This research was aimed at gaining a deeper insight into perception linked to environmental uncertainty and the strategic significance of perceptual diversity. Factors intervening in perception were characterised. It is specifically shown that an individual's cognitive limitations and their beliefs' affective influence gave rise to cognitive bias distorting individual perception. This model was applied to both management (perceived uncertainty) and outside observers (objective uncertainty) perceiving environmental uncertainty. The idiosyncratic nature of perceiving uncertainty and the interrelationships between various individuals' perception was thus considered (stress-management and outside observers). The significance of the heterogeneity of perception of managers working at a single company was analysed and compared to that of those working in different companies. It was found that inter-company perception of diversity enabled selective access to competitive advantages. Diversity of perception at intra-company level enhanced assessment of the background of strategy management and reduced organisational coordination.


This article presents a theory of the relationship between public perceptions of political corruption and the strength of national climate change mitigation policies, which is then formally tested in a time-series-cross-section analysis of twenty industrialized democracies from 1990 to 2012. The analysis reveals that greater perceptions of corruption are highly and robustly associated with weaker climate policies—especially nonmarket policies—when controlling for relevant political and economic variables. A government perceived by citizens to be "mildly corrupt" but that transitions to "very clean" would be associated with strengthening nonmarket climate policies from levels in Greece to levels in Sweden or from levels in Poland to those in Denmark. Lax market-based climate policies are also significantly linked to greater perceived corruption, but notably, they are robustly associated with the size of domestic energy-intensive, trade-exposed industries, which have received substantial environmental tax exemptions and free allocations even in the greenest, high-trust, low-corruption democracies.


Background and purpose: Multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype is a major complication in cancer chemotherapy. Gankyrin is a key point molecule in cell cycle regulation and may contribute to drug-resistance phenotype of tumor cells. The aim of this study was to compare the basal Gankyrin expression level in ovarian and gastric drug-resistant cells with their parental drug-sensitive cells. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, the Gankyrin expression at mRNA and protein levels in drug resistance cell lines was compared with their parental drug sensitive cell lines by real time RT-PCR and Western blotting. Results: Gankyrin mRNA expression in A2780/RCIS cells was statistically lower than A2780 cells (p= 0.00) but their difference was not statistically significant at protein level (p= 0.240). In addition, Gankyrin expression in EPG85-257/RDB was lower than its parental drug sensitive cell line at mRNA and protein level. Conclusion: This study found an opposite relationship between Gankyrin expression and MDR phenotype related to the overexpression of MDR transportes. This suggestes for the first time that the incidence of MDR phenotype could inhibit tumorgenisity.


A magnetron is a high power microwave oscillator in which the potential energy of an electron cloud near the cathode is converted into r.f. energy in a series of cavity resonators similar to the one shown in Figure 1. As depicted by the low frequency analog, the rear wall of the structure may be considered the inductive portion, and the vane tip region the capacitor portion of the equivalent resonant circuit. The resonant frequency of a microwave cavity is thereby determined by the physical dimension of the resonator together with the reactive effect of any perturbations to the inductive or capacitive portion of the equivalent circuit. This is an important point and will be recalled later.


Psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and autism spectrum disorders
are considered neurodevelopmental synaptopathies. Compelling evidence obtained from
large-scale genome-wide association studies, identified a plethora of genetic variations
within hundreds of genes encoding components of the post-synaptic compartment and
calcium signaling mediating excitation-transcription-coupling. This synapse-to-nucleus
signaling is thought to be particularly important for synaptic plasticity and learning and
memory. In the last decade, tremendous progress has been made in neuroscience research
when employing an array of molecular and cellular techniques to study the impact of
individual genes on synaptic plasticity. Nevertheless, neuroscience methodology lags behind
the field of cancer research in terms of large scale functional genetic screens, e.g. mediated
by RNA interference (RNAi). The underlying cause is likely due to both the difficulties of
culturing post-mitotic neurons and the phenotypic complexity. In this regard,
comprehensively identifying genes involved in neuronal excitation and synapse-to-nucleus
signaling may not only deepen our understanding of the corresponding biological processes,
but might also be key in unearthing promising targets for psychiatric drug discovery.
I have developed a functional genomics tool that is applicable to primary neurons and
combines the throughput of a pooled RNAi screen with the sensitivity of a pathway reporter
assay based on the synaptic activity-response element, modified from the Arc enhancer.
This thesis describes a proof-of-concept study in which an AAV-based RNAi library was
screened for regulators of neuronal excitation and synapse-to-nucleus signaling. The assay
principle relies on molecular barcodes, which serve as quantitative reporters, while at the
same time also functioning as unique identifiers of the targeted genes. Upon synaptic
stimulation, the screen identified a multitude of known genes involved in glutamatergic
synapse-to-nucleus signaling, as well as previously unknown candidates like the chemokine
receptor XCR1. The technical approach's reproducibility has been verified by substantial
overlap of gene hits during three independent screens. Later in the thesis, I also present the
principal applicability of CRISPR-Cas9 tools in neurons, which may improve performance for
genetic interference screens in the near future.
This assay seeks to enhance the analytic toolbox used for analyzing regulatory processes
during neuronal signaling and for the identification of novel targets in psychiatric drug
discovery.


Executive Summary Substance identification: DOC (4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyamfetamine) (IUPAC name: 1-(4-chloro-2,5dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine) is the chloro analogue of DOB (4-bromo-2,5dimethoxyamfetamine) and DOM (2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamfetamine) which are both listed in Schedule I of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971. Information obtained from seizures and collections suggests that it has been encountered in powdered and liquid form but that it is predominantly found in the form of LSD-like blotter papers. WHO Review History: DOC has not been previously pre-reviewed or critically reviewed. Chemistry: There is no specific information available about the routes of synthesis employed for seized DOC products circulating on the drug market but straightforward methods for its preparation exist without requiring access to precursors that are controlled internationally. The presence of an asymmetric carbon atom gives rise to the (R)- and (S)-enantiomer and it seems likely for DOC to be most commonly available in the racemic form. Ease of convertibility into controlled substances: A conversion of DOC into another substance currently listed in any of the international drug conventions might be chemically feasible but specific information is not available. Similarity to known substances / Effects on the central nervous system: DOC can be considered a classical (serotonergic) hallucinogen and its effects and potency are comparable to the hallucinogenic amfetamines DOB, DOM and DOI (4-iodo-2,5dimethoxyamfetamine) and to some extent similar to LSD, psilocybin, mescaline and N,N-dimethyltryptamine. General pharmacology: DOC is a potent 5-HT2A receptor agonist with high affinity, a key element in mediating hallucinogenic effects in humans. The available data available so far also indicates that it also binds with high affinity to and activates 5-HT2B/2C receptors. Self-experiments suggested DOC to be active in the 1.5–3.0 mg range with duration of effects estimated to range between 12–24 h. A long duration of effects is also shared by the other hallucinogenic amfetamines DOI, DOB and DOM. DOC is most commonly administered orally and/or sublingually when encountered in the form of blotters. The discriminative stimulus effects of DOC in the drug discrimination paradigm were similar to those of other hallucinogens DOM and N,N-dimethyltryptamine but not methamfetamine. Data collected from in vitro metabolism studies showed that DOC is transformed into the two O-demethylated (2- and 5-position) metabolites. The parent molecule is the preferred analytical target in clinical casework. Toxicology: Information could not be identified. Adverse reactions in humans: The total number of cases reported in the scientific literature is very small and the detection of other drugs in published cases has also been reported. Clinical features associated with DOC intoxication included agitation, aggressive behaviour, hallucinations, tachycardia, rhabdomyolysis, seizures, and hyperthermia. In one case, some clinical features were observed to persist for up to 33 h. Dependence potential: Dependence potential in humans or animals has not been demonstrated. Abuse potential: Studies specifically linked to DOC could not be identified. Therapeutic applications / usefulness: DOC is not known to have any therapeutic uses. Listing on WHO Model List of Essential Medicines: DOC is not listed. Marketing authorizations: DOC is not known to have any marketing authorisations. Industrial use: DOC is not known to have any agricultural, industrial or cosmetic uses. Non-medical use: The mode of use may involve the combinational use (intentionally or unintentionally) of other drugs and users may be unaware of the exact dose or compound being ingested (by whatever route). Household or subpopulation surveys that specifically probe for prevalence of DOC could not be identified. Use of DOC is presumably limited to people who use hallucinogenic drugs in recreational settings (e.g. home environments, outdoors, discotheques/nightclubs and outdoor music festivals) rather than the general population. Nature and magnitude of public health problems: The information currently available suggests that DOC is most commonly found in the form of blotter papers and that it has also been misrepresented as LSD, which adds to health risks to people who use these substances where information about the identity and/or the dose are unavailable. Some Internet retailers also offer DOC for sale as a research chemical. Information from acute intoxications suggests that some people have obtained access to the powdered form which can increase the risk of overdose and untoward effects. Licit production, consumption, and international trade: DOC is available as standard reference material and produced for scientific research by commercial suppliers. Other uses could not be identified. Illicit manufacture and traffic: DOC has been formally notified in Europe in 2004 but its first published synthesis dates back to 1973. In Europe, DOC was encountered in seizures and collected specimens in several countries and notified between 2004–2016. The majority of notifications described the detection of DOC in blotters although powders and liquid samples were also reported. In the period between 2006 and 2009, a number of DOC identifications obtained from seizures (mostly blotters but also some powdered and liquid material) have been published in the forensic literature the United States of America. According to UNODC, a total number of 77 countries have so far reported the detection of DOC. Current international controls and their impact: DOC is not controlled under the 1961, 1971 or 1988 United Nations Conventions. Current and past national controls: DOC is controlled in some UN Member States.


