A series of trimethylsilyl-protected and terminal mono- and bis-alkynes based on 9,9-dioctylfluorene, 2-(trimethylsilylethynyl)-9,9-dioctylfluorene 1a, 2-ethynyl-9,9-dioctylfluorene 1b, 2,7-bis(trimethylsilylethynyl)-9,9-dioctylfluorene 2a, 2,7-bis(ethynyl)-9,9-dioctylfluorene 2b, have been synthesised. Reaction of trans-[(PnBu3)2PtCl2] with 2 equivalents of the terminal ethyne 1b yields the mononuclear platinum(II) diyne 3, reaction of trans-[(Ph)(Et3P)2PtCl] with 0.5 equivalents of the diterminal ethyne 2b gives the dinuclear platinum(II) diyne 4 while 1 ∶ 1 reaction between trans-[(PnBu3)2PtCl2] and 2b gives the platinum(II) poly-yne 5. Treatment of 2,5-dioctyloxy-1,4-diiodobenzene with 1b in 1 ∶ 2 stoichiometry produces the organic di-yne 6 while 1 ∶ 1 reaction between 2,5-dioctyloxy-1,4-diiodobenzene and 2b, 2,7-bis(ethynyl)fluorene or 2,7-bis(ethynyl)fluoren-9-one produces the organic co-poly-ynes 7–9. All the new materials have been characterised by analytical and spectroscopic methods and the single crystal X-ray structures of 2a and 3 have been determined. The diynes and poly-ynes are soluble in organic solvents and are readily cast into thin films. Optical spectroscopic measurements reveal that the attachment of octyl side-chains on the fluorenyl spacer reduces inter-chain interaction in the poly-ynes while a fluorenonyl spacer creates a donor–acceptor interaction along the rigid backbone of the organometallic poly-ynes and organic co-poly-ynes.


'Implicit Creation' – Non-Programmer Conceptual Models for Authoring in Interactive Digital Storytelling Ulrike Martina Spierling Interactive Digital Storytelling (IDS) constitutes a research field that emerged from several areas of art, creation and computer science. It inquires technologies and possible artefacts that allow 'highly-interactive' experiences of digital worlds with compelling stories. However, the situation for story creators approaching 'highly-interactive' storytelling is complex. There is a gap between the available technology, which requires programming and prior knowledge in Artificial Intelligence, and established models of storytelling, which are too linear to have the potential to be highly interactive. This thesis reports on research that lays the ground for bridging this gap, leading to novel creation philosophies in future work. A design research process has been pursued, which centred on the suggestion of conceptual models, explaining a) process structures of interdisciplinary development, b) interactive story structures including the user of the interactive story system, and c) the positioning of human authors within semi-automated creative processes. By means of 'implicit creation', storytelling and modelling of simulated worlds are reconciled. The conceptual models are informed by exhaustive literature review in established neighbouring disciplines. These are a) creative principles in different storytelling domains, such as screenwriting, video game writing, role playing and improvisational theatre, b) narratological studies of story grammars and structures, and c) principles of designing interactive systems, in the areas of basic HCI design and models, discourse analysis in conversational systems, as well as gameand simulation design. In a case study of artefact building, the initial models have been put into practice, evaluated and extended. These artefacts are a) a conceived authoring tool ('Scenejo') for the creation of digital conversational stories, and b) the development of a serious game ('The Killer Phrase Game') as an application development. The study demonstrates how starting out from linear storytelling, iterative steps of 'implicit creation' can lead to more variability and interactivity in the designed interactive story. In the concrete case, the steps included abstraction of dialogues into conditional actions, and creating a dynamic world model of the conversation. This process and artefact can be used as a model illustrating non-programmer approaches to 'implicit creation' in a learning process. Research demonstrates that the field of Interactive Digital Storytelling still has to be further advanced until general creative principles can be fully established, which is a long-term endeavour, dependent upon environmental factors. It also requires further technological developments. The gap is not yet closed, but it can be better explained. The research results build groundwork for education of prospective authors. Concluding the thesis, IDS-specific creative principles have been proposed for evaluation in future work.


Abstract. Urban air pollution problem has become a huge threat to human health in the most developing and developed countries. Therefore, monitoring air quality with high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important issue. There are two different approaches to mapping street-level distributions of air quality in time and space. One is mathematical approach, which uses numerical methods to calculate the concentration of air pollutants in each space-time grid through considering chemical transport, wind field, terrain morphology and other parameters which affect the direction and intensity of dispersion. This approach is limited by intensively computational process, so most of studies used either rough spatial grid resolution for representing large-scale regions or detailed grid resolution for small-scale areas. Numerical models with rough grid resolution could not capture detailed physical interactions in the micro-environment. The other approach is statistical approach, which used spatial interpolation techniques, such as inverse distance weighting (IDW) and Kriging methods, or established regression models, such as land-use regression (LUR), for deriving concentrations of air pollution from remote sensing or ground-level station sensor data. This approach is assumed linear associations with environmental factors and isotropic distance-decayed phenomena, which also ignores complex physical interactions.Spatial distribution of air pollution could be affected by directional background factors, such as wind fields, surface relief and so on. The spatial effects of these physical factors are not isotropic. However, recent studies used statistical modelling approaches are based on isotropic assumptions and did not consider directional variations of these factors on air quality. The purpose of the study is to develop an innovative statistical approach to measure directional effects on air quality with spatial heterogeneity. We produces anisotropic landscapes of directional fields for identifying major directions for each space-time grid through EPA's monitoring station data to visualize space-time trend of air quality changing with directions. This study provides significant insight for understanding spatial structures behind air pollution distributions influenced by directional physical factors.


The recent downturn in the U.S. has created the worst downturn in the U.S. economy since the great depression.The recent recession encouraged congress and the President to institute a temporary $8,000 tax credit to new home buyers, which was eventually extended to all home buyers. While this tax credit may have been helpful in stimulating demand for homes in some regions, other regions appear to have had little impact from the tax credit. Thus, the tax credit may have had different impacts on a persons' decision to buy a home in the four different regions in the U.S. Thus, it is unclear what the impact of the tax credit was on the housing market in the different regions.In this paper, we examine the regional impacts of the tax credit on the regional median sales price of housing, the regional housing quantity measured as housing sales, and the regional incomes. Specifically, we examine the impact of the housing tax credit on housing and its prices and if there was a statistically significant impact in the four regions of the U.S. defined as the Midwest, South, Northeast and West from 1977 to 2012.


Mixtures of ranking models have been widely used for heterogeneous preferences. However, learning a mixture model is highly nontrivial, especially when the dataset consists of partial orders. In such cases, the parameter of the model may not be even identifiable. In this paper, we focus on three popular structures of partial orders: ranked top-$l_1$, $l_2$-way, and choice data over a subset of alternatives. We prove that when the dataset consists of combinations of ranked top-$l_1$ and $l_2$-way (or choice data over up to $l_2$ alternatives), mixture of $k$ Plackett-Luce models is not identifiable when $l_1+l_2\le 2k-1$ ($l_2$ is set to $1$ when there are no $l_2$-way orders). We also prove that under some combinations, including ranked top-$3$, ranked top-$2$ plus $2$-way, and choice data over up to $4$ alternatives, mixtures of two Plackett-Luce models are identifiable. Guided by our theoretical results, we propose efficient generalized method of moments (GMM) algorithms to learn mixtures of two Plackett-Luce models, which are proven consistent. Our experiments demonstrate the efficacy of our algorithms. Moreover, we show that when full rankings are available, learning from different marginal events (partial orders) provides tradeoffs between statistical efficiency and computational efficiency.


This paper presents the quality analysis of the statistical matching conducted for a research study on household consumption behavior, household indebtedness, and inequality for Turkey. The match has been done for four years (2005, 2008, 2009, and 2012) of Household Budget Surveys (HBS) and the Survey for Income and Living Conditions (SILC). The aim of the statistical matching is to transfer household expenditure data from the HBS to the SILC to create synthetic data sets that have information on household consumption expenditures as well as household income and indebtedness. We are following the methodology of constrained statistical matching, using estimated propensity scores developed in Kum and Masterson (2010) to produce the synthetic data sets that we need. The analysis shows that the match is of high quality.


Web search engines can perform poorly for long queries (i.e., those containing four or more terms), in part because of their high level of query specificity. The automatic assignment of labels to long queries can capture aspects of a user's search intent that may not be apparent from the terms in the query. This affords search result matching or reranking based on queries and labels rather than the query text alone. Query labels can be derived from interaction logs generated from many users' search result clicks or from query trails comprising the chain of URLs visited following query submission. However, since long queries are typically rare, they are difficult to label in this way because little or no historic log data exists for them. A subset of these queries may be amenable to labeling by detecting similarities between parts of a long and rare query and the queries which appear in logs. In this article, we present the comparison of four similarity algorithms for the automatic assignment of Open Directory Project category labels to long and rare queries, based solely on matching against similar satisfied query trails extracted from log data. Our findings show that although the similarity-matching algorithms we investigated have tradeoffs in terms of coverage and accuracy, one algorithm that bases similarity on a popular search result ranking function (effectively regarding potentially-similar queries as "documents") outperforms the others. We find that it is possible to correctly predict the top label better than one in five times, even when no past query trail exactly matches the long and rare query. We show that these labels can be used to reorder top-ranked search results leading to a significant improvement in retrieval performance over baselines that do not utilize query labeling, but instead rank results using content-matching or click-through logs. The outcomes of our research have implications for search providers attempting to provide users with highly-relevant search results for long queries.


