Long before the blockbuster movie "42" was conceived, Pat Williams told the story of the courage, commitment and character of Jackie Robinson. Pat Williams is a master storyteller. Through deeply inspiring examples using Jackie's own words and actions, "How to Be Like Jackie Robinson" proves that, not only is he one of our greatest heroes, but he is also one of our greatest teachers. Unlike most biographies on Jackie Robinson, this book profiles his amazing life and offers valuable lessons drawn from his experiences that directly apply to practical, everyday improvement and personal success. "How to Be Like Jackie Robinson" is one of the ten dynamic books in the "How to Be Like" character biography series, which draws out important lessons from the life of each subject. When Jackie Robinson stepped onto Ebbets Field on April 15th, 1947, he broke the color line -- the first African-American ever to play baseball in the major leagues. Robinson was not only a baseball hero, but also an amazing agent for social change who played an invaluable role in the civil rights movement. On and off the field, Robinson was a man of great talent, character and courage--a true hero and great national treasure. In this book based on more than 1,000 interviews, Pat Williams tackles one of the most influential people in recent history. Fans will discover not only how Jackie Robinson became one of the most amazing athletes in baseball, but just as importantly, how they can learn from many of his life choices and experiences.


Research indicates an individual's tendency to ruminate in response to seasonal changes predicts the severity of seasonality as well as Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). However, research on the relationship between other coping strategies and SAD is sparse. My hypothesis was that maladaptive coping strategies such as mental disengagement would be related to higher levels of SAD. My research used archival data from 607 undergraduate students who reported on SAD symptoms and a variety of other measures. Statistically significant differences between coping strategies were found for women and men. In addition, predictors of seasonality were not consistent across gender. The present study identifies gender-specific factors related to seasonality.


Dinuclear complexes of Mn(II), Fe(II) and Zn(II) were synthesized by using the mononuclear complexes of such metals as precursor. These dinuclear complexes formed by the inter- complex Schiff base reaction. The physicochemical data were established by metal estimation and elemental analysis. The effective magnetic moment and electronic spectral data supported the tetrahedral environment of the metal ions. Spectroscopic methods like infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy and thermal analysis were used for structure elucidation of the complexes. Mass spectrometry was used for confirmation of molecular mass and fragmentation pattern of the complexes. Powder diffraction pattern suggested the crystalline nature with the tetragonal symmetry of the complexes.


The common law often is casually referred to as an iterative process without much attention given to the detailed attributes such processes exhibit. This Article explores this characterization, uncovering how common law as an iterative process is one of endless repetition that is simultaneously stable and dynamic, self-similar but evolving, complex yet simple. These attributes constrain the systemic significance of judicial discretion and also confirm the wisdom of traditional approaches to studying and learning law. As an iterative system, common law exhibits what physicists call sensitive dependence on initial conditions. This generates a path dependency from which it may be hard to escape. Escape occurs through a second attribute of iterative processes, called self-similarity. Self-similarity in an iterative process exists when the output of one operation closely resembles the output in the next operation. Applications of an existing rule to new disputes bear that quality when disputes generated by the rule's initial conditions continue to be resolved in the same way. Non-self-similar applications of a rule involve departures from earlier formulations. When self-similarity dominates, the population of disputes cognizable under a rule is stable. Evolution and articulation of social norms promotes growth of non-self-similarity which threatens stability in the population of disputes. Such threats and path dependency created by initial conditions are overcome by what this Article calls judicial bifurcation, meaning a splintering of the input rule in a later dispute so that the population of disputes attracted by the population of rules regains stability. This produces a dominant systemic tendency towards stability in the population of disputes attracted by the population of rules. This systemic tendency puts limits on the systemic significance of judicial discretion. The fabric of the common law absorbs social norms, more than any idiosyncratic prejudices or tastes of particular judges. Importance of facts captured by sensitive dependence on initial conditions entails a substantial complexity in law that demands a close and careful reading of individual cases to understand law. Yet resulting systemic stability and influence of bifurcations reveal a systemic simplicity in the common law process, entailing also a need to study rhythms of case law dispute resolution.


Deep sea water (DSW) has health benefits and is widely used as food supplement; however, its effect in fermented products has not been explored. Here, we investigated the effect of DSW-containing yogurt on health-related serum parameters and intestinal microbiota in mice. Animals were assigned to 3 feeding groups, which received water (control), normal yogurt (N-yogurt), or DSW-containing yogurt (DSW-yogurt) with a basal diet. Mice were killed at wk 4 or 8 of feeding and analyzed for serum parameters and microbial population in the small intestine. Both yogurt groups demonstrated increased populations of intestinal lactic acid bacteria compared with the control group. The activity of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase was markedly decreased in the DSW-yogurt and N-yogurt groups, and triglyceride level tended to be lower in the DSW-yogurt group compared with that in the control mice. Furthermore, the DSW-yogurt group showed a more significant decrease in the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol than did the N-yogurt group. These findings suggest that DSW supplementation of yogurt can increase its beneficial effects on lipid metabolism.


Prepared by the Task Committee on Outdoor Human Comfort of the Aerodynamics Committee of ASCE. This report describes state-of-the-art methods for assessing and improving outdoor human comfort. Factors affecting outdoor comfort are wind, air temperature, humidity, sun, and precipitation. Wind, in particular, is greatly affected by large buildings, and many modern developments are wind-tunnel tested to examine how wind flows around new buildings will affect pedestrians. This report discusses testing methods and criteria for assessing comfort and safety. Criteria are expressed in terms of both threshold wind speeds for discomfort and also the percentage of time that conditions should be below those thresholds. Historically, wind and its mechanical effects—such as picking up dust, impairing balance, or blowing people over—were the factors receiving the most attention. More recently, however, methods have been developed to address other factors, such as solar radiation, air temperature, and humidity. Topics include: elements of the microclimate; methods of determining wind conditions; wind criteria and control measures; and assessing thermal comfort.


U.S. government concerns about great disparities in housing conditions are at least 100 years old. For the first 50 years of this period, U.S. housing crises were widely considered to stem from the failure of the construction industry to adopt new technology -- in particular, factory production methods. The introduction of these methods in many industries had already greatly narrowed the quality of goods consumed by low- and high-income Americans. It was widely known why the industry failed to adopt these methods: Monopolies in traditional construction blocked and sabotaged them. Very little has changed in the last 50 years. The industry still fails to adopt factory methods, with monopolies, like HUD and NAHB, blocking attempts to adopt them. As a result, the productivity record of the construction industry has been horrendous. One thing has changed. Today there is very little discussion of factory-built housing; of the very few that recognize the industry's failure to adopt factory methods, there is no realization that monopolies are blocking the methods. That these monopolies, in particular, HUD and NAHB, can cause so much hardship in our country, and through misinformation and deceit cover it up, seems almost beyond belief. But, unfortunately, it's a history that is not uncommon. There are many other industries where monopolies have inflicted great harm on Americans, like the tobacco industry, yet through misinformation and deceit cover up the great harm.


Abstract The sand-prone fluvial Delft Sandstone Member of the Nieuwerkerk Formation is the main target for geothermal exploitation in the West Netherlands Basin. Uncertainty reduction in the modelling of permeability heterogeneity and connectivity of the sandstone reservoir units is of prime importance in the low-profit geothermal energy market. Lithostratigraphic correlation of the Delft Sandstone Member dates back to the 1970s, and considers the fluvial deposits as Valanginian (140–134 Ma) in age and synchronously deposited throughout the basin. Analysis of newly-acquired palynological data, in combination with well-log correlation and seismic interpretation, enabled the construction of a sequence-stratigraphic framework for the Nieuwerkerk Formation, in which the fluvial sandstones were deposited in a much wider age range than previously believed, from Late Ryazanian to Valanginian (142–134 Ma). The depocentre of fluvial deposition shifted in time from NE to SW across the width of the basin. This diachronous development resulted in a discontinuous spatial arrangement of fluvial sandstones. The new reservoir architecture model will aid in the well placement of geothermal doublets and the assessment of interference risk of adjacent geothermal projects.


In this award-winning collection, the bestselling author of "Gilead" offers us other ways of thinking about history, religion, and society. Whether rescuing "Calvinism" and its creator Jean Cauvin from the repressive "puritan" stereotype, or considering how the McGuffey readers were inspired by Midwestern abolitionists, or the divide between the Bible and Darwinism, Marilynne Robinson repeatedly sends her reader back to the primary texts that are central to the development of American culture but little read or acknowledged today.A passionate and provocative celebration of ideas, the old arts of civilization, and life's mystery, "The Death of Adam" is, in the words of Robert D. Richardson, Jr., "a grand, sweeping, blazing, brilliant, life-changing book."


In 2016 the Alcohol Forum, selected clinical services and the Department of Public Health Medicine (DPHM),  HSENE, HSENW and HSEW, collaborated on an exercise to scope the availability of data to describe alcohol-related harm in Ireland. The intention was to identify quality assured databases that provided data at county level to allow the development of a County Alcohol Harm profile for each county in Ireland. The purpose of the profile was to provide a baseline from which trends could be measured and to inform local planning and action to reduce alcohol harm. The profiles have the potential to become an important tool for a range of organisations and structures operating at the County level.