On December 10-11 2014, we hosted the 4th interdisciplinary Workshop on Internet Economics (WIE) at the UC San Diego's Supercomputer Center. This workshop series provides a forum for researchers, Internet facilities and service providers, technologists, economists, theorists, policy makers, and other stakeholders to inform current and emerging regulatory and policy debates. The objective for this year's workshop was a structured consideration of whether and how policy-makers should try to shape the future of the Internet. To structure the discussion about policy, we began the workshop with a list of potential aspirations for our future telecommunications infrastructure (a list we had previously collated), and asked participants to articulate an aspiration or fear they had about the future of the Internet, which we summarized and discussed on the second day. The focus on aspirations was motivated by the high-level observation that before discussing regulation, we must agree on the objective of the regulation, and why the intended outcome is justified. In parallel, we used a similar format as in previous years: a series of focused sessions, where 3-4 presenters each prepared 10-minute talks on issues in recent regulatory discourse, followed by in-depth discussions. This report highlights the discussions and presents relevant open research questions identified by participants. Slides presented and a copy of this report are available at http://www.caida.org/workshops/wie/1412/.


Energy-corrected finite element methods provide an attractive technique for dealing with elliptic problems in domains with re-entrant corners. Optimal convergence rates in weighted $L^2$-norms can be fully recovered by a local modification of the stiffness matrix at the re-entrant corner, and no pollution effect occurs. Although the existence of optimal correction factors is established, it remains open how to determine these factors in practice. First, we show that asymptotically a unique correction parameter exists and that it can be formally obtained as the limit of level dependent correction parameters which are defined as roots of an energy defect function. Second, we propose three nested Newton-type algorithms using only one Newton step per refinement level and show local or even global convergence to this asymptotic correction parameter.


The plant pathogenic fungus, Cladosporium cladosporioides was used for the preparation of metallic silver nanoparticles. The HRTEM analysis confirms the formation of silver nanoparticles with having an average size of 27 ± 5 nm. FTIR spectroscopic analysis was carried out to identify the functional groups involved in the reducing/capping of silver ions into silver nanoparticles. The AFM analysis confirmed that AgNPs were uniform in size with average roughness 17.7638 nm and stability in size through line profiling. The AgNPs were investigated for their antibiotic efficacy against clinical pathogens and found remarkable positive results. The MIC was found to be 20 μM to 25 μM/ml for AgNPs. The present study concluded that the silver nanoparticles could be used as better drugs and may potentially eliminate the higher doses of antibiotics due to their vital role inhibiting bacterial growth as compared to the common antibiotics.


Since the turn of the century insights into sexually transmitted disease (STD)/HIV epidemiology and prevention have proliferated. Accumulating empirical data and mathematical modelling efforts interactively point to a number of grounded generalisations that enhance our understanding of the spread of STIs including HIV in populations. These insights have important implications for the design and implementation of prevention programmes: they can guide expectations around the magnitude and shape of STI/HIV epidemics in the absence of prevention and control programmes; they can guide thoughts about when to implement prevention strategies, which subgroups to target and how to define required coverage; and they can help interpret programme successes and failures.1

An important generalisation is about the central role of population-level parameters in determining the magnitude and shape of STI epidemics. Whereas individual-level parameters may influence which individuals in a given population acquire infection, it is population-level parameters that affect the presence and prevalence of infection to be acquired.

### Sexual structure

Sexual structure is a population-level parameter which increasingly emerges as an important determinant of whether major epidemics emerge in populations. The size and distribution of high-risk groups, or core groups, is an aspect of sexual structure that has received attention over the years.2–5 High-risk groups include sex workers, clients of sex workers, injecting drug users (IDUs) and men having sex with men. In specific areas other groups such as truck drivers or miners may also be defined as high-risk groups. A recent analysis suggests that the number of infected sex workers in a country, measured as a percentage of the total female adult population age 15–49 years, is highly positively correlated with country-wide HIV/AIDS prevalence levels.6 Although this analysis probably overstates the importance of sex work in determining the size of epidemics in southern Africa, in much of the world the …


Background: Urea biosynthesis is a very important process in the liver which needs ATP, CO 2 and functional mitochondria or aerobic condition. Liver can adapt to hypoxic condition, generally and locally. This study aimed to analyze the effect of chronic hypoxia on liver urea biosynthesis as indicated by the level and specific activity of mRNA of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1), a key enzyme in urea biosynthesis in hypoxic rats. Methods: 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats were placed in hypoxic chamber supplied by a mixture of 10% O 2 and 90% N 2 . Five rats were sacrificed at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after exposure. Liver homogenates were analyzed for HIF-1 (hypoxia inducible factor-1) by ELISA, CPS1 mRNA by real time RT-PCR and CPS1 enzymatic specific activities by Pierson method. Data were analyzed by ANOVA test and Pearson correlation. Results: The HIF-1 in liver increased significantly, as well as CPS1 mRNA and CPS1 enzymatic activities (p<0.05). There was a strong correlation (r=0.618; p<0.01) between the level of CPS1 mRNA and CPS1 enzymatic activities, moderate correlation between HIF-1 and CPS1 mRNA (r=0.419; p<0.05) but no correlation between HIF-1 and CPS1 enzymatic activities. The study indicated that urea biosynthesis in liver was affected by hypoxia and partially under HIF-1 regulation. The study also found increase of urea and NH3 biosynthesis related to proteolysis as indicated by the decrease of total body weight and liver weight. Conclusion: There was an increase in the expression and specific activities of CPS1 in urea biosynthesis as a result of increasing proteolysis  in chronic hypoxic condition.


Law schools profess a commitment to racial diversity both for the educational benefits diversity confers and for its contribution to the profession. But they admit students based on standards that, while not discriminatory in a legal sense, undeniably favor white applicants. Today the question of who belongs in any given law school, or law school at all, turns almost exclusively on an applicant's score on the Law School Admission Test (LSAT). Law schools are not blind to the racial impact that accompanies this narrow measure of merit. But rather than taking a hard look at whether legal educators have adequately, or accurately, identified what qualities best qualify students for law school, the admissions process largely relies on affirmative action to ameliorate the current process's negative effects. That approach is imperfect for a whole host of reasons, not least of which is that affirmative action's legal use in higher education may be about to end. Should race-conscious admissions practices be banned, every law school that truly values diversity will have to explore race-neutral means of achieving it. The good news is that research conducted by Marjorie Shultz and Sheldon Zedeck suggests that this is possible - that qualities relevant to effective lawyering can be defined and predicted without recreating the LSAT's disparate impact. This essay describes that research and the promise that it holds for improved, race-neutral, admissions processes.


In the past two decades, complexity thinking has emerged as an important theoretical response to the limitations of orthodox ways of understanding educational phenomena. Complexity provides ways of understanding that embrace uncertainty, non-linearity and the inevitable 'messiness' that is inherent in educational settings, paying attention to the ways in which the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. This is the first book to focus on complexity thinking in the context of physical education, enabling fresh ways of thinking about research, teaching, curriculum and learning.

Written by a team of leading international physical education scholars, the book highlights how the considerable theoretical promise of complexity can be reflected in the actual policies, pedagogies and practices of physical education (PE). It encourages teachers, educators and researchers to embrace notions of learning that are more organic and emergent, to allow the inherent complexity of pedagogical work in PE to be examined more broadly and inclusively. In doing so, Complexity Thinking in Physical Education makes a major contribution to our understanding of pedagogy, curriculum design and development, human movement and educational practice.


With the recent proliferation of Web-based secondary materials and primary source databases pertaining to Asian Studies, both researchers and instructors are now freer than ever to seek out information online. But, do these resources alone make one a more savvy consumer of this cornucopia of information on Asia? I would suggest that the opposite may be the case, particularly when we ask our students to do the searching. Raw data without contextual information can lead to ambivalent or misinformed conclusions. Moreover, the easy availability of primary source materials used to fuel research do not always serve the needs of educators, who may be lecturing on certain matters outside their areas of expertise, and therefore would benefit from the guidance and discernment of colleagues working in these other fields. As a promising solution to online "information overload" in Asian Studies, I would offer Columbia University's Web site Asia for Educators (AFE), which draws on the expertise of researchers from various fields of Asian studies to provide detailed evi-dence and context for a wide range of topics covered in classrooms from secondary through post-graduate levels of instruction.


This thesis develops a framework to estimate the likelihood in fluid volumes in a hydrocarbon reservoir. It uses 3C-3D seismic data and well logs from the Blackfoot oilfield (Alberta-Canada). Results from cross validation techniques applied to distribution maps generated using the geostatistic method (thickness and percentage of sand) and the neural network method (porosity) are used to estimate the uncertainty related with the predicted distributions in the case of the Blackfoot oilfield (AB-Canada). These distribution maps as well as the estimated uncertainty associated with them are used as inputs in two different approaches for the application of uncertainty analysis in the estimation of hydrocarbon volumes (a Taylor expansion approach and a Monte Carlo approach). The results obtained using these two approaches give compatible hydrocarbon volume estimates for the Blackfoot pool, with P10∼ 12 MMbbl, P50∼ 8 MMbbl, and P90∼ 5 MMbbl. Investigation about sources of uncertainty in seismic data revealed that the time picking error could explain, in the case of the Blackfoot reservoir, the uncertainty in the thickness parameter. In the second part of this project, well log data from the Gulf of Mexico are used together with fluid substitution method and uncertainty analysis to evaluate how the observed variability in rock properties of the Gulf of Mexico for each specific depth value affects the response of the attributes that respond to fluid discrimination. A larger concern for deeper reservoirs was identified in the predicted results. Nevertheless, the fluid substitution results were considered robust in most conditions investigated in this project, allowing discrimination of gas, fizz gas, and water saturated reservoirs in some of the attributes that respond to the fluid content. This last result could allow the estimate of the missing parameter in the HCPV estimation: the hydrocarbon saturation distribution map.


