NaA (or Linde Type A: l~a'lz (H20)z7I8 [Al ,2Si~ 04818 -LTA) membranes were prepared on centrifugally casted alumina supports and tested for its permeation and separation properties using single gasses and binary mixtures of Hz, CO, COz. 2 membranes were prepared: one with a double and one with a triple NaA layer. From single permeation experiments it was concluded that the triple coated NaA membrane gave bener selectivities than the double coating one, but the selectivities were still in the range of Knudsen selectivities. Significant permeation of SF6 was also observed, which indicated that intracrystalline diffusion could not be neglected. From the single gas permeation experiments, using the triple coated membrane, the important transport mechanisms were determined and it was shown that the resistance in the support can be as high as 60%. depending on the applied pressure difference and temperature. The resistance in the support itself is predominant Knudsen diffusion, due to the relative small average pore radius of the support. The permeability of the NaA layer was higher than NaA membranes presented in the open literature, which were tested under similar conditions, which could also be attributed to the occurrence of intracrystalline diffusion. The selectivity of the membranes in binary mixtures of COdH2, COIH2 and C02ICO were very close to unity, showing that the used triple coated NaA membrane was not suited for the separation of any of the studied gases. A reason for the bad performance of the membrane could be the relative short time used for the growth of the NaA crystals. Microscopic inspection showed that the crystal growth was not complete. and together with the hydrophilic character of the NaA zeolite this was probably the main reason for the occurrence of intracrystalline diffusion. A longer synthesis time was therefore also recommended. Editorial Information


The dicrotic pulse is an abnormal carotid pulse found in conjunction with certain conditions characterised by low cardiac output. It is distinguished by two palpable pulsations, the second of which is diastolic and immediately follows the second heart sound. In the course of open chest canine studies of the second heart sound, micromanometers and an electromagnetic flow meter were used to study proximal aortic haemodynamic function in both strong and weak beats. It was found that the incisural notch of the aortic pressure signal is not strongly dependent on the extent of left ventricular ejection, and is of essentially normal amplitude even in beats having greatly reduced aortic flow. In contrast, the magnitude of the systolic upstroke of the aortic pressure pulse is strongly determined by the magnitude of left ventricular ejection and is considerably reduced in weak beats. With low cardiac output the relative size of the incisural notch becomes exaggerated in comparison with the overall pulsation, thus creating the characteristic M shaped waveform of the dicrotic pulse.


This thesis features a full transcript of NLS Advocates MS. 35.4.4, The Chronicle of Perth". The manuscript volume was edited and published by James Maidment in 1831 for the Maitland Club of Glasgow; however, Maidment's edition represents only a partial transcription of the original volume, and the editor provided few textual notes. I have written a substantial commentary to accompany the text; my work on the "Chronicle" is intended to improve upon and replace Maidment's edition. The manuscript volume was probably compiled between c. 1590 and c. 1668, and incorporates a variety of subject matter: copies of official correspondence, a register of deaths and, chiefly, a register of historical events of local and national significance in the 16th and 17th centuries. Editorial work in this thesis includes detailed analysis of the structure and provenance of the manuscript, a study of the veracity of the historical notices, and an assessment of its place in the local literary context. The "Chronicle" is an anonymous work; but suggestions concerning the identity of its authors have been made following handwriting analysis and a comparative study of the manuscript with other documents in the Perth Burgh Records. The "Chronicle" can be dated through internal evidence, and also by study of the manuscript paper. Numerous archaeological excavations have been carried out in Perth during recent years. The results of this work have substantially augmented the historical record of life in the medieval and early modern burgh, and archaeological evidence is certainly of considerable importance to historians of Perth. This thesis seeks to assess the value of historical records for archaeologists working in the burgh. This is essentially a theoretical exercise, but it should also have practical consequences for archaeological research in Perth. It is the contention of my approach that historical sources can be used in advance of archaeological investigation to pose archaeological questions, to provide guidelines for research, and indeed to provide archaeological information. In this thesis I have sought to demonstrate that the "Chronicle of Perth" contains useful archaeological material in its own right, and that the manuscript indicates areas in which archaeological study may develop our understanding of the 17th century environment, in both town and country. The archaeological themes which emerge from the text of the "Chronicle" are developed by reference to manuscripts in the Perth Burgh Records and existing archaeological information. This thesis examines the climatic history of the Perth region in the early modem period with particular reference to damage caused by floods, harvest failures, and the spread of infectious diseases and the built environment of the burgh. Attention is paid to major public buildings of the town, such as the tolbooth and St. John's Kirk, and to significant structures beyond the town walls such as Lowswork and the Brig of Earn. A pervasive theme of this research is an assessment of the burgh's complicated relationship with its rural hinterland. Features of this study include the structure of the market economy in 17th century Perthshire, and the influence of large estates within the landscape. The economy of the burgh of Perth was relatively weak in the 17th century, and the "Chronicle" directs particular attention to the disruption which was caused by the Covenanting crisis of the 1640s and Cromwellian occupation of the 1650s; this thesis considers the eff ects of those years upon Perth's economy. The thesis is intended to form a substantial reference source for historians and archaeologists working in Perth. At both theoretical and practical levels, this study considers the value of documentary sources for archaeological research. The "Chronicle of Perth" can be used as an introduction to the quality of life which was experienced within and without Perth in the early modern period; archaeological themes which can be extracted from the text of the "Chronicle" can be developed using the Perth Burgh Records to build up a portrait of the state of the built environment in town and country. An important consequence of this research has been to demonstrate the close association which exists between historical and archaeological information. I, Jonathan Eagles, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 100,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. Date .......... 9.......


ABSTRACT Shah, P.; Sajeev, R., and Gopika, N., 2015. Study of upwelling along the west coast of India—A climatological approach. With extensive use of satellite-measured climatology, the present study investigated the upwelling along the entire west coast of India and authenticated the differences in upwelling along the SW and NW coasts. During May and September, the entire west coast of India was characterized by weak offshore surface mass transport. During June, July, and August, offshore surface mass transport was limited to SW coast of India, and onshore transport was observed along NW coast, except at 16° N and 17° N, where very weak offshore transport was observed, compared with SW coast. Analysis of the Sea Surface Height Anomaly, depth of 26° isotherms, and Local Temperature Anomaly revealed the role of remote forcing on the upwelling along the west coast of India, especially during the peak summer monsoon months. The observations on the Local Temperature Anomaly at different depth levels exposed that, at the surface, the upwelling features was limited to the SW coast of India during the summer monsoon. Upwelling, however, was clearly evident at the 10-m depth along the NW coast during May and September. The main difference in upwelling along the SW and NW coastlines during June to August was that vertical excursion of upwelled water along the NW coast was limited to the 30-m depth and along the SW coast; the upwelled water replaces the surface water. From Local Temperature Anomaly it was also evident that the intensity and south to north propagation speed of upwelling was more at deeper level than at the surface.


The effects of electric fields on outwardly propagating premixed flames in a constant volume chamber were experimentally investigated. An electric plug, subjected to high electrical voltages, was used to generate electric fields inside the chamber. To minimize directional ionic wind effects, alternating current with frequency of 1 kHz was employed. Lean and rich fuel/air mixtures for both methane and propane were tested to investigate various preferential diffusion conditions. As a result, electrically induced instability showing cracked structure on the flame surface could be observed. This cracked structure enhanced flame propagation speed for the initial period of combustion and led to reduction in flame initiation and overall combustion duration times. However, by analyzing pressure data, it was found that overall burning rates are not much affected from the electric field for the pressurized combustion period. The reduction of overall combustion time is less sensitive to equivalence ratio for methane/air mixtures, whereas the results demonstrate pronounced effects on a lean mixture for propane. The improvement of combustion characteristics in lean mixtures will be beneficial to the design of lean burn engines. Two hypothetical mechanisms to explain the electrically induced instability were proposed: 1) ionic wind initiated hydrodynamic instability and 2) thermodiffusive instability through the modification of transport property such as mass diffusivity.


Education is one of the most topical issues in South Africa. In recent years, particularly in the period after the adoption of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006) (hereinafter CRPD), the discourse on the education of children with disabilities has mainly focused on the potential of White Paper 6 on Special Needs Education (2001) (hereinafter WP 6) and its implementing programmes to facilitate the realisation of the right to education for children with disabilities. The CRPD proposes inclusive education as the appropriate way of ensuring the right to education for children with disabilities, and sets out a framework for the implementation thereof. In addition, the CRPD sets out other principles which essentially redefine the approach to the interpretation and implementation of the rights of persons with disabilities. One such principle is the principle of non-discrimination, which demands that all rights be implemented on a basis of equality between all people, disability notwithstanding. Arguably, the legal and policy frameworks on education in South Africa reflect the standards proposed under the CRPD to some extent, and other instruments on the right to education. However, there are still considerable challenges in the conceptualisation and implementation of inclusive education, especially at the basic education level. These challenges are not unique to South Africa, and are mainly attributable to the evolutionary background of the concept of inclusive education at the international level. Hence for instance, the understanding of inclusive education often tends to focus exclusively on the education of persons with disabilities as opposed to the inclusion of all marginalised and excluded groups. This narrow understanding is replicated in South African law, policy, and practice of education. Challenges to the realisation of inclusive basic education in South Africa are compounded further by the pertinent issues underlying the implementation of basic education in South Africa such as the question of equality in education, the financing of basic education, the nature of the states duties pertaining to the provision of basic education, and the interpretation of the notion of basic education. The understanding of inclusive education in South Africa has also been impacted by historical factors, such as the apartheid exclusion of the masses from mainstream basic education, and the subsequent need to "include" everyone in post-apartheid education. All of these factors point to the need to interrogate the current approaches to inclusive basic education in South Africa as against the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (hereafter the Constitution), and international standards that South Africa has committed to through the ratification of the CRPD and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) (hereafter the CRC). For instance, there is a need to establish the extent to which the differentiated obligations with respect to basic education as distinct from other levels of education apply to inclusive education. Hence, is there a difference between the nature of the states obligations in respect of "basic education" and those relative to "inclusive basic education"? Further, it is imperative to establish the convergence or divergence between inclusive education as set out in the CRPD and as implemented through WP 6.


