When national security conflicts with individual liberty, reviewing courts might adopt one of three general orientations: National Security Maximalism, Liberty Maximalism, and minimalism. National Security Maximalism calls for a great deal of deference to the President, above all because of his authority as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. Liberty Maximalism asks courts to assume the same liberty-protecting posture in times of war as in times of peace. Minimalism asks courts to follow three precepts: the President needs clear congressional authorization for intruding on interests having a strong claim to constitutional protection; fair hearings should generally be provided to those who have been deprived of their freedom; and courts should discipline their own authority through narrow, incompletely theorized rulings. Of the three positions, Liberty Maximalism is the easiest to dismiss; courts will not and should not adopt it. National Security Maximalism is far more plausible, but it is in grave tension with the constitutional structure, and it is built on excessive optimism about the incentives of the President. The most appealing approach is minimalism, which does remarkably well in capturing prominent decisions of the Supreme Court in World War I, World War II, the Cold War, and the war on terrorism.


Synthetic amphiploids between Triticum aestivum (AABBDD) landrace Chinese Spring (PhI) and cultivar WL711 with different accessions of Aegilops kotschyi (UUSlSl) were developed through colchicine treatment of sterile hybrids. The F1 hybrids and amphiploid plants were intermediate between the parents for plant morphology and spike characteristics. Meiotic metaphase chromosome analysis of the F1 hybrids (ABDUSl) showed the expected chromosome number (35) and very little but variable homoeologous chromosome pairing. The amphiploids (AABBDDUUSlSl), however, had variable frequency of univalents at meiotic metaphase-I. The SDS–PAGE of high molecular weight glutenin subunits of amphiploids along with the parents showed the presence and expression of all the parental genomes in the amphiploids. The amphiploids with seeds as large as that of wheat cultivars had higher grain, flag leaf and grain ash iron and zinc concentrations than the wheat parents and comparable with those of their Ae. kotschyi parents suggest that Ae. kotschyi possesses a distinctive genetic system for the micronutrient uptake, translocation and sequestration than the wheat cultivars. This could, however, be demonstrated unequivocally only with comprehensive data on biomass, grain yield and harvest index of the Aegilops donors and the synthetic amphiploids, which is not feasible due to their shattering and hard threshing. The use of amphiploids for the transfer of high iron and zinc concentrations and development of alien addition and substitution lines in wheat is in progress.


Canadians are concerned about the abundance and quality of our freshwater resources, yet information is widely dispersed and often difficult to obtain. This publication reviews a wide array of data and government publications to assess the state of Canada's water resources in an effort to make the information more accessible to policy-makers and the general public.According to World Bank data, Canada has the fourth largest supply of annual renewable freshwater in the world. However, most major sources are situated far north of our population centres, southern supplies have been declining in recent decades, and we have relatively high per-capita usage (9th) compared to other countries. Nonetheless, Canadians still consume only a small fraction (1.6%) of what is annually available. Furthermore, there are proven and effective policy tools like water pricing and allocation markets that can improve management in areas that currently experience seasonal shortages.Canada ranks 9th in the world for water quality on the basis of a small subset of water-quality parameters (dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, phosphorus, and nitrogen). Furthermore, calculations based on data over time from specific water monitoring stations with a larger parameter set indicate that water quality across Canada appears to have been stable at most stations since the 1990s. In addition, nutrient levels in major Canadian rivers and lakes have largely remained stable between 1990 and 2006. To obtain a more comprehensive picture of how Canadian water quality has changed over time, Canadian Environmental Indicators — Water reviews numerous government reports from each province. When we examine evidence from individual provinces over the long term, it is clear that, for many forms of pollution, water quality has improved greatly since the 1970s. In Ontario, total phosphorus has generally decreased in lakes and rivers since the 1970s. There has also been a general decline in mercury, PCBs, and many other toxic substances in the waters of Ontario and Quebec. Another example of improving water quality is the return to pre-settlement levels of total phosphorus in Lake Osoyoos in British Columbia. Bacteria levels are decreasing in major Alberta rivers from improvements to sewage treatment. Due to improvements in the bleaching process used in British Columbia's pulp and paper mills, the province's rivers have seen a significant decreases in chloride levels since the 1980s. Evidence from Ontario suggests that pesticides and pharmaceuticals in drinking water and chloride in rivers from road salt are currently not at a level to prompt concern for water quality.


Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is usually treated as a monolith. In fact, the term can refer to a broad variety of decision making practices, ranging from a qualitative comparison of pros and cons to a highly formalized and technical method grounded in economic theory that monetizes both costs and benefits, discounts to present net value, and locates the point at which the marginal benefits curve crosses the marginal costs curve. This article develops a typology that helps to conceptualize the multiple varieties of CBA along a formality-informality spectrum. It then uses this typology to analyze the treatment of CBA by the academic community and the three branches of the federal government. In academic and policy circles, the formal end of this spectrum generates far more controversy than the informal end. Additionally, the law (federal environmental statutes and case law) seems to favor informal over formal varieties of CBA. Nonetheless, the executive branch appears to be moving toward the formal end of the spectrum. Executive Orders and guidance documents direct agencies to conduct a highly formal mode of CBA. And anecdotal evidence suggests that agencies often go out of their way to give their CBAs the trappings of formality, sometimes in ways that lead to irrational results. I argue that 1) failing to distinguish between formal and informal CBA, and the many varieties in between, has led to muddled thinking and to misuses of CBA; and 2) the trend toward formality in the executive branch is out of step with Congress and the courts and may be counterproductive, where, for example, it leads to what I call "false formality" — a corruption of CBA that can occur when agencies fail to clearly and consistently define where on the formality-informality spectrum a particular CBA falls.


The extent to which judges are able to cooperate in the absence of specific enabling legislation or an international convention or treaty, relying solely on their inherent jurisdiction and powers crafted at common-law, has often been an issue for the judiciary. This is because courts are always mindful of their delicate relationship with legislatures and the niceties of constitutional conventions that often carefully circumscribe the role of judges in crafting legal rules. That said, courts have not shied away from giving assistance in cross-border insolvency cases with examples noted from as early as the midto late-18th century.1 The lines of jurisprudence inaugurated by such cases have, over the years, featured cooperation as diverse as recognising overseas proceedings and the appointments of office-holders, granting title to office-holders over property, giving them powers to act within the jurisdiction, ordering examinations and the production of documents to aid discovery, issuing injunctions and stays to prevent piecemeal dismemberment of the debtor's estate, opening ancillary proceedings in aid of procedures elsewhere and also approving reconstructions and creditors' schemes. In many jurisdictions, nevertheless, the common-law has ceded authority to specific cross-border assistance frameworks and to international texts, though it continues to be instrumental in crafting remedies under such frameworks and often must need be invoked to interpret the scope and extent of legislative provisions. However, despite constant exhortations from international bodies in favour of the adoption of such texts, particularly the UNCITRAL Model Law on CrossBorder Insolvency Proceedings 1997, it is not the case that all jurisdictions have such measures available, often because local legislatures do not see it as a priority for enactment. Even where there are local rules for assistance, their design may not have fully anticipated the development of the types of assistance that would be useful in international cases. In such instances, the pronouncements of the court continue to be the major or only source of rules on cooperation. In that light, the guidance of the highest courts as to the permissible extent of cooperation is often relied upon for authority by the lower courts for the continued development of common-law assistance.


Inspiration from light field imaging concepts has led to the construction of multi-aperture imaging systems. Using multiple cameras as individual apertures is a topic of high relevance in the light field imaging domain. The need for wide field-of-view (FOV) and high-resolution video for applications in areas of surveillance, robotics and automotive systems has driven the idea of omni-directional vision. Recently, the Panoptic camera concept has been presented that mimics the eyes of flying insects using multiple imagers. The Panoptic camera utilizes a novel methodology for constructing a spherically arranged wide FOV plenoptic imaging system whereas omni-directional image quality is limited by low resolution sensors. In this paper, a very-high resolution light field imaging and recording system inspired from the Panoptic approach is presented. Major challenges consisting of managing the huge amount of data as well as maintaining a scalable system are addressed. The proposed system is capable of recording omni-directional video at 30 fps with a resolution exceeding 9000 2400 pixels. The system is capable of capturing the surrounding light field in a FOV. This important feature opens the door to various post processing techniques such as quality-enhanced 3D cinematography, very high resolution depth map estimation and high dynamic-range applications which are beyond standard stitching and panorama generation.


Abstract Accurate earthquake locations and their focal mechanisms can illuminate the distribution and mode of deformation at rifted continental margins. The Pacific–North America (Pa–NA) plate boundary within the Gulf of California (GoC) provides an excellent opportunity to explore the evolution and kinematics of rifting, as continental extension in the north transitions to seafloor spreading in the south. From October 2005 to October 2006, an array of eight four‐component ocean‐bottom seismographs deployed in the GoC recorded seismicity as part of the Sea of Cortez Ocean‐Bottom Array (SCOOBA) experiment. By combining the data with those from the onshore Network of Autonomously Recording Seismographs (NARS)‐Baja array, we detect and locate ∼700 earthquakes ( M w  2.2–6.6) mainly along the northwest–southeast‐striking transform faults that delineate the plate boundary. For 36 events ( M w  3.5–6.6) with high signal‐to‐noise ratio in a long‐period (10–20 s) band, we determine deviatoric moment tensors and associated double‐couple focal mechanisms by regional waveform inversion. Many focal mechanisms are consistent with right‐lateral strike‐slip faulting along the Pa–NA transform fault system, which suggests that the transform faults primarily accommodate seismic deformation within the gulf. In addition, we capture a swarm of events on Baja California along the right‐lateral northwest–southeast‐striking Las Viboras–El Azufre fault, which may be related to ongoing geothermal activity and volcanic deformation within the peninsula. The combination of high‐resolution earthquake locations and focal mechanisms improves our understanding of the distribution of seismic deformation within the greater extensional zone in the southern GoC. Online Material: Earthquake catalog of the 695 events detected and located during our combined on‐/offshore deployment of seismometers.