Background Screening of patients for common mental disorders (CMDs) is needed in primary-care management programmes. This study aimed to compare the screening properties of five widely used questionnaires. Method Adult attenders in five primary-care settings in India were recruited through systematic sampling. Four questionnaires were administered, in pairs, in random order to participants: the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ, 12 items); the Primary Health Questionnaire (PHQ, nine items); the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10, 10 items), and from which we could extract the score of the shorter 6-item K6; and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ, 20 items). All participants were interviewed with a structured lay diagnostic interview, the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R). Results Complete data were available for 598 participants (participation rate 99.3%). All five questionnaires showed moderate to high discriminating ability; the GHQ and SRQ showed the best results. All five showed moderate to high degrees of correlation with one another, the poorest being between the two shortest questionnaires, K6 and PHQ. All five had relatively good internal consistency. However, the positive predictive value (PPV) of the questionnaires compared with the diagnostic interview ranged from 51% to 77% at the optimal cut-off scores. Conclusions There is little difference in the ability of these questionnaires to identify cases accurately, but none showed high PPVs without a considerable compromise on sensitivity. Hence, the choice of an optimum cut-off score that yields the best balance between sensitivity and PPV may need to be tailored to individual settings, with a higher cut-off being recommended in resource-limited primary-care settings.


Despite the evidence for existing biases in social judgment, people often fail to recognize biases in their own social judgments. This study investigated whether people become aware of their own susceptibility to various biases by experiencing visual illusions that challenge confidence in personal perceptions. A total of 88 participants were grouped by whether or not they gazed at illusory motion graphics and by whether they rated themselves or others on bias susceptibility. Participants who gazed at visual illusions rated themselves as having more biases in their social judgments than participants who did not see visual illusions. These findings suggest that bias denial may partially result from insufficient opportunities to recognize inaccuracies in personal perceptions.


In this volume, Richard J. Clifford seeks to make the biblical wisdom literature intelligible to modern readers. It is easy to quote the occasional proverb, say a few things about "the problem of evil" in Job, or quote "vanity of vanities, " but far more rewarding to read the whole book with an appreciative and informed eye. Opening chapters of The Wisdom Literature comment on the striking similarities between ancient and modern "wisdom literature" and on the comparable literature from ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Canaan. Thereafter, a chapter is devoted to each biblical book (Proverbs, Job, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Sirach, and Wisdom of Solomon), studying not only its content but also its rhetoric - how it engages the reader.


Cultural Resource Laws and Practice: An Introductory Guide, 2nd Edition. THOMAS F. KING. Altamira Press, Walnut Creek, CA, 2004. 384 pp., figs., biblio., appendices, index. $26.95 (paper), ISBN 978-0-7591-0474-3; $72.00 (cloth), 978-0-7591-0474-7. Reviewed by Kurt Perkins Who can tell me what a MFASAQHE is? Those who have no idea what this means are not alone, it stands for Major Federal Action Significantly Affecting the Quality of the Human Environment. For any archaeologists or other cultural resource professionals that had trouble with this term or any others that deal with cultural resource law, Thomas King's Cultural Resource Laws & Practice: An Introductory Guide (second edition) is a resource worth looking into. The volume is part of the Heritage Resources Management Series through the University of Nevada, Reno, edited by Don Fowler and printed through Altamira Press. King takes the subject of cultural resource law and produces a very readable text. He does this by spelling out the laws and practices and by integrating examples as well as some of his own experiences. The book is primarily about federal laws and the regulations, standards, and guidelines that deal with the issue of cultural resources (p. 4). However, this is not the only subject in the book. King also addresses problems within the federal laws as well as their implementation. Cultural resource law can be a difficult maze to follow, especially when one has very little experience navigating through federal laws (let alone state and local ones). King's work describes the major cultural resource legislation so that it is easy to understand. He also identifies which laws and regulations are applicable to certain projects as well as how one might go about preparing the documentation and reports in order to comply with particular laws. The audience for this book includes students and archaeologists who have had little to no experience with cultural resource management. It is meant for those who have just entered the world of CRM and have only limited knowledge of the laws that govern cultural resources. However, those unfamiliar with the subject may find the acronyms, abbreviations, and laws to be a bit overwhelming and confusing. King easily solved this problem by compiling Appendix 1: a quick and easy guide to all of the acronyms, abbreviations, and terms used, and Appendix 2: definitions for several of the terms used throughout the book. The book is broken down into three sections, the first of which is called "Background and Overview," which consists of three chapters. The second section, "Law and Practice," consists of chapters 4 to 6, and the third and final section is titled "Bringing is all Together," which also consists of three chapters. Chapter 1 outlines the purpose of the book, specifically to help make sense of the laws and regulations that deal with cultural resources. It covers subjects such as what are cultural resources, compliance challenges, the social impact of cultural resources management, and concludes with the first of many topical personal reflections that are interspersed throughout the rest of the book. King devotes several pages to a section he calls "It Depends," words, he explains, that are "two of the most common words you'll find in this book (p. 15)." This is due to the fact that there are few hard-and-fast rules in CRM and everything in CRM depends on something else. Even though this phrase appears often, King does a good job of explaining its complexities and how there are few open-ended ambiguities in the book. Chapter 2 summarizes the history of cultural resource laws within the United States. King begins the brief history in 1800 and carries it through to the present day. The chapter includes sechons on the National Historic Preservation Act, the birth of CRM, ARPA, and how the laws and regulations changed by decade and presidency. Chapter 3, "The Players," talks about various federal agencies that enact as well as follow federal laws and guidelines. …


Objectives: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a static encephalopathy with abnormal reflexes that cause motor developmental delay. In addition to conventional methods, complementary medicine like homeopathy has been used in treatment of neuro-developmental disorders. This study has been done to determine the effect of adding homeopathic treatment to rehabilitation on abnormal reflexes of children with spastic cerebral palsy. Methods: In this study by using minimization technique subjects were divided to case and control groups. The routine rehabilitation techniques were done in 4 months in both groups. The control group received placebo and the case group received homeopathy drugs. Primitive, spinal, brain stem, midbrain, cortical reflexes and automatic movement reaction in the beginning and the end of four months were assessed and compared in two groups. Data collected by assessment forms, direct observations and examinations. Results: The average age in case and control groups was 28, 28.4 months respectively. Primitive reflexes: Palmar Grasp reflex in 14.3% of cases has improved but in control group has no differences (PV=0.681). Plantar Grasp and walking reflex in two groups before and after intervention have no differences (PV=1). Moro reflex in 28.6% of cases and 11.1% of controls improved (PV=0.408). Conclusions: Regarding to proved effects of homeopathy mentioned in different articles on physical status of children with CP as well as executive limitations, it is not possible to reject the effects of homeopathy on reflexes of children with CP.As homeopathy is young in Iran, it is recommended to make researches about effects of homeopathy on neurodevelopmental disorders.


Product-oriented companies are moving more and more into the service business. As market competition rises and clear technological superiority is not only hard to achieve but especially hard to maintain, companies find new opportunities of differentiating themselves from competitors through service offerings. Starting with product-related services companies move along the transition line from products to services and finally offer a broad range of services including sophisticated customer support services. During this reorientation in a company's vision and objectives changes in its organizational arrangement regarding the service-sales and -delivery are to expect. Traditional manufacturing companies mostly start into service business with an integrated approach for service-sales and delivery. We observed in a survey based on 212 answers, that the separation of service business from product business offers possibilities in terms of higher service-orientation of corporate culture, a higher service-orientation of human resource management and better financial service-related performance outcomes. We assumed that the integration of service business in product-oriented functions limits the development of professional service business on companies' transformation towards service business.
Additionally to the findings from the survey the paper provides an analysis based on 9 in-depth case studies to examine relevant impacts of organizational structures limiting service-related performance outcomes. On the one hand side the analysis follows the contingency approach and on the other hand side a dialectical approach is applied to understand the need for organizational change when moving towards professional service business. We start from a strategic level to understand the implications on organizational structures and the development of a service-portfolio as well as service-sales. As one of the brake shoes for developing a company towards a solution-provider we identified conflicts between different entities within the company, but going deeper into the case-studies we observed, that these conflicts could be understood as drivers for the change from products to service as well. Finally we understood that strategy-translation and conflict-management are two key elements for a successful transformation from product-business to service business, but have never been elaborated in detail. We identified appropriate structures which drive service business and furthermore draw a picture on most important conflicts which need to be solved before or during the change towards the self-conception of a company as a service-provider.


