This is the definitive single-volume biography. Robert Skidelsky's three-volume biography of John Maynard Keynes has been acclaimed as the authoritative account of the great economist-statesman's life. Here, Skidelsky has revised and abridged his magnum opus into one definitive book, which examines in its entirety the intellectual and ideological journey that led an extraordinarily gifted young man to concern himself with the practical problems of an age overshadowed by war. John Maynard Keynes offers a sympathetic account of the life of a passionate visionary and an invaluable insight into the economic philosophy that still remains at the centre of political and economic thought. Robert Skidelsky is Emeritus Professor of Political Economy at the University of Warwick. His three volume biography of John Maynard Keynes (1983, 1992, 2000) received numerous prizes, including the Lionel Gelber Prize for International Relations and the Council on Foreign Relations Prize for International Relations. ("This three-volume life of the British economist should be given a Nobel Prize for History if there was such a thing". (Norman Stone)). He was made a life peer in 1991, and a Fellow of the British Academy in 1994. "A masterpiece of biographical and historical analysis". (New York Times).


We report the first method for the direct, regioselective Ru(ii)-catalyzed oxidative arylation of C-H bonds in diverse N-heterocycles with aryl silanes by exploiting solvent-controlled N-coordination. The reaction takes advantage of the attractive features of organosilanes as coupling partners, providing proof of concept for N-directed Ru(ii)-catalyzed C-H arylation. This novel, operationally-simple and versatile protocol utilizes the Ru(ii)/CuF2 reagent system in which CuF2 serves as a dual activator/oxidant in non-coordinating solvents to accommodate for ligand N-coordination. This first Ru(ii)-catalyzed N-directed Hiyama C-H arylation offers broad implications to achieve numerous C-H bond functionalizations by versatile ruthenium(ii) catalysis manifold.


Title of dissertation: ORGANIC MOLECULAR THIN FILMS ON DEVICE-RELEVANT SUBSTRATES Michelle A. Groce, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Dissertation directed by: Professor Theodore L. Einstein Department of Physics Organic thin films are central to many cutting-edge electronic devices. Improving our understanding of the characteristics of thin films is important not only to the development of condensed matter physics but also to our ability to engineer specialized devices that we demand be ever smaller, less expensive, and more efficient. This thesis applies the experimental techniques of scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy to the task of characterizing submonolayer thin films of two types: the organic semiconductor C60 on silicon oxide, and self-assembling porous networks of trimesic acid on graphite. Capture zone analysis of the initial nucleation regime for C60 on ultrathin silicon oxide is reported. The critical nucleus size, reflecting the largest unstable cluster of particles on a surface, is found to have a parabolic dependence on temperature rather than a monotonically increasing one. Between stages of stable monomers (i = 0) at < 300 K and > 480K, a peak corresponding to i = 1 is found at 386±3 K. This unique temperature dependence is attributed to defect-like variation in the silicon oxide surface. The first successful room-temperature UHV STM of trimesic acid on graphite is also presented here. These exploratory studies indicate the potential for a variety of porous hexagonal networks of trimesic acid to exist on a graphitic surface at room temperature. Significant electronic effects on graphite from trimesic acid lattices are shown via scanning tunneling spectroscopy, including an electronic state at −0.14 V that appears in networks whose pores are filled with excess TMA guest molecules. Ultimately, if the growth of TMA films could be extended to graphene, then the periodicity of electronegative oxygen atoms in molecules physisorbed on the graphene surface is predicted to provide a slight energy shift between the degenerate sublattices, opening a band gap. Promising directions for future research in these areas are also discussed. ORGANIC MOLECULAR THIN FILMS ON DEVICE-RELEVANT SUBSTRATES


In American Indian communities, land and people are inseparable; by the very nature of Indian history, land has become inseparable from law. 'Official' recorded history has documented the ways in which American Indian men have fought for Indian land. Glaringly absent from these same histories, however, are the daily battles fought by Indian women. This dissertation explores the ways in which American Indian women deployed rhetoric and narrative to contest and transform their relationships with the law. It examines the intertwined histories of American Indian women, land and law through an analysis of a variety of texts written by American Indian women: colonial era land deeds, oral history, memoir, and fiction. Native women writers such as Wunnatuckquanum, Sophia Alice Callahan, Delfina Cuero, Bonita Nunez, and Louise Erdrich use writing as a tool to redefine their relationships with law, both western and tribal, to work towards the creation of truly sovereign Indian nations. An examination of their writings reveals the ways in which Native women have been active in the struggle for Native sovereignty and land tenure since the colonial era.


