The intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF) autonomously responded to and promptly tiled the error region of the first gravitational-wave event GW150914 to search for an optical counterpart. Only a small fraction of the total localized region was immediately visible in the northern night sky, due both to Sun-angle and elevation constraints. Here, we report on the transient candidates identified and rapid follow-up undertaken to determine the nature of each candidate. Even in the small area imaged of 126 deg2, after extensive filtering, eight candidates were deemed worthy of additional follow-up. Within two hours, all eight were spectroscopically classified by the Keck II telescope. Curiously, even though such events are rare, one of our candidates was a superluminous supernova. We obtained radio data with the Jansky Very Large Array and X-ray follow-up with the Swift satellite for this transient. None of our candidates appear to be associated with the gravitational-wave trigger, which is unsurprising given that GW150914 came from the merger of two stellar-mass black holes. This end-to-end discovery and follow-up campaign bodes well for future searches in this post-detection era of gravitational waves.


Regarding to a lack of experimental infection models and different maturation ability
of Ascaridia galli egg sources (Worm uteri and faeces) in a first study (Paper 1),
A.galli eggs isolated from two different sources were investigated for different
embryonic development capacities. The second study (Paper 2) showed no
protective maternal immunity against A. galli in chicken. The objective was to
investigate whether maternal antibody positive chicks are more resistant to A. galli
infection than maternal antibody negative chicks. Free-range chickens are exposed
to a high risk of nematode infections. Genetic selection for increased immunity could
be an important tool to reduce problems due to infectious diseases - estimating the
number of parasite eggs for an infectivity diagnosis can be unreliable in a free-range
system. Thus the objectives of a third study (Paper 3) were to estimate genetic
resistance to naturally acquired immune systems and infectivity diagnosis by
estimating the total specific antibody responses against most prevalent nematodes in
the free-range laying hen system.
The first experiment (Paper 1) was performed to investigate the embryonation ability
of A. galli eggs, isolated from two different sources originating from 12 worm
infrapopulations both from faeces of the living host (faecal eggs) and directly from
worm uteri after host necropsy (uterine eggs). The isolated eggs from each
infrapopulation and source were incubated in Petri dishes (n=24) containing a
potassium-dichromate (0.1%) medium for 28 days at room temperature. In ovo larval
development was evaluated every second day by examining morphological
characteristics of 200 eggs/ Petri dish starting from the day of egg isolation (d0). A
total of 72,000 eggs were classified into undeveloped, early development, vermiform
2
or fully embryonated stages. Isolation procedures caused similar damage to uterine
and faecal eggs (2.2% and 0.5%, respectively; P=0.180). The first sign of in ovo
embryonic development in faecal eggs (7%) was observed during the 24-hour period
when faeces were collected. On d28, a higher percentage of uterine eggs remained
undeveloped when compared with faecal eggs (58.6% vs 11.0%; P< 0.001).
Although a higher (P<0.001) percentage of faecal eggs entered both the early
developmental and vermiform stages, which took place primarily within the first two
weeks of incubation, there was no time-shift between the development of faecal and
uterine eggs. Starting from d10, higher (P<0.05) percentages of faecal eggs
completed embryonation compared with uterine equivalents.
The second experiment (Paper 2) was demonstrating whether chicks descending
from nematode-infected hens are more resistant against Ascaridia galli, a prevalent
gastrointestinal nematode, infection than infected offspring from nematode-free
mothers. One-day-old chick offspring (N=153) from infected (mab+; maternal
antibody+) or uninfected control dams (mab-) were experimentally infected with A.
galli at two different concentrations (100 or 1000 eggs/chick). Female chickens
exhibited significantly (P<0.05) higher specific antibody concentrations (2.355 ±
0.211). The worm burdens of the chicks were determined at 6 weeks after infection.
There was a high correlation (r=0.89, P<0.001) between A. galli-specific antibody
concentrations in dam plasma and egg yolk. Dam and chick infection doses
interaction had a significant effect (P<0.05) on worm burden and the highest infection
rate (21.2 ± 2.95) occurring in mab+ chicks challenged with +1000 A. galli eggs. In
chicks, lower doses of infection caused a difference in worm burden between the
mab +/ - groups. Chick infection dose had a significant effect on female/ male
3
harvested worms. There was also an interaction effect between maternal infection
and chick infection with respect to worm weight.
The final study (Paper 3) was conducted on two genotypes of Brown hens (LB
classic and LB plus) under practical free-range farm condition. Aims of this study
were to describe genetic resistance to immune systems and infectivity diagnosis by
estimating total specific antibody concentration (TsAb) against the most prevalent
nematodes in free-range chicken systems. Chickens (17 weeks old) of two Lohmann
brown genotypes (LB plus/ LB Classic) were examined for a laying period of one and
a half years. Individually obtained plasma of the genotypes, LB plus (n= 200) and LB
classic (n=200) were used for detecting TsAb via the ELISA test before necropsy.
Some birds were subjected to post-mortem parasitological examinations at 79 weeks
(LB plus, n= 162) or 88 weeks (LB classic, n=139) of age. There was a significant
(P<0.05) difference in total worm burden (TWb) and TsAb in relation to the genetic
background of the chickens in their response to naturally acquired nematode
infections. Positive phenotypic correlations (r=0.1, P=0.014) of TsAb with the total
epg (Tepg) before necropsy and no significant correlation (r=-0.13, P=0.1) with TWb
at necropsy were moderated. Slightly fluctuating increases of TsAb by age (weeks)
were observed.
It is concluded that isolated A.galli eggs from both sources reached a plateau of
embryonation by the end of the second week of incubation, with faecal eggs having
more than a two-fold higher embryonation ability. Cumulative mortality was higher in
uterine eggs (14.3%) when compared to faecal eggs (0.2%). Although lower worm
burden in mab- chicks with resistant tendency against A.galli pathogen in maternal
antibody positive (mab+) offspring was demonstrated, no protective immunity against
A. galli infection was observed. In this free-range chicken system, the LB classic
4
genotype was more susceptible to gastrointestinal nematodes than the LB plus
genotype with higher total antibody responses before necropsy and lower total
antibody responses at necropsy. Estimating total specific antibody responses is
meaningful for infectivity diagnosis in a free-range chicken system.


Although online learning (OL) is becoming widely accessible and is often viewed as cutting-edge, the actual number of regular faculty participating in this form of teaching remains small. Moreover, OL, despite its growing recognition, is often associated with high rates of student dissatisfaction and isolation, withdrawal, and attrition. Furthermore, although administrators typically champion support of OL, they often seem unable or unwilling to marshal the necessary financial, human, and technological resources to produce high-quality course materials and to effect efficient course delivery. In short, online learning seems paradoxically to be both booming and busting simultaneously. It is expanding supply yet hitting similar obstacles that distance education encountered generations earlier. Under these circumstances, OL is unlikely to become mainstream without a major redirection. This article applies economic principles and concepts to OL. The revised conceptualization posits that an understanding of stakeholder priorities is the key to improved online course design and delivery.


Open banking brings both the opportunities and challenges to banks all over the world. Due to the different economic development levels of each country and the gaps among financial environment maturity, all countries have different strategies and regulations towards the privacy protection of data in financial scenes, such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) by European Union (EU). A blockchain as a continuously growing list of records managed by a peer-to-peer network is widely used in various application scenarios, and can protect the privacy of financial data. However, financial blockchain still poses some problems that cannot fully meet the data protection needs. In order to address the existing problems, this paper proposes a new blockchain-based data privacy management framework. The framework consists of three components: a data privacy classification method according to the characteristics of financial data and a new collaborative-filtering-based model and a confirmation data disclosure scheme for customer strategies based on the Nudge Theory. We implement a prototype and propose a set of algorithms for this management framework.


The echidna is a solitary, seasonally breeding monotreme mammal with a mating system characterized by high levels of intra-male competition for access to receptive females. Throughout Australia the breeding season follows a period of inactivity which ranges from shallow bouts of torpor to prolonged deep hibernation. In this thesis I investigated how the Tasmanian echidna optimizes its reproduction around an obligatory hibernation period and in the presence of intense sexual conflict. The bradymetabolic (slowing of metabolism) effect of hibernation was exploited by both sexes to optimize their reproduction. I found that testes recrudescence (defined as an increase in testes volume and density) was initiated prior to males entering hibernation, a strategy not seen in any other hibernating mammal. This strategy can be linked to the low energy and density diet and requirement to hibernate to maximise energy-savings, and to the large relative size of echidna testes reflecting a mating system with intense levels of intra-male competition. It took approximately two months at euthermic body temperatures from the initiation of recrudescence in December for echidna testes to reach 75% of peak size. Therefore if testes recrudescence did not occur prior to entering hibernation, hibernation would be restricted to a one and a half month period to allow mating in June.
Male echidnas initiated mating activity by locating hibernating females and entering their hibernacula. This strategy was common in my study population and males that remained with a female in her hibernaculum for 13 hours or more gained a copulation opportunity. However, all females that mated or were disturbed by males prior to July 27 re-entered hibernation. This indicates that mating often occurred earlier than optimal for female reproductive success. Many of the females that re-entered hibernation after mating were pregnant. Pregnant females entered hibernation only in early pregnancy: hibernation extended the gestation period and hence allowed females to delay egg-laying. Females timed their reproduction so that they emerged from their 37 day period of nursery burrow confinement as ecosystem productivity increased. Hibernation therefore allows successful reproduction in a population where there is asynchronous timing of optimal mating between males and females.
This thesis explores the influence of hibernation on sexual conflict, demonstrates the numerous interactions that can occur between hibernation and reproduction and shows that the bradymetabolic property of hibernation is exploited by both male and female echidnas to optimize reproductive fitness.