Pacitan represent one of karst area marked with existence of cave. Cave are one of form ecosystem where without there light, high dampness, and constant temperature relative during the year. This matter cause fauna which life in adapt physiology morphology and that disappearing body pigment, reducing of it eyesight organ and length sensory organ. Research of macroscopic fauna cave water of Somopuro, Papringan, Kalipucung, Surupan and Beji cave represent one of the way to know diversity macroscopic fauna cave water of Pacitan. The purpose of this research is to know fauna types which finding each cave, distribution and kind of fauna type in territorial water of cave. Ecological parameter the used is density, important value index and frequency. While environmental parameter which using temperature, light intensity and dampness. This Research type represent descriptive with method intake of total sample (totalize sampling counting) that is making of zonasi pursuant to division of zone cave region of I (zone cave entrance), zone of II (regional of cave which still there are a few or little light) and zone of III ( dark zone) which started from zone trap cave ( To Bottom Top). Subject Research is all macroscopic fauna which life territorial water of cave. Research conducted in cave of Somopuro, Papringan, Kalipucung, Surupan and of Beji cave on 06 up to 16 July 2007. Later then identify to be conducted in Laboratory Fishery of Muhammadiyah University on 1 up to 18 January 2008.Analysis use density, important value index and frequency for ecological parameter of diversity index. Result of research show a success fauna found that is Parathelpusa maculata, Macrobranchium nipponese, Palaemonentes sp and Poecilia reticulata. Analysis ecology parameter form of absolute density gyrate 0,09-0,14 / m?, density relative gyrate 0,27-1,8, absolute frequency and relative 0,35-1 and important value 0,79-2 where density, highest important value and frequency at Palaemonente sp lowest at Macrobranchium nipponese. While the highest diversity index in Papringan cave is 4,61 where including means. Forming adaptation shown at Palaemonentes sp in Kalipucung cave and Beji, Macrobranchium nipponese in Somopuro cave. Later then distribution is each fauna cave water at zone I and II. download


A century and a half ago, casting a vote in the United States was an engaging social experience, as voters at the polls talked with friends, threw down shots of free whiskey, listened to lively entertainment, and generally had a good time (McGerr 1986). According to Altschuler and Blumin (2000, 75)We are grateful to Pam Lamonaca and Nicole Batdorf, who played a key role in organizing Election Day festivals, and Timothy Ryan and Marcos Luis, who helped in all phases of this project. We also thank Dan Winslow, whose ideas about raising turnout were an impetus for this project, and Dan Bergan and Beth Weinberger, who commented on earlier drafts. The studies described here were funded by generous grants from the Institution for Social and Policy Studies at Yale, the Tufts Summer Scholars Program, and Working Assets, none of which bear responsibility for the content of this report.


Results of research undertaken to evaluate the educational needs of the emerging field of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) are presented, and whether course offerings in academic programs meet these needs is ascertained. A survey was conducted to determine needs for ITS education among public- and private-sector entities and to assess the perception of the academic sector on the type and level of ITS education to be offered. The results indicate that academic programs are aware of the educational needs of the private and public sectors in ITS and have been reacting to those needs. A traditional civil engineering curriculum is inadequate to educate engineers in ITS, thus the ITS educational program must be inter-(or cross-) disciplinary. Focus should be on the areas that are not traditionally part of civil engineering education such as communications, traffic surveillance, systems analysis, and social and institutional issues. The results are intended primarily to provide a guideline for universities to develop the content of an ITS program by identifying the type of program structure as well as the topics to be covered in the courses. A case study is presented of how such a program was implemented at the graduate level at the New Jersey Institute of Technology.


The Iowa Radon Lung Cancer Study (IRLCS) was a multiyear (1992-1997), population-based, case-control epidemiological study that evaluated the association between residential 222 Rn exposure and the incidence of lung cancer among women in Iowa. During the course of the IRLCS, 936 alpha track detector measurements were made for quality assurance purposes (spikes, duplicates, blanks). This report summarises the accuracy and precision of the 222 Rn measurements made by alpha track detectors. These detectors exhibited good accuracy and precision during the course of the study and met United States Environmental Protection Agency standards for performance.


At a theoretical level, preference for complexity was considered within the framework of creativity with the emphasis upon self-actualization as opposed to productivity. The experimental work can be divided into three main sections. I. A developmental sample of 284 children, aged from 6 to 18, and 64 parents stated their preferences to three measures comprising stimuli varying in complexity: the Revised Art Scale (RA) of the Welsh Figure Preference Test, Berlyne's Figures, and the Random Polygons, the principal score on the latter measure being the Polygon X or the average of the number of points on the figures the subject liked. In general, there is consistency of simplicity—complexity preference. Therefore, it seems more reasonable to propose that such preference taps an underlying simplicity—complexity dimension of personality. Additional evidence relevant to the construct validity of complexity preference as an index of self- actualization was provided by the study with the 53 ESN children and the study with the 19 fifth-form art students. Separating the sample into developmental subgroups, it was seen that the 6- to 7- year-olds and the adults tended to prefer less complexity on the RA and Berlyne's Figures; however, between the ages of 8 and 18, there was little change in complexity preference. The majority of subjects liked a moderate amount of complexity, that is, had scores falling within the medium range (1O-14) on the Polygon X. Furthermore, on the basis of cluster analyses, which aligned the RA, Berlyne's Figures, and the Polygon X in low, medium, and high terms, the largest number of subjects were placed in the medium scoring clusters. II. Impression Formation Tests, one suitable for children and one for adults, were administered for the purpose of discovering whether complexity preference indicates that an individual attempts to structure complexity. For the 231 children tested, no relation emerged between complexity preference and impression formation ability. For the 64 adults, positive correlations occurred between impression formation ability and complexity preference on the RA and Berlyne's Figures. Reasons for the disjunction between the children's and the adults' results were discussed. III. Responses of parents in relation to those of their children were also examined. It was suggested that it might be important to take account of the effect of both parents, as a family entity, upon the child's complexity preference. Throughout, the findings have been interpreted with a view to the lines which future research might profitably take.


Hadoop has become an attractive platform for large-scale data analytics. In this paper, we identify a major performance bottleneck of Hadoop: its lack of ability to colocate related data on the same set of nodes. To overcome this bottleneck, we introduce CoHadoop, a lightweight extension of Hadoop that allows applications to control where data are stored. In contrast to previous approaches, CoHadoop retains the flexibility of Hadoop in that it does not require users to convert their data to a certain format (e.g., a relational database or a specific file format). Instead, applications give hints to CoHadoop that some set of files are related and may be processed jointly; CoHadoop then tries to colocate these files for improved efficiency. Our approach is designed such that the strong fault tolerance properties of Hadoop are retained. Colocation can be used to improve the efficiency of many operations, including indexing, grouping, aggregation, columnar storage, joins, and sessionization. We conducted a detailed study of joins and sessionization in the context of log processing---a common use case for Hadoop---, and propose efficient map-only algorithms that exploit colocated data partitions. In our experiments, we observed that CoHadoop outperforms both plain Hadoop and previous work. In particular, our approach not only performs better than repartition-based algorithms, but also outperforms map-only algorithms that do exploit data partitioning but not colocation. 8.


We present a scalable parallel solver for the pressure Poisson equation in fluids simulation which can accommodate complex irregular domains in the order of a billion degrees of freedom, using a single server or workstation fitted with GPU or Many-Core accelerators. The design of our numerical technique is attuned to the subtleties of heterogeneous computing, and allows us to benefit from the high memory and compute bandwidth of GPU accelerators even for problems that are too large to fit entirely on GPU memory. This is achieved via algebraic formulations that adequately increase the density of the GPU-hosted computation as to hide the overhead of offloading from the CPU, in exchange for accelerated convergence. Our solver follows the principles of Domain Decomposition techniques, and is based on the Schur complement method for elliptic partial differential equations. A large uniform grid is partitioned in non-overlapping subdomains, and bandwidth-optimized (GPU or Many-Core) accelerator cards are used to efficiently and concurrently solve independent Poisson problems on each resulting subdomain. Our novel contributions are centered on the careful steps necessary to assemble an accurate global solver from these constituent blocks, while avoiding excessive communication or dense linear algebra. We ultimately produce a highly effective Conjugate Gradients preconditioner, and demonstrate scalable and accurate performance on high-resolution simulations of water and smoke flow.


The irradiation of cells combined with the immunoconjugate of gold nanoparticles by the short pulse laser can make the plasma membrane be transiently permeabilized, which can be used to transfer exogenous molecules into the cells. We explore this technique as a novel gene transfection method for floating cells. Three different floating cells exposed to the laser are selectively transfected with fluorescein isothiocyanatedextran, antibody, and green fluorescent protein (GFP) coding plasmids, and the viability of cells are determined by propidium iodide. For fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran, the best transfection efficiency of 65% is obtained; for the antibody, it is 74%; whereas for the green fluorescent protein coding plasmids, a very small transfection efficiency is gained. If the transfection efficiency is improved, gold nanoparticles will be very useful as mediator for gene transfection in living cells.


MARKETING In the 21 st century, green consumer behavior, playing one of the core roles of sustainability, is still an important issue to green-related stakeholders. Because one of the major objectives of green-consumer research is an improvement of behaviors aligned with greening, this paper revisited socio-demographic variables and shed light on segmenting and profiling green consumers based on their connectedness between socio-demographic variables and green behaviors. Using correlations, factor analysis, analysis of variance, k-means cluster analysis and χ 2 -tests, this paper shows that socio-demographic variables differentially impact green-consumer behaviors. In order to profile green consumers, this paper additionally attempts to segment green-consumer groups. The results also coincide with former findings that socio-demographic variables relate significantly with segmented green-consumer group behaviors. General findings are summarized as: 1) older people used green practices more strongly than younger people, 2) females demonstrated better energy-saving and recycling practices compared to males, 3) marital status also significantly influenced green-related behaviors, 4) subjective social class had a significant influence on green-related behaviors, 5) education level and income, however, weakly influenced or showed no impact on green-related behaviors, and 6) a green consumer was classified as an 'active green consumer,' 'utilitarian green consumer,' or 'inactivated green consumer.' The utilitarian green consumer group distinctively behaved more strongly in energy-saving and recycling practices compared to the inactivated green consumer group, whereas active green consumers behaved more strongly on the whole, when compared to those in the inactivated green consumer group.