Crediting loyalty points and collecting digital coupons or gift certificates are common functions in purchasing and trading transactions. These activities can be generalized using the concept of a "voucher", which is a digital representation of the right to claim goods or services. This document presents a Voucher Trading System (VTS) that circulates vouchers securely and its terminology; it lists design principles and requirements for VTS and the Generic Voucher Language (GVL), with which diverse types of vouchers can be described.


The growth of the Internet offers a vision of ubiquitous electronic commerce. A particularly exciting feature of Internet commerce is the ability to automate the search for price or other product information across multiple suppliers by using an "agent" to retrieve the relevant information. The use of such agents has the potential to dramatically reduce buyers' search costs. We argue that such agents effectively transform a diverse set of offerings into an economically efficient market and that their use should therefore be analyzed in these terms. In this paper, we present a simple model of the competitive effects of agents used to support purchasing. The model suggests that agents can be successful for diversified goods but resisted for commodities and nearcommodities. We illustrate our model by analyzing the situation of current electronic commerce ventures on the Internet.


Relations between France and the Habsburg Empire during the long nineteenth century went through several phases bounded by the events crucial not just to the two countries' mutual relations but to all of Europe. The Congress of Vienna defined their mutual relations for the next thirty years. The Habsburgs and their omnipresent minister Metternich were fearful of revolutionary and liberal movements traditionally having their origins in France. And it was the revolutionary events of 1848 that brought about a change in the balance of power and their mutual relations. Metternich's retirement and, more importantly, the arrival of the Russian armies in Central Europe and the subsequent strengthening of Prussia, conferred a new importance to the role of the Habsburg Monarchy as a bulwark against the advancement of Russia and a vital counterweight to Prussia. With the defeat of Napoleon III and the creation of Germany with Alsace and Lorraine Franco-Austrian relations entered a new phase. The destiny of the two provinces alienated the Habsburgs from the French Republic, especially after the reorganization of Europe into two confronting blocs. The logic of alliances led to their being adversaries in the world conflict, although Napoleon III's geo-strategic analyses remained present almost to its very end, when Clemenceau's government gave support to the nationality principle thereby crucially contributing to the collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy.


This Article provides a case study of agency decision-making under uncertainty, specifically the administrative process used by a state agency to investigate potential site contamination. Analysis of the Railroad Commission of Texas' use of site and risk assessment in a neighborhood built over crude oil storage tanks known as Kennedy Heights demonstrates how purportedly scientific processes can fail to embody the kinds of rational analytical approaches on which regulatory agencies publicly claim they depend. Primary documents outlining the efforts of the state agency, in coordination with a regulated party, suggest that these processes were shaped in different ways, used divergent assumptions, and ultimately yielded findings that more closely resembled arguments than results. The rich history left behind by the story of Kennedy Heights gives us a chance to see the tasks of site characterization and risk assessment for what they are: inherently political exercises, riddled with limitations, and bounded in terms of what they can tell the expert or the layman. Given the changing standards of admissibility for scientific evidence in mass torts cases influenced by the holding in Daubert v. Merrill Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., this understanding has implications for the regulatory and common law uses of data gathering and analysis that extend far beyond the boundaries of one subdivision in Houston, Texas. The nature of risk assessment in the context of contaminated sites, where negotiation supplants analysis, should give us pause before we accept the growing expectation of scientific validity in the federal courts. Approaches to the admissibility of negotiated evidence in a post-Daubert context, where district court judges apply heightened tests of validity to expert-driven documents and testimony, are considered.


Trade in live, freshwater crayfish for ornamental markets, as well as for aquaculture, has grown rapidly and has become the major pathway for the introduction of non-indigenous crayfish species to several countries worldwide. Here we report on the first record of the Australian 'redclaw' Cherax quadracarinatus in the natural waters of a game reserve in South Africa. To compound the situation, these redclaw crayfish were infected with a non-indigenous temnocephalan flatworm parasite. Both crayfish and temnocephalan were in full breeding condition, with young. Further spreading of this crayfish to the subtropical, water-rich, northern KwaZulu-Natal Province of South Africa and southern Mozambique is predicted. Not only might the crayfish compete with indigenous aquatic invertebrates but the non-host-specific temnocephalan might transfer to local decapods, such as freshwater crabs.


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MySQL is the most widely installed open-source database. Approximately 3.5 million MySQL servers are in use and more than 45% of databases used on Linux worldwide are MySQL databases.
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The second edition of Sams Teach Yourself MySQL in 21 Days has been completely rewritten by a new author. The book enables a reader to create powerful databases using MySQL. He willnot only learn how to integrate MySQL into a database-driven Web site, but also how to embed MySQL into other compiled applications.


Nigeria's commitment to improving the living standard of its citizens has led to the introduction of a long-term economic programme tagged Vision 20:2020. The vision consists of a set of objectives and programmes designed to launch the nation into the league of the 20 most developed economies of the world by the year 2020. A large quantum of professionals and skilled workers, especially in the building sector has been identified by several studies as critical for this aim to be realized. The current statistics which shows abysmally low number of craftsmen in the sector, however, calls for a review of existing mechanism put in place to provide the required skills. It is against this background this paper seeks to examine the current skill development efforts vis-a-vis the desired situations with a view to determining their capability to deliver the expected result. Data were sourced through literature search, institutional records and structured questionnaire administered on 500 randomly selected master craftsmen in Ibadan. Results show decline in the number of building apprentices and low enrolment of students in building related skills at the technical colleges and vocational centres of Nigerian tertiary institutions. The paper holds that for the nation to achieve its vision, drastic measures needed to be put in place. It concludes by highlighting some of these strategies.

 Key words: Apprentice, building, craftsmen, technical education, technical and vocational skills.


There are current limitations in the recording technologies for measuring EEG activity in clinical and experimental applications. Acquisition systems involving wet electrodes are time-consuming and uncomfortable for the user. Furthermore, dehydration of the gel affects the quality of the acquired data and reliability of long-term monitoring. As a result, dry electrodes may be used to facilitate the transition from neuroscience research or clinical practice to real-life applications. EEG signals can be easily obtained using dry electrodes on the forehead, which provides extensive information concerning various cognitive dysfunctions and disorders. This paper presents the usefulness of the forehead EEG with advanced sensing technology and signal processing algorithms to support people with healthcare needs, such as monitoring sleep, predicting headaches, and treating depression. The proposed system for evaluating sleep quality is capable of identifying five sleep stages to track nightly sleep patterns. Additionally, people with episodic migraines can be notified of an imminent migraine headache hours in advance through monitoring forehead EEG dynamics. The depression treatment screening system can predict the efficacy of rapid antidepressant agents. It is evident that frontal EEG activity is critically involved in sleep management, headache prevention, and depression treatment. The use of dry electrodes on the forehead allows for easy and rapid monitoring on an everyday basis. The advances in EEG recording and analysis ensure a promising future in support of personal healthcare solutions.


Derivatives have been using widely in the world over the last 30 years as an important risk management instrument. Although theoretical researchers suggest that derivatives usage can enhance value of a firm by alleviating costs arising from several market imperfections, the existing evidence is not quite consistent among empirical studies up to date. The purpose of this thesis, therefore, aims to examine determinants of derivatives use, a relationship between derivatives use, firm value, and exposures for a sample of 881 non-financial firms in eight East Asian countries in the 2003- 2013 period. The analysis is based on a novel and manually collected data.

We find that firms in countries with lower corruption have more incentive to use financial derivatives and use derivatives with greater intensity than those firms located in highly corrupt countries. Better governance induces firms to use derivatives to hedge exposure and mitigate costs. Firms in countries with weak governance use derivatives for speculating and/or selective hedging or self-management purposes. Overall, our findings provide strong evidence of the role of countries' governance quality in driving firms' derivatives-related behaviors. This macro-based effect on derivatives use is independent from firm-specific factors, which are frequently invoked by hedging theories.

Regarding relationship between firm value and derivatives use, using Tobin's Q as a proxy of firm value, we find that low corruption level of home country (host country) induces the use of financial derivatives and rewards domestic firms and domestic MNCs (foreign affiliates) with higher value; this finding holds after controlling for endogeneity and self-selection bias. Hedging behavior of domestic MNCs outperforms domestic firms and foreign affiliates in terms of firm value. Derivative usage is value-enhancing activity for domestic firms and domestic MNCs, but it does not add value for foreign affiliates. During the crisis, the effect of low level of corruption on alleviating negative impacts of the crisis on derivatives usage is very modest. Yet, low corruption level of home country is positively associated with hedging premiums of domestic firms and domestic MNCs in the post-crisis period.

