AC servomotor speed or current controller based on PI control and/or optimal control, can not eliminate the cyclical fluctuations of speed or current when subject to periodic disturbances. However, repetitive control performs well when the disturbance is cyclical with constant period (frequency). For a PWM (Pulse Width Modulated) inverter driven AC servomotor, a time delay is inserted between the switches of the same leg, to prevent the phase shortage of inverter arms. This time-lag causes serious distortions ofthe output current of the inverter. This is known as dead-time effect. This effect is cyclical as it is repeated at every period of the sinusoidal motor current. Conventional dead-time compensation method based on current reference polarity, is widely used in industry to improve the output current waveform. The improved waveforms however still suffer from the zero current crossing phenomenon which is cyclical in angle domain not in time domain. This paper analyses the origins of waveforms distortions around the zero current crossing in PWM inverters. A proposed method, based on angle domain repetitive control to reduce the distortions in the PWM inverters output waveforms caused by the dead-time and the zero crossing problem is described. Theoretical analysis as well as simulation results, to verify the proposed method, are described in this paper.


Provisional resin materials are widely used in prosthetic dentistry and play an important role in the success of restorative treatment. Therefore, these materials must meet the requirements of preserving surface integrity during the treatment process. This study was done to evaluate surface roughness and microhardness of two provisional resin materials after 37 °C water storage. Two rectangular samples 21 mm × 11 mm × 3 mm, one bis-acrylic (bis-acrylic-Protemp II) and one polyethyl methacrylate (Trim®-PEMA) were fabricated as examples of provisional materials (n = 5 per material). The specimens were stored in 37 °C deionized distilled water for 24 h, 1, 2 and 3 weeks. The control specimens were not stored in water. The surface roughness of the tested materials (n = 10) was measured using a profilometer. Microhardness tests were conducted using a Vickers microscope mounted indenter system (n = 10). At 24 h, the surface roughness was recorded with bis-acrylic-Protemp II as higher than methacrylate materials. No significant differences of microhardness between Trim®-PEMA and bis-acrylic-Protemp II were recognized at 1, 2 and 3 weeks. The microhardness values increased with the increase of surface roughness and vice versa in both Trim®-PEMA and bis-acrylic-Protemp II. Both surface roughness and microhardness are affected by water storage. Bis-acrylic-Protemp II revealed better results in hardness than methacrylate resins, whereas Trim®-PEMA has a better surface roughness.


This study was carried out to assess farm households? food security and consumption indices. The study was conducted in Kaduna state, Nigeria. Data used for this study was collected from a total of 244 farm households with the use of structured questionnaire using a multistage random and purposive sampling technique. The main tools of analysis for this study include descriptive statistics and food security index. The study shows that about one third of the rural farm households sampled was food insecure and that the average farm size of the farm households was 2.05ha as food secure and insecure households cultivate 2.09ha and 1.96ha respectively. Average farm and non-farm income were $1,130.7 and $810.3 per annum respectively as household daily calorie consumed was found to exceed household daily calorie requirement. The food security indices for the food secure and insecure households were found to be 1.462 and 0.852 respectively. Large family size was found to lower available calorie intake of households. The study recommends the need for family planning education and policy frames to increase household farm size.


This paper is an exploratory study that investigates human capital (HC) formation in the state of Qatar. It is carried out with the intention to provide an insight into such a process among Qataris and to ascertain how government's investment in education has been an effective influence on the formation ofHC in Qatar. The study provides new evidence about the actual process and indicators of indigenous HC over the last three decades and revealed that Qatari government has been investing well over that period and its educational indicators are accepted internationally. However, the research showed that even when backwardness occurs, this was mainly referring to the structures of the Qatari population and related labour force, quality of educational outcomes and expenditures boundaries. It is also appeared that the education system in Qatar has gained an increasingly high degree of independence from the economy since its establishment. However, the Qatari education system is not entirly to blame for such shortcomings. Indeed, a comprehensive, realistic and workable manpower development and overall development plan at national level would appear to be a crucial element of any HC strategy to enable the country to fully integrate its social and economic growth with the desired manpower.


Radioactive waste disposal in the UK is expected to be managed via the construction of a deep geological disposal facility (GDF) back filled with cementitious grouts. Post closure the repository is expected to have a hyper alkaline, anoxic environment. The UK's intermediate-level radioactive waste (ILW) inventory contains significant quantities of cellulosic materials that expected to undergo alkaline hydrolysis under repository conditions to form Iso-saccharinic acids (ISA). The isomers of ISA (α-and β-)are able to form water-soluble complexes with radioelements, increasing their solubility and enhancing their migration. The biological removal of ISA through microbial activity would therefore have a positive impact on repository performance by reducing complex formation.

This research aimed to isolate pure cultures capable of degrade ISAs under anaerobic and alkaline conditions analogous to GDF. The microcosms of mineral media and CDPs-fed cycle as a sole carbon source inoculated by alkaline soil samples from the Buxton site. The degradation process monitored under a fermentation and an anaerobic respiration by adding terminal electron acceptors. All processes carried out under alkaline and strict anaerobic conditions. Different types of agar plate media used to obtain pure culture. The results of the current study indicate that alkaliphilic bacterial communities were capable of fermenting ISA to acetate up to pH 11.0. In addition, the ISA (α-and β-isomers) degradation through terminal electron acceptors at pHs (7.0,8.0,9.0and 10.0) were tested, resulted to a significant amount of ISA was degraded in Nitrate-reducing culture, and small amount in Iron (III)-reducing culture, whilst there was no sign of degradation in Sulphate-reducing culture.

A 16SrRNA gene sequencing showed a significant reduction of the bacterial community in the microcosms compared with the crude soil sample. The phyla that detected in all microcosms at different pH values dominated by Firmicutes, followed by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Archaea Euryarchaeota. However, in pure culture many of the bacteria isolated were unable to degrade ISA even though they had been isolated and enriched under ISA degrading conditions. Only two bacterial strains purified which were capable of degrading ISA. These strains Macellibacteroides fermentans HH-ZS a Gram negative, strictly anaerobic bacterium and a strain of Aeromonas sp.

The biochemical analysis, metal and NaCl tolerance, pH profile, biofilm and extracellular polymeric substances detection, fatty acid methyl ester profile, and whole genome sequencing analysis used for characterization of the some isolated Alkaliphiles. The phylogenetic and biomarker results led to identifying a novel strain of Macellibacteroides fermentans HH-ZS strain is the first Gram negative, strictly anaerobic bacteria able to degrade ISA.

Future work; the genome of the M. fermentans HH-ZS strain harboured a number of carbohydrate degrading enzymes, which merit further investigation to determine the metabolic pathways associated with ISA degradation. In addition, some of isolated Alkaliphiles considered as rare strains and some of them identified as new strains; further investigation to find the possibility to introduce these isolates in the bioremediation and an industrial application.


Methods of three-dimensional deconvolution with a point-spread function as frequently employed in optical microscopy to reconstruct true three-dimensional distribution of objects are extended to holographic reconstructions. Two such schemes have been developed and are discussed: an instant deconvolution using the Wiener filter as well as an iterative deconvolution routine. The instant 3d-deconvolution can be applied to restore the positions of volume-spread objects such as small particles. The iterative deconvolution can be applied to restore the distribution of complex and extended objects. Simulated and experimental examples are presented and demonstrate artifact and noise free three-dimensional reconstructions from a single two-dimensional holographic record.


The Mathare Youth Sports Association (MYSA) established in 1987 has become one of the popular football teams in Kenya. The group incorporates community building activities in its sports, and as a result these activities, MYSA has previously been nominated Nobel Peace Prize. While the MYSA is known for its men's football leagues, this paper focuses on the women's team that began in 1992. The women's team has been able to transcend cultural barriers by engaging in, and being successful in a sport that has been traditionally male dominated. This paper uses a feminist approach and adopts a constitutive view of communication to reveal first, how involvement in sports has led to a new identity and self determination for the young women that is geared toward social change. Second, the paper examines how the women's football team has led to a change in some of the stereotypes that have traditionally associated with women living in the slums.


Importance
Coagulopathy may deter physicians from performing a lumbar puncture.

Objective
To determine the risk of spinal hematoma after lumbar puncture in patients with and without coagulopathy.

Design, Setting, and Participants
Danish nationwide, population-based cohort study using medical registries to identify persons who underwent lumbar puncture and had cerebrospinal fluid analysis (January 1, 2008-December 31, 2018; followed up through October 30, 2019). Coagulopathy was defined as platelets lower than 150 × 109/L, international normalized ratio (INR) greater than 1.4, or activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) longer than 39 seconds.

Exposures
Coagulopathy at the time of lumbar puncture.

Main Outcomes and Measures
Thirty-day risk of spinal hematoma. Risks were provided as numbers and percentages with 95% CIs. Secondary analyses included risks of traumatic lumbar puncture (>300 × 106 erythrocytes/L after excluding patients diagnosed with subarachnoid hemorrhage). Adjusted hazard rate ratios (HRs) were computed using Cox regression models.