Dissecting older kernels including their problems can be educational and an entertaining review of where we have been. In this session, we examine the older Linux kernel version 0.11 and discuss some of our findings. The primary reason for selecting this historical kernel is that we have found that the current kernel's vast quantity of source code is far too complex for hands-on learning purposes. Since the 0.11 kernel has only 14,000 lines of code, we can easily describe it in detail and perform some meaningful experiments with a runnable system effienctly. We then examine several aspects of the kernel including the memory management, stack usage and other aspects of the Linux kernel. Next we explain several aspects of using Bochs emulator to perform experiments with the Linux 0.11 kernel. Finally, we present and describe the structure of the Linux kernel source including the lib/ directory.


Much of our daily communication activity involves managing interpersonal communications and relationships. Despite its importance, this activity of contact management is poorly understood. We report on field and lab studies that begin to illuminate it.A field study of business professionals confirmed the importance of contact management and revealed a major difficulty: selecting important contacts from the large set of people with whom one communicates. These interviews also showed that communication history is a key resource for this task. Informants identified several history-based criteria that they considered useful.We conducted a lab study to test how well these criteria predict contact importance. Subjects identified important contacts from their email archives. We then analyzed their email to extract features for all contacts. Reciprocity, recency and longevity of email interaction proved to be strong predictors of contact importance. The experiment also identified another contact management problem: removing 'stale' contacts from long term archives. We discuss the design and theoretical implications of these results.


This study is an attempt to quantify experimentally the body size allometry and thermal dependence of foraging rate (swimming velocity) in juvenile brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) under different food densities. The results of behavioural experiments on swimming velocity were used in conjunction with additional experimental data on maximum feeding rate and growth rate to carry out a theoretical analysis of the potential effects of changes in body size, temperature, and food density on growth, habitat use, and adult size. -- This study differs from previous studies of salmonid feeding in that the foraging movements of individual fish were tracked in real time through a computerized monitoring and control system that provided an accurate quantitative measure of the distance swum vs. time. The monitoring and control system automatically dispensed a food item each time an experimental fish had swum a prescribed distance. The distance swum per food item consumed, a measure of food density, could thus be held constant for any combination of temperature and body mass treatments, allowing for the investigation of the effects of temperature, body mass and food density on feeding behaviour under conditions close to those encountered in a natural foraging environment. -- The results of the foraging activity experiments show that the total distance swum, the proportion of time spent actively foraging, and swimming speed are all positively affected by both body mass and temperature, but not by food delivery schedule. The data are clearly not consistent with an optimal foraging model in which foraging velocity is predicted to decrease with increasing body mass and increase with increasing food density. -- The body mass allometric scaling factors for total distance swum (0.33-0.56), foraging time (0.21 -0.46), and swimming speed (0.10-0.12) at 5, 12, and 18 ゚C are all markedly lower than the scalings for maximum feeding rate and both standard and active metabolic rates of fish. The allometric scalings for instantaneous and daily swimming costs, however, are close to the scalings for metabolic rates at all three temperatures, suggesting that swimming speeds are regulated by the instantaneous costs of swimming rather than its energy benefits. Because the rate of energy intake is directly proportional to the distance swum, the scaling for energy intake is expected to be well below that for energy requirements. -- In contrast to the situation for body mass, the values of the Van't Hoff thermal parameter for distance swum of experimental fish are close to those for sustained swimming speeds and the frequency of muscle contraction and tail beat of most fish, and also comparable to those for the standard and active metabolic rates of fish. This suggests that distance swum may respond to temperature changes in a way that parallels metabolic rate. If energy intake is a linear function of distance swum, then equivalent temperature scalings of distance swum and metabolic rate would mean that food intake should parallel temperature related changes in metabolic requirements. -- The growth rate data is consistent with previous studies and shows that there is a positive relationship between ration and the temperature for maximum growth at any body mass. Daily growth rate increases with increasing temperature at high ration level but decreases at low ration level. As a result, the temperature for maximum growth decreases as food density is decreased. -- The analyses of growth rate in actively foraging fish indicated that growth rate should increase with both body mass and temperature at high food densities, and decrease with both body mass and temperature at low food densities. At intermediate densities the situation was more complex as the effect of body mass and temperature on growth rate depended on food density, body size, and temperature. In the low food density simulation, Wmax, the body mass at which absolute growth rate is zero, is sensitive to both food density and temperature. Wmax is predicted to increase with increasing food density but decrease with increasing water temperature. -- The analyses of growth in actively foraging fish suggested that the temperature at which growth rate is maximized decreases with decreasing food density and increasing body mass. These results are consistent with previous studies of the effects of temperature on habitat use in fishes. It was not possible to draw any conclusions regarding the effect of temperature on adult size from the results presented in the thesis.


This thesis presents new theoretical results and algorithms for two matrix problems with positive semidefinite constraints: it adds to the well-established nearest correlation matrix problem, and introduces a class of semidefinite Lagrangian subspaces.

First, we propose shrinking, a method for restoring positive semidefiniteness of an indefinite matrix $M_0$ that computes the optimal parameter $\a_*$ in a convex combination of $M_0$ and a chosen positive semidefinite target matrix. We describe three algorithms for computing $\a_*$, and then focus on the case of keeping fixed a positive semidefinite leading principal submatrix of an indefinite approximation of a correlation matrix, showing how the structure can be exploited to reduce the cost of two algorithms. We describe how weights can be used to construct a natural choice of the target matrix and that they can be incorporated without any change to computational methods, which is in contrast to the nearest correlation matrix problem. Numerical experiments show that shrinking can be at least an order of magnitude faster than computing the nearest correlation matrix and so is preferable in time-critical applications.

Second, we focus on estimating the distance in the Frobenius norm of a symmetric matrix $A$ to its nearest correlation matrix $\Ncm(A)$ without first computing the latter. The goal is to enable a user to identify an invalid correlation matrix relatively cheaply and to decide whether to revisit its construction or to compute a replacement. We present a few currently available lower and upper bounds for $\dcorr(A) = \normF{A - \Ncm(A)}$ and derive several new upper bounds, discuss the computational cost of all the bounds, and test their accuracy on a collection of invalid correlation matrices. The experiments show that several of our bounds are well suited to gauging the correct order of magnitude of $\dcorr(A)$, which is perfectly satisfactory for practical applications.

Third, we show how Anderson acceleration can be used to speed up the convergence of the alternating projections method for computing the nearest correlation matrix, and that the acceleration remains effective when it is applied to the variants of the nearest correlation matrix problem in which specified elements are fixed or a lower bound is imposed on the smallest eigenvalue. This is particularly significant for the nearest correlation matrix problem with fixed elements because no Newton method with guaranteed convergence is available for it. Moreover, alternating projections is a general method for finding a point in the intersection of several sets and this appears to be the first demonstration that these methods can benefit from Anderson acceleration.

Finally, we introduce semidefinite Lagrangian subspaces, describe their connection to the unique positive semidefinite solution of an algebraic Riccati equation, and show that these subspaces can be represented by a subset $\mathcal{I} \subseteq \{1,2,\dots, n\}$ and a Hermitian matrix $X\in\mathbb{C}^{n\times n}$ that is a generalization of a quasidefinite matrix. We further obtain a semidefiniteness-preserving version of an optimization algorithm introduced by Mehrmann and Poloni [\textit{SIAM J.\ Matrix Anal.\ Appl.}, 33(2012), pp.\ 780--805] to compute a pair $(\mathcal{I}_{\opt},X_{\opt})$ with $M = \max_{i,j} \abs{(X_{\opt})_{ij}}$ as small as possible, which improves numerical stability in several contexts.