Vertebrate TAP is a nuclear mRNA export factor homologous to yeast Mex67p. The middle domain of TAP binds directly to p15, a protein related to the nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2), whereas its C‐terminal domain interacts with various nucleoporins, the components of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Here, we report that the middle domain of TAP is also similar to NTF2, as well as to regions in Ras‐GAP SH3 domain binding protein (G3BP) and some plant protein kinases. Based on the known three‐dimensional structure of NTF2 homodimer, a heterodimerization model of TAP and p15 could be inferred. This model was confirmed by site‐directed mutagenesis of residues located at the dimer interface. Furthermore, the C‐terminus of TAP was found to contain a ubiquitin‐associated (UBA) domain. By site‐directed mutagenesis we show that a conserved loop in this domain plays an essential role in mediating TAP–nucleoporin interaction.


This article examines the attitudes and perceptions of teachers regarding the implementation of the Integrated Quality Management System (IQMS). In doing so, it aims to contribute to the global discourse of change management in education. The system is intended to develop educators by enhancing their capabilities to inculcate a culture of teaching and learning. Using a qualitative research design, in which open-ended interviews were conducted, the study canvassed the views of stakeholders resulting from their personal experiences of IQMS. Having reflected on the current implementation model, the major contribution of the study is to posit an alternative model. The alternative implementation model proposes a bottom-up approach; continuous development; sustained (rather than once-off) training conducted by credible teams of eminent persons and strong leadership. Furthermore, the model should be well-resourced and be anchored on partnerships; concurrency of thrust; staggered changes and based on the following principles adapted from development discourse: participation, empowerment, ownership, learning, adaptability, and simplicity. There is consensus among stakeholders that the IQMS was implemented too rapidly. They recommended a longer, continuous training period that focuses on teacher development, thus delinking money issues from the IQMS, as well as engaging dedicated teams in order to ensure impartiality.


CONTEXT
Baseball pitching is a coordinated movement involving the spine. A previous study indicated that increased thoracic kyphosis angle in a standing position was a risk factor for medial elbow injuries in youth baseball players. However, spinal alignments in single-leg standing and their relationships with medial elbow injuries, scapular alignment, or hip joint range of motion are unclear.

OBJECTIVE
To examine the difference in spinal alignment between standing and single-leg standing positions in youth baseball players and analyze their relationship with elbow injuries, scapular alignment, or hip joint range of motion.

DESIGN
Cross-sectional study.

SETTING
University laboratory.

PARTICIPANTS
There were 51 youth baseball players with medial epicondylar fragmentation (medial elbow injury group) and 102 healthy youth baseball players (control group).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, and trunk inclination angles during standing and single-leg standing, forward scapular posture, and hip joint range of motion.

RESULTS
In the single-leg standing position, the thoracic kyphosis and backward trunk inclination angles were significantly higher in the medial elbow injury group than in the control group (P = .016 and P = .046, respectively). In the standing position, no significant difference was observed between both groups. The thoracic kyphosis angle in single-leg standing was positively correlated with the bilateral forward scapular posture in the medial elbow injury (P = .008 and P < .001 on the throwing and nonthrowing sides, respectively) and control (P = .010 and P = .032 on the throwing and nonthrowing sides, respectively) groups.

CONCLUSIONS
High thoracic kyphosis and backward trunk inclination angles are characteristics during single-leg standing in youth baseball players with medial elbow injuries. Spinal alignment measurement in single-leg standing may be useful for identifying youth baseball players who are at risk for sustaining medial elbow injury.


For over thirty years, Republican and Democratic presidents have required executive agencies to assess the costs and benefits of significant regulations, and to proceed only if the benefits justify the costs (to the extent permitted by law). The goals of the resulting processes have been to constrain unjustified regulation, to promote interagency coordination, and to allow a degree of centralized management of what can be a cumbersome bureaucratic apparatus. Unfortunately, state and local governments sometimes impose costly requirements, undisciplined by careful analysis of their likely consequences. New institutions at the state level, producing such analysis, could be highly beneficial, replacing processes sometimes driven by anecdotes, dogmas, emotions, and interest-group pressures with a form of Regulatory Moneyball.


De-icing chemicals (containing 1,2 propane diol and potassium acetate) used on airports in winter time mix with snow and start infiltrating along the runways in spring. The distribution of the chemicals over the area, and the infiltration pattern during the snowmelt period will strongly affect the efficiency of the unsaturated zone for degradation of these chemicals before entering the groundwater. Transport of de-icing chemicals and tracers in the unsaturated zone was studied in a lysimeter trench at Gardermoen, Norway during the snow melt periods of 1994 and 1995. Simultaneously, volumes of meltwater were registered from melt plates. Observations in 1994 indicated a typical diurnal process in contrast to observations in 1995 where large volumes of meltwater entered from each melt plate within a limited number of days. Temperature seemed to be the main regulating factor and cause for the observed differences between years. The overall melt pattern was well captured by a simple model based on air temperature and global radiation. Large differences in melt volumes collected from melt plates on the surface indicated a spatially variable drainage pattern strongly related to micro-topography. Infiltration rates estimated from breakthrough curves of tracers moving through the unsaturated zone at the same location were in the same order of magnitude as drainage rates found from melt plates.


Researchers are working on ways to trace DNA circulating in the blood to the tissue from which it originated. This DNA, shed by normal, dying cells and injured ones, could offer a way to detect early stages of a disease or follow its progression. An Israeli research group reports this week that its technique for tracing the origin of circulating DNA detected the expected type of cell death in people with pancreatic cancer, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and brain injuries. Other groups have reported encouraging results for cancers. The published work does no more than prove the concept; the circulating DNA techniques still need to be tested on a large scale. Still, the studies suggest that tracking blood-borne DNA could be a powerful way to monitor diseases.


This paper describes SAE J2365 (Recommended Practice for Calculating the Time to Complete In-Vehicle Navigation and Route Guidance Tasks), a draft procedure to estimate if the requirements of SAE J2364 (Navigation Function Access) are met. Application of these practices will enhance the safety, ease of use, and customer convenience of driver interfaces. SAE J2364 specifies that drivers should not be allowed to perform navigation-system tasks in a moving vehicle that take more than 15 seconds to complete when measured staticly. Tasks are defined to start when the driver's hands begin to move from the steering wheel and end when feedback from the final-switch actuation is processed. The 11-step calculation procedure of J2365 involves determining exactly how each task (e.g., destination entry) is carried out, developing a pseudo-code description of the goals and methods used, determining the associated elemental tasks, and adding up the task times. Elemental times [reaching for a device, keying (cursor, letter, space, enter), mental activity, searching, etc.] were derived from the Keystroke-Level Model (Card, Moran, and Newell, 1983) in the human-computer interaction literature, specific automotive studies of navigation data entry (Manes, Green, and Hunter, 1998), and MTM-1 (Barnes, 1968).


This paper considers the U.S. Small Business Innovation research (SBIR) program as a policy fostering academic entrepreneurship. We highlight two main characteristics of the program that make it attractive as an entrepreneurship policy: early-stage financing and scientist involvement in commercialization. Using unique data on NIH supported biomedical researchers, we trace the incidence of biomedical entrepreneurship through SBIR and describe some of the characteristics of these individuals. To explore the importance of early-stage financing and scientist involvement, we complement our individual level data with information on scientist-linked and non-linked SBIR firms. Our results show that the SBIR program is being used as a commercialization channel by academic scientists. Moreover, we find that the firms associated with these scientists perform significantly better than other non-linked SBIR firms in terms of follow-on venture capital funding, SBIR program completion, and patenting.


Looking forward to the next generation of mobile streaming computing, the demanded energy efficiency of end-user terminals will become ever stringent. The Xetal-Pro processor, which is the latest member of the Xetal low-power single-instruction multiple data (SIMD) processor family from Philips, is presented in this paper. The predecessor of Xetal-Pro, known as Xetal-II, already ranks as one of the most computational-efficient [in terms of giga operations per second (GOPS)/Watt] processors available today, however, it cannot yet achieve the demanded energy efficiency (less than 1 pJ per operation). Unlike Xetal-II, Xetal-Pro supports ultrawide supply voltage (Vdd) scaling from the nominal supply to the subthreshold region. Although aggressive Vdd scaling causes severe throughput degradation, this can be partly compensated for by the massive parallelism in the Xetal family. Xetal-II includes a large on-chip frame memory (FM), which cannot be scaled well to an ultralow Vdd hence creating a big obstacle to increase energy efficiency. Therefore, we investigate both different FM realizations and memory organization alternatives. A hybrid memory system (HMS), which reduces the non-local memory traffic and enables further Vdd scaling, is proposed. For design space exploration of the right number of the scratchpad memory (SM) entries, the corresponding data locality analysis is provided, too. Moreover, some unique circuit implementation issues of Xetal-Pro such as the customized level-shifter are also discussed. Compared to Xetal-II operating at the nominal voltage, Xetal-Pro provides up to two times energy efficiency improvement even without Vdd scaling (essentially a consequence of data localization in the SM) when delivering the same amount of ultrahigh throughput. With Vdd scaling into the sub/near threshold region, Xetal-Pro could gain more than ten times energy reduction while still delivering a high throughput of 0.69 GOPS (counting multiply and add operations only). The new insight of Xetal-Pro sheds light on the direction of future ultralow-energy SIMD processors.