The importance of antibody-mediated immunity (AMI) for resistance to fungal disease has not been rigorously examined for most clinically relevant fungi. Information from the fungi that have been studied suggests that AMI can play an immunoregulatory role. Despite uncertainty about the importance of AMI in natural resistance to fungi, the efficacy of antibody (Ab) against Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Pneumocystis jiroveci is now established in experimental models. The demonstration that Ab can mediate protection against these fungi provides proof of the principle that AMI can be effective against medically relevant fungi. A human monoclonal Ab (MAb) to glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) produced from lymphocytes of a volunteer GXM-tetanus toxoid (TT) recipient reacted with all four GXM serotypes, albeit better with serotypes D and A. MAbs produced from human immunoglobulin (Ig) transgenic mice were largely specific for serotype D GXM but were reactive with serotype A C. neoformans cells, suggesting differential expression of the epitope(s) they recognize. Proof of the principle that AMI can prolong survival and enhance host immune mechanisms against experimental cryptococcosis fueled a paradigm shift that has resulted in reconsideration of Ab-based therapies for many infectious diseases. Protective and nonprotective Abs to Candida represent another system in which anti-fungal Abs can be distinguished by their structure and specificity and further clarifies the basis of historical difficulties in establishing the efficacy of sera against fungi.


In this study we combine variables that make our lives most worth living with the fear of being laughed at. Peterson and Seligman (Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification, American Psychological Association, 2004) suggested a classification of 24 strengths of character and six virtues. The virtues are universally evaluated positively across different countries and cultures. A sample of N = 346 participants allowed the examination of correlations between selfand peer-reported character strengths and gelotophobia. The results indicate that gelotophobia is negatively related to overall virtuousness in self-reports and in the same direction but less so in peer-reports. The rank-order of the character strengths showed that mainly modesty and prudence (both of the virtue of temperance) were positively correlated with gelotophobia (this was also supported by peer-reports). Gelotophobia was mainly negatively related to hope/optimism, curiosity, bravery, love, and zest. The analysis of mean score differences revealed that in some cases the mean scores for the peer-reports of character strengths were higher for the highest scoring gelotophobes than for the less gelotophobic and even lower or equal to the mean scores of the non-gelotophobes. This unexpected finding cannot be fully explained and needs to be addressed in follow-up studies. The results of the study clearly indicate that it is worthwhile to study gelotophobia in its relation to variables of positive psychological functioning. How virtuous are gelotophobes? Selfand peer-reported character strengths among those who fear being laughed at RENÉ T. PROYER and WILLIBALD RUCH


Power Quality is a measure of how well a system supports reliable operation of its loads. A power disturbance or event can involve voltage, current, or frequency variations. Power disturbances can originate in consumer power systems, consumer loads, or the utility because of non-linear loads, adjustable speed drives, traction drives, start of large motor loads, arc furnace, lightning etc. Typical power quality disturbances are voltage variation (voltage swelling, voltage sag) frequency variation & waveform distortion. In this Thesis voltage variation is the focal point. Since the change in voltage at the receiving end of a line depends on reactive power loading, so voltage sag/swell can be reduced by supplying/absorbing reactive power locally rather through transmission line. Number of ways has been proposed which includes number of controllers to meet the reactive power of load and allow the source to supply power at unity power factor. In this thesis a subset of controllers are discussed and there simulation were carried out in Simulink software, steady state and dynamic effects of these controllers are simulated by taking detailed model and average model. Simple systems are also taken into consideration to show the performance. Between the basic two types of controllers, one being converter based and other being variable impedance or admittance based, the converter based controllers shows good dynamic and steady state behavior, since their application strictly depend on the system requirement and economic point of view. There is a need of analyzing both, which is presented in this study.


In light of recent results, the fight against poverty in Latin America has been far from satisfactory. The standard approach of multicultural credit agencies will continue to be limited if it does not stress the central role of the distribution as well as the accumulation of productive assets, especially human capital. After removing fiscal and trade distortions with structural reforms, insufficient levels of human and physical capital accumulation and highly skewed asset distribution are critical growth constraints for Latin America. Policies aimed at reducing inequalities in assets accumulation should be at the center of a new approach for poverty eradication and increased growth in Latin America at the start of the new century.


Optimists have better outcomes than pessimists across a variety of situations (Andersson, 1996; Scheier and Carver, 1992). The underlying assumption for these differences is that because optimists have positive expectancies for future events, they persist longer. Greater persistence, in turn, leads to the more frequent experience of desired outcomes. In the present study, we hypothesized that situational factors will also play a role in persistence. Specifically, when individuals believe that it is important to perform well on a given task, they will persist longer than if they believe the task is unimportant. To investigate the role of these variables, both optimists and pessimists were given an unsolvable task for which we manipulated the perceived importance of the task. We predicted a main effect for optimism, such that optimists would persist longer than pessimists. In addition, we predicted a main effect for level of task importance, such that persistence would be longer for those in the high importance of task condition. Lastly, we examined the possibility of an interaction between the two variables. Results and implications will be discussed.


Innovative Methods of Marine Ecosystem Restoration offers a ray of hope in an increasingly gloomy scenario. This book is the first presentation of revolutionary new methods for restoring damaged marine ecosystems. It discusses new techniques for greatly increasing the recruitment, growth, survival, and resistance to stress of marine ecosystems, fisheries, and eroding shorelines, maintaining biodiversity and productivity where it would be lost. The book provides experimental proof that mild electrical stimulation results in increased settlement, increased growth, and reduced mortality for a wide variety of marine organisms, including corals, oysters, sponges, sea-grasses, and salt-marsh grasses.


This article explores the politics of national patron sainthood in early modern Europe. Specifically, it assesses the relationship between patron saints, efforts to consolidate royal authority, and political resistance to royal policies. It examines this relationship through the bitter controversy that unfolded when Teresa of Avila was named patron saint of Spain alongside the traditional patron, Santiago, at the beginning of the seventeenth century. A close investigation of the controversy demonstrates that some who resisted Teresa's copatronage did so motivated by a deeply rooted hostility to the king's chief minister, the Count-Duke of Olivares, and the position of royal favorite more generally; the idea of having two patrons came to symbolize the dangers of plural authority. The fierce debates over the validity of such authority reveal competing visions of the republic during a time of crisis for the Spanish monarchy.


Introduction The World Wide Web has now become one of the main sources of information on academic and research activities and therefore it is an excellent platform to test new methods of evaluating webometric activities. Webometric studies have focused their analyses mainly in the performance of the academic web domains, because academic institutions like colleges and universities are stable and well-defined institutions on the Web since long time ago. Furthermore, this interest is due to the possibility of building web indicators which explain the academic activity and production (Scharnhorst and Wouters, 2006; Thelwall, 2001, 2002). This has produced several studies that compare the academic web development in different countries through web indicators (Ingwersen, 1998; Smith, 1999) or through visualization (Heimeriks and Van Den Besselaar, 2006; Polanco et. al., 2001). Academic institutions, web sites, in many countries, are large multifaceted communication devices, and are increasingly used for a wide variety of purposes, from attracting new students to providing online library catalogues. In terms of research, academic institutions, web sites can announce the existence and promote the achievements of individuals, research groups, institutes and departments. They can also disseminate their findings, either by hosting online articles or by publishing summaries, data sets or tools. The pages themselves can be created centrally, by administrators or webmasters, or locally by individuals for themselves or their research team or projects. Potential benefits of an effective web presence include greater research impact, attracting students, media interest and commercial contacts. In this context, it is quite logical to investigate the measures of the effectiveness of web sites, both to study the communication activity that they represent and to build useful evaluation metrics (Vaughan and Thelwall, 2005). Concept of Webometrics The Online Dictionary of Library and Information Science defines a web page as "an electronic document written in HTML script, stored on a Web server and accessible using Web browser software at a unique Internet address (URL), usually one of a group of related, interlinked files that together comprise a Web site. A Web page may include formatted text, graphic material, audio and/or video elements, and links to other files on the Internet" (DLIS). The term, 'webometric' was coined from two English words i.e. "web" & "metrics". The word 'web' is the short of World Wide Web and 'metrics' denotes the mathematical theory of measurement. The ODLIS defines webometrics as "description and evaluation of the impact of the Internet as a scholarly communication tool, primarily by means of quantitative analysis of web-based scholarly and scientific communications" (ODLIS). Sometimes it is used synonymously with 'cybermetrics'. Simply, Webometrics, therefore, is the study of the quantitative aspects of the construction and use of information resources, structures and technologies on the Web, drawing on bibliometric and informetric approaches. Ramesh Babu, Jeyshankar and Nageswara Rao (2010) defined 'webometrics' as a quantitative study of web-related phenomena. The webometrics study could be applied to web with commercial search engines providing the raw data. Bojorneborne (2004), on the other hand, defined webometrics as "the study of the quantitative aspects of the construction and use of information resources, structures and technologies on the web, drawing on bibliometric and informatic approaches. This definition covers both the construction and usage aspects of the web, which embrace the following four key domains of webometrics study: * Web page content analysis. * Weblink structure analysis (e.g. hyperlink, self link and external link). * Web usage analysis (e.g. exploting log files for users searching and browsing behaviour). …


An important step in combating shark endangerment is lowering the stigma surrounding the species; one way to do so is to publish data on shark aggression. This paper presents findings on Carcharhinus leucas (bull shark) and Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (grey reef shark) aggression towards humans at Beqa Adventure Divers in Shark Reef Marine Reserve, Fiji. We collected data on the number of sharks present and prods delivered - a method to redirect sharks away from tourist divers using a 2.5-meter metal stick by dive masters - during nine shark feeds. We hypothesized that grey reef sharks would receive more prods than bull sharks because grey reef sharks are typically more aggressive than bull sharks. The results supported our hypothesis, as an individual grey reef shark received 2.44 prods on average per feed, while a bull shark had an average of 0.61. Furthermore, grey reef sharks showed signs of aggression, including pectoral depressions and exaggerated swimming, throughout the feeds, while bull sharks showed none. These findings are meaningful not only to the world's general understanding of shark aggression, but also to human protection against grey reef sharks as well as public education on bull sharks and the conservation of the species.


