical, human, social, and political (e.g., loss of trust in political leadership). Each agency that suffers losses experiences an increase in vulnerability because vulnerability, by definition, is a susceptibility to loss. Resilience is also badly affected as a result of the crisis impacting properties through redundancy, robustness, diversity, self-sufficiency, autonomy, and flexibility. Therefore, communities faced with socio-economic crises are simultaneously faced with a higher vulnerability and lower resilience. Thereby, disasters become high-probability events, even in the case of low-intensity hazards. The reverse is also true: High disaster risks (DRs) incubate socio-economic crises. This is evident in the case of slow-onset disasters related to critical resource scarcities which are systemically interconnected (e.g., water, fertile land, and food). DRs such as drought, desertification, and famine may trigger market speculation on scarce resources, rising prices, a decline of dependent economic sectors, a fall of GDP and income, an incapacity to satisfy basic needs, a disruption of social cohesion, and even armed conflicts. The basic reason DRs translate into socio-economic, and even geopolitical crises, lies with scarce resources being multiple necessities: input for socioeconomic sustainability, means to reduce exposure to the hazard of resource depletion, and assets for resiliencebuilding. Case studies of developed (Greece) and developing countries (Somalia) test theoretical hypotheses and illustrate the 'switchover' processes from socio-economic crisis to reinforced DRs and vice versa. Both cases are evidence of a perpetual interplay between DRs and socio-economic crises. Breaking the vicious cycle requires (a) comprehensive policy packages integrating anti-crisis measures with DRR, (b) correction of risk misperceptions and (c) control of vulnerability and resilience dynamics that grow stronger in crisis periods. Establishment of Risk Observatories may prove to be an important step forward.


Valorization of lignin to valuable chemicals and biofuels increases the economic viability of sustainable biorefineries. This work aimed at elucidating how the lignin structures recovered from various agricultural and industrial residues governed the downstream catalytic conversion. Three types of lignins, namely bio-enzymatic lignin (BL), organosolv lignin (OL), and Kraft lignin (KL), were fully characterized by HSQC-NMR, TGA, FTIR, and SEM to obtain a detailed description of their structures. In consideration of redox-active CuO and highly active carbon-modified boron nitride (BCN) in oxidative dehydrogenation, a two-dimensional CuO/BCN catalyst was prepared and explored in microwave-assisted lignin conversion to improve the yields of aromatic monomers. BL achieved the highest yield of monomers (10 wt% ) over the CuO/BCN catalyst after the 3rd cycle in 30 min under mild conditions (200 °C). The yields of bio-oils reached 70 wt% in 10 min when BL and OL were used as the substrate. High efficiency of the microwave-assisted reaction was illustrated by comparing with that of the hydrothermal reaction. This work demonstrated strong dependence of the conversion efficiency on the interunit linkages and functional groups of lignin structures. The strong metal–support interaction between CuO and BCN not only facilitated lignin depolymerization via the promoted electron transfer, but also enhanced the stability of Cu catalysts under hydrothermal conditions. In addition, elucidation of the catalyst redox evolution shed light on the role of the CuO/BCN catalyst in lignin depolymerization in recycle runs.


ABSTRACT "Digital sovereignty" has become a buzzword in digital policies. Contrary to the imaginary of digital transformation as preceding an era of limitless global networking in the 1990s, approaches to state regulation and delimitation of data flows as well as programmes for national digital infrastructures are justified with calls for digital sovereignty across very different contexts. This forum brings together contributions from political geography, law, computer science, and ethics that compare and analyse discourses and practices of digital sovereignty. The case studies on Russia and the EU reveal parallels as well as fundamental differences in the conception and implementation of digital sovereignty. Essays on the challenges posed by new forms of cross-border interaction (such as cloud computing) and new actors (such as digital platforms) illustrate that the traditional coupling of concepts of sovereignty, territoriality and the state, of jurisdiction and borders, must be rethought. The essays in this forum thus make it clear that the digital transformation is not simply a socio-technical modernisation process. It is rather shaped in specific ways and should be understood and analysed as (geo)-political discourses and practices. The forum contributes to the development of a political digital geography that analyses how the digital transformation is contested and produced in specific ways and unearths the politics and spatialities conceived and produced in these discourses and practices.