In this talk I will present some research I have done over the past few years in developing a unified dynamical solver for computer graphics. Currently many solvers are specialized for a given phenomenon such as fluid flow, cloth, rigid bodies, hair, etc. Having these different solvers interact is sometimes problematic. We propose to model all matter as a linked particle system having the topology of a simplicial complex. The dynamical complex evolves due to external forces like gravity and constraints such as collisions and internal deformation energies. We use a solution scheme that iteratively updates the velocities to achieve all constraints. Key to the stability of our system is to interleave the solve for the different constraints. The talk will cover the main ideas and ingredients of our solver and will be accompanied with live demonstrations.


Linda Badley. Lars von Trier. Contemporary Film Directors. Urbana: U Illinois p, 2010. In the introductory section to her book, Linda Badley makes the sobering observation that Lars von Trier is "an auteurist critic's dream subject and worst nightmare," since his "image is so overtly self-constructed and publicly staged, and ... contradicting previous statements is integral to his game" (6). This is an important acknowledgment to make at the outset, since von Trier himself is always quick to situate his films in the context of his own personal phobias and psychiatric traumas and is prone to link his cinematic technique to explanatory biographical anecdotes (thus the laxness of his upbringing becomes an explanation for his penchant for rule-making and self-punishment, for example). It is altogether too easy for the critic approaching von Trier's films to take his statements--many of which have been solemnized as published manifestoes accompanying the release of his films--as authoritative written texts that elucidate and explain the filmic texts. But the eagerness with which von Trier courts public controversy should give pause to any critic wanting to take von Trier's statements at face value. Whether originating in a press conference (such as his most recent Cannes fiasco, in which he jokingly professed sympathy for Hitler), in a one-on-one interview, or in a published manifesto, von Trier's statements about his life and work should be understood as highly performative and often ironic gestures intended to develop a public persona as Lars von Trier, the international filmmaker and provocateur. Unfortunately, at many points in her study, Badley fails to heed her own sensible warning and instead betrays a willingness to take von Trier's statements rather uncritically at face value. A case in point comes near the end of the book in her discussion of Direktoren for det hele (2006; The Boss of it All), a relatively lighthearted comedy that would appear to be a departure from the rest of his oeuvre. As was the case with several of his previous films, the marketing apparatus that accompanied Direktoren emphasized not only the thematic content of the film, but foregrounded von Trier's latest self-imposed technical "obstruction." Relinquishing the hand-held camera that had been his "crutch" since Riget (1994; The Kingdom), von Trier "outsourced" the cinematography to a computer-controlled system he called Automavision, a process that entailed choosing an appropriate fixed camera position for each shot and then using a computer program to generate random numbers that dictate how the camera will tilt, pan, or zoom. In a typically Trierean move, the shift from the handheld camera to a computer-controlled camera is described as a therapeutic one: an effort to overcome his own desire for complete creative control by "handing over the reins" to a machine. To listen to von Trier's explanation is to believe that the director's own aesthetic vision gives way to the random numbers generated by a computer program and that the director's authorial control of the image has truly been relinquished. Von Trier goes so far in his anti-auteurist rhetoric as to officially credit Automavision as the Director of Photography at the end of the film. The question is, does this official credit indicate a real sense of relinquishing aesthetic control, or does it underscore the irony with which von Trier promotes his latest anti-auteurist game? Anyone familiar with von Trier's career will recognize echoes of earlier efforts that professed to curb the auteurist desire for creative control (the Dogme "Vow of Chastity" chief among them), and the use of Automavision should thus be taken with a healthy dose of skepticism. Although the framing of individual shots in the film does seem to have a certain arbitrary quality to it, von Trier admits on a DVD featurette that many of the shots generated by Automavision were deemed completely "unusable" and scrapped. …


A subgraph of a vertex-colored graph is said to be tropical whenever it contains each color of the graph. In this work we study the problem of finding a minimal connected tropical subgraph. We first show that this problem is NP-Hard for trees, interval graphs and split graphs, but polynomial when the number of colors is logarithmic in terms of the order of the graph (i.e. FPT). We then provide upper bounds for the order of the minimal connected tropical subgraph under various conditions. We finally study the problem of finding a connected tropical subgraph in a randomly vertex-colored random graph.


IN HIS JUNE 1803 instructions to Meriwether Lewis, President Thomas Jefferson provided specific orders about the route, suggestions on how to deal with both the Europeans and the Native Americans they would meet along the way, and indications about what information and specimens they should collect. Jefferson's instructions to Lewis, like his confidential message to Congress from January 1803, reveal his major interests in western exploration, including both the "purposes of commerce" and "extending & strengthening the authority of reason & justice among the people around" the new nation. Only briefly in his letter to Lewis does Jefferson turn to "other object[s] worthy of notice," including the climate, mineral productions, soil and agriculture, and "the animals of the country generally, & especially those not known in the U.S."1 Jefferson's determination to explore and control the West, partly by using knowledge to advance national power, lay behind the mandate he bequeathed to Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, and the Corps of Discovery, who explored the trans-Mississippi West between 1803 and 1806. But as many scholars have pointed out, Lewis and Clark's expedition was largely seen as a failure in its own time. Many of their countrymen presumed them dead; others kept extending American commerce westward as if the expedition didn't exist. Upon their return, the expedition was seen, as James Ronda has recently noted, as "at best a disappointment and at worst an embarrassing failure."2 This sense of irrelevance and failure extended to the scientific work of the expedition. In his important study of Lewis and Clark as "pioneering naturalists," Paul Russell Cutright concluded that "it took time for the world to comprehend the magnitude of Lewis and Clark's achievements-if, indeed, it has to this day."3 Writing in the late 1960s, Cutright hoped to make a case for the scientific significance of the Lewis and Clark expedition by detailing the ethnological, botanical, and zoological specimens "discovered" and described by the Corps of Discovery. But Cutright's vigorous effort to rebut the accusation that Jefferson had made a mistake by not choosing a "trained naturalist" to accompany the expedition ironically reveals some of the limitations and failures of the expedition, as he frequently resorts to describing the expedition in terms of its lost potential: If only Lewis had lived to write an account of the expedition, including its natural history. If only more of the living animals and preserved specimens and skins had survived the long journey back East. If only the federal government would have endowed and supported Charles Willson Peale's Philadelphia Museum so that its "precious deposits" could be preserved for posterity. Cutright's description of the journey of the Corps of Discovery as "the transcendent achievement of its kind in this hemisphere, if not in the entire world," was, of course, itself part of the larger rediscovery and reappraisal of the Lewis and Clark expedition. As Thomas Slaughter has recently reminded us, "The expedition's triumph had to be found. It got lost in words never read and stories not told for a century after the explorers' return." This process of recovery, one in which "the success of the Lewis and Clark Expedition became a fiction treated as a fact transformed into a history that created a myth," has been so successful that we often lack critical perspectives on the journey, especially those that situate it in its nineteenth-century contexts.4 It is ironic, of course, that we largely have the various editions of the Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition to blame for this predicament. Because they compellingly focus our attention on the day-to-day dynamics of the expedition and because they are, as Andrew Cayton has recently observed, "remarkably open to interpretation," the words of the explorers invite our vicarious participation in their trek. …


Two different types of calcium fluoride (CaF2) particles were incorporated into a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) matrix, fine particles (∼350 nm), and nanoparticles (∼70 nm). Both of them were synthesized by a chemical precipitation method using triethanolamine (TEA) as stabilizer. To obtain the nanoparticles, a greater amount of TEA was added during the synthesis in order to limit their growth. Therefore, unlike the fine particles, nanoparticles contained a greater amount of the stabilizer. Once CaF2 particles were obtained, the composite materials were prepared by melt-blending PET and particles at different filler loadings. The influence of both kinds of particles on the non-isothermal crystallization behavior of PET was investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The Jeziorny-modified Avrami equation was applied to describe the kinetics of the non-isothermal crystallization, and several parameters were analyzed (half-crystallization time, Avrami exponent, and rate constant). According to the results, it is clear that CaF2 particles act as nucleating agents, accelerating the crystallization rate of PET. However, the effect on the crystallization rate was more noticeable with the addition of the fine particles where the surface plays an important role for epitaxial crystallization, while the addition of the nanoparticles with an organic surface coating resulted in a crystallization behavior similar to the observed for PET.