Failures of the law of one price explain much of the variation in real C.P.I. exchange rates. We use C.P.I. data for U.S. cities and Canadian cities for 14 categories of consumer prices to examine the nature of the deviations from the law of one price. The distance between cities explains a significant amount of the variation in the prices of similar goods in different cities. But, the variation of the price is much higher for two cities located in different countries than for two equidistant cities in the same country. By our most conservative measure, crossing the border adds as much to the volatility of prices as adding 2500 miles between cities.


Who were the Gnostics? And how did the Gnostic movement influence the development of Christianity in antiquity? Is it true that the Church rejected Gnosticism? This book offers an illuminating discussion of recent scholarly debates over the concept of 'Gnosticism' and the nature of early Christian diversity. Acknowledging that the category 'Gnosticism' is flawed and must be reformed, David Brakke argues for a more careful approach to gathering evidence for the ancient Christian movement known as the Gnostic school of thought. He shows how Gnostic myth and ritual addressed basic human concerns about alienation and meaning, offered a message of salvation in Jesus, and provided a way for people to regain knowledge of God, the ultimate source of their being. Rather than depicting the Gnostics as heretics or as the losers in the fight to define Christianity, Brakke argues that the Gnostics participated in an ongoing reinvention of Christianity, in which other Christians not only rejected their ideas but also adapted and transformed them. This book will challenge scholars to think in news ways, but it also provides an accessible introduction to the Gnostics and their fellow early Christians.


Objective: to investigate the anti diabetic effect of the bitter melon on Alloxan induced diabetes in experimental animals (rabbits). Materials and Methods: the alcohol extract of whole fruit was tested for its efficacy in Alloxan (150mg/kg) induced diabetic rabbit. The diabetic rabbits were divided into 5groups. Group I (control) received 2% gumacasia, groupie (positive control) received standard drug Metformin (62.5mg+2%GA), group III, IV, V (T1 T2 T3) were treated orally with a daily dose of 0.5(gm) 1gm, 1.5gm respectively for 35 days, for all diabetic rabbits after giving TEST,NC,PC preparations, the blood samples were collected and determined the blood glucose level 0,1,3,24hrs intervals. 0hr reading is before drug giving and remaining 3 readings after drugs giving. 24th her reading is considered as 0hr reading for the next day. Results: administration of alcohol of an extract of bitter melon produced a dose dependent decrease in blood glucose levels in Alloxan induced rabbits. There was a significant fall in blood sugar level in High dose (1.5GM/kg) in comparison to low dose (0.5gm/kg) and median dose (1gm/kg) shown by LSD test. This is comparable to the effect of Metformin. Conclusion: the results of this study show that chronic oral administration of an extract of Momordica charantia fruit at an appropriate dosage may be good alternative anti diabetic agent.


This study examined the role of the immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in ovarian cancer progression, and the possible application of this enzyme as a target for ovarian cancer therapy. We transfected a short hairpin RNA vector targeting IDO into the human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV-3, that constitutively expresses IDO and established an IDO downregulated cell line (SKOV-3/shIDO) to determine whether inhibition of IDO mediates the progression of ovarian cancer. IDO downregulation suppressed tumor growth and peritoneal dissemination in vivo, without influencing cancer cell growth. Moreover, IDO downregulation enhanced the sensitivity of cancer cells to natural killer (NK) cells in vitro, and promoted NK cell accumulation in the tumor stroma in vivo. These findings indicate that downregulation of IDO controls ovarian cancer progression by activating NK cells, suggesting IDO targeting as a potential therapy for ovarian cancer.


Mixed states of a quantum system, represented by density operators, can be decomposed as a statistical mixture of pure states in a number of ways where each decomposition can be viewed as a different preparation recipe. However the fact that the density matrix contains full information about the ensemble makes it impossible to estimate the preparation basis for the quantum system. Here we present a measurement scheme to (seemingly) improve the performance of unsharp measurements. We argue that in some situations this scheme is capable of providing statistics from a single copy of the quantum system, thus making it possible to perform state tomography from a single copy. One of the byproduct of the scheme is a way to distinguish between different preparation methods used to prepare the state of the quantum system. However, our numerical simulations disagree with our intuitive predictions. We show that a counter-intuitive property of a biased classical random walk is responsible for the proposed mechanism not working.


Background/Context School tracking practices have been documented repeatedly as having negative effects on students' identity development and attainment, particularly for those students placed in lower tracks. Despite this documentation, tracking persists as a normative practice in American high schools, perhaps in part because we have few models of how departments and teachers can successfully organize instruction in heterogeneous, high school mathematics classes. This paper offers one such model through a qualitative and quantitative analysis. Focus of Study In an effort to better the field's understanding of equitable and successful teaching, we conducted a longitudinal study of three high schools. At one school, Railside, students demonstrated greater gains in achievement than students at the other two schools and higher overall achievement on a number of measures. Furthermore, achievement gaps among various ethnic groups at Railside that were present on incoming assessments disappeared in nearly all cases by the end of the second year. This paper provides an analysis of Railside's success and identifies factors that contributed to this success. Participants Participants included approximately 700 students as they progressed through three California high schools. Railside was an urban high school with an ethnically, linguistically, and economically diverse student body. Greendale was situated in a coastal community with a more homogeneous, primarily White student body. Hilltop was a rural high school with primarily White and Latino/a students. Research Design This longitudinal, multiple case study employed mixed methods. Three schools were chosen to offer a range of curricular programs and varied student populations. Student achievement and attitudinal data were evaluated using statistical techniques, whereas teacher and student practices were documented using qualitative analytic techniques such as coding. Findings/Results One of the findings of the study was the success of Railside school, where the mathematics department taught heterogeneous classes using a reform-oriented approach. Compared with the other two schools in the study, Railside students learned more, enjoyed mathematics more and progressed to higher mathematics levels. This paper presents large-scale evidence of these important achievements and provides detailed analyses of the ways that the Railside teachers brought them about, with a focus on the teaching and learning interactions within the classrooms.


A large majority of state judges are chosen through some form of popular election. In Republican Party of Minnesota v. White, the Supreme Court struck down a law forbidding certain judicial campaign speech. A decade later, the Court in United States v. Alvarez ruled that factually false statements do not constitute categorically unprotected expression under the First Amendment. Together these two holdings, along with the Court's wider protection of political expression and disapproval of content-based restrictions, cast serious doubt on states' ability to ban false and misleading speech by judicial candidates. Commonly known as the misrepresent clause, this prohibition has intuitive appeal in light of judges' responsibilities and still exists in many states. Given the provision's vulnerability to challenge, however, states may be able to avert chronic fabrication by judicial candidates only by removing its ultimate source — judicial elections themselves
If the State chooses to tap the energy and the legitimizing power of the democratic process, it must accord the participants in that process … the First Amendment rights that attach to their roles.
[A] State's decision to elect its judiciary does not compel it to treat judicial candidates like campaigners for political office.


Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining is a very dynamic research and development area that is reaching maturity. As such, it requires stable and well-defined foundations, which are well understood and popularized throughout the community. This survey presents a historical overview, description and future directions concerning a standard for a Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining process model. It presents a motivation for use and a comprehensive comparison of several leading process models, and discusses their applications to both academic and industrial problems. The main goal of this review is the consolidation of the research in this area. The survey also proposes to enhance existing models by embedding other current standards to enable automation and interoperability of the entire process.


This exegesis examines influences, processes and idiosyncrasies in musical improvisation in a jazz context, identified through analysis and observation of selected, recorded performances by the author. It is a practice-based research project with two objectives, the first to uncover degrees to which pre-learnt skills and idiosyncratic creations occur and interact in music-making, and the second to contribute to the body of knowledge in spontaneous improvised music research: an area of the art which at this time is beginning to invite intense enquiry. It is argued that deep investigation into one's own playing, complemented by critical contemplation, offers insights into improvised performance that can add a significant dimension to the analysis and observations made by other people. Notwithstanding the limitations of traditional musical notation, transcriptions examined in this study show clearly influences both from past learning and from musicians who continue to have a powerful influence - consciously and subconsciously - on the author's playing and thought processes in music. While formal study with influential figures (players and teachers) is important, underpinning the whole learning process is the aural comprehension of sounds; the end musical product being recorded performances submitted here as the primary source. The insights gained through this reflective self-examination suggests that not only is it a practice of great worth from a personal perspective, but also offers a model for others who wish to remain alert to the quality of their own musical output, and the measure, as far as it is possible, of their creativity.