This article is based on our own experiences and that of several of our colleagues teaching social and cultural anthropology in different Dutch institutions for higher learning. We focus in particular on teaching and learning in two small liberal arts and science (LAS) colleges, where anthropology makes up part of the social science curriculum and/or is part of the core curriculum. The data collected from our own critical reflections developed during informal discussion and from formal interviews with colleagues, together with literature on recent changes in academia, leads us to argue that neoliberal individualism, shaped by management tactics that constantly measure individual performance and output, is making academia an increasingly insecure place in which to work and study. The consequences of this insecurity include increasing mental health problems among both students and staff, intensifying competition at the expense of collegiality and collaboration and an overall decrease in the quality of academic jobs and teaching. Although the discipline of anthropology can help us better understand our own conditions, the personalisation of problems and the focus on success obscure the anthropological lens, which looks at social and cultural structures of power and depends on critical reflexivity.


We are living in an algorithmic age where mathematics and computer science are coming together in powerful new ways to influence, shape and guide our behaviour and the governance of our societies. As these algorithmic governance structures proliferate, it is vital that we ensure their effectiveness and legitimacy. That is, we need to ensure that they are an effective means for achieving a legitimate policy goal that are also procedurally fair, open and unbiased. But how can we ensure that algorithmic governance structures are both? This article shares the results of a collective intelligence workshop that addressed exactly this question. The workshop brought together a multidisciplinary group of scholars to consider (a) barriers to legitimate and effective algorithmic governance and (b) the research methods needed to address the nature and impact of specific barriers. An interactive management workshop technique was used to harness the collective intelligence of this multidisciplinary group. This method enabled participants to produce a framework and research agenda for those who are concerned about algorithmic governance. We outline this research agenda below, providing a detailed map of key research themes, questions and methods that our workshop felt ought to be pursued. This builds upon existing work on research agendas for critical algorithm studies in a unique way through the method of collective intelligence.


We propose a hardware and software system that transforms 8-bit side-scrolling console video games into immersive multiplayer experiences. We enhance a classic video game console with custom hardware that time-multiplexes eight gamepad inputs to automatically hand off control from one gamepad to the next. Because control transfers quickly, people at a large event can frequently step in and out of a game and naturally call to their peers to join any time a gamepad is vacant. Video from the game console is captured and processed by a vision algorithm that stitches it into a continuous, expanding panoramic texture, which is displayed in real time on a 360 degree projection system at a large event space. With this system, side-scrolling games unfold across the walls of the room to encircle a large party, giving the feeling that the entire party is taking place inside of the game's world. When such a display system is not available, we also provide a virtual reality recreation of the experience. We show results of our system for a number of classic console games tested at a large live event. Results indicate that our work provides a successful recipe to create immersive, multiplayer, interactive experiences that leverage the nostalgic appeal of 8-bit games.


This research report on Vietnam is one of four country case studies that were commissioned by Oxfam GB to assess the impact of the global economic crisis on women in South East Asia. It concludes that women in the export-manufacturing sector, including the garment and textile industries, have been hardest hit by the crisis both economically and socially. Women migrant workers have experienced a double hit with a reduction in remittances and have become more vulnerable to problems such as trafficking and sexual harassment. Many women in Vietnam have moved from the formal sector to the informal sector, and rely on strategies such as job-sharing, informal credit, social networking and community-based assistance for survival. Some of the government's short-term measures ignore gender-specific concerns and miss important targets, particularly poor and newly poor women. This report recommends a shift in emphasis from macro-level policy solutions to micro-level ones, with an increased focus on vulnerable women.