Experimental survey of roof blown-off was undertaken to determine the main causes of roof blown-off. Data obtained from the survey and experimentation was evaluated and interpreted using statistical correlation and graphical presentation. These data were then incorporated to the model formulation, then a FOTRAN  program was developed to make predictions of roof blown-off possible. From the model, it was found out that topographical location, orientation of building to wind direction, roof geometry, pitch angle all have their contributive effects on roof blown-off. The developed model was validated using data obtained from another location. Out of the 55 sets of building predicted by the model, 51 of the predictions were correct. The model is good for the purpose of planning roof design

 Key words:  Modeling, building orientation, roof geometry, pitch angle, topographical location.


Coalmine reclamation is a major component of mine planning. Reclamation planning of a mine starts at the inventory phase, where biophysical data from pre-disturbance surveys must be collected. Much of this data can be collected from satellite imagery, digital orthophotos, topographic maps, ground data collection as well as existing digital data provided by the related Provincial and Federal Government Ministries. Once this data is collected all of the data can utilized in a Geographic Information System to map the data as well as relate the database information to the spatial data and use this as the base for recording and analyzing pre-disturbance levels, biophysical information, reclamation objectives, monitoring successes, current status of the disturbed areas and to predict future responses. The use of CIS in reclamation planning allows for quick, accurate, and precise management of data. CIS allows quicker and more convenient summaries of quantifiable data thus improving efficiency in appraising present plans to determine if they will meet with regulations and required reclamation standards (e.g. required amount of wildlife habitat to be replaced, areas, distances, etc.) The process of mining is not a single disturbance event; it encompasses an on-going disturbance of land necessitating the use of an on-going management. Updates to a CIS database can be accomplished quickly and accurately. Multiple scenario modelling can be undertaken by making small changes to the CIS model (e.g. a CIS model allows manipulation of data and what-if scenarios quicker, cheaper, and with less environmental disturbance than trials on real land). The ability to run predictive scenarios will also make it possible to plan ahead which is the most pro-active technique that can be done. Modelling can help support theories or plans for reclamation work before the work has actually started on the reclamation i.e. an actual working model of a proposed reclamation plan will be accepted by government and public much easier than a plan that has only literature to back it up. A considerable reduction in reclamation costs may be noticed from enhanced pre-planning of reclamation and decreased uncertainty in the planning procedure.


Computers have been used to aid the design process for well over twenty years. Initially there were just draughting systems, but now 3-D modellers and finite element analysis packages are commonplace. As computing power has become cheaper to buy and smaller to house so the applications for these systems have proliferated and all designers are now taking an interest. Expert systems, which try to imi t ate human decisionmaking capability, are much newer, but as with the draughting and analytical tools they will eventually find their way into the world of computer-aided design. This article discusses the possible roles of expert systems in the design process and illustrates the use of two shells - TIMM and INSIGHT - in relation to detailed design decisions. Using a shell will impose constraints on the way the problem must be formulated and the application of TIMM to the costing of turned components and INSIGHT to the selection of a manufacturing process demonstrate the kind of structures it will be necessary to use.


Background/Context Results of the few studies that have investigated moral reasoning in education students suggest that such reasoning may be less advanced for them than for college students with non–education majors and that education students do not appear to advance in moral reasoning from freshman to senior year. Purpose The purpose of the present study was to test an educational intervention designed to advance moral reasoning scores of undergraduate elementary and secondary education students. Setting The study was conducted in undergraduate classrooms at the University of Nevada, Reno, a Western Land Grant institution. Participants Participants were undergraduate elementary (n = 94) and secondary education majors (n = 98) and undergraduate students majoring in English literature and philosophy (n = 42). Research Design The study was a quasi-experimental design. Data Collection and Analysis Undergraduate education students enrolled in four sections of an introduction to educational psychology course received interventions designed to advance moral reasoning. English and philosophy courses were chosen as control groups. Over a period of 5 weeks, students in the intervention groups were taught moral development theories and participated in online dilemma discussion. An additional 3 weeks were devoted to pretesting and posttesting activities. Results A 2 x 5 mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA; time by group) with repeated measures on time was conducted to analyze pre- and posttest2 DIT P-scores for all five subgroups. Significant increases in mean DIT P-scores were found for the elementary and secondary intervention groups but not for the control groups. Gains in both the elementary and secondary groups were maintained at posttest2 at the end of the semester, but there were no significant differences from posttest1 to posttest2. To determine the effectiveness of hypothetical versus real-life dilemma discussion on moral reasoning, a 2 x 3 mixed ANOVA (time by group) was conducted. The ANOVA main effect for time and the interaction were significant, whereas the main effect for group was not significant. Conclusions/Recommendations Results of the present study support findings of previous studies providing evidence that principled moral reasoning can be advanced by deliberate educational interventions. Future studies should investigate whether gains will be maintained over longer periods of time than a single semester and whether mere gains in moral reasoning scores translate to a broader range of moral behaviors.


In this paper, I examine verbal constituents in the left periphery in Brazilian Portuguese and argue that they should be analyzed as topics. I identify three types of topicalization of verbal projections depending on whether the derivation involves movement or base-generation and whether the movement involves a verb or a full vP. In addition to providing a semantic and pragmatic characterization of these three types, I also discuss why the constructions derived by movement surface with two copies of the verb phonetically realized with different inflections (an infinitival and a finite form).


Sensual yet pre-eminently functional, food is of intrinsic interest to us all. This exciting new work by a leading authority explores food and related concepts in the Greek and Roman worlds. In entries ranging from a few lines to a couple of pages, Andrew Dalby describes individual foodstuffs (such as catfish, gazelle, peaches and parsley), utensils, ancient writers on food, and a vast range of other topics, drawn from classical literature, history and archaeology, as well as looking at the approaches of modern scholars. Approachable, reliable and fun, this A-to-Z explains and clarifies a subject that crops up in numerous classical sources, from plays to histories and beyond. It also gives references to useful primary and secondary reading. It will be an invaluable companion for students, academics and gastronomes alike.


In the United States today we are confronted by a number of serious social problems, not the least of which concern the character of our basic human services. In each of the broad public domains of welfare, education, law, and health there are crises of public confidence. Each in its own way is failing to accomplish its essential mission of alleviating material deprivation, instructing the young, controlling and righting criminal and civil wrongs, and healing the sick. The poor, the student, the offender and the victim, the sick-all have in some way protested the failure of the institutions responsible for them. And these protests occur at a time when the human services are absorbing an increasingly massive amount of money and manpower. Awareness of that crisis intensified in the second half of the twentieth century. Increasing energy has been invested in research designed to determine what can be done. Each of the human services has long had its own research tradition, but during the sixties each has also made a concerted effort to mobilize and use the skills of such comparatively new disciplines as sociology. Owing to these new demands, sociology itself has grown. The hitherto obscure specialties of the sociology of law and medicine and the established specialties of criminology and educational sociology have taken on new vigor. Rather than dealing with the details of the human services for their own sake-and this lack of detail in a characteristic limitation of the second approach-this book shall instead attempt to stand outside the system in order to delineate one of its critical assumptions and a strategic feature of its basic structure. This book deals with the concept of profession, on assumptions about how services to laymen should be controlled and is realized by a special kind of social structure that organizes the presentation of those services.


In this study, biological removal of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate nitrogen of partially
treated landfill leachate (PTLL) was conducted by nitrification and denitrification
processes. The experiments were conducted by batch treatment using 16L stirred tank
reactor in which 8 L of PTLL was treated with O%, I%, 5% and 10% (vlv) of
centrifuged landfill Ieachate sludge and the pH was adjusted to 7 at every 12 hour
interval. The treatment systems were kept above 80% saturated with oxygen (0.06-
0.19 vvm).
It was found that the treatment with 10% centrifuged landfill leachate sludge was
sufficient to reduce 93% and 63% of the PTLL7s ammonia and nitrite, respectively,
under aerobic condition. It was also observed that the level of nitrate can be reduced
by 56% by biological means from the PTLLYs original concentration of 13,500 ppm
during nitrification process. However, subsequent denitrification was not possible due
to foaming which occurred during the nitrification treatment with 10% centrifbged landfill leachate sludge. Large loss of biomass from the system was experienced, even
when the flowrate of air supplied was reduced to a very low level at 0.06 vvm.
Furthermore, the impeller located at the upper part of the reactor's shaft was unable to
break the large amount of foam formed.
As an alternative to prevent foaming, further experiments were carried out in a 6L
reactor with the use of 4L synthetic media of (a) defined media with controlled pH
between 7.5 and 8.5; (b) model leachate (without organic nitrogen) with (i) pH
adjusted to 7 every 12 hours (ii) controlled pH between 7.5 and 8.5; and (c) model
leachate (with organic nitrogen and pH controlled between 7.5 and 8.5. These media
consisting of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate concentrations of 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm and
3000 ppm, respectively, were treated with 10% of centrifuged landfill leachate sludge
for complete nitrification and denitrification processes and to isolate the microbes
involved. The saturated oxygen was kept above 80% (0.02 vvm) throughout the
treatments.
Complete nitrification and denitrification were achieved at 120 and 168 hours, when
defined media and model leachate (without organic nitrogen) were used respectively,
under controlled pH between 7.5 and 8.5. The cell population of both treatments was
found to increase from lo8 to 10" cell/ml and lo9 to 10" celllml respectively, at the
end of denitrification process, under CM ratio of 0.4 in which acetic acid was used as
carbon source.Several strains were isolated from nitrification and denitrification processes. They
were strains WNZ 1, WNZ 2 and WNZ 3 (ammonia oxidizers) which were unable to
be identified by Biolog Identification System, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and
Acidovorax konjaci (nitrite oxidizers) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa I, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa 2 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3 (nitrate oxidizers).


