ABSTRACT The development of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) neutralizing antibodies and the evolution of the viral envelope glycoprotein were monitored in rhesus macaques infected with a CCR5-tropic simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), SHIVSF162P4. Homologous neutralizing antibodies developed within the first month of infection in the majority of animals, and their titers were independent of the extent and duration of viral replication during chronic infection. The appearance of homologous neutralizing antibody responses was preceded by the appearance of amino acid changes in specific variable and conserved regions of gp120. Amino acid changes first appeared in the V1, V2, C2, and V3 regions and subsequently in the C3, V4, and V5 regions. Heterologous neutralizing antibody responses developed over time only in animals with sustained plasma viremia. Within 2 years postinfection the breadth of these responses was as broad as that observed in certain patients infected with HIV type 1 (HIV-1) for over a decade. Despite the development of broad anti-HIV-1 neutralizing antibody responses, viral replication persisted in these animals due to viral escape. Our studies indicate that cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies are elicited in a subset of SHIVSF162P4 infected macaques and that their development requires continuous viral replication for extended periods of time. More importantly, their late appearance does not prevent progression to disease. The availability of an animal model where cross-reactive anti-HIV neutralizing antibodies are developed may facilitate the identification of virologic and immunologic factors conducive to the development of such antibodies.


The West Africa margin, formed by the progressive separation of the South American and African continents, has enjoyed a rich and varied exploration history and become a significant hydrocarbon-producing region. The amalgamation of hydrocarbon exploration approaches and imaginative ideas, leveraged with modern technologies, is yielding significant scientific and economic successes within the region. The main objective of this Special Publication is to provide an overview of the advancement in understanding of the crustal structure, tectonic evolution and Mesozoic to Cenozoic stratigraphy of the West Africa margin both onshore and offshore, with a particular focus on the petroleum geology.


Main purpose of this study was to assess adoption level of farmers for quinoa cultivation after they had been taught through training and visit extension approach. At this time of the 21 century, population structure, climate change, food requirements and eating habits of people are changing rapidly. In this scenario, farmers must play their key role in sustainable crop development and production through adoption of new crops that may also be helpful to overcome the issue of food insecurity as well as reducing poverty in rural areas. Its cultivation in Pakistan is at the early stages and there is a need to raise awareness among farmers to grow quinoa crops. In the middle of the 2015, a training and visit extension approach was used to raise awareness and convince farmers to grow quinoa in the area. During training and visit extension program, 80 farmers were randomly selected for the training of quinoa cultivation. Later on, these farmers trained 60 more farmers living into their neighborhood. After six months, a survey was conducted with all 140 farmers to assess the impact of the training and visit program on adoption level of respondents for the quinoa crop. The survey instrument was developed with the help of literature review and other experts of the crop. Validity and reliability of the instrument were checked before complete data collection. The data were analyzed by using SPSS. Multiple regression analysis was used for interpretation of the results from the survey, which indicated that factors like information/ training, change in agronomic and plant protection practices play a key role in the adoption of quinoa cultivation by respondents. In addition, the model explains more than 50% of variation in the adoption level of respondents. It is concluded that farmers need timely information for improved knowledge of agronomic and plant protection practices to adopt cultivation of the quinoa crop in the area. Keywords—Farmers, quinoa, adoption, contact, training and visit.


The paper describes a modified and optimised conventional wet ashing method for the determination of antimony (Sb) in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles used for bottling sparkling and still water. The modified optimum conventional wet ashing method was applied as the digestion method to extract Sb from PET bottles, and the extracted Sb analysed using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (F-AAS), and in bottled water, Sb was analysed with hydride vapour generator atomic absorption spectrometry (HVG-AAS). Microwave digestion method was also used as described above for comparison. The concentrations of Sb obtained using modified optimum conventional wet ashing and microwave digestion protocols were from 169 ± 13 to 285 ± 17 μg g−1 and from 123 ± 0.5 to 249 ± 18 μg g−1, respectively. The average concentration of Sb in bottled water samples using the HVG-AAS was 0.183 ± 0.013 μg L−1, with a range of 0.012 ± 0.001 to 0.358 ± 0.006 μg L−1. Sb concentration increased marginally with longevity of storage, but still remained well below the various guidelines for Sb levels in drinking water.


The number of registered heavy vehicles (HV) in Australia has risen 22 per cent since 2005 and, with the national freight task projected to double by 2030, the number of HVs on Australian roads is set to continue to increase. In the 12 months to the end of June 2010 crashes involving heavy vehicles resulted in 239 fatalities while around one third of all work-related road crash fatalities occur within the freight industry. Heavy vehicle safety for both the trucking industry and the general community remains an important issue. In recognition of this the Australian Trucking Association has commissioned a research scan to develop a knowledge base that may be used to guide the strategic direction and development of effective outcomes in the area of heavy vehicle safety. The scan focussed on five key areas: factors associated with HV crashes, road and vehicle design, human and social factors, speed management and enforcement, and the effectiveness of accreditation schemes. This scan identified a number of gaps in knowledge and recommendations for future research were suggested in the areas of fatigue, seat belt use, traffic management, and technology.


In the study of fluid transport in biological organisms, we deal with the flow between permeable walls that may expand or contract, this type of flow has a great importance in medical and biological sciences. In this article, the laminar flow of an incompressible viscous fluid is considered in a semi-infinite rectangular domain. It is bounded by two moving porous walls that enable the fluid to enter or exit during successive contractions or expansions. The solution of the problem is approximated by using Variation of Parameters Method (VPM). To investigate the effect of non-dimensional wall expansion/contraction rate and permeation Reynolds number, on the flow field, the graphical results are presented. A couple of graphs, highlighting the effects of involved parameter on the normal pressure distribution, are also included. The analytical solution obtained by (VPM) is also supported by numerical results and both show an excellent agreement. A comparison among the current solution and some already existing solutions is also presented. The study of the flow between dilating or squeezing porous walls is drastic simplification of the transport of biological fluids through dilating or squeezing vessels.


This handbook with exercises reveals in formalisms, hitherto mainly used for hardware and software design and verification, unexpected mathematical beauty. The lambda calculus forms a prototype universal programming language, which in its untyped version is related to Lisp, and was treated in the first author's classic The Lambda Calculus (1984). The formalism has since been extended with types and used in functional programming (Haskell, Clean) and proof assistants (Coq, Isabelle, HOL), used in designing and verifying IT products and mathematical proofs. In this book, the authors focus on three classes of typing for lambda terms: simple types, recursive types and intersection types. It is in these three formalisms of terms and types that the unexpected mathematical beauty is revealed. The treatment is authoritative and comprehensive, complemented by an exhaustive bibliography, and numerous exercises are provided to deepen the readers' understanding and increase their confidence using types.


Scalable image search based on visual similarity has been an active topic of research in recent years. State-of-the-art solutions often use hashing methods to embed high-dimensional image features into Hamming space, where search can be performed in real-time based on Hamming distance of compact hash codes. Unlike traditional metrics (e.g., Euclidean) that offer continuous distances, the Hamming distances are discrete integer values. As a consequence, there are often a large number of images sharing equal Hamming distances to a query, which largely hurts search results where fine-grained ranking is very important.I introduces an approach that enables query-adaptive ranking of the returned images with equal Hamming distances to the queries. This is achieved by firstly offline learning bitwise weights of the hash codes for a diverse set of predefined semantic concept classes. We formulate the weight learning process as a quadratic programming problem that minimizes intra-class distance while preserving inter-class relationship captured by original raw image features. Queryadaptive weights are then computed online by evaluating the proximity between a query and the semantic concept classes.With the query-adaptive bitwise weights, returned images can be easily ordered by weighted Hamming distance at a finer-grained hash code level rather than the original Hamming distance level. Experiments on a Flickr image dataset show clear improvements from our proposed approach. .