"It is deplorable and outrageous that . . . prisons appear to have become a repository for a great number of . . . mentally ill citizens. Persons who, with psychiatric care, could fit well into society, are instead locked away, to become wards of the state's penal system. Then, in a tragically ironic twist, they may be confined in conditions that nurture, rather than abate, their psychoses." - Judge William Wayne Justice1 Kelsey Patterson was sentenced to death by the State of Texas in 1993 for the murders of Louis Oates, a sixty-three-year-old owner of an oil company in Palestine, Texas, and Oates's business secretary, Dorothy Harris.2 After the murders, he was found standing naked in the street a short distance from the loading dock where he had shot Oates and Harris in their heads.3 The investigating officers could not identify a motive for the crime, other than an allegation that Patterson had once argued with Oates over who was a better football player: Patterson or Oates's son.4 Patterson had a documented history of mental illness, and he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia in 1981 following the nonfatal shooting of a coworker who teased him for not putting his lunch in the refrigerator.5 After being found incompetent to stand trial, he was forcibly medicated and restored to competency, but the charges were dismissed based on a defense of insanity.6 Two years later, Patterson shot another coworker for no apparent reason at a pizzeria where he was working.7 He was again found incompetent to stand trial, restored to competency, and then acquitted based on his insanity defense.8 At the trial for Oates's and Harris's murders, Patterson was again reviewed for competency, but this time the defense expert found him to be competent - and the jury agreed.9 Throughout the trial, he exploded in ranting outbursts, telling his lawyer to "be quiet" and complaining of a conspiracy to implant him with electronic devices.10 His insanity defense was rejected, and he was sentenced to death.11 Patterson's mental illness deteriorated while he was on death row. By the time of his federal habeas evidentiary hearing, his delusions had evolved to include the district judge and his postconviction counsel, both of whom he referred to as "hell workers."12 These delusions made it impossible for Patterson's lawyer to communicate with him, and Patterson spent his final years writing letters to judges and the parole board, refusing to acknowledge that he was even represented by counsel.13 His state and federal habeas claims were denied;14 he was found competent to be executed;15 and Texas Governor Rick Perry refused to grant clemency on the basis of mental illness.16 Patterson was executed on May 18, 2004, after spending ten years on Texas's death row.17 He uttered the following last words: Statement to what. State What. I am not guilty of the charge of capital murder. Steal me and my family's money. My truth will always be my truth. There is no kin and no friend; no fear what you do to me. No kin to you undertaker. Murderer. [Portion of statement omitted due to profanity.] Get my money. Give me my rights. Give me my rights. Give me my rights. Give me my life back.18 I. Introduction The requirement that a death row inmate be found "competent to be executed" is the last link in what seems to be a comprehensive chain of protections for mentally ill criminal defendants. Criminal defendants today must be competent to stand trial, to plead guilty, to waive trial and postconviction counsel, to waive appeals, and to be executed.19 However, in Texas, as in most other states, courts do not recognize a right to competency during state or federal postconviction proceedings, despite the centrality of these proceedings in a capital defendant's journey through the criminal justice system.20 In the modern death penalty system, where skilled capitaldefense attorneys are scarce, collateral review serves as an essential means of ensuring the accuracy and reliability of a death sentence. …


Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ,UK.(Dated: January 5, 2015)Heterogeneity within tumour cell populations is associated with an increase in malignancy andappears to play an important role during cancer metastasis. Using in silico experiments, we studythe interplay between collective behaviours and cell motility heterogeneities in a model system.Working with tumour spheroids that contain two non-proliferating cell populations of di erentmotile properties, we explore the conditions required for maximal invasion into surrounding tissues.We show emerging spatial patterns of cellular organisation and invasion which are consistent with invitro and in vivo observations. This demonstrates that mechanical interactions at the cellular levelare sucient to account for many of the observed morphologies of invasion and that heterogeneityin cell motility can be more important than average mechanical properties in controlling the fate oflarge cell populations.


PURPOSE
California's failed attempts to enact a statewide sugary beverage tax presents an opportunity to advance understanding of advocacy coalition behavior. We investigate the participation of advocacy coalitions in California's statewide sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) tax policy debate.

DESIGN
Document analysis of legislative bills and newspaper articles collected in 2019.

SETTING
California.

METHOD
A total of 11 SSB tax-related bills were introduced in California's legislature between 2001-2018 according to the state's legislative website. Data sources include legislative bill documents (n = 94) and newspaper articles (n = 138). Guided by the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF), we identify advocacy coalitions involved in California's SSB tax debate and explore strategies and arguments used to advance each coalitions' position.

RESULTS
Two coalitions (public health, food/beverage industry) were involved in California's statewide SSB tax policy debate. The public health coalition had higher member participation and referred to scientific research evidence while the industry coalition used preemption and financial resources as primary advocacy strategies. The public health coalition frequently presented messaging on the health consequences and financial benefits of SSB taxes. The industry coalition responded by focusing on the potential negative economic impact of a tax.

CONCLUSION
Multiple attempts to enact a statewide SSB tax in California have failed. Our findings add insight into the challenges of enacting an SSB tax considering industry interference. Results can inform future efforts to pass evidence-based nutrition policies.