Finally, we measure exposure to home (host) country risks, and provide novel evidence that financial derivatives use of domestic firms and domestic MNCs reduces exposure to home country risks by 11.4% and 13.4% per 1% increase in notional derivative holdings, respectively, while foreign affiliates fail to mitigate exposure to host country risks. The use of foreign currency and interest rate derivatives by domestic firms and domestic MNCs is effective in alleviating firms' such exposures to varied degrees, but foreign affiliates using derivatives only can lower interest rate exposures. Domestic MNCs have the smallest exposures, and domestic MNCs with derivatives activities reduce exposures in the largest magnitude compared to other firms. The financial crisis weakens the effect of derivative usage on exposures, but it is stronger after the crisis than in pre-crisis period.


This paper aims to assess the effectiveness of 42 export promotion programmes among 46 Cypriot export manufacturing SMEs. The two-step method of evaluating the effectiveness of export promotion programmes considers firstly, qualitative measures, i.e. the level of awareness, adoption and usefulness of the export promotion programmes, related to the organisational, the internationalisation and export performance parameters, and secondly, quantitative measures, i.e. the number of the significant differences of the above parameters. The most important categories of export promotion programmes for modification are financial aspects of marketing, marketing mix, education and training and market targeting. The proposed model shows that there exist positive relationships between the levels of usefulness and adoption, awareness and adoption and usefulness and awareness, provided that there are significant differences among the sub-parameters, i.e. firm's size, product type, export distribution method, export regularity and export profit intensity. The excess vs. the lagging of satisfaction of users of export promotion programmes, play an important role for motivating export managers for higher levels of export performance.


Improving real‐life functioning is the main goal of the most advanced integrated treatment programs in people with schizophrenia. The Italian Network for Research on Psychoses previously explored, by using network analysis, the interplay among illness‐related variables, personal resources, context‐related factors and real‐life functioning in a large sample of patients with schizophrenia. The same research network has now completed a 4‐year follow‐up of the original sample. In the present study, we used network analysis to test whether the pattern of relationships among all variables investigated at baseline was similar at follow‐up. In addition, we compared the network structure of patients who were classified as recovered at follow‐up versus those who did not recover. Six hundred eighteen subjects recruited at baseline could be assessed in the follow‐up study. The network structure did not change significantly from baseline to follow‐up, and the overall strength of the connections among variables increased slightly, but not significantly. Functional capacity and everyday life skills had a high betweenness and closeness in the network at follow‐up, as they had at baseline, while psychopathological variables remained more peripheral. The network structure and connectivity of non‐recovered patients were similar to those observed in the whole sample, but very different from those in recovered subjects, in which we found few connections only. These data strongly suggest that tightly coupled symptoms/dysfunctions tend to maintain each other's activation, contributing to poor outcome in schizophrenia. Early and integrated treatment plans, targeting variables with high centrality, might prevent the emergence of self‐reinforcing networks of symptoms and dysfunctions in people with schizophrenia.


The key feature of NDN is in-network caching that every router has its cache to store data for future use, thus improve the usage of the network bandwidth and reduce the network latency. However, in-network caching increases the security risks - cache pollution attacks (CPA), which includes locality disruption (ruining the cache locality by sending random requests for unpopular contents to make them popular) and False Locality (introducing unpopular contents in the router's cache by sending requests for a set of unpopular contents). In this paper, we propose a machine learning method, named Triangle Area Based Multivariate Correlation Analysis (TAB-MCA) that detects the cache pollution attacks in NDN. This detection system has two parts, the triangle-area-based MCA technique, and the threshold-based anomaly detection technique. The TAB-MCA technique is used to extract hidden geometrical correlations between two distinct features for all possible permutations and the threshold-based anomaly detection technique. This technique helps our model to be able to distinguish attacks from legitimate traffic records without requiring prior knowledge. Our technique detects locality disruption, false locality, and combination of the two with high accuracy. Implementation of XC-topology, the proposed method shows high efficiency in mitigating these attacks. In comparison to other ML-methods, our proposed method has a low overhead cost in mitigating CPA as it doesn't require attackers' prior knowledge. Additionally, our method can also detect non-uniform attack distributions.


There are many factors that influence the translators while translating a text. Amongst these factors is the notion of ideology transmission through the translated texts. This paper is located within the framework of Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). It investigates the notion of ideology with particular use of critical discourse analysis. The purpose is to highlight the relationship between language and ideology in translated texts. It also aims at discovering whether the translator's socio-cultural and ideology constraints influence the production of his/her translations. As a mixed research method study, the corpus consists of two different Arabic translated versions of the English book "Media Control" by Noam Chomsky. The micro-level contains the qualitative stage where detailed description and comparison -contrastive and comparative- analysis will be provided. The micro-level analysis should include the lexical items along with the grammatical items (passive verses. active, nominalisation vs. de-nominalisation, moralisation and omission vs. addition). In order to have more reliable and objective data, computed frequencies of the ideological significance occurrences along with percentage and Chi-square formula were conducted through out the data analysis stage which then form the quantitative part of the current study. The main objective of the mentioned data analysis methodologies is to find out the dissimilarity between the proportions of the information obtained from the target texts (TTs) and their equivalent at the source text (ST). The findings indicts that there are significant differences amongst the two TTs in relation to the word choices including the lexical items and the other syntactic structure compared by the ST. These significant differences indicate some ideological transmission through translation process of the two TTs. Therefore, and to some extent, it can be stated that the differences were also influenced by the translators' socio-cultural and ideological constraints.


This study want to measure the performance of pedestrian facilities ( zebra cross), particularly the critical gapanalysis to see the level of opportunity to cross the street safely. To support the recommendations that will be setin addition to the critical gap method will be investigated also waiting time and total time to cross the street andanalysis of types of facilities based on the volume of pedestrian and vehicle volume as the raw determination ofthe crossing facility.From some discussion can be summarized that according to the study analyzes the volume of pedestrian andvehicle volumes obtained by the recommended pedestrian facilities according to standard determination of thecrossing facility is the type of pelican crossing with a separator. Based on the analysis of waiting time to crossthe street, 93% require pedestrian waiting time, with the average waiting time to cross and the total time tocross at that location, which is 56.61 seconds and 79.25 seconds. The condition is very far from the pedestrianshould not waiting more than 30 seconds.Results of analysis of critical gaps, both based on the critical gap only in the morning or combined critical gapin the morning and afternoon shows very little chance of crossing the road owned by the defector, on themorning of 7 times for critical gap in only the morning and 11 times for a combination of critical gap Total 125waders for 06.30 until 7:30 pm, and 20 times based on a critical gap only in the morning a and 29 times forcritical gap combination of pedestrian total of 66 people over at 07.30 until 08:30 pm.Thus based on the results of some analysis that has been done can be concluded that pedestrian facilities are noteffectively to use zebra cross type . The proposed type of road crossing facilities on arterial roads for thepedestrian to use a pedestrian facility type like overpass or underpass to eliminate conflicts between thevehicle flow and a pedestrian crossing.


Introduction Competence of nurses is a complex combination of knowledge, function, skills, attitudes, and values. Delivering care for patients in the Intensive Cardiac Care Unit (ICCU) requires nurses' competences. This study aimed to explain nurses' competence in the ICCU. Methods This was a qualitative study in which purposive sampling with maximum variation was used. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 23 participants during 2012–2013. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed by using the content-analysis method. Results The main categories were "clinical competence," comprising subcategories of 'routine care,' 'emergency care,' 'care according to patients' needs,' 'care of non-coronary patients', as well as "professional competence," comprising 'personal development,' 'teamwork,' 'professional ethics,' and 'efficacy of nursing education.' Conclusion The finding of this study revealed dimensions of nursing competence in ICCU. Benefiting from competence leads to improved quality of patient care and satisfaction of patients and nurses and helps elevate nursing profession, improve nursing education, and clinical nursing.


During the last decade, the amount of knowledge in the medical field has become so voluminous that students are unable to keep up, retain, and apply the information in different clinical settings. Imparting of knowledge to students has gone through many evolutionary processes. Initially, the convention was mainly teacher-centered where students were passive recipients of information through lectures, handouts, notes, practicals and few demonstrations. There was hardly any integration among different subjects leading to a sort of compartmentalized learning process. There was artificial division between basic sciences and clinical practice in previous systems. Then the emphasis was shifted from teacher-centered to more student-centered learning. Now, for a few years problem-based learning (PBL) has emerged as a new model of teaching and is virtually being implemented in all courses and subjects. PBL system originated at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada in 1969 and is based on the educational theories of Vygotsky, Dewey and others.1

The objectives of PBL system are; i) Self directed learning: Through tutorial sessions the students are taught to self-formulate their goals and objectives of learning of particular topics and then at the end of each session they are expected to evaluate the extent to which their goals are realized; ii) Problem solving: This encourages students to increase their motivation to learning, critical thinking, writing and also to enhance communication skills.2,3 This may be through the medium of case scenario where students analyze the information and come to a conclusion; iii) Team work: The students are required to work together and cooperate with each other during discussion.