Although trained as a philosopher, I have always had a great interest and appreciation for the field of psychology. Part of that interest stems From a concern for philosophical issues that overlap with psychology: the mind-body problem and the nature of consciousness, the philosophy of action and problems concerning freedom and determinism, for example. Theological concerns have also motivated an interest in psychology, since it is difficult to see how one can make sense of things like the doctrine of sin, or the idea that Christians are one "with Christ" without putting such ideas into a psychological framework. Part of my interest in psychology simply stems from fascination with the field in all its breadth, covering such diverse areas as neurophysiological study of the brain, clinical psychology and its understanding of mental illness, social psychology, developmental psychology, and many other sub-disciplines. At one time my interest in psychology was strong enough that I seriously considered pursuing a Ph.D. in psychology in addition to the doctorate in philosophy I had already earned. Even without much fOrmal training in psychology, early in my career I tried to learn all that I could about psychology, reading books and handbooks and journal articles, and even taking a few graduate courses in psychology. I hung around with psychologists of various kinds (both from different fields of psychology and from different theoretical orientations within the field of clinical psychology) and I certainly learned a lot. From the beginning I had a special interest in the challenges faced by Christians in psychology. It seemed to me that, although Christian psychologists raced many of the issues that Christians in other disciplines faced, there were also some special challenges, involving both tensions and opportunities, chat stemmed from the unique character and history of psychology. Most of what I learned in this period was distilled in three books: Preserving the Person: A Look at the Human Sciences (1977), Wisdom and Humanness in Psychology: Prospects lb r a Christian Approach (1989), and Soren Kierkegaard's Christi an Psychology: Insight for counseling and Pastoral Can' (1990). As those dates make evident, most of my work on psychology and its relation to Christian faith was done in the 1970s and 80s. Since 1990, though my interest in psychology has remained, my scholarly focus has been directed to issues in the philosophy of religion, philosophical theology, and Kierkegaard studies. With some exceptions (for example, Evans 2005), I have not had the time to keep up either with the field of psychology itself, or with the many interesting debates and discussions about how Christians should think about and relate to psychology. I therefore must begin this essay with a disclaimer: I am nor capable of giving any kind of scholarly overview of the contributions of others to these issues. What I have to offer is mostly personal reflection. The main focus of my reflection will be on the much-discussed and much-debated concept of integration. Although I have thought of myself as a scholar who is committed to the idea of "integrating faith and learning," there are some scholars who have been influenced by my work who see themselves as challenging the ideal of "integration" of psychology and Christianity and instead working to develop what they call "Christian psychology" (Johnson, 2007, 2010). I am sympathetic both to the concerns these scholars have with what we might call the "integration paradigm" and to the positive goals of Christian psychology as they present it. Nevertheless, I want to argue that we should not think of Christian psychology as an alternative to the integration of psychology and Christianity. Rather, Christian psychology is the outcome of that integration when it is done well. As I see it, everything turns on how we understand the ideal of integration. What exactly is being integrated, and how is that activity to be understood? …


Forum Kritika on Interdisciplinarity in the Philippine Academia discusses the history of how universities and academics construct their respective notions of disciplinarity and interdisciplinarity. Our decision to engage with this development in tertiary education takes off from a historical phase in our educational system. Questions on the character of disciplines have heightened in the last half-century, and this phenomenon does not only emerge out of the critical practice of the people who are part of universities, but the external world of the universities have started to knock on the university doors. Informed by the present situation of our universities and the educational system at large, we both argue that both disciplinarity and interdisciplinarity are modern constructs that should be understood by elucidating dialectics of theoretical and historical underpinnings. The tandem of history and theory provides the frames for us to better see the challenges when universities implement such paradigm, and this forum hopes to shed some light to our fellow academics as the Philippines undergo crucial changes, revamps, and overhauls in our educational system.


This paper develops a production-based asset pricing model with two types of agents and concentrated ownership of physical capital. A temporary but persistent "distribution shock" causes the income share of capital owners to fluctuate in a procyclical manner, consistent with US data. The concentrated ownership model significantly magnifies the equity risk premium relative to a representative-agent model because the capital owners' consumption is more-strongly linked to volatile dividends from equity. With a steady-state risk aversion coefficient around 4, the model delivers an unleveled equity premium of 3.9 percent relative to short-term bonds and a premium of 1.2 percent relative to long-term bonds. (JEL D31, E13, E25, E32, E44, G12)


Abstract. With the development of geographical information service technologies, how to achieve the intelligent scheduling and high concurrent access of geographical information service resources based on load balancing is a focal point of current study. This paper presents an algorithm of dynamic load balancing. In the algorithm, types of geographical information service are matched with the corresponding server group, then the RED algorithm is combined with the method of double threshold effectively to judge the load state of serve node, finally the service is scheduled based on weighted probabilistic in a certain period. At the last, an experiment system is built based on cluster server, which proves the effectiveness of the method presented in this paper.


Introduction: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most serious clinical diseases, which not only affects the patient's physical and mental status, but its effects will be spread to family and community. After severe spinal cord injury, astrocytes of the central nervous system (CNS) become reactive astrocytes, and play the main role of glial scar formation. The scar is a major obstacle to regeneration of axons in the spinal cord. However, the studies have found that over time, a spontaneous partial motor recovery is observed in animals with injury without intervention. Thus, in this study, the recovery of animals with spinal cord injury was assessed after 12 weeks. Materials and methods: In this study, 12 adult male Wistar rats weighing approximately 265±15gr were used to assess spinal cord injury and randomly divided into 3 groups: normal control (n = 3), sham (n = 3), injury (n = 6). Healthy animals in the normal control group received no laminectomy or injury, and laminectomy with or without contusion model using weight drop in segment T10 of spinal cord were carried out in injury and sham groups, respectively. Locomotor function of animals in all groups were evaluated by BBB test at the first 48 hours per day and then weekly for 12 weeks. Results: Comparison of the results of motor evaluation from the second week to the twelfth week of the group with injury without treatment showed a relative functional recovery as the BBB score of animals from 1.4 in the second week after the injury reached to 6.5 in the twelfth week. Conclusion: The results indicate a spontaneous partial recovery in injured animals without intervention.


ABSTRACT: This study contributes to the literature on the strength of place attachment, identity, and dependence in low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. It also engages the literature concerning the role of sense of place in community engagement and the disruption in place attachment, identity, and dependence that natural disasters can cause. By drawing on interview data collected from residents who returned to New Orleans after the storm and from former New Orleanians who evacuated to Houston but did not return, this article investigates the "sense of place" that residents in Ninth Ward New Orleans neighborhoods identify in their narratives about their pre- and post-Hurricane Katrina experiences. The data considered here suggest that returning residents believe that New Orleans in general (and their Ninth Ward neighborhoods in particular) possess a unique bundle of characteristics that, when taken together, cannot be found or replicated elsewhere. While sense of place is an important motivator for returning residents, the data also suggest that complementary factors must be in place if the full potential of this social resource is to be realized.


Scientific investigations frequently involve data from computer experiment(s) as well as related physical experimental data on the same factors and related response variable(s). There may also be one or more expert opinions regarding the response of interest. Traditional statistical approaches consider each of these datasets separately with corresponding separate analyses and fitted statistical models. A compelling argument can be made that better, more precise statistical models can be obtained if the combined data are analyzed simultaneously using a hierarchical Bayesian integrated modeling approach. However, such an integrated approach must recognize important differences, such as possible biases, in these experiments and expert opinions. We illustrate our proposed integrated methodology by using it to model the thermodynamic operation point of a top-spray fluidized bed microencapsulation processing unit. Such units are used in the food industry to tune the effect of functional ingredients and additives. An important thermodynamic response variable of interest, Y, is the steady-state outlet air temperature. In addition to a set of physical experimental observations involving six factors used to predictY, similar results from three different computer models are also available. The integrated data from the physical experiment and the three computer models are used to fit an appropriate response surface (regression) model for predicting Y.


The Huikahi Restorative Circle is a reentry planning group process that addresses individual incarcerated people's needs for achieving criminal desistence. The Circles use public health learning principles including applied learning experiences to increase self-efficacy and hopefulness, restorative justice, and solution-focused brief therapy language, which promote positive attitudes and healing. A primary strength of the Circles is treating individuals as their own change agents rather than the passive recipients of treatment directed by others. The author concludes that reentry planning resources are better invested in models similar to Huikahi Circles, which include the participation and decision making of incarcerated people and their loved ones, rather than professionally driven case management efforts.


We present the first unsupervised approach to the problem of learning a semantic parser, using Markov logic. Our USP system transforms dependency trees into quasi-logical forms, recursively induces lambda forms from these, and clusters them to abstract away syntactic variations of the same meaning. The MAP semantic parse of a sentence is obtained by recursively assigning its parts to lambda-form clusters and composing them. We evaluate our approach by using it to extract a knowledge base from biomedical abstracts and answer questions. USP substantially outperforms TextRunner, DIRT and an informed baseline on both precision and recall on this task.


We present a novel computational approach to design the robotic devices from high-level motion specifications. Our computational system uses a library of modular components—actuators, mounting brackets, and connectors—to define the space of possible robot designs. The process of creating a new robot begins with a set of input trajectories that specify how its end effectors and/or body should move. By searching through the combinatorial set of possible arrangements of modular components, our method generates a functional, as-simple-as-possible robotic device that is capable of tracking the input motion trajectories. To significantly improve the efficiency of this discrete optimization process, we propose a novel heuristic that guides the search for appropriate designs. Briefly, our heuristic function estimates how much an intermediate robot design needs to change before it becomes able to execute the target motion trajectories. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our computational design method by automatically creating a variety of robotic manipulators and legged robots. To generate these results, we define our own robotic kit that includes off-the-shelf actuators and 3-D printable connectors. We validate our results by fabricating two robotic devices designed with our method.


Abstract. Expedition 364 was a joint IODP and ICDP mission-specific platform (MSP) expedition to explore the Chicxulub impact crater buried below the surface of the Yucatán continental shelf seafloor. In April and May 2016, this expedition drilled a single borehole at Site M0077 into the crater's peak ring. Excellent quality cores were recovered from ∼505 to ∼1335 m below seafloor (m b.s.f.), and high-resolution open hole logs were acquired between the surface and total drill depth. Downhole logs are used to image the borehole wall, measure the physical properties of rocks that surround the borehole, and assess borehole quality during drilling and coring operations. When making geological interpretations of downhole logs, it is essential to be able to distinguish between features that are geological and those that are operation-related. During Expedition 364 some drilling-induced and logging-related features were observed and include the following: effects caused by the presence of casing and metal debris in the hole, logging-tool eccentering, drilling-induced corkscrew shape of the hole, possible re-magnetization of low-coercivity grains within sedimentary rocks, markings on the borehole wall, and drilling-induced changes in the borehole diameter and trajectory.