Realistic curriculum planning for schools requires the contribution of all groups, especially teachers, who influence the process of decision making in education. Since teachers have valuable experiences about school activities and are aware of the students' needs and problems, they should be considered as the main important element of decision making on curriculum planning. This research has tried to show the extent, and the possibility, of teachers' contribution in curriculum planning in Iran and have investigated the results of such contribution as well. A researcher-made questionnaire has been used to collect data from a sample of high school teachers in Tehran and experts of curriculum planning of the Ministry of Education concerning the extent of teachers' contribution in curriculum planning, the factors which facilitate this contribution, and the positive and negative effects of it.


Objective/Aims: Personally controlled health management system (PCHMS) in mobile technologies offer a new platform for personal health care. The objective of this study was to develop a mobile version of an existing web-based PCHMS and analyze its usability. Method: The mobile extension of the PCHMS was iteratively designed from its web-based version and evaluated over a period of 6 months. 17 participants completed a 30-minute five-part usability study incorporating the think aloud protocol, task activities, card sorting exercises, interviews, and a technology acceptance questionnaire measuring the "perceived usefulness" and "perceived ease of use" of the mobile version. Results: A mobile version of the PCHMS from its original web-based conception was successfully developed. On a scale from 1 to 7 (where 1=strongly agree, and 7=strongly disagree), participants indicated an intention to use the mobile application with a mean of 1.82, perceived usefulness with a mean of 2.24, and ease-of-use with a mean of 2.71, indicating participants found the overall mobile application useful, easy to use, and that there is strong intention to use the mobile application to manage their health. Conclusion: Providing a PCHMS in both web-based and mobile-based platform that is well accepted by consumers should allow more people to have convenient access to their health information, self-management tools and thus improve their overall day-to-day health management. The user experience on smartphone should be carefully considered when transferring a PCHMS from traditional web-based to mobile application.


We present new Spectrographic Areal Unit for Research on Optical Nebulae (SAURON) integral-field spectroscopy and Swift Ultraviolet Optical Telescope (UVOT) observations of molecular outflow host galaxy NGC 1266 that indicate NGC 1266 has experienced a rapid cessation of star formation. Both the SAURON maps of stellar population age and the Swift UVOT observations demonstrate the presence of young (<1 Gyr) stellar populations within the central 1 kpc, while existing Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-Wave Astronomy CO(1–0) maps indicate that the sites of current star formation are constrained to only the inner few hundred parsecs of the galaxy. The optical spectrum of NGC 1266 from Moustakas & Kennicutt reveal a characteristic poststarburst (K+A) stellar population, and Davis et al. confirm that ionized gas emission in the system originate from a shock. Galaxies with K+A spectra and shock-like ionized gas line ratios may comprise an important, overlooked segment of the poststarburst population, containing exactly those objects in which the active galactic nucleus (AGN) is actively expelling the star-forming material. While AGN activity is not the likely driver of the poststarburst event that occurred 500 Myr ago, the faint spiral structure seen in the Hubble Space Telescope Wide-field Camera 3 Y-, J- and H-band imaging seems to point to the possibility of gravitational torques being the culprit. If the molecular gas were driven into the center at the same time as the larger scale galaxy disk underwent quenching, the AGN might be able to sustain the presence of molecular gas for ≳ 1 Gyr by cyclically injecting turbulent energy into the dense molecular gas via a radio jet, inhibiting star formation.


This review essay discusses Randy Barnett's new book, Restoring the Lost Constitution: The Presumption of Liberty. In general terms, the book argues that current constitutional doctrine grants too much power to federal and state legislatures, and provides too little protection to individual liberty. To remedy the problem, Professor Barnett proposes abandoning the presumption of constitutionality that courts typically accord to state and federal laws, and adopting in its place a presumption of liberty that, he contends, is more consistent with the Constitution's original meaning. In this review, I discuss four points on which Restoring the Lost Constitution gives me pause. First, the book proceeds from an extra-textual political theory that is difficult to square with the actual framing of the Constitution, a dilemma that is particularly acute for Professor Barnett since he defends a form of originalism as the appropriate mode of constitutional interpretation. Second, Professor Barnett's defense of an original meaning approach to constitutional interpretation features a rather strained attempt to analogize constitutions to contracts, and, in the process, slights competing accounts of constitutional interpretation. Third, especially in his discussion of the state police power, Professor Barnett operationalizes his presumption of liberty by injecting into the Constitution a number of remarkably unstable conceptual distinctions. Fourth and finally, Professor Barnett's argument for a generalized jurisprudence of liberty neglects the extent to which particular articulations of liberty in our constitutional system may be linked to another core constitutional value: equality. Greater attention to a liberty-equality link could yield a significantly different, and better grounded, understanding of the appropriate constitutional balance between government power and individual freedom. The Cornell Law Review will publish a reply from Professor Barnett in the same issue as this review.


Rural people in South AfricalKwaZulu-natal makes up a large portion ofthe total population. They depend on a wide range of activities for living. Besides farming, they also engage in petty trade and wage work in towns and cities. Pensions (public welfare) and remittances also contribute a share to the household budget. Total cash earnings, however, are not enough to enable the majority of rural residents to escape poverty. This study attempts to present a case that the agriculture sector (farming) could contribute more towards improving the living conditions of these people. The argument centers on two facts: the fact that KwaZulu-Natal enjoys a plenty of agricultural natural resources and the second is that farming activity as a sector has certain characteristics worthy of consideration. Findings indicate two things: it establishes the low (measured) income flow from agriculture arrived at by previous studies but at the same time points out to the expansion in farming activities. Comparatively, income derived from farming still compares poorly with others as it was five years ago (1993-1998). The second point which may appear odd is that, consistent with findings by other sources, the number of people or households practicing farming is steadily increasing over time in contrast to other activities such as informal sector, migrant labor and income sources such as remittances. The study uses these facts and others to prove that the sector represents the central activity among the various components that constitute the livelihood system and that it has the potential to contribute more livelihoods as well as playing a lead role for the development of rural economy. The study recognizes the large magnitude of resources whether human or physical required and the constraints to tackle for realizing this but argues that in the absence of any realistic and feasible alternative, agriculture represents the second best route to poverty reduction in rural KwaZulu-Natal. It is also noted that the smallholder strategy in the short term can at best achieve an adequate level of household food security against hunger and malnutrition and may initiate a limited community level food and other farming rel£!.ted market transactions and employment. The study concludes with a number of recommendations deemed necessary to help rural producers enhance their productivity and thus livelihoods generated from the agriculture sector.


Abstract. The South Atlantic rift basin evolved as a branch of a large Jurassic–Cretaceous intraplate rift zone between the African and South American plates during the final break-up of western Gondwana. While the relative motions between South America and Africa for post-break-up times are well resolved, many issues pertaining to the fit reconstruction and particularly the relation between kinematics and lithosphere dynamics during pre-break-up remain unclear in currently published plate models. We have compiled and assimilated data from these intraplated rifts and constructed a revised plate kinematic model for the pre-break-up evolution of the South Atlantic. Based on structural restoration of the conjugate South Atlantic margins and intracontinental rift basins in Africa and South America, we achieve a tight-fit reconstruction which eliminates the need for previously inferred large intracontinental shear zones, in particular in Patagonian South America. By quantitatively accounting for crustal deformation in the Central and West African Rift Zones, we have been able to indirectly construct the kinematic history of the pre-break-up evolution of the conjugate west African–Brazilian margins. Our model suggests a causal link between changes in extension direction and velocity during continental extension and the generation of marginal structures such as the enigmatic pre-salt sag basin and the Sao Paulo High. We model an initial E–W-directed extension between South America and Africa (fixed in present-day position) at very low extensional velocities from 140 Ma until late Hauterivian times (≈126 Ma) when rift activity along in the equatorial Atlantic domain started to increase significantly. During this initial ≈14 Myr-long stretching episode the pre-salt basin width on the conjugate Brazilian and west African margins is generated. An intermediate stage between ≈126 Ma and base Aptian is characterised by strain localisation, rapid lithospheric weakening in the equatorial Atlantic domain, resulting in both progressively increasing extensional velocities as well as a significant rotation of the extension direction to NE–SW. From base Aptian onwards diachronous lithospheric break-up occurred along the central South Atlantic rift, first in the Sergipe–Alagoas/Rio Muni margin segment in the northernmost South Atlantic. Final break-up between South America and Africa occurred in the conjugate Santos–Benguela margin segment at around 113 Ma and in the equatorial Atlantic domain between the Ghanaian Ridge and the Piaui-Ceara margin at 103 Ma. We conclude that such a multi-velocity, multi-directional rift history exerts primary control on the evolution of these conjugate passive-margin systems and can explain the first-order tectonic structures along the South Atlantic and possibly other passive margins.


Allogrooming is a behavioral adaptation present in many primate systems that serves to organize social hierarchies and promote social cohesion by placating future agonistic conspecifics. Lesser Spot-Nosed Guenons (Cercopithecus petaurista) are one species that exhibits allogrooming both in the wild and in captive populations. In a population of C. petaurista, dominant males perform proportionately less allogrooming than do females, possibly indicating dominant individuals are the recipients of higher rates of allogrooming than are subordinate ones. My case study catalogs the activity budgets of three captive Lesser Spot-Nosed monkeys and investigates the relationship between allogrooming, solicitation of allogrooming, and aggression. It also examines whether or not these activities can be quantified as metrics for measuring hierarchy. Consistent with the literature, I found no association between allogrooming and aggression. Instead my study supports a positive correlation between aggression and grooming solicitation as a metric of hierarchy.