Results
A total of 83 711 individual lumbar punctures were identified among 64 730 persons (51% female; median age, 43 years [interquartile range, 22-62 years]) at the time of the procedure. Thrombocytopenia was present in 7875 patients (9%), high INR levels in 1393 (2%), and prolonged APTT in 2604 (3%). Follow-up was complete for more than 99% of the study participants. Overall, spinal hematoma occurred within 30 days for 99 of 49 526 patients (0.20%; 95% CI, 0.16%-0.24%) without coagulopathy vs 24 of 10 371 patients (0.23%; 95% CI, 0.15%-0.34%) with coagulopathy. Independent risk factors for spinal hematoma were male sex (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.72; 95% CI, 1.15-2.56), those aged 41 through 60 years (adjusted HR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.01-3.81) and those aged 61 through 80 years (adjusted HR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.12-4.33). Risks did not increase significantly according to overall severity of coagulopathy, in subgroup analyses of severity of coagulopathy by pediatric specialty or medical indication (infection, neurological condition, and hematological malignancy), nor by cumulative number of procedures. Traumatic lumbar punctures occurred more frequently among patients with INR levels of 1.5 to 2.0 (36.8%; 95% CI, 33.3%-40.4%), 2.1 to 2.5 (43.7%; 95% CI, 35.8%-51.8%), and 2.6 to 3.0 (41.9% 95% CI 30.5-53.9) vs those with normal INR (28.2%; 95% CI, 27.7%-28.75%). Traumatic spinal tap occurred more often in patients with an APTT of 40 to 60 seconds (26.3%; 95% CI, 24.2%-28.5%) vs those with normal APTT (21.3%; 95% CI, 20.6%-21.9%) yielding a risk difference of 5.1% (95% CI, 2.9%-7.2%).

Conclusions and Relevance
In this Danish cohort study, risk of spinal hematoma following lumbar puncture was 0.20% among patients without coagulopathy and 0.23% among those with coagulopathy. Although these findings may inform decision-making about lumbar puncture by describing rates in this sample, the observed rates may reflect bias due to physicians selecting relatively low-risk patients for lumbar puncture.


Painful symptoms in sports and dancing have been object of increasing research over the last years. Professional dancers as well as sports professionals present high pain and tolerance thresholds, being common to find dancers with several injuries derived from excessive effort. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with painful symptoms in professional dancers. An analytical study of transversal cut was conducted in 141 professional dancers performing in the main capitals of the Brazilian northeast. For evaluation of the painful symptoms, versions validated for Portuguese of the McGill Protocol and the Pain Inventory of Wisconsin were used. For the statistical analysis of results, a descriptive analysis followed by the t-Student and Pearson correlation tests was used, being considered a value of p < 0.05. High levels of pain tolerance were observed in 70.2% of the subjects, where the intensity varied from moderate to severe. Pain in the lumbar region was present in 85.8% of the interviewees. Positive correlations were observed between the degree of pain intensity with daily life activities, sleep, mood and personal relationship. The present study found high prevalence of pain in professional dancers performing in the main northeastern capitals, where the region most recurrent was the lumbar, observing great interference of painful symptoms in several activities of personal life as well as work of this population.


Characterization of subsurface materials almost always requires the measurement of multiple physical parameters, and therefore involves multiple geophysical surveys. The integration of the multiple data sets is the key to detailed interpretations. Following this logic, the key elements of a near-surface survey become the ability to make multiple precise survey measurements and integrate them. Technological developments in precise positioning, data logging, and GIS data manipulation provide the potential for major advances in near-surface surveys in both areas.


This book explores how the design, construction, and use of robotics technology may affect today's legal systems and, more particularly, matters of responsibility and agency in criminal law, contractual obligations, and torts. By distinguishing between the behaviour of robots as tools of human interaction, and robots as proper agents in the legal arena, jurists will have to address a new generation of "hard cases." General disagreement may concern immunity in criminal law (e.g., the employment of robot soldiers in battle), personal accountability for certain robots in contracts (e.g., robo-traders), much as clauses of strict liability and negligence-based responsibility in extra-contractual obligations (e.g., service robots in tort law). Since robots are here to stay, the aim of the law should be to wisely govern our mutual relationships.


A lightning rod for liberal and conservative opposition alike, affirmative action has proved one of the more divisive issues in the United States over the past five decades. Dennis Deslippe here offers a thoughtful study of early opposition to the nation's race- and gender-sensitive hiring and promotion programs in higher education and the workplace. This story begins more than fifteen years before the 1978 landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Regents of the University of California v. Bakke. Partisans attacked affirmative action almost immediately after it first appeared in the 1960s. Liberals in the opposition movement played an especially significant role. While not completely against the initiative, liberal opponents strove for "soft" affirmative action (recruitment, financial aid, remedial programs) and against "hard" affirmative action (numerical goals and quotas). In the process of balancing ideals of race and gender equality with competing notions of colorblindness and meritocracy, they even borrowed the language of the civil rights era to make far-reaching claims about equality, justice, and citizenship in their anti-affirmative action rhetoric. Deslippe traces this conflict through compelling case studies of real people and real jobs. He asks what the introduction of affirmative action meant to the careers and livelihoods of Seattle steelworkers, New York asbestos handlers, St. Louis firemen, Detroit policemen, City University of New York academics, and admissions counselors at the University of Washington Law School. Through their experiences, Deslippe examines the diverse reactions to affirmative action, concluding that workers had legitimate grievances against its hiring and promotion practices. In studying this phenomenon, Deslippe deepens our understanding of American democracy and neoconservatism in the late twentieth century and shows how the liberals' often contradictory positions of the 1960s and 1970s reflect the conflicted views about affirmative action many Americans still hold today.


One of the most fundamental dimensions of information quality is access. For many organizations, a large part of their information assets is locked away in Unstructured Textual Information (UTI) in the form of email, letters, contracts, call notes, and spreadsheet. In addition to internal UTI, there is also a wealth of publicly available UTI on websites, in newspapers, courthouse records and other sources that can add value when combined with internally managed information. This paper describes a system called Compressed Document Set Architecture (CoDoSA) designed to facilitate the integration of UTI into a structured database environment where it can be more readily accessed and manipulated. The CoDoSA Framework comprises an XML-based metadata standard and an associated Application Program Interface (API). It further describes how CoDoSA can facilitate the storage and management of information during the ETL (Extract, Transform, and Load) process to integrate unstructured UTI information. It also explains how CoDoSA promotes higher information quality by providing several features that simplify the governance of metadata standards and enforcement of data quality constraints across different UTI applications and development teams. In addition, CoDoSA provides a mechanism for inserting semantic tags into captured UTI, tags that can be used in later steps to drive semantic-mediated queries and processes.


"Golf ...is a sport in which the whole American family can participate--fathers and mothers, sons and daughters alike. It offers healthy respite from daily toil, refreshment of body and mind." --President Dwight D. Eisenhower On January 24, 1953, four days after his inauguration, the New York Times reported that President Dwight D. Eisenhower had been spotted on the White House lawn practicing his short irons in the direction of the Washington Monument. This image of "The Golfing General" was one that the American public quickly became accustomed to, as Eisenhower is said to have played nearly 800 rounds during the course of his two-term presidency. He befriended the game's most beloved players, including Arnold Palmer, Ben Hogan, and Byron Nelson, and was the subject of hundreds of golf jokes and cartoons. The public's awareness of Eisenhower's obsession with golf led directly to the sport's mid-century surge in popularity. In Don't Ask What I Shot, noted historian Catherine M. Lewis offers a unique alternate portrait of Ike and this watershed period in American history. "Any time you have a person in the position of President Eisenhower, who was so enthusiastic about golf and had the press paying attention to his many excursions on the golf course, it was going to make people aware of the game and how much he enjoyed playing it." --Arnold Palmer "Don't Ask What I Shot is a fascinating examination of one of golf's pivotal decades, and the remarkable president who did more to popularize the game than any other in history." -Mark Frost, award-winning author of Grand Slam and The Greatest Game Ever Played "Whatever remained to be done to remove the last traces of the average man's carefully nurtured prejudice against a game originally linked with the wealthy and aloof was done by President Eisenhower." --Herbert Warren Wind, renowned golf writer


"Scientists at War" examines the ethical debates that severely tested the American scientific community during the Cold War. Sarah Bridger highlights the contributions of scientists to military technologies and strategic policymaking, from the dawning atomic age in the 1940s through the Strategic Defense Initiative ( Star Wars ) in the 1980s, which sparked a cross-generational opposition among scientists.The Manhattan Project in the early 1940s and the crisis provoked by the launch of Sputnik in 1957 greatly enhanced the political clout of American scientists. Yet many who took up government roles felt a duty to advocate arms control. Bridger investigates the internal debate over nuclear weapons policy during the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations, when scientific advisors did not restrict themselves to technical assessments but made an impassioned moral case for a nuclear test ban. The relationship between government and science began to fray further during the Vietnam War, as younger scientists inside and outside of government questioned the morality of using chemical defoliants, napalm, and other non-nuclear weapons. With campuses erupting in protest over classified weapons research conducted in university labs, many elder statesmen of science, who once believed they could wield influence from within, became alienated. The result was a coalition that opposed Star Wars during the 1980s and a diminished role for scientists as counselors to future presidents."