This Article defends the practice of reasoning by analogy on the basis of its epistemic and institutional advantages. The advantages identified for analogical reasoning include that it produces a wealth of data for decisonmaking; it represents the collaborative effort of a number of judges over time; it tends to correct biases that might lead judges to discount the force of prior decisions; and it exerts a conservative force in law, holding the development of law to a gradual pace. Notably, these advantages do not depend on the rational force of analogical reasoning. Rather, the author contends that, as open-ended reasoning and analogical reasoning alike may sometimes result in incorrect decisions, these qualities of analogical reasoning make it a desirable method of deciding legal disputes.


OBJECTIVES
We sought to compare the efficacy of primary angioplasty in diabetics versus nondiabetics and to evaluate the relative benefits of angioplasty over thrombolytic therapy among diabetics.

BACKGROUND
Primary angioplasty for myocardial infarction is at least as effective as thrombolytic therapy in the general population. However, the influence of diabetic status on outcome after primary angioplasty versus thrombolysis remains unknown.

METHODS
Patients in the Global Use of Strategies To Open Occluded Arteries in Acute Coronary Syndromes (GUSTO-IIb) Angioplasty Substudy were randomized to receive either primary angioplasty or accelerated alteplase. The interaction of diabetic status (diabetics n = 177, nondiabetics n = 961) and treatment strategy with the occurrence of the primary end point (death, nonfatal reinfarction or nonfatal, disabling stroke at 30 days) was analyzed (power to detect a 40% relative reduction in the primary end point with alpha = 0.05 and beta = 0.20). Among patients who were randomized to and underwent primary angioplasty, procedural success (defined as residual stenosis <50% and TIMI grade 3 flow) was assessed based on diabetic status.

RESULTS
Compared with nondiabetics, diabetics had worse baseline clinical and angiographic profiles. Despite more severe stenosis and poorer flow in the culprit artery, procedural success with angioplasty was similar for diabetics (n = 81; 70.4%) and nondiabetics (n = 391; 72.4%). Outcome at 30 days was better for nondiabetics randomized to angioplasty versus alteplase (adjusted odds ratio, 0.62; 95% confidence interval, 0.41-0.96) with a similar trend for diabetics (0.70, [0.29-1.72]). We noted no interaction between diabetic status and treatment strategy on outcome (p = 0.88).

CONCLUSIONS
Primary angioplasty was similarly successful in diabetics and nondiabetics and appeared to be more effective than thrombolytic therapy among diabetics with acute infarction.


Financial Service Institutions (FSIs) practice in Indonesia have not yet effectively addressed ESG criteria into their core business activities as a part of their risk management strategies. Regulation regarding sustainable finance is still deemed superficial and has yet to touch the substance. The existing regulation have not been able to clearly measure the financing risks of FSIs on ESG issues.

Furthermore, as a critical intermediary, FSIs serve a central role in driving capital to sustainable and green investment thus FSIs directly support inclusive and sustainable economic development and growth, one of which through responsible investment. The transformation process of harmonizing economic interests with environmental, human rights and inequality issues aims not only to accelerate the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs) but also to increase the resilience and competitiveness of FSIs.

As a heavily regulated sector, the compliance of FSIs in Indonesia is highly dependable on the mandate set by the government as a regulator. Meaning, a comprehensive regulation facilitates and optimizes the role of financial sector in promoting sustainable ecosystem so that the principles of sustainable finance become an integral part of FSIs practices.


Player valuation is one of the most important problems in all of team sports. In this paper we use Pro Football Focus (PFF) player grades and participation data to develop a wins above replacement (WAR) model for the National Football League. We find that PFF WAR at the player level is more stable than traditional, or even advanced, measures of performance, and yields dramatic insights into the value of different positions. The number of wins a team accrues through its players' WAR is more stable than other means of measuring team success, such as Pythagorean win totals. We finish the paper with a discussion of the value of each position in the NFL draft and add nuance to the research suggesting that trading up in the draft is a negative-expected-value move.


We conducted an electric resistivity survey in the Tsaotun area to investigate the subsurface structures of the complex deformation and rupture of Chelungpu fault system induced by the 1999 Chi- Chi earthquake. Four electric resistivity image profiles with pole-pole array across fault zones and topographic lineation were conducted in this survey. The sounding data were interpreted by the 2-D inversion method. The results show that the electric resistivity structures interpreted from the resistivity sounding data fit well with ruptures and outcrops appeared on the ground surface. We also evaluated the resistivity ranges for different formations, the top layer thickness and the width of the fault zones. Resistivity-layer discontinuities found on the profiles correlate to the fault zones of the Chelungpu fault and the back thrust. The boundary between the Toukoshan Formation and the Chinshui Shale is the characteristic contact of the Chelungpu fault. It is a reverse fault including several fracture zones in the Tsaotun area. Some ruptures developed in weaker layers of the Chinshui Shale have been active since the deposition of the Quaternary terrace gravel bed. The main fracture zones have a width of 640 m and dip eastward at an angle of 800 - 300 that decrease with depth. The fault diverged into V -shape fractures or more branches near the ground surface in some regions. Not all the fractures of the Chelungpu fault system moved during the Chi-Chi earthquake, but they were active previously.


Prior studies on job satisfaction for females in the coaching profession have indicated many specific factors that can lead to job transfers, attrition, or burnout. This article reviews empirically-based studies from the extant literature that sheds some light on these critical concerns in the field. The focus is on the central issues of problems in attrition and job stress. Implications of the findings in this review are discussed. ********** Title IX of the Higher Education Amendment was introduced in 1972 and since then has greatly impacted high school and college athletics. Participation in female sports has increased tremendously since its inception. From 1970 to 1971, the total number of females participating in high school sports in the United States was 268,591. The number has increased to over 1.8 million in 1987-88 (National Federation of State High School Associations, 1987-1988). Common sense would dictate that this increase in female athletic participation would also show a concomitant increase in the number of female coaches. However, research reveals that this is not the case. In Wisconsin, females coached 100% of the girls' teams from 1971 to 1972, but by 1984 and 1985, only 41% of the girls' teams were coached by women (True, 1986). In Washington, women coached 85% of the girls' teams from 1971 to 1972, followed by a decline to 32% in 1984 and 1985 (True). Similar declines have also been documented in Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Nebraska, Ohio, and Virginia. Reasons for this decline in female coaches include (a) historical issues, (b) lack of female role models, and (c) occupational structures. True (1986) explained the decline in female coaches from a historical perspective. In the early 1970s, women were assigned to girls' teams as chaperones. The enactment of Title IX and its compliance date in 1978 required a large increase in demand for coaches of girls' sports teams. The demand was first met by employing female physical education teachers. These teachers were coaching year round, and the increased workload of teaching and coaching several sports was extremely demanding. Therefore, to reduce workload, some coaches gave up coaching one or more sports while others left the coaching field altogether. It has been suggested that having fewer female role models has had a major impact on the decline in the number of female coaches (True, 1986). Acosta and Carpenter (1985) concluded that young female athletes are less likely to consider coaching as a career because of better alternative career choices and, thus, never pursue coaching as a profession. The result is that fewer female coaches are included in the job pool, particularly for senior positions. A survey, conducted in Oregon, found that males coached all of the boys' basketball teams and 86.3% of girls' basketball teams, while only 13.7% of the girls' head coaches were female (Sisley & Capel, 1986). Across the three major sports (basketball, track, and cross country) in Montana, 93 % of the boys' teams were coached by males, while only 22% of the girls' teams were coached by females (Stevens, 1989). These statistics illustrate the relatively small percentage of female role models who are visible to young athletes. Problem of Attrition Attrition in the coaching ranks has been studied from an organizational and sociological perspective. Knoppers (1987) suggested that women in the coaching profession face different opportunities, resources, and working conditions than their male counterparts. These factors have an impact on the numbers of women entering and leaving the coaching profession. Hart, Hasbrook, and Mathes (1986) explored female turnover rates in the coaching profession based on Prus's career contingencies model. Modeling results showed that current coaches entered the coaching profession to continue their competitive athletic experiences. Former coaches were more likely to reenter into coaching due to pressure from other teachers or the school principal. …


Wombat loves digging deep holes and thinking deep thoughts, but nobody thinks much of that until danger threatens the bush and the small wombat comes up with a great big idea...One day Wombat digs the deepest hole he's ever dug and crawls into the cool darkness to think. But when he climbs out again, he can't see his mother anywhere. He is all alone. As he wanders through the great outback looking for her, Wombat meets all kinds of wonderful creatures -- Kookaburra, Wallaby, Possum, Emu, Boy and Koala. None of them think very much of him, though. But when a fire sweeps through the bush, it is Wombat's skills which save the day, and afterwards everyone races off to find his mum and bring her back to him. AGE 4-8


This paper proposes new estimators for the daily return variance which are based on common intraday statistics (opening, high, low, and closing prices). These estimators utilize information contained in products of absolute values of uncorrelated intraday statistics. An empirical study of nine components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average from 1962-01-02 to 2013-03-13 shows that they outperform existing estimators over all stocks and time periods.


Intelligent traffic management system is a technique which is based on the queue length of vehicles in each traffic signal side. Radio Frequency identification (RFID) tag is placed in each vehicle. RFID reader, NSK EDK-125-TTL and PIC16F877A are the other equipments used here to avoid congestion. The vehicles are counted, detects the presence or absence of vehicles and accordingly traffic signal light is displayed. If the stolen vehicle passes the traffic pole, RFID reader identifies and sends the message to police control room, takes the photograph of the driver and Gate Model blocks the vehicle from passing through the junction. When the emergency vehicle reaches the junction, green light is turned ON using Zigbee module. The main aim of this technique is to reduce the waiting time of the vehicles.