Praise for THE NEW EMERGING-MARKET MULTINATIONALS One of Strategy and Business's Best Business Books of the Year "This book is a real eye-opener. It will forever change your assumptions about international economic competition and who the winners will be." -PHILIP KOTLER Kellogg School of Management and author of Winning at Innovation "An insightful read-essential for those wishing to understand the evolution and growth of emerging-economy EMNCs and how they will reshape global market structures." -ANAND MAHINDRA, Vice Chairman and Managing Director, Mahindra Group, India "As this timely book so insightfully points out, the rise of emerging-market multinationals is shifting the global competitive landscape and forcing us to think hard about new growth, strategy, and talent equations. A must-read for business leaders responsible for navigating today's global environment. -MUHTAR KENT, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, The Coca-Cola Company "This book offers an array of fascinating examples and an interesting framework for stimulating thinking about EMNCs' strategic options." -PANKAJ GHEMAWAT, IESE Business School, and author of World 3.0 "A must-read. The book is well researched and provides compelling case illustrations. I highly recommend it." -W. CHAN KIM, Professor, INSEAD; Codirector, INSEAD Blue Ocean Strategy Institute; and bestselling author of Blue Ocean Strategy "This is the future of global competition. You need to understand it if you aspire to be a player or if global markets are now a part of your strategy." -DAVID A. AAKER, Vice Chairman, Prophet, and bestselling author of Brand Relevance "This book gives a clear idea of the success formula of emerging-market multinationals by showing practical insights based on a deep understanding of EMNCs. This will help readers from any type of company structure their own growth strategies." -WONHONG CHO, Executive Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer, Hyundai Motor Company "An excellent collection of ideas and examples that should inspire companies in emerging markets looking to build brands and markets anywhere." -BUSINESSWORLD About the Book: LG. HTC. Tata. Haier. Lenovo. Arcelik. Natura. From smartphones and computers to blue jeans and beer, companies from China, India, Taiwan, Mexico, Turkey, and other emerging markets are now winning leading market shares with their own-branded, high-quality products-rather than with poorly produced products sold under others' brand names. These emerging-market multinational companies (EMNCs) are giving the incumbent market leaders of North America, Western Europe, and Japan a run for their money in the areas of innovation, branding, and marketing. How have these small, under-resourced businesses come so far so quickly? And what can you learn from their strategies and tactics? Renowned experts in global branding and marketing, the authors of The New Emerging-Market Multinationals conducted an in-depth study of 39 EMNCs to reveal the innovative compete-from-below strategies and tactics fueling these companies' meteoric rise. The authors identify four strategies driving this growth: COST LEADERS leverage existing low-cost structures and large-scale volumes to extend their reach into developed markets. KNOWLEDGE LEVERAGERS tap their existing resources and knowledge of home consumers and the market to build branded businesses in other emerging markets.NICHE CUSTOMIZERS combine their cost advantages in manufacturing with newly developed low-cost R&D capabilities to develop customized niche-segment branded offerings in other emerging markets.GLOBAL BRAND BUILDERS use their low-cost manufacturing and R&D capabilities to build branded businesses in developed markets- but limit their focus to specific products and segments through a process of focused innovation. Whether you run an EMNC or a developedmarket company, deep knowledge of the strategies outlined here is an absolute necessity for competing effectively now and in the future. Don't get caught off guard by the "new kids on the block"-because today's EMNCs are determined to be tomorrow's market leaders.


The second of the DEVORA Fact Sheets. Hidden Eruptions: The search for Auckland's Volcanic Past. The Auckland region has a long history of being affected by volcanic eruptions. The region has experienced at least 53 eruptions from the Auckland Volcanic Field (AVF) in the past 200,000 years, and it has been covered by ash from central North Island volcanoes at least 300 times during that period. To determine exactly how often the Auckland region has been affected by eruptions, scientists study ash layers that have been preserved in lake beds. They now think that ash has fallen on Auckland at least once every 600 years!


There has been an ongoing debate in Norway on how the state-owned, commercial-free broadcaster, NRK, influences commercial agents in different media markets. Up to this point, little research has been done on NRK's impact on the radio market. This thesis examines the competitive effects of NRK's radio services when focusing on listener welfare. Through a content analysis, a double-coverage analysis and a survey revealing diversion ratios, we establish that NRK competes hard with commercial broadcasters in the hit-radio segment, although less fierce with P5 Hits and Kiss than what was expected from the general media coverage. We develop a theoretical model to consider the effects on advertising and diversity, and thereby listener welfare, in a market with the commercial-free broadcaster, NRK, present. We find that NRK's presence would lower the advertising level, and that the commercial stations would differentiate to soften the competition. We further find from the empirical analyses, slight tendencies that NRK may work as a block, forcing the commercial stations to some extent to differentiate in order to be able to air advertising. The content analysis finds that there is a significantly lower level of advertising in the hit-radio market compared to the somewhat comparable market comprising P4 and Radio Norge. We explain this by the presence of NRK in the hit-radio market and that advertising quantities are strategic complements.


In this paper, we investigate the extent to which the use of in-home displays affects daily practices and electricity consumption. Through two pilot projects, in-home displays were installed in 33 Norwegian homes, and we provide a qualitative analysis of the effects. The results point to the potential differences in the ways households interact with the in-home displays. The effects differed among various groups according to people's previous experiences with monitoring and their level of affluence. In the sample, affluent respondents living in detached houses tended to be accustomed to monitoring consumption before the display was introduced. These families used the display for controlling that "nothing was wrong", but they did not use the information provided by the display to initiate new energy saving measures. In contrast, among less affluent flat owners the notion of "control" was specifically linked to the family's management of finances, and in this sense the displays empowered them. In addition, the results indicate that the in-home display for this group resulted in electricity savings. The study adds to earlier research on the effects of in-home displays by showing the importance of previous experience with monitoring electricity for the effects of feedback and by highlighting not only energy savings but also social effects of displays.


Many previous studies mention that passive drivers or passengers of fully-automated driving cars have less awareness of the surrounding and more experience to motion sickness symptoms when engaging in non-driving tasks. This occurrence is especially magnified when riding in an urban area with lots of junctions and corners. The aim of the current study is to investigate the effects of peripheral information about upcoming manoeuvres through a vibrotactile display in increasing the fully-automated driving car passengers' awareness of situations and mitigating their motion sickness level. Twenty participants took part in the experiment which used a Wizard of Oz method to simulate autonomous driving, and the experiment was conducted in an instrumented car on a real road environment. Objective and subjective measurements were gathered. The results show that the implementation of the vibrotactile display increased situation awareness but failed to reduce the motion sickness. This study concludes that in order to mitigate motion sickness inside a fully-automated driving car, more specific information need to be included in the peripheral information. In addition, a device that can actively help in controlling the posture movements should also be implemented in the vehicle.


The objective of this research is to understand the risk management factors which should be performed by the accountingfrm in the process ofclient acceptance decision by considering of three risks factors: Client Risk, Audit Risk and Auditor s Business Risk. The client risk was determined by management integrity valuation and client's business risk, meanwhile, the audit risk was determined by the nature of the audit engagement, related parties transactions, client's prior knowledge and ex periences, and also from the deep understanding of auditors in regards to the error andfraud which is possible performed by the client. Furthermore, auditor s business risk was determined by considering whether the client s profiles is a public company, regulated industry or high profile company. In order to enhance this research, this paper also discusses how the auditfee and the role of specialist will impact to client s acceptance decision. In conducting the model testing, this research was performed through a field of empirical testing in one of the accounting firm ( archival data).


The poor hydrothermal stability of germanosilicate zeolites greatly retards their industrial application. Herein, we present a direct synthesis of Ge-containing IWR zeolites with outstanding hydrothermal stability. A simple quaternary ammonium cation, diethyldimethylammonium, was used as the structure-directing agent for the first time. The structure and chemical composition of the framework was studied by performing Rietveld refinement of XRD data combined with electron microscopy, thermogravimetric and chemical analysis techniques. Al-free and Al-containing IWR zeolites were subjected to high-temperature vapor (973 K, 4 h), water-immersion (room temperature, 12 h) and treatment with 65% HNO3 solution (423 K, 24 h) to test their hydrothermal stability. Materials before and after hydrothermal treatments were characterized by complementary methods (XRD, FTIR, NMR and N2 sorption). The set of experimental data unambiguously proves the high stability of the zeolite framework.


Neutrices are additive subgroups of a nonstandard model of the real numbers. An external number is the algebraic sum of a nonstandard real number and a neutrix. Due to the stability by some shifts, external numbers may be seen as mathematical models for orders of magnitude. The algebraic properties of external numbers gave rise to the so-called solids, which are extensions of ordered fields, having a restricted distributivity law. However, necessary and sufficient conditions can be given for distributivity to hold. In this article we develop an axiomatics for the external numbers. The axioms are similar to, but mostly somewhat weaker than the axioms for the real numbers and deal with algebraic rules, Dedekind completeness and the Archimedean property. A structure satisfying these axioms is called a complete arithmetical solid. We show that the external numbers form a complete arithmetical solid, implying the consistency of the axioms presented. We also show that the set of precise elements (elements with minimal magnitude) has a built-in nonstandard model of the rationals. Indeed the set of precise elements is situated between the nonstandard rationals and the nonstandard reals whereas the set of non-precise numbers is completely determined.


A short pulse of light incident on a waveguiding region with a periodic mixture of dielectric materials is shown to experience dramatic changes in its spatial and temporal composition. The reflected and transmitted pulse components experience lateral spread and temporal decompression, which depend on the pulse width, pulse duration, and the structural parameters of the resonant grating.


A 162.5 MHz, 2.1 MeV radio frequency quadruples (RFQ) structure is being designed for the Injector Scheme II of the China Accelerator Driven Sub-critical System (C-ADS) linac. The RFQ will operate in continuous wave (CW) mode as required. For the CW normal conducting machine, the heat management will be one of the most important issues, since the temperature fluctuation may cause cavity deformation and lead to the resonant frequency shift. Therefore a detailed multi-physics analysis is necessary to ensure that the cavity can stably work at the required power level. The multi-physics analysis process includes RF electromagnetic analysis, thermal analysis, mechanical analysis, and this process will be iterated for several cycles until a satisfactory solution can be found. As one of the widely accepted measures, the cooling water system is used for frequency fine tunning, so the tunning capability of the cooling water system is also studied under different conditions. The results indicate that with the cooling water system, both the temperature rise and the frequency shift can be controlled at an acceptable level.


We analyse whether financial integration between countries leads to converging or diverging business cycles using a dynamic spatial model. Our model allows for contemporaneous spillovers of shocks to GDP growth between countries that are financially integrated and delivers a scalar measure of the spillover intensity at each point in time. For a financial network of ten European countries from 1996-2017, we find that the spillover effects are positive on average but much larger during periods of financial stress, pointing towards stronger business cycle synchronisation. Dismantling GDP growth into value added growth of ten major industries, we observe that some sectors are strongly affected by positive spillovers (wholesale & retail trade, industrial production), others only to a weaker degree (agriculture, construction, finance), while more nationally influenced industries show no evidence for significant spillover effects (public administration, arts & entertainment, real estate).