Horticulture is the fastest-growing sector of the agricultural industry, and this is true particularly in Iowa where the number of private horticultural businesses has more than doubled since 1993. The industry is relying more on non-English–speaking employees, especially Spanish-speaking workers, for golf course maintenance, landscape installation, and nursery production. Determining and serving the educational and training needs of a workforce that is not fluent in English is historically difficult for university extension programs. This study assessed educational needs and technical issues of English-speaking managers of primarily Spanish-speaking workers in the horticultural industry in Iowa, with special attention to language and cultural issues. Four focus groups were conducted, with managers recruited in cooperation with state professional horticultural associations. Communication gaps and challenges interpreting cultural differences were cited as key difficulties experienced by managers of Latino workers. The study produced a list of ideas for educational initiatives that would improve lateral (two-way) communications and delivery of Iowa-specific horticultural education and job-site training between English-speaking managers and Latino employees.


To the Editor: New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM)–producing Enterobacteriaceae have swiftly spread worldwide since an initial report in 2008 from a patient who had been transferred from India back home to Sweden (1). Epidemiologically, the global diffusion of NDM-1 producers has been associated with the Indian subcontinent and the Balkan region, which are considered the primary and secondary reservoirs of these pathogens, respectively (1). However, recent reports suggest that countries in the Middle East may constitute another potential reservoir for NDM-1 producers (1). More than 100 NDM-producing isolates have been reported in the United States, most of which were associated with recent travel from the Indian subcontinent (2,3). We report an NDM-1–producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strain that was recovered from a patient who had been transferred from Iran to a hospital in Florida, United States.


This is an exploratory study of sporting news in selected issues of Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper from 1885 to 1895. Asking how the illustrated press portrayed sports and sporting events in the last decades of the nineteenth century, the authors analyzed pictorial content to understand how the ethos of realism was employed in pictorial representations of sports. During this period in journalism history, visual journalism was in transition. Photographic reproduction in newspapers was still being developed and perfected, so illustrating pictorial news content was still widely practiced. Using Thomas Connery's "paradigm of actuality" thesis, the researchers developed an "actuality" scale to help identify how realism was used to report on both amateur and professional sports in illustrated news reporting. In this exploratory study, the authors attempt to reveal how pictorial news about sports changed over time and suggest how connections between actuality and the cultural messages found in late nineteenth-century pictorial sports reporting can provide clues to intended audiences.


A valuable collection of essays on Aristotle's metaphysics, by J.L. Akrill, Jacob Bernays, Jonathan Barnes, Norman Gulley, W.W. Fortenbaugh, Charles H. Kahn, Malcolm Schofield and Richard Sorabji. The collection is supplemented by an annotated bibliography, general index and index of passages cited from Aristotle.Aristotle does not regard the philosophy of mind as a separate subject, but approaches it sometimes as a biologist, sometimes as a metaphysician, sometimes from his study of mankind. This variety of approach enables him to produce new insights, as his treatment of the relationship between body and soul, the distinction between the five senses and the nature and role of the emotions. Harder to understand, but comprehensively explained in this book, is his treatment of the imagination, and one aspect of his treatment of thinking. The book concludes with an examination of one of the most famous of Aristotle's works, the Poetics. Bernay's classic article on the role of the emotions in tragedy and the nature of catharsis is translated from the German for the first time. The book concludes with an examination of Aristotle's treatment of poetry and its role in educating us as a whole."Articles on Aristotle" brings together in four volumes some of the most important papers on Aristotle's philosophy written in the last hundred years of philosophy. Each volume in itself is a coherent attempt to treat a particular area of philosophy and to give a new perspective to Aristotle's work in it. Together the fours volumes cover the whole range of Aristotle's thought. Many of the articles are translated for the first time from French and German. Some have not been published before. All Greek quotations have been translated into Enlgish, and each volume contains a detailed bibliographical guide.


Moiré nanosphere lithography (MNSL), which features the relative in-plane rotation between two layers of self-assembled monodisperse nanospheres as masks, provides a cost-effective approach for creating moiré patterns on generic substrates. In this work, we experimentally and numerically investigate a series of moiré metasurfaces by MNSL. Due to the variety of gradient plasmonic nanostructures in arrays, single moiré metasurfaces can support multiple localized surface plasmon (LSP) modes with a wide range of resonant wavelengths from ∼600 nm to ∼4200 nm. We analyze the origin of the LSP modes based on the optical spectra and near-field electromagnetic distributions. In addition, we fabricate and analyze the metasurfaces with high-density nanogap structures. These nanogap structures support plasmonic gap modes with significant field enhancements. With their tunable multiband optical responses from visible to near-infrared to mid-infrared regimes, these moiré metasurfaces are applicable for ultrabroadband absorbers, multiband surface-enhanced infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and broadband single-molecule spectroscopy.


The goal of this article is to summarize the main trends in the earnings and employment distribution in the United States using data drawn from the March Current Population Surveys covering the period between 1961 and 2002. We show that inequality started to increase for men in 1974, and for women in 1981, and for both genders inequality continued to increase throughout 2002. During the same period the wage premium of college graduates over non-college workers increased substantially and the ratio of college educated workers to non-college workers also increased. These facts support the popular skill-biased technical change (SBTC) hypothesis. However, other facts raise some doubts about the SBTC hypothesis. First, the college wage premium is mainly due to workers with a postgraduate degree, but their increase in the labor force started much earlier than the spectacular rise in their wages. Also there has been no marked change in recent decades in the occupational distribution of workers. However, the earning premium of professional over blue collar workers followed the same trend as the college earning premium. And finally, the most dramatic changes in the labor market took place among women.


Animals actively sample their environment through actions such as whisking, sniffing, and saccadic eye movements. Computationally, sensorimotor control may be viewed as an interplay between two processes that place different demands on their neural circuits: a rapid/competitive process for promptly selecting each upcoming action, and a slow/integrative process weighing the outcomes of multiple prior actions to build a model of the environment. Using saccadic eye movements as a model system, we addressed the hypothesis that frontal and parietal cortex are computationally specialized for these two functions. Through biophysical modelling, we predicted neural signatures of the competitive and integrative processes. We localized these signals to the frontal eye fields and intra-parietal cortex, respectively, using whole-brain, high-temporal-resolution neuroimaging (MEG). This frontal/parietal specialization can be linked to the differential characteristics of cortical circuits, and thus may represent a more general organizing principle of sensorimotor function in the primate brain.


Documenting International Psychology from 1929 to 2000 While this column is about a resource that is "Off the Shelf" but not "Onto the Web," it is a wonderful recounting of how the times and the technology shape the information resources we use. Content, culture, and format play against each other to forge new tools. Please enjoy this account of the evolution of an important reference source that has chosen an alternative electronic format.--Editor Every reference source has its history. Its content; the work of its sponsors, editors, authors, publishers; its format; its goals; its audience are all shaped by the disciplinary culture surrounding it and it, in turn, helps shape that culture. The reference tool Psychology: IUPsyS Global Resource is no exception; it has evolved over forty-two years in a disciplinary culture imbued with science and international communication. Four notable markers of that culture were the early establishment of an international congress series, the publication of an international directory of psychologists, the publication of an autobiographical source with an international base, and the formation of an international association. The First International Psychology Congress European psychologists initiated a series of international congresses in 1889. The first one was held in Paris at the same time as the Paris International Exposition and the year of the opening of the Eiffel Tower, where the congress held its closing banquet on the first level, which afforded a spectacular nighttime view.[1] The congresses have continued to be held every three or four years, except in times of war, since then. The First International Psychology Directory In 1929 Carl Allanmore Murchison (1887-1961), an American psychologist, edited the first international directory of psychologists, the Psychological Register. The Register contained the vitae and bibliographies of approximately 1,250 psychologists in twenty-nine countries.[2] Psychologists from universities in eight countries assisted Murchison in the compilation of entries. It took them three years just to gather the data for that first directory, which perhaps should have been a warning to the committee eager twenty-five years later to produce the new international directory of psychologists featured in this article.[3] Murchison's directory included the United States--all full members of the American Psychological Association and all association members with Ph.D.s were sent questionnaires. In other countries psychologists had to be nominated by a member of the editorial board to be queried for inclusion in the directory. The committee members were active participants in the process.[4] Nevertheless, Murchison, like most directory editors, worried about complete coverage. He thought that the directory didn't have full coverage of Holland, Latin America, and the U.S.S.R.[5] He invited information about Mexico and Central and South America to improve the next edition. Murchison's directory is arranged by "country, continent & empire." It is a bit idiosyncratic, one feels, when one sees that America includes the United States and Canada, which between them comprise the first 296 pages, a little more than half of the directory. They are followed by the British Empire (sans Canada). History and geography lessons for modern readers abound throughout Murchison's directory, with France including Algeria and Germany including the Free State of Danzig. Individual entries in Murchison's directory include name, address, birth date and place, degrees and institutions where they were awarded, positions held, memberships, and publications. An alphabetical index by individual names is provided; the volume is 580 pages, hardbound, cloth. The First International Psychology Autobiographical Reference Source It is also worth noting that Murchison, Edwin Garrigues Boring (1886-1968), and Herbert Sidney Langfeld (1879-1958), along with two other psychologists, were the selection committee for another reference tool suggested by Boring that maintained a distinctly international flavor for its first several volumes. …


In this paper, a novel approach for single channel source separation (SCSS) using a deep neural network (DNN) architecture is introduced. Unlike previous studies in which DNN and other classifiers were used for classifying time-frequency bins to obtain hard masks for each source, we use the DNN to classify estimated source spectra to check for their validity during separation. In the training stage, the training data for the source signals are used to train a DNN. In the separation stage, the trained DNN is utilized to aid in estimation of each source in the mixed signal. Single channel source separation problem is formulated as an energy minimization problem where each source spectra estimate is encouraged to fit the trained DNN model and the mixed signal spectrum is encouraged to be written as a weighted sum of the estimated source spectra. The proposed approach works regardless of the energy scale differences between the source signals in the training and separation stages. Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) is used to initialize the DNN estimate for each source. The experimental results show that using DNN initialized by NMF for source separation improves the quality of the separated signal compared with using NMF for source separation.