• Requirements for this program are current for Fall 2010. • Required credits in this minor: 20 to 22. The African and African American studies minor is an interdisciplinary program designed to promote a vigorous understanding of the worldwide historical and current experience of African Americans and people of African descent. Through its pedagogical offerings, research activities, advocacy, and community and civic engagements, the program aims to promote awareness and the advancement of the cultures and institutions of African American and African cultural communities at the local, state, national, and international levels. The courses are structured to provide a vast array of interdisciplinary, intellectual, and academic approaches to research, interpretation, and the dissemination of the multifaceted experiences and realities of the total black global experience. The program leads initiatives to develop a seamless and tightly woven cross-disciplinary pedagogical and scholastic structure focusing on the study of African American, African, and Caribbean community life and development in the United States and the world at-large. The program, through courses, advising, seminars, lectures, and presentations, supports the academic and intellectual growth of students in an ever increasing multicultural and diverse world.


ABSTRACT In the early 1970s, both the Canadian and United States federal governments introduced modern land claim agreements as a first step forward in the states' recognition of Indigenous goals for self-determination. Since then, both the United States and Canadian federal governments have incrementally expanded their recognition of Indigenous rights to include Indigenous goals for political self-determination. Yet, despite the fact that both countries began implementing broadly similar policies at approximately the same time, the degree to which Indigenous political and economic self-determination has been realized varies considerably both within and between the two countries. The variation in Indigenous self-governing power and authority suggests that the policy shift towards Indigenous self-determination is incomplete and has faced important barriers to implementation. This paper investigates two key aspects of this variation in Indigenous self-determination in the United States and Canada: (1) institutional histories embedded in geography, and (2) the temporal nature of policy frameworks. I argue that the full realization of Indigenous self-determination has been shaped in different ways and, ultimately, is limited by the intersection of embedded institutional legacies and federal political dynamics.


An overdraft is a lending instrument, usually offered by banks, that for a predetermined period allows the borrower to overdraw his account up to a predetermined limit. The timing and size of withdrawals is at the discretion of the borrower except, of course, when the credit limit is reached. Lending by Australian banks is predominantly by overdrafts and some attention has been focussed in the past on explaining the behaviour of overdraft advances. Individual demands for credit can therefore be characterised as censored (that is, subject to an upper limit). In practice there are only aggregate data for advances by overdrafts, which creeates difficulties for estimating the behavioural parameters for the demand for advances by overdraft. This paper develops a theory of aggregation of a group of individual demands that are each censored. A measure of credit rationing can also be derived from the approach. The approach is implemented using Australian data for three classes of business borrowers. The results support the view that the observed aggregate quantity of advances by overdraft is determined by both supply and demand factors. This finding is consistent with earlier work by researchers using Australian data. The significance of the present results lies in the attention paid to aggregation and the implications this has for the specification of the estimating equations. A second benefit of the approach is that it permits direct estimation of the distribution of rationed credit demands. The correctly aggregated equation specifies the observed stock of advances as a weighted average of constrained and unconstrained demands for credit, where the weights are interpreted as the probability that an individual borrower faces a binding credit limit. In that limited sense the probability measure, which varies over time, indicates the likelihood and distribution of credit rationing in the overdraft sector. These estimated probabilities are calculated for the three classes of business borrowers (agriculture, commerce and manufacturing) and are similar to the overdraft utilisation ratios in these sectors, which are independent measure of tightness in credit markets.


Design of secure systems can often be expressed as ensuring that some property is maintained at every step of a distributed computation among mutually-untrusting parties. Special cases include integrity of programs running on untrusted platforms, various forms of confidentiality and side-channel resilience, and domain-specific invariants. We propose a new approach, proof-carrying data (PCD), which circumnavigates the threat of faults and leakage by reasoning about properties of the output data, independently of the preceding computation. In PCD, the system designer prescribes the desired properties of the computation's outputs. Corresponding proofs are attached to every message flowing through the system, and are mutually verified by the system's components. Each such proof attests that the message's data and all of its history comply with the specified properties. We construct a general protocol compiler that generates, propagates and verifies such proofs of compliance, while preserving the dynamics and efficiency of the original computation. Our main technical tool is the cryptographic construction of short non-interactive arguments (computationally-sound proofs) for statements whose truth depends on "hearsay evidence": previous arguments about other statements. To this end, we attain a particularly strong proof of knowledge. We realize the above, under standard cryptographic assumptions, in a model where the prover has blackbox access to some simple functionality — essentially, a signature card.


Prior to the 2005 ban, in-shell walnuts were routinely fumigated with methyl bromide for
insect control before export. Several pilot scale radio frequency (RF) studies have been reported as
a new technology to completely control the most heat resistant insect, navel orangeworms, in in-shell
walnuts without significant quality degradation. It is important to transfer pilot-scale or laboratory
research results to large-scale industrial implementations. Heating uniformity is one of the most
important considerations in scaling up of the established treatment protocol for walnuts. Temperature
variations after RF heating may result from the different properties of walnuts and non-uniform
electromagnetic field. It is desirable to determine the heating uniformity for a given RF unit and
minimize the effect of walnut orientations and positions by stirring the walnuts during RF treatment.
The required heating uniformity was achieved with one intermittent mixing at the electrode gap of 280
mm under the hot air temperature around 60°C for a continuous RF process. The average kernel and
surface temperatures were around 55°C and 60°C after RF treatments, respectively. The efficacy
treatments were conducted using a 25 kW, 27 MHz RF system at a conveyor belt speed of 57m/h.
The results based on three replicates showed that 100% mortality of fifth-instar navel orangeworms
was achieved with an acceptable walnut quality according to the industrial standard of peroxide, fatty
acid and colour values. If this method could be economically integrated into the handling process, it
would be an effective alternative to methyl bromide fumigation for disinfesting walnuts.


Anion coordination chemistry has developed rapidly in recent years and has become a mature branch in supramolecular chemistry. Related research has expanded to a broad range of topics, such as anion recognition and separation, sensing, and applications in smart materials, transmembrane transport, and catalysis. In particular, anions have recently been proven to be promising coordination centers for the construction of a series of supramolecular structures, including foldamers, helicates, cages, etc. This review focuses on the interplay of anion coordination and supramolecular self-assembly. Representative and the most recent progress in the anion-induced and anion-coordination-based self-assemblies are summarized herein, by which we demonstrate that anion coordination chemistry is a powerful new approach to supramolecular assemblies with various applications.


The dijet production cross section for jets containing a ${b}$-hadron (${b}$-jets)
has been measured in proton--proton collisions
with a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}$ = 7 TeV, using the ATLAS
detector at the LHC. The data used correspond to an
integrated luminosity of 4.2 ${\rm{fb}}^{\rm{-1}}$.
The cross section is measured for events with two identified ${b}$-jets with a transverse
momentum $p_\mathrm{T} > 20$ GeV and
a minimum separation in the $\eta$--$\phi$ plane of $\Delta $R = 0.4.
At least one of the jets in the event is required to have $p_\mathrm{T} > 270$ GeV.
 The cross section is measured differentially as a function of dijet invariant mass,
dijet transverse momentum, boost of the dijet system, and the rapidity
difference, azimuthal angle and angular distance between the
${b}$-jets.
The results are compared to different predictions of
leading order and next-to-leading order perturbative quantum chromodynamics matrix elements supplemented with models for parton-showers and hadronization.


The collection and scoring of student artwork, for high-stakes assessment, across a large jurisdiction such as Western Australia is challenging. An alternative approach would be to submit digital representations of the artworks online for assessing. However, to give a valid and reliable measure the representations would need to be of adequate quality. Further, judgements of artworks are necessarily subjective giving concern about the reliability of scoring. The comparative pairs method of scoring lends itself to addressing this problem and is feasible where the work is in digital form. This paper reports on one component of a three-year study to investigate the representation of student practical work in digital forms for the purpose of summative assessment. The first phase of the project involved the researchers creating digital representations of the artwork submitted at the end of secondary schooling by a sample of students. The second phase involved a sample of students creating digital representations of their own work and submitting them through an online system. The study found this process was feasible, and the results were acceptable, but it lacked support from teachers and students who wanted the original artworks to be assessed. The comparative pairs method of scoring was found to provide reliable scores and be well suited to making judgements around creative work.


In this paper we study the welfare effect of a monopoly innovation. Unlike many partial equilibrium models carried out in previous studies, general equilibrium models are constructed and analyzed in greater details. We discover that, technical innovation carried out by a monopolist could significantly increase the social welfare. We conclude that, in general, the criticism against monopoly innovation based on its increased dead weight loss is less accurate as previously postulated by many studies.


In the previous edition of WHSA we introduced the readers to the WHASA assessment form; the assessment form forms the basis for every wound assessment and also provides the necessary information for Medical Aids to grant authorisation for wound care.
In this issue we would like to introduce the reader to the next step in documentation which is progress reporting. This document was co-authored by Sr Hiske Smart and Sr Febe Bruwer (Members of the WHASA EXCO committee) and the focus was on creating an easy to use example of a wound care progress report. The information captured in this document is essential to ensure that Medical Aids and practitioners capture the right information to ensure transparent feedback to all involved.