Air pollution is an environmental health concern throughout the world, and is responsible for an estimated 1 out of 8 deaths. As a common component of air pollution, particulate matter (PM) is one of six criteria air pollutants regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), with existing ambient standards for both PM2.5 and PM10. Currently there are no health-based regulations for the size fraction between 2.5 and 10 μm, commonly known as the coarse fraction (PMc). Previous studies show that PMc can induce health effects such as increased inflammation, and may be more detrimental to susceptible populations when directly compared to PM2.5. These differences in adverse health effects following exposures are not only influenced by the sizes of the particles, but may also be influenced by other factors including PM composition (chemical and biogenic), source and season. Globally, biomass burning is a significant source of air pollution. Wood smoke is generated from residential home heating (wood stoves) during the winter months, from burning biomass fuels for cooking (cook stoves), from forest fires during the summer months, and from prescribed/controlled burns during the fall and spring. Wood smoke emissions lead to exposures in both the indoor and ambient environments. Further, regional forest fires can present significant PM exposures to firefighting personnel during occupational activities. Previous wood smoke exposure studies suggest both acute and chronic detriments, both in the lung, and systemically. However, there is still much to be learned about how wood smoke impacts human health, including investigating relationships between different emission sources, acute and chronic exposures, and resultant health effects. Through three Aims, this project evaluated how different types of PM influenced inflammation and other health measures through both cell studies and a human exposure study. In Aim 1, significant effects were observed in cell studies where PMc was more pro-inflammatory compared to PM2.5. As determined in Aim 2, wood smoke source also played a role in the pro-inflammatory outcome. Results from Aim 2 revealed that wildfire smoke induced significantly more pro-inflammation compared to residential wood stove emissions. Finally, the Aim 3 human exposure study was designed to replicate wood smoke exposures to wildland firefighters during occupational activities. Through a 10-person crossover exposure trial, we evaluated the potential effects of increasing wood smoke exposure on pulmonary and oxidative stress markers in both plasma and exhaled breath condensate. Dose-response relationships in some of the measured markers were observed, including significant changes in pH, 8-isoprostane, and pentraxin-3 (PTX3). The PTX3 findings suggest that it may be a particularly sensitive acute phase protein to be investigated in future controlled and field studies related to smoke exposures. The development of this wood smoke inhalational facility will further research into acute and chronic health impacts of wood smoke exposure, and in the future provide a platform to address unique research questions related to wood smoke exposures and associated adverse health effects.


In this paper, systematic experimental and theoretical investigations were carried out on a copper-water compact loop heat pipe with a flat square evaporator having a bottom area of 30 mm × 30 mm. Wick structure inside the evaporator was made of fine copper powder with carefully designed vapor removal channels sintered directly on the substrate. In addition, the design and fabrication of a 120 mm air-cooled condenser was given adequate consideration. From the experimental tests, it is found that such a small loop heat pipe can manage a heat load of more than 600 W, and no dry-out occurs. In the favorable vertical configuration, with an air velocity of 2.8 m/s, this compact loop heat pipe has a thermal resistance as low as 0.042°C/W, with a corresponding evaporator thermal resistance as low as 0.018°C/W . As well, the theoretical analysis agrees in principle with the experimental data.


Natural climate solutions (NCS), a set of land management, conservation and restoration practices aimed at mitigating climate change, have been introduced as cost-effective strategies to increase carbon (C) sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems. Improved forest management (IFM) has been identified as one NCS for working forests with substantial climate change mitigation potential. However, there is a disconnect between the policy and carbon markets context and the scientific evidence for verifiable C benefits. Further, forest soil C—the largest forest C pool—has largely been excluded from current forest management guidelines and has not been included in the IFM discourse. Herein, we assess the evidence for the potential of specific IFM practices to sequester C in live forest vegetation and store it in both live and dead organic matter, and forest soil.We review IFM approaches that can enhance forest C storage, and links to best management practices and silvicultural systems to offer guidance for practitioners and researchers in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and opportunities in including soil C in forest Cmanagement guidelines and frameworks.


The two-volume reference work 'New Makers of Modern Culture' is the successor to 'Makers of Modern Culture' and 'Makers of Nineteenth-Century Culture', published by Routledge in the early 1980s. Invited by the editor Justin Wintle to update four of his original contributions and produce three new ones, Watson has a total of 16 entries included. The reference work includes over 800 essay-style entries and covers the period 1850-2007. It includes entries on artists, writers, dramatists, architects, philosophers, anthropologies, scientists, sociologists, major political figures, composers, film-makers and other culturally significant individuals. The publication takes into full account the rise and fall of reputation and influence over the last 25 years and the epochal changes that have occurred: the demise of Marxism and the collapse of the Soviet Union; the rise and fall of postmodernism; the eruption of Islamic fundamentalism; and the triumph of the Internet.

Watson, in collaboration with the editor, selected the subjects for his contribution, wherever possible choosing those artists and directors working in very different media who confront psychological and emotional issues. The four revised versions, David Hockney, Roy Lichtenstein, Claes Oldenburg and Robert Rauschenberg were necessary either because the artist in question had died in the meantime or because they had produced a significant body of new work. The new entries include the directors Rainer Werner Fassbinder and Werner Herzog, and the artist Bill Viola. The writing of these entries involved extensive research into the careers of the subjects themselves in order to make sure that all the salient points were covered in a balanced and authoritative way.

The publication provides a multi-voiced witness of the contemporary thinking world. Each entry includes a short bibliography and the publication is thoroughly cross-referenced with an index of names and key terms.


Seeing that the concept of brand is far too veiled in mystique and jargon, let's try this. Let's drop this word brand and start talking about experience for staff and customers. Everything visual we can call visual identity design. Here's why :
When people who work in any position of authority in a company are :
Aware of their roles as experience designers;
Are able to weave a specific ethos into these experiences, the result is an impossible-to-copy competitive advantage.


Internet plays an important part in the campus, along which it has also produced an unprecedented influence on ideological education of college students. At the same time, the ideological education has brought great challenges for the college students. With the increasing reform and penetration of China's education quality, the mainstream consciousness occurred in ideology field is gradually weaken, phenomenon of distorted value orientation and wrong behavior is growing and interaction between people is gradually blurring. In this case, college students' network ideological education has attracted more attention, which has become the focus of attention in academic circles. Firstly, the four kinds of features of internet were discussed. The features of Internet make it a challenge for the educators to use the Internet to carry out educational work. Opportunities generated by internet were also analyzed. At lastly, we proposed five kinds of effective way to ideological education by internet. Firstly, we should set up school information media, and complete school network media system. Then, we should intensify the internet management and organize a powerful, ideological educator team and Strengthen Research the Internet Culture Propagation and Internet Ideological Education Research. Lastly, College Students' Media Literacy should be improved by creating the network media education.


We present a model of how objects can be visually discriminated based on the extraction of depth-from-occlusion. Object discrimination requires consideration of both the binding problem and the problem of segmentation. We propose that the visual system binds contours and surfaces by identifying proto-objectscompact regions bounded by contours. Proto-objects can then be linked into larger structures. The model is simulated by a system of interconnected neural networks. The networks have biologically motivated architectures and utilize a distributed representation of depth. We present simulations that demonstrate three robust psychophysical properties of the system. The networks are able to stratify multiple occluding objects in a complex scene into separate depth planes. They bind the contours and surfaces of occluded objects (for example, if a tree branch partially occludes the moon, the two "half-moons" are bound into a single object). Finally, the model accounts for human perceptions of illusory contour stimuli.


The Volcker rule, a key part of Congress's response to the financial crisis, is best understood as a "structural law," a traditional Anglo-American technique for governance of hybrid public-private institutions such as banks and central banks. The tradition extends much farther back in time than the Glass-Steagall Act, to which the Volcker Rule has been unfavorably (but unfairly) compared. The goals of the Volcker Rule are complex and ambitious, and not limited to reducing risk directly, but include reshaping banks' organizational cultures. Another body of structural laws, part of the core of administrative law, attempts to restrain and discipline regulatory agencies, through process requirements such as cost-benefit analysis (CBA). Could the Volcker rule be the subject of reliable, precise, quantified CBA? Given the nature of the Volcker rule as structural law, its ambitions, and the current capacities of CBA, the answer is clearly "no," as it would require regulators to anticipate, in advance of data, private market behavior in response to novel activity constraints. If administrative law is to improve regulatory implementation of structural laws such as the Volcker Rule, better fitting and more nuanced tools than CBA are needed.