US copyright law provides incentives for creators to distribute their works through provisions for exclusive rights for reproduction and licensing. Part of the compensation scheme allotted to creators is the exclusive right to file an infringement suit to obtain recovery for damages suffered as a result of abrogation of such exclusive rights by the defendant. This private cause of action is critical in assuring that a creator has sufficient incentives to produce. Congress, however, tempered this private right in 1957 by amending the Copyright Act' to include a three-year statute of limitations in all civil copyright infringement actions. The purpose, as with any statute of limitation, was to provide for certainty, accuracy, and repose. The committee reports to the 1957 amendments to the Copyright Act that first established a statute of limitations for civil actions note the importance of uniformity and certainty, and the contribution of a statute of limitations in furthering such goals. The Senate Report regarding the amendments specifically highlighted that


Social network analysis is emerging as a key technique to understanding social, cultural and economic phenomena. However, social network analysis is inherently complex since analysts must understand every individual's attributes as well as relationships between individuals. There are many statistical algorithms which reveal nodes that occupy key social positions and form cohesive social groups. However, it is difficult to find outliers and patterns in strictly quantitative output. In these situations, information visualizations can enable users to make sense of their data, but typical network visualizations are often hard to interpret because of overlapping nodes and tangled edges.
My first contribution improves the process of exploratory social network analysis. I have designed and implemented a novel social network analysis tool, SocialAction (http://www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/socialaction), that integrates both statistics and visualizations to enable users to quickly derive the benefits of both. Statistics are used to detect important individuals, relationships, and clusters. Instead of tabular display of numbers, the results are integrated with a network visualization in which users can easily and dynamically filter nodes and edges. The visualizations simplify the statistical results, facilitating sensemaking and discovery of features such as distributions, patterns, trends, gaps and outliers. The statistics simplify the comprehension of a sometimes chaotic visualization, allowing users to focus on statistically significant nodes and edges. SocialAction was also designed to help analysts explore non-social networks, such as citation, communication, financial and biological networks.
My second contribution extends lessons learned from SocialAction and provides designs guidelines for interactive techniques to improve exploratory data analysis. A taxonomy of seven interactive techniques are augmented with computed attributes from statistics and data mining to improve information visualization exploration. Furthermore, systematic yet flexible design goals are provided to help guide domain experts through complex analysis over days, weeks and months.
My third contribution demonstrates the effectiveness of long term case studies with domain experts to measure creative activities of information visualization users. Evaluating information visualization tools is problematic because controlled studies may not effectively represent the workflow of analysts. Discoveries occur over weeks and months, and exploratory tasks may be poorly defined. To capture authentic insights, I designed an evaluation methodology that used structured and replicated long-term case studies. The methodology was implemented on unique domain experts that demonstrated the effectiveness of integrating statistics and visualization.


Buildings account for over 40% of CO2 emissions in the UK and around 25% in China. In an attempt to mitigate global warming and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the UK Government is committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 80% below the 1990's level by 2050; China pledged a 40–45% decrease in CO2 emissions per GDP by 2020 against 2005 levels. To achieve these targets, building retrofitting is one of the efficient ways to improve building energy efficiency and the associated CO2 emissions. This study aims to assess two levels of deep retrofit plans in typical office buildings in order to evaluate the potential energy savings that can be achieved,. These retrofit scenarios are assessed using numerical simulation of the prototypical buildings in five climate zones in China as well as London and Aberdeen in the UK. Numerical simulations have been conducted using the EnergyPlus software. The outcomes of this study reveal that deep retrofit in office buildings can potentially achieve the target of 50% energy reduction compared with the source energy consumption of buildings designed in 1980(s). However, economic factors should be also considered in the process of decision making to choose the most appropriate building retrofit strategies.


A fuzzy logic ramp metering algorithm will address the needs of Seattle's freeway system and overcome limitations of the existing ramp metering algorithm. The design of the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) reduced the sensitivity to sensor data which frequently contains errors or noise. The rule base effectively balanced two opposing needs: to alleviate mainline congestion by restricting the metering rate, and to disperse the ramp queue by increasing the metering rate. To avoid oscillation between these two conflicting demands, the controller used inputs that were more descriptive of congestion levels, providing smooth transitions rather than threshold activations. Testing was performed with the freeway simulation software FRESIM. A multiple-ramp study site from Seattle's I-5 corridor was modeled using data such as freeway geometry entry volumes, desired speeds, and driver behavior. To evaluate the FLC under a variety of conditions, entry volumes and incidents (such as blocked lane or reduced capacity) were varied to create six test data sets. The performance of the FLC was compared to that of other available controllers, including clock, demand/capacity, and speed metering. The objective was to maximize total vehicle miles, maximize mainline speeds, and minimize delay/vehicle-mile while maintaining an acceptable ramp queue. For five of the six data sets, the FLC outperformed the other three controllers. In the FLC, sensors from the on-ramp were helpful in maintaining an acceptable ramp queue. Future work will involve on-line testing of the FLC.


ABSTRACTIn nerve and muscle regeneration applications, the incorporation of conducting elements into biocompatible materials has gained interest over the last few years, as it has been shown that electrical stimulation of some regenerating cells has a positive effect on their development. A variety of different materials, ranging from graphene to conducting polymers, have been incorporated into hydrogels and increased conductivities have been reported. However, the majority of conductivity measurements are performed in a dry state, even though material blends are designed for applications in a wet state, in vivo environment. The focus of this work is to use polypyrrole nanoparticles to increase the wet–state conductivity of alginate to produce a conducting, easily processable, cell–supporting composite material. Characterization and purification of the conducting polymer nanoparticle dispersions, as well as electrochemical measurements, have been performed to assess conductivity of the nanoparticles and hydrogel composites in the wet state, in order to determine whether filling an ionically conducting hydrogel with electrically conductive nanoparticles will enhance the conductivity. It was determined that the introduction of spherical nanoparticles into alginate gel does not increase, but rather slightly reduces conductivity of the hydrogel in the wet state.


"Forest sector governance reform is frequently promoted as a policy tool for achieving favorable livelihood outcomes in the low income tropics. However, there is a dearth of empirical evidence to support this claim, particularly at the household level. Drawing on the case of a major forest sector governance reform implemented in Uganda in 2003, this study seeks to fill that gap. The research employs a quasi-experimental research design utilizing pre and post reform income portfolio data for a large sample of households surrounding three major forests in western Uganda; a control group is included in the design. On private forest land overseen by the decentralized District Forestry Service there has been no significant change in average annual household income from forests, and the share of total income from forests has only slightly increased. For households living adjacent to Budongo Central Forest Reserve, overseen by the parastatal National Forestry Authority, there have been significant gains in average annual household income from forests, as well as the share of total income from forests. However, increases are limited to households in the highest income quartile and are primarily attributed to the sale of illegally harvested timber. The findings from this study challenge the view that governance reforms result in favorable livelihood outcomes for the poorest. Policy makers should carefully consider the incentives facing both forestry officials and local resource users with particular attention to increasing awareness of the value of trees and forests, and facilitating legal opportunities for rural smallholders across all income categories to sustainably engage in forest product harvesting and value addition." authors' abstract


The purpose of treating seeds chemically is to eradicate their pathogens and/or protect them against soil pathogens, mainly by germination time. However, there is little research on vegetables investigating the effect of this treatment on seed quality. Therefore, this study evaluates the effects of Carboxin + Thiram doses on germination and vigor of three lots of broccoli seeds, as well as on the incidence of fungi in treated seed. The 15 treatments were evaluated in a factorial system (3x5), with the first factor consisting of three lots of 'Avenger' broccoli seeds (lots 82744, 82745 and 82749), and the second factor consisting of five doses (0, 0.04, 0.06, 0.10 and 0.12% of a.i.) of Carboxin + Thiram fungicide (commercial name VitavaxThiran). The germination and seed vigor were evaluated, in addition to the presence of pathogens in seeds after treatment (blotter test). All lots showed high levels of germination and vigor. The lot 82749, however, showed higher value in plug test in substrate emergence (99%) than lot 82745 (95%). Regarding the treatment with Carboxin + Thiram, no changes in germination average (98%) and vigor were noticed (average for the first germination count, length, and dry weight of seedling, plug test at 10 days after sowing of 97%, 4.9 cm, 4.0 mg and 96%, respectively), showing that this fungicide, in the evaluated doses, does not affect the quality of broccoli seeds. As to seeds health, the pathogens Alternaria spp. and Fusarium spp. were detected, in addition to saprophytic species such as Penicillium, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, and Rhizopus. The higher incidence of Fusarium spp. was noticed in lot 82744, and the lowest in lot 82749. As to Penicillium spp., lot 82479 was the most contaminated. Regarding other fungi, the general incidence was very low and there was no difference between lots and doses used.