In order to achieve its objectives successfully and at high quality, there should be limited number of students in each group. They should have prior over-all knowledge of the subject. The case to be presented should be of a good quality associated with good tutor performance. During the process students are encouraged to use e-learning extensively. In this system, students work together in small groups, to solve real day-to-day problem which helps them to identify their areas of strength and weakness. Going through this system will improve critical thinking, research ability and social skills. This will prepare them to acquire life-long knowledge with collective responsibility. In order to succeed the cornerstones required are motivated students, enthusiastic facilitators and availability of a rich pool of resources complemented by an efficient evaluation system.4,5

The main role of a tutor is to facilitate group discussion and learning without providing easy answers. If the students are unable to fully solve the problem presented in the case scenario, they are expected to research the subject and discuss their findings and conclusions to the rest of the group in the following session. This helps them to recognize their learning issues and strengthens their problem solving skills.

At the moment there are three main problem-based learning programs. Maastricht University teaches its whole programs in PBL formats exclusively. Faculty of Medicine at Helsinki and Harvard have transformed into a hybrid PBL model. Their system includes lectures, problem solving sessions and some practicals. A third modified PBL system includes all of the above plus a research skill development component during the free period of learning.

King Saud University Medical College, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia has recently instituted the hybrid model of Problem Based Learning. This shift had been very fulfilling for both students as well as the teaching faculty and is expected to pay high dividends in the long run.

My experience reinforces my belief that the hybrid PBL system is best suited for the Middle East. It is high time that more and more teaching institutes acquire such PBL based curriculum for their medical and dental colleges to keep up with current world standards of education.


The key challenge in photorealistic style transfer is that an algorithm should faithfully transfer the style of a reference photo to a content photo while the generated image should look like one captured by a camera. Although several photorealistic style transfer algorithms have been proposed, they need to rely on post- and/or pre-processing to make the generated images look photorealistic. If we disable the additional processing, these algorithms would fail to produce plausible photorealistic stylization in terms of detail preservation and photorealism. In this work, we propose an effective solution to these issues. Our method consists of a construction step (C-step) to build a photorealistic stylization network and a pruning step (P-step) for acceleration. In the C-step, we propose a dense auto-encoder named PhotoNet based on a carefully designed pre-analysis. PhotoNet integrates a feature aggregation module (BFA) and instance normalized skip links (INSL). To generate faithful stylization, we introduce multiple style transfer modules in the decoder and INSLs. PhotoNet significantly outperforms existing algorithms in terms of both efficiency and effectiveness. In the P-step, we adopt a neural architecture search method to accelerate PhotoNet. We propose an automatic network pruning framework in the manner of teacher-student learning for photorealistic stylization. The network architecture named PhotoNAS resulted from the search achieves significant acceleration over PhotoNet while keeping the stylization effects almost intact. We conduct extensive experiments on both image and video transfer. The results show that our method can produce favorable results while achieving 20-30 times acceleration in comparison with the existing state-of-the-art approaches. It is worth noting that the proposed algorithm accomplishes better performance without any pre- or post-processing.


"The experience of the men, women and children who were forced to leave their homes in the village of Hebron, on the northern coast of Labrador in 1959, is of universal importance: it is a tragedy that should never have happened in Nunatsiavut, in Canada, in the Arctic, or anywhere else in the world. Hebron Inuit suffered for the rest of their lives, uncertain if their pain was caused by themselves or by a decision made without their consent. Today, reading their story will not release our responsibility for the event, but it might tell the Inuit, wherever they are, that we are concerned and aware that such a situation should never be repeated.
This account by Carol Brice-Bennett forces us to hear the voices of Hebron Inuit, and to correct the disparities of historical power. It is an attempt to create an ethical space for this history, to enable the full recognition of the Inuit and to disseminate the memory of these events, which we must not ignore."


For over a century the longbow reigned as undisputed king of medieval European missile weapons. Yet only England used the longbow as a mainstay in its military arsenal; France and Scotland clung to the technologically inferior crossbow. This longbow puzzle has perplexed historians for decades. We resolve it by developing a theory of institutionally constrained technology adoption. Unlike the crossbow, the longbow was cheap and easy to make and required rulers who adopted the weapon to train large numbers of citizens in its use. These features enabled usurping nobles whose rulers adopted the longbow to potentially organize effective rebellions against them. Rulers choosing between missile technologies thus confronted a trade-off with respect to internal and external security. England alone in late medieval Europe was sufficiently politically stable to allow its rulers the first-best technology option. In France and Scotland political instability prevailed, constraining rulers in these nations to the crossbow. The most important thing in the world, for battles, is the archers. (Philippe de Commynes, late medieval chronicler [quoted in Rogers 1993, p. 249]) The most important thing in the world, for battles, is the archers. (Philippe de Commynes, late medieval chronicler [quoted in Rogers 1993, p. 249])


Aberrant regulation of Notch signaling has been implicated in tumorigenesis. Proteolytic release of the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) by γ-secretase plays a key role in Notch-dependent nuclear signaling. γ-Secretase is an attractive pharmaceutical target for therapeutic intervention in cancer. We describe the potent antitumor effects of PF-03084014, a small molecule that is a reversible, noncompetitive, and selective γ-secretase inhibitor. The ability of PF-03084014 to inhibit γ-secretase activity was shown by the reduction of endogenous NICD levels and by the downregulation of Notch target genes Hes-1 and cMyc in the T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cell line HPB-ALL. PF-03084014 caused cell growth inhibition of several T-ALL cell lines via cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. PF-03084014 treatment also resulted in robust NICD reduction in HBP-ALL xenograft models. Broad antitumor efficacy at well-tolerated dose levels was observed in six Notch-dependent models. Additional mechanism-of-action studies showed inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in HPB-ALL tumors, suggesting that the antitumor activity of PF-03084014 may be mediated by its direct effects on tumor cell growth or survival. Further studies on PF-03084014–induced gastrointestinal toxicity identified an intermittent dosing schedule that displayed reduced body weight loss and sustained antitumor efficacy. We also showed that glucocorticoids abrogated PF-03084014–induced gastrointestinal toxicity and delayed administration of glucocorticoids did not compromise its protection effect. Collectively, the results show that inhibition of Notch signaling by PF-03084014 while minimizing gastrointestinal toxicity presents a promising approach for development of therapies for Notch receptor–dependent cancers. This compound is being investigated for the treatment of T-ALL and advanced solid tumors in phase I clinical trials. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(6); 1618–28. ©2010 AACR.


In this research 420 martensitic stainless steel welded with the ER308L, ER309L and ER420 fillers by GTAW method. The corrosion properties of the samples has been studied in 3.5% NaCl solution with and without CO2. Potentiodynamic polarization used to obtain the ER308L and ER309L have the best corrosion properties. In addition the welding process makes the 420 HAZ zone to be sensitized. The pitting potential of the samples has been decreased in presence of carbon dioxide. Furthermore, by adding CO2 to the solution the pH has been decreased and the corrosion potential reached near the -500 mV/SCE and the passivity current is also lowered.


Background: Pain relief in labor remains a hot topic and these debates get louder by the day as more women become aware of their rights to better quality of care in labor. This study was conceived in a background where the practice of pain relief in labor is evolving and where women are seeking to fulfill their need for pain-free labor. Objective: To investigate the knowledge, utilization and preferences of methods of pain relief in labor by expectant mothers in order to design a labor analgesia program. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire-based descriptive study involving 124 antenatal clients in a teaching hospital over a 1 week period. Descriptive statistics were carried out using SPSS for windows version 17. Results: The mean age of clients was 28.8 years (standard deviation = 5.17) with median parity of two and mean gestational age was 31.5 weeks. Majority of the respondents (47.9%) were of Hausa/Fulani ethnicity and 97.6% had primary school level education. Majority (87.3%) had heard about pain relief methods with the hospital being the source in 79% of cases. The most common method ever heard about was epidural analgesia (69.4%). Only 4% (n = 5) of respondents remembered ever using any form of pain relief agent in labor, of which three received parenteral opioids. In their current pregnancies, 45.2% consented to the use of pain relief in labor; of which, epidural analgesia was preferred by 92.9% (n = 52). Fear of adverse effects on self and infants were cited as reasons for non-consent by some respondents while others had no reason. Conclusion: The study reveals a high awareness of pain relief methods which is not matched by utilization and low knowledge about side-effects, although fear of side-effects is a factor for under-utilization. There is a need to educate adequately as well provide high quality pain relief services in labor in order to dispel with myths, misconceptions and fears associated with the use of methods of pain relief in labor.


Abstract The volume changes caused by coupled temperature and moisture variations in early-age concrete elements lead to formation of stresses. If a restraint exists along the contact surface of mature concrete against which a new concrete element has been cast, generated stresses are mostly of a restraint origin. In engineering practice a wide range of externally restrained concrete elements can be distinguished such as tank walls or bridge abutments cast against an old set foundation, in which early-age cracking may endanger their durability or functionality. Therefore, for years methods were being developed to predict early-age stresses and cracking risk of externally restrained concrete elements subjected to early-age thermal-moisture effects. The paper presents the comparative study of the most recognised analytical approaches: the method proposed in EC2, the method proposed by ACI Committee 207 and the method developed at the Luleå University of Technology.