Subaerial continental flood basalt volcanism is distinguished from all other volcanic activity by the repeated effusion of huge batches of basaltic magma (∼102-103 km3 per eruption) over short periods of geologic time (<1 Myr). Flood basalt provinces are constructed of thick stacks of extensive pahoehoe-dominated lava flow fields and are the products of hundreds of eruptions. Each huge eruption comes from a dyke-fed fissure tens to hundreds of kilometres long and lasts about a decade or more. Such spatial and temporal patterns of lava production do not occur at any other time in Earth history, and, during eruptions, gas fluxes of ∼1 Gt per year of SO2 and CO2 over periods of a decade or more are possible. Importantly, the atmospheric cooling associated with aerosols generated from the SO2 emissions of just one flood basalt eruption is likely to have been severe and would have persisted for a decade or longer. By contrast, warming due to volcanogenic CO2 released during an eruption is estimated to have been insignificant because the mass of CO2 would have been small compared to that already present in the atmosphere.


Assessments of the United States–led effort to create a democratically governed Iraq following the toppling of the Saddam Hussein regime in 2003 have generally been negative. However, these criticisms have, for the most part, ignored the progress Iraq made on putting in place basic public administration practices and political processes that better serve its citizens, particularly at the subnational level. This paper reviews the experience of the Local Governance Program in strengthening the capacities of subnational councils and provincial offices to develop legislation and to plan and budget for capital investments. The discussion reveals how contestation over the legal interpretations of decentralization constrained the autonomy of provincial actors, and how mastery of administrative tools and methods enabled them to maneuver more effectively within evolving provincial governance structures. This experience offers several lessons for international stabilization and reconstruction operations: constitution-making in divided societies paves over differences with ambiguities in order to reach agreement, which pushes the unresolved conflicts into political, legislative, and administrative arenas; decentralization debates are ultimately about the distribution of political power and control and cannot be addressed solely as technical and administrative governance questions; and basic public administration capacity is critical to meeting citizens' expectations for services, security, and economic opportunity. A final observation is that international governance improvement templates can only be effective if they recognize that technical interventions must account for politics and the incentives facing local actors.


Raman-like forward scattering by acoustic phonons transversely trapped in birefringent silica-air photonic crystal fibers is studied. As the air-filling fraction increases, core-confined acoustic resonances become increasingly apparent at higher frequencies (>1.1 GHz), while the number of cladding-confined acoustic modes involved in scattering falls. Two main types of scattering are observed: intramodal (scattering to new frequencies within the same optical mode) and intermodal (frequency-shifted scattering to a different optical mode). It is shown that the twofold symmetric microstructure in a birefringent fiber causes strongly polarization-dependent intramodal scattering. Good agreement is obtained between the experimental measurements and numerical solutions of both the acoustic and electromagnetic wave equations by using a full-vectorial finite-element approach. Phononic bandgaps are found to play a significant role at higher air-filling fractions, leading to the appearance of additional bands in the scattering spectrum.


Hematite (α-Fe2O3), due to its abundance and low-cost, is an attractive compound for photoelectrochemical splitting of water to produce hydrogen. However, one major obstacle preventing hematite from achieving the target efficiencies comprises its significantly smaller minority carrier transport distance relative to its optical absorption depth in the visible part of the optical spectrum. Here, we combine host–guest and Mie resonance concepts to achieve significant optical absorption in extremely thin layers of hematite. We propose and theoretically evaluate transparent particles coated with an extremely thin hematite shell as building blocks for hematite photoanodes. By full-field optical simulations we found out that maximal optical absorption is achieved when the particle supports two to three Mie resonance modes above the hematite optical absorption edge. Optical absorption efficiencies integrated over the air mass 1.5 global (AM1.5G) irradiance spectrum, 〈ηabs〉AM1.5, reach more than 2 mA cm−2 within a 10 nm thick hematite shell of a particle with optimal dimensions and 〈ηabs〉AM1.5 comes close to 5 mA cm−2 in a 25 nm thick hematite shell. Furthermore, we evaluate the performance when the particles are part of an array or stacked atop each other. The concept introduced here could be useful for improving optical absorption in semiconductors with extremely short carrier transport distances.


PLANT SCIENCE
Is it better to grow efficiently within a limited range of conditions or safely across a broader range? Factors that influence this choice are illustrated by comparing water-conducting tissues (xylem) in plants. Wide and long vessels support low-resistance flow of water, but are susceptible to catastrophic failure provoked by a few untoward bubbles. Narrower, shorter xylem vessels struggle to carry as much water, but are a more robust conduit for facing the vagaries of life. Because transpiration and photosynthesis go hand in hand, the amount of water delivered to the leaves determines the amount of photosynthesis that can be supported.

Kocacinar and Sage, examining xylem structure in relation to metabolism and environment, find that some species favor a secure water supply and others favor a maximized water supply that supports more leaf area. An increased leaf canopy is a competitive solution in resource-rich habitats, whereas reliability of water supply is the solution favored for species growing in drought-prone habitats. In either case, C4 photosynthetic plants, which use water more efficiently than do C3 photosynthetic plants, have the advantage of being able to go further with a given amount of xylem tissue. Thus, the advantages of C4 metabolism include not only metabolic efficiency, but also doing more with less in plant infrastructure. — PJH

Plant Cell Environ. 26 , 2015 (2003).


Selective hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose is a critical step for producing value-added chemicals and materials from lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, we found that co-impregnation of crystalline cellulose with sulfuric acid and glucose can greatly reduce the time needed for ball milling compared with adding acid alone. The enhanced reaction time coincides with the rapid formation of branched α(1→6) glycosidic bonds, which have been shown to increase water solubility of β(1→4) glucan oligomers. Co-impregnation of glucose was crucial for the rapid formation of the α(1→6) branches, after which a carbon-based catalyst can rapidly hydrolyze the water-soluble glucan oligomers to 91.2% glucose yield faster than conventional approaches.


Introduction Regional governance is on the rise in the United States, according to some scholars and observers (Dodge 1989, 1990; Wallis 1994a). In other words, local government officials are increasingly working together to address interjurisdictional problems and issues. One strategy of regional governance that is being used more often is voluntary groups of local governmental officials--and often business leaders and other citizens--in a region. A number of these "regional partnerships" have been formed specifically to foster the economic development of a multijurisdictional or regional area. Olberding (1997) finds that the number of regional partnerships for economic development increased fivefold during the past decade in large metropolitan areas in the southeastern United States--from three in 1987 to 16 in 1997. The recent growth in regional partnerships for economic development as a public administration/public policy strategy, however, has not been matched by scholarly research. To date, no study has empirically examined the formation of these regional partnerships across a large number of areas in the United States. Further, no study has looked at the organizational characteristics of a representative sample of regional partnerships for economic development in the United States. Therefore, we have a very limited understanding of why regional partnerships form, how they are structured, and what they do. This article attempts to address the shortcomings by developing a theory of regional partnerships for economic development and then testing it using data from all metropolitan areas in the United States and from a national survey to which executive directors of 133 regional partnerships responded. The Literature on Regionalism Two Competing Models of Interlocal Relations There are two competing models of how local governments in a region relate to one another. On the one hand, there are "interjurisdictional competition" models, which assert that cities rival one another for residents and businesses. Tiebout (1956) presents the notion that there is an optimal number of residents and businesses at which communities produce a bundle of public services at the lowest average cost. A community below the optimum tries to attract residents and businesses; a community at the optimum tries to maintain it; and a community above the optimum does not try to repel residents and businesses, but rather economic factors "push people out of it." (1) If a number of citizens with similar preferences for public services and taxes are not satisfied with the current offerings of local jurisdictions, then new jurisdictions are formed. Proponents argue that multiple, competing cities result in an efficient outcome because it enables citizens and businesses to choose jurisdictions with public services and taxes that most closely match their preferences. In addition, public-choice theory suggests that competition improves democracy because politicians must be responsive to mobile constituents (Roeder 1994). In contrast to models based on fragmentation and competition, a second set of models is based on "regionalism" by limiting the number of local governments or by fostering coordination and cooperation among them. Public administration traditionalists assert that fewer local governments result in economy-of-scale benefits, greater political accountability, more equitable treatment of citizens, and greater opportunity to address significant problems (Lyons, Lowery, and DeHoog 1992). Further, urban scholars maintain that economic and social linkages among cities in metropolitan areas are strengthening (Hershberg 1996; Wallis 1994a; Florestano and Wilson-Gentry 1994; Savitch et al. 1993; Grell and Gappert 1993; Peirce 1993a,c,d; Hershberg, Magidson and Wernecke 1992). Proponents of regionalism have asserted that a more optimal outcome is achieved when local governments recognize their interdependencies and act in a coordinated way (Barnes and Ledebur 1998; Dodge 1996; Wallis 1994a; Peirce 1993a, c; Grell and Gappert 1992; Barnes and Ledebur 1991; Dodge 1990). …


Digital watermarking is hiding the information inside a digital media. Its widely used in copyright protection of digital images .This paper presents a comparative study of digital watermarking techniques in frequency domain and explores the role of Discrete cosine transform DCT, Discrete wavelet transform DWT and Contourlet transform CT in generating robust embedding technique that resist various attacks. The experimental results show the superiority of CT-based watermarking over DWT and DCT watermarking techniques, the quality of the watermarked image is excellent, it can include huge amount of hidden data, but it's not much better than other techniques in resisting attacks.