This paper examines two unanticipated consequences of the equal representation of states on Senate elections-competitiveness and partisan advantage. Using a fixed-effects (LSDV) model that controls for important intervening variables to test the hypothesis that variation in state population size affects the competitiveness of Senate elections, we find a far stronger relationship between state population and electoral competitiveness than have previous works. In addition, Senate apportionment has had implications for the partisan composition of the Senate. When we compare the actual outcomes of Senate elections over time with hypothetical outcomes, which we derive by holding state population constant, we find that Senate apportionment has had important consequences for the partisan composition of the Senate in several periods. From the mid-1970s until (but not including) 1994, Senate apportionment enabled Republicans to hold seats disproportionate to their party's share of the national Senate vote.


Background and Aims: Type 1 diabetes mellitus, is the most common metabolic disorders in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to assess the state of oral health in children with type 1 diabetes compared with healthy children in 2013-2014 in Hamadan province, Iran. Materials and Methods: The specimens were selected through convenience sampling in two groups. Group one consisted of 80 individuals (5-18 years old; case group), suffering from type 1 diabetes mellitus referred to the Pediatric endocrine clinic. Control group consisted of 80 non-diabetic healthy children who were out- patients of pediatric and orthodontic department of Hamadan dental school. Two groups were similar in age and sex . The data were collected through a questionnaire, medical records and clinical examination. DMFT, dmft, GI and PI indices were assessed in each patient. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and T-test. Results: In spite of similarity in oral hygiene habits in both group, there was no significant difference in mean DMFT and permanent decayed teeth in both groups (P>0.05), but the mean dmft (P<0.008) and primary decayed teeth (P<0.011) in the control group was significantly higher than that of the case group. Also, diabetic patients had significantly more gingival inflammation (P<0.05). The mean PI in the two groups did not differ significantly. Oral hygiene habits were similar in both groups but diabetic patients were significantly referred to dentists with lower frequency then that of control group (P=0.00). Conclusion: The devastating effects of diabetes on the oral health, along with other side effects can be effective in promoting tooth decay and gingivitis in diabetic patients. Unfortunately, oral health care and programmed dental visit were not the priority for the diabetic patient (and parents) involved in our study. Therefore, programs to increase awareness and encourage patients for a better control of their oral health in order to diminish diabetes' devastating effects is recommended. . a . i r 13 : 3 T on


I. INTRODUCTION Increased competition in today's health care industry has contributed to the industry's growing emphasis on cost-containment.1 Concerns about this focus on the bottom line have motivated some caregivers to attempt to improve working conditions and the quality of patient care through unionization.2 One such group, "housestaff' or "house officers," is comprised of hospital interns, residents, and fellows.3 These individuals are medical school graduates seeking additional training for licensure and specialization.4 Housestaff are often overworked, underpaid, and forced to deal with working conditions that adversely affect patient care.5 Such conditions force many house officers to join union organizations and seek the right to bargain collectively.6 The housestaff unionization movement began in the 1930s when house officers sought to remedy poor working conditions and inadequate patient care.7 This movement is still alive today despite the National Labor Relation Board's ("NLRB") refusal to recognize housestaff collective bargaining rights.8 In 1976, the NLRB in Cedars-Sinai Medical Center considered whether house officers working in private nonprofit hospitals have the right to collectively bargain under the National Labor Relations Act ("NLRA" or "the Act").9 The NLRB held that housestaff were "primarily students" rather than employees, and therefore not entitled to collective bargaining rights.10 The following year, in St. Clare's Hospital and Health Center, the NLRB clarified its holding in Cedars-Sinai and reaffirmed its denial of housestaff collective bargaining rights.11 More than twenty years later dramatic changes have occurred in the health care industry, and the NLRB has decided to re-examine its determination that housestaff are not employees.l2 On February 13, 1997, the Committee of Interns and Residents ("CIR")13 filed a case petition seeking exclusive collective bargaining representation of the housestaff employed by Boston Medical Center.l4 The Regional Director subsequently held a hearing on the issue15 and dismissed the case petition, citing Cedars-Sinai and St. Clare's Hospital.ls The NLRB has granted review of the Regional Director's decision in the Boston Medical Center case.l7 In light of the dramatic changes that have occurred in the health care industry since the Cedars-Sinai and St. Clare's Hospital decisions, the Board should classify housestaff as employees and allow them to bargain collectively. The Board's decision in Cedars-Sinai was based on the notion that housestaff work primarily for educational purposes rather than as service providers.ls In addition to factors present at the time of the decision, recent legal and economic developments and changes in the health care industry support reversal of the Cedars-Sinai decision.19 In Cedars-Sinai, the NLRB ignored many strong indicia of employment, such as salary, benefits, hours worked, insurance coverage, and the value-adding services of the housestaff.20 The Board also failed to recognize that statutory interpretation and legislative history supported classifying housestaff as employees.21 Recent Supreme Court interpretations of the term "employee" also suggest that housestaff fall within Section 2(3) of the NLRA.22 Since 1976, the majority of public sector jurisdictions considering this issue have determined that housestaff are employees for purposes of collective bargaining.2 Numerous federal agencies and government bodies treat housestaff as employees for various purposes such as paying taxes, receiving worker's compensation, and stating a claim under Title VII.24 In addition, the concerns underlying the physician unionization movement and the views of the American Medical Association ("AMA") demonstrate the importance of granting housestaff coverage under the NLRA. This Note advocates the reversal of the NLRB's decisions in Cedars-Sinai and St. Clare's Hospital. Further, it recommends that the NLRB classify housestaff as employees under Section 2(3) of the NLRA, thus entitling them to complete protection under federal labor laws. …


The cornea is the optically transparent tissue through which light first enters the eye. Together with the lens, the cornea bends incident light to focus it onto the photosensitive retina. Corneal fibrosis occurs in response to ocular trauma and infection and, by reducing corneal transparency, can impair or completely diminish this function, leading to vision impairment and blindness. Millions of people around the globe suffer from corneal blindness as a result of injury and infection. Fortunately, topical antibiotics and immunosuppressants help to prevent scars from forming. Should a scar develop, corneal transplant is a generally successful procedure that can restore sight to these patients. There are, however, drawbacks and limitations to the procedure in that immunological rejection of the donor graft and a limited supply of donor tissue prevent many patients from sustaining or receiving this treatment. The body of work presented here investigates stem cells as an alternative treatment for vision-impairing fibrotic wounds in the corneal stroma. First, I show that human embryonic stem cells are capable of differentiating to cells with a corneal keratocyte phenotype, a study that may lead to the development of a source of cells to repair damaged corneal tissue. I then show that a population of corneal stromal stem cells can be isolated in a biopsy-like procedure and prevent fibrotic wound healing in the mouse, presenting an autologous source of cells to treat corneal scars. Finally, I investigate a potential mechanism by which these stem cells prevent fibrotic wound healing via immunomodulation and the suppression of neutrophil infiltration to the wound bed. This work moves toward the development of an alternative to corneal transplantation that will bridge the gap between the supply and demand of donor tissue and provide a treatment option with a significantly reduced risk of failure due to rejection.


Abstract The fiscal policy is an instrument that collects resources for the state budget necessary to perform state functions; stabilize the economy; regulation of the economy and recovery growth. The most important instruments are taxes and taxpayers. Since 1989, with the transition to a market economy, a special tax policy has been known by excise taxes. Analyzing the case of Romania and the evolution of excise duties (hereinafter ED) conformity we created some regressions that illustrate the ED correlation in Romania between 2002 and 2015. The methodology used: three unifactorial regression models showing how ED impacts economic indicators such as GDP, power purchase expressed through the net annual average salary, and household final consumption expenditure. Moreover, each model has been tested and verified using statistic tests to give reliable results. In a first stage, we analyzed the correlation between GDP and consumption as endogen variable and ED, then we created another model that we kept ED as an independent variable, but we changed the dependent variable using the purchasing power as a dependent variable. Because according to the used tests we demonstrated that correlation coefficients are significant, we proceeded to explain them starting from fiscal policy and economic reality, own of these analyzed 14 years. In conclusion we highlighted below as the ED depends on GDP and consumption and the purchasing power can influence the ED. For future discussion and studies we intend to compare the results with other countries in different geographic areas in Europe


Images of the charge distribution at the surface of a photorefractive Bi12SiO20 crystal were obtained by electrostatic force detection with an atomic force microscope. The images show charge gratings with periods of 1.6 and 0.23 μm written by two intersecting laser beams at 514 nm. In addition, they reveal a microstructure in the charge distribution that is caused by surface inhomogeneities. Grating profiles obtained at different writing fluences permit the study of saturation processes. The polarity of the charge carriers was determined by measurement of the phase shift between the light grating and the charge grating.


Abstract The biceps brachii plays an integral role in movement of the shoulder and elbow, and pathology can occur in athletes of all ages. Injuries of the proximal biceps tendon can be seen in overhead athletes as a result of chronic impingement, tendon instability, or tensile overload, often with accompanying lesions of the labrum or rotator cuff. Presentation may be insidious or can be precipitated by an acute event. Injuries to the distal biceps are more common in athletes involved in strength training such as weightlifters, or occasionally in contact sports. Although injury to the proximal and distal biceps can often be diagnosed clinically, MRI is an excellent imaging modality to evaluate the extent of disease and involvement of adjacent structures. This article reviews the anatomy of the biceps brachii from the shoulder to elbow and discusses commonly occurring pathology of the biceps and adjacent anatomical structures.