Technological food processing, such as grilling and smoking, can produce high levels of PAH in treated products, and risk for human health is related to the type of ingested food and the frequency of consumption. However, the recent legislation (Regulation EC 835/2011) on maximum levels of PAHs in foods did not set limits for milk and dairy products, including smoked cheeses, even if some smoking techniques can cause formation and accumulation of PAHs on food. Among smoked cheese, smoked buffalo mozzarella or "provola" is a typical product with DOP mark, it may be PAH contaminated. During traditional smoking process Mozzarella was exposed to smoke obtained from the incomplete straw or wood shavings combustion in smoking room. Alternatively, the smoked product is obtained by immersing the cheese in the so-called "liquid smoke", a solution obtained through condensation and filtration of smoke. Sometimes, illegal procedures, as corrugated paper or varnished wood combustion, are employed for smoking food production. The authorized materials are wheat straw, wood shavings of fir, beech or alder bark, which are placed in special containers.
This thesis project aimed to assess levels and distribution of B(a)P and other three marker PAHs (PAH4), as suggested by EFSA in the smoked buffalo mozzarella cheese obtained by different smoking techniques usually employed in dairies of Campania. Besides the influence of different techniques, permitted or non by law, on the content of PAHs in mozzarella was evaluated. This research, aimed to study the migration of PAHs from the external surface (rind) of the mozzarella, more exposed to the smoke, into core and so consumer exposure to these contaminants through ingestion of whole mozzarella. For this purpose were analyzed separately out of mozzarella (rind), core and whole product.
50 batches of samples of buffalo mozzarella, each of 16 samples (250 gr), produced according to the specifications established by the Decree (D.Mi.PAF. 2003), in a dairy farm located in the Salerno province (Campania) and with CE mark. Once produced, mozzarella samples were transported to another dairy, where, a mozzarella was not smoked and conceded as blank matrix while groups of three mozzarella were smoked with different techniques such as combustion of cardboard, bark of alder, chips of fir or beech, wheat straw and liquid smoke.
The obtained results showed a not PAH contamination in non-smoked mozzarella cheese samples and in the core of smoked ones.
About the rind, highest levels were found in sample obtained from cardboard combustion and in particular BaP levels ranged from 110 to 417.8 µg/kg.
However, the levels found in traditional techniques were highest in samples obtained by bark of alder combustion (5.1 µg/kg – 54.0 µg/kg), followed by chips of fir or beech combustion (1.5 µg/kg – 44.3 µg/kg) and straw (0.2 µg/kg – 28.2 µg/kg).
Considering the whole products, similar trend was observed. In particular, the use of illegal techniques such as cardboard combustion showed highest BaP (median 8.3 µg/kg), while in traditional techniques bark of alder showed a median of 2.8 µg/kg, followed by chips of fir or beech with a median 1.2 µg/kg and finally, by straw with a median of 0.4 µg/kg.
All sample obtained by immersion in liquid smoke showed not detectable PAH levels both in rind and in whole product.
A statistical analysis was carried out in order to evaluate if the time can effect on the PAH formation, and any statistical differences were found. However the use of different materials and techniques can produce a different amount of PAH in smoked food.
A statistical analysis showed that the rind can represent a barrier to migration of generated PAH into the core of the products and it so can support the accumulation of these compounds. For this reason it is recommended to remove the rind until the ingestion of this smoked cheese, considering also that our data are always higher than daily intake and intake for person evaluated by EFSA, except for liquid smoke. This suggests that mozzarella subjected to treatment with liquid smoke is preferable to the those smoked with traditional procedures.


After the partial denervation or paralysis of a muscle, the remaining motor axon terminals may sprout fine, neuritic processes (terminal sprouts) which escape the endplate region of the neuromuscular junction. We previously identified a muscle-derived, protein antigen of 56,000 daltons (56 kD) which plays a necessary role in terminal sprouting. A panel of monoclonal antibodies have been produced against the 56-kD antigen, some of which also partially suppress motor axon terminal sprouting. These monoclonal antibodies define at least two different epitopes upon the surface of the antigen, one of which is necessary for it to effect its biological role in vivo.


Titanium alloys are widely used in aerospace industry due to their low density and high toughness to mass ratios. However, the wear resistance of the titanium alloys is poor and requires surface treatment for the effective usage. One of the methods to improve the surface properties is to nitride the surface forming the nitride rich compounds in the surface region. Titanium nitrides provide the hard surfaces and improve the tribological properties of the surface. The gas assisted laser nitriding of the titanium alloy surface is desirable, since it involves with fast processing, precision of operation, and low cost. TiN PVD coating of the surface of the nitrided layer reduces the surface roughness and further improves the surface properties through forming a hard envelope at the surface. Consequently, laser gas assisted nitriding of Ti-6Al-4V alloy is carried out. The nitrided surfaces are TiN PVD coated in the coating unit. The melt depth layer is predicted using the analytical formulation. The maximum coating thickness achieved is in the order of 2 µm and maximum nitrided depth layer is 80 µm. It is found that the laser gas assisted nitriding provides a uniform thickness of the treated layer below the surface. The nitrided layer is free from the cracks and other defects such as porous and cavities. The TiN coating at the surface modifies the surface roughness and the elastic modulus of the nitrided layer. In this case, surface roughness reduces slightly and elastic modulus of the treated layer increases. The predictions of the melt layer depth agree with the experimental data.


By focusing on the emergence of an Islamist elite in Algeria this paper identifies the conditions under which co-optation processes stabilize authoritarian regimes. It first provides an empirical assessment on the presence of MSP-Hamas elite in state institutions, which reveals that their co-optation is symbolic in terms of power sharing. This in turn brings about the question of what were the expectations of the actors involved in the co-optation process. While MSP-Hamas leaders expected to strengthen their party in order to take over power, it appears that they failed in their attempts to gain more influence in the decision-making process. Our analysis shows that it is the very conditions under which this elite was co-opted that precluded it to undermine authoritarian incumbents' hold on power.


Objective: Evaluate nonmedical use (NMU) of ADHD prescription stimulants (Ritalin®, Adderall®, Adderall® XR, Concerta®, and Vyvanse®) in a U.S. adult general population sample. Method: In all, 10,000 adults (aged 18-49) from an online, opt-in panel, proximity matched to U.S. Census demographics, were surveyed to assess NMU prevalence, routes of administration (ROA), reasons for NMU, and diversion source. Results: Lifetime NMU of any prescription drug was 35.1%, pain medications (24.6%), sedatives/tranquilizers (15.6%), sleep medications (9.9%), and prescription stimulants (8.1%). Within the prescription stimulants, rates of NMU (per 100,000 prescriptions dispensed) were 1.62 for Ritalin and 1.61 for Adderall followed by Adderall XR (0.62), Concerta (0.19), and Vyvanse (0.13). Respondents used stimulants mostly for wakefulness and performance enhancement, obtained the drugs from family/friends, and used oral ROA. Conclusion: NMU of ADHD prescription stimulants were low compared with other prescription medications. While prevalence of NMU was higher for immediate-release than extended-release ADHD medications, absolute rates for prescription stimulants were low.


This compilation of the outstanding characteristics of the available aircraft engines of the world was prepared as a compact ready reference for desk use. It does not pretend to be anything but a skeleton outline of the characteristics of engines reported in the technical press as being in either the experimental, development, or production stage.


Exercising is an activity in which the presence of others can motivate an individual to surpass his / her own limits. In recent years, technology has changed the way we carry out these activities. User commitment has been shown to be dependent on, among other, peer pressure. The introduction of challengeable virtual opponents broadened the spectrum of possibilities, enabling users to be motivated by either a real or virtual partner. In this paper we present an early assessment of the impact that different types of presence exerts on the users' perceived motivation and competitiveness. In particular, we delve into how virtual entities compare to their real counterparts. We carried out an experiment in which we sought at obtaining amateur athletes perceptions on their motivation and competitiveness when exercising against real and virtual opponents. Results serve not only the purpose of showing that different types of presence counterbalance each other but they also validate a design space for physical and social partners in exertion applications in which our hypothesis are based upon.


The paper investigates the Lattice Agreement (LA) problem in asynchronous systems. In LA each process proposes an element e from a predetermined lattice, and has to decide on an element e′ of the lattice such that e ≤ e′. Moreover, decisions of different processes have to be comparable (no two processes can decide two elements e′ and e such that (e ≰ e′) ∧ (e′ ≰ e)).It has been shown that Generalized LA (i.e., a version of LA proposing and deciding on sequences of values) can be used to build a Replicated State Machine (RSM) with commutative update operations. The key advantage of LA and Generalized LA is that they can be solved in asynchronous systems prone to crash-failures (which is not the case with standard Consensus).In this paper we assume Byzantine failures. We propose the Wait Till Safe (WTS) algorithm for LA, and we show that its resilience to f ≤ (n − 1)/3 Byzantine processes is optimal. We then generalize WTS obtaining a Generalized LA algorithm, namely GWTS. We use GWTS to build a RSM with commutative updates. Our RSM works in asynchronous systems and tolerates f ≤ (n − 1)/3 malicious entities. All our algorithms use the minimal assumption of authenticated channels. When the more powerful public signatures are available, we discuss how to improve the message complexity of our results (from quadratic to linear, when $f = \mathcal{O}(1)$). To the best of our knowledge this is the first paper proposing a solution for Byzantine LA that works on any possible lattice, and it is the first work proposing a Byzantine tolerant RSM built on it.


Epithelial cells are a major port of entry for many viruses, but the molecular networks which protect barrier surfaces against viral infections are incompletely understood. Viral infections induce simultaneous production of type I (IFN-α/β) and type III (IFN-λ) interferons. All nucleated cells are believed to respond to IFN-α/β, whereas IFN-λ responses are largely confined to epithelial cells. We observed that intestinal epithelial cells, unlike hematopoietic cells of this organ, express only very low levels of functional IFN-α/β receptors. Accordingly, after oral infection of IFN-α/β receptor-deficient mice, human reovirus type 3 specifically infected cells in the lamina propria but, strikingly, did not productively replicate in gut epithelial cells. By contrast, reovirus replicated almost exclusively in gut epithelial cells of IFN-λ receptor-deficient mice, suggesting that the gut mucosa is equipped with a compartmentalized IFN system in which epithelial cells mainly respond to IFN-λ that they produce after viral infection, whereas other cells of the gut mostly rely on IFN-α/β for antiviral defense. In suckling mice with IFN-λ receptor deficiency, reovirus replicated in the gut epithelium and additionally infected epithelial cells lining the bile ducts, indicating that infants may use IFN-λ for the control of virus infections in various epithelia-rich tissues. Thus, IFN-λ should be regarded as an autonomous virus defense system of the gut mucosa and other epithelial barriers that may have evolved to avoid unnecessarily frequent triggering of the IFN-α/β system which would induce exacerbated inflammation.


The aim of the paper is to examine the effects of the current economic crisis in the way teenagers experience and report interethnic relations with emphasis on interethnic violence in the school environment in Cyprus. It will report findings from an EU funded project which was recently completed (2012) titled: "Children's voices: Exploring interethnic violence in schools". Through an eclectic analysis on interview transcripts from group interviews with teenagers (16-17 year old) it emerges that in Cyprus there is an environment of growing concern about the presence of migrants in society and this has direct and indirect effects on education. Overall there are mixed perceptions about interethnic tolerance in schools ranging from negative to (politically correct) positive ones. While the prevalent discourse of multiculturalism in Cyprus uses the rhetoric of integration, what appears to be happening in the Cypriot educational system, is assimilation practices focusing on language acquisition. The findings of the empirical investigation point to interesting directions for educational policy regarding the whole gamut of interethnic relations in Cyprus at a period in time when the current economic crisis appears to have largely negative effects on multiculturalism. The paper concludes with a discussion on the way the Ministry of Education and schools in Cyprus respond to the above challenges and the prospects for the near future.