During the last 20 years many European education systems have seen profound changes in the way they are governed. This also applies to the school systems of German-speaking countries which until then had been characterized by a long period of stability. Both political rhetoric and actual changes have rightly attracted increased attention of educational researchers, resulting in a growing body of work on the 'governance' of schooling. There is no such word as 'governance' in the German language. Nevertheless, a type of studies called 'Governance Studies', 'Governance Research' or 'Governance Perspective' has recently evolved in German-speaking social sciences. This article aims to make accessible this strand of research which has not yet been extensively published in languages other than German. Further, it intends to explore its links and relationships to other European research approaches. First, the article explains in what way the concept of 'governance' has been defined in German educational research. The second section discusses some of its methodological aspirations. In the third part, some examples of empirical research on changing educational governances are discussed in order to give an idea of how this research approach currently unfolds.


The work constructs projections till 2030 for health care expenditures of Italian Regional Health Care Systems. Three different schemes of financing are hypothesised, with three different levels of solidarity between Regions. Financing is always supposed to cover the entire exigency of expenditure. The two sides - expenditures and financing - are matched in order to derive indicators of sustainability (pressures on Gdp, or on active people, or on workers...) and to provide quantifications of flows of resources moving between Regions for re-distributional goals. A well-done mapping of needs and resources to finance them, with a full breakdown per Regions. A useful work for stimulating the debate on health system reforms in Italy, allowing informed decisions. nicola c. salerno [firstname.lastname@example.com]


What motivates people to become involved in issues and struggles beyond their own borders? How are activists changed and movements transformed when they reach out to others a world away? This adept study addresses these questions by tying together local, national, regional, and global historical narratives surrounding the contemporary Japanese environmental movement. Spanning the era of Japanese industrial pollution in the 1960s and the more recent rise of movements addressing global environmental problems, it shows how Japanese activists influenced approaches to environmentalism and industrial pollution in the Asia-Pacific region, North America, and Europe, as well as landmark United Nations conferences in 1972 and 1992.

Japan's experiences with diseases caused by industrial pollution produced a potent "environmental injustice paradigm" that fueled domestic protest and became the motivation for Japanese groups' activism abroad. From the late 1960s onward Japanese activists organized transnational movements addressing mercury contamination in Europe and North America, industrial pollution throughout East Asia, radioactive waste disposal in the Pacific, and global climate change. In all cases, they advocated strongly for the rights of pollution victims and people living in marginalized communities and nations—a position that often put them at odds with those advocating for the global environment over local or national rights. Transnational involvement profoundly challenged Japanese groups' understanding of and approach to activism. Numerous case studies demonstrate how border-crossing efforts undermined deeply engrained notions of victimhood in the domestic movement and nurtured a more self-reflexive and multidimensional approach to environmental problems and social activism.

Transnational Japan in the Global Environmental Movement will appeal to scholars and students interested in the development of civil society, social movements, and environmentalism in contemporary Japan; grassroots inter-Asian connections in the postwar period; and the ways Asian countries and their citizens have shaped and been influenced by global issues like environmentalism.


Abstract The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (American cotton bollworm, corn earworm) for the EU. H. zea is a polyphagous species that feeds on over 100 plant species. The crops most frequently recorded as host plants are maize, sorghum, cotton, beans, peas, chickpeas, tomatoes, aubergines, peppers and, to a lesser extent, clover, okra, cabbages, lettuces, strawberries, tobacco, sunflowers, cucurbits and ornamentals. H. zea preferentially feeds on flowers and fruits of the host. Eggs are laid mostly on maize silks. Larvae feed on the silks and kernels. Pupation takes place in the soil. Hibernation and estivation as pupa are reported. Adults are nocturnal. H. zea is a strong flier, able to fly up to 400 km during migration. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 (Annex IIA) regulates H. zea. Fruits and plants for planting, with and without soil, provide potential pathways for entry into the EU. Climatic conditions and the availability of host plants provide conditions to support establishment in the EU. The introduction of H. zea could have an economic impact in the EU through qualitative and quantitative effects on agricultural production (e.g. tomatoes, soybean, sweet corn). Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of entry. H. zea satisfies the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for it to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest. H. zea does not meet the criteria of (a) occurring in the EU, and (b) plants for planting being the principal means of spread for it to satisfy the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for it to be regarded as a potential Union regulated non‐quarantine pest.


Background Interferon γ (IFNγ) is considered a seminal cytokine in the pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis (GCA), but its functional role has not been investigated. We explored changes in infiltrating cells and biomarkers elicited by blocking IFNγ with a neutralising monoclonal antibody, A6, in temporal arteries from patients with GCA. Methods Temporal arteries from 34 patients with GCA (positive histology) and 21 controls were cultured on 3D matrix (Matrigel) and exposed to A6 or recombinant IFNγ. Changes in gene/protein expression were measured by qRT-PCR/western blot or immunoassay. Changes in infiltrating cells were assessed by immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence. Chemotaxis/adhesion assays were performed with temporal artery-derived vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Results Blocking endogenous IFNγ with A6 abrogated STAT-1 phosphorylation in cultured GCA arteries. Furthermore, selective reduction in CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 chemokine expression was observed along with reduction in infiltrating CD68 macrophages. Adding IFNγ elicited consistent opposite effects. IFNγ induced CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CCL2 and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 expression by cultured VSMC, resulting in increased PBMC chemotaxis/adhesion. Spontaneous expression of chemokines was higher in VSMC isolated from GCA-involved arteries than in those obtained from controls. Incubation of IFNγ-treated control arteries with PBMC resulted in adhesion/infiltration by CD68 macrophages, which did not occur in untreated arteries. Conclusions Our ex vivo system suggests that IFNγ may play an important role in the recruitment of macrophages in GCA by inducing production of specific chemokines and adhesion molecules. Vascular wall components (ie, VSMC) are mediators of these functions and may facilitate progression of inflammatory infiltrates through the vessel wall.


Compressive learning is an effective method to deal with very high dimensional datasets by applying learning algorithms in a randomly projected lower dimensional space. In this paper, we consider the learning problem where the projected data is further compressed by scalar quantization, which is called quantized compressive learning. Generalization error bounds are derived for three models: nearest neighbor (NN) classifier, linear classifier and least squares regression. Besides studying finite sample setting, our asymptotic analysis shows that the inner product estimators have deep connection with NN and linear classification problem through the variance of their debiased counterparts. By analyzing the extra error term brought by quantization, our results provide useful implications to the choice of quantizers in applications involving different learning tasks. Empirical study is also conducted to validate our theoretical findings.


In this chapter, we explore the impact of socioemotional and financial wealth on the resource management of family firms. We use MoDo, a Swedish pulp and paper firm, covering three generations of owner-managers from 1873 to 1991, to grasp the shifting emphases on socioemotional and financial wealth in the management of the company. Identifying four strategic issues of decisive importance for the development of MoDo, we analyze the organizational values that guided the management of these issues. We propose that financial and socioemotional wealth stand for two different rationalities that infuse organizational values. The MoDo case illustrates how these rationalities go hand in hand for extended periods of time, safeguarding both financial success and socioemotional endowments. However, in a situation where the rationalities are no longer in line with the development of the industry context, the conflict arising between the two rationalities may have fatal consequences for the firm in question.


Gender and the Life Course is an interdisciplinary collection of essays on the lives of women and men as they are affected by history, culture, demography, economic and political stratification, and the biopsychological processes that attend maturation and aging. The book covers three major topics. Part I, which examines gender and the life course in broad historical perspective, includes a summary of recent work in biological ecology and primatology, and an analysis of the persistence of cultural and gender differences in role organization in societies undergoing the transition from agrarianism to industrialism. Other essays trace the changes in sources of household income of industrial workers over the life span, and review temporal and gender differences in life span transitions. Part II examines gender differentiation in a variety of contexts: psychological, psychobiologi-cal, and sociological. Alice Rossi's ASA Presidential Address reviews recent work on fathering and mothering, and argues that sociological explanations of such gender differences need supplementation by concepts from evolutionary theory and the neurosciences. Three essays deal with gender and economy: one shows how gender stratification took hold in the early stages of industrialization in France, another demonstrates the persistence of gender stratification in modern economies, the third focuses on ideology in relation to gender and political power. Part III examines various aspects of the aged in contemporary society, including an argument for an jnterpretive social science that uses diverse methods to improve our ability to describe and interpret many facets of the lives of elderly men and women; a review of the methodology used to study changes in the aged population over time; and an overview of existing data sets that permit further cohort and longitudinal analyses of the aged. The final essays review social policies as they affect the elderly, with particular attention to the fact that most very old people are women, and the impact of the greatly expanded life course for family and kin relations. "Gender and the Life Course "is a state-of-the-art assessment of the best work currently being done' on gender and age a's maturational factors and is essential reading for anyone interested in adult development and gender roles.