Successful or failed software projects have been discussed in literature for many years. Successful software projects are often defined as meeting business objectives, deliver on time and within budget, and meeting requirements. Different factors that contribute to software project success have been identified in the literature. Some of the most common factors that lead to software project success are: user involvement, management support, realistic requirements, and having good estimations. However, there are different opinions about what a successful software project is. Linberg found in a study that managers had a different perception from software practitioners (developers, testers etc.) about what a successful software project is. Since there are different perceptions of what a successful project is among different roles in software development, there may be differences from other perspectives too. This observation relates to the overall research questions in the thesis: Could there be different perceptions about what success factors are for software projects among different countries and customer-supplier relationships? Do people from different countries have different perceptions about what success factors are for software products? This study investigated if there are any differences and similarities between Swedish and Australian companies. In addition, a comparison between bespoke and market driven and bespoke and in-house customer-supplier relationships was made. The result shows that there are differences of which factors that lead to software project success among the two countries as well as between different types of customer-supplier relationships.


Hepatitis B is a major public health problem worldwide that may lead to chronic liver diseases, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) which is responsible for 500,000 deaths annually. The preS domain of HBV particularly amino acids 21-47, is believed to be involved in the initial step of HBV infection through attachment to hepatocyte. In order to study virus-cell interactions, both T7 and M13 bacteriophages have been genetically modified to display regions of Hepatitis B surface antigens. In the present study, the recombinant T7 and M13 phages were used to transfect human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2. Interestingly, T7-PreS1/2 carrying the second half of preS1 (residues 60-108), but not T7-PreS1/1 which carried the first half of preS1 (residues 1-47), was demonstrated to be the most effective in transfecting HepG2 cells in a dose- and time-dependant manner. The DNA of phage could be recovered from cell lysate and confirmed by PCR whereas infectious form of internalized phage was measured by plaque forming assay. Under fluorescence microscope, internalized phage exhibited the appearance as fluorescent dots. On the other hand, M13-PreS carrying the preS region showed low efficiency of transfection, thus suggesting that the interaction is also dependant on the valency of targeting ligand. Surprisingly, unmodified phages (MOI ≈ 1.25 × 105) were also capable of transfecting HepG2 at low efficiency and were thought to be taken up by nonspecific uptake. Dynamic light scattering analysis has been carried out to determine the thermostability of recombinant phages. The display of HBV surface antigen did not affect the stability of phages since no significant differences in thermostability were observed between control and recombinant phages. The ability and stability of recombinant phages to transfect HepG2 cells demonstrate the potential of phage displayed system as gene therapy for liver cancer.


Over the last ten years, the emergence of contractual estoppel has been catalysed by litigation between sophisticated participants in the financial markets. Pending a Supreme Court decision, the principal authority remains the Court of Appeal's 2010 decision in Springwell Navigation Corp v JP Morgan Chase Bank ('Springwell'). It would be wrong, however, to think that the doctrine has remained static since this landmark decision, or that it has remained confined to the financial sphere, or to relationships between sophisticated parties. The paper aims to fill a gap by considering the more recent, 'second generation' of cases involving contractual estoppel handed down in the five years 2013-2017 inclusive, with the aims of developing our understanding of this type of estoppel and examining its actual implications to date. Overall, the paper shows how contractual estoppel has become a recurrent and predictable feature of financial markets litigation, but also how it has spread into cases involving more diverse aspects of business and personal life. It argues that this diversity matters not only because of the impact on these wide-ranging types of relationships, but also because it has influenced the development of the doctrine. In this respect, the analysis shows how existential questions about contractual estoppel have faded from the cases, to be replaced by debates about the constraints on the doctrine. As a result, having assessed the extent and implications of spread of the doctrine, the paper proceeds to analyse the status of those constraints as they currently stand, considering in turn the 'internal' and 'external' limits