We introduce a joint decoding method for compressive sensing that can simultaneously exploit sparsity of individual components of a composite signal. Our method can significantly reduce the total number of variables decoded jointly by separating variables of large magnitudes in one domain and using only these variables to represent the domain. Furthermore, we enhance the separation accuracy by using joint decoding across multiple domains iteratively. This separation-based approach improves the decoding time and quality of the recovered signal. We demonstrate these benefits analytically and by presenting empirical results.


Introduction
 Bendamustine is an old bi-functional alkylating agent which has proved to be effective in relapsed, refractory and in new diagnosed Multiple Myeloma (MM).
 Aims
 Thus, aiming to provide further insights in this field, also in novel agents'era, we present here a retrospective, real-life analysis of patients with relapsed/refractory MM (rrMM), who had received salvage therapy with bendamustine in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone (BVD).
 Methods.
 81 patients (44 M/37 F), with rrMM, median age at diagnosis 59.4 years (r. 36-82), median age at start of treatment 63.6 years (r.37-86) treated with several lines of treatments (median 6, r. 2-11), every refractory to all the drugs previously received (also Bortezomib), received BVD (B 90 mg/sqm days 1,2; V 1.3 mg/sqm days 1,4,8,11, D 20 mg days 1,2,4,5,8,9,11,12, Pegfilgrastim day +4) every 28 days, until progression.
 All patients had previously received bortezomib-based and IMIDs-based treatments, and 32% (26/81) had also received radiotherapy. 69% (56/81) had undergone single or double autologous and three (2%) allogeneic stem cell transplant. All patients were relapsed and refractory to last therapies received before BVD.
 Results
 Bendamustine was well tolerated, with grade 3-4 transfusion-dependent anemia in 56% (46/81) of patients, and 43% (35/81) grade 3-4 neutropenia (no ospedalization was required, no septic shocks were observed). No severe extrahematologic toxicity was observed, only grade 1 gastrointestinal side effect (nausea), treated by common antiemetic drugs.
 According to IMWG, ORR was 63% (51/81: 7 CR, 18 VGPR, 15 PR, 11 MR) with 11 PD and 19 patients in SD, which can be considered as an impressive result in this subset of rrMM patients. In particular, for 11 patients, BVD was, after having achieved at least a PR, a bridge to second auSCT, and for two patients a bridge to alloSCT. Eight patients have surprisingly achieved a notable PR after failure of novel agents (i.e. Carfilzomib, Daratumumab and Pomalidomide).
 Median time to response was 1.3 months (r.1-3), median OS from diagnosis was 67.3 months (r.6-151), median OS from start of Bendamustine was 9.6 months (r.2-36).
 Conclusions
 The triplet Bendamustine-Bortezomib-Dexamethasone has shown significant efficacy in a particularly severe setting of patients, relapsed and refractory to all available therapeutic resources, and, in particular cases, it could be considered as a bridge to a second autologous or allogenic SCT, also after failure of novel agents.

 Lucchesi: Pfizer: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Incyte: Honoraria.


Background: Conventional methods for early lung cancer detection as sputum cytology and white light bronchoscopy have a very low diagnostic rate not exceeding 40% and 29% respectively. Automated image cytometry and autofluorescence bronchoscopy are novel techniques developed to improve the diagnostic rate of such lesions with promising results. Objectives: Can an increase in the diagnostic rate of ELC be achieved by combining AIC with WLB/AF examination?
Patients and Methods: In 1999-2000, 119 high-risk patients were recruited in 150 examinations in a case finding study. Initial investigations for presenting complaints were negative for lung cancer. All patients submitted airway secretion for AIC and conventional cytology (CY), underwent white light (WLB) and AF bronchoscopy. Suspected lesions were biopsied and examined histopathologically. Positive cases were followed up after 3 and 6 months. Results: Based on histopathology and/or cytology, 23 preneoplasias (16 cases of moderate to severe dysplasia and 7 carcinomata in situ) were diagnosed. Although the use of AF, the preneoplastic lesions were not localized in 3 cytologically diagnosed cases out of 23. A relative sensitivity of WLB/AF to WLB proved to be 1.8. The sensitivity of all methods proved to be 100% (23/23) for detecting all preneoplasia cases. After excluding 9 non-Compliant patients from follow up analysis, a success rate of 12/14 cases (86%) in treating preneoplasia was achieved. Conclusion: AIC of tracheobronchial secretions as well as AF are sensitive tools for the detection and localization of centrally located ELC lesions in a high-risk population. The complementary effect between both methods was represented as a 100% detection rate of all diagnosed preneoplasias. Recommendations: Patients with positive AIC or AF bronchoscopy without histopathological or cytological evidence of preneoplasia should be followed up carefully as they may harbor a yet morphologically undetectable ELC. The cut off points of 2cDI in the evaluation of preneoplasia may have to be redefined and differentiated from that for invasive cancer. The previously mentioned scheme for preneoplasia management proved a success rate of 86% in its treatment. AIC of tracheobronchial secretions and WLB/AF proved to be useful, rapid and accurate methods that should be highly effective, in combination with other complementary methods, as a screening tool in asymptomatic, high-risk patients.


C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1) is a G protein–coupled receptor for C5a and also an N-linked glycosylated protein. In addition to myeloid cells, C5aR1 is expressed on epithelial cells. In this study, we examined the role of C5aR1 in bacterial adhesion/colonization of renal tubular epithelium and addressed the underlying mechanisms of this role. We show that acute kidney infection was significantly reduced in mice with genetic deletion or through pharmacologic inhibition of C5aR1 following bladder inoculation with uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). This was associated with reduced expression of terminal α-mannosyl residues (Man; a ligand for type 1 fimbriae of E. coli) on the luminal surface of renal tubular epithelium and reduction of early UPEC colonization in these mice. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that UPEC bind to Man on the luminal surface of renal tubular epithelium. In vitro analyses showed that C5a stimulation enhances Man expression in renal tubular epithelial cells and subsequent bacterial adhesion, which, at least in part, is dependent on TNF-α driven by C5aR1-mediated intracellular signaling. Our findings demonstrate a previously unknown pathogenic role for C5aR1 in acute pyelonephritis, proposing a potentially novel mechanism by which C5a/C5aR1 signaling mediates upregulation of carbohydrate ligands on renal tubules to facilitate UPEC adhesion.


CONTEST, the UK's counter-terrorism strategy, was made publicly available in 2006, and revisions followed in 2009 and 2011. It is split into four work streams – Prevent, Pursue, Protect and Prepare. In light of the recent attacks in Westminster, Manchester, London Bridge and Finsbury Park, this research briefing provides a short and contextual summary of each of the four Ps within the CONTEST strategy. By doing so it illustrates concerns within the strategy that can, and should, be considered by the UK government as it works to counter extremism, radicalism and terrorism in the years to come.


Abstract We compare quantitatively eight stochastic models explaining improvements in mortality rates in England and Wales and in the United States. On the basis of the Bayes Information Criterion (BIC), we find that, for higher ages, an extension of the Cairns-Blake-Dowd (CBD) model that incorporates a cohort effect fits the England and Wales males data best, while for U.S. males data, the Renshaw and Haberman (RH) extension to the Lee and Carter model that also allows for a cohort effect provides the best fit. However, we identify problems with the robustness of parameter estimates under the RH model, calling into question its suitability for forecasting. A different extension to the CBD model that allows not only for a cohort effect, but also for a quadratic age effect, while ranking below the other models in terms of the BIC, exhibits parameter stability across different time periods for both datasets. This model also shows, for both datasets, that there have been approximately linear improvements over time in mortality rates at all ages, but that the improvements have been greater at lower ages than at higher ages, and that there are significant cohort effects.


Trimethylolpropane (TMP) ester has the potential to serve as a basic material in the biolubricant production due to its biodegradability, environmental friendly and good thermal properties. Thus, an investigation on the optimization of esterification of TMP with rubber seed oil fatty acid was carried out with sulphuric acid acting as the catalyst. In seeking optimised reaction, various temperature levels, durations and catalyst concentrations were applied. The results show that RSO has successfully being converted to TMP ester with 78% of TE at the temperature of 150oC using 2% (w/w) of sulphuric acid at 5 hours reaction time. Purification of TMP ester resulted in percentage yield of 66.8% of TMP ester with a mixture of DE and TE at 0.9% and 99.1%, respectively. TMP ester was analysed using high temperature gas chromatography (GC-FID) to determine the percentage composition of ester formed and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to confirm the structure.


The Toad Phone project is a collaborative effort to remotely monitor and improve the Houston Toad population. This product will aid property owners in acquiring an agricultural tax exemption appraisal. The operation of the prototype includes being able to record, compress, and transmit audio and environmental data to a cloud server (via a cell phone network) for further research purposes. The goal of my team is to create a cost-effective method and procedure for a device that will transfer recorded data for remote research. From experience with audio data, the size and number of files for this scale of research can become substantially large as recorded intervals increase. This can potentially become a large cost of the research project due to cellular network data transfer rates for large files as well as cloud data storage costs. We have decided to compress the data for better on-board storage as well as for file transfer. We have to consider the desired product's functionality based on researchers' requests for ease of remote monitoring. We must also be mindful of the ethical, environmental, and social constraints and applications of this device being used in a public environment. We designed a procedure on a Raspberry Pi that will automatically compress recorded audio files and use an Internet of Things module to send the files to a cloud data base. The procedure has eased the mode of how often recorded data is physically collected from the field environment, but improvement in transmission and storage costs is still being investigated.