Arizona kicked up quite a dust storm in 2010 when it enacted Senate Bill 1070 (S.B. 1070). (1) Proponents hoped the law would help Arizona control the burgeoning illegal immigration into the state and its attendant costs--costs that affect the financial stability of the state, the safety of its residents, and the very rule of law itself. The legal professoriate almost uniformly derided Arizona's new law as an unconstitutional usurpation of immigration policy--an area that the Constitution assigns exclusively to the federal government. (2) In particular, commentators targeted Section 2 of the law, which requires police officers to verify the immigration status of anyone who is lawfully detained, contending that it is patently unconstitutional under Hines v. Davidowitz (3) and would require racial profiling. (4) Critics similarly derided Alabama's new immigration law, particularly Section 28 of the Taxpayer and Citizen Protection Act, (5) which requires every public elementary and secondary school in the state to determine if an enrolling student is lawfully present in the United States. (6) Critics contended that the law ran afoul of the 1982 case of Plyler v. Doe, (7) in which the Supreme Court held that denying free public school education to illegal immigrants violates the Fourteenth Amendment's requirement of equal protection. (8) This Essay explores the legal challenges to the two statutes, addresses how the Department of Justice (DOJ) fundamentally misunderstands the nature of state sovereignty and federalism, and concludes that, with the possible exception of one provision of the Arizona law, the states are acting well within their authority to protect the health, safety, and welfare of their residents without intruding on the plenary power over immigration and naturalization that the U.S. Constitution vests in Congress. I. ARIZONA'S S.B. 1070 "In response to a serious problem of unauthorized immigration along the Arizona-Mexico border, the State of Arizona enacted its own immigration law enforcement policy" in April 2010, making "attrition through enforcement the public policy of all state and local government agencies in Arizona." (9) Thus begins the Ninth Circuit's opinion addressing the constitutional challenges to the Arizona law, and although that court affirmed the district court's preliminary injunction of portions of the law, (10) the description of Arizona's purpose is almost entirely correct. Arizona does have a serious problem with illegal immigration. As the district court more emphatically described the situation, the Arizona legislature adopted S.B. 1070 "[a]gainst a backdrop of rampant illegal immigration, escalating drug and human trafficking crimes, and serious public safety concerns." (11) Additionally, S.B. 1070 explicitly describes its purpose as "attrition through enforcement" (12) and sets out Arizona's policy for how state law enforcement deals with issues related to illegal immigration in the state. Although one might quite properly take issue with the Ninth Circuit's substitution of the word "unauthorized" for "illegal" as a ratification of the Orwellian effort by many in the proillegal immigration movement to use more innocuous words like "undocumented" or "unauthorized" to minimize the illegality of illegal immigration, that semantic fight is a sideshow that does not really affect the merits of the legal challenge. More relevant to the substance of the challenge, and more in dispute, is the loaded use of the word "own." Whether Arizona has embarked upon its "own" immigration policy or simply directed its law enforcement officials to help with the enforcement of federal immigration law, is, of course, the crux of the dispute. The same preamble that contains the "attrition through enforcement" language also mentions the legislature's finding that the state has "a compelling interest in the cooperative enforcement of federal immigration laws.. …


We study how the introduction of a rigorous teacher evaluation system in a large urban school district affects the quality composition of teacher turnovers. With the implementation of the new system, we document increased turnover among the least effective teachers and decreased turnover among the most effective teachers, relative to teachers in the middle of the distribution. Our findings demonstrate that the alignment between personnel decisions and teacher effectiveness can be improved through targeted personnel policies. However, the change in the composition of exiters brought on by the policy we study is too small to meaningfully impact student achievement.


In August 1974 a young male tiger moved into a populated area in the Sundarbans, the delta of the Ganges, and killed one woman and a number of livestock. Rather than destroy the animal the Forest Directorate decided to capture it, using immobilising drugs, and release it in the Sundarbans Tiger Reserve. This was successfully done, but less than a week later it was found dead from wounds evidently inflicted by another tiger. The authors discuss the implications of the incident, the publicity it attracted, and the changes in public attitudes.


We have stagnated since third-part payors started calling the shots and the Competition Commissioner reigned in the abilities of service providers to negotiate fees. The surrogate replacement process to determine a cost-based Reference Price List (RPL) has turned out to be slow, laborious, expensive and flawed. Our painstaking private practice cost studies have been vilified by the Department of Health (DoH). The most basic of concepts, that of tiered consultations, has been stalled for more than five years. No new codes or amendments have been allowed. The SAMA system has been shunted out, to be replaced by a still-to-be-determined coding system that we, the profession, will have to pay for!


The receipt of workplace fringe benefits has become increasingly ubiquitous. As a result of their employment, employees often receive a cornucopia of fringe benefits, including frequent-flier miles, hotel rewards points, rental car preferred status, office supply dollar coupons, cellular telephone use, home internet service, and, in some instances, even free lunches, massages, and dance lessons. Technological advances and workforce globalization are important contributory factors to the popularity of what were, until the turn of this century, previously unknown fringe benefits.In years past, taxpayers could readily turn to the Internal Revenue Code to ascertain the income tax effects and reporting responsibilities associated with fringe benefit receipt. However, today's fringe benefits have evolved far beyond what Congress contemplated when it enacted fringe benefit reform over thirty years ago. As a result, the existing statutory tax compliance framework does not adequately address the recent transformation of the workplace, as many modern fringe benefits are not specifically excluded from the income tax base yet are not currently being reported as taxable.This Article examines what has been an increasingly commonplace phenomenon: employers and employees ignoring their responsibilities to report the receipt of fringe benefits as taxable income. It argues that Congress has an obligation to preserve the tax base and, accordingly, must institute reform measures to ensure taxpayer compliance. Failure to take action will trigger an expansion of such fringe benefit offerings, eroding the tax base and jeopardizing the integrity of the income tax system.


Chapter I examines the text of the Manuel des Peches . A new concept of the genuine structure and subsequent corruption of the poem is evolved with close reference to internal and external (MS.) evidence. Previous claims that the Manuel was designed for the edification of laypeople are shown, with detailed attention to the text, to be indefensible. The poem is a tract which promotes observance of a sacramental law and which was designed for repeated study and absorption by a general clerical readership. Chapter II begins with an unprecedented positive identification and biography of the author of the Manuel . William of Waddington was a secular canon and a prominent figure in the legal hierarchy of the Diocese of York. The MS. circulation is thereafter investigated. Copies of the work almost instantly reached clerical individuals and institutions throughout England. Waddington's intended and achieved audiences are nearly identical. Chapter III considers the text of Handlyng Synne . It is demonstrated that this poem was not, as some have claimed, intended for systematic use in a program of education of the laity. It does not promote the sacrament of confession and it removes much of the reformative material in the Manuel. It was designed for random and selective group and individual reception by unsophisticated laypeople and clerics from' the author's region. Through local stories, a familiar tone, and an uncomplicated and leisurely style Robert Mannyng, the author, transformed the Manuel into a local story-book/directory of sin. Chapter IV traces the MS. circulation of Handlyng Synne . The poem was received for the most part by the ordinary lay and religious people for whom it was intended. Chapter V studies the text and MSS. of the stanzaic redaction of Handlyng Synne by Peter Idley. It is demonstrated for the first time that the work commonly called Idley's Instructions to His Son,/em> seems in fact to be two independent and internally unrelated poems (the second being the redaction of Mannyng's work) which initially circulated separately and which were subsequently fused by a scribe. A biography uncovering Idley's connections with literary society is provided. He transformed Mannyng's poem into a guide to prosperity for the prosperous. Deft additions to and deletions from his source often cunningly reassure men of position that wealth is a product of virtue, and largely irrelevant borrowings from Lydgate's Fall of Princes are appropriately fashionable. The MSS. indicate that the poem achieved geographically wide circulation among the prosperous laity for whom it was intended. These three poems were in practice received by the audiences for whom they were intended. While the texts share a common core of content, they are extremely different from each other in purpose and audience. There is, however, a fringe audience of interconnected northern landed families who took an interest in all three texts. At the center of this network is a family closely connected with the village of Waddington, Lancashire, the birthplace of the author of the Manuel , and more distantly linked with Mannyng's birthplace and with apparent ancestors of associates of Idley. These and other matters are developed in the nine appendices which conclude the thesis.


We consider the problem of assessing value of demand sharing in a multi-stage supply chain in which the retailer observes stationary autoregressive moving average demand with Gaussian white noise (shocks). Similar to previous research, we assume each supply chain player constructs its best linear forecast of the leadtime demand and uses it to determine the order quantity via a periodic review myopic order-up-to policy. We demonstrate how a typical supply chain player can determine the extent of its available information under demand sharing by studying the properties of the moving average polynomials of adjacent supply chain players. Hence, we study how a player can determine its available information under demand sharing, and use this information to forecast leadtime demand. We characterize the value of demand sharing for a typical supply chain player. Furthermore, we show conditions under which (i) it is equivalent to no sharing, (ii) it is equivalent to full information shock sharing, and (iii) it is intermediate in value to the two previously described arrangements. We then show that demand propagates through a supply chain where any player may share nothing, its demand, or its full-information shocks with an adjacent upstream player as quasi-ARMA in - quasi-ARMA out. We also provide a convenient form for the propagation of demand in a supply chain that will lend itself to future research applications.