THE PHYSIOLOGY, BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR Elizabeth Jane Gilbert. The physiological regulation of lipase production by a newly-isolated strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain EF2) was investigated during growth in batch, fed-batch and continuous cultures. Lipase activity (measured as the ra te of olive oil hydrolysis) was strongly induced by longchain fatty acyl esters (especially Tween 80), weakly induced by carbon and/or energy limitation, and repressed by long-chain fatty acids, including oleic acid. Lipase production by Ps. aeruginosa EF2 was optimised with respect to tem perature and pH in a Tween 80-limited continuous culture using statistical response surface analysis a t a fixed dilution ra te of 0.05 h ̂ (optimum values 35.5°C, pH 6.5). Maximum activities were obtained under these conditions a t a dilution rate of 0.04 h-1 (39 LU [mg cells]"!; where 1 LU equalled 1 qmol titratable fatty acid released min"!). These were over eighttimes greater than the maximum activities detected following growth on Tween 80 (8.3 LU mg cells"!), and over forty-times greater than growth on glucose (< 1 LU mg cells"!) in batch cultures. Esterase activities (measured as both the rate of hydrolysis of both p-nitrophenyl acetate and Tween 80) varied approximately in parallel with lipase activities under nearly all growth conditions, suggesting th a t a single enzyme catalysed both activities. Lipase was isolated from a high activity continuous culture of Ps. aeruginosa EF2. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity (99.5 % pure from 8D8-PAGE analysis) by u ltrafiltration of the culture supernatant, followed by anion-exchange and gel-filtration FPLC. The lipase was composed of a single subunit protein which appeared to aggregate variably under non-dissociating conditions. The enzyme was a true lipase th a t exhibited some esterase activity towards p-nitrophenyl acetate and Tween 80. The enzyme preferentially hydrolysed the 1,3-oleyl residues of radiolabelled triolein, was relatively stable a t moderate tem peratures and very stable to freezing and thawing. The enzyme was only weakly inhibited by the serineactive reagent 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin, and not inhibited by the chelating agent EDTA. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the Ps. aeruginosa EF2 lipase showed a significant homology with those of other Pseudom onas lipases. The lipase gene of Ps. aeruginosa EF2 was identified by Southern analysis of restricted chromosomal DNA using a synthetic oligonucleotide probe based on the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified lipase. The hybridizing EcoR I fragments were ligated into the plasmid vectors pKT230 (pJGl) and pUC18 (pJG5 and pJG31). These constructs were used to transform the lipase-negative E. coli JM109 and the resultant clones (JG l, , JG5 and JG31) were able to grow on Tween 80. pJG5 was further analysed by restriction with various endonucleases and Southern blotting. Sub-clones of pJG5 were constructed (containing either a 4.3 kbp BamU I, 2.5 kbp Sal I or 3.2 kbp Sph I fragment), b u t these failed to confer the lipase-positive phenotype to E. coli JM109. Esterase activity (measured as p-nitrophenyl acetate hydrolysis) of E. coli JG5, unlike th a t of Ps. aeruginosa EF2, was not subject to substrate-induction/end-product repression and was very low.


Expectk is a toolkit for wrapping character-oriented interactive programs in graphic user interfaces (GUIs). No changes to the programs themselves are made. This is convenient for the large number of existing tools in the UNIX toolbox such as passwd, rlogin, crypt, fsck, and tip, that are otherwise non-programmable and could take a large amount of time to make them so. Commercial software is often similarly limited, often comes without source, and hence no way to adapt to GUIs without complete rewriting of the application itself. Expectk can also be used to combine multiple programs together for synergistic effects. The underlying programs can be entirely hidden from view.


Background:Previous studies have found high rates of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) among US men who have sex with men (MSM). CSA history has been associated with a variety of negative effects later in life including behaviors that place MSM at greater risk for HIV acquisition and transmission. The present analysis is the first to examine the longitudinal association between CSA and HIV infection, unprotected anal sex, and serodiscordant unprotected anal sex, as well as mediators of these relationships among a large sample of HIV-uninfected MSM. Methods:The EXPLORE Study was a behavioral intervention trial conducted in 6 US cities over 48 months with HIV infection as the primary efficacy outcome. Behavioral assessments were done every 6 months via confidential computerized assessments. Longitudinal regression models were constructed, adjusting for randomization arm, geographical location of study site, age at enrollment, education, and race/ethnicity. Results:Of the 4295 participants enrolled, 39.7% had a history of CSA. Participants with a history of CSA [adjusted hazards ratio = 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02 to 1.69] were at increased risk for HIV infection over study follow-up. A significant association was seen between history of CSA and unprotected anal sex (adjusted odds ratio = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.12 to 1.36) and serodiscordant unprotected anal sex (adjusted odds ratio = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.18 to 1.43). Among participants reporting CSA, the EXPLORE intervention had no effect in reducing HIV infection rates. Participants reporting CSA were significantly more likely to have symptoms of depression and use nonprescription drugs. Conclusions:A predictive relationship between a history of CSA and subsequent HIV infection was observed among this large sample of HIV-uninfected MSM. Findings indicate that HIV-uninfected MSM with CSA histories are at greater risk for HIV infection, report higher rates of HIV sexual risk behavior, and may derive less benefit from prevention programs. Future HIV prevention interventions should address the specific mental health concerns of MSM with a history of CSA.


Leptin inhibits the contractile response induced by angiotensin (Ang) II in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of the aorta. We studied in vitro and ex vivo the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the effect of leptin on the Ang II-induced vasoconstriction of the aorta of 10-wk-old Wistar rats. NO and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity were assessed by the Griess and (3)H-arginine/citrulline conversion assays, respectively. Stimulation of inducible NOS (iNOS) as well as Janus kinases/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathways were determined by Western blot. The contractile responses to Ang II were evaluated in endothelium-denuded aortic rings using the organ bath system. Changes in intracellular Ca(2+) were measured in VSMCs using fura-2 fluorescence. Leptin significantly (P < or = 0.01) stimulated NO release and NOS activity in VSMCs. Leptin's effect on NO was abolished by the NOS inhibitor, N(G)-monomethyl l-arginine, or the iNOS selective inhibitor L-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine. Accordingly, leptin increased iNOS protein expression, with a comparable time course with that of NO production and NOS activity. Leptin also significantly increased STAT3 (P < or = 0.01) and Akt (P < or = 0.001) phosphorylation. Moreover, either the JAK2 inhibitor, AG490, or the PI3K inhibitor, wortmannin, significantly (P < or = 0.05) abrogated the leptin-induced increase in iNOS protein. Finally, both N(G)-monomethyl L-arginine and L-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine inhibitors completely blunted (P < or = 0.001) the leptin-mediated inhibition of the Ang II-induced VSMC activation and vasoconstriction. These findings suggest that the endothelium-independent depressor action of leptin is mediated by an increase of NO bioavailability in VSMCs. This process requires the up-regulation of iNOS through mechanisms involving JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/Akt pathways.


As a result of my analysis it was found that when purchasing a new alternative fuel car only a CNG-powered vehicle could be a reasonable choice, the extra cost of which (depending on its scale) ensures a return within 2 – 7 years, i.e. over the real expected duration of use of the car. However, the spread of these cars is determined by the lack of CNG fuel stations in Hungary. The E85-powered so called FFVs could become a competitive alternative with lower ethanol prices or moderate government support (for example a registration fee allowance similar to that enjoyed with hybrid vehicles, or reduced taxes).


The Cambridge Dictionary of Psychology is the fi rst and only dictionary that surveys the broad discipline of psychology from an international, crosscultural, and interdisciplinary focus. This focus was achieved in several ways. The managing and consulting editorial boards comprise worldrenowned scholars in psychology from many different countries, not just the United States. They reviewed and edited all of the keyword entries to make them lively and applicable across cultural contexts, incorporating the latest knowledge in contemporary international psychology. Thus entries related to culture, as well as those from all domains of psychology, are written with the broadest possible audience in mind. Also, many keywords central to contemporary psychology were incorporated that are not included by many competitors, including the Oxford and American Psychological Association dictionaries.


Acoustic filters for signal filtering are used in wireless technologies operating at gigahertz frequencies for communication systems such as next generation cell phones. Multilayered porous silicon structures have been fabricated from silicon wafers to create the Bragg mirror section of a bulk acoustic wave filter. These porous silicon multilayers have been designed for use from 500 MHz – 20 GHz with primary focus on frequencies at 1 GHz. The porous silicon multilayers consist of alternating layers of high and low acoustic impedance layers on a bulk silicon substrate. They are fabricated using electrochemical etching where the current density during the etch determines the porosity and hence acoustic impedance of each layer. Bragg mirrors, FabryPerot filters, microcavities and rugate filters can be produced in this way due to the control of the tuneable porosity profile throughout the structure. The porosity of the layer modifies the elastic constants of the layer such as the Young's modulus and hence the velocity of the bulk acoustic waves travelling through it. The behaviour of bulk acoustic waves through silicon is known but in order to fabricate porous silicon acoustic filters, the dependence of the longitudinal wave velocity as a function of porosity must also be known. This has been studied using acoustic transmission measurements on single porous silicon layers and then extended to multilayered structures. Rugate filters are single frequency filters that have not previously been studied for acoustic applications. In this study the first acoustic rugate filters have been fabricated using porous silicon material that exhibit only one stopband near 1 GHz. Bragg mirrors have been made with acoustic transmission measurements showing the locations of the stopbands. Porous silicon microcavities have also been fabricated along with filters that have apodisation functions. This work could form the basis of future efforts to produce and incorporate allSi multilayers into acoustic filters that are easily fabricated at a high level of quality and reliability that will serve to be efficient and cost effective.