Objective:To evaluate the effect of methotrexate and curcumin administration on various internal organs in collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Material and methods: Animals were divided into 6 groups, 10 rats each. Group I: Normal control, Group II was injected with DMSO, Group III arthritic rats, Group IV arthritic rats received methotrexate (MTX) (1 mg/ Kg, i.p) once a week and Group V arthritic rats treated with curcumin (100 mg/ Kg, i.p) thrice a week. Group VI was treated with MTX (1 mg/ Kg, i.p) once a week and after 30 min received curcumin (100 mg/ Kg, i.p) thrice a week. Rats were sacrificed and thymus, spleen, liver, lung and kidney were collected for histopathological evaluation. Results: General improvement in examined organs from arthritic rats treated with both MTX and curcumin as compared with other groups. The combination of both MTX and curcumin restored the normal structure of the examined organs. Conclusion: The study showed an effective anti-arthritic action with the combination of MTX and curcumin. [Elshaimaa M.Ibrahim, Abeer M. badr, Hiba Sibaii, Amany S. E.El-Wakkad, Somaya El-Deeb. Dual effect of curcumin and methotrexate treatment on various organs in collagen-induced arthritis in rats. J Am Sci 2012;8(10):447-454]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 65


Given the absence of comprehensive, economy-wide regulation of greenhouse gas emissions, the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and its state-level counterparts have been on the frontline of the climate change fight. Indeed, the issue of when and how project proponents must evaluate (1) a project's contribution to climate change and (2) the impacts of climate change on a project has been a topic in NEPA litigation for over 20 years and likely will be even more so for the foreseeable future. This pamphlet, therefore, summarizes and analyzes: (1) the manner in which NEPA, state-level environmental review statutes, and then the reviewing courts have grappled with the issue of climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, in often inconsistent fashion, and (2) the implications for future project reviews and litigation.


Abstract Recovery of tritium released into working areas in nuclear fusion plants is a key issue for safety. A large volume of air in the last confinement of fusion power plants should be processed by air cleanup system (ACS). In ACS, tritium gas is oxidized by catalysts, and then tritiated water vapor is collected by adsorbents. This method can remove tritium effectively, whereas high throughput of air causes higher pressure loss in catalyst and adsorbent beds. The pressure loss can be reduced by replacing the packed bed of catalysts with the honeycomb catalysts. In this study, the oxidation experiments of hydrogen in humid gases over honeycomb-type catalysts were performed, and the influence of water vapor on the rate of catalytic oxidation was investigated. The result of the experiments suggests that the rate of catalytic oxidation decreases with increasing water vapor content and its influence varies depends on the temperature. It is also indicated the rate of oxidation substantially decreases at the lower temperatures even in the case where water vapor contents is considerably lower. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the decrease in the catalytic activity by coexistent water vapor.


Mandatory human participation (MHP) is a novel authentication scheme that asks the question "are you human?" (Instead of "who are you?"), and upon the correct answer to this question, can prove a principal to be a human being instead of a computer program. MHP helps solve old and new problems in computer security that existing security measures cannot address properly, including password (or PIN number) guessing attacks and application-level denial of service. A key component of this "are you human?" authentication process is a character morphing algorithm that transforms a character string into its graphical form in such a way that a human being won't have any problem recognizing the original string, while a computer program (e.g., an optical character recognition program), will not be able to decipher it or make a correct guess with nonnegligible probability. The basic idea of the MHP scheme is to ask an agent to recognize the string before its login attempts or transaction requests can be honored. Here a protocol is needed to send a puzzle to an agent, check if the answer supplied by the agent is correct, and most importantly make sure that the agent cannot cheat in the process. A number of system and security issues that relate to the protocol need to be addressed for the protocol to be secure, efficient, robust, and user-friendly. The MHP scheme contributes to the foundation of the computer security by faithfully implementing novel security semantics, "human," which existing cryptographic measures cannot express accurately. As many real-world security applications involve the interaction between a human and a computer, which naturally contains "human" as a part of its protocol semantics, we believe that the MHP scheme will find many new applications in the future.