New regimens are constantly being pursued in cancer treatment, especially in the context of treatment-resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are assumed to be involved in cancer recurrence. Here, we investigated the anti-cancer activity of sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) isolated from Ambrosia arborescens and of synthetic derivatives in breast cancer cell lines, with a specific focus on activity against CSCs. The breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, JIMT-1, and HCC1937 and the normal-like breast epithelial cell line MCF-10A were treated with the SLs damsin and coronopilin, isolated from A. arborescens, and with ambrosin and dindol-01, synthesized using damsin. Inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) values were obtained from dose-response curves. Based on IC50 values, doses in the μM range were used for investigating effects on cell proliferation, cell cycle phase distribution, cell death, micronuclei formation, and cell migration. Western blot analysis was used to investigate proteins involved in cell cycle regulation as well as in the NF-κB pathway since SLs have been shown to inhibit this transcription factor. Specific CSC effects were investigated using three CSC assays. All compounds inhibited cell proliferation; however, damsin and ambrosin were toxic at single-digit micromolar ranges, while higher concentrations were required for coronopilin and dindol-01. Of the four cell lines, the compounds had the least effect on the normal-like MCF-10A cells. The inhibition of cell proliferation can partly be explained by downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2. All compounds inhibited tumour necrosis factor-α-induced translocation of NF-κB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Damsin and ambrosin treatment increased the number of micronuclei; moreover, another sign of DNA damage was the increased level of p53. Treatment with damsin and ambrosin decreased the CSC subpopulation and inhibited cell migration. Our results suggest that these compounds should be further investigated to find efficient CSC-inhibiting compounds.


Pollution and increased levels of heavy metals in the Lake Victoria Wetlands are suspected to be negatively influencing the biota in one of the world most important freshwater resources. In this study, fecal contamination of water in the Lake Victoria wetlands was investigated using the standard coliform test. Gram-negative bacteria were
isolated by plating on Mackonkey's and EMB media. Isolates were characterized, and their ability to grow in the presence of heavy metals tested. Isolates were also tested for resistance to commonly used antibiotics. The study was conducted both in the dry and wet seasons. Fecal contamination was detected in all tested water samples, as evidenced
by the isolation of Escherichia coli both in the wet and dry seasons. Coliform counts of above 1100 MPN/100 ml were detected. Ninety-five and forty-five gram-negative bacterial isolates were obtained in the dry season and wet seasons, respectively. Isolates from the dry season were resistant to nalidixic acid (66%), ampicillin (54%), and tetracycline
(28%). They were however largely sensitive to gentamycin (95%) and streptomycin (98%); 41.1% percent of the isolates showed multi-drug resistance. A similar antibiotic resistance pattern was detected in the wet season, and 31.1% of the isolates were multi-drug resistant. Many of the isolates were resistant to Zinc and Copper (final conc. 1.6
g/l each), but largely sensitive to mercury (0.05 g/l; 52%) and lead (2 g/l; 89%). Although, tolerance to heavy metals is usually associated with plasmids, which also encode resistance to antibiotics, a direct correlation between antibiotic resistance and heavy metal tolerance by the isolates obtained in this study cannot be established. Further work needs
to be conducted to establish the molecular basis of resistance. Constant monitoring of antibiotic resistance levels in bacteria from Lake Victoria wetlands is essential, considering the prevalence of water borne diseases in the area. Keywords : Lake Victoria, fecal pollution, Gram Negative bacteria, Heavy metal tolerance J. Trop. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Vol. 3 (2) 2007: pp. 20-26


We investigate phase conjugation of a laser beam aberrated by a thin random-phase screen when the wave front is incompletely sampled by the phase conjugate mirror (PCM). We derive expressions for the average intensity after a double pass of the phase screen both when the PCM is aperture limited and when it is limited by its number of spatial modes.


Background
This report was commissioned by the Technologies and Components Task Group of the Construction Research and Innovation Strategy Panel (CRISP).
Its purpose is to identify, illustrate and where possible categorise recent and current initiatives on
standardisation and customisation, particularly within UK construction.
Standardisation is the extensive use of processes or
procedures, products or components, in which there
is regularity, repetition and a record of successful
 practice. Customisation is the process of using
standard components or sub-assemblies to produce
a variety of end products to suit the needs of the
end-user. Technical standards (e.g. ISO) are not included in this review.
Current Research
Between 1997 and 2000, almost £6.7 million has been invested by DETR and EPSRC in research projects that include standardisation and customisation in construction. Of this total figure, around £1.1
million covers general innovation which includes standardisation, with the remainder concentrating more
specifically on standardisation. The main schemes that have funded standardisation research in the UK construction sector include the EPSRC/DETR Innovative Manufacturing Initiative (Meeting Clients' Needs through Standardisation) and the DETR Partners in Innovation programme.
There is much work that claims to cover standardisat
ion, often combined in some way with pre-assembly
or general innovation. Pre-assembly research is covered in a separate report for CRISP (00/19). Many
of the projects are still underway and so a full review was not possible. The appendices include
summaries of the research projects, patent records and professional journal articles reviewed.
The research projects reviewed are spread across t
he industry sectors and involve most of the industry
bodies and many universities although the main
 players are Salford, Loughborough and Warwick
Universities and the Building Research Establishment. There appears to be little direct collaboration
between projects. In some ways this is to be expected as the subject itself is very diverse. Nevertheless,
further benefits should be possible by seeking to draw
 together the results from the various projects and
to encourage the different parties to collaborate on future projects.
The deliverables from existing projects are varied in quality and format, with some focussed on
dissemination to industrial end-users and others more
suitable for academic audiences. Some of the more academic deliverables may be able to be developed into
 tool kits or other industry-focussed output.
Further benefits for dissemination are possible th
rough the EPSRC's industrial secondment scheme.
Some international work has been related to the UK
 situation, but this study has not included a full
international review.
Motivators, facilitators, barriers and implications
Motivators, facilitators, barriers and implications include: clients and the project team; procurement methods and supply chain relationships; formal/contractual requirements; legislation; moving construction
towards a manufacturing process; whole life costing,
 sustainability and waste reduction; people issues,
skills and training; new materials and technologies; information and communications technology; pre-
assembly; and the measurement of success. There are also some sector-specific issues. Leading repeat-order clients are at the forefront of research and implementat
ion of standardisation, convinced that significant savings
can be made. The benefits are not so obvious to one-off clients and this offers a real challenge for the future although some work is just about to start in this area. There are competing drivers within project teams, with those involved in long-term strategic relationships better able to realise the benefits. This is also true for a
ll parties in the supply-chain where the effect of
standardisation may be relatively insignificant when considered company by company, but adds
considerable value when employed within an overall supply-chain strategy. However, the cultural barriers to standardisation should not be underestimated, especially within the design professions. The most significant challenges are to combine top quality design with the principles of customised standardisation and to change the construction process into a manufacturing process
without returning to the mass production of the 1950s and '60s.. The principles have been identified but
they are not yet employed consistently.
Standardisation has generally led to reduced cost and
improved quality, but occasionally there have been
examples where the specification of a standard product has not produced these expected outcomes. The
whole supply chain needs to be engaged in research to prevent this from recurring. As the supply chain
develops, then better deployment of some of the standardised ICT applications and data handling
methods will be required. This may occur in any case and at considerable speed, driven by commercial
pressures and may not require specific research input.
Whilst there has been research on standard processes and changing the construction process to a
manufacturing process, there is little direct investigat
ion into the effect of standardisation on formal or
contractual requirements or their effect on standar
disation. The same is true for legislation.
Whole life costing and sustainability have been much talked about, but there is little direct research on the
causal relationship with standardisation. The availability of spare parts for example is a clear driver, but
there appear to have been no rigorous studies to eval
uate whether such expected benefits are achieved
in practice. There is significant opportunity for human factors work on standardisation, both in evaluating the effect on construction
 workers, end-users and the general public.
The link between standardisation and innovation has been identified in principle, but more development of
strategies to ensure that standardisation does not act
ually act as a barrier to product improvement or
innovation could be beneficial. Benefits from standardisation have been identified in much of the previous and existing work, but accurate measurement of these benefits remains elusive. Working on this further with leading repeat order clients may be possible, but overcoming the desire for headline statistics may prove difficult.
Conclusions
There is much existing research work looking at
standardisation, although it is often combined with
broader subjects. Furthermore, the subject is very
broad and as a result projects are diverse and hard to
draw together as one body of knowledge. Much of the work is not coordinated well and benefits may be gained from further efforts in this area. Further work should be encouraged especially where it effectively engages the whole supply chain and is targeted on producing end-user guidance.