"Interface" organizations are groups created to foster the use of science in environmental policy, management, and education. Here we compare interface organizations that differ in spatial scale, modes of operation, and intended audience to illustrate their diversity and importance in promoting the application of science to environmental issues. There has been exciting recent growth in the nature and extent of activities by interface organizations and in new methods for science communication and engagement. These developments can help scientists – who face personal and institutional challenges when attempting to convey the results of their research to various audiences – interact with society on specific issues in specific places, and with a wide range of non-traditional audiences. The ongoing mission for these organizations should be to move beyond simply increasing awareness of environmental problems to the creation of solutions that result in genuine environmental improvements.


The investigation of nonlinear optical characteristics of ethanol solution doped with silver nanoparticles is presented. A large thermal-induced third-order nonlinear refractive index up to -1.94110?7 cm2/W is obtained from the mixed solution under 488-nm continue wave (CW) laser irradiation, which may result from surface plasmon resonance (SPR) enhancement effect of silver nanoparticles as well as high thermo-optic coefficient and low thermal conductivity of ethanol. Obvious spatial self-phase modulation and influence of thermal-induced negative lens effect are observed when a beam propagates through this solution, indicating promising applications such as optical limiting, beam flattening, and so on.


Developmental and cross-cultural studies show that finger counting represents one of the basic number learning strategies. However, despite the ubiquity of such an embodied strategy, the issue of whether there is a neural link between numbers and fingers in adult, literate individuals remains debated. Here, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation to study changes of excitability of hand muscles of individuals performing a visual parity judgment task, a task not requiring counting, on Arabic numerals from 1 to 9. Although no modulation was observed for the left hand muscles, an increase in amplitude of motor-evoked potentials was found for the right hand muscles. This increase was specific for smaller numbers (1 to 4) as compared to larger numbers (6 to 9). These findings indicate a close relationship between hand/finger and numerical representations.


Feature selection is an important tool to deal with high dimensional data. In unsupervised case, many popular algorithms aim at maintaining the structure of the original data. In this paper, we propose a simple and effective feature selection algorithm to enhance sample similarity preservation through a new perspective, topology preservation, which is represented by persistent diagrams from the context of computational topology. This method is designed upon a unified feature selection framework called IVFS, which is inspired by random subset method. The scheme is flexible and can handle cases where the problem is analytically intractable. The proposed algorithm is able to well preserve the pairwise distances, as well as topological patterns, of the full data. We demonstrate that our algorithm can provide satisfactory performance under a sharp sub-sampling rate, which supports efficient implementation of our proposed method to large scale datasets. Extensive experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed feature selection scheme.


John Soane recorded the work that he and his employees carried out on a daily basis. Most of the entries described the work of designing and preparing drawings, but other administrative tasks are also recorded: measuring work, making out bills, settling accounts, as well as "writing descriptions," meaning the preparation of architectural specifications. Today, the contractual and administrative tasks performed by architects are a formal part of their education and architectural bookshops are full of manuals and guides to best practice. Architectural history and theory has focused almost exclusively on the work of drawing and design, but tracing the development of those tasks reveals a series of transformations that increasingly place the production of written documents at the center of the architect's work. This chapter focuses on one aspect of this "writing work," the production of the architectural specification. These textual descriptions have a longer and more primary relationship to building than drawings do because of their key role in determining and fixing expenditure. The architect's writing work also raises questions around human labor in architectural production. For almost two centuries the processes of work, the labor of builders and architects, were written into specifications, whereas today's open specifications represent buildings primarily as "ideal forms", obscuring social relations and the value of human labor involved in producing them. In todays context building as labor process and the social relations between the parties involved are as veiled for researchers reading the documents, as for the architects who write the architectural specifications.


This paper looks to establish a new heuristic for investors, giving them a simple, intuitive way to relate bond yields to prevailing trends in growth and inflation. The model offers an alternative to forecasting surveys, which have been over-estimating 10-year Treasury yields for decades and continue to project yields above 4% in the long run. The model does well in in-sample and out-of-sample tests used in the literature to evaluate other measures of value. The model can be used on its own or in conjunction with other models to forecast yields and also as a benchmark to evaluate yield forecasts. The model is consistent with some of the more advanced economic models of interest rates that suggest that the low bond yields of recent years are in line with broader economic trends, rather than due to temporary factors that are likely to reverse quickly.


Although some vaccines and antibiotics have been very effective in preventing and treating respiratory disease, they have not been fully satisfactory. Recently, components of the innate immune system have been increasingly appreciated for their role in host defense against microbial pathogens. These molecules include lysozyme and lactoferrin, but recent work in cattle, sheep, man and other species have identified new classes of peptides expressed by respiratory epithelial cells that have potent microcidal activity in nanogram quantities. These peptides, termed antimicrobial peptides (AMP), include defensins, cathelicidins and anionic peptides. Some are expressed continuously whereas expression of others is stimulated by infection/inflammation. In calves, we have found that two AMP from the defensin family, tracheal antimicrobial peptide (TAP) and lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), are expressed in the newborn and increased in response to Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica infection. In contrast, sheep beta defensin-1 (SBD-1) is not induced by infection and, in fact, appears decreased during viral infection with paramyxovirus-3 (PI-3). Decreased SBD-1 by Pl-3 may increase the lung's susceptibility to secondary infections or re-infections. Other innate defense molecules include proteins released with lung surfactant. Surfactant protein A and D (SAD) can opsonize and aggregate respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and activate alveolar macrophages. Preliminary work suggests that chronic bacterial infections result in reduced SpA and SpD expression and we are currently assessing SAD expression in response to Pl-3 and RSV. A long-term goal of our work is to identify ways to up-regulate expression of AMP and/or surfactant proteins in the neonate and at times of stress in older animals in order to reduce microbial colonization. Other investigators are seeking ways to utilize AMP's as a new class of antibiotics.


level: interMediAte S ingle-use (disposable) technologies are gaining significant traction in biopharmaceutical manufacturing due to reductions in capital investment for plant construction, lower requirements for cleaning and sterilization, and the advantages of eliminating crosscontamination during multiproduct manufacturing (1–4). In the early days of disposables, single-use (SU) systems were used only in specific unit operations (5–6). Recently, however, options have become more widely available throughout drug-substance manufacturing (7–10). Companies now focus on selecting the right SU technology from an array of options and integrating those choices into production processes. KBI Biopharma operates an endto-end current good manufacturing practice (CGMP) manufacturing facility for biologics derived from mammalian cell culture up to the 2,000-L scale. That experience has given us a unique vantage point into disposables. Here we sample the diversity of SU technologies available for each unit operation in a biomanufacturing process and highlight some key considerations for integrating them. One remaining concern has to do with scaling up a cell culture process to achieve comparable performance at different scales, so we illustrate a successful scale-up using disposable bioreactors.


Although the genus Rineloricaria is widely distributed in the Neotropical region, its species usually occupy single drainages with high habitat fidelity. Rineloricaria species show evident sexual dimorphism with hypertrophied odontodes in sexually mature males. Here, we describe a new species of Rineloricaria present in the Rio Paraiba do Sul basin and coastal rivers in Rio de Janeiro State. The new species has extreme sexual dimorphism making possible to differentiate it from all congeners. The new species can also be separated from other sympatric species by morphometric characteristics and dermal plates pattern.


The paper provides analytical evidence of the added-value of flexibility for air transportation systems. More specifically, the impact of a new innovative modular aircraft on the operations of an airline is deeply analyzed. The impact analysis is carried out with an integrated schedule planning model which presents a combination of appropriate optimization and behavioral modeling methodologies. The results show that the flexible system uses the transportation capacity more efficiently by carrying more passengers with less overall capacity. Moreover, it is observed that the flexible system deals better with insufficient transportation capacity. Furthermore, the scheduling decisions are robust to the estimated cost figures of the new system. For the analyzed range of costs, it is always carrying more passengers with less allocated capacity compared to a standard system.