Climate creates environmental constraints (filters) that affect the abundance and distri- bution of species. In estuaries, these constraints often result from variability in water flow properties and environmental conditions (i.e. water flow, salinity, water temperature) and can have significant effects on the abundance and distribution of commercially important nekton species. We investigated links between large-scale climate variability and juvenile brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus abundance in Breton Sound estuary, Louisiana (USA). Our goals were to (1) determine if a tele- connection exists between local juvenile brown shrimp abundance and the El Nino Southern Oscilla- tion (ENSO) and (2) relate that linkage to environmental constraints that may affect juvenile brown shrimp recruitment to, and survival in, the estuary. Our results identified a teleconnection between winter ENSO conditions and juvenile brown shrimp abundance in Breton Sound estuary the follow- ing spring. The physical connection results from the impact of ENSO on winter weather conditions in Breton Sound (air pressure, temperature, and precipitation). Juvenile brown shrimp abundance effects lagged ENSO by 3 mo: lower than average abundances of juvenile brown shrimp were caught in springs following winter El Nino events, and higher than average abundances of brown shrimp were caught in springs following La Nina winters. Salinity was the dominant ENSO-forced environ- mental filter for juvenile brown shrimp. Spring salinity was cumulatively forced by winter river dis- charge, winter wind forcing, and spring precipitation. Thus, predicting brown shrimp abundance requires incorporating climate variability into models.


The World Wide Web (WWW) is filled with "resource directories"--i.e., documents that collect together links to all known documents on a specific topic. Keeping resource directories up-to-date is difficult because of the rapid growth in online documents. We propose using machine learning methods to address this problem. In particular, we propose to treat a resource directory as a list of positive examples of an unknown concept, and then use machine learning methods to construct from these examples a definition of the unknown concept. If the learned definition is in the appropriate form, it can be translated into a query, or series of queries, for a WWW search engine. This query can be used at a later date to detect any new instances of the concept. We present experimental results with two implemented systems, and two learning methods. One system is interactive, and is implemented as an augmented WWW browser; the other is a batch system, which can collect and label documents without any human intervention. The learning methods are the RIPPER rule learning system, and a rule-learning version of a new online weight allocation algorithm called the sleeping experts prediction algorithm. The experiments are performed on real data obtained from the WWW.


What I intend to do here are closely related three things. First, in response to Searle's "reply" comments on my previous article "Searle, Zhuang Zi, and Transcendental Perspectivism", I will clarify and further elaborate one of the central points concerning the "perspective" dimension and "perspective-transcending" dimension of consciousness there. Second, more substantially, I will strengthen my point by explaining the "double-aboutness" character of consciousness which is intrinsically related to the foregoing two dimensions of consciousness concerning its "hooking-up-to-objects" capacity; through a semantic-ascent strategy, I will also explain how the point has substantial theoretic implications for exploring the issue of how the cross-perspective engagement is possible. Third, I will explain how bridging Searle's and Zhuang Zi's resources in view of the double-aboutness character of consciousness can contribute to our understanding and treatment of the foregoing issue.


Most states close their registration books before Election Day, claiming that they need time to verify new registrations and prepare for voters to come to the polls on Election Day. The Supreme Court has accepted these proffered explanations for advance deadlines and upheld constitutional challenges to advance voter registration deadlines. These deadlines, however, disenfranchise eligible voters who have moved right before Election Day. This Note provides statistical evidence that suggests that for voters that have recently moved, these deadlines disenfranchise minority voters at a greater rate than white voters, contravening the Voting Rights Act. States should make changes to their registration deadlines, either allowing Election Day registration, as some states have already done, or otherwise providing recent movers with the opportunity to register after registration books have closed. If states do not voluntarily make such changes, litigation under Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act may be successful in forcing states to make adaptations to enfranchise recently moved voters. I. INTRODUCTION The American people met the November 2008 election with both excitement and concern. Many predicted an unusually large and potentially overwhelming voter turnout in response to the campaign,1 which featured a "long and divisive" Democratic primary season,2 the first African-American major party ticket presidential candidate,3 and an unpopular second-term incumbent president.4 Although the focus in 2008 was on the federal election, state and local governments determined the state-by-state procedures for administering that election, and these bodies were tasked with preparing for the predicted large turnout. States have both the power to determine the qualifications of voters for local and state elections and the power to determine the methods and administration of elections for candidates for those offices, which occur at the same time as federal elections during federal election years.5 Therefore individual states have developed differing election regulations that affect the right to cast a ballot for president and vice president of the United States. Although states administer elections, federal legislation places some limitations on states' discretion. This is necessary because in the past states have used their administrative power to disenfranchise minorities.6 Piecemeal litigation against these state practices was ineffective, consuming much time and energy.7 Congress passed the Voting Rights Act (VRA)8 in 1965 to address the disenfranchisement of black voters by providing more effective measures to enforce the Fifteenth Amendment's protection of the right to vote.9 In particular, Section 2 of the VRA establishes that election administration practices violate the VRA when they "are not equally open to participation by members of a class of citizens protected by [the VRA] ... in that its members have less opportunity than other members of the electorate to participate in the political process and to elect representatives of their choice."10 Thus, states do not have complete freedom to determine election practices and are prohibited from employing some practices that were previously used to determine voter qualifications.11 One election practice that states have developed is advance voter registration deadlines. Originally adopted to combat voter fraud,12 advance voter registration deadlines are one way states attempt to manage the unwieldy task of assuring the accuracy of voter registration rolls.13 States justify advance registration deadlines by claiming they need time between receipt of registration materials and Election Day to verify the accuracy of registration.14 However, advance voter registration deadlines unquestionably burden the right to vote: witnesses at congressional hearings leading up to the passage of the National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) informed Congress that registration deadlines were a barrier to voting. …


After obtaining sovereignty, a new emperor of China often gathers the imperial collections of previous dynasties and uses them as evidence of the legitimacy of the new regime. Some emperors go further, commissioning the compilation projects of bibliographies of books and catalogues of artistic works in their imperial collections not only as inventories but also for proclaiming their imperial power. The imperial collections of art symbolize political and cultural predominance, present contemporary attitudes toward art and connoisseurship, and reflect emperors' personal taste for art. The attempt of this research project is to explore the practice of art cataloguing during two of the most important reign periods in imperial China: Emperor Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty (r. 1101-1125) and Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty (r. 1736-1795). Through examining the format and content of the selected painting, calligraphy, and bronze catalogues compiled by both emperors, features of each catalogue reveal the development of cataloguing imperial artistic collections. In addition to constructing a historical line of cataloguing art, this project demonstrates the relationship between contemporary politics, cultures, and art. Further, it offers suggestions about the purpose and function of imperial collections of art, on the one hand, and reflects emperors' and literati's attitudes and viewpoints on art and connoisseurship, on the other hand. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group East Asian Languages & Civilizations First Advisor Nancy S. Steinhardt Second Advisor Victor H. Mair Third Advisor Julie N. Davis


We describe a two-mode fiber switch made of a short length of erbium-doped fiber in which switching is accomplished by a nonlinearity that is resonantly enhanced by the dopant. In a 0.95-m fiber pumped with a 1.48-μm laser diode, a 906-nm signal is switched with only 8 mW of absorbed power at a signal absorption loss of 0.25 dB.


The growing literature on tolerance has struggled to understand its social foundations. In this paper we argue theoretically, and show empirically, that religious organizations play a central role in shaping tolerance towards religious minorities. Drawing on a rich survey of 1000 elites from three large Muslim organizations in Indonesia, we demonstrate that Muslims elites' willingness to tolerate Christians depends on the social situation, and we identify distinct patterns of tolerance in the domains of politics, the public sphere, residential segregation, demonstration, education, and religion. We then demonstrate that organizational membership, in and of itself, does not explain attitudes of political tolerance; instead, organizational identification does. Among those elites whose organizational ties are weak relative to their identification with their faith or with Indonesia, organizational membership does not explain tolerance. Our argument provides structure to the complex interactions among organizations, identities, and tolerance in the Muslim world.


Correctness of the Chord ring-maintenance protocol would mean that the protocol can eventually repair all disruptions in the ring structure, given ample time and no further disruptions while it is working. In other words, it is "eventual reachability." Under the same assumptions about failure behavior as made in the Chord papers, no published version of Chord is correct. This result is based on modeling the protocol in Alloy and analyzing it with the Alloy Analyzer. By combining the right selection of pseudocode and textual hints from several papers, and fixing flaws revealed by analysis, it is possible to get a version that may be correct. The paper also discusses the significance of these results, describes briefly how Alloy is used to model and reason about Chord, and compares Alloy analysis to model-checking.


An important issue in reinforcement learning systems for autonomous agents is whether it makes sense to have separate systems for predicting rewards and punishments. In robotics, learning and control are typically achieved by a single controller, with punishments coded as negative rewards. However in biological systems, some evidence suggests that the brain has a separate system for punishment. Although this may in part be due to biological constraints of implementing negative quantities, it raises the question as to whether there is any computational rationale for keeping reward and punishment prediction operationally distinct. Here we outline a basic argument supporting this idea, based on the proposition that learning best-case predictions (as in Q-learning) does not always achieve the safest behaviour. We introduce a modified RL scheme involving a new algorithm which we call 'MaxPain' — which back-ups worst-case predictions in parallel, and then scales the two predictions in a multiattribute RL policy. i.e. independently learning 'what to do' as well as 'what not to do' and then combining this information. We show how this scheme can improve performance in benchmark RL environments, including a grid-world experiment and delayed version of the mountain car experiment. In particular, we demonstrate how early exploration and learning are substantially improved, leading to much 'safer' behaviour. In conclusion, the results illustrate the importance of independent punishment prediction in RL, and provide a testable framework for better understanding punishment (such as pain) and avoidance in humans, in both health and disease.