'I believe that 'emotion' is where it's at' - Tom Peters. For far too long, emotions have been ignored in favour of rationality and efficiency, but breakthroughs in brain science have revealed that people are primarily emotional decision-makers. But many companies have not yet accepted that fact, much less acted on it. "Emotionomics" will help you to understand emotions in terms of business opportunities - both in the marketplace and in the workplace. In today's highly competitive marketplace where many products look alike, it is the emotional benefit that can make the difference. at the same time, companies with engaged, productive work forces will undoubtedly achieve competitive advantage. Dan Hill's book draws on insights gathered through facial coding, the single best viable means of measuring and managing the emotional response of customers and employees, to help you to leverage emotions for business success in terms of branding, product design, advertising, sales, customer satisfaction, leadership and employee management. Emotions matter and "Emotionomics" will help you to step closer to customers and employees, but step ahead of your competitors.


Preface. Contributors list. Part I GENERAL ASPECTS. Chapter 1 Sources and composition of sewage effluent treatment systems and methods (Renato Iannelli and David Giraldi). 1.1 Sources of usable wastewater. 1.2 Main characteristics of usable wastewater. 1.3 Wastewater treatments. 1.4 Framework for the selection of the optimal treatment train. Chapter 2 Health considerations in the recycling of water and use of treated wastewater in agriculture and other non-potable purposes (Hillel Shuval). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Rationale: why should society allow, regulate, and thus encourage exposure of the population to known health risks? 2.3 Persistence of pathogenic microorganisms in water, soil, and on crops from wastewater-irrigation. 2.4 Disease transmission by wastewater-irrigation. 2.5 Control of crops and irrigation methods to reduce health risks. 2.6 Development of health standards and guidelines for wastewater use. 2.7 Conclusions. Chapter 3 Irrigation with recycled water: guidelines and regulations (Nikolaos V. Paranychianakis, Miquel Salgot and Andreas N. Angelakis) Terminology definitions. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Historical development of water recycling and reuse regulations. 3.3 Water recycling in agriculture: quality issues. 3.4 Treatment requirements and TWW quality monitoring. 3.5 Water reuse criteria: irrigation of agricultural crops and landscapes. 3.6 Conclusions. Chapter 4 Economic aspects of irrigation with treated wastewater (Efrat Hadas and Yoav Kislev). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Wastewater in agriculture. 4.3 Wastewater and the regulation of its reuse. 4.4 Treatment. 4.5 Cost. 4.6 Replacement of fertilizers. 4.7 Cost allocation and prices. 4.8 Further considerations and alternatives. 4.9 Agreements. 4.10 The role of the government. 4.11 Concluding comments. Part II IMPACTS ON THE SOIL ENVIRONMENT AND CROPS. Chapter 5 Major minerals. 5.1 Nitrogen in treated wastewater-irrigation (Asher Bar-Tal). 5.2 Phosphorus (Bnayahu Bar-Yosef). 5.3 Calcium and carbonate (Gil Eshel and Michael J. Singer). Chapter 6 Toxic elements. 6.1 Boron (Uri Yermiyahu, Alon Ben-Gal and Rami Keren). 6.2 Chlorides in treated wastewater and their effects on plants (Uzi Kafkafi). Chapter 7 Heavy metals in soils irrigated with wastewater (Amir Hass, Uri Mingelgrin and Pinchas Fine). List of acronyms. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Heavy metals in effluents. 7.3 Organic matter: composition in wastewater effluents and behavior in soil. 7.4 Attenuation of heavy metals in soils irrigated with effluents. 7.5 Loading limits of metals. 7.6 Metals: interaction with soil components. 7.7 Distribution of metals among the soil s solid fractions. 7.8 The stability, pH and Eh of free oxides, and their effect on the geochemical distribution of metals. 7.9 Heavy metal solubility and speciation in the soil solution. 7.10 Mobility of heavy metals in the soil profile. 7.11 Availability to plants. 7.12 Summary and conclusions. Chapter 8 Salinity (Nico E. Marcar, Tivi Theiveyanathan and Daryl P. Stevens). 8.1 The nature of salinity. 8.2 Measuring salinity. 8.3 Mechanism of soil salinisation. 8.4 Salinity in wastewater. 8.5 Effects of salinity on plant growth and water use. 8.6 Water use. 8.7 Managing root-zone salinity. 8.8 Summary and conclusions. Chapter 9 Physical aspects (Guy J. Levy and Shmuel Assouline). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Soil structural stability. 9.3 Soil hydraulic properties. 9.4 Soil surface sealing, infiltration and runoff. 9.5 Soil erosion. 9.6 Water repellency. 9.7 Concluding comments. Chapter 10 Fouling in microirrigation systems applying treated wastewater effluents (Carlos G. Dosoretz, Jorge Tarchitzky, Ilan Katz, Elisha Kenig and Yona Chen). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Quality of treated effluents as a source of irrigation water. 10.3 Emitter clogging in relation to irrigation water quality. 10.4 Management of emitter clogging. 10.5 Recovery of clogged emitters. 10.6 Concluding remarks and future prospects. Chapter 11 Effects of treated municipal wastewater irrigation on soil microbiology (Dror Minz, Rachel Karyo and Zev Gerstl). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Soil microbial ecology and activities. 11.3 Human pathogens. 11.4 Summary and conclusions. Chapter 12 Impact of irrigation with treated wastewater on pesticides and other organic microcontaminants in soils (Zev Gerstl and Ellen R. Graber). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 The effect of DOM on the chemical behavior of organic xenobiotics. 12.3 Effluent-borne organic contaminants. 12.4 Summary and conclusions. Chapter 13 Organic matter in wastewater and treated wastewaterirrigated soils: properties and effects (Yona Chen, Carlos G. Dosoretz, Ilan Katz, Elizabeth Jueschke, Bernd Marschner and Jorge Tarchitzky). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Organic matter in wastewater. 13.3 Soil organic matter (SOM). 13.4 The influence of treated-wastewater-borne organic matter on soil organic matter. 13.5 The influence of treated-wastewater-borne organic matter on soil properties. 13.6 Concluding remarks. Chapter 14 Analysis of transport of mixed Na/Ca salts in a three-dimensional heterogeneous variably saturated soil (David Russo). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Modeling of transport of mixed Na/Ca salts in spatially heterogeneous, variably saturated soils. 14.3 Simulation of transport of mixed Na/Ca salts in spatially heterogeneous, variably saturated soils. 14.4 Summary and concluding remarks. References. Index.


This book chapter written in response to an examination of the IPCC's 5th Assessment explores mechanisms that should find a place in our adaptation/mitigation toolbox. While some climate change efforts fall squarely into either the mitigation or adaptation camp, some — like land conservation — help mitigate the impacts of climate change and also help human and nonhuman communities adapt to climate change. This chapter presents ideas, programs, and property tools that incorporate changing landscapes while still providing environmental benefits. Specifically we explore using the Public Trust Doctrine, payments for ecosystem services, conservation easements, REDD , biodiversity offsets, debt for nature swaps, and community based resource management. Some of the programs are well established and we embrace them; some have been in use but we suggest changes; and some ideas are not fully developed but hopefully will serve as inspiration or conversation starters. Because of the complexity of climate change, along with the political and social landscape, these tools will not all be equally attractive in all areas. Additionally, the tools could be misused and lead to maladaptation or unanticipated, unintended consequences. Therefore, we conclude the chapter with a discussion of concerns related to these tools — an offering that could also serve as a checklist of considerations when forming implementation plans. Thus, we conclude not with a magic pill but with a variety of vitamins that haven't yet received FDA approval. We think they will be good for you, but as with all such medications taken in the wrong quantities or in ill-advised combinations, they may be harmful to your health. Be sure to consult with your local climate scientists, biologists, policymakers, and neighbors before taking them.


Abstract Land policy in micro-states and the land administration that underpins it is often devised within a legacy framework inherited from a colonial past. Independence has allowed self-determination of the future political direction yet the range, legal framework, institutional structure and administration systems tend to mirror those of ex-colonial powers. Do land policies, administration systems and processes developed to serve large heavily populated countries scale down to serve the requirements of micro-states? The evidence suggests not: many land administration systems in the Caribbean face difficulties due to poor records, unclear title, exploitation of state lands, incomplete or ongoing land reform programmes, irregular or illegal settlement and non-enforced planning regulations. Land matters are typically the responsibility of several government departments and agencies responsible for land titling and registration, cadastral surveying of property interests, physical planning, taxation and financial regulation. Although planning is regarded as a land administration function, organisational responsibility usually rests with local rather than central government in large countries, but in microstates local government may be politically weak, under-resourced or even non-existent. Using a case study approach this paper explores how planning functions are organised in the Caribbean state of St Vincent & the Grenadines in relation to land administration as a whole and compares the arrangement with other independent micro-states in the region.


Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) is a new form of postlumpectomy radiotherapy delivered over 1 to 5 days. Early trials showed high local recurrence rates. More recent single and multiinstitutional studies, as well as a single phase III trial, have shown local control more comparable to whole breast radiotherapy. Patient selection and surgical technique are important variables preparatory to irradiation, which is delivered using 1 of 4 accelerated radiotherapy methods. Phase I/II studies have produced most of the information currently available regarding APBI. Additional phase III studies are underway to determine whether any or all of these accelerated radiotherapy approaches may safely substitute for whole breast radiotherapy in women seeking breast conservation.