We solve the free boundary problem for the dynamics of a cylindrical, axisymmetric viscoelastic filament stretching in a gravity-driven extensional flow for the Upper Convected Maxwell and Oldroyd-B constitutive models. Assuming the axial stress in the filament has a spatial dependence provides the simplest coupling of viscoelastic effects to the motion of the filament, and yields a closed system of ODEs with an exact solution for the stretch rate and filament thickness satisfied by both constitutive models. This viscoelastic solution, which is a generalization of the exact solution for Newtonian filaments, converges to the Newtonian power-law scaling as $t \rightarrow \infty$. Based on the exact solution, we identify two regimes of dynamical behavior called the weakly- and strongly-viscoelastic limits. We compare the viscoelastic solution to measurements of the thinning filament that forms behind a falling drop for several semi-dilute (strongly-viscoelastic) polymer solutions. We find the exact solution correctly predicts the time-dependence of the filament diameter in all of the experiments. As $t \rightarrow \infty$, observations of the filament thickness follow the Newtonian scaling $1/\sqrt{t}$. The transition from viscoelastic to Newtonian scaling in the filament thickness is coupled to a stretch-to-coil transition of the polymer molecules.


Mathematical models can be used to improve performance, reduce cost of production, and reduce nutrient excretion by accounting for more of the variation in predicting requirements and feed utilization in each unique production situation. Mathematical models can be classified into five or more categories based on their nature and behavior. Determining the appropriate level of aggregation of equations is a major problem in formulating models. The most critical step is to describe the purpose of the model and then to determine the appropriate mix of empirical and mechanistic representations of physiological functions, given development and evaluation dataset availability, inputs typically available and the benefits versus the risks of use associated with increased sensitivity. We discussed five major feeding systems used around the world. They share common concepts of energy and nutrient requirement and supply by feeds, but differ in structure and application of the concepts. Animal models are used for a variety of purposes, including the simple description of observations, prediction of responses to management, and explanation of biological mechanisms. Depending upon the objectives, a number of different approaches may be used, including classical algebraic equations, predictive empirical relationships, and dynamic, mechanistic models. The latter offer the best opportunity to make full use of the growing body of knowledge regarding animal biology. Continuing development of these types of models and computer technology and software for their implementation holds great promise for improvements in the effectiveness with which fundamental knowledge of animal function can be applied to improve animal agriculture and reduce its impact on the environment.


CRISPR/Cas9 based functional screening coupled with single-cell RNA-seq ("single-cell CRISPR screening") unravels gene regulatory networks and enhancer-gene regulations in a large scale. We propose scMAGeCK, a computational framework to systematically identify genes and non-coding elements associated with multiple expression-based phenotypes in single-cell CRISPR screening. scMAGeCK identified genes and enhancers that modulate the expression of a known proliferation marker, MKI67 (Ki-67), a result that resembles the outcome of proliferation-linked CRISPR screening. We further performed single-cell CRISPR screening on mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC), and identified key genes associated with different pluripotency states. scMAGeCK enabled an unbiased construction of genotype-phenotype network, where multiple phenotypes can be regulated by different gene perturbations. Finally, we studied key factors that improve the statistical power of single-cell CRISPR screens, including target gene expression and the number of guide RNAs (gRNAs) per cell. Collectively, scMAGeCK is a novel and effective computational tool to study genotype-phenotype relationships at a single-cell level.


The paper deals with evaluation in spoken Russian. This phenomenon can be conveyed by various phonetic and rhetoric means which I studied using an experimental approach including an experiment on read speech and one on quasi-spontaneous speech. Some phonetic-prosodic cues, e.g. different pitch phenomena, are commonly said to be relevant for evaluation. As production and perception are equally important, I tested whether native Russian speakers were able to recognize the intended attitudinal meaning even in cases where only the prosody was being presented to them. Noticeably from a rhetorical perspective, questions are frequently used instead of answers for expressing one's attitude. The structure of the answers given in these contexts has been studied in detail.