Performance of designed CAD algorithms for histopathology image analysis is affected by the amount of variations in the samples such as color and intensity of stained images. Stain-color normalization is a well-studied technique for compensating such effects at the input of CAD systems. In this paper, we introduce unsupervised generative neural networks for performing stain-color normalization. For color normalization in stained hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) images, we present three methods based on three frameworks for deep generative models: variational auto-encoder (VAE), generative adversarial networks (GAN) and deep convolutional Gaussian mixture models (DCGMM). Our contribution is defining the color normalization as a learning generative model that is able to generate various color copies of the input image through a nonlinear parametric transformation. In contrast to earlier generative models proposed for stain-color normalization, our approach does not need any labels for data or any other assumptions about the H&E image content. Furthermore, our models learn a parametric transformation during training and can convert the color information of an input image to resemble any arbitrary reference image. This property is essential in time-critical CAD systems in case of changing the reference image, since our approach does not need retraining in contrast to other proposed generative models for stain-color normalization. Experiments on histopathological H&E images with high staining variations, collected from different laboratories, show that our proposed models outperform quantitatively state-of-the-art methods in the measure of color constancy with at least 10-15%, while the converted images are visually in agreement with this performance improvement.


Concrete has many advantages as a low cost and sustainable material. However, more than 5% of the planet's total carbon emissions are associated with the production of cement, which, in fact, is predominantly due to the large volume of concrete used worldwide. It is known that traditionally designed concrete structures typically use more material than structurally required and, therefore, an important question is whether material demand can be reduced through structural optimisation. A major drawback from optimised design, however, is the cost and complexity of producing conventional rigid moulds. Fabric formwork is emerging as a new method for construction, gaining popularity among architects and engineers for the opportunity to build unique forms and to shape concrete elements efficiently. Porous fabrics, acting as controlled permeability formwork, also have proven effect on the durability characteristics of concrete. While fabric formwork has a profound potential to change the appearance of concrete structures, the shapes cast in fabrics are not defined in advance and have been often created unintentionally. The design of load-bearing reinforced concrete structures, however, requires accurate form-prediction and construction methods for securing steel reinforcement inside flexible fabrics, which presents a number of constructability challenges. For example, cover formers cannot be used to ensure adequate thickness of protective cover, inevitably affecting the acceptance of such structures in practice. This research has demonstrated that non-corrodable FRP reinforcement can be incorporated more easily than steel bars in fabric-formed concrete due to its light weight and flexibility, while it is possible to ensure ductility of such structures through confinement of concrete using FRP helices. A novel splayed anchorage system has been developed to provide end anchorage for optimised sections where standard bends or hooks cannot fit. This work also provides an experimentally verified methodology and guidance for the design and optimisation of fabric-formed elements.


Precision variable rate spray is one of the research hotspots in the field of modern agricul- ture spraying applications. Variable rate spraying of the canopy allows growers to apply adjusted volume rate of pesticides to the target, based on canopy size, and to apply plant protection products in an economical and environmentally sound manner. In the field of pesticide application, knowledge of the geometrical characteristics of plantations will guarantee a better adjustment of the dosage of the agrochemicals applied. This technology is integrated with intelligent real-time sensors, which have a high potential for agricul- tural precision spray applications. This book chapter presents the foundations and applications in agriculture of the primary systems used for real-time spray target detection of the geometrical characterization of tree plantations. Systems based on infrared, ultrasonic, light detection and ranging (LIDAR), and stereo vision sensors were discussed, respec- tively, on their performances to detect spray targets. Among them, laser scanners and stereo vision systems are probably the most promising and complementary techniques for achieving three-dimensional (3D) pictures and maps of plants and canopies. The advantages of data fusion applied in real-time target detection and its accuracy in density estimation of the plants were stressed.


Cycling is a sport where the majority of the external power produced is used to overcome air resistance. Cycling with an optimized aerodynamic position has been shown to greatly improve time trial performance 1 . However, although reducing frontal area of a cyclist will reduce the air resistance which must be overcome, there is less knowledge on the effect of these changes in position on technique. Lowering the position has been shown to 0influence muscle activation and lead changes in force effectiveness 2,3 but the effect of changing hand position on joint specific power has, to the best of our knowledge, not been investigated. Additionally, elite cyclists may be more accustomed to riding in aerodynamic position compared to recreational cyclists because they likely utilize an aerodynamic position to a greater extent in their efforts to achieve optimal performance. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of different hand positions on joint specific power in the hip knee and ankle joints in addition to investigate potential differences between recreationally trained and elite cyclists.   Methods Nine elite and nine recreational cyclists completed a total of 9 cycling stages using 3 different intensities (i.e. 100W, 200W and a work rate corresponding to the predetermined lactate threshold) and 3 different handgrip positions (i.e. tops, hoods, drops). All cycling was done using a freely chosen cadences with the participants private bikes mounted on a trainer. Joint specific power was calculated using kinematic measurements from a 3D motion capture system and pedal forces recorded from clipless pedals equipped with force cells.   Results Preliminary analyses indicate that increasing the external work rate led to increased contribution of the hip joint contribution and decreased contribution of the knee joint for both the recreational and elite cyclists (p < 0.05). No effect of external work rate was found for the ankle joint. There was no effect of hand position on the joint contribution to external power in any of the groups but the elite group had increased hip joint contribution at the hoods position at the intensity corresponding to lactate threshold (p < 0.05).   Discussion and Conclusions The results of the present study indicates that riding on the tops, hoods or drops have little impact on joint specific power in the hip, knee and ankle joints and there are no differences between recreational and elite cyclists in the effect of hand position. Technique in the form of joint specific power is not altered by utilizing a more aerodynamic position in elite or recreational cyclists.


A modified extended-ptychographical-iterative-engine (ePIE) algorithm is proposed to overcome the
disadvantages of ePIE technique and reduce the influence of stage hysteresis or backlash error. The exit wave
of a rotatable "screen" illuminated by plane wave is used as the illumination on the specimen, and the complex
transmission functions of the rotatable object and specimen can be simultaneously reconstructed. Compared with
the standard x-y scanning PIE algorithm, the proposed algorithm can completely avoid the influence of stage
hysteresis (or backlash error). The proposed algorithm also has higher convergence speed and better accuracy
than the standard PIE algorithm.


Climate extremes including drought, floods, and high/low temperatures are recurrent in South Sudan and they are associated with widespread socio-economic miseries. This study aims at enhancing our understanding of past and present characteristics of climate extremes over South Sudan based on the temporal patterns of the past rainfall and temperature extremes. The datasets used in this study were monthly rainfall and temperature for period 1954 to 2013. Temperature records included both maximum and minimum values. Graphical methods and statistical techniques such as Mann Kendall statistics, Spectral analysis, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Gaussian kernel function were used to investigate the past and present characteristics of rainfall and temperature. It was found that the rainfall over South Sudan is uni-modal with its peak in the months of July and August with June through to August (JJA) being the main rainy season and contributing more than 50% of annual rainfall. Highest maximum temperatures were recorded in April while the lowest minimum values were recorded in the months of December and January. Results from trend analysis showed a decline in the JJA seasonal rainfall trends in many locations. However, both the maximum and minimum temperature indicated a significant increasing trend for all locations considered in the study at 0.05 significance level although with some slight seasonal differences in the patterns of the increasing trends. The inter-annual patterns of rainfall indicated recurrent patterns of floods and droughts over all locations of South Sudan. Two distinct spectral peaks of rainfall and temperature were common in all locations centered at 3-5 to 7-9 years. The Probability distribution function showed a shift of the entire distribution towards the dry climate conditions for rainfall and warmer climate for maximum and minimum temperatures. The findings of this study showed key indicators of climate change signals over South Sudan. These findings can help policymakers to mainstreaming climate related risks into national policies, plans, and development projects. Further work should be done to strengthen these findings by use of observed gridded dataset and projected future climate based on the Global /Regional Climate Model (G/RCMs).


Significance Sex differences in brain organization are theoretically important for our understanding of sex differences in human cognition and behavior. However, neurobiological sex differences have been easier to characterize in mice than in humans. Recent murine work has revealed a highly reproducible spatial patterning of gray matter volume (GMV) sex differences that is centered on systems for socioreproductive behavior and correlated with regional expression of sex chromosome genes. We integrate neuroimaging and transcriptomic data to establish that these same characteristics also apply to GMV sex differences in humans. These findings establish conserved aspects of sex-biased brain development in humans and mice, and update our understanding of the consistency, candidate causes, and potential functional corollaries of sex-biased brain anatomy in humans. Humans display reproducible sex differences in cognition and behavior, which may partly reflect intrinsic sex differences in regional brain organization. However, the consistency, causes and consequences of sex differences in the human brain are poorly characterized and hotly debated. In contrast, recent studies in mice—a major model organism for studying neurobiological sex differences—have established: 1) highly consistent sex biases in regional gray matter volume (GMV) involving the cortex and classical subcortical foci, 2) a preponderance of regional GMV sex differences in brain circuits for social and reproductive behavior, and 3) a spatial coupling between regional GMV sex biases and brain expression of sex chromosome genes in adulthood. Here, we directly test translatability of rodent findings to humans. First, using two independent structural-neuroimaging datasets (n > 2,000), we find that the spatial map of sex-biased GMV in humans is highly reproducible (r > 0.8 within and across cohorts). Relative GMV is female biased in prefrontal and superior parietal cortices, and male biased in ventral occipitotemporal, and distributed subcortical regions. Second, through systematic comparison with functional neuroimaging meta-analyses, we establish a statistically significant concentration of human GMV sex differences within brain regions that subserve face processing. Finally, by imaging-transcriptomic analyses, we show that GMV sex differences in human adulthood are specifically and significantly coupled to regional expression of sex-chromosome (vs. autosomal) genes and enriched for distinct cell-type signatures. These findings establish conserved aspects of sex-biased brain development in humans and mice, and shed light on the consistency, candidate causes, and potential functional corollaries of sex-biased brain anatomy in humans.