In the aftermath of the 2015 Victorian royal commission, billions of dollars of government funds have been committed to improving responses to women and children experiencing domestic violence. Such attention was unimaginable forty years ago when feminists in Victoria and across Australia first established women's refuges. At that time, domestic violence was not publicly acknowledged or tackled in any coherent way at a Commonwealth or state government policy level. While services that provided accommodation to women and children in crisis had certainly existed for a long time, the refuge movement of the 1970s made explicit the link between domestic violence and the need for refuge, framing domestic violence as a manifestation of gender inequality and an imbalance of power between men and women. This book illuminates how the women's domestic violence services movement in Victoria emerged, how members organised amidst diversity and worked towards achieving their goals, made sense of their experiences and dealt with the obstacles they encountered while undertaking action to create significant change for women.


Structure and function of the spliceosome When RNA is transcribed from DNA in the eukaryotic cell nucleus, the initial transcript includes noncoding introns that must be spliced out. This splicing is done by a complex macromolecular machine, the spliceosome, which comprises five small nuclear RNAs and more than 100 associated proteins. Now, two papers reveal insights into the structure and function of the yeast spliceosome. Yan et al. describe a high-resolution structure determined by electron microscopy of a spliceosome complex comprising four RNAs and 37 proteins. Hang et al. focus on the catalytic site and show how protein components anchor the transcribed RNA and allow sufficient flexibility to deliver RNA components involved in catalyzing the splicing reaction. Science, this issue pp. 1182 and 1191 A high-resolution structure determined by electron microscopy provides insight into how the spliceosome functions. Splicing of precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) in yeast is executed by the spliceosome, which consists of five small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), NTC (nineteen complex), NTC-related proteins (NTR), and a number of associated enzymes and cofactors. Here, we report the three-dimensional structure of a Schizosaccharomyces pombe spliceosome at 3.6-angstrom resolution, revealed by means of single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy. This spliceosome contains U2 and U5 snRNPs, NTC, NTR, U6 small nuclear RNA, and an RNA intron lariat. The atomic model includes 10,574 amino acids from 37 proteins and four RNA molecules, with a combined molecular mass of approximately 1.3 megadaltons. Spp42 (Prp8 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae), the key protein component of the U5 snRNP, forms a central scaffold and anchors the catalytic center. Both the morphology and the placement of protein components appear to have evolved to facilitate the dynamic process of pre-mRNA splicing. Our near-atomic-resolution structure of a central spliceosome provides a molecular framework for mechanistic understanding of pre-mRNA splicing.


Session of Wednesday Afternoon, December 26 A joint session with Section E of the American Association for the Advancement of Science was held preliminary to the formal opening of the Forty-first Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America. The meeting was called to order at 1 o'clock in the Duplex Assembly Room, School Service Building, American Museum of Natural History, New York City, by Frank Leverett, Vice-President of Section E. The meeting was devoted entirely to the reading of scientific papers, chiefly by non-members of the Geological Society of America. Twenty-five titles were presented. Full account of the session, including titles and abstracts, may be found in the Proceedings of Section E, printed elsewhere in this number of the Bulletin. Meetings of Wednesday Evening PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS BY BAILEY WILLIS The address of the retiring President, Bailey Willis, entitled "Continental genesis," was delivered before the combined societies in the Duplex . . .


Summary

Contemporary patterns of land development mean that suitable reference sites for low-gradient stream and non-wadeable river biomonitoring are difficult to locate, requiring alternative approaches for benchmarking human impacts. We use two strongly harmonised macroinvertebrate data sets for wadeable streams (180 sites) and non-wadeable rivers (30 sites) to (i) quantify metric response differentials across a regional landcover pressure gradient in northern New Zealand; (ii) interpolate reference condition for waterway types lacking comparable reference sites and (iii) inform development of narrative condition bands for data-poor waterway types.
Cumulative distribution functions of per cent waterway length indicated that near-shore littoral samples from non-wadeable rivers had fewer total and EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera) taxa than wadeable streams, which had higher % EPT abundance and lower % Crustacea abundance. Community composition differed significantly among non-wadeable river and wadeable hard-bottom and soft-bottom stream samples, reflecting factors associated with catchment altitude, slope, rainfall and landuse intensity.
Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera richness was the only metric evaluated that significantly reflected landcover across all waterway types. The intercept of the 60th percentile quantile regression line at 100% native vegetation cover provided the best approximation of median EPT taxa richness in an independent reference site data set for hard-bottom streams. Applying the same interpolation to samples from soft-bottom streams and non-wadable rivers that lacked regional reference sites indicated median reference expectations of 9 and 11 EPT taxa, respectively, and a consistent differential across the pressure gradient relative to hard-bottom streams of seven taxa and five taxa, respectively.
The derived response differentials enabled the development of narrative bands for directly comparing ecological condition of data-poor stream and river types. Quantification of ecological response differentials can provide an alternative means of benchmarking macroinvertebrate metrics in the absence of suitable reference sites.


This master thesis estimates the saving profiles of Chinese households in 1995 and 2002 and discusses possible explanations for the high and increasing saving rates among the young and old generation in China. The high saving rate among young and old households relative to mid-aged households has created a u-shaped saving profile. The Chinese saving pattern is quite different from the pattern observed in most OECD countries where savings tend to increase up to a mid-life age and then decrease. After controlling for employment, education and income, we find that the increase in savings has been especially large among young households. We suggest two potential reasons for the increase: precautionary savings and saving for housing purchases in the presence of credit constraints. First, the period from 1995 to 2002 was related to more income uncertainty and a larger private burden of health expenditures. Second, housing was privatized, which combined with a strong value appreciation on urban real estate, makes it necessary for young households to save more in order to enter the property market. We use the Life Cycle Hypothesis (LCH) to discuss the present features of the Chinese saving profiles. We show that a LCH-model with income uncertainty can explain high saving rates among young households in China. We also introduce a housing purchase to the LCH-model and show that in the presence of credit constraints this can also contribute to high saving rates among young households.


In sedimentary rocks of the Austroalpine nappes in eastern Switzerland, several generations of Alpine (Cretaceous-Tertiary) folds can be distinguished by overprinting relations. The second generation (D 2 ), probably Late Cretaceous in age, includes spectacular, kilometre-scale folds refolding the earlier formed nappe pile. D 2 folds are interpreted here as resulting from east-southeast-directed crustal extension rather than, as previously assumed, from north-south crustal shortening, for the following reasons: (1) D 2 folds are restricted to a predominantly ductile layer underlying the brittlely extended "orogenic lid," and (2) D 2 folds are associated with structures indicating extension in a direction parallel to the extension direction of the brittle layer. Before the east-southeast extension started, the layering of the rocks was already steeply inclined owing to earlier D 1 folding. The deformation producing the second-phase folds probably had a noncoaxial component with a top-to-the-east-southeast shear sense and a component of coaxial deformation leading to shortening in the vertical direction and stretching in an east-southeast, horizontal direction. The folds developed with axes oblique to parallel to the direction of bulk stretching. I suggest that folding of initially nonhorizontal layers by ductile crustal extension is an important deformation mechanism in the Austroalpine and possibly also in other parts of the Alps. Initially steep orientations of layers resulted from transpressive deformation in the obliquely convergent Alpine belt, and crustal extension parallel to the chain resulted from gravitational spreading. I propose that this process can lead to the often-encountered phenomenon of stretching parallel to the axes of folds.


Objective Mucositis is a side effect of chemotherapy seen in the digestive tract, with symptoms including pain, diarrhoea, inflammation and ulcerations. Our aim was to investigate whether endogenous glucagon-like peptide -1 and -2 (GLP-1 and GLP-2) are implicated in intestinal healing after chemotherapy-induced mucositis. Design We used a transgenic mouse model Tg(GCG.DTR)(Tg) expressing the human diphtheria toxin receptor in the proglucagon-producing cells. Injections with diphtheria toxin ablated the GLP-1 and GLP-2 producing L-cells in Tg mice with no effect in wild-type (WT) mice. Mice were injected with 5-fluorouracil or saline and received vehicle, exendin-4, teduglutide (gly2-GLP-2), or exendin-4/teduglutide in combination. The endpoints were body weight change, small intestinal weight, morphology, histological scoring of mucositis and myeloperoxidase levels. Results Ablation of L-cells led to impaired GLP-2 secretion; increased loss of body weight; lower small intestinal weight; lower crypt depth, villus height and mucosal area; and increased the mucositis severity score in mice given 5-fluorouracil. WT mice showed compensatory hyperproliferation as a sign of regeneration in the recovery phase. Co-treatment with exendin-4 and teduglutide rescued the body weight of the Tg mice and led to a hyperproliferation in the small intestine, whereas single treatment was less effective. Conclusion The ablation of L-cells leads to severe mucositis and insufficient intestinal healing, shown by severe body weight loss and lack of compensatory hyperproliferation in the recovery phase. Co-treatment with exendin-4 and teduglutide could prevent this. Because both peptides were needed, we can conclude that both GLP-1 and GLP-2 are essential for intestinal healing in mice.


The Jovian magnetosphere equatorial region is filled with cold dense plasma that in a broad sense co-rotate with its magnetic field. The volcanic moon Io, which expels sodium, sulphur and oxygen containing species, dominates as a source for this cold plasma. The three icy Galilean moons (Callisto, Ganymede, and Europa) also contribute with water group and oxygen ions. All the Galilean moons have thin atmospheres with residence times of a few days at most. Their ionized ionospheric components interact dynamically with the co-rotating magnetosphere of Jupiter and for example triggers energy transfer processes that give rise to auroral signatures at Jupiter. On these moons the surface interactions with the space environment determine their atmospheric and ionospheric properties. The range of processes associated with the Jovian magnetospheric interaction with the Galilean moons, where the cold dense plasma expelled from these moons play a key role, are not well understood. Conversely, the volatile material expelled from their interiors is important for our understanding of the Jovian magnetosphere dynamics and energy transfer. A Langmuir probe investigation, giving in-situ plasma density, temperatures, UV intensity and plasma speed with high time resolution, would be a most valuable component for future payloads to the Jupiter system. Recent developments in low-mass instrumentation facilitate Langmuir probe in situ measurements on such missions.