This study investigates the potential environmental impacts and performance of a small array of tidal energy converters (TECs) in Cobscook Bay, ME; TECs are a subset of current energy converters (CECs) that are specifically deployed in tidal channels. A previously constructed coarse-grid, regional-scale hydrodynamic model of Cobscook Bay was coupled to a refined domain centered on a proposed TEC deployment location. All models were developed with Sandia National Laboratories-Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (SNL-EFDC). An optimization framework was then constructed that used results from the refined model to determine optimal device placement locations that maximize array performance and minimize potential environmental effects. Within the framework, environmental constraints can be included to limit CEC-induced changes in flow, sediment transport, or other physical phenomena that might affect the health of aquatic species (i.e., altering fish-swimming behavior and sediment-transport trends that could affect benthic habitat or the stability of the CEC infrastructure). Simulation results were compared between model runs with optimized array configurations, and the originally proposed deployment locations. The optimized array had roughly a 17% increase in power generation. The framework developed also provides regulators and developers with a tool to assess environmental impacts and device-performance parameters for the deployment of CEC devices.


Unchecked proliferation of modern chemical and biological weapons may radically alter the terms of warfare. Since the end of World War II, the debate over proliferation of weapons of mass destruction has been dominated by discussions of nuclear weapons. The last several years, however, have seen growing concern about chemical and biological weapons. In the years ahead, chemical and biological weapons may, in fact, overshadow nuclear weapons as the primary proliferation issue. Chemical weapons are poisons that incapacitate, injure, or kill through their toxic effect on the human body. They are generally classified as blister, blood, choking, incapacitating, or nerve agents, depending on which part of the body they are designed to affect. Some chemical agents can be lethal when vaporized and inhaled in amounts as small as a few milligrams. Biological weapons are living organisms or the byproducts of living organisms used as instruments for waging conflict. In essence, biological warfare is the deliberate spread of disease. Biological weapons generally are categorized as bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, and toxins. As lethal as chemical weapons can be, biological weapons can be many times deadlier pound-for-pound. Laboratory tests on animals, for example, indicated that, if effectively disseminated and inhaled, 10 grams of anthrax spores could produce as many casualties as a ton of chemical nerve agent. [1] Chemical and biological weapons are easy and cheap to produce in comparison with nuclear weapons. Illicit chemical and biological weapons programs are difficult to detect since the technology, which is also used for legitimate commercial, medical, agricultural, and other purposes, is readily available. Chemical and biological weapons could also have great strategic impact; for example, an effectively disseminated biological weapon can produce levels of casualties comparable to those of a small nuclear weapon. [2] Chemical and biological weapons could become the weapons of mass destruction of choice in the decades ahead, particularly for actors looking for major, but relatively cheap, leverage in pursuit of ambitious goals. Chemical and biological weapons could be very attractive to countries with regional designs against neighbors with limited military capabilities. But they could also be valuable to such states in a confrontation with a major power like the United States. These weapons would allow even small nations to avoid contesting U.S. conventional military power directly by using an asymmetric strategy that seeks to exploit U.S. vulnerabilities. The emergence of terrorist groups or fanatical individuals with motivations and world views far different from those of traditional political terrorists increases the risk that non-state actors--that is, those operating on their own without government support--might consider these weapons as a contingency. Indeed, some people contend that bioterrorism is "the single most dangerous threat to our national security in the foreseeable future." [3] Ancient Arts of War The use of chemicals as a weapon of war dates far back in time. Historians noted the use of toxic fumes in conflicts in India as far back as 2000 BC. In 1591, Germans burned combinations of shredded hooves and horns with a fetid gum resin to produce noxious clouds to disrupt enemy forces. Even modern chemical weapons have been around a long time. The British chemist Sir Humphrey Davy prepared the respiratory irritant phosgene in 1811, and the chemical today known as mustard was synthesized in 1854. The most lethal chemical agents, the nerve gases, were initially developed from German research into organophosphorous pesticides in the 1930s. [4] Biological weapons also have a long history. An early example of biological warfare can be dated to 1346 at Kaffa--now Fedossia, Ukraine--where plague-ridden corpses of Tartar soldiers were catapulted over the walls of the besieged city. …


During Fall 2002, planetary scientists and astronomy education researchers from the University of Arizona and the National Optical Astronomy Observatory collaborated with composer Marty Quinn of Design Rhythmics Sonification Research Lab in New Hampshire to create both a visual and auditory display of recent gamma ray data from Mars. This product will be used both to highlight the value of data from the current Mars 2001 Odyssey mission and to serve as a testbed for research into the use and effectiveness of auditory displays in science education. This paper provides background on the Mars data presented, an overview of the animation/sonification product, preliminary results from educational testing of the product, and future research plans. The authors hope to present both the sonification and preliminary results of educational research at the ICAD conference this summer.