The respondeat superior (vicarious liability) standard by which courts hold corporations liable for the crimes of their employees has been widely criticized as being overly inclusive insofar as it punishes fault-less entities. Less acknowledged is that, due to its requirement that the employee have intended in part to benefit the corporation, the standard is also under inclusive in cases of sexual violence facilitated by a corporate entity. This article argues that, to solve these problems within the criminal law, we should learn from their parallel development in the sphere of tort law, from which respondeat superior was derived in the first place. No comprehensive effort has yet been made to examine how courts have, in tort respondeat superior, addressed the problems of over- and under-inclusiveness that emerge in that realm. In light of the lessons revealed in the tort case law, I argue that criminal respondeat superior should apply only where the government can show 1.) an omission by the corporation to take reasonable steps to prevent a crime; 2.) that the substantial risk of such a crime was objectively foreseeable to a reasonable person undertaking the corporation's enterprise and 3.) that such a crime occurred, regardless of whether or not any individual employee had the intent to benefit the corporation.


Though it has been pointed out that Shakespeare uses the figure parenthesis"extensively, especially in his later plays" (Joseph 1947: 57), it hasbeen more often marginalized, if not totally neglected. The present papercontends that parenthesis contributes greatly to characterization and thedevelopment of conflicts in dramatic texts. Through a detailed analysisof its use in Shakespeare's Coriolanus, this paper attempts to illustrate the significance ofparenthesis. At the rhetorical level, parenthesis may have the dual functions ofvarying and amplifying as differentiated by Adamson (1999). For example, aparenthesis may take the form of a noun phrase in apposition to its antecedentas a way of varying and it may take the form of a non-restrictive relative clauseas a way of amplifying, and therefore helps achieve diverse rhetorical effectsand convey rich rhetorical meanings. For this reason, a functional study of thesubjective and interpersonal function of parentheses can provide clues to a deeper understandingof speaker-hearer relationship, hence of overall dramatic characterizationand conflict management.


Recent work on magnetic properties of limestones has demonstrated that the mineral siderite can be very important in paleomagnetism, for two reasons. First, oxidation of siderite produces secondary (daughter) magnetic minerals (magnetite, maghemite, and hematite), either before, during, or after sampling. These daughter products can completely change the magnetic properties of limestone samples and if unrecognized may be one of the primary reasons why many paleomagnetic studies of limestones, especially Paleozoic limestones, are unsuccessful. Second, siderite in weakly magnetized rocks may indicate the potential for successful paleomagnetic results. Because the presence of siderite indicates that the primary magnetic carriers are still intact, appropriate demagnetization methods should yield successful results. We conclude that microenvironmental conditions in anoxic marine sediments may permit the formation of siderite from iron (II) produced during bacterial dissimilatory iron reduction.


In India, phenytoin is the most frequently prescribed medication for most forms of epilepsy except for absence seizures. It has been associated with various cutaneous reaction, however Oral Lichenoid Drug Reaction (OLDR) are rarely documented. We report a case of Phenytoin induced Oral Lichenoid Eruption and Melasma.


The purpose of integrated health education is to ensure a successful child health education in school, to contribute to the child's physical, mental and social well-being, capacity development. Integrated health education is based on the mobilized work of school community: cooperation among different subjects' teachers and other specialists, the integrated efforts of school, families, and a variety of health care and health education institutes. The health education of schoolchildren is one of the main priorities of health policy in Lithuania. As far as the health education in emphasized in the Law on Education of the Republic of Lithuania (2011), the Primary and Basic Education General Programs (2008), and the Secondary Education General Programs (2011), General Health Education Program (2012), it is relevant to focus on and analyse the role of teachers in integrated health education. This paper aims to highlight the importance of an integrated health education and the teachers' role in the application of this education in practice. The following research objectives were raised: 1) to describe the role of teachers as health educators; 2) to reveal the importance of an integrated health education using as the basis the teachers' reflections. The methods applied in the study: theoretical –analysis, interpretation, synthesis and generalization of scientific literature and laws; empirical – summarization of professional experience (teachers' reflection); and content analysis. Fourteen teachers of general subjects, participating in the study of integrated education, presented their reflection on the conducted educational activity by answering open-ended questions. Teachers were asked to express their opinion on the following aspects: what they think about integrated health care; what the integrated health education advantages are; what is the role of the health educator. The teachers' reflections were analysed employing the qualitative content analysis method. The integrated health education is affected by the level of the preparation of teachers and in general by his or her professional competences. On the other hand, believing in the importance of health educator's role as well as the ability to evaluate the theoretical and practical preparation, the ability to reflect on the health education activities and to share best practices with colleagues are also very important aspects. For the successful integration of health education, it is important that the teacher would become a member of developing school community, capable to convey health education knowledge, to develop healthy living skills and values of schoolchildren as well as the create the educational environment that supports and strengthens healthy living. The qualitative study has revealed that teachers believe that integrated health education contributes to the development of schoolchildren's health and healthy living building competences as well as to other general and subject-specific competences; it enables to change and direct schoolchildren attitudes and motivation towards the healthy living lifestyle, encourages and supports teachers in cooperation with each other and with the whole school community, the motivation to improve one's competences as a health educator. The study disclosed that teachers have different perceptions of responsibilities and their role in the process of integrated health education: some teachers perceive it as their duty, while the others emphasise the shared teachers and parents' responsibility for health education. Some teachers believe that this field is the responsibility of health education teachers – the assigned personnel.


How can technical changes within food crop cultivation in a country like Burkina Faso be explained? This is an important question for the reduction of poverty, for enhanced food security as well as for economic growth. Poor countries, where agriculture is dominating broad based economic growth, require increased productivity in food crop cultivation. This study builds on fieldwork from three villages, undertaken in 2001/2002 and in 2010. The villages are situated on the 'Mossi plateau' in central Burkina Faso, where chronic poverty is widespread. The study finds the character of diffusion channels and the role of social relations to be decisive in explaining access, choice and adoption of new techniques. The innovation system theory is found relevant, not least because of its focus on power structures and relations between actors. To further strengthen such systems, intermediary organizations should be supported and informal institutions transformed.


The vision of free expression that characterized much of the twentieth century is inadequate to protect free expression today.
The twentieth century featured a dyadic or dualist model of speech regulation with two basic kinds of players: territorial governments on the one hand, and speakers on the other. The twenty-first century model is pluralist, with multiple players. It is easiest to think of it as a triangle. On one corner are nation states and the European Union. On the second corner are privately-owned Internet infrastructure companies, including social media companies, search engines, broadband providers, and electronic payment systems. On the third corner are many different kinds of speakers, legacy media, civil society organizations, hackers, and trolls.
Territorial governments continue to regulate speakers and legacy media through traditional or "old-school" speech regulation. But nation states and the European Union also now employ "new-school" speech regulation that is aimed at Internet infrastructure owners and designed to get these private companies to surveil, censor, and regulate speakers for them. Finally, infrastructure companies like Facebook also regulate and govern speakers through techniques of private governance and surveillance.
The practical ability to speak in the digital world emerges from the struggle for power between these various forces, with old-school, new-school and private regulation directed at speakers, and both nation states and civil society organizations pressuring infrastructure owners to regulate speech.
If the characteristic feature of free speech regulation in our time is a triangle that combines new school speech regulation with private governance, then the best way to protect free speech values today is to combat and compensate for that triangle's evolving logic of public and private regulation. The first goal is to prevent or ameliorate as much as possible collateral censorship and new forms of digital prior restraint. The second goal is to protect people from new methods of digital surveillance and manipulation—methods that emerged from the rise of large multinational companies that depend on data collection, surveillance, analysis, control, and distribution of personal data.
This essay describes how nation states should and should not regulate the digital infrastructure consistent with the values of freedom of speech and press; it emphasizes that different models of regulation are appropriate for different parts of the digital infrastructure. Some parts of the digital infrastructure are best regulated along the lines of common carriers or places of public accommodation. But governments should not impose First Amendment-style or common carriage obligations on social media and search engines. Rather, governments should require these companies to provide due process toward their end-users. Governments should also treat these companies as information fiduciaries who have duties of good faith and non-manipulation toward their end-users. Governments can implement all of these reforms—properly designed—consistent with constitutional guarantees of free speech and free press.


The drive for low threshold and temperature-stable semiconductor lasers for telecommunication applications has led to a significant interest in quantum dot (QD) lasers emitting in the 1.3 mum and 1.5 mum wavelength range. The literature shows that although low threshold current densities can be achieved, this is usually at the expense of a poor temperature stability. Low-temperature and high-pressure measurements of the threshold current and its radiative component are performed on undoped and p-doped 1.3 mum InAs/GaAs and 1.5 mum InAs/InP (311)B QD lasers. The results show that despite a fairly temperature-stable radiative current around room temperature, undoped QD lasers suffer from a poor temperature stability of their threshold current. This is because there is a large contribution (70% and 90% of the threshold current at room temperature in 1.3 and 1.5 mum lasers, respectively) from a strongly temperature sensitive non-radiative Auger recombination process. Several pieces of evidence are found to explain the observed decrease of the radiative current, explained by an improvement of the carrier distribution with increasing temperature. We find that in p-doped devices the temperature dependence of the radiative component of the threshold current can be modified by the doping. In these devices the radiative current can decrease with increasing temperature around room temperature while the non-radiative current increases. This results in a small range of temperatures over which the threshold current is constant (from ~ 270 to 300 K). This effect is very sensitive to the doping concentration. If the doping concentration is carefully chosen, this can result in high T0 devices but with larger threshold currents than in comparable undoped lasers. Gain measurements reveal that the differential gain of p-doped lasers is less than that of the undoped devices because of the increased non-radiative current and the non-thermal distribution of the carriers induced by the doping. Finally, a new method is demonstrated to measure the band gap dependence of the Auger coefficient, C, using a combination of high hydrostatic pressure measurements coupled with gain calculations.