Nanofibrous scaffolds that offer proper microenvironmental cues to promote the healing process are highly desirable for patients with chronic wounds. Although studies have shown that fiber organization regulates cell behaviors in vitro, little is known about its effects on the wound healing process in vivo. Most of the nanofibrous scaffolds currently used in skin repair are randomly oriented. Herein, inspired by the basketweave-like pattern of collagen fibrils in native skin, we fabricated biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds with crossed fiber organization via electrospinning. The regulation of crossed nanofibrous scaffolds on fibroblasts was compared with that of aligned and random nanofibrous scaffolds. Unexpectedly, crossed nanofibrous scaffolds induced different cellular responses in fibroblasts, including differences in cellular morphology, migration and wound healing related gene expression, in comparison to either aligned or random nanofibrous scaffolds. More importantly, the regulation of nanofibrous scaffolds with different fiber organizations on wound repair was systematically investigated in diabetic rats. While the healing processes were enhanced by all nanofibrous scaffolds, wounds treated with crossed nanofibrous scaffolds achieved the best healing outcome, which was evidenced by the resolution of inflammation, the accelerated migration of fibroblasts and keratinocytes, and the promotion of angiogenesis. These findings helped reveal the role of fiber organization in regulating the wound healing process in vivo and suggest the potential utility of biomimetic crossed nanofibrous scaffolds for the repair of chronic wounds.

publisher-specific, author manuscript: http://rsc.li/journals-terms-of-use


This study focuses on uncertainties in estimates of the geologic slip rate along the Mission Creek strand of the southern San Andreas fault where it offsets an alluvial fan (T2) at Biskra Palms Oasis in southern California. We provide new estimates of the amount of fault offset of the T2 fan based on trench excavations and new cosmogenic 10Be age determinations from the tops of 12 boulders on the fan surface. We present three alternative fan offset models: a minimum, a maximum, and a preferred offset of 660 m, 980 m, and 770 m, respectively. We assign an age of between 45 and 54 ka to the T2 fan from the 10Be data, which is significantly older than previously reported but is consistent with both the degree of soil development associated with this surface, and with ages from U-series geochronology on pedogenic carbonate from T2, described in a companion paper by Fletcher et al. (this volume). These new constraints suggest a range of slip rates between ∼12 and 22 mm/yr with a preferred estimate of ∼14–17 mm/yr for the Mission Creek strand of the southern San Andreas fault. Previous studies suggested that the geologic and geodetic slip-rate estimates at Biskra Palms differed. We find, however, that considerable uncertainty affects both the geologic and geodetic slip-rate estimates, such that if a real discrepancy between these rates exists for the southern San Andreas fault at Biskra Palms, it cannot be demonstrated with available data.


Henry IV, Parts 1 and 2 Presented by the Royal National Theatre at the Olivier Theatre, London. April 15-August 31, 2005. Directed by Nicholas Hytner. Designed by Mark Thompson. Lighting by Neil Austin. Music/Soundscore by Max Ringham, Ben Ringham, and Andrew Rutland. Fights by Terry King. Sound by Paul Groothuis. Company voice work by Patsy Rodenburg. With David Bradley (Henry IV), Matthew MacFadyen (Prince Hal), Michael Gambon (Falstaff), David Harewood (Hotspur), Samuel Roukin (Lancaster), Thomas Arnold (Gloucester), Susan Brown (Mistress Quickly), Naomi Frederick (Lady Percy), Eve Myles (Lady Mortimer, Doll Tearsheet), Alistair Petrie (Mortimer, Pistol), John Wood (Justice Shallow), Rupert Ward-Lewis (Clarence), Robert Blythe (Glendower), Elliot Levy (Westmorland), Jeffery Kissoon (Northumberland), and others. Pointedly advertised as commentaries on not only the historic concerns contained within the plays themselves, but also on contemporary political issues, Nicholas Hytner's Henry IV, Parts 1 & 2 opened, with less than subtle timing, just ahead of the summer British elections. The productions did in fact explore the definitions of kingship (rightful or otherwise) and the politics of power, placing emphasis on the politically charged dramatic concerns already in the texts. But rather than making an extraneous political message somehow bleed into Shakespeare's verse, the productions focused on the very historicity of the plays, illustrating the vicious circularity that often characterizes the past while simultaneously drawing attention to fact that Shakespeare's texts were in no way supported by actual history itself. This was largely attempted through the use of visual epilogues from Holinshed's Chronicles before each show. The chosen quotations, Richard giving his cousin Henry the crown for Part One, and the prince going to prison for striking the Chief Justice for Part Two were, as the program notes pointed out, examples of the kind of liberties that Shakespeare often took in his history plays. This, the notes explained, showed that Shakespeare's interest lay more in the historic figures themselves rather than precise historic fact. Instead of being a dramatic example of subjective historiography, the productions emphasized the human element, the depth and shallowness of the individuals forever caught up in that power struggle, the men who made that history, subjective or otherwise. The productions were set in a medieval world, complete with pewter-colored chain mail and royal standards. A spare central set consisting of a few barren and stumpy trees, a raked staged reminiscent of a castle's wooden drawbridge, and a water pump at stage right was the main setting of the plays. Three large screens functioned as backdrops with minimal photograph-like images of stone walls or grey clouds. Simple furniture and drops were added for the indoor scenes, such as the tavern or the castle. The lighting created a dim and chilly atmosphere, a kind of oppression that was heightened by the sounds of thunder and beating drums filling the Olivier before the shows began. David Bradley's Henry entered onto a battlefield littered with bodies. Henry was the prime example of the human-in-history element that the production boasted of, a tortured king whose stolen crown sat "troublesome" on his head. The heavy gold crown was a dominant image throughout the productions, symbolizing the anxiety and guilt that came with Henry's role as king. Its weight was what aged him and wore him down. He took it off in solitary moments, quickly putting it back on when anyone entered the room. The guilt was inherently tied up in Henry's conflict with an angry and punishing God whom he regarded with contempt tempered by despair. As he surveyed the aftermath of the recent civil war, his monologue shifted into a verbal fist-shaking at the heavens, a threat that war "no more shall cut its master." The wails of mourning women served as an eerie counterpoint to this opening speech, and Henry seemed to believe that the war was a direct result of his own sins. …


Abuquir Bay is a shallow area with a mean depth of about 10 meters, and it is affected by significant sources of industrial and agricultural pollutants. Water masses, the distribution of dissolved oxygen and total suspended matter, as well as the water circulation in this area are discussed using hydrographic data collected in September, 1984, at 40 stations. In Summer, horizontal distributions of oxygen, salinity and currents showed a strong outflow from the Maadia outlet, which connects the bay with Idku Lake. Therefore, it is expected that agricultural pollutants from Lake ldku are dispersed in the above current direction. The density current plays an important role in the observed water movement in the bay. The high concentration of suspended matter was associated with lower oxygen values due to oxidation of organic matter. The currents are strong enough to initiate the sediment movement and to intensify the coastal processes. This sediment motion could also transport adsorbed pollutants to the offshore area.


In this study, the effects of different zeolite doses (Z0:0, Z3:30, Z6:60, Z9:90, and Z12:120 t ha−1) and water levels (I50: 0.50, I75: 0.75, and I100:1.00) on yield, quality, and nutrient absorption of common bean were evaluated under arid conditions in Karapinar Konya, Turkey, in 2011 and 2012. The experiment was carried out in a split-plot design with three replications. The results showed that in each treatment different doses of zeolite together with changes in the rate of irrigation levels effected yield and yield components. Water use efficiency was also affected by zeolite and irrigation treatments. The highest yields, 4777 and 4114 kg ha−1, respectively, were obtained from the Z9I100 application in 2011 and 2012. During the experimental years, water consumptions at the same treatment were determined 451 and 468 mm, respectively. In addition to this, zeolite treatments affected the contents of N, K, Zn, Mn, and Cu in leaf samples (p < 0.05). These nutrient levels increased with raising zeolite doses.


BACKGROUND
Targeting the immunoglobulin E pathway and the interleukin-5 pathway with specific monoclonal antibodies directed against the cytokines or their receptors is effective in patients with severe asthma. However, there are patients who have suboptimal responses to these biologics. Since interleukin-4 and interleukin-13, signalling through the interleukin-4 receptor, have multiple effects on the biology of asthma, therapies targeting interleukin-4 and -13 (both individually and combined) have been developed.

OBJECTIVES
To assess the efficacy and safety of anti-interleukin-13 or anti-interleukin-4 agents, compared with placebo, anti-immunoglobulin E agents, or anti-interleukin-5 agents, for the treatment of children, adolescents, or adults with asthma.

SEARCH METHODS
We identified studies from the Cochrane Airways Trials Register, which is maintained by the Information Specialist for the Group and through searches of the US National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register ClinicalTrials.gov and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. The search was carried out on the 16 October 2020.

SELECTION CRITERIA
We included parallel-group randomised controlled trials that compared anti-interleukin-13 or -4 agents (or agents that target both interleukin-13 and interleukin-4) with placebo in adolescents and adults (aged 16 years or older) or children (younger than 16 years), with a diagnosis of asthma; participants could receive their usual short- or long-acting medications (e.g. inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), long-acting beta adrenoceptor agonists (LABA), long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA), and/or leukotriene receptor antagonists) provided that they were not part of the randomised treatment.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
We used standard methods expected by Cochrane.