COVID-19 transmission is advancing rapidly. Policymakers need guidance on how masks should be used by the general population to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we synthesize the relevant literature to inform multiple areas: 1) transmission characteristics of COVID-19, 2) filtering characteristics and efficacy of masks, 3) estimated population impacts of widespread community mask use, and 4) sociological considerations for policies concerning mask-wearing. A primary route of transmission of COVID-19 is likely via small respiratory droplets, and is known to be transmissible from presymptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Reducing disease spread requires two things: first, limit contacts of infected individuals via physical distancing and contact tracing with appropriate quarantine, and second, reduce the transmission probability per contact by wearing masks in public, among other measures. The preponderance of evidence indicates that mask wearing reduces the transmissibility per contact by reducing transmission of infected droplets in both laboratory and clinical contexts. Public mask wearing is most effective at stopping spread of the virus when compliance is high. The decreased transmissibility could substantially reduce the death toll and economic impact while the cost of the intervention is low. Thus we recommend the adoption of public cloth mask wearing, as an effective form of source control, in conjunction with existing hygiene, distancing, and contact tracing strategies. We recommend that public officials and governments strongly encourage the use of widespread face masks in public, including the use of appropriate regulation.


In the approximately 10,000 advisor portfolios analyzed at the security level, the authors find large common patterns and significant exposures to just a few factors. Advisor portfolios are heavily exposed to economic growth, which is mostly accessed through equities and could obtain better factor balance by including other diversifiers. Within equities, the only significant style exposure is small size; advisors, in general, can potentially improve returns by harvesting other rewarded style factors. In fixed income, advisor portfolios veer toward shorter duration, which can be lengthened in an effort to provide more resilience against economic downturns. Finally, the average advisor fee is 0.54% across all portfolios, but with a wide range from 0.14% to 0.96% at the 5th and 95th percentiles, respectively. These fees, however, do not correlate highly with absolute levels of risk, active risk, or the number of positions—implying large scope to obtain greater efficiencies in taking active risk within a given fee budget. TOPICS: Analysis of individual factors/risk premia, factor-based models, style investing, portfolio theory, portfolio construction Key Findings • Advisor portfolios have a large exposure to economic growth, which is mostly accessed through their equity exposure. Long-short funds—specifically liquid alternatives—can offer diversification away from economic growth and improve the risk-reward ratio • On average, advisor portfolios don't have meaningful exposures to rewarded factors like quality, low volatility, value, momentum, and dividend yield. Advisor portfolios do tend to have significant positive exposure to the small size factor, which reflects exposure to stocks with lower market capitalizations. • The duration of advisor portfolios tends to be lower than their benchmark. Even more aggressive portfolios with higher allocations to equity remain short duration, even though it is an effective diversifier of equity risk.


We study the impact of stochastic interest rates and capital illiquidity on investment and firm value by incorporating a widely used arbitrage-free term structure model of interest rates into a standard q theoretic framework. Our generalized q model informs us to use corporate credit-risk information to predict investments when empirical measurement issues of Tobin's average q are significant (e.g., equity is much more likely to be mis-priced than debt), as in Philippon (2009). We find, consistent with our theory, that credit spreads and bond q have significant predictive powers on micro-level and aggregate investments corroborating the recent empirical work of Gilchrist and Zakrajšek (2012). We also show that the quantitative effects of the stochastic interest rates and capital illiquidity on investment, Tobin's average q, the duration and user cost of capital, and the value of growth opportunities are substantial. These findings are particularly important in today's low interest rate environment.


Methods in Pragmatics provides a systematic overview of the different types of data, the different methods of data collection and data analysis used in pragmatic research. It offers authoritative and comprehensive surveys of the entire breadth of methods and methodologies. Part 1 covers introspectional, philosophical and cognitive pragmatics. Part 2 is devoted to experimental pragmatics, including discourse completion and dialogue construction tasks, role-plays and other production and comprehension tasks. Part 3 reviews observational pragmatics including ethnographic and discourse analytic methods, and part 4, finally, is devoted to corpus pragmatics including accounts of corpus compilation, annotation and data retrieval specific to pragmatic research. Each contribution provides a state-of-the-art account of the precise workings of one particular method, its applications in the relevant research literature as well as a critical assessment of its strengths and weaknesses and the type of pragmatic research questions for which it is most suitable.


The US Federal Reserve's new relaxed monetary policy (the so-called quantitative easing) has triggered controversy among economists and policy makers about its effectiveness. This paper investigates the role of monetary policy in managing the euro – dollar exchange rate via alternative cointegration tests and impulse response functions. It is found that monetary fundamentals have neither long- nor short-run impact on the exchange rate. This implies that the Fed's quantitative easing schemes are unlikely to have any significant impact on the euro – dollar rate.


Measuring conditional dependence is an important topic in statistics with broad applications including graphical models. Under a factor model setting, a new conditional dependence measure is proposed. The measure is derived by using distance covariance after adjusting the common observable factors or covariates. The corresponding conditional independence test is given with the asymptotic null distribution unveiled. The latter gives a somewhat surprising result: the estimating errors in factor loading matrices, while of root$-n$ order, do not have material impact on the asymptotic null distribution of the test statistic, which is also in the root$-n$ domain. It is also shown that the new test has strict control over the asymptotic significance level and can be calculated efficiently. A generic method for building dependency graphs using the new test is elaborated. Numerical results and real data analysis show the superiority of the new method.


In this paper we suggest a method for calculating light gradients in scattering and absorbing media. The method is based on the Kubelka-Munk theory and involves computational modeling of light fluxes in a multilayered object, when every layer satisfies the prerequisites of the Kubelka-Munk theory. The model also includes specular reflection that may contribute strongly to internal photon fluence rates for diffuse light. To illustrate the possible effects of light gradients, a cotyledon of Cucurbita pepo is described in terms of this model. It is argued that a number of results in in vivo spectroscopy cannot be correctly interpreted unless light gradients or optics in general are included in the discussion, i.e., the light flux at the site of the pigment has to be known. To outline the difficulties involved some methods of measuring light gradients or internal photon fluence rates are critically considered.


The greatest
challenge of the century is to meet the needs of current and future
generations, of a large and growing world population, while at the same time
ensuring the sustainability of the natural environment. The current development
model places unsustainable pressures on the natural resources—forests, land,
water and the atmosphere—and causes an
increasing frequency and intensity of natural and humanitarian disasters. The
paper agrees with increasing evidence that business-as-usual is not an option,
but it takes issues with many of the suggested policy responses. Human
wellbeing is inseparably linked to economic growth, and economic growth inevitably
has environmental implications. While it is impossible to decouple these
linkages, countries can promote more sustainable development pathways by
altering these linkages. To this end, they have three principle policy levers,
which will need to complement each other: Efforts to promote more inclusive
economic growth, efforts to increase resource-efficiency, and efforts to
address and harness demographic changes. The paper has important implications
for the discussions on sustainable development goals and the post-2015
development agenda, which takes place at the United Nations.


More members of Congress have been investigated and sanctioned for ethical misconduct in the past decade and a half than in the entire previous history of the institution. But individual members are probably less corrupt than they once were. Stricter ethics codes and closer scrutiny by the press and public have imposed standards no previous representatives have had to face. Dennis Thompson shows how the institution itself is posing new ethical challenges, how the complexity of the environment in which members work creates new occasions for corruption and invites more calls for accountability.Instead of the individual corruption that has long been the center of attention, Thompson focuses on institutional corruption which refers to conduct that under certain conditions is an acceptable part of the job of a representative. Members are required to solicit campaign contributions, and they are expected to help constituents with their problems with government, but some ways of doing these jobs give rise to institutional corruption. The author moves the discussion beyond bribery, extortion, and simple personal gain to delve into implicit understandings, ambiguous favors, and political advantage.Thompson examines many major ethics cases of recent years. Among them: the case of David Durenberger, accused of supplementing his income through book promotions; the case of the Keating Five, accused of using undue influence with the Federal Home Loan Bank Board on behalf of Lincoln Savings and Loan owner Charles Keating; and the case of House Speaker James Wright, accused of several offenses.Thompson shows why neither the electoral process nor the judicial process is sufficient and argues for stronger ethics committees and the creation of a new quasi-independent body to take over some of the enforcement process. He offers more than a dozen recommendations for changes in the procedures and practices of ethics in Congress.The book features a listing of ethics charges, classified by type of corruption, considered by Congress from 1789 to 1992.Selected by Choice as an Outstanding Book of 1995


Organizational and technological systems analysis and design practices such as process modeling have received much attention in recent years. However, while knowledge about related artifacts such as models, tools, or grammars has substantially matured, little is known about the actual tasks and interaction activities that are conducted as part of analysis and design acts. In particular, key role of the facilitator has not been researched extensively to date. In this paper, we propose a new conceptual framework that can be used to examine facilitation behaviors in process modeling projects. The framework distinguishes four behavioral styles in facilitation (the driving engineer, the driving artist, the catalyzing engineer, and the catalyzing artist) that a facilitator can adopt. To distinguish between the four styles, we provide a set of ten behavioral anchors that underpin facilitation behaviors. We also report on a preliminary empirical exploration of our framework through interviews with experienced analysts in six modeling cases. Our research provides a conceptual foundation for an emerging theory for describing and explaining different behaviors associated with process modeling facilitation, provides first preliminary empirical results about facilitation in modeling projects, and provides a fertile basis for examining facilitation in other conceptual modeling activities.