The objective was to determine impact factors that would allow Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Legionella pneumophila to survive sanitation measures of household drinking water systems. Therefore, different disinfectant concentrations were tested under different operating conditions in close-to-practice experiments. Particular attention was paid to the viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state of the pathogens. Legionella pneumophila was able to survive disinfection with ClO2 in a culturable state in the biofilm at 37 °C while successful sanitation could be achieved at 11 °C, however non-culturable cells were still present. Culturable P. aeruginosa outlasted disinfection in biofilms of pipes at elevated nutrient concentrations and in built-in parts at 37 °C. Overall, the VBNC state was not the predominant factor for its survival. Additional experiments showed that the lack of an autochthonous biofilm may promote the growth of P. aeruginosa . This emphasizes the importance of localization and elimination of contamination sources in a plumbing system before disinfection is performed and the need for compliance with operating conditions and construction requirements defined by generally recognized standards of good practice in Germany.


Responding to referrals regarding children who display sexually harmful behaviour (SHB) is a complex area of practice for qualified social work practitioners working in generic social work intervention, for example in Local Authority safeguarding teams. The government guideline Working Together to Safeguard Children (2006) was the first document to officially recognise this particular group of children in policy and suggest guidelines for intervention. It confirmed that children who display SHB were classified, and so should be responded to, as children in need and therefore required at least a Section 17 Child in Need Assessment (Children Act, 1989). This thesis examines the extent to which these guidelines were followed within a Local Authority by accessing 30 cases from their Integrated Children's System (ICS) – examining the recordings made by the social workers to explain their decision making and action taken.

Taking a critical realist grounded theory approach for social work research as recommended by Oliver (2012), ethnographic content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data from these recordings. Following this, semi-structured narrative interviews were used to explore the experiences of generic social work practitioners in this area of practice (children who display SHB), as well as the experiences of parents and other carers. These are presented in the form of thick description (Geertz 1973) in order to interpret the meaning of the actions and behaviour of the participants (Ponterotto 2006). This was completed from the perspective of a social work practitioner-researcher embedded in social work practice during the research process. There is value in practitioner participation in research as this, in effect, values the opinions and theories of social workers and ensures that the research conducted in local and specific (Oliver 2012).

These two areas of research reveal the individual journeys of children displaying SHB showing how they can be invisible to CSCS concluding that, initially, this was because when they were referred to CSCS they did not receive a consistent response, and it was difficult to find information regarding these children within ICS. The thesis went on to conclude that specifics about the children's behaviour were not recorded accurately, e.g. 'inappropriate sexualised behaviour' was a common term used. Finally, in relation to intervention, there was evidence of delays, and referrals to specialist services not being followed up – because sexually harmful behaviour was not always identified as such, opportunities for early intervention were missed.

Following these findings are recommended guidelines for how CSCS can work with children who display sexually harmful behaviour to ensure they become more visible and go on to receive the appropriate intervention. Generative mechanisms (i.e. the what) were identified for further research, in order to develop a theory using grounded theory. These include: societal norms; gender; age; class; professional judgement; focus of child protection; and bureaucracy.


Objective: Previous studies have found that purported health determinants of chiropractors per capita and medical doctors per capita, as well as other purported determinants of health, have an influence on health outcomes such as death rates. This study assesses the affects of the purported health determinants of age, educational attainment, chiropractors per capita, medical doctors per capita, and per capita income on death rates for the year 1990 in the United States. Methods: Health determinants of educational attainment for 1989, per capita income in 1990, percent of population 65 and older in 1990 (age), chiropractors per capita in 1990 and medical doctors per capita in 1990 for the 50 U.S. States and District of Columbia were correlated with the top three causes of death (heart disease, cancer, and cerebrovascular disease). Differences were also assessed by comparing death rates in jurisdictions having low versus high determinant values (i.e., jurisdictions having low versus high income). Results: Correlation of determinants with death rates, on average was strongest for age, followed by educational attainment, chiropractors per capita, per capita income, and medical doctors per capita. There were statistically significant differences in low versus high jurisdictions for age and educational attainment (four years of high school and four or more years of college) for all three death rate categories (p < 0.05). When considering medical doctors per capita, statistically significantly lower death rates were recorded for cerebrovascular disease. Conclusion: For the determinants assessed in this study, age showed the strongest relationship with the death rates, followed by educational attainment. The determinants of chiropractors per capita, medical doctors per capita, and per capita income exhibited weaker relationships with the death rates. Future research will seek to determine whether these findings are common to other years.


Henry Hobhouse was the first to recognise plants as a causal factor in history in his Seeds of Wealth. In this new book, he examines four plants: rubber, timber, tobacco and the wine grape, each of which enormously increased the wealth of those who dealt in them, created great new industries and changed the course of history. Ancient Rome's monopoly on wine production had huge economic and hygienic importance. Without rubber, there would have been no development of cars, buses and trucks, bicycles, waterproof clothing or even tennis balls and condoms. Tobacco has largely been condemned for its effects on health and its true role in history ignored. Tobacco has often been used in place of currency and its growth in Virginia supported a colony that produced much of the talent that made Independence possible. Timber shortages led the British Royal Navy to become dependent on American timber. The dearth of timber drove English coal mines deep, which led to the steam pumps, steam engines, and ultimately the Industrial Revolution. These are fascinating stories the effect of minutiae on the great waves of history. 'You cannot help but admire and enjoy the company of a man who takes such a novel and global view of history' Spectator


With limited financial sophistication, entrepreneurial consumers approach the financial marketplace more like retail financial consumers than like business customers. However, an assumption of both legislators and regulators is that business borrowers are more financially savvy than consumer borrowers and thus do not require protections that are as broad reaching. This gap between marketplace policy protections and the lived reality of the vast majority of small business entrepreneurs sets the stage for entrepreneurial consumers to fall through the regulatory cracks, creating the potential for exploitation and abuse. This situation may be exacerbated for minority entrepreneurs, who belong to protected classes that generally are more vulnerable to exploitation in marketplaces, including the small business lending marketplace. This article details the current status of the policy gap relative to minority entrepreneurial consumers and presents a matched-pair mystery shopping study to demonstrate the critical need for reliable, primary data to inform regulatory agencies as they work to implement appropriate protections to ensure equal access to credit across the small business lending marketplace.


Desensitization therapies have been used with modest success in kidney transplantation. Some candidates, however, have such great breadth and depth of anti-HLA antibodies that they remain incompatible with potential donors. Bortezomib has been used without much success in desensitization regimens, but we hypothesized that its use during induction may be helpful in targeting antibody production by long-lived plasma cells. This report describes a high-risk positive crossmatch son-to-mother transplant that was performed after desensitization. The induction immunosuppression was supplemented with bortezomib. Pre- and post-transplant immunosuppression, antibody monitoring, biopsy data, and the clinical course are described in detail. Following transplant, the patient had excellent early graft function. Serial biopsies did not reveal acute antibody mediated rejection. Despite excellent graft function, the patient underwent withdrawal of care and died due to complications of calciphylaxis and deconditioning. This case details the first report of bortezomib used as part of induction therapy in solid organ transplant. Donor specific antibody production remained stable after transplant, with near complete abrogation of class I specificities. There were no bortezomib-related complications.


For effective learning and training, virtual environments may provide lifelike opportunities, and researchers are actively investigating their potential for educational purposes. Minimal research attention has been paid to the integration of multi-user virtual environments (MUVE) technology for teaching and practicing real sports. In this chapter, the authors reviewed the justifications, possibilities, challenges, and future directions of using MUVE systems. The authors addressed issues such as informal learning, design, engagement, collaboration, learning style, learning evaluation, motivation, and gender, followed by the identification of required elements for successful implementations. In the second part, the authors talked about exergames, the necessity of evaluation, and examples on exploring the behavior of players during playing. Finally, insights on the application of sports exergames in teaching, practicing, and encouraging real sports were discussed.


In this paper, the multirate method is applied to the problem of simulating the dynamics of a power system which contains fast components such as induction machine loads and FACTS devices. Results concerning the numerical stability and accuracy of the multirate method are presented. Implementation concerns are also addressed by studying an example power system which contains a wide range of time response behavior.