To keep pace with ubiquitous computing in all aspects of society, universities have invested heavily in off-the-shelf or in-house learning management systems, and teachers are being encouraged to seek ways in which to optimize the role of information and communication technology to support their teaching and learning activities; both on the campus and beyond campus borders. However, many students in residential universities are resistant to embracing CMC-mediated activities as an integral part of their coursework, and this attitude underscores the importance of understanding how these students are affected by the implementation of the new teaching and learning strategies associated with a 'blended learning' approach. This study explores a particular context in which discussion forums were deployed as a replacement to traditional face-to-face tutorial discussions. Research subjects (n=147), health psychology students at a South East Asian university, completed a Felder Soloman Index of Learning Styles (ILS) questionnaire before being assigned to online discussion forum groups of 8 or 9 students per group. During the 9 weeks of the tutorial assignment activity, student interactions in the discussion forums were monitored and transcripts of their postings and replies were analysed and coded. Quantitative data from attitude survey MCQs, grades, peer ratings and usage statistics, as well as qualitative data from attitude survey open-answer questions and one-to-one interviews, were also gathered and analysed. The findings identified a number of weaknesses and drawbacks of using discussion forums: notably that students who felt uncomfortable about expressing their opinions in discussion forums also had difficulty understanding what was being communicated in the postings and didn't trust their group members; students who were identified as having a moderate to strong 'Sequential' cognitive learning style preference were more likely to indicate that they had a difficult time working in the discussion forums; and students who were identified as having a moderate to strong 'Active' cognitive learning style preference tended to make fewer forum postings. Nevertheless, since the scope of the information quoted, and opinions generated, in the discussion forum postings was noticeably greater than what was generally brought up in face-to-face discussions, and because the majority of students worked independently and responsibly, this particular blended learning approach was deemed a success by the course instructor. However, the author puts forward a number of recommendations to instructional designers, practitioners and students for designing, setting up and running a similar but more flexible approach as an alternative to traditional large-class face-to-face tutorial discussions.


ABSTRACT This study is a trend analysis to investigate how computer utilization in small business has changed since the original study was conducted in 1992. Specifically, the investigation is concerned with how small business owners / managers are further using computer systems and application software packages in long-range and operational planning. INTRODUCTION Management Information Systems (MlS)monitor and control the business and predict future performance. An MIS, if properly used, can aid the small business owner in both long-range and operational planning, which are vital to the organization's success rate. Technology is advancing so rapidly that in order to "keep up" with the competition, small businesses are investing additional personnel and capital in computer systems. The advent of low-cost/high-performance microcomputers, coupled with relatively easy-to-use business applications software, has allowed an increasing number of small organizations to implement computer-based systems in their day-today operations. Networking of computer systems over a wide area or local area has enabled small business owners to share informational or hardware resources, to which they may not have access. The success of small businesses is crucial to the stability of the U.S. economy (Amer & Bain, 1990). In the last decade, the introduction of microcomputers has made a tremendous impact on the capabilities of small businesses to operate efficiently and to increase the probability of enhancing the decision-making process through information systems. Effective long-range planning proves to be vital in view of a failure rate of about 70 percent (Amer & Bain, 1990) for small businesses each year. In recent field studies of small businesses of less than 50 employees (Chen, 1993; Schleich, et al., 1991), over half of the firms were utilizing computer systems in day-to-day operations. This phenomenon has led to an examination of computer usage and satisfaction of various variables related to computerized business systems. Schleich (1991) indicated that despite the great potential of microcomputers, it is estimated that only one-third of the microcomputers sold are being used for the functions for which they were originally purchased. METHODOLOGY The sample was drawn from the same population as the original study (Selby & Li, 1993). As in the original study, the population was stratified using the industry type as the variable, in order to improve the representation. The sample data was collected through a mail questionnaire administered to a systematic sample of 200 small businesses. The questionnaire addressed issues such as demographic information, computer brands, software usage, local area network usage and satisfaction, and various computer system satisfaction questions. The sample was drawn from a population of 1,400 small businesses, which made up 85 percent of small businesses meeting the following criteria: (1) no more than 50 employees and (2) annual sales of $5 million or less. The industries sampled included: manufacturing, construction, retail, wholesale, business and professional/financial services. The education sector was withheld from the study. With 27 percent of the questionnaires returned, the results were analyzed using SAS. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES The following hypotheses pertain to the degree of insignificance between the various variables compared with the computer satisfaction constructs. A two-tailed T-test with the population assumed normal or approximately normal was used to test the hypotheses. The population standard deviation is tacitly assumed unknown, because this is usually the case. A 0.10 alpha level of significance was used, as was in the original study. Research hypothesis 1: There is no significant difference in the mean responses between industries relative to the various satisfaction constructs. Research hypothesis 2: There is no significant difference in the mean responses based on length of service of a business relative to the various satisfaction constructs. …


Problem statement: From the perspective of modern sciences, fractal knowledge is a study of self-similar and self-organized structures that are the conceptual core of understanding nature's geometry. From a mathematical viewpoint, nature follows fractal rules to create different forms. In this rationale, a direct interaction between architecture and fractals can be proposed. Research objective: This research