Ground vibration is an inevitable consequence of blasting operations in open pit mining and civil engineering projects. A large amount of energy is released in every blasting exercise in the form of wave propagation, which can cause serious damage to the surrounding environment. Safe design of blasting for underground structures and tunneling are nowadays carried out mainly based on the permissible peak particle velocity (PPV), which has become a major criterion in setting out the appropriate safety standards envisaged to prevent structural damage near such operations. Many published studies have produced correlations for PPV prediction using experimental data The Gotvand Olya Dam is one of the major civil engineering projects in the last thirty years in Iran, constructed as the last dam on the Karoon River with the aim of increasing environmentally friendly electrical energy of the country, seasonal flood control in the province, and a supply of agricultural water for the strategic farming grounds of Khoozestan. The geological formations of Gotvand include the two main formations of Bakhtiyari and Aghajari. The existence of discontinuities in these formations as well as joint sets and their low inherent strength caused a number of challenges in blasting design operations. This dam is 30 km north west of Shoshtar in the Khoozestan province, and 12 km away from Gotvand. In this study, 16 records of 3 components produced from 4 blasts were obtained using 4 seismographs of the type PG-2002 at Intac and surge tanks of the Gotvand Olya Dam in order to investigate their effects on underground structures. The three-component seismometers were of the GS-11D type and the records were analyzed using DADISP software. The explosion materials used were ANFO and dynamite, and the maximum weight of the explosions per delay in the Intac and surge tank were in the range of 32.0 to 343.3 kg. The positions of the seismometers were in the range of 56.2 to 145.5 meters away from the centre of blast blocks. The permissible peak particle velocity was taken from the Korean Institute of Geology, Mining and Materials. Using the scale distance, an exponential equation based on the cubic root of the charge weight per delay and coefficient correlation of 85% was proposed for predicting the PPV. In this relationship, the geological coefficients of the Gotvand area were estimated to be 20.339 and -3.08. Using a genetic algorithm, an improved coefficient correlation between the experimental and predicted PPV of 89% was obtained. The results from the genetic algorithm applied for the coefficients of a, b, and n in the equation of PPV=b(d/w) were -9.286849, 9.769703 and 0.745959, respectively. Considering this proposed relationship, the minimum distance of 56.2 m to the centre of the blast block and the permissible peak particle velocity of 254 mm/s for a 10 day old concrete, the maximum charge weight per delay was found to be 254.4 kg.


I study an important accounting consequence—financial misstatements—of CFO outside board membership. I find that firms with CFOs holding outside directorships have a lower likelihood of misstatements. These results likely reflect the benefits accruing to CFOs' home firms in terms of improved financial reporting quality. These findings are based on several methods that control for unobserved factors that may affect both incidence of CFO outside directorships and a firm's financial misstatements. I also provide some preliminary insights into CFO and home firm characteristics that determine CFO outside board directorships. My findings are consistent with the inter-organizational embeddedness perspective, suggesting that inter-firm networks provide sources for counseling and learning opportunities, which executives can use to improve their home firms' performance.
 JEL Classifications: M41.


This article bridges two divergent traditions in the study of Graeco-Roman shipwrecks: analysis of single well-explored sites and growing databases of more cursorily documented wrecks. The critical insights and distinct advantages of depth or breadth underscore the complementarity of these approaches for investigations into the ancient economy, yet few syntheses offer a middle ground that capitalizes on the growing corpus of data without flattening the detail that can be gleaned from closer study of maritime assemblages. The methodology here offers one potential path forward, combining, on the one hand, insights gained from wreck quantification into the ebb and flow of long-term connections with, on the other hand, network analysis visualization of cargoes to highlight structural patterns in those connections. With a data set of 54 shipwrecks spanning the second century B.C.E. through the seventh century C.E., southwest Turkey presents a rich case study through which to examine long-term trends in the maritime economy between the Roman world and late antiquity. Beyond immediate insights into seaborne exchange in one period and one corner of the ancient Mediterranean, this multifaceted approach aims to increase the interpretive utility of ongoing underwater survey and the crucial but often uneven primary data it offers for maritime connectivity.


This paper develops basic algebraic concepts for instrumental variables (IV) regressions which are used to derive the leverage and influence of observations on the 2SLS estimate and compute alternative heteroskedasticity-consistent (HC1, HC2 and HC3) estimators for the 2SLS covariance matrix in a finite-sample context. Monte Carlo simulations and applications to growth regressions are used to evaluate the performance of these estimators. The results support the use of HC3 instead of White's robust standard errors in small and unbalanced data sets. The leverage and influence of observations can be examined with the various measures derived in the paper.


High performance UHMWPE soft ballistic sub-laminates ([0/90]􀯡, SBSL) are stacked to build a soft ballistic armor pack (SBAP) which can defeat hand gun projectiles. Transverse impact on a single layer soft ballistic sub-laminate is modeled with shell elements and is solved using LS-DYNA composite material model MAT54. The finite element model is validated using 1D fiber and 2D membrane theories. The validated FE models are then used to study the transverse impact and perforation behavior of a multi-layer soft ballistic armor pack (SBAP). Perforation mechanics of a SBAP consisting of 32 layers of [0/90] SK76/polyurethane soft ballistic sublaminates (SBSL) is presented.


Two isolated metamorphic accretionary complexes of Jurassic age, the Refahiye and Kurtlutepe metamorphic rocks, crop out as tectonic slices within the coeval suprasubduction-zone ophiolite at the southern margin of the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey), close to the İzmir-Ankara-Erzincan suture. The Refahiye metamorphic rocks are made up of greenschist, marble, serpentinite, phyllite and minor garnet amphibolite, garnet micaschist and metachert. The whole unit was metamorphosed under garnet-amphibolite-facies conditions and strongly retrogressed during exhumation. The Kurtlutepe metamorphic rocks consist of subgreenschist-facies metavolcanics, metavolcaniclastics, marble, calc-phyllite, and minor serpentinite and metachert. Metabasites in the Refahiye metamorphic rocks are represented by four distinct geochemical affinities: (i) cumulate "flavor," (ii) alkaline oceanic island basalt (OIB), (iii) enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt (E-MORB) and (iv) tholeiitic island arc basalt (IAB). On the other hand, the Kurtlutepe metavolcanic rocks display only tholeiitic to calc-alkaline island arc geochemical affinities. The metabasic rocks with OIB affinities were interpreted as parts of the accreted oceanic islands, and those with E-MORB affinities as parts of accreted ridge segments close to oceanic islands and/or plume-distal mid-ocean ridges with a mantle previously metasomatized by plume components. The metabasic rocks with IAB affinities might have been derived from the overlying suprasubduction ophiolite and/or arc domain by a number of tectonic or sedimentary processes including tectonic slicing of accretionary complex and overlying fore-arc ophiolite, juxtaposition of the magmatic arc with subduction zone by strike slip faults, submarine gravity sliding and debris flows or subduction erosion. However, totally recrystallized nature of the metabasic rocks together with field relations does not allow any inference on the processes involved. The Kurtlutepe metavolcanic rocks might represent collided and accreted oceanic island arc with the subduction zone. Attempted subduction of an intraoceanic island arc may also explain the magmatic lull during Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous in the Eastern Pontides.


A model is presented for determining the enhancement of local electromagnetic fields which occurs close to rough metal surfaces through surface plasmon excitation. The model considers a random distribution of metal hemispheroids on a perfectly conducting flat plane. The electrodynamics of this system is described using the long wavelength approximation and with only the dipole coupling between different hemispheroids included. The square of the local field is averaged over all locations on the surface to provide an estimate of the enhancement in Raman intensity pertinent to surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Application is made to rough Ag, Cu, Au, Hg, and Pt surfaces, simulating the roughness produced by electrochemical anodization. For Ag, the roughness induced SERS enhancement is found to be about 102, with a weak dependence on wavelength down to 350 nm, where a sharp drop is observed. The variation of this result on the parameters which characterize the hemispheroid distributions is studied, including the variation with the distribution of hemispheroid heights and widths, with the number and arrangements of hemispheroids on the surface, with hemispheroid dielectric constant, and with hemispheroid coverage. Most of these parameters do not change the overall enhancement factors significantly, although the wavlength dependence of the enhancement does change significantly with hemispheroid coverage. The polarization of the local electric field close to the surface is studied, and found to be primarily perpendicular to the local surface for globally perpendicular applied fields. The SERS enhancement on Cu is found to be comparable to Ag for λ≳600 nm, with a drop in intensity by a factor of 5 at 600 nm. Au is similar to Cu, except that the drop occurs at 500 nm. Hg is similar to Ag in both the magnitude and frequency dependence of the enhancement, while Pt is uniformly smaller throughout the visible. All of these enhancements are ∼103 smaller than is seen experimentally using SERS, although the observed change in SERS intensity due to anodization does closely match the predictions of our model. Overall, we conclude that surface roughness probably contributes 102 to 103 to the overall enhancement with a frequency dependence which is close to that seen experimentally. This conclusion indicates that some other enhancement mechanism must be responsible for the remaining factor of 103 needed to explain the observed overall enhancement of 106.A model is presented for determining the enhancement of local electromagnetic fields which occurs close to rough metal surfaces through surface plasmon excitation. The model considers a random distribution of metal hemispheroids on a perfectly conducting flat plane. The electrodynamics of this system is described using the long wavelength approximation and with only the dipole coupling between different hemispheroids included. The square of the local field is averaged over all locations on the surface to provide an estimate of the enhancement in Raman intensity pertinent to surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Application is made to rough Ag, Cu, Au, Hg, and Pt surfaces, simulating the roughness produced by electrochemical anodization. For Ag, the roughness induced SERS enhancement is found to be about 102, with a weak dependence on wavelength down to 350 nm, where a sharp drop is observed. The variation of this result on the parameters which characterize the hemispheroid distributions is studied, ...