One of the main characteristics of the rural-urban fringe is the rapidly transforming hybrid landscape. This mixed land use is changing fast and is conspicuous since the early 1990s" in Hungary. Before the transition, the development process was regulated and determined by the national government. In the post socialist transition, the market economy transferred the peri-urban areas to other context. The aim of this paper is to present how the ruralurban fringe of a post-socialist country has developed during different regimes among different conditions. Furthermore not only the different regimes among different conditions determine the transformation of the peri-urban area in post socialist countries, but also the special administrative and historical urban space is productive of other location and development ways than as usual. Thus, the second aim of this paper is to discuss how the regional (The Great Hungarian Plane) characteristics of the cities can determine the changes of the rural-urban fringe. The "small hobby garden" is an important urban space of the peri-urban areas. They were created in the 1960s". The gardens had agricultural and recreational functions. Before 1989 they were a significant part of the Hungarian economy and social life. People had their own land property and the owners could sell their grown vegetables during the socialism. After the transition the hobby gardens lost their roles, thus they are important "only" in local. In the last one and a half decade the gardens have undergone various changes. The functions and the land use of the small hobby gardens have become wider. The rural-urban fringe zone of Szeged has more, various garden zones than it is usual in the Great Hungarian Plane. Thus, Szeged is suitable to present the development of rural-urban fringe, especially to present the transformation of the small hobby garden zones in Hungary.


The ottoman occupation of the central and southern parts of Hungary during the 16th and 18th centuries introduced deep changes into the economy and landscape. The liberation carried out under Austrian control raised the problem of political organisation and economic development. This is especially true for Banat of Temesvar considered as an imperial Province, linked directly from Vienna. It was necessary to call on foreign specialists ables to insure the take off. One of the best representants among them is the Flemish hydraulic engineer Maximilien Fremaut. The aim of this study however is not the evaluation of this engineer's work but his contribution to the agricultural development. His proposais were often adopted as a pattern for the consolidation and further development of the agriculture. MOTS-CLÉS : Hongrie, aménagement rural, géographie historique


There is very little published literature on 'what works' in terms of support for birth mothers following the loss of their children to compulsory adoption or foster care. The aim of this article is to raise the voices of a group of birth mothers, a historically stigmatised, powerless and neglected group, with substantial experience of counselling following the loss of a child. A user of services and expert by experience was recruited to join the research team and was consulted at all stages of the research process. Five birth mothers were interviewed regarding their experiences of involvement with a counselling service for birth relatives post-child removal. These interviews were systematically analysed using an IPA methodology through the lens of the research question: What are the experiences of birth mothers who engage in person-centred counselling following the loss of a child or children to compulsory adoption or foster care? Three master themes were constructed from the data: 'From feeling alone, judged and let down … to feeling part of a special relationship', 'The healing process' and 'My children are my world'. The clinical invitations extended by these findings are discussed.


Automatic word recognition has proved an intensive research subject for many languages in the last decades, but it is still far from the final frontier for some languages. The word recognition is divided into two types: online and offline. The current research is focused on the offline handwritten word recognition (FHWR). An offline handwritten word recognition system includes many stages. All stages should be improved in order to enhance accuracy of the system. In addition, one of the most significant current discussions in enhancement of the accuracy of handwritten word recognition is reducing the lexicon size. Many studies have been carried out so far, but FHWR has not been researched as thoroughly as Latin or Chinese handwritten systems. Several attempts have been made to address FHWR, most of which focusing on the image preprocessing and segmentation. It is also worth mentioning that some studies have already been done on the feature extraction, classification and lexicon reduction methods. In the latest and the most successful prior studies, a feature extraction method, a lexicon reduction, and hidden Markov model (HMM) have been used. However, the recognition rate is not superior owing to the fact that the feature extraction method could not truly describe the Farsi word. Moreover, there exist some limitations in HMM, and several segmentation errors occurred in their lexicon reduction. The current research is focused on solving the mentioned problems through improving the accuracy of recognition rate of FHWR by proposing a new feature extraction and lexicon reduction methods, and finding a suitable classification. In this regard, some special attributes of Farsi manuscripts such as the stroke directions, non-unique black pixels distribution on binary image of the word, the number of the sub-word(s) and dot(s) of the word will be considered. In addition, several classification methods will be tested in order to determine which one is the best for better accuracy of recognition rate other than HMM. We developed two word recognizer systems to cater for different applications based on different lexicon size. For small lexicons, the word recognizer system consists of a new feature extraction and a classifier, and for medium and large lexicons, the system includes a new feature extraction and lexicon reduction methods and a classifier. For the performance evaluation of the proposed methods, we use four different Farsi handwritten datasets such as Farshids" Legal amount, 198-Cities, Iranshahr, and IFN-AUT, which contained 45, 198, 503, and 1080 class-words, respectively. In addition, for comparison of the obtained results with the previous works, we need proper datasets used by prior researchers. AUT and IFN-AUT were applied previously. The AUT, which included 198 class-words, was not available, but a similar dataset, 198-Cities, was created by random selection of 198 class-words from Iranshahr dataset. In order to conduct more experiments based on different lexicon size, the proposed methods were run on Farshids" Legal amount and Iranshahr datasets as well. Moreover, we re-implemented the existing word recognizer and lexicon reduction method so that we could test for comparison using the same dataset such as 198-Cities and IFN-AUT. It might be concluded that our methods, which consist of a new feature extraction and lexicon reduction methods and the classifier, perform better than the latest works.


A model checking computation checks whether a given logical sentence is true in a given finite structure. Provenance analysis abstracts from such a computation mathematical information on how the result depends on the atomic data that describe the structure. In database theory, provenance analysis by interpretations in commutative semirings has been rather succesful for positive query languages (such a unions of conjunctive queries, positive relational algebra, or datalog). However, it did not really offer an adequate treatment of negation or missing information.
Here we propose a new approach for the provenance analysis of logics with negation, such as first-order logic and fixed-point logics. It is closely related to a provenance analysis of the associated model-checking games, and based on new semirings of dual-indeterminate polynomials or dual-indeterminate formal power series. These are obtained by taking quotients of traditional provenance semirings by congruences that are generated by products of positive and negative provenance tokens. Beyond the use for model-checking problems in logics, provenance analysis of games is of independent interest. Provenance values in games provide detailed information about the number and properties of the strategies of the players, far beyond the question whether or not a player has a winning strategy from a given position.


We model the interaction between the wind from a newly formed rapidly rotating magnetar and the surrounding supernova shock and host star. The dynamics is modelled using the two-dimensional, axisymmetric thin-shell equations. In the first ∼10-100 s after core-collapse the magnetar inflates a bubble of plasma and magnetic fields behind the supernova shock. The bubble expands asymmetrically because of the pinching effect of the toroidal magnetic field, even if the host star is spherically symmetric, just as in the analogous problem of the evolution of pulsar wind nebulae. The degree of asymmetry depends on E mag /E tot , the ratio of the magnetic energy to the total energy in the bubble. The correct value of E mag /E tot is uncertain because of uncertainties in the conversion of magnetic energy into kinetic energy at large radii in relativistic winds; we argue, however, that bubbles inflated by newly formed magnetars are likely to be significantly more magnetized than their pulsar counterparts. We show that for a ratio of magnetic to total power supplied by the central magnetar E mag /E tot ≤0.1 the bubble expands relatively spherically. For E mag /E tot ≥0.3, however, most ofthe pressure in the bubble is exerted close to the rotation axis, driving a collimated outflow out through the host star. This can account for the collimation inferred from observations of long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Outflows from magnetars become increasingly magnetically dominated at late times, due to the decrease in neutrino-driven mass loss as the young neutron star cools. We thus suggest that the magnetar-driven bubble initially expands relatively spherically, enhancing the energy of the associated supernova, while at late times it becomes progressively more collimated, producing the GRB. The same physical processes may operate in more modestly rotating neutron stars to produce asymmetric supemovae and lower energy transients such as X-ray flashes.


The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected more than 100,000 people worldwide with over 3,000 deaths since December 2019. There is no cure for COVID-19 and the vaccine development is estimated to require 12-18 months. Here we demonstrate a CRISPR-Cas13-based strategy, PAC-MAN (Prophylactic Antiviral CRISPR in huMAN cells), for viral inhibition that can effectively degrade SARS-CoV-2 sequences and live influenza A virus (IAV) genome in human lung epithelial cells. We designed and screened a group of CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) targeting conserved viral regions and identified functional crRNAs for cleaving SARS-CoV-2. The approach is effective in reducing respiratory cell viral replication for H1N1 IAV. Our bioinformatic analysis showed a group of only six crRNAs can target more than 90% of all coronaviruses. The PAC-MAN approach is potentially a rapidly implementable pan-coronavirus strategy to deal with emerging pandemic strains.