Vegetable oils have been utilized in developing various types of bio-based materials in my research work. Bio-based polyhydroxy fatty acids have been subject to ring-opening epoxidized soybean oil with alkaline catalyst DBU to generate polyols with varying OH numbers. Polyurethane films were obtained using these polyols polymerized with isophrone diisocyanates. The polyhydroxy fatty acids were also used as internal emulsifiers in anionic polyurethane dispersion synthesis due to the presence of carboxylic acid groups in their structures. In addition, acrylated epoxidized soybean oil was involved in another project. 2-methyl aziridine was added to acrylic groups via Michael addition mechanism under mild conditions. The resulting aziridine-containing compound could be polymerized with bio-based polyacids rapidly at room temperature. Plus, thermal polymerization of soybean oil has been studied. The heat-bodied soybean oils were subject to ozonolysis followed by reduction in order to produce polyols with primary hydroxyls, which are relatively reactive. The principle of the research is to develop products with considerably high biocontent. The soaring price of petroleum has become a global issue so that industry and academia have been seeking bio-renewable substitutions which can be potentially converted to versatile products that have comparable properties to petroleum-based


Abstract. The main aim of this work is to investigate the influence of the beam's depth on the behavior of the externally-strengthened-with-CFRP beams, having shear deficiency. The Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis (NLFEA) has been utilized to construct and validate study models, which had been subjected to load till failure aiming to monitor their performance. Also, the cracking's first appearance, the increase rate of cracking according to loadings, and ductility were all put to observation. The NLFEA results indicated that strengthening the RC beams with externally-bonded CFRP enhanced the beams' shear capacity, in accordance to the study parameters. The strips of CFRP enhanced the beam's ultimate load by 15–19 %. In the NLFEA modelled beams, it had been noticed that the more the beam's depth, the less the shear span-to-depth ratio; as that ratio was 2.7 at a depth of 225 mm, where the ratio became 1.2 at a depth of 450 mm. The depth, of strengthened and control beams, was more influential on the beam's ultimate load than the resultant deflections. Also, the attained findings pointed out that the RC beam's depth had affected the cracking angle; as it was: 33°, 44°, 50°, and 54° at a beam's shear span-to-depth ratio of: 2.7, 1.9, 1.5, and 1.2, respectively. Had a shear crack exceeded the length of a CFRP strip, the stirrup would fail to get to its yield strength. In this case, the influence of the beams' depth is limited. Finally, the obtained NLFEA results were evaluated by comparing them to well-known shear strength models.


Content-based routing (CBR) provides a powerful and flexible foundation for distributed applications. Its communication model, based on implicit addressing, fosters decoupling among the communicating components, therefore meeting the needs of many dynamic scenarios, including mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Unfortunately, the characteristics of the CBR model are only rarely met by available systems, which typically assume that application-level routers are organized in a tree-shaped network with a fixed topology. In this paper, we present COMAN, a protocol to organize the nodes of a MANET in a tree-shaped network able to 1) self- repair to tolerate the frequent topological reconfigurations typical of MANETs and 2) achieve this goal through repair strategies that minimize the changes that may impact the CBR layer exploiting the tree. COMAN is implemented and publicly available. Here, we report about its performance in simulated scenarios, as well as in real-world experiments. The results confirm that its characteristics enable reliable and efficient CBR on MANETs.


Abstract Under the COVID-19 pandemic, the deaths of healthcare professionals have been increasingly reported worldwide. We performed a cross-sectional, observational study using news reports on the websites among selected countries as of April, 2020. We found 120 dead medical doctors due to COVID-19 in Western Europe and Asia-Pacific countries; 67 in Italy (47 in the Northern part), 34 in China (22 in Hubei), 6 in France, 4 in the UK, the US, and Spain, and 1 in South Korea, respectively. Among them, 90% were men, and specialties were reported as general practitioners for 30% and as physicians for 11.6%. The overall proportions of dead medical doctors amounted to 1.9 per 10,000 confirmed cases and 30.2 per 10,000 dead cases, respectively. Proactive measures are warranted to protect doctors especially who often encounters with COVID-19 patients.


In Consistency, Choice, and Rationality, economic theorists Walter Bossert and Kotaro Suzumura present a thorough mathematical treatment of Suzumura consistency, an alternative to established coherence properties such as transitivity, quasi-transitivity, or acyclicity. Applications in individual and social choice theory, fields important not only to economics but also to philosophy and political science, are discussed. Specifically, the authors explore topics such as rational choice and revealed preference theory, and collective decision making in an atemporal framework as well as in an intergenerational setting.


This article analyzes the writings of Berlioz on Wagner and, to a lesser extent, of Wagner on Berlioz, emphasizing the covert innuendoes of their verbal sparring during the period surrounding the Tannhaauser debacle at the Paris Opeera (1860) and Berlioz's tribulations with Les Troyens (ca. 1853––63). Because Berlioz's style and subtlety have worked against him in this famous rivalry, the priority goes to him, and especially to his magnum opus as critic, the volume A travers chants (1862). A selection from thirty years of music criticism both serious and light ("flying leaves"), A travers chants reveals itself as an unconventional counterpart to Wagner's treatises; as a tactical response to Wagner, both in the reprinted review of his 1860 concerts and in the structure, themes, and allusions of the text as a whole; as an object lesson in reading Berlioz, whose engaging clarity and humor can be more deceptive, in their ironic undertones, than the thickets of Wagner's famously tangled prose. This article interrogates some of that prose, revealing Wagner's deep ambivalence toward a predecessor of intimidating prestige to whom his music is frequently indebted——as Berlioz occasionally finds coded ways of reminding him. It shows Berlioz, for his part, continually sympathetic to the younger man's practical difficulties and high artistic ideals. And it shows him eventually coming to acknowledge the power and legitimacy of his music, despite strong aversion to Wagner's harmonic idiom and to the two cardinal points of his aesthetic: an "impious" insistence on the primacy of the word; belief in a musical progress culminating in his own Gesamtkunstwerk . In a late letter wrongly omitted from the Correspondance geeneerale (its authenticity and correct date are here established), Berlioz movingly implies the injustice of his earlier prejudice toward a practice sanctioned by his own unshakeable creed of artistic freedom.


Abstract: This work investigated the effects of Garcinia kola (bitter kola) on the normal flora of the mouth. Two methods were adopted in this work. In the first method, the bacterial load of saliva samples collected after chewing Garcinia kola for days 1-5 decreased drastically when compared to bacterial load from saliva samples collected without chewing G. kola . ln method two, Garcinia kola extract was obtained and impregnated on filter paper discs. These were used for sensitivity testing on samples collected from early morning mouth swabs of the volunteers. Various sizes of zones of inhibition were obtained and measured. The various results obtained from this research work, methods, 1and 2, showed that bitter kola possesses properties that reduces the bacterial load (normal flora: Streptococcus spp, Staphylococcus spp, Morexelle spp and Neisseria spp) of the mouth.


TAO FONG SHAN HONG KONG 8-12 APRIL 2002 I. Introduction Increasingly, communities of faith are being urged to support inter-religious initiatives that address social issues of common concern. International interfaith organizations seek the collaboration of national and international religious organizations in pursuing inter-religious initiatives around the globe. Civil fora call for the support of religious leaders. Governmental and intergovernmental institutions look to religious constituencies for leadership in providing moral education and social services. At the same time, intolerance and conflict among religious and ethnic communities in many parts of the world are growing, and in more than one country violence is now justified in the name of religion. During this consultation, the news has been preoccupied with accounts of communal violence in India and the escalating violence in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and participants have mentioned continuing religious strife in the Sudan, Indonesia, Pakistan, and other countries. The need for religious leaders and their constituencies to promote cooperation among diverse communities of faith has never been greater. Yet, a religious organization such as the World Council of Churches must also counsel its constituency to embrace initiatives that seem most likely to contribute to the peace and greater justice sought by all. Such counsel is especially relevant for the World Council of Churches, as many now consider what "ecumenism" should mean as churches face greater religious pluralism. A well-considered participation of the WCC in inter-religious initiatives is to the benefit of such endeavours. Therefore, this international consultation, sponsored by the World Council of Churches and hosted by Areopagos at Tao Fong Shan in Hong Kong with Buddhist, Christian, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim and Sikh participants, humbly offers the following reflections to churches and other communities of faith. II. Clarification of Purposes Inter-religious initiatives, which often speak of and promote "interfaith cooperation," have a wide variety of purposes, such as: * Preventing the manipulation of religious principles for political purposes. * Increasing tolerance, respect, and cooperation among different religious constituencies. * Identifying and promoting spiritual values shared by religious traditions. * Increasing appreciation of religious teachings among members of traditions of faith. * Encouraging support for freedom of religion under international law. * Supporting efforts for peace, reconciliation, justice and sustainable development. * Mobilizing actions to prevent or curtail violence in the name of religion. * Strengthening the social and legal institutions necessary for civil society. * Advising the United Nations and engaging in and supporting, as appropriate, UN programs and initiatives. * Presenting religious values in civil fora that address various social and economic concerns including hunger, poverty, refugees, environmental degradation, gender discrimination, etc. * Preventing the manipulation of political power for religious purposes. When considering involvement in an inter-religious initiative, the following questions deserve careful consideration: * What are the particular purposes of a proposed inter-religious initiative? * What activities are planned and how are the outcomes of these activities to be evaluated? * What religious constituencies are to be involved? * Who are the intended beneficiaries and what will be their expectations? Culture, language, history, political and social circumstances, economic considerations, and the particular religious constituencies and leaders involved will shape the outcomes of any inter-religious initiative. …


Farmers are the backbones of our nation. Their field work will reduce the peoples hunger and keeps the land fertile with green environment. At present, most of the traditional techniques of agriculture are replaced by the technologies. Modernization and modification of technology is helped a lot to the people to a maximum extent. Technology has brought up to consume the time and complete the work with less number of workers. Influence of technologies became a big metal ball to the agriculturist having less cultivation land and the small scale agriculturists of rural area. The technology made poor farmers to struggle for the workers. Information technology is speed enough to reach the information to almost all the farmers. As the technology sounded more, the people who were working in fields started turning towards the technology having family as they will get less work. So, poor farmers couldn't fulfil the demands of the workers in different ways. Some of the poor formers gave up the agriculture because of lack of workers. In fact small scales agriculturists are far from the utilization of technology list and their presence are disappeared. Author winded up the study with the highlighting the major problems faced by the small scale agriculturists in rural area. Some possible suggestions are mentioned to overcome from these difficulties to live stress less peaceful life.