MAIN RESULTS
We identified and included 41 RCTs. Of these, 29 studies contributed data to the quantitative analyses, randomly assigning 10,604 people with asthma to receive an anti-interleukin-13 (intervention) or anti-interleukin-4 agent (intervention), or placebo (comparator). No relevant studies were identified where the comparator was an anti-immunoglobulin agent or an anti-interleukin-5 agent. Studies had a duration of between 2 and 52 (median 16) weeks. The mean age of participants across the included studies ranged from 22 to 55 years. Only five studies permitted enrolment of children and adolescents, accounting for less than 5% of the total participants contributing data to the present review. The majority of participants had moderate or severe uncontrolled asthma. Concomitant ICS use was permitted or required in the majority (21 of 29) of the included studies. The use of maintenance systemic corticosteroids was not permitted in 19 studies and was permitted or required in five studies (information not reported in five studies). Regarding the most commonly assessed anti-interleukin-13/-4 agents, four studies evaluated dupilumab (300 mg once every week (Q1W), 200 mg once every two weeks (Q2W), 300 mg Q2W, 200 mg once every four weeks (Q4W), 300 mg Q4W, each administered by subcutaneous (SC) injection); eight studies evaluated lebrikizumab (37.5 mg Q4W, 125 mg Q4W, 250 mg Q4W each administered by SC injection); and nine studies (3259 participants) evaluated tralokinumab (75 mg Q1W, 150 mg Q1W, 300 mg Q1W, 150 mg Q2W, 300 mg Q2W, 600 mg Q2W, 300 mg Q4W, each administered by SC injection; 1/5/10 mg/kg administered by intravenous (IV) injection); all anti-interleukin-13 or-4 agents were compared with placebo. The risk of bias was generally considered to be low or unclear (insufficient detail provided); nine studies were considered to be at high risk for attrition bias and three studies were considered to be at high risk for reporting bias. The following results relate to the primary outcomes. The rate of exacerbations requiring hospitalisation or emergency department (ED) visit was probably lower in participants receiving tralokinumab versus placebo (rate ratio 0.68, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.98; moderate-certainty evidence; data available for tralokinumab (anti-interleukin-13) only). In participants receiving an anti-interleukin-13/-4 agent, the mean improvement versus placebo in adjusted asthma quality of life questionnaire score was 0.18 units (95% CI 0.12 to 0.24; high-certainty evidence); however, this finding was deemed not to be a clinically relevant improvement. There was likely little or no difference between groups in the proportion of patients who reported all-cause serious adverse events (anti-interleukin-13/-4 agents versus placebo, OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.09; moderate-certainty evidence). In terms of secondary outcomes, there may be little or no difference between groups in the proportion of patients who experienced exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids (anti-interleukin-13/-4 agents versus placebo, rate ratio 0.98, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.32; low-certainty evidence). Anti-interleukin-13/-4 agents probably improve asthma control based on asthma control questionnaire score (anti-interleukin-13/-4 agents versus placebo, mean difference -0.19; 95% CI -0.24 to -0.14); however, the magnitude of this result was deemed not to be a clinically relevant improvement. The proportion of patients experiencing any adverse event was greater in those receiving anti-interleukin-13/-4 agents compared with those receiving placebo (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.30; high-certainty evidence); the most commonly reported adverse events in participants treated with anti-interleukin-13/-4 agents were upper respiratory tract infection, nasopharyngitis, headache and injection site reaction. The pooled results for the exploratory outcome, the rate of exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids (OCS) or hospitalisation or emergency department visit, may be lower in participants receiving anti-interleukin-13/-4 agents versus placebo (rate ratio 0.71, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.77; low-certainty evidence). Results were generally consistent across subgroups for different classes of agent (anti-interleukin-13 or anti-interleukin-4), durations of study and severity of disease. Subgroup analysis based on category of T helper 2 (TH2) inflammation suggested greater efficacy in patients with higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers (blood eosinophils, exhaled nitric oxide and serum periostin).

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Based on the totality of the evidence, compared with placebo, anti-interleukin-13/-4 agents are probably associated with a reduction in exacerbations requiring hospitalisation or ED visit, at the cost of increased adverse events, in patients with asthma. No clinically relevant improvements in health-related quality of life or asthma control were identified. Therefore, anti-interleukin-13 or anti-interleukin-4 agents may be appropriate for adults with moderate-to-severe uncontrolled asthma who have not responded to other treatments. These conclusions are generally supported by moderate or high-certainty evidence based on studies with an observation period of up to one year.


Hypersalience describes the cognitive error that occurs when taxpayers are highly aware of a tax provision generally, but fail to correctly perceive its associated limitations. The charitable contribution deduction provides a strong example of hypersalience as taxpayers have general awareness that tax benefit follows charitable giving, but often fail to understand the deduction's limits—most notably the standard deduction's preclusion to any direct tax benefit for charitable giving. As cognitive error drives inaccurate perception of the tax law, the question arises: what, if anything, should the government do to correct taxpayer understanding?

This paper considers this question from two perspectives. The first is market or economic salience, a measure of salience based on taxpayer reaction towards the market. The case is made here for exploitation of hypersalience—an argument that endorses the status quo. Effective curtailment of hypersalience could bear with it constitutionally worrisome burdens on free speech and an overregulated, less viable charities sector. Benefits of leaving hypersalience intact include a more vibrant charities sector. In some cases, giving induced by hypersalience could result in zero utility loss.

The second measure, political salience, considers taxpayer reaction as expressed through the political process. This paper argues that exploitation of hypersalience is justifiable in that taxpayers could interpret additional regulation to correct hypersalience as a tax increase (or at least as the denial of perceived tax benefit). Given the taxpaying electorate's strong aversion to taxes, in an era of political polarization and massive deficits, Congress can ill afford to expend constrained political capital unwinding taxpayer cognitive bias with no increase in revenues.


Many of the world's most critical transboundary waterways are facing unprecedented economic and environmental pressures. The combined impacts of population growth, climate change, and wasteful or ineffective water management are particularly concerning in several geopolitically important areas in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, which are likely to emerge as critical nodes of regional and global security in the coming years. But as heightened competition for shared water resources raises the potential for conflict between and within countries, it is also increasing opportunities for cooperative hydro-diplomacy efforts. A thorough understanding of how the confluence of environmental and human pressures shapes the security and livelihoods of populations within these basins is key to improving cross-border collaboration and mitigating regional tensions. Conflict basin management has often involved formal efforts by governments, but newer, more informal strategies that include non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the private sector are also helping to bolster security and cooperation in some of the most complex regions of the world.


Most tasks that humans need to accomplished in their everyday life require certain motor skills. Although most motor skills seem to rely on the same elementary movements, humans are able to accomplish
many different tasks. Robots, on the other hand, are still limited to a small number of skills and depend on well-defined environments. Modeling new motor behaviors is therefore an important research area
in robotics. Computational models of human motor control are an essential step to construct robotic systems that are able to solve complex tasks in a human inhabited environment. These models can be
the key for robust, efficient, and human-like movement plans. In turn, the reproduction of human-like behavior on a robotic system can be also beneficial for computational neuroscientists to verify their
hypotheses. Although biomimetic models can be of great help in order to close the gap between human and robot motor abilities, these models are usually limited to the scenarios considered. However, one
important property of human motor behavior is the ability to adapt skills to new situations and to learn new motor skills with relatively few trials. Domain-appropriate machine learning techniques, such as supervised and reinforcement learning, have a great potential to enable robotic systems to autonomously
learn motor skills. In this thesis, we attempt to model and subsequently learn a complex motor task. As a test case
for a complex motor task, we chose robot table tennis throughout this thesis. Table tennis requires a series of time critical movements which have to be selected and adapted according to environmental
stimuli as well as the desired targets. We first analyze how humans play table tennis and create a computational model that results in human-like hitting motions on a robot arm. Our focus lies on
generating motor behavior capable of adapting to variations and uncertainties in the environmental conditions. We evaluate the resulting biomimetic model both in a physically realistic simulation and on a real anthropomorphic seven degrees of freedom Barrett WAM robot arm. This biomimetic model based purely on analytical methods produces successful hitting motions, but does not feature the flexibility found in human motor behavior. We therefore suggest a new framework that allows a robot to learn cooperative table tennis from and with a human. Here, the robot first learns a set of elementary hitting movements from a human teacher by kinesthetic teach-in, which is compiled into a set of motor primitives. To generalize these movements to a wider range of situations we introduce the mixture of motor primitives algorithm. The resulting motor policy enables the robot to select appropriate motor primitives as well as to generalize between them. Furthermore, it also allows to adapt the selection process of the hitting movements based on the outcome of previous trials. The framework is evaluated both in simulation and on a real Barrett WAM robot. In consecutive experiments, we show that our approach allows the robot to return balls from a ball launcher and furthermore to play table tennis with a human partner.
Executing robot movements using a biomimetic or learned approach enables the robot to return balls successfully. However, in motor tasks with a competitive goal such as table tennis, the robot not
only needs to return the balls successfully in order to accomplish the task, it also needs an adaptive strategy. Such a higher-level strategy cannot be programed manually as it depends on the opponent and the abilities of the robot. We therefore make a first step towards the goal of acquiring such a strategy and investigate the possibility of inferring strategic information from observing humans playing table tennis. We model table tennis as a Markov decision problem, where the reward function captures the goal of the task as well as knowledge on effective elements of a basic strategy. We show how this reward function, and therefore the strategic information can be discovered with model-free inverse reinforcement learning from human table tennis matches. The approach is evaluated on data collected from players with different playing styles and skill levels. We show that the resulting reward functions are able to capture expert-specific strategic information that allow to distinguish the expert among players with different playing skills as well as different playing styles. To summarize, in this thesis, we have derived a computational model for table tennis that was
successfully implemented on a Barrett WAM robot arm and that has proven to produce human-like hitting motions. We also introduced a framework for learning a complex motor task based on a library
of demonstrated hitting primitives. To select and generalize these hitting movements we developed the mixture of motor primitives algorithm where the selection process can be adapted online based
on the success of the synthesized hitting movements. The setup was tested on a real robot, which showed that the resulting robot table tennis player is able to play a cooperative game against an human
opponent. Finally, we could show that it is possible to infer basic strategic information in table tennis from observing matches of human players using model-free inverse reinforcement learning.