This volume explores the translation of literary and humorous style, including comedy, irony, satire, parody and the grotesque, from Italian to English and vice versa. The innovative and interdisciplinary theoretical approach places the focus on creativity and playful rewriting as central to the translation of humour. Analysing translations of works by Rosa Cappiello, Dario Fo, Will Self and Anthony Burgess, the author explores literary translation as a form of exchange between translated and receiving cultures. In a final case study she recounts her own strategies in translating the work of Milena Agus, exploring humour, creation and recreation from the perspective of the translator and demonstrating the benefits of critical engagement with both the theory and the practice of translation. This unique contribution to the study of humour and literary style in translation will be of interest to scholars of translation, humour, comparative literature, and literary and cultural studies.


The financial industry is in midst of a fundamental transformation. Changes in customer behavior and the impact of information technology are believed to change the financial industry from hierarchical to market-based structures. Although electronic markets in the financial services industry are well known in B2B processes such as e.g. stock exchanges, only little research has been undertaken This research indicates in a survey among digital natives that the use of electronic and mobile channels, cross-channel management, multi-vendor integration, online social networks and non-banks as service providers are becoming much more relevant in the future and thus support the hypothesis of a shift towards a more customer-oriented B2C electronic market model in the financial industry.


Consider the uplink of a single-cell multiuser MIMO system with a very large number of antennas, M, at the base station (BS) and K single-antenna users. A jamming device equipped with KJ antennas transmitting signals attempts to degrade the transmission between the users and the BS. In this paper, we propose a detection algorithm of the jamming attack as well as a method for its rejection. The proposed results are based on the application of results from random matrix theory. We assume that K and KJ are fixed as M converges to infinity while the coherence interval τ is assumed to be of the same order of magnitude as M.


As we are heading towards achieving the goal of Vision 2020, numerous changes have been implemented in the system of education. Among them would be the paradigm shift from the traditional mode of teaching to one that is of the information technology based especially among the Mathematics, Science and English language (MSE) teachers. Numerous incentives were given to the MSE teachers to use the computer in schools but preliminary observations found that they are not fully utilizing these facilities.
The aim of this study is to identify factors influencing the actual usage of computer (AUC) among secondary school MSE teachers. The factors investigated were attitude, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, computer self-efficacy, job relevance, computer compatibility, subjective norm and teachers' demography.
A self-administered survey questionnaire was sent to MSE secondary school teachers in 65 schools in the district of Petaling, in Selangor. Out of the 358 questionnaires, a total of 318 (88.9%) valid responses were used. The data collected were analyzed using exploratory data analysis, statistical descriptive and inferential statistics (t-test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression) using the SPSS.
Overall, the study found that the AUC among MSE secondary school teachers were at the moderate level. Meanwhile, the socio-demographic factors of main subjects taught and training in computer usage showed significant differences in means of AUC. Besides, the constructs of attitude, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, job relevance, and computer compatibility showed significant positive relationship with AUC.
The study too identified the best-fit model using the step-wise multiple regression and the best model explained 54.5% of variance in AUC. The most significant predictors of AUC were perceived ease of use, followed by perceived usefulness, job relevance, computer compatibility, and attitude. It is recommended that for MSE teachers to enhance on their level of AUC would need a concrete effort from the policy makers, school administrators, and teachers themselves. Future research is recommended to encompass a wider scope of constructs pertaining to AUC that incorporate among others financial incentives and type of school.


A review of recent progress in hybrid integrated platforms for silicon photonics is presented. Integration of III-V semiconductors onto silicon-on-insulator substrates based on two different bonding techniques is compared, one comprising only inorganic materials, the other technique using an organic bonding agent. Issues such as bonding process and mechanism, bonding strength, uniformity, wafer surface requirement, and stress distribution are studied in detail. The application in silicon photonics to realize high-performance active and passive photonic devices on low-cost silicon wafers is discussed. Hybrid integration is believed to be a promising technology in a variety of applications of silicon photonics.


Theoretically, spending time together should be central for couples to build intimacy and should be associated with less relationship stress; however, few empirical studies have examined these links. The present study used 14 days of diary data from 92 women to investigate the interplay between the amount of time they spent with their partner (shared time), intimacy, and daily stress originating inside the relationship (intradyadic stress) on a within- and between-personal level. Multilevel analyses revealed moderation patterns: For example, when women spent more time with their partners than usual on a weekday with low levels of intradyadic stress, they reported higher intimacy. These associations varied substantially between women and were weaker on the weekend or on days with high levels of intradyadic stress. At the between-person level, higher average shared time appeared to buffer the negative association between intradyadic stress and intimacy. Our results suggest that daily fluctuations in intradyadic stress, intimacy, and shared time may have different implications compared with aggregated amounts of those variables. Spending more time together on a weekday with low intimacy might be linked to more intradyadic stress, but aggregated over the long run, spending more time together may provide opportunities for stress resolution and help couples to maintain their intimacy.


The edge enhancement property of a nonlinear diffusion equation with a suitable expression for the diffusivity is an important feature for image processing. We present an algorithm to solve this equation in a wavelet basis and discuss its one dimensional version in some detail. Sample calculations demonstrate principle effects and treat in particular the case of highly noise perturbed signals. The results are discussed with respect to performance, efficiency, choice of parameters and are illustrated by a large number of figures. Finally, a comparison with a Fourier method and a finite volume method is performed.


Nitrogen budget under integrated production system in fish farming is one of the acceptable practices in maintaining ecological balance and circulation. This result reveals the patterns of pond water and nutrient flows which were strongly influenced by the main fish farming activities resulting to large amount of nitrogen inputs. The main nutrient input sources of nitrogen into the system were found to be pig manure, feed and maggot while outputs were in water, soil, harvested fish and rice; and also in unaccounted forms as a result to discharge. Nutrient composition of rice paddy in integrated production system records 17% N, 19% P and 64% K. The NPK value recorded in integration production system throughout the period of the experiment showed significant difference (p>0.05). There was a positive correlation between nitrogen in rice and rice growth r=0.8373 and 0.7709. The Increase in nutrient is correlated with the increase in the rating of rice growth. The increase in nutrient of unaccounted forms which accumulate in the sediments absorbed by the plant from the soil plays an important role in balance of an aquaculture system. Thus, in order to ensure sustainable productivity there is need to enhance the management of all the nutrient input channels while minimizing the nutrient output through crop intensification.

 Key words: Nutrient budget, nutrient input, nutrient output, pond effluent, soil, amendment.


The pedestal (prepulse and postpulse) associated with a chirped-pulse-amplification (CPA) laser is studied. Four components have been identified that contribute to the pedestal. Pulses are spectrally shaped by gain narrowing in a frequency-matched, regenerative amplifier, while self-phase modulation is avoided. The intensity contrast is further improved through the use of a saturable absorber, resulting in Gaussian pulses of ~0.9-ps duration with an intensity contrast exceeding 105:1. Both experimental and numerical descriptions of these processes are presented. This investigation makes possible the study of high-intensity ultrashort laser–plasma interactions with a fiber–grating CPA system.


With the rapid increase in the volume of dialogue data from daily life, there is a growing demand for dialogue summarization. Unfortunately, training a large summarization model is generally infeasible due to the inadequacy of dialogue data with annotated summaries. Most existing works for low-resource dialogue summarization directly pretrain models in other domains, e.g., the news domain, but they generally neglect the huge difference between dialogues and conventional articles. To bridge the gap between out-of-domain pretraining and in-domain fine-tuning, in this work, we propose a multi-source pretraining paradigm to better leverage the external summary data. Specifically, we exploit large-scale in-domain non-summary data to separately pretrain the dialogue encoder and the summary decoder. The combined encoder-decoder model is then pretrained on the out-of-domain summary data using adversarial critics, aiming to facilitate domain-agnostic summarization. The experimental results on two public datasets show that with only limited training data, our approach achieves competitive performance and generalizes well in different dialogue scenarios.


Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a severe chronic pain syndrome characterized by an excruciating, brief electric shock like paroxysmal pain in one or more divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The pain, also known as "tic douloureux", is paroxystic and very severe. It can be triggered by a light cutaneous stimulus on a much localized spot on the face (the so called "trigger zone"). An early and accurate diagnosis is mandatory, as therapeutic interventions can reduce or eliminate pain attacks. Treatment of this painful condition may be varied, ranging from medical management to surgical interventions. This article deals with the etiopathogenesis, clinical characteristics, diagnosis and drug treatment strategies for trigeminal neuralgia.


Finding a low-cost and stable electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) as a replacement for scarce and expensive precious metal catalysts has attracted significant interest from chemical and materials research communities. Here, we demonstrate an organic catalyst based on 2,2'-dipyridylamine (dpa) molecules adsorbed on carbon surface, which shows remarkable hydrogen evolution activity and performance durability in strongly acidic polymer electrolytes without involving any metal. The HER onset potential at dpa adsorbed on carbon has been found to be less than 50 mV in sulfuric acid and in a Nafion-based membrane electrode assembly (MEA). At the same time, this catalyst has shown no performance loss in a 60-hour durability test. The HER reaction mechanisms and the low onset overpotential in this system are revealed based on electrochemical study. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the pyridyl-N functions as the active site for H adsorption with a free energy of -0.13 eV, in agreement with the unusually low onset overpotential for an organic molecular catalyst.