A growing number of people is turning to Social Media in the aftermath of emergencies to search and publish critical and up to date information. Retrieval and exploitation of such information may prove crucial to decision makers in order to minimize the impact of disasters on the popula-tion and the infrastructures. Yet, to date, the task of the automatic assessment of the consequences of disasters has received little to no attention. Our work aims to bridge this gap, merging the theory behind statistical learning and predictive models with the data behind social media. Here we investigate the exploitation of Twitter data for the improve-ment of earthquake emergency management. We adopt a set of predictive linear models and evaluate their ability to map the intensity of worldwide earthquakes. The models build on a dataset of almost 5 million tweets and more than 7,000 globally distributed earthquakes. We run and discuss diagnostic tests and simulations on generated models to assess their significance and avoid overfitting. Finally we deal with the interpretation of the relations uncovered by the linear models and we conclude by illustrating how findings reported in this work can be leveraged by existing emergency management systems. Overall results show the effectiveness of the proposed techniques and allow to obtain an estimation of the earthquake intensity far earlier than conventional methods do. The employment of the proposed solutions can help understand scenarios where damage actually occurred in order to define where to concentrate the rescue teams and organize a prompt emergency response.


Purpose Little is known about work-related traumatic brain injuries (WRTBI). This study describes non-fatal WRTBIs treated in US emergency departments (ED) from 1998 through 2007. Methods Non-fatal WRTBIs were identified from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System occupational supplement (NEISS-Work) using the diagnoses of concussion, internal organ injury to the head and skull fracture. WRTBI rates and rate ratios were calculated, and the trend in rates was assessed. Results An estimated 586 600 (95% CI=±150 000) WRTBIs were reported during the 10-year period at a rate of 4.3 (CI=±1.1) per 10 000 full-time equivalent (FTE) workers (1 FTE=2000 h per year). From 1998 through 2007, the rate of WRTBIs increased at an average of 0.21 per 10 000 FTE per year (p<0.0001) and the rate of fall-related WRTBIs increased at an average of 0.10 per 10 000 FTE (p<0.0001). During the same period, the annual rate of WRTBIs resulting in hospitalisation increased 0.04 per 10 000 FTE (p<0.0001). Ten percent of WRTBIs were hospitalised, compared with hospitalisation of 2% all NEISS-Work injuries. Also, workers with highest fall-related TBI rates per 10 000 FTE were the youngest (2.4; CI=±1.4) and oldest (55 and older) workers (1.9; CI=±0.8). Conclusions Non-fatal WRTBIs are one of the most serious workplace injuries among ED-treated work-related injuries. Non-fatal WRTBIs are much more likely to result in hospitalisation compared with other types of injuries. The upward trend of WRTBI rates from 1998 through 2007 underscore the need for more directed effective prevention methods to reduce WRTBI injuries.


The purpose of the SIGIR 2019 workshop on Fairness, Accountability, Confidentiality, Transparency, and Safety (FACTS-IR) was to explore challenges in responsible information retrieval system development and deployment. To this end, the workshop aimed to crowd-source from the larger SIGIR community and draft an actionable research agenda on five key dimensions of responsible information retrieval: fairness, accountability, confidentiality, transparency, and safety. Such an agenda can guide others in the community that are interested in pursuing FACTS-IR research, as well as inform potential funders about relevant research avenues. The workshop brought together a diverse set of researchers and practitioners interested in contributing to the development of a technical research agenda for responsible information retrieval.


This chapter addresses changing premises and practices for and in educational research in the case of Sweden. The ambition is to analyse changing preconditions for educational research and potential implications of this for research practices and knowledge production in the field of education. The text is organised in three inquiries: First, we present a general framework of transitions in the system of higher education and research as a combination of expansion and contraction. Second, we analyse educational research in Sweden, its trajectory, playground and play performances, indicating possible changes in the rules of the game. Here we apply an international perspective. Thirdly, based on this, we discuss the current situation - the condition we are in for educational research, and where to go?


The paper tries to shed some light on the problems of centralization and decentralization within an economic union and the federal member states. Integration and decentralization are not opposite policy strategies but both meaningful if the single public goods and services supplies are analyzed in more detail. Both strategies doubtlessly have advantages, which can be realized if the manifold possibilities are combined in an efficient approach of good governance. Best practice approaches in inter- or supra-national integration, fiscal federalism and taxation do exist and have to be successfully implemented. Obviously such a modern fiscal policy has to be accompanied by an appropriate monetary policy, which in an economic union has to be carried out by an independent central bank as one of the necessary countervailing powers in a democratic setting. A modern fiscal policy strategy efficiently controls budget deficits, which naturally have to be limited to finance reliable public investments. Such strategy has to be safeguarded through modern methods of budgeting and fiscal planning. Modern public management with a clear code of conduct for the government officials ensures corruption free administration.


The subject of this dissertation is the study of the effects of fabrication history (prestraining, welding and heat treatment) on the mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steel thin wall boiler tubes. These tubes are usually cold bent to shape, and sometimes swaged, prior to interconnection by welding. The bends require solution heat treatment before welding. In addition, subsequent to welding, the residual stresses should be relieved. It is sometimes not practically feasible to follow these constructional practices strictly especially when a whole boiler is constructed as a single unit and becomes too large and complex and contains different tubing materials. As a result of this fabrication history, the mechanical properties of boiler tube materials can be significantly altered. Sample tubes simulating the fabrication steps were supplied by British Energy for this project. The primary aim of the study was to determine spatially resolved room-temperature tensile properties using digital image correlation (DIC) by testing cross-weld specimens machined from the thin wall welded tubes (with plain or prestrained base metal) before and after the heat treatment. The experimental procedure which is used to retrieve the tensile properties from these integrated tests was validated through finite element simulation. Digital image correlation, which is a full-field strain measurement technique, was implemented in order to obtain the local stress-strain curves from regions less than a square millimetre in area and to extract the corresponding local tensile properties such as offset proof strength. The variation of the 0.2% offset proof strength was successfully obtained along these specimens. Evidence of strain hardening due to constraint and weld thermomechanical cycles was found in the plain base metal near the weld pool and evidence of softening was seen in prestrained base metal. On the other hand, after the heat treatment, the effect of prestraining and welding is cleaned out and the strength along the specimen was almost homogenized. However, aswelded cross-weld specimens with prestrained base metal have demonstrated unusual local stress-strain behavior in the weld-affected region. For a better understanding of this behavior, tension test of a cross-weld specimen with a high strength mismatch between the weld metal and base metal was simulated using the finite element method. It was found that the strength mismatch in the specimen, in combination with the experimental procedure, may cause some anomalies in the local stress-strain curves. It was also confirmed that these anomalies are not very detrimental for the determination of the proof strength on the specimens with strength mismatch. Material characterization of the welds and detailed hardness surveys on crossweld specimens were performed. Plastic strain is known to be detrimental for high temperature performance of austenitic stainless steel tubes, therefore, the degree of the plastic deformation should be known before these tubes enter service. DIe, hardness, electron back-scattered diffraction and neutron diffraction (peak width and anisotropy strain) were used to determine the amount of plastic strain in the as-welded tubes. It was observed that there is a good agreement between the predictions of plastic strain in 20% prestrained and welded tube.


As the role of the CIO continues to evolve, the determinants of CIO success remain elusive. Numerous articles and books have been written offering solutions to this problem. Is it placement in the organization's reporting structure, a combination of technical and managerial skills, or something more unique? This article identifies the most important role-specific CIO career success factors based on an examination of the careers of fourteen highly successful CIOs selected by a committee of globally respected peers.


There is accumulating evidence in the literature that stability of learning algorithms is a key characteristic that permits a learning algorithm to generalize. Despite various insightful results in this direction, there seems to be an overlooked dichotomy in the type of stability-based generalization bounds we have in the literature. On one hand, the literature seems to suggest that exponential generalization bounds for the estimated risk, which are optimal, can be only obtained through stringent, distribution independent and computationally intractable notions of stability such as uniform stability. On the other hand, it seems that weaker notions of stability such as hypothesis stability, although it is distribution dependent and more amenable to computation, can only yield polynomial generalization bounds for the estimated risk, which are suboptimal.
In this paper, we address the gap between these two regimes of results. In particular, the main question we address here is whether it is possible to derive exponential generalization bounds for the estimated risk using a notion of stability that is computationally tractable and distribution dependent, but weaker than uniform stability. Using recent advances in concentration inequalities, and using a notion of stability that is weaker than uniform stability but distribution dependent and amenable to computation, we derive an exponential tail bound for the concentration of the estimated risk of a hypothesis returned by a general learning rule, where the estimated risk is expressed in terms of either the resubstitution estimate (empirical error), or the deleted (or, leave-one-out) estimate. As an illustration, we derive exponential tail bounds for ridge regression with unbounded responses -- a setting where uniform stability results of Bousquet and Elisseeff (2002) are not applicable.