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Except for asteroid sample return missions, measurements of the spectral properties of both meteorites and asteroids offer the best possibility of linking meteorite groups with their parent asteroid(s). Visible plus near‐infrared spectra reveal distinguishing absorption features controlled mainly by the Fe2+ contents and modal abundances of olivine and pyroxene. Meteorite samples provide relationships between spectra and mineralogy. These relationships are useful for estimating the olivine and pyroxene mineralogy of stony (S‐type) asteroid surfaces. Using a suite of 10 samples of the acapulcoite–lodranite clan (ALC), we have developed new correlations between spectral parameters and mafic mineral compositions for partially melted asteroids. A well‐defined relationship exists between Band II center and ferrosilite (Fs) content of orthopyroxene. Furthermore, because Fs in orthopyroxene and fayalite (Fa) content in olivine are well correlated in these meteorites, the derived Fs content can be used to estimate Fa of the coexisting olivine. We derive new equations for determining the mafic silicate compositions of partially melted S‐type asteroid parent bodies. Stony meteorite spectra have previously been used to delineate meteorite analog spectral zones in Band I versus band area ratio (BAR) parameter space for the establishment of asteroid–meteorite connections with S‐type asteroids. However, the spectral parameters of the partially melted ALC overlap with those of ordinary (H) chondrites in this parameter space. We find that Band I versus Band II center parameter space reveals a clear distinction between the ALC and the H chondrites. This work allows the distinction of S‐type asteroids as nebular (ordinary chondrites) or geologically processed (primitive achondrites).


The objective of this review is to compare the cost of coppice and longer rotation poplar harvesting technology. Harvesting technology for short rotation poplar has evolved over the years to address both coppice harvest and single-stem harvest systems. Two potential approaches for coppice harvesting are modified forage harvesters and modified mulcher-balers. Both of these systems effectively handle multistemmed feedstock. Total harvesting cost to roadside likely ranges from $11 to $15 Mg green. The most significant harvesting constraint with coppice systems is the requirement for dormant season operations. More conventional poplar harvesting at production scales uses forest machines for felling and extraction. The Billion Ton Update report used previous productivity studies to estimate a roadside cost for felling and skidding of about $6 Mg green (unchipped). With chipping cost, single-stem systems are about the same roadside price as coppice harvesting. Other factors such as stand establishment, feedstock storage, and rotation length are more likely to determine an economically optimum management system.


Linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD) is occasionally induced by certain drugs, of which vancomycin is the most common. We herein describe a case of vancomycin-induced LABD on the trunk and extremities. Our case was unique in which tense bulla was induced on the old operation scars. A 92-year-old man developed diffuse erythema and bullas on his trunk and extremities. Also, blister formation was observed on the operation scar on the abdomen. A biopsy specimen showed subepidermal split with neutrophilic and lymphocytic infiltration in the upper dermis. Direct immunofluorescence showed a linear IgA deposition at the basement membrane zone. His skin conditions were improved by stoppage of vancomycin and topical corticosteroids. We should know about the occurrence of LABD in patients under vancomycin treatment.


PURPOSE
Previous Monte Carlo and experimental studies involving secondary neutrons in proton therapy have employed a number of phantom materials that are designed to represent human tissue. In this study, the authors determined the suitability of common phantom materials for dosimetry of secondary neutrons, specifically for pediatric and intracranial proton therapy treatments.

METHODS
This was achieved through comparison of the absorbed dose and dose equivalent from neutrons generated within the phantom materials and various ICRP tissues. The phantom materials chosen for comparison were Lucite, liquid water, solid water, and A150 tissue equivalent plastic, These phantom materials were compared to brain, muscle, and adipose tissues.

RESULTS
The magnitude of the doses observed were smaller than those reported in previous experimental and Monte Carlo studies, which incorporated neutrons generated in the treatment head. The results show that for both neutron absorbed dose and dose equivalent, no single phantom material gives agreement with tissue within 5% at all the points considered. Solid water gave the smallest mean variation with the tissues out of field where neutrons are the primary contributor to the total dose.

CONCLUSIONS
Of the phantom materials considered, solid water shows best agreement with tissues out of field.


The tradition of weaving textiles and rugs among the Navajo people in the Southwest is glimpsed in its present form in this new pictorial study. The regional styles long associated with Navajo blankets and rugs continue to evolve today and the sections of this book present the contemporary results through hundreds of beautiful all photographs and text identifying many of the weavers. The new styles of Burntwater, Wide Ruins, Ganado, Crystal, Chinle, Two Grey Hills, Teec Nos Pos, Western Reservation and Shiprock area designs show continuing talent among today's Navajo weavers. There is also a section devoted to special purpose and fancy weavings including saddle blankets, round, double and two-faced weaves and multiples designs. One must conclude that the quality and diversity of Navajo weavings is at a high level today.


This paper presents a low-cost real-time alternative to available commercial human motion capture systems. First, a set of distinguishable markers are placed on several human body landmarks, and the scene is captured by a number of calibrated and synchronized cameras. In order to establish a physical relation among markers, a human body model is defined. Markers are detected on all camera views and delivered as the input of an annealed particle filter scheme where every particle encodes an instance of the pose of the body model to be estimated. Likelihood between particles and input data is performed through the robust generalized symmetric epipolar distance and kinematic constrains are enforced in the propagation step towards avoiding impossible poses. Tests over the HumanEva annotated data set yield quantitative results showing the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Results over sequences involving fast and complex motions are also presented.


Background: Aerobic fitness is of great value for reducing risk of mortality and cardiovascular diseases. Objective: This study evaluated the performance in and correlations between a new test (five-minute pyramid test, 5MPT), the six-minute walk-test (6MWT) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) among old and young adults. Methods: Forty-four habitually active adults (females and males), 23 old (64–79 years) and 21 young (20–32 years) participated. In the 5MPT, the participants moved back and forth along a short walkway (5.5 m) over boxes (height: 'old people' 0.42 m, 'young people' 0.62 m) arranged like an elongated step pyramid for 5 min. Power in the pyramid test (5MPTpower) was calculated as the product of numbers of laps, body weight, gravity and highest box level divided by time. A 6MWT and a maximal cycle ergometer test for direct measurements of VO2max were also performed. In all tests heart rate, with on-line electrocardiography, and perceived exertion were recorded. Results: There was a strong correlation between the 5MPTpower and VO2max for the entire group studied (r = 0.98), and each of the four subgroups old and young females and males separately (r = 0.78–0.98). Contrary to several earlier studies, especially involving people with various diseases, the present data showed that 6MWT cannot be used to predict VO2max among old females and young adults. The correlation with VO2max was weaker for the 6MWT than for the 5MPTpower. The relative performance values for the old compared to the young (ratio old/young × 100) were considerably lower in 5MPTpower and VO2max (47–55%) than in distance and 'work' in the 6MWT (82–86%). Conclusions: The results, with age and gender variations, can be valuable information in health-fitness contexts, since measuring physical aerobic capacity is very significant in connection with risk evaluations of mortality and various diseases. The 5MPT is a rapid, functional, easy and inexpensive tool for predicting assessed maximal aerobic power.


This qualitative project introduces the concept of "spiritual labor" as the organizational commodification, codification, and regulation of members' spirituality. The study illustrates how the spirituality of teachers/staff in a parochial boarding school system is part of the commodity or service such schools have to offer. The spirituality of teachers/staff was also codified both officially in organizational documents and unofficially in the form of unspoken but identifiable norms and values. Regulation of the spirituality of teachers/staff was enacted formally via confrontation, termination, and transfer. Informal regulation of spirituality occurred via concertive control of other organizational members. Spiritual dissonance was also present when faculty/staff members did not personally believe or privately practice the doctrines of their sponsoring church yet appeared compliant by word, deed, or continued organizational affiliation. Organizational members had a number of strategies for dealing with spiritual dissonance. This study also placed parochial boarding schools in the category of total institutions illustrating how the panopticon might be enacted in a contemporary organization.


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OBJECTIVES
The aim of the study is to evaluate clinical features of patients with low-risk stage I endometrium cancer, who received adjuvant therapy or followed with observation only and to analyse the effects of known prognostic factors in this group of patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 246 patients (median age: 53, range: 31-77) with low-risk stage I endometrial cancer, who were just followed postoperatively (156 patients) or received adjuvant radiotherapy (90 patients) between 1996 and 2007 were reviewed retrospectively.

RESULTS
Local recurrence was detected in four patients, distant metastasis occurred in seven patients, and two patients had both local recurrence and distant metastasis. The 83.3% of recurrences were on the vaginal stump. Five- and ten-year local control (LC) and overall survival (OS) rates are 97.6%, 97.6% and 96.4%, 93.5% in the observation and adjuvant therapy groups, respectively, whereas distant control rates are 96.7% and 96.3%. In multivariate analysis, only age and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) were found to affect OS and disease-free survival (DFS).

CONCLUSIONS
LC and OS rates are high in the low-risk group of patients; however, current adjuvant therapies did not improve the outcomes. Age over 60 years and the presence of LVI have negative effects on outcomes in this group of patients.