An electrically-modulated laser was fabricated based on cholesteric liquid crystal photonic band gap. To lower the modulation voltage, the nematic liquid crystals with high dielectric constant was selected, and thus, the emission energy can be modulated with a voltage of less than 10 V. Polymer stabilization was carried out to obtain a stable and switchable helical liquid crystal system. It is noteworthy that visible light initiation system was adopted to prevent the deformation of photonic band gap. The monomer concentration effects on lasing performances were studied and discussed. The results indicate that the laser emission threshold is decreased and the response time is shortened with the increasing of monomer, while the hysteresis may be enhanced. This study provides some new insights into the fabrication, materials improvements and performances of dye-doped liquid crystal laser, and such electrically modulated laser will be a prospective candidate in the laser displays, micro-light-source or the other optical systems.


Examining Relationship Interactions of Adult Children of Alcoholics Diana I. Loera The following study explores the factors associated with security of romantic attachment in Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACOAs). ACOAs are more vulnerable to inconsistent parenting and consequently are more likely to develop negative internal models of self, a stable construct that affects romantic attachments (Bowlby, 1982; Ainsworth et al, 1989; Bartholomew, 1990). This study examined associations between parent, and peer relationships as possible resiliencies. It was hypothesized that ACOAs will report less secure attachments with their parents (as measured by the IPPA), less romantic attachment anxiety and avoidance (as measured by the ECR-R), and no significant difference in peer attachment (as measured by the IPPA) when compared to ACONAs. It was also hypothesized that there will be an association between peer attachments and romantic attachments for ACOAs and not for the ACONAS. One hundred fortythree undergraduate students participated in the study. An independent T-test showed no significance for the initial hypothesis. The second hypothesis was partially supported, an independent T-test showed significant findings unique to ACOAs. ACOAs with more positive peer attachments had more positive romantic attachments.


Gelatin-based semi-interpenetrating networks (sIPNs) containing soluble and covalently-linked bioactive factors have been shown to aid in wound healing; however, the biological responses elicited by the introduction of sIPN biomaterials remain unclear. In the current study, modulation of the re-epithelialization phase of wound healing by sIPNs grafted with PEGylated fibronectin-derived peptides and utilized as platforms for the delivery of exogenous keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) was evaluated. Following wounding, keratinocyte migration, proliferation and protein secretion is largely controlled by diffusible factors, such as KGF, released by the underlying fibroblasts. The impact of sIPNs and exogenous KGF upon the latter keratinocyte–fibroblast paracrine relationship and keratinocyte behavior was explored by monitoring keratinocyte adhesion and cytokine (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, KGF, GM-CSF and TGF-α) release. Results were generally similar for keratinocyte monoculture and keratinocyte–fibroblast co-culture systems. Although keratinocyte adhesion increased over time for positive control surfaces, adhesion to the sIPNs remained low throughout the course of the study. Release of IL-1α and GM-CSF was increased by exogenous KGF. The effects were more noticeable on the positive control surfaces relative to the sIPN surfaces. Regulation of the release of TGF-α was surface dependent, while IL-6 release was dependent upon surface type, the inclusion of exogenous KGF and the presence of fibroblasts. The findings indicate that during re-epithelialization, sIPNs containing soluble bioactive factors aid in wound healing primarily by serving as conduits for KGF, which induces the release of other key cytokines involved in tissue repair.


Current estimates of regulatory benefits are too low, and likely far too low, because they ignore a central point about valuation - namely, that people care not only about their absolute economic position, but also about their relative economic position. We show that where the government currently pegs the value of a statistical life at about $4 million, it ought to employ a value between $4.7 million and $7 million. A conservative reading of the relevant evidence suggests that when government agencies are unsure how to value regulatory benefits along a reasonable range, they should make choices toward or at the upper end. We begin by showing that the nation is nearing the end of a first-generation debate about whether to do cost-benefit analysis, with a mounting victory for advocates of the cost-benefit approach. The second-generation debate, now underway, involves important issues about how to value costs and benefits. Conventional estimates tell us the amount of income an individual, acting in isolation, would be willing sacrifice in return for, say, an increase in safety on the job. But these estimates rest on the implicit, undefended, and crucial assumption that people's well-being depends only on absolute income. This assumption is false. Considerable evidence suggests that relative income is also an important factor, suggesting that gains or losses in absolute income are of secondary importance unless they alter relative income. When a regulation requires all workers to purchase additional safety, each worker gives up the same amount of other goods, so no worker experiences a decline in relative living standards. The upshot is that an individual will value an across-the-board increase in safety much more highly than an increase in safety that he alone purchases. Regulatory decisions should be based on the former valuation rather than the latter. When the former valuation is used, dollar values should be increased substantially - conservatively, by 25 to 50 percent. Upward revisions of such magnitude clearly have important implications for a broad range of policy debates currently informed by cost-benefit analysis. We also show that an understanding of the importance of relative position suggests a rationale for various nonwaivable contractual terms in employment law, such as health care, parental leave, job security, and leisure. These terms, which have been attacked as welfare-reducing by many economists, give people important benefits with little or no impact on relative economic position. As with regulations that boost workplace safety, such contract terms may therefore be much more attractive when purchased by all than when purchased in isolation.


Objectives: Intrahepatic (also known as obstetric) cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is one of the most frequently diagnosed conditions for pregnancy-specific hepatic disease. It has consistently been found to be related to adverse pregnancy outcomes. In recent studies, a relationship between ICP and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) was demonstrated. However, the association between serum total BA (TBA) level in ICP and GDM is not fully understood. This study aims to evaluate the association between serum TBA levels in ICP disease with GDM. Study Design: Eighty pregnant women diagnosed with ICP and eighty healthy pregnant women as normal controls were included in the study. Their clinical characteristics and laboratory test results including liver function tests, glucose challenge tests (GCT), glucose tolerance tests (GTT), and fasting and postprandial TBA levels were recorded. Cases with serum TBA levels between 12-40 µmol/L were described as mild disease, >40 µmol/L was described as severe disease. Results: The mean 50-g GCT value was significantly higher in pregnant women with ICP compared to the healthy controls (128.7±28.2, 106.6±27.0; p < 0.0001) and it was slightly higher in women with severe disease than women with mild disease (132.7±30.1, 125.5±26.5; p=0.26). The percent of GDM diagnosis with ICP disease (11.25%) was higher than in healthy pregnant women (6.25%) but the difference was not found to be statistically significant (p=0.187) and it was similar in pregnant women with mild and severe disease (11.1%, 11.4%; p=0.31). Conclusion: Our current study demonstrated that ICP was not associated with GDM, also, we did not demonstrate a relationship of TBA level with ICP and GDM. It may be due to our study's small sample size. Further and well-designed studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to determine the relationship between GDM and ICP and also the function of TBA in the pathogenesis of GDM disease.


This paper analyses whether developments on the labour market and in the welfare system during the economic crisis can be seen as perpetuating the trend towards labour market segmentation or whether the crisis may actually have contributed to containing some of the divisions forged in recent decades. The emphasis is placed on (involuntary) part-time and temporary employment. With regard to labour market developments, the author demonstrates a further segmentation during the crisis, in particular for youth and people with low educational levels who have been disproportionately affected by unemployment. Due to data deficiencies, it is difficult to judge conclusively whether the crisis has contributed to more or to less segmentation in welfare coverage. In fact, there seems to be a division between countries in this regard and the deliberate opening up of unemployment schemes in several countries to new groups of workers during the crisis can clearly be seen as a positive trend contrasting with developments over recent decades.


In 1914 the world changed forever. When World War One broke out and a generation of men went off to fight, bestselling author Kate Adie shows how women emerged from the shadows of their domestic lives. Now a visible force in public life, they began to take up essential roles - from transport to policing, munitions to sport, entertainment, even politics. They had finally become citizens, a recognised part of the war machine, acquiring their own rights and often an independent income. Former BBC Chief News Correspondent Kate Adie charts the seismic move towards equal rights with men that began a century ago and through unique first-hand research shows just how momentous the achievements of those pioneering women were. This is history at its best - a vivid, compelling account of the women who helped win the war as well as a revealing assessment of their legacy for women's lives today.


Several of the largest U.S. police departments reported a sharp increase in officer resignations following massive public protests directed at policing in the summer of 2020. Yet, to date, no study has rigorously assessed the impact of the George Floyd protests on police resignations. We fill this void using 60 months of employment data from a large police department in the western US. Bayesian structural time-series modeling shows that voluntary resignations increased by 279% relative to the synthetic control, and the model predicts that resignations will continue at an elevated level. However, retirements and involuntary separations were not significantly affected during the study period. A retention crisis may diminish police departments' operational capacity to carry out their expected responsibilities. Criminal justice stakeholders must be prepared to confront workforce decline and increased voluntary turnover. Proactive efforts to improve organizational justice for sworn personnel can moderate officer perceptions of public hostility.