STUDY OBJECTIVES
The long-term effects of sleep health and shift work on cognitive performance are unclear. In addition, research has been limited by small sample sizes and short follow-up periods. We conducted one of the largest examinations of the longitudinal influence of sleep health dimensions and shift work on cognitive performance in people of middle and old age using data from the UK Biobank. The hypothesis was that poor sleep health and shift work would predict lower cognitive performance.

METHODS
Self-reported sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, insomnia symptoms, chronotype and shift work status were assessed as predictors at baseline. Cognitive performance was operationalised by a touchscreen test battery at follow-up between 7.4 ± 2.2 and 9.0 ± 0.9 years after baseline assessment, depending on the specific task. Models were performed for each cognitive domain including relevant confounders (e.g., depression). The alpha level was set at p<0.01 for all analyses.

RESULTS
The study sample comprised 9,394 participants for the reasoning task, 30,072 for the reaction time task, 30,236 for the visual memory task, 2,019 for the numeric memory task and 9,476 for the prospective memory task. Shift work without night shifts (ß= -2.0x10- 1 ± 6.5x10- 2, p=0.002) and with night shifts (ß= -1.9x10- 1 ± 7.2x10- 2, p=0.010) predicted a significantly reduced performance in the reasoning task. Short sleep duration (ß= -2.4x10- 1 ± 7.9x10- 2, p=0.003) and shift work without night shifts (ß= -3.9x10- 1 ± 1.2x10- 1, p=0.002) predicted a significantly lower performance in the task probing prospective memory.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that, after controlling for confounding variables, shift work and short sleep duration are important predictors for cognitive performance in people of middle and old age. Further work is required to examine causal mechanisms of the observed associations.


In this paper, we assess several methods that have been used to measure the Canadian trend unemployment rate (TUR). We also considerimprovements and extensions to some existing methods. The assessment is based on four criteria: (i) the extent to which methods provide explanations for changes in trend unemployment; (ii) whether revisions to unemployment gap (UGAP, the difference between the actual unemployment rate and TUR) estimates are well behaved; (iii) if UGAPs provide information about future inflation; and (iv) if UGAPs help explain historical data about wages and consumer price inflation. In our assessment of conformity to the second and third criteria, we use real-time data, i.e., the data available to policymakers at the time of making decisions. We find that while all methods we consider have both strengths and weaknesses, those based on variables thought to determine TUR provide better interpretation and tend to do at least as well as others against the other criteria. These are most promising for future work. Nevertheless, there is considerable uncertainty about the value of TUR, which suggests it would be prudent to use a range of models in research or policy work. While estimates of TUR have declined since the mid-1990s, it is assessed to range between 5.6 and 6.7 per cent in 2018Q4.


Objective: Building a Healthy Temple (BHT) Vacation Bible School (VBS) Program aimed to promote healthy lifestyle for children and their families through integration of spiritual and physical health. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of BHT VBS on healthy behaviors.
Methods: The BHT VBS is a week long, multipronged intervention including health-oriented scripture readings, hands-on healthy eating and physical activities as well as parental health education. Using Train-the-Trainer model, the program was implemented in three predominantly Hispanic churches in San Antonio, Texas in 2016. A pre- and post- one-group design was used to evaluate intervention effect through self-administered questionnaires at baseline and one -week post-intervention. Outcome measures included children's awareness of faith-health connection, self-efficacy on healthy eating, food preference, eating patterns and physical activity (PA) level. Parental knowledge and attitude toward healthy living, as well as eating and PA patterns were measured. Paired t-test was performed to compare pre and post changes in intervention outcomes.
Results: Among the 315 children and families took part in the BHT VBS, 114 children and 60 parents consented to data collection, Fifty-three children and 25 parents completing both baseline and endpoint questionnaires. Children significantly increased: awareness scores of the faith-health connection; self-efficacy scores on drinking water and eating whole grains; preference on fruits and whole grains; eating pattern scores for fruits and vegetables (FV), and whole grains; and consumption of fruits and water. Parents significantly increased nutrition knowledge scores, increased FV eating pattern scores and FV intake, and reduced sugary drink consumption. Both children and parents significantly increased weekly PA level and decreased daily screen time.
Conclusion: Although brief, the BHT VBS resulted in favorable changes in awareness, attitude, preference, selfefficacy, eating and physical activity patterns toward a healthier lifestyle in both children and parents in Hispanic faith communities.


Hydrothermally altered and mineralised lavas of the ~2.7 Ga Ventersdorp Supergroup were sampled at two localities near Douglas (Kalkdam and Katlani). Propylitic alteration has affected some of the lavas (the dark coloured amygdaloidal type), while others (the light coloured amygdaloidal type), show signs of potassium metasomatism as well, representing at least two mineralisation events. A Rb/Sr age of 2014±38 Ma was obtained on clinochlore from the amygdales and whole rock samples. This is interpreted to be the age of the first hydrothermal alteration and main mineralisation of the lavas. Variable isotopic values for Sr and Pb suggest a complex provenance for the hydrothermal fluids, whilst a narrow range of δ34S in galena (−3.4 to −6.3‰) indicates a specific source region. Four fluid inclusion populations are dominated by a brine population (Tm = −12.9°C) with a model density of 1.07g/cm3 (Th = 117°C). The temperature of the fluid must have been ~270°C according to the chlorite geothermometer of Cathelineau. The temperature of entrapment implies a pressure of roughly 2 kb when the slope of the relevant isochore (1.07g/cm3) is taken into account. Fluids seem to have migrated along channelways that were provided during extensive fracturing such as along the Griquatown fault zone. This migration probably propagated from rocks of the Transvaal Supergroup (Griquatown and Kuruman Formations) into the underlying Ventersdorp lavas.


The U.S. Forest Service recently recommended managing forests to increase the abundance of prey for Northern Goshawks (Accipiter gentilis) in the southwestern United States. However, empirical data are needed to indicate whether goshawks select foraging habitat based on prey abundance, on the presence of forest structures that favor their hunting strategy, or both. During the 1993 and 1994 breeding seasons, we indexed prey abundance and measured forest structure at sites used by radio-tagged goshawks and at nearby paired sites that lacked evidence of goshawk use (contrast plots). Goshawks apparently did not select foraging sites based on prey abundance; indeed, abundances of some prey were lower on used than on contrast plots. Goshawks selected foraging sites that had higher canopy closure (P = 0.006), greater tree density (P = 0.001), and greater density of trees >40.6 cm dbh (P < 0.0005) than on contrast plots. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that goshawk morphology and behavior are adapted for hunting in moderately dense, mature forests, and that prey availability (as determined by the occurrence of favorable vegetation structure where prey are present above a low threshold) is more important than prey density in habitat selection. Nonetheless, current management recommendations for increasing prey abundance also can create a forest structure more favorable for hunting by goshawks, particularly if stands are managed for canopy closure values above the prescribed minimum level of 40% canopy.


Second screen applications are becoming key for broadcasters exploiting the convergence of TV and Internet. Authoring such applications however remains costly. In this paper, we present a second screen authoring application that leverages multimedia content analytics and social media monitoring. A back-office is dedicated to easy and fast content ingestion, segmentation, description and enrichment with links to entities and related content. From the back-end, broadcasters can push enriched content to front-end applications providing customers with highlights, entity and content links, overviews of social network, etc. The demonstration operates on political debates ingested during the 2017 French presidential election, enabling insights on the debates.


The Weintraubs Syncopators, international musical celebrities of the 1930s, embarked on a four-year journey across Europe, Russia, and the Far East, in exile from the anti-Semitic ideologies of the German Third Reich. This band of mainly Jewish musicians arrived in Sydney, Australia, in 1937. The decision of some of them to stay brought them into conflict with the aggressively protectionist Musicians' Union of Australia. They gained employment at a high-end Sydney nightclub, but, when war came, they were forced to come to terms with a change in their status, from celebrities to enemy aliens. Denounced for alleged espionage activities in Russia, three members were interned, and the band broke up. Silences and Secrets is the first major recounting of the experiences of the Weintraubs Syncopators. The book pieces together the complex personal, social, and political forces at work in this story of migration at a time of insecurity, fear, and dramatic conflict. *** "Kay Dreyfus presents a fully researched case detailing the cultural and political issues the band members faced because of ethnic discrimination but more importantly because their style of performance was at odds with the Musicians' Union of Australia and their rules." - AJL Reviews, May/June 2014


The RSA cryptosystem, named after its inventors, Rivest, Shamir and Adleman, is the most widely known and widely used public-key cryptosystem in the world today. Compared to other public-key cryptosystems, such as elliptic curve cryptography, RSA requires longer keylengths and is computationally more expensive. In order to address these shortcomings, many variants of RSA have been proposed over the years. While the security of RSA has been well studied since it was proposed in 1977, many of these variants have not. In this thesis, we investigate the security of five of these variants of RSA. In particular, we provide detailed analyses of the best known algebraic attacks (including some new attacks) on instances of RSA with certain special private exponents, multiple instances of RSA sharing a common small private exponent, Multi-prime RSA, Common Prime RSA and Dual RSA.


The aim of this research is to investigate microphone array techniques based condition monitoring (CM). In this paper, a cost effective microphone array configured with 4-sensors and data acquisition systems is investigated theoretically and experimentally to evaluate its performance in characterising sound sources in different acoustic environments. Time delay estimation (TDE) is used as a basic tool for calculating the time delay of the sound source arrived at each of the 4-sensors and hence the localization parameters of the sound source such as azimuth, elevation and distance can be calculated from the TDE information. Results are presented for experimental studies both in a semi-anechoic chamber, an outdoor environment and an enclosure. Comparing the results obtained under different conditions, it has confirmed that the microphone array system can catch the location of the main sound source and also has ability to track and give the azimuthal trajectory of a moving target with high degree of accuracy.