We present a system for answering questions based on the full text of books (BookQA), which first selects book passages given a question at hand, and then uses a memory network to reason and predict an answer. To improve generalization, we pretrain our memory network using artificial questions generated from book sentences. We experiment with the recently published NarrativeQA corpus, on the subset of Who questions, which expect book characters as answers. We experimentally show that BERT-based retrieval and pretraining improve over baseline results significantly. At the same time, we confirm that NarrativeQA is a highly challenging data set, and that there is need for novel research in order to achieve high-precision BookQA results. We analyze some of the bottlenecks of the current approach, and we argue that more research is needed on text representation, retrieval of relevant passages, and reasoning, including commonsense knowledge.


The accuracy of models for primary production and light propagation depends on correct assignment of absorption to photosynthetic pigments. The phytoplankton absorption coefficient is comprised of two components: photosynthetic and photoprotective absorption coefficients. A method based on the fluorescent excitation of chlorophyll a is used to quantify the photosynthetic absorption coefficient for phytoplankton grown in culture and sampled from Puget Sound, Washington. The difference spectrum between total phytoplankton and photosynthetic absorption should be equivalent to photoprotective absorption. For cultures, the difference spectra exhibit peaks near 460 and 490 nm and broad‐band absorption between 400 and 450 nm. However, for field samples an additional pronounced peak is observed around 440 nm, similar in shape to the chlorophyll a Soret peak. If the 440‐nm peak were associated with photosystem I chlorophyll a, the photosynthetic absorption coefficient will be underestimated by <15% for these samples. Variability in both coefficients is predictable as a function of irradiance. The photosynthetic coefficient varies inversely with growth irradiance, and the photoprotective coefficient varies directly with irradiance. This direct relationship with irradiance accounts for much of the variability in the spectral shape of the total phytoplankton absorption coefficient. The ratio of the photosynthetic absorption coefficient to the total phytoplankton absorption coefficient increases as a function of decreasing irradiance for cultures and for field samples collected from stratified regions of the water column. This ratio is a photoadaptive parameter that can serve to integrate physiological response to irradiance and has the potential to provide estimates of mixed layer dynamics.


An important factor in material quality is the time duration that materials are used (known as substance lifetime). Lifetime is a function of several factors, and among them wearing and abrasion resistances are more important than the other aspects. In addition, to the physical and mechanical properties, abrasion has a significant effect on the textiles appearance. This phenomenon considerably influences the texture of floor coverings in which continuous abrasion are applied. While the texture retention of the floorcovering during lifetime usage is quite desirable and leads to consumer satisfaction, it is necessary to evaluate the abrasion resistance of floor covering before its application. In this paper, the abrasion resistance for three types of floorcoverings (100% polypropylene(pp), 100% polyester(p) and 50/50% polypropylene-polyester(pp/p)) are tested with four kinds of steel abrasives with different coefficients of friction during three steps of abrasion cycles (1000,3000 and 5000). Their images were assessed by image processing method with two different functions. The results approved the procedure of the abrasion during 5000 cycles in the experimental condition. Weight changes of the floor-covering samples were evaluated as an index to illustrate the abrasion process.


Context: The surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar is associated with minor but expected complications like pain, swelling, bruising and trismus. The lingual nerve damage sometimes occurs after the removal of mandibular third molar producing impaired sensation or permanent sensory loss. This complication is usually unexpected and unacceptable for the patients particularly if no prior warning has been given. Aims: The aim of the present clinical prospective study was to determine the clinical incidence of lingual nerve injury following mandibular third molar removal and to analyze possible factors for the lingual nerve injury. Settings and Design: Clinical prospective study in the Department of Oral Surgery, Punjab Government Dental College and Hospital, Amritsar. Materials and Methods: Ninety patients were selected randomly, amongst the patients, who reported to our department from January 2009 to December 2009 for the surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar. To minimize the risk of lingual nerve injury, the standard terence wards incision was made in all cases and only buccal flap was raised. Statistical Analysis: The small number of paraesthesia precluded statistical analysis. Results: Out of 90 patients, six patients were diagnosed with lingual nerve paraesthesia. The overall incidence rate of lingual nerve injury was 6.6%. Conclusions: It can be concluded that lingual nerve paraesthesia can occur with or without reflection of lingual flap in spite of all the measures taken to protect it. It may be contributed to the fact of anatomical variations of lingual nerve.


Background. A current challenge in the training of healthcare professionals is to produce socially responsive graduates who are prepared for work in community settings. Community-based education (CBE) and service learning (SL) are teaching approaches used in the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of the Free State (UFS), Bloemfontein, South Africa to address these challenges. Students have different views with regard to CBE and SL, and by surveying these perceptions information can be gained on how to better integrate CBE and SL into learning programmes. Objective . To investigate students' perceptions of CBE and SL in a health sciences faculty. Methods . Nominal group discussion was conducted to identify topics to explore students' perceptions of CBE and SL. A questionnaire was administered to all undergraduate health sciences students at UFS to survey their perceptions of CBE and SL. Results . Twenty different themes were identified that had a positive or negative impact on the students' perceptions of CBE and SL. Positive aspects included personal growth, exposure to a diversity of patients, gaining practical experience and enhancement of inter- and intrapersonal skills. However, the students perceived the following as negative or inadequate: the organisation of CBE and SL; availability of resources; attitude of healthcare professionals; and prior orientation. Conclusion . CBE and SL need to be carefully implemented and managed to enhance the learning experience for students and produce socially responsive healthcare professionals who are equipped to address the healthcare challenges in their communities.


This paper examines the root cause of the falling standard of the Nigeria educational system and the rightful solution to these problems. Education is the bedrock of development, but unfortunately, education in Nigeria is bisected with myriads of problems. These include: poor funding and thus poor educational infrastructures, inadequate classrooms and teaching aids (projectors, Computers, Laboratories and libraries), paucity of quality teachers and poor/ polluted learning environment. In addition to these inadequacies, our school system is plagued with numerous social vices such as examination malpractices, cultism, hooliganism and corruption. For meaningful development to take place in the educational sector, government needs to re-address the issue of funding. Private educational investors, teachers, parents/guidance and students/pupils need a reorientation towards achieving the goals of education. Also, education must be made affordable for all. The current monolistic approach to knowledge acquisition must be changed. Technical education and innovation/adaptation centres must be encouraged and well funded, if this nation must move out of this present technological and scientific dependence, government and the organized private sector must as well fund research programmes, inventions and mass production of invented products. Key words: Education, Systematic Approach, Standards, and Development


The thesis work intends to provide an architecture for discovery and monitoring of nodes in a network with improved performance and security. The proposed work addresses limitations identified within the scope of this thesis. The limitations are identified by analyzing some of the better existing monitoring tools in the market with the use of different protocols. The proposed work use different protocols depending on the situation of the problem that exists in a network. Analyze the existing network monitoring tools, by performing metrics and overcoming the limitations. We proposed a new architecture motivated from traditional network monitoring tools with subtle changes. Proposed architecture is also conceptually evaluated for its viability.


This paper presents the findings of a recent study which explores the social, economic and cultural characteristics of audiences for performances by black British jazz musicians. It draws on Bourdieu's theoretical concept of cultural capital, which links social class and educational qualification level to cultural consumption, as well as on Hall's exploration of 'new ethnicities', demonstrating how the two theories are interrelated. The study uses a mixed method approach of observation, questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews, analysed using critical discourse analysis. The demographic data demonstrate the tendency, in line with cultural capital theory, for audiences for black British jazz musicians to be highly educated and from higher socio-economic classes. Particularly notable is that black audience members tended to be from the middle classes, suggesting that attention to the increasingly important social and demographic phenomenon of the black middle class is warranted. Qualitative data demonstrate the positioning of participants regarding the ways in which cultural capital interrelates with the dimension of ethnicity. The importance of cultural heritage to the black participants in particular suggests that Hall's 'new ethnicities' is a particularly useful theory to aid understanding of the complexities of the interrelationship between race and musical taste.


An overview of the thermal management landscape with focus on heat dissipation from 3D chip stacks is provided in this study. Evolutionary and revolutionary topologies, such as single-side, dual-side and, finally, volumetric heat removal, are benchmarked with respect to a high-performance three-tier chip stack with an aggregate power dissipation of 672 W. The thermal budget of 50 K can be maintained by three topologies, namely, 1) dual-side cooling, implemented by a thermally active interposer, 2) interlayer cooling with 4-port fluid delivery and drainage at 100 kPa pressure drop, and 3) a hybrid approach combining interlayer with embedded back-side cooling.Of all the heat-removal concepts, interlayer cooling is the only approach that scales with the number of dies in the chip stack and hence, enables extreme 3D integration. However, the required size of the microchannels competes with the requirement of low TSV heights and pitches. A scaling study was performed to derive the TSV pitch that is compatible with cooling channels to dissipate 150 W/cm2 per tier. An active IC area of 4 cm2 was considered, which had to be implemented on the varying tier count in the stack. A cuboid form factor of 2 mm × 4 mm × 2.55 mm results from a die count of 50. The resulting microchannels of 2 mm length allow small hydraulic diameters and thus a very high TSV density of 1837 1/mm2. The accumulated heat flux and the volumetric power dissipation are as high as 7.5 kW/cm2 and 29kW/cm3, respectively.Copyright © 2015 by ASME