Purpose
The present paper aims to focus on the Indian influence in the transfer of, the business of and consumer markets for Indian products, specifically, textiles from producers in the South Asian subcontinent to the lands to the east of Bali. This aspect of the influence of Indian products has received some attention in a general but not been sufficiently elucidated with regard to eastern Indonesia.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper is based on archival research, as well as secondary data, derived from the published sources on early trade in South Asia and the Indian Ocean world. The study includes data about the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, a Dutch-owned company, and its textile trade history with India and the Indonesian islands with a special focus on Patola textiles. Narratives and accounts provide an understanding of the Patola, including business development and related elite and non-elite consumption.

Findings
The paper shows how imported Indian textiles became indigenised in important respects, as shown in legends and myths. A search in the colonial sources demonstrates the role of cloth in gift exchange, alliance brokering and economic network-building in eastern Indonesia, often with important political implications.

Research limitations/implications
The study combines previous research on material culture and textile traditions with archival data from the early colonial period, thus pointing at new ways to understand the socio-economic agency of local societies.

Originality/value
Only mapping the purchase and ownership of trading goods to understand consumption is not enough. One must also regard consumption, both as an expression of taste and desire and as a way to reify a community of people.


High production rate and feed powder efficiency are critical in the HVOF hardfacing of aircraft landing gear, turbine, and actuator components traditionally electroplated with carcinogenic hard chromium. Desired improvements are hindered by rapid heat build-up in substrate component and thermal expansion mismatch between the carbide coating and steel, titanium or aluminum substrate. A new, cryogenic nitrogen gas (-195°C) cooling system has been developed which limits the thermal expansion and substrate softening problems, and enables a non-stop, gun-on-target spraying. Fully automated, the operation of the new AP LIN-Cooling System is based on thermal imaging of the entire substrate and multi-zone cooling with novel, cryofluidic nozzles. Thermal logs and images of components processed are saved by the system for quality auditing purposes. This paper presents results of industrial tests of the system during WC-10Co4Cr coating of Boeing 737 landing gear, demonstrating a 50% reduction in spraying time, corresponding reductions in the consumption of powder and HVOF gases, and additional labor savings due to the use of flexible masking, unfeasible with the traditional cooling methods. Analysis of residual stresses, structures and properties of the coating and AISI 4340 steel substrate shows that the cryogenic nitrogen cooling results in high-quality products.


Building a trustworthy knowledge base for mathematics teacher education—the mission of Mathematics Teacher Educator—requires that manuscripts convey more than stories of practice, however compelling. Manuscripts must include evidence of the effectiveness of the intervention being described beyond anecdotal claims or personal intuitions. As the Editorial Panel articulated in the call for manuscripts, "the nature of evidence in a practitioner journal is different from that in a research journal, but evidence is still critically important to ensuring the scholarly nature of the journal. Thus, authors must go beyond simply describing innovations to providing evidence of their effectiveness. Note that effectiveness implies that something is better and not just different as a result of the innovation." Hence, claims must be supported by evidence. In this editorial, I discuss the nature of evidence appropriate for articles in Mathematics Teacher Educator.


Surface plasmon polaritons are believed to be responsible for higher-than-expected light transmission through metallic films with subwavelength aperture arrays. Here we report the effect of aperture size increase on far-infrared transmission characteristics of such perforated films. The observed increase in the transmission efficiency and the redshift of the resonance frequency are consistent with a published theoretical model, which identifies radiation damping of surface plasmon polaritons as the driving mechanism behind these spectral changes. Optical properties of films with different lattice and aperture configurations, however, are found to respond distinctly to aperture enlargement and indicate the critical role of these parameters on the scattering of surface plasmon polaritons into electromagnetic radiation. The effects of radiation damping are also recognized in the angular dependence of the transmission spectra.


Predictive maintenance is becoming more and more important in many industries, especially taking into account the increasing focus on offering uptime guarantees to the customers. However, in automotive industry, there is a limitation on the engineering effort and sensor capabilities available for that purpose. Luckily, it has recently become feasible to analyse large amounts of data on-board vehicles in a timely manner. This allows approaches based on data mining and pattern recognition techniques to augment existing, hand crafted algorithms. Automated deviation detection offers both broader applicability, by virtue of detecting unexpected faults and cross-analysing data from different subsystems, as well as higher sensitivity, due to its ability to take into account specifics of a selected, small set of vehicles used in a particular way under similar conditions. In a project called Redi2Service we work towards developing methods for autonomous and unsupervised relationship discovery, algorithms for detecting deviations within those relationships (both considering different moments in time, and different vehicles in a fleet), as well as ways to correlate those deviations to known and unknown faults. In this paper we present the type of data we are working with, justify why we believe relationships between signals are a good knowledge representation, and show results of early experiments where supervised learning was used to evaluate discovered relations.


Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP) business strategies or so-called market-based approaches have been praised to tackle the problem of poverty by marketing to the BoP while generating new income opportunities for the private sector. Nevertheless, BoP business strategies and their successful implementation have been rather limited to date. Therefore, this thesis examines factors critical to the implementation of a market-based approach at the BoP and investigates how a successful supply chain of irrigation technologies can be built up. To that end, the different theoretical inputs consolidated under the concept of BoP 2.0 are considered. Then, the theoretical concept is reduced to three critical factors: partnerships, micro-finance and product-mix. The framework of the 4As – affordability, awareness, availability and acceptability – guides this analysis. Subsequently, the theoretical key components are critically contrasted with the example of International Development Enterprises (IDE) Ghana and complemented with empirical findings of this case study. Based on the theory and IDE Ghana's experience, a future roadmap for IDE Ghana is developed, especially with regard to the affordability factor. In other words, new models are presented on the basis of the introduction of a future solar treadle pump in order to address the critical factors investigated in the thesis. In particular, these new models illustrate how to combine innovative financing models with new product and service developments to the end of making irrigation technologies affordable to smallholder farmers in northern Ghana while generating income opportunities for the private sector. iii II.


In this article, the authors discuss asset allocation through the factor exposure lens. They argue that a factor dimension brings novel challenges, including ambiguity in investor objectives, a multitude of suitable factor definitions, and the time-varying nature of asset/factor correlations. Such new classes of uncertainties do not fit neatly into the probabilistic framework that is at the core of modern portfolio theory. As a remedy, the authors suggest leveraging fuzzy set theory, which has been specifically created to deal with ambiguities in process objectives, component definitions, and relationships. The authors review basics of the theory, illustrate how to apply it to portfolio optimization problems, and discuss practical application of such a fuzzy asset allocation framework. TOPICS: Factor-based models, portfolio theory, quantitative methods Key Findings ▪ Most existing factor-based asset allocation frameworks imply quasi-deterministic linkage between assets and factors. At the same time, a broad body of evidence supports the existence of a broad-stroke relationship. ▪ Introducing factor considerations into portfolio construction also brings genuinely novel challenges, including vagueness of related investor objectives, time-varying asset/factor relationships, and ambiguity of factor definitions. ▪ We show that using the so-called fuzzy set theory may serve as a simple and entirely intuitive framework for accommodating such challenges. Fuzzy set theory was originally introduced in the 1960s and since then has grown into a well-developed branch of applied mathematics and artificial intelligence. We illustrate the basics of the theory and the benefits of applying it to both factor asset allocation tasks and portfolio construction problems more generally.


In this paper we analyzed the Radio Frequency (RF) propagation characteristics of monopole antenna in MICAz mote. During the experimental analysis, two scenarios are considered. In Scenario-I, a pair of MICAz nodes (one transmitting and one receiving node) are placed on the ground and the RSSI is measured in presence of the ground effect. In Scenario-II, only the transmitting node is placed above the ground; however, the receiving node is placed on the ground. The RSSI is measured by changing the antenna orientation at different angles and distances between them. The results show that the ground effect, antenna orientation and distance between the sensor nodes drastically affect the RSSI.


A significant effort is being placed on silicon carbide ceramic matrix composite (SiC CMC) nuclear fuel cladding by Light Water Reactor Sustainability (LWRS) Advanced Light Water Reactor Nuclear Fuels Pathway. The intent of this work is to invest in a high-risk, high-reward technology that can be introduced in a relatively short time. The LWRS goal is to demonstrate successful advanced fuels technology that suitable for commercial development to support nuclear relicensing. Ceramic matrix composites are an established non-nuclear technology that utilizes ceramic fibers embedded in a ceramic matrix. A thin interfacial layer between the fibers and the matrix allows for ductile behavior. The SiC CMC has relatively high strength at high reactor accident temperatures when compared to metallic cladding. SiC also has a very low chemical reactivity and doesn't react exothermically with the reactor cooling water. The radiation behavior of SiC has also been studied extensively as structural fusion system components. The SiC CMC technology is in the early stages of development and will need to mature before confidence in the developed designs can created. The advanced SiC CMC materials do offer the potential for greatly improved safety because of their high temperature strength, chemical stability and reduced hydrogen generation.