Abstract We live at the dynamic interface between the solid Earth and its outer fluid envelopes. This interface, extending from the outer vegetation canopy to the base of active groundwater, was recently named the Critical Zone because it supports life and is increasingly impacted by human actions. Understanding the complex interactions between processes that operate in and shape the Critical Zone requires interdisciplinary approaches that span wide spatial and temporal scales. Tectonic processes, weathering, fluid transport, and biological processes control the function and structure of the Critical Zone. Three Critical Zone Observatories recently established by the U.S. National Science Foundation are designed to integrate studies of process interactions up to the watershed scale. A goal of the program is to build the three independently conceived observatories into a network from which broader understanding - larger spatial scales but also deeper insight - can emerge.


The influence of polarization mode dispersion on crosstalk in optical networks is investigated for a hybrid optical network. Two different multiplexing schemes are studied and compared. Simulations are carried out to find outage probabilities resulting from the crosstalk. A polarization and timedivision multiplexed(PolTDM) system with 100 GHz channel spacing and 50 GHz filter bandwidth, is shown to satisfy availability demands for a mean DGD of up to 30 % of the bit period. In this case, crosstalk from side channels is also found to be small when compared to a polarization multiplexed system.


Peptides are of great therapeutic potential as vaccines and drugs. Knowledge of physicochemical descriptors, including the partition coefficient logP, is useful for the development of predictive Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs). We have investigated the accuracy of available programs for the prediction of logP values for peptides with known experimental values obtained from the literature. Eight prediction programs were tested, of which seven programs were fragment-based methods: XLogP, LogKow, PLogP, ACDLogP, AlogP, Interactive Analysis's LogP and MlogP; and one program used a whole molecule approach: QikProp. The predictive accuracy of the programs was assessed using r2 values, with ALogP being the most effective (r 2 = 0.822) and MLogP the least (r2 = 0.090). We also examined three distinct types of peptide structure: blocked, unblocked, and cyclic. For each study (all peptides, blocked, unblocked and cyclic peptides) the performance of programs rated from best to worse is as follows: all peptides – ALogP, QikProp, PLogP, XLogP, IALogP, LogKow, ACDLogP, and MlogP; blocked peptides PLogP, XLogP, ACDLogP, IALogP, LogKow, QikProp, ALogP, and MLogP; unblocked peptides QikProp, IALogP, ALogP, ACDLogP, MLogP, XLogP, LogKow and PLogP; cyclic peptides LogKow, ALogP, XLogP, MLogP, QikProp, ACDLogP, IALogP. In summary, all programs gave better predictions for blocked peptides, while, in general, logP values for cyclic peptides were under-predicted and those of unblocked peptides were over-predicted