Bovine serum albumin stabilized gold nanoclusters (BSA-Au nanoclusters) have been widely studied due to their possible applications in biomedicine as sensors, fluorescent or multi-modality markers, and therapeutic agents. Synthesis and optical properties of these nanoclusters have been extensively investigated; however, there is still very little data on photostability of BSA-Au nanoclusters. Photostability of BSA-Au nanoclusters is of major importance for a variety of applications, such as material sensing and fluorescence imaging. Herein we demonstrate that after synthesis the BSA-Au solution has two photoluminescence (PL) bands peaking at 468 and 660 nm. Nevertheless, a different behaviour of the PL bands at 468 and 660 nm upon irradiation indicates that only band at 660 nm is related to PL of Au nanoclusters. BSA-Au nanoclusters exhibit great colloidal stability and do not undergo irreversible changes when heated up to 65 °C. However, irradiation of BSA-Au nanoclusters causes a wavelength dependent decrease of intensity and a hypsochromic shift of the PL band at 660 nm which is proportional to the delivered dose. The shift of the PL band at 660 nm could occur due to loss of several gold atoms in Au nanoclusters and/or due to deterioration of a nanoparticle coating layer. We have also demonstrated that the photostability of BSA-Au nanoclusters increases in the cell growth medium.


Glycine decarboxylase is a mitochondrial enzyme complex, which is the site of photorespiratory CO2 and NH3 release. Although the proteins that constitute the complex are located within the mitochondria, because of their intimate association with photosynthesis their expression is controlled by light. Comparisons of the kinetics of mRNA accumulation between the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and the H-protein of glycine decarboxylase during the greening of etiolated Arabidopsis thaliana suggest that their expression is controlled in parallel. A genomic clone for the H-protein (gdcH) was isolated from Arabidopsis and sequenced. The upstream region from -856 to +62 was fused to the [beta]-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene, and this construct was transformed into tobacco. This 5[prime] upstream regulatory region appears to control GUS expression in a manner very similar to that of the endogenous H-protein gene. Constructs with deletions in the 5[prime] upstream region were transformed into tobacco. These deletions revealed that light-dependent and tissue-specific expression was largely controlled by a 259-bp region between -376 and -117 bp. This region contains several putative GT boxes with the GGTTAA consensus core sequence. Once these strong light-dependent elements were removed, a second level of control was revealed. In constructs in which the gdcH 5[prime] regulatory region was shortened to -117 bp or less, there was more GUS activity in the roots than in the leaves, and in dark-grown plants than in light-grown plants. This suggests that more proximal control elements may be responsible for the constitutive low levels of gene expression noted in all nonphotosynthetic tissues.


Understanding the molecular mechanism controlling induction and maintenance of signals required for specifying anterior territory (forebrain and midbrain) of the central nervous system is a major task of molecular embryology. The current view indicates that in mouse, early specification of the anterior patterning is established at the beginning of gastrulation by the anterior visceral endoderm, while maintenance and refinement of the early specification is under the control of epiblast-derived tissues corresponding to the axial mesendoderm and rostral neuroectoderm. In vertebrates a remarkable amount of data has been collected on the role of genes contributing to brain morphogenesis. Among these genes,the orthodenticle group is defined bythe Drosophila orthodenticle and the vertebrate Otx1 and Otx2 genes, which contain a bicoid-like homeodomain. Mouse models and chimera experiments have provided strong evidence that Otx2 plays an important role in the specification and maintenance of the rostral neuroectoderm destined to become forebrain and midbrain. In evolutionary terms, some of these findings lead us to hypothesize a fascinating and crucial contribution of the Otx genes to the genetic program underlying the establishment of the mammalian brain.


Improving flood forecasting, warning and response systems (FFWRS) is now a common requirement in Europe and elsewhere. FFWRS need to be designed from a societal as well as a scientific perspective, but social preferences and needs are often not well integrated. This is one of the fundamental reasons for the under-performance of FFWRS, but insufficient flood warning lead time caused by communication time-lags is another. Several conceptual perspectives illuminate how a societal approach can aid FFWRS redesign. Recent experience of redesigning FFWRS in England and Wales using a societal approach is examined. Warning 'customers' require consistent and informative warning messages which they can confirm. New information and communication technologies (ICTs), including automatic voice messaging, dial-and-listen services and the internet, are being harnessed to improve direct warning dissemination and to increase warning lead times. These and other ICTs, including mobile telephones, open up new possibilities for reaching members of typically diverse and heterogeneous floodplain communities. England and Wales is moving towards a Multi-Media Warning Dissemination Service for flood warnings in which 'customers' will be able to select from a range of warning delivery methods those which most suit their different requirements. Increasing the public's awareness and knowledge of flooding, flood warnings and appropriate warning response is now critical to achieving significantly improved warning response and the strategy used in England and Wales is leading to progress.


The concept of the NEWTON project is based in an identification of the challenges and barriers in creating engagement and enthusiasm amongst STEM students and recognises the need to stimulate and embrace the type of change that innovative technologies can bring. Thus, NEWTON focuses on employing novel technologies to increase the quality of the learner experience, improve learning processes and increase learning outcomes. One of the major challenges of the project is to validate the platform impact and the effectiveness of the teaching scenarios in terms of learner satisfaction, improvement of the learning and teaching experience, and the evaluation of underlying technology through European-wide real-life pilots. In this paper, we describe briefly the criteria to be taken into account for technological learning systems evaluation from a pedagogical view point. After setting out the different dimensions of learning to be evaluated, we describe the iterative approach adopted to ensure that there is a continuous feedback loop created thereby ensuring that the results of all pilot activities are shared and are informing future iterations of the NEWTON solution. Finally, we provide a few details of the work plan designed to guide all stakeholders involved in the project pilots. This work is dedicated to teachers and teaching organizations willing to engage learners in STEM education.


Spoken language translation (SLT) is of great relevance in our increasingly globalized world, both from a social and economic point of view. It is one of the major challenges in automatic speech recognition (ASR) and machine translation (MT), driving an intense research activity in these areas. Speech translation is useful to assist person-to-person communication in limited domains like tourism and traveling and to translate foreign parliamentary speeches and broadcast news. Speech translation is based on a suitable combination of two independent technologies, namely ASR and MT of written language. Thus, the important question is how to pass on the ASR ambiguities to the MT process. A unifying framework for this ASR-MT interface is provided by applying the Bayes decision rule to the speech translation tasks as whole rather than to each task individually. Depending on the MT approaches used, such as finite-state transducers or phrase-based modeling, various types of ASR-MT interfaces have been studied, ranging from N-best lists through word lattices to confusion networks. We have discussed experimental results on various tasks, ranging from limited to unrestricted domains. Despite the significant advances and the large number of experimental studies, it is still an open question what type of interface provides a suitable compromise between translation accuracy and computational cost.


The scope of Supreme Court precedent is capacious. Justices of the Court commonly defer to sweeping rationales and elaborate doctrinal frameworks articulated by their predecessors. This practice infuses judicial precedent with the prescriptive power of enacted constitutional and statutory text. The lower federal courts follow suit, regularly abiding by the Supreme Court's broad pronouncements.These phenomena cannot be explained by — and, indeed, oftentimes subvert — the classic distinction between binding holdings and dispensable dicta. This Article connects the scope of precedent with recurring and foundational debates about the proper ends of judicial interpretation. A precedent's forward-looking effect should not depend on the superficial categories of holding and dictum. Instead, it should reflect deeper normative commitments that define the nature of adjudication within American legal culture. The account that emerges is one in which the scope of precedent is inextricably linked to interpretive theory and constitutional understandings. Divergent methods of interpretation, from originalism to common law constitutionalism and beyond, carry distinctive implications for describing a precedent's constraining effect. So, too, do various methods of interpretation in the statutory and common law contexts. Ultimately, what should determine the scope of precedent is the set of premises — regarding the judicial role, the separation of powers, and the relevance of history, morality, and policy — that informs a judge's methodological choices.


The overall aim of the research was to understand the potential impact of sustained part-time working on women's identities with regards to motherhood and work. Despite an implicit assumption in public discourse, policy and research that mothers will resume full-time careers once their children are 'older', half of working mothers with their youngest child at secondary school are working part-time (ONS, Q3, 2011). Often in the literature 'good' part-time working has been framed as short-term (see for example Tilly, 1996). The part-time 'hidden brain drain' (Equal Opportunities Commission, 2005) has been described as a waste of education and skills (Connolly and Gregory, 2010) and contributing to gender inequality (Walby, 2007). This PhD explored the life stories of twenty university educated, partnered mothers of older children (youngest at secondary school), who had mostly worked part-time since becoming mothers. Dialogic narrative analysis (Frank, 2010) was used to explore how these women made sense of where they had ended up through their story telling. A key finding is that for these women 'becoming' a part-time working mother was neither an informed 'choice', nor a fixed orientation, but was an ongoing process of negotiation, within a matrix of inter-related, constantly shifting and interacting tensions. Compromises to their jobs often became more extensive than expected and a continuing need to 'be there' for teenagers was unanticipated. Damage to 'career' is conceptualised as a 'creeping trauma'. This is considered in light of the mothering stories indicating this was a price worth paying. The majority of women were engaging in a narrative of reorientation, using various strategies to reframe standards of 'good' working and the meaning of work within life. Success in reorientation differed according to individual experiences of constraints and opportunities.