Abstract The literature on the formation, structure and properties of allophane and imogolite is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the seminal contributions by Colin Farmer. Allophane and imogolite occur not only in volcanic-ash soils but also in other environments. The conditions required for the precipitation of allophane and imogolite are discussed. These include pH, availability of Al and Si, rainfall, leaching regime, and reactions with organic matter. Because of their excellent water storage and physical properties, allophanic soils can accumulate large amounts of biomass. In areas of high rainfall, these soils often occur under rain forest, and the soil organic matter derived from the forest biomass is stabilized by allophane and aluminium ions. Thus the turnover of soil organic matter in allophanic soils is slower than that in non-allophanic soils. The organic matter appears to be derived from the microbial by-products of the plant material rather than from the plant material itself. The growth of young forests may be limited by nitrogen supply but growth of older forests tends to be P limited. Phosphorus is recycled through both inorganic and organic pathways, but it is also strongly sorbed by Al compounds including allophane. When crops are grown in allophanic soils, large amounts of labile P are required and, accordingly, these soils have to be managed to counteract the large P sorption capacity of allophane and other Al compounds, and to ensure an adequate supply of labile P. Because of their physical and chemical properties, allophanic soils are excellent filters of heavy metals and pathogens.


Natural host sooty mangabeys infected with simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) exhibit high plasma viral loads without widespread CD4+ T cell loss. By contrast, non-natural host rhesus macaques experimentally infected with related SIV exhibit high viral loads but display subsequent CD4+ T cell loss and progression to AIDS, analogous to the effects of HIV-1 infection in humans. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain these discrepant outcomes, including infection of distinct target cells in vivo. Cell targeting is substantially determined at the level of viral entry. Prior work demonstrated that sooty mangabey infection occurs in the absence of functional coreceptor CCR5, implicating alternative SIV entry pathways in this natural host. In this thesis, I identified host-dependent patterns of SIV coreceptor use that distinguish viral entry in sooty mangabeys from viral entry in rhesus macaques. I cloned and characterized a panel of putative sooty mangabey coreceptors. Transfected target cells expressing species-specific CD4 and coreceptors identified sooty mangabey CCR5, CXCR6, and GPR15 as functional coreceptors of SIV in vitro. While rhesus macaque CCR5 and GPR15 also supported robust SIV infection in vitro, rhesus macaque CXCR6 was a remarkably poor coreceptor of SIV. Using CCR5 antagonist Maraviroc to block CCR5-mediated infection in primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), I determined that SIV were highly CCR5-dependent in rhesus macaque PBMCs, whereas SIV were partially CCR5-independent in sooty mangabey PBMCs, implicating alternative coreceptors in infection of the natural host primary cells. A chemokine ligand of CXCR6, CXCL16, partially attenuated SIV infection of sooty mangabey PBMCs, indicating that sooty mangabey CXCR6 was indeed an alternative coreceptor of some SIV in primary sooty mangabey cells. Collectively, these data define coreceptor use as a host determinant distinguishing sooty mangabey SIV infection from rhesus macaque SIV infection in primary cells. Because CD4+ T cells from sooty mangabeys express exceedingly low levels of CCR5 relative to CD4+ T cells from rhesus macaques, the expression patterns of CXCR6 and other alterative coreceptor(s) in sooty mangabey CD4+ cell subsets may classify host target cells that maintain high levels of SIV replication without leading to loss of CD4+ T cell homeostasis. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Cell & Molecular Biology First Advisor Ronald G. Collman This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1268


Abstract for a PhD thesis submitted in December 2010 at the University of Manchester by Anna Elisabeth Carlsson-Hyslop titled ?An anatomy of storm surge science at Liverpool Tidal Institute 1919 1959: Forecasting, practices of calculation and patronage?When the effects of wind and air pressure combine with a high tide to give unusually high water levels this can lead to severe coastal flooding. This happened in England in early 1953 when 307 people died in the East Coast Flood. In Britain today such events, now called storm surges, are forecast daily using computer models from the National Oceanographic Centre in Liverpool, formerly the Liverpool Tidal Institute (TI). In 1919, when TI was established, such events were considered unpredictable. TI?s researchers, Joseph Proudman (1888-1975), Arthur Doodson (1890-1968), Robert Henry Corkan (1906-1952) and Jack Rossiter (1919-1972), did much mathematical work to attempt to change this. In 1959 Rossiter published a set of statistical formulae to forecast storm surges on the East Coast and a national warning system was predicting such events using these formulae. At this point TI believed they had made surges at least as predictable as they could with their existing methods. This thesis provides a narrative of how this perceived rise in the predictability of surges happened, analysing how TI worked to achieve it between 1919 and 1959 by following two interwoven, contingent and contested threads: practices of calculation and patronage.A key aspect of this thesis is the attention I pay to material practices of calculation: the methods, technologies and management practices TI?s researchers used in their mathematical work on storm surge forecasting. This is the first study by historians of oceanography or meteorology that pays this detailed level of attention to such practices in the construction of forecasting formulae. As well as using published accounts, I analyse statistical research in the making, through notes, calculations, graphs and tables produced by TI?s researchers. They used particular practices of calculation to construct storm surges as calculable and predictable scientific objects of a specific kind. First they defined storm surges as the residuals derived from subtracting tidal predictions from observations. They then decided to use multiple regression, correlating their residuals with pressure gradients, to make surges predictable. By considering TI?s practices of calculation the thesis adds to the literature on mathematical research as embodied and material, showing how particular practices were used to make a specific phenomenon predictable. I combine this attention to mathematical practice with analysis of why TI?s researchers did this work. US historians have emphasised naval patronage of physical oceanography in this period but there is very little secondary literature for the British case. The thesis provides a British case study of patronage of physical oceanography, emphasising the influence on TI?s work not only of naval patronage but also of local government, civil state and industrial patronage. Before TI?s establishment Proudman argued that it should research storm surges to improve the Laplacian theory of tides. However, when the new Institute received patronage from the local shipping industry this changed and the work on forecasting surges was initially done as part of a project to improve the accuracy of tidal predictions, earning TI further patronage from the local shipping industry. After a flooding event in 1928 the reasons for the work and the patronage again shifted. Between then and 1959 TI did this work on commission from various patrons, including local government, civil state and military actors, which connected their patronage to national debates about state involvement in flood defence. To understand why TI?s researchers worked on forecasting surges I analyse this complex mix of patrons and motivations. I argue that such complex patronage patterns could be fruitfully explored by other historians to further existing debates on the patronage of oceanography.


Intradermal (ID) immunization is of increasing interest due to the easy accessibility and excellent immunogenic properties of the skin. Among ID immunization methods, dissolving microneedles (MNs) have appeared as an alternative to traditional hypodermic immunization, offering many advantages, such as being an easily administered method, with no need for health personnel, painless, and avoiding the use of needles and sharp wastage. In this study, an affordable and easy-to-produce MNs method was developed based on aqueous blends of 30% w/w poly (methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride). As an antigen model, a subunit vaccine candidate based on outer membrane vesicles from Shigella flexneri was used. Both unloaded and antigen-loaded MNs were synthetized and characterized. The MNs were successfully validated in an in vitro Parafilm M® skin model and in a pig skin ex vivo model. Biodistribution studies were performed in BALB/c mice using 99mTcO4− radiolabeled samples. Results indicated that the vesicle vaccine was successfully released from the MNs and targeted gastrointestinal tract after 6 h post-administration. In vivo immunization and protection studies were performed in BALB/c mice. Mice were intradermally immunized through ear skin with one single dose of 200 μg antigenic complex, eliciting the production of specific systemic IgG and mucosal IgA. Moreover, MNs were able to protect mice from an experimental infection with 1×106 CFU/mouse of S. flexneri four weeks after immunization. This work demonstrates for the first time the potential of outer membrane vesicle-loaded dissolving MNs for ID vaccination against enteropathogens like Shigella.


The process of immune system regeneration after allogeneic stem cell transplantation is slow, complex, and insufficiently understood. An entire immune system with all of its cell populations must regenerate from infused donor hematopoietic stem cells over the course of weeks and months post-transplantation. Both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system differ in their capacity and speed to reconstitiute in the recipient, which contributes to inadequacy in global immunity during the delayed reconstitution period. Systems-level analyses of immune systems in human patients have been made possible by high-throughput and high-dimensional, state-of-the-art, single-cell methodologies such as mass cytometry. Mass cytometry has revolutionized our ability to comprehensively profile all immune cell populations simultaneously in blood or tissue samples, providing signatures of differentially regulated cells in a range of clinical conditions. Such kind of systems immunology analyses promise not only for more accurate descriptions of variation between patients but also within individual patients over time, inter-dependencies between cell populations and the inference of developmental trajectories for specific cell populations. Here, we took advantage of a recently performed longitudinal mass cytometry analysis in 26 patients with hematological malignancies followed during the first 12 months following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. We present a proof-of-principle analysis to understand the evolution of individual immune cell populations. By applying non-linear dimensionality reduction and feauture extraction algorithms, we infer trajectories for individual immune cell populations, and map continuous marker expression changes occuring during immune cell regeneration that add novel information about this developmental process.