Objectives Baicalein is a Chinese traditional medicine that inhibits tumor migration and growth. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) have a high incidence in China, but there are still no effective treatments. The aim of our study was to investigate whether baicalein could inhibit pNETs. Methods In vitro, we used BON1—a cell line of pNETs—to analyze the apoptosis and migration and invasion after baicalein treatment via flow cytometry and Western blot. In vivo, we used a xenograft tumors model to evaluate the size of tumors after baicalein treatment. Western blot was used to analyze the expression of apoptosis and migration-related protein. Results In vitro, the Cell Counting Kit 8 assay showed that baicalein decreased BON1 viability, and flow cytometry demonstrated that baicalein induced BON1 apoptosis and protein changes. In addition, baicalein inhibited BON1 migration and invasion as shown via a Transwell assay. In vivo, baicalein inhibited tumor growth and migration and also increased apoptosis-related protein expression. Conclusions Baicalein could increase caspase-3 and Bax expression and decrease survivin and Bcl-2 to induce apoptosis. It inhibits migration and invasion by decreasing expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9.


Abstract Applying a probabilistic causal approach, we define a class of time series causal models (TSCM) based on stationary Bayesian networks. A TSCM can be seen as a structural VAR identified by the causal relations among the variables. We classify TSCMs into observationally equivalent classes by providing a necessary and sufficient condition for the observational equivalence. Applying an automated learning algorithm, we are able to consistently identify the data-generating causal structure up to the class of observational equivalence. In this way we can characterize the empirical testable causal orders among variables based on their observed time series data. It is shown that while an unconstrained VAR model does not imply any causal orders in the variables, a TSCM that contains some empirically testable causal orders implies a restricted SVAR model. We also discuss the relation between the probabilistic causal concept presented in TSCMs and the concept of Granger causality. It is demonstrated in an application example that this methodology can be used to construct structural equations with causal interpretations.


Vietnam's higher education is highly centralized in terms of its governance and management. A couple of higher education reform plans have been introduced over the past decade but they seem to result in poor outcomes. This paper addresses the challenges faced in the areas of governance, quality assurance and finance by a 'key' university located in the middle of Vietnam. These are explored by means of a case study approach involving interviews with a cross-section of significant former senior managers, current senior managers and current middle managers. Reform at this university is proceeding at a very slow pace. The impediments are both institutional and national. The implications of the case study for the reform of higher education in Vietnam are discussed.


Economies of scale associated with hyper-scale public cloud platforms offer flexibility and cost-effectiveness, resulting in various services and businesses moving to the cloud. One area with little progress in this direction is cellular core networks. A cellular core network manages the state of cellular clients; it is essentially a large distributed state machine with very different virtualization challenges compared to typical cloud services. In this paper we present a novel cellular core network architecture, called ECHO, particularly suited to public cloud deployments, where the availability guarantees might be an order of magnitude worse compared to existing (redundant) hardware platforms. We present the design and implementation of our approach and evaluate its functionality on a public cloud platform. Analysis shows ECHO promises higher availability than existing telco solutions.


Scholars consider reliance on dictionary definitions to be the antithesis of objective, big-data analysis of ordinary meaning. This Article contests that notion, arguing that when dictionaries are treated as a specialized database, or corpus, they provide invaluable textured understanding of a term. Words appear in dictionaries both as terms being defined and as terms defining other words. Examination of every reference to a contested term throughout a dictionary's definitional entries of other words may substantially benefit statutory and constitutional interpretation. Because dictionaries catalog language, their use as a specialized corpus provides invaluable insight into the ways a particular word is used in relation to terms throughout the English language. Such evidence provides a crucial interpretive launchpad, even for corpus-based researchers looking for a collection of possible word meanings to analyze in a database of ordinary-language documents.


During the radiological inventory evaluation of systems and equipment subject to decommissioning at units 1-4 of Kozloduy NPP, and for the purpose of radioactive waste characterization, it is necessary to determine the activity of a number of difficult-to-measure alpha-emitting radio nuclides (isotopes of uranium, plutonium, americium and curium). Their determination requires destructive analysis involving radiochemical separation of alpha-nuclides and alpha-spectrometric measurement of sources prepared via electrodeposition. This work discuses approaches to develop and validate a calibration method of the alpha-spectrometry system used for determination of the activity of alpha-emitting radio nuclides (Am, Pu, U).


Microgroove continues John Corbett's exploration of diverse musics, with essays, interviews, and musician profiles that focus on jazz, improvised music, contemporary classical, rock, folk, blues, post-punk, and cartoon music. Corbett's approach to writing is as polymorphous as the music, ranging from oral history and journalistic portraiture to deeply engaged cultural critique. Corbett advocates for the relevance of "little" music, which despite its smaller audience is of enormous cultural significance. He writes on musicians as varied as Sun Ra, PJ Harvey, Koko Taylor, Steve Lacy, and Helmut Lachenmann. Among other topics, he discusses recording formats; the relationship between music and visual art, dance, and poetry; and, with Terri Kapsalis, the role of female orgasm sounds in contemporary popular music. Above all, Corbett privileges the importance of improvisation; he insists on the need to pay close attention to "other" music and celebrates its ability to open up pathways to new ideas, fresh modes of expression, and unforeseen ways of knowing.


Abstract. Human self-localisation is an important part of everyday life. In order to determine one's own position and orientation, the allocentric representation, usually in the form of a map, has to be aligned with one's own egocentric representation of the real world. This requires objects (anchor points) that are present in both representations. We present two novel approaches that aim to simplify the process of alignment and thus the self-localisation. The Viewshed approach is based on visibility analysis and the Image Recognition approach identifies objects and highlights them on the map. On the basis of an empirical experiment with 30 participants in the city of Vienna, Austria, the two approaches were compared with each other as well as with a standard approach using a 2D map representation. The goal is to assess and compare aspects like efficiency, user experience, and cognitive workload. Results show that the Image Recognition method provided the best support and was also most popular among users. The Viewshed method performed well below expectations.


nonlinear diffusion filtering, deblurring, denoising An implicit, one-step method for the restoration of blurred and noisy color images is presented. Using a nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE)-based variational restoration approach, it is shown that a single iteration yields a result that is visually superior to performing Gaussian low-pass filtering, followed up by unsharp masking, a conventional linear process. The governing equation is constructed by examining ways to achieve the optimal balance between the two competitive forces, that of denoising and deblurring, at the same time. For the solution, the additive operator splitting (AOS) scheme is implemented, which allows the separation of spatial variables. A stable and efficient algorithm results from the decomposition of the problem, that has recently been developed for denoising without deblurring. Deblurring is added to denoising in such a way that the tridiagonal structure in each one of the dimensions is preserved, so that the algorithm remains inexpensive despite the matrix inversions. Results indicate that this one-step implementation yields a robust filter that can be tuned to preprocess images for various applications.


Abstract. This study presents an empirical method to estimate the CCN concentration as a function of percent supersaturation. The aerosol optical properties, backscatter fraction and single scatter albedo, function as proxies for the aerosol size and composition in a power law relationship to CCN. This method is tested at four sites with aged aerosol: SGP (Oklahoma, USA), FKB (Black Forest, Germany), HFE (Hefei, China) and GRW (Graciosa, Azores). Each site represents a different aerosol type and thus demonstrates the method robustness and limitations. Good agreement was found between the calculated and measured CCN with slopes between 0.81 and 1.03 and correlation coefficients (r2 values) between 0.59 and 0.67. The fit quality declined at low CCN concentrations.


Abstract. We analyse the carbon monoxide (CO), ethane (C2H6) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) partial columns (from the ground to 12 km) derived from measurements by ground-based solar Fourier Transform Spectroscopy at Lauder, New Zealand (45° S, 170° E), and at Arrival Heights, Antarctica (78° S, 167° E), from 1997 to 2009. Significant negative trends are calculated for all species at both locations, based on the daily-mean observed time series, namely CO (−0.94 ± 0.47% yr−1), C2H6 (−2.37 ± 1.18% yr−1) and HCN (−0.93 ± 0.47% yr−1) at Lauder and CO (−0.92 ± 0.46% yr−1), C2H6 (−2.82 ± 1.37% yr−1) and HCN (−1.41 ± 0.71% yr−1) at Arrival Heights. The uncertainties reflect the 95% confidence limits. However, the magnitudes of the trends are influenced by the anomaly associated with the 1997–1998 El Nino Southern Oscillation event at the beginning of the time series reported. We calculate trends for each month from 1997 to 2009 and find negative trends for all months. The largest monthly trends of CO and C2H6 at Lauder, and to a lesser degree at Arrival Heights, occur during austral spring during the Southern Hemisphere tropical and subtropical biomass burning period. For HCN, the largest monthly trends occur in July and August at Lauder and around November at Arrival Heights. The correlations between CO and C2H6 and between CO and HCN at Lauder in September to November, when the biomass burning maximizes, are significantly larger that those in other seasons. A tropospheric chemistry-climate model is used to simulate CO, C2H6, and HCN partial columns for the period of 1997–2009, using interannually varying biomass burning emissions from GFED3 and annually periodic but seasonally varying emissions from both biogenic and anthropogenic sources. The model-simulated partial columns of these species compare well with the measured partial columns and the model accurately reproduces seasonal cycles of all three species at both locations. However, while the model satisfactorily captures both the seasonality and trends in HCN, it is not able to reproduce the negative trends in either C2H6 or CO. A further simulation assuming a 35% decline of C2H6 and a 26% decline of CO emissions from the industrial sources from 1997 to 2009 largely captures the observed trends of C2H6 and CO partial columns at both locations. Here we attribute trends in HCN exclusively to changes in biomass burning and thereby isolate the influence of anthropogenic emissions as responsible for the long-term decline in CO and C2H6. This analysis shows that biomass burning emissions are the main factors in controlling the interannual and seasonal variations of these species. We also demonstrate contributions of biomass burning emission from different southern tropical and sub-tropical regions to seasonal and interannual variations of CO at Lauder; it shows that long-range transport of biomass burning emissions from southern Africa and South America have consistently larger year-to-year contributions to the background seasonality of CO at Lauder than those from other regions (e.g. Australia and South-East Asia). However, large interannual anomalies are triggered by variations in biomass burning emissions associated with large-scale El Nino Southern Oscillation and prolonged biomass burning events, e.g. the Australian bush fires.