The objective of this thesis is to broaden current knowledge of the strength and buckling/collapse of shells, with special reference to steel silo structures on discrete supports, and thus to provide design guidance of practical value for future silo design and construction and to develop new research aspects for further investigation. A linear elastic solution of the cylindrical shell bending equations is presented for local loadings, with special attention to local longitudinal distributed loadings. Algebraic expressions for the displacements and stresses induced by a rectangular patch of longitudinal load on a simply supported cylindrical shell are derived using double Fourier series. The solution of this problem is general, and therefore can be applied to cylindrical shells under local I loadings in any direction and with different boundary conditions. Linear elastic analyses of discretely supported perfect cylinders under axial compression are presented using the finite element method. The pre-buckling meridional membrane stress distribution above the support centreline is examined in detail, and is followed by investigations of the linear bifurcation behaviour of the cylinders. The effects on the stress distribution and the buckling strength of different loading patterns and different geometric configurations are extensively examined. Geometrically nonlinear elastic buckling analyses are also performed using large deflection theory. Both perfect and imperfect cylinders are studied with various geometric configurations and under different loading conditions. The nonlinear elastic buckling behaviour, the buckling strength and the buckling configuration are thoroughly investigated for discretely supported cylinders Further studies extend the work into the plastic range. Discretely supported cylinders obeying the von Mises yield criterion are analysed. Limit analyses of perfect cylinders are first conducted using small deflection theory. Geometrically nonlinear elastic-plastic collapse analyses of both perfect and imperfect cylinders are performed next. Studies of different loading conditions and parametric studies of varying geometries and material strengths are presented in both types of analysis. The nonlinear elastic-plastic behaviour of discretely supported cylinders is thus explored. A complete silo which consists of a cylindrical shell, a conical roof hopper and a conical discharge hopper is briefly examined, with the aim of exploring the applicability of the established cylinder model in the elastic buckling analysis of silo structures. Finally, the conclusions drawn from this research are summarised and recommendations are also made for further research on locally supported shells.


We present a new flexible micro-fabricated polyimide-based platinum (Pt) array of four planar electrodes system for local stimulation of the rat retinal photoreceptor layer and simultaneous extracellular recording (ECR) from large population of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) using the MEA60 setup (Multi Channel Systems) in vitro conditions. Our results revealed that RGCs present On or/and Off light-driven responses on a majority of recorded sites. Local electrical stimulation induced excitatory responses in a small number of RGCs hypothesised to the poor electrode- tissue interfacial contact. Two approaches are proposed to enhance the electrode- tissue interfacial contact to improve the efficiency of stimulation.


Abstract. In the late 17th century, Rasmus Bartholin and Christiaan Huygens investigated a curious optical property of crystals found at Helgustaðir in Eastern Iceland. This property which has been called double refraction, revealed in the 19th century a new aspect of light which turned out to be very useful as a probe of the internal structure of matter. Clear specimens of these crystals, an unusually pure variety of calcite, have since around 1780 been known as ''Iceland spar''. Few if any other localities yielding calcite crystals of comparable size and quality were discovered before 1900, and no alternatives for use in precision optical instrumentation were developed until the 1930s. Hundreds of tons of calcite were exported from Helgustaðir, mostly between 1850 and 1925. However, little information has been found on trading routes for the material of optical quality, so that some enigmas remain regarding its supply-demand situation. A study of the scientific literature in the period up to 1930 has revealed that results obtained with the aid of Iceland spar accelerated progress within the earth sciences (in mineralogy and petrology), physics, chemistry, and biology, even by decades. This has also influenced the development of technology and of medicine in various direct and indirect ways.


Mark McWatt, Guyanese writer and scholar, is currently Professor of West Indian Literature at the Cave Hill (Barbados) campus of the University of the West Indies. He is a co-editor, with Stewart Brown, of The Oxford Book of Caribbean Verse (2005) and a joint editor of the Journal of West Indian Literature. He has also published two books of poetry, Interiors (1988) and The Language of Eldorado (1994). His short story collection, Suspended Sentences: Fictions of Atonement (2005), was awarded the Commonwealth Writers' Prize for best first book of fiction. Suspended Sentences tells the stories of a group of students whose completion of the secondary school A-level examinations coincides with Guyanese independence in 1969. At a celebration party they vandalize the Sports Clubhouse of the Imperial Bank, and are consequently "sentenced" to each write a story about Guyana. These stories, brought together some twenty years later, make up the book. Their atonement is not only for the relatively minor incident of damaging the Clubhouse, but also for a moment in history when a generation of educated Guyanese left their homeland. In this sense, the book becomes a narrative, with both celebratory and melancholy tones, of the intriguing splendor of the Guyanese landscape, the diversity of its peoples, the multiplicity of its potential, and the erosion of that very potential. We spoke with Mark McWatt in Calgary in March 2007. We began by asking about his turn to the short story form in Suspended Sentences. You had written two books of poetry before Suspended Sentences. What was appealing to you about shifting to prose? Was narrative a particularly useful strategy for what you wanted to say in the book? I didn't really think of it that way, but yes, there is a kind of a seduction in narrative. Even in poetry I had started writing in long narrative sequences so that I was moving in that direction anyway. As for what I had to say, yes I suppose it could be better said in narrative, because I wanted to celebrate both the physical reality of Guyana, the landscape, which I had done in the poems, and to mourn what had become of the country. Also, I wanted to talk about the period from the 1960s on, and prose narrative seemed more appropriate than poetry. There is a strong sense of mourning in the book, perhaps most strongly felt in the fate of the characters, despite the exuberance of many of the stories. Yes, that is something I really feel. When I go back to Guyana and visit the university, there are always one or two people who say, "You should be here helping your country instead of teaching in Barbados." I do not pay too much attention to that, but I do feel a sense of guilt for, along with most of my class, having left Guyana. Although many of us tried to get back, it is just not possible. Suspended Sentences has resonances with fiction that has formed the canon of postcolonial literatures: the echo of Conrad's Heart of Darkness in Victor Nunes's tale of traveling into the interior and spending time at a "phantom outpost of civilization" (Suspended 70); the parallel with Rushdie's Midnight's Children in the association of the students' graduation with Guyana's independence; a hint of Faulkner's Emily ("A Rose for Emily") in the spinster, Miss Alma Fordyce. What do you see as the effect of these dialogues with other texts? Some of it was conscious, a lot of it wasn't. You mention Conrad and I really didn't have that in my mind as I was writing. Marquez yes, and one or two others, the story about the courtesan, "A Lovesong for Miss Lillian," is modeled in part upon a Garcia Marquez story called "Maria dos Prazeres." But I just feel that the context of everything that I write is literature itself, these things echo and re-echo, although I am happy to have them pointed out. It was fascinating reading the book because there were such obvious meta-narrative gestures, and you are also talking about the way we write fiction with an eye on all the fiction that has been written. …


Objectives: To estimate cause specific mortality in a large cohort of Italian workers compensated for silicosis. Methods: The cohort included 14 929 subjects (14 098 men and 831 women) compensated for silicosis between 1946 and 1979, alive on 1 January 1980, and resident in Tuscany (a region of central Italy with 3 547 000 inhabitants). Mortality follow up ranged from 1980 to 1999. Vital status and the causes of death were determined by linkage with the regional mortality registry and with the national mortality database. The cohort mortality rates were compared to the rates of the local reference population. SMRs and their 95% confidence intervals were computed assuming a Poisson distribution of the observed deaths. Specific SMR analyses were performed according to the level of disability, the year of compensation assignment, and the job type. Results: A significant excess mortality was observed in male silicotics for cancer of the lung, trachea, and bronchus and cancer of the liver, respiratory diseases (silicosis, asbestosis, antracosilicosis, and other pneumoconiosis), and for tubercolosis. Statistically significant mortality excess was observed in female silicotics for respiratory diseases (specifically silicosis and other pneumoconiosis) and tuberculosis. Analyses for period of compensation assignment showed a twofold increased SMR for biliary tract cancer among female workers and for liver cancer among male workers compensated before 1970. Conclusions: The excess mortality from respiratory tract cancers and respiratory tract diseases detected in Italian compensated silicotics are in agreement with previous epidemiological studies. Although the twofold increased risk for liver cancer among males is suggestive of a possible association with silica dust exposure, the finding needs to be confirmed.


Guided by feminist standpoint theory and scholars' calls to move beyond merely counting individuals to understand the extent to which higher education institutions are diverse, the authors invited faculty members, staff members, and administrators from minoritized groups to describe their perceptions and experiences, including those associated with diversity and inclusion efforts at their institutions. In association with various dynamics, these individuals frequently described such initiatives as mostly talk with little to no meaningful objectives and outcomes. Based on these findings, we provide a three-step process that can be followed to disrupt and dismantle systems of (dis)advantage to promote greater diversity and inclusion.


Cytotoxic effector T cells specific for non-H-2 histocompatibility (H) antigens were examined for phenotypic expression of lymphocyte differentiation (Ly) antigens. Virtually all H-Y-specific cytotoxic effectors generated in mixed lymphocyte culture were Ly-1+2+ T cells. H-3-specific effectors comprised both Ly-1+2+ and Ly-1-2+ T cells. However, cytotoxic effectors specific for multiple non-H-2 H antigens were predominantly Ly-1-2+ T cells. The optimal generation of H-Y- and H-3-specific effectors required Ly-1+2+ T cells; optimal generation of multiple non-H-2 H antigen-specific effectors required an interaction between Ly-1+2- and Ly-1-2+ T cells. These observations suggest that the identity of the target H antigen in part determines the Ly type of responsive T cells. Our observations suggest that 2 alternative pathways of T cell response exist for non-H-2 H antigens. The first pathway involves an interaction between Ly-1+2- helper T cells and Ly-1-2+ cytotoxic effector precursors. The 2nd pathway simply involves the response of Ly-1+2+ T cells proliferating and generating H antigen-specific cytotoxic effectors.