Here Adam Neder offers an exploration of the concept of "participation in Christ" in Karl Barth's Church Dogmatics and what it means for understanding Christian faith. He clarifies Barth's claim that humanity as a whole, and human beings individually, participate in Jesus Christ--revelation, election, creation, reconciliation, and redemption all take place in Christ; and their meaning may only be comprehended in Christ. In these acts of inclusion and realization, the creature is incorporated into a fellowship that is nothing less than participation in the being of God. The Columbia Series in Reformed Theology represents a joint commitment by Columbia Theological Seminary and Westminster John Knox Press to provide theological resources from the Reformed tradition for the church today. This series examines theological and ethical issues that confront church and society in our own particular time and place.


The energy released during a seismic crisis in volcanic areas is strictly related to the physical processes in the volcanic structure.
In particular Long Period seismicity, that seems to be related to the oscillation of a fluid-filled crack (Chouet , 1996, Chouet, 2003, McNutt, 2005), can precedes or accompanies an eruption.
The present doctoral thesis is focused on the study of the LP seismicity recorded in the Campi Flegrei volcano (Campania, Italy) during the October 2006 crisis.
Campi Flegrei Caldera is an active caldera; the combination of an active magmatic system and a dense populated area make the Campi Flegrei a critical volcano.
The source dynamic of LP seismicity is thought to be very different from the other kind of seismicity ( Tectonic or Volcano Tectonic): it's characterized by a time sustained source and a low content in frequency. This features implies that the duration–magnitude, that is commonly used for VT events and sometimes for LPs as well, is unadapted for LP magnitude evaluation. The main goal of this doctoral work was to develop a method for the determination of the magnitude for the LP seismicity; it's based on the comparison of the energy of VT event and LP event, linking the energy to the VT moment magnitude. So the magnitude of the LP event would be the moment magnitude of a VT event with the same energy of the LP.
We applied this method to the LP data-set recorded at Campi Flegrei caldera in 2006, to an LP data-set of Colima volcano recorded in 2005 – 2006 and for an event recorded at Etna volcano.
Experimenting this method to lots of waveforms recorded at different volcanoes we tested its easy applicability and consequently its usefulness in the routinely and in the quasi-real time work of a volcanological observatory.


'Public justice' is one of the most widely-invoked of the many distinctive terms coined by Herman Dooyeweerd but, strangely, one of the least well analysed. Dooyeewerd holds that that the identity of the state is defined by a single, integrating and directing norm, the establishment of 'public justice'. Elaborating the implications of this claim has occupied much neo-Calvinist political reflection and guided much political action inspired by that movement. Yet surprisingly little sustained theoretical reflection has been devoted in recent times to examining its inner meaning and coherence. This article offers some preliminary groundwork necessary to that theoretical project. The first part presents a close reading of Dooyeweerd's account of public justice, identifies ambiguities and inconsistencies in that account, and suggests a reconstruction displaying its wide-ranging dynamic thrust more prominently. The second part identifies two substantial challenges confronting this account: its relative neglect of processes of democratic deliberation and advocacy, and its underdeveloped critical potentials.


The subtitle of To Chain the Dog of War-"The War Power of Congress in History and Law"-accurately foretells both the virtues and vices of this study. The authors present a thoroughly-researched refutation of the theory that the President possesses an independent war-making authority under the United States Constitution. Their refutation is both historical and legal: historical in its reliance on the Framers' intent in establishing a formal structure of congressional predominance, and legal in its strict allegiance to these formal structural rules. Unfortunately, the authors do not succeed in moving beyond this premise of a formal and, at least with respect to the eighteenth century, defensible structure of congressional ascendancy to assess its modem legitimacy. They demonstrate the manner in which modem Presidents and Congresses, including President Reagan and the Congresses of the 1980's, have ignored or violated the formal structure. They do not, however, develop or fully consider the institutional pressures that seem to undermine this structure regardless of who makes up Congress or who occupies the White House. Nor do they adequately make the case for the legitimacy of the formal structure in the context of realities confronting contemporary America.


These ten essays, seven of which are previously unpublished, reflect the broadening of critical approaches to Flannery O'Connor's work over the past decade. The essays offer both new directions for, and new insights into, reading O'Connor's fiction. Some essays probe issues that, until recently, had been ignored. Others reshape long-standing debates in light of new critical insights from gender studies, rhetorical theory, dialogism, and psychoanalysis. Topics discussed include O'Connor's early stories, her canonical status, the phenomenon of doubling, the feminist undertones of her stories' grotesqueries, and her self-denial in life and art. Commentary on O'Connor has most often centered on her regional realism and the poetics of her Catholicism. By regarding O'Connor as a major American writer and focusing on the variety of critical approaches that might be taken to her work, these essays dispel the earlier geographic and religious stereotypes and point out new avenues of study.


In the adult mammalian hippocampus, newborn dentate granule cells are continuously integrated into the existing circuitry and contribute to specific brain functions. Little is known about the axonal development of these newborn neurons in the adult brain due to technological challenges that have prohibited large-scale reconstruction of long, thin, and complex axonal processes within the mature nervous system. Here, using a new serial end-block imaging (SEBI) technique, we seamlessly reconstructed axonal and dendritic processes of intact individual retrovirus-labeled newborn granule cells at different developmental stages in the young adult mouse hippocampus. We found that adult-born dentate granule cells exhibit tortuous, yet highly stereotyped, axonal projections to CA3 hippocampal subregions. Primary axonal projections of cohorts of new neurons born around the same time organize into laminar patterns with staggered terminations that stack along the septo-temporal hippocampal axis. Analysis of individual newborn neuron development further defined an initial phase of rapid axonal and dendritic growth within 21 d after newborn neuron birth, followed by minimal growth of primary axonal and whole dendritic processes through the last time point examined at 77 d. Our results suggest that axonal development and targeting is a highly orchestrated, precise process in the adult brain. These findings demonstrate a striking regenerative capacity of the mature CNS to support long-distance growth and guidance of neuronal axons. Our SEBI approach can be broadly applied for analysis of intact, complex neuronal projections in limitless tissue volume.


Dedication. List of Contributors. Chapter 1. New research provides new avenues for prevention: an overview of the book (S.J. Linton). Section I. The Need for Prevention. Chapter 2. The prevalence of regional and widespread musculoskeletal pain symptoms (J. McBeth, G.J. Macfarlane). Chapter 3. Economic aspects of chronic musculoskeletal pain (M.E.J.B. Goossens). Chapter 4. Reducing disability in injured workers: the importance of collaborative management (M.K. Nicholas). Chapter 5. Concepts of treatment and prevention in musculoskeletal disorders (C.J. Main). Section II. Risk Factors and Mechanisms. Chapter 6. Why does chronic pain develop? A behavioral approach (S.J. Linton). Chapter 7. Pain-related fear and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain (J.W.S. Vlaeyen, S.J. Linton). Chapter 8. Depression and mood (Z. Clyde, A.C.deC. Williams). Chapter 9. Cognitive appraisal (T. Pincus, S. Morley). Chapter 10. On occupational ergonomic risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders and related intervention practice (R.H. Westgaard, J. Winkel). Chapter 11. Stress in the development of musculoskeletal pain (U. Lundberg, B. Melin). Section III. Early Identification and Preventive Interventions. Chapter 12. Employing risk factors for screening of chronic pain disability (C.B. Pulliam, R.J. Gatchel). Chapter 13. Early assessment of psychological factors: the Orebro Screening Questionnaire for Pain (K. Boersma, S.J. Linton). Chapter 14. Secondary prevention in the workplace (W.S. Shaw, M. Feuerstein, G.D. Huang). Chapter 15. The stepped care approach to chronic back pain (B.H.K. Balderson, M. Von Korff). Chapter 16. Educational and informational approaches (A.K. Burton, G. Waddell). Chapter 17. Early rehabilitation: the Ontario experience (S.J. Sinclair, S. Hogg-Johnson). Chapter 18. Cognitive behavioral therapy in the prevention of musculoskeletal pain: description of a program (S.J. Linton). Chapter 19. Multidimensional prevention (G. Bergstrom, I.B. Jensen). Chapter 20. Problem-solving therapy and behavioral graded activity in the prevention of chronic pain disability (J.H.C. Van den Hout, J.W.S. Vlaeyen).


Đổi Mới reforms triggered significant changes in the Vietnamese art world, including new institutional spaces, platforms for critical discourse, and growing artistic mobility. However, it is important to question the ways in which the use of Đổi Mới as a blanket indicator of artistic reform has further constructed a homogeneous representation of "Vietnamese contemporary art." The authors consider the relationship of Đổi Mới to the "globalization" of Vietnamese art with attention to questions of art historiography (the coining of such terms as "post-Đổi Mới Vietnamese art") and variations in regional developments (positing local art histories against the national narrative).


A voice on late night radio tells you that a fast food joint injects its food with drugs that make men impotent. A colleague asks if you think the FBI was in on 9/11. An alien abductee on the Internet claims extra-terrestrials have planted a microchip in her left buttock. 'Julia Roberts in Porn Scandal' shouts the front page of a gossip mag. A spiritual healer claims he can cure chronic fatigue syndrome with the energizing power of crystals ...What do you believe? Knowledge Goes Pop examines the popular knowledges that saturate our everyday experience. We make this information and then it shapes the way we see the world. How valid is it when compared to official knowledge and why does such (mis)information cause so much institutional anxiety? Knowledge Goes Pop examines the range of knowledge, from conspiracy theory to plain gossip, and its role and impact in our culture.


The increasingly ambitious decarbonisation targets of the European Union require integrated action across all sectors to monitor and reduce carbon footprints. The health-care sector has rarely been included in discussions about public policy decarbonisation yet it contributes about 5% to total emissions. Moreover, mitigation measures within health systems can also bring local and near-term benefits to health, for example through greener hospitals, improved patient diets and new models of care (including digital health). Primary care systems can also contribute significantly to decarbonisation efforts both within primary care itself and by reducing/replacing demand for hospital services (secondary and tertiary care), alleviating pressures on supply chains, and informing and supporting patients and the wider community in sustainable lifestyles.