Research on the intergenerational transmission of abuse hypothesis often only examined the existence of abuse. The current study utilizes retrospective recalls of incarcerated male defendants (N = 414), using questions formulated from the modified Conflict Tactics Scales. Five logistic regression models are run, representing a different physical abuse measure, including incidence of physical abuse; severity of physical abuse; and three composite measures: total frequency, total severity, and total frequency/severity. Although social desirability is a limitation in any study relying on self-report data, the comparison of the chi-square values of each model may give indication that the simpler abuse measures ("incidence of physical abuse" and "severity of physical abuse") are more predictive of later abusive behaviors than the more complex, composite measures.


The human eyes perceive our surroundings and are one of, if not our most important sensory organs. Contrary to our other senses the eyes not only perceive but also provide information to a keen observer. However, thus far this has been mainly used to detect reflection of infrared light sources to estimate the user's gaze. The reflection of the visible spectrum on the other hand has rarely been utilized. In this dissertation we want to explore how the analysis of the corneal image can improve currently available eye-related solutions, such as calibration of optical see-through head-mounted devices or eye-gaze tracking and point of regard estimation in arbitrary environments. We also aim to study how corneal imaging can become an alternative for established augmented reality tasks such as tracking and localization.


One of the major developments in West Africa since the later seventeenth century has been the emergence of the powerful inland Empire of Ashanti and its gradual expansion towards the coast. This process ultimately brought the Ashantis into contact with the Fantes, the conquest of whom was necessary if the Empire was to extend to the sea. Their relationship, therefore, forms a central theme in the history of the Gold Coast in modern times. But problems were created by it which extended far outside the bounds of native politics. The existence on the coast of European trading settlements in close rivalry with each other meant that any serious local upheaval was bound to have wide repercussions. For economic reasons, Europeans could not remain indifferent to changes in the balance of power which would affect trade routes from the interior to the forts and, in particular, the future of the Fante states whose people, by the eighteenth century, had long acted as middlemen in the slave trade.


Due to the high density and importance of speech in most workplaces, practical sonification systems should be designed to complement and synergize with, rather than compete with, language. The multiple-message, highdimensional channel of voice quality (such as prosody in speech, and similar communication systems in animals) is held out as one way of achieving such synergy. Systems that exploit the vocal channel can run, and be interpreted, in parallel with speech and require little training to learn. I will present some examples of biological sounds, full of acoustic parameters ready for appropriate interpretation by humans, and with an available bandwidth more than adequate for many practical sonification applications. These span the biological spectrum from frogs to dogs and birds. I will briefly discuss the principles underlying vertebrate vocal production and how they can be modelled in silico. While pitch can be useful, timbre is argued to be more flexible and multidimensional for sonification purposes. The example of formant frequencies as cues to individuality and size, and variability as an indication of urgency, are given as examples. Temporal cues, particularly rhythm, provide a rich and structured multidimensional channel that can be easily implemented vocally. Physical models of vocal production systems, of animals, real or imagined, provided a rich framework for exploration in sonification. And they are fun.


The objective of this work was to investigate stakeholder collaboration and community involvement on conservation of Ohrid region, Macedonia. To find out how the stakeholder collaboration is framed in media a content analysis approach has been employed. Online newspapers were reviewed and key information retrieved from them were considered as categories and used in subsequent analysis. This analysis was complemented with a questionnaire designed to measure the perspectives of citizens on the management of the world heritage site. From both analyses, it was found that in most of the cases there were contradictions in statements by people from different institutions including governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). For instance, the governmental organizations were in favor to increase the constructions in the city and also around the lake with the aim of increasing the number of tourists and thus revenue for the country. In contrast, the NGOs were against the increase of constructions and were critical to the government for not taking into account the negative impacts to the world heritage site. There were also disagreements between local community and governmental organizations/municipality regarding the management of the world heritage site. The local citizens showed disappointment since their views were not considered and included in the decision-making process concerning the developments in the Ohrid region. In summary, it was found that collaboration between stakeholders was poor and they had different priorities; the governmental organizations focused on increasing the number of tourists and developing the region from an economic perspective without taking into account the negative impacts on the world heritage site whereas the local community and NGOs were concerned more about the world heritage status as given by UNESCO.


In this study, the immobilization of toxic uranium [U(VI)] mediated by the intrinsic phosphatase activities of naturally occurring bacteria isolated from contaminated subsurface soils was examined. The phosphatase phenotypes of strains belonging to the genera, Arthrobacter, Bacillus and Rahnella, previously isolated from subsurface soils at the US Department of Energy's (DOE) Oak Ridge Field Research Center (ORFRC), were determined. The ORFRC represents a unique, extreme environment consisting of highly acidic soils with co-occurring heavy metals, radionuclides and high nitrate concentrations. Isolates exhibiting phosphatase-positive phenotypes indicative of constitutive phosphatase activity were subsequently tested in U(VI) bioprecipitation assays. When aerobically grown in synthetic groundwater (pH 5.5) amended with 10 mM glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P), phosphatase-positive Bacillus and Rahnella spp. strains Y9-2 and Y9602 liberated sufficient phosphate to precipitate 73% and 95% of total soluble U added as 200 microM uranyl acetate respectively. In contrast, an Arthrobacter sp. X34 exhibiting a phosphatase-negative phenotype did not liberate phosphate from G3P or promote U(VI) precipitation. This study provides the first evidence of U(VI) precipitation via the phosphatase activity of naturally occurring Bacillus and Rahnella spp. isolated from the acidic subsurface at the DOE ORFRC.


OF DISSERTATION INTERPRETING THE REPUBLIC AS A PROTREPTIC DIALOGUE Protreptic is a form of rhetoric, textual and oral in form, which exhorts its recipients to reorient their lives both morally and intellectually. Plato frequently portrays Socrates' use of this rhetoric with interlocutors who are enticed by the moral and political views of figures from Athens' intellectual culture. During these conversations Socrates attempts to persuade his interlocutors to reorient their lives in a way that conforms more closely to his own moral and intellectual practice of philosophy. Plato's depiction of protreptic, however, also exerts a protreptic effect on readers of his dialogues. Plato's writing thus performs a dual function, simultaneously depicting instances of protreptic at work and attempting to exert a protreptic effect on readers. In this dissertation I argue that this dual function of Plato's writing is inseparable from his conception of philosophy. I analyze the structure of protreptic in Plato's writing by identifying four aspects essential to an interpretive method that takes full stock of the protreptic function of Plato's dialogues. These aspects are (1) the proper recipient of protreptic; (2) the persuasive means available to protreptic; (3) the immediate target of persuasion; (4) the ultimate philosophical aim toward which protreptic advances the recipient. While some of these aspects must be determined with respect to particular dialogues, those that concern the form of Plato's writing—such as the means of persuasion and ultimate philosophical goals—can inform a general approach to Plato's dialogues. The means that Socrates uses to persuade his interlocutors are sometimes affective, influencing their emotions, and other times intellectual, appealing to them exclusively with logical argument. I argue that a combination of these means in form that I call "provocative-aporetic" better accounts for the means that Plato uses to exert a protreptic effect on readers. Aporia is a simultaneously intellectual and affective experience, and the way that readers choose to respond to aporia has a greater protreptic effect than either affective or intellectual means alone. The Republic is a crucial dialogue for studying protreptic because it addresses the ultimate moral and intellectual ends toward which Plato hopes to reorient readers, and puts the various protreptic means at Socrates' and Plato's disposal on full display. The dialogue offers both an argument for a life committed to virtue, and an outline of the theoretical insights—mathematical and dialectical—that philosophers may hope to gain from more serious study. It also portrays Socrates in conversation with characters of a variety sufficient to show his rhetorical and argumentative repertoire. In this dissertation I carry out a reading of the Republic according to the four aspects of the structure of protreptic discussed above. More specifically, I identify moments at which Glaucon and Adeimantus answer Socrates' questions in such a way that they concede to Socrates the truth of premises that contradict their defense of the unjust life. These moments reveal that the central point of dispute in the Republic concerns the nature of moral agency— particularly the functions of reason, desire, and habituation for moral agents. Accordingly, I identify two models of agency—a Technē Model and a Virtue Model— that ground their respective defenses of justice and injustice, and hold their own assumptions about reason, desire, and habituation within their respective moral psychologies. Glaucon and Adeimantus' moments of capitulation function as moments of aporia for readers, who are then provoked to overcome the aporia by explaining why the capitulation is reasonable. In doing so, we gain an account of how Glaucon and Adeimantus are coaxed to abandon their original views about justice, injustice, and moral agency and to accept those of Socrates. This account in turn yields insight into protreptic by depicting how Socrates brings about a reorientation toward philosophy from within a non-philosophical perspective.