Responsive visualizations adapt to effectively present information based on the device context. Such adaptations are essential for news content that is increasingly consumed on mobile devices. However, existing tools provide little support for responsive visualization design. We analyze a corpus of 231 responsive news visualizations and discuss formative interviews with five journalists about responsive visualization design. These interviews motivate four central design guidelines: enable simultaneous cross-device edits, facilitate device-specific customization, show cross-device previews, and support propagation of edits. Based on these guidelines, we present a prototype system that allows users to preview and edit multiple visualization versions simultaneously. We demonstrate the utility of the system features by recreating four real-world responsive visualizations from our corpus.


The cross section for pair production of top quarks (tt) with high transverse momenta is measured in pp collisions, collected with the CMS detector at the LHC with √s = 8 TeV in data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb^(−1). The measurement is performed using lepton + jets events, where one top quark decays semileptonically, while the second top quark decays to a hadronic final state. The hadronic decay is reconstructed as a single, large-radius jet, and identified as a top quark candidate using jet substructure techniques. The integrated cross section and the differential cross sections as a function of top quark p_T and rapidity are measured at particle level within a fiducial region related to the detector-level requirements and at parton level. The particle-level integrated cross section is found to be σ_(tt) = 0.499 ± 0.035(stat + syst) ± 0.095(theo) ± 0.013(lumi) pb for top quark p_T > 400 GeV. The parton-level measurement is σ_(tt) = 1.44 ± 0.10(stat ± syst) ± 0.29(theo) ± 0.04(lumi) pb. The integrated and differential cross section results are compared to predictions from several event generators.


Class III malocclusion is one of the dentofacial deformities that represents a challenge for orthodontists in terms of treatment and prognosis. Due to its complexity and aesthetic involvement, a lot of research have been undertaken to understand the mechanisms underlying the development of this growth deformity. Several studies have suggested a strong genetic contribution in the formation of class III malocclusion. Previous studies have implicated a region on chromosome 11 (11q22.2-q22.3) that is linked with class III phenotype in a Hispanic cohort (Frazier-Bowers et al., 2009). To further investigate the region and find genes that might affect the incidence of class III malocclusion, Dr. Hartsfield and Dr. Lorri Ann Morford at the University of Kentucky have selected and genotyped 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs666723, rs578169, rs1386719 and rs12416856) within the 11q22.2-22.3 region on two multi-generational family-based cohorts from Brazil and Colombia for multipoint linkage analysis. The families in each cohort had a high prevalence of class III malocclusion; and varied greatly in the size, structure, and number of affected individuals. Class III affected and unaffected individuals were diagnosed based on cephalometric measurements, models, photographs and/or oral examination. Maximum maximized LOD score (MMLS) and multipoint heterogeneity LOD scores (HLODs) maximized over different levels of heterogeneity, and two genetic models (reduced penetrance dominant and recessive), were generated using SimWalk2. To estimate the empirical significance of these multipoint HLODs, 1000 replicates of unlinked genotype data based on real data pedigree structures, affection status and pattern of missing genotypes were simulated for the Brazilian and Colombian cohort using SLINK and SIMULATE respectively. These replicates were then analyzed using SimWalk2 with the original maximizing mode of inheritance. Power was estimated similarly for each cohort by generating 1000 replicates of pedigree data linked to the SNP with the highest HLOD. The corresponding cohort-specific mode of inheritance was used for the power simulation genetic parameters. For the Brazilian cohort, the MMLS was observed for rs12416856 at 191.6 cM (HLOD=1.84), under a recessive mode of inheritance. The empirical significance for this HLOD was a p-value <0.001 and the empirical type 1 error threshold for α=0.05, was an HLOD equal to 1.6. The power for suggestive linkage (HLOD≥2) was 80%. For the Colombian cohort, the maximum MMLS was observed for rs578169 at 188.4 cM (HLOD=0.51), under a recessive mode of inheritance. The empirical significance for this HLOD was a p-value of 0.023 and the empirical type 1 error threshold for α=0.05, was an HLOD equal to 1.5. These results support potential linkage on chromosome 11.


Abstract Of this there can be no doubt: More than ever before, political scientists have something to say about teaching and learning. The volume of published SoTL scholarship in the discipline has increased greatly in recent years and continues to grow. But, is anyone listening? Are faculty reading this scholarship? More importantly, are faculty using insights from the research to enhance teaching and promote student learning? Interestingly, this is something about which we currently know very little. This project represents a first effort to explore these questions. We invited more than 5,000 political science faculty to participate in an online survey. The goals were twofold: to determine whether faculty use SoTL scholarship to enhance their teaching effectiveness and to determine meaningful differences that exist between faculty who use SoTL scholarship and those who do not. Our key findings are four. First, we find that a substantial majority of the discipline is listening. Over two-thirds of faculty surveyed indicate that they have used SoTL scholarship to enhance their teaching effectiveness. Second, although the discipline as a whole is listening, women faculty are more likely to be listening than their male colleagues. Our third finding is that about one-third of faculty have never looked to SoTL scholarship as a resource to enhance their teaching. Finally, although the vast majority of faculty see the practical value of SoTL scholarship, including those who have never used it, a substantial minority appear unconvinced.


OBJECTIVE
Despite a broad arsenal of antidepressants, about a third of patients suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) do not respond sufficiently to adequate treatment. Using the data pool of the Group for the Study of Resistant Depression and machine learning, we intended to draw new insights featuring 48 clinical, sociodemographic, and psychosocial predictors for treatment outcome.

METHOD
Patients were enrolled starting from January 2000 and diagnosed according to DSM-IV. Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) was defined by a 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) score ≥ 17 after at least 2 antidepressant trials of adequate dosage and length. Remission was defined by an HDRS score < 8. Stepwise predictor reduction using randomForest was performed to find the optimal number for classification of treatment outcome. After importance values were generated, prediction for remission and resistance was performed in a training sample of 400 patients. For prediction, we used a set of 80 patients not featured in the training sample and computed receiver operating characteristics.

RESULTS
The most useful predictors for treatment outcome were the timespan between first and last depressive episode, age at first antidepressant treatment, response to first antidepressant treatment, severity, suicidality, melancholia, number of lifetime depressive episodes, patients' admittance type, education, occupation, and comorbid diabetes, panic, and thyroid disorder. While single predictors could not reach a prediction accuracy much different from random guessing, by combining all predictors, we could detect resistance with an accuracy of 0.737 and remission with an accuracy of 0.850. Consequently, 65.5% of predictions for TRD and 77.7% for remission can be expected to be accurate.

CONCLUSIONS
Using machine learning algorithms, we could demonstrate success rates of 0.737 for predicting TRD and 0.850 for predicting remission, surpassing predictive capabilities of clinicians. Our results strengthen data mining and suggest the benefit of focus on interaction-based statistics. Considering that all predictors can easily be obtained in a clinical setting, we hope that our model can be tested by other research groups.


This study explores various aspects of how Mindfulness practices and Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction may help reduce anxiety in students who selectively remain silent. This research project is organized as a manuscript thesis and has a conceptual focus. The introductory chapter provides an overview to the area of study. An introduction to the history, etiology and treatment of selective mutism is reviewed followed by a discussion regarding the potential impacts these symptoms have on selectively mute students in regards to education, relationships, self-identity and self-concept. The next chapter examines the physiological effects of anxiety disorders as they may apply to the phenomena of selective mutism. Following this, the history and concept of mindfulness is discussed and the work of Jon Kabat-Zinn is examined with his development of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction program and how this may serve as a practical intervention for educational professionals to use in schools to support selectively mute students. To conclude, an inquiry into potential effects of MBSR in the classroom and future implications for researching mindfulness practices in supporting selective mutism is proposal.


This article presents the state-of-the-art in optimal solution methods for decentralized partially observable Markov decision processes (Dec-POMDPs), which are general models for collaborative multiagent planning under uncertainty. Building off the generalized multiagent A* (GMAA*) algorithm, which reduces the problem to a tree of one-shot collaborative Bayesian games (CBGs), we describe several advances that greatly expand the range of Dec-POMDPs that can be solved optimally. First, we introduce lossless incremental clustering of the CBGs solved by GMAA*, which achieves exponential speedups without sacrificing optimality. Second, we introduce incremental expansion of nodes in the GMAA* search tree, which avoids the need to expand all children, the number of which is in the worst case doubly exponential in the node's depth. This is particularly beneficial when little clustering is possible. In addition, we introduce new hybrid heuristic representations that are more compact and thereby enable the solution of larger Dec-POMDPs. We provide theoretical guarantees that, when a suitable heuristic is used, both incremental clustering and incremental expansion yield algorithms that are both complete and search equivalent. Finally, we present extensive empirical results demonstrating that GMAA*-ICE, an algorithm that synthesizes these advances, can optimally solve Dec-POMDPs of unprecedented size.