Traditionally,Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been considered as a hospital-associated pathogen (HA-MRSA). However, since 2004, MRSA has been found to be emerging in livestock (LA-MRSA), particularly pigs and veal calves. Animals have the capacity to act as reservoirs of MRSA, and potentially transmit this bacterium to humans in close contact with MRSA-colonized animals. This thesis focuses on MRSA in veal calf farming. The main aim of this thesis was to investigate associations between determinants and ST398 MRSA carriage in both humans and veal calves and their inter-relationship. Furthermore the persistence and dynamics of MRSA carriage in both human and veal calves were quantified. Calves were more often MRSA carrier when treated with antibiotics. However, several age-related- and farm management factors seemed to be correlated with use of antimicrobials in calves. On the other hand, farm hygiene was associated with a lower prevalence of MRSA in calves. Longitudinal data showed that MRSA prevalence and MRSA air loads in stables rapidly increased during the production cycle, especially after releasing calves from their individual houses, but not simultaneously with or directly after treatment with antimicrobials. A direct relationship between human and animal MRSA carriage was demonstrated; the number of MRSA positive calves on the farm and human carriage was positively associated. Human MRSA carriage was strongly dependent on the duration of animal contact and exposure. Human persistence and dynamics of MRSA ST398 was investigated after both short- and long-term exposure to MRSA positive animals. LA-MRSA acquisition after short-term (up to 3 hours per day maximally) occupational exposure is frequent. However, the majority of people who acquire LA-MRSA during occupational exposure, test negative for MRSA again within 24 hours. In farmers, who are long-term exposed to MRSA positive animals, the presence of LA-MRSA is strongly animal-exposure related. During absence of animal contact, MRSA prevalence decreased rapidly, which suggests that LA-MRSA is a poor persistent colonizer in humans. The findings in this thesis provide important insights that add to our understanding of LA-MRSA carriage in animals and humans. Antimicrobial use in calves is associated with higher MRSA prevalence. However, future research should be focussed on the quantitative contribution of specific antibiotic classes or dosages to MRSA occurrence in livestock environments. In addition, to reduce MRSA occurrence in veal farming, optimizing the complex structure of the veal calf production chain needs specific attention. Our data point out that exposure plays a major role in MRSA carriage in humans but it seemed that MRSA of ST398 is not a persistent colonizer in humans. This is in line with other studies in which a low nosocomial transmission rate of ST398 MRSA was demonstrated. These findings implicated that control measures as described in the Search and Destroy policy could be less stringent. However, the exact ST398-related disease risk for farmers remains unclear and needs further exploration. The ongoing evolution and development of ST398 MRSA suggests that adaptation to the human host might be happening and therefore close monitoring of its evolution and surveillance over time will be required.


Alteplase (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator or rt-PA) remains the only approved treatment (and the quickest way to achieve thrombolyis) for acute ischemic stroke. Even if the most devastating complication of this therapy is symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) in up to 7% of patients, the overall benefits of rt-PA for stroke appear to outweigh the risks. However, as the development of sICH is associated with a worse outcome, clinicians caring for these patients are faced with the difficult decision what kind of treatment is best for them. Moreover, to date, there are no evidence-based guidelines as to the management of thrombolysis-associated sICH, most probably due to the fact that there is little original research on the question. Although the American Heart Association suggests empirical therapies to replace clotting factors and platelets, it also acknowledges the fact that there is a lack of evidence to support any specific therapy. Despite the lack of supporting evidence and the fact that some institutions and/or international organizations have developed care pathways for thrombolysis-associated sICH for current use, the most appropriate management of this complication is not yet clear.Herein we present a case of a male patient with thrombolysis-associated sICH successfully treated by high doses of cryoprecipitate and platelets. The role of replacing clotting factors and platelets in treatment of thrombolysis-associated sICH is also discussed.


Introduction Part 1: General Monetary Theory 1. Recent Developments in Monetary Theory - A Commentary 2. The Keynesian Revolution and the Monetarist Counter-Revolution Appendix A: Keynes and the Keynesians Appendix B: Monetary Theory and Monetary Policy 3. Problems of Efficiency in Monetary Management 4. Inside Money, Outside Money, Income, Wealth and Welfare in Monetary Theory Appendix: A Comment on Pesek and Saving's Theory of Money and Wealth 5. Is There an Optimal Money Supply? Part 2: International Monetary Theory 6. Some Aspects of the Theory of Economic Policy in a World of Capital Mobility 7. Theoretical Problems of the International Monetary System 8. The Case for Flexible Exchange Rates, 1969 Appendix: The Panamanian Monetary System 9. The Monetary Approach to Balance-of-Payments Theory 10. Five Notes 10.1. The Welfare Costs of Exchange Rate Stabilization 10.2. Seigniorage and the Social Saving from Substituting Credit for Commodity Money 10.3. Efficiency in International Money Supply 10.4. Border Taxes, Border Tax Adjustments, Comparative Advantage and the Balance of Payments (with Mel Krauss) 10.5. Are You Worth Your Weight in Gold? Part 3: The International Monetary Crisis 11. The International Monetary Crisis, 1969 12. Problems of European Monetary Union 13. Inflation: A 'Monetarist' View 14. Problems of Stabilization Policy in an Integrated World Economy 15. The International Monetary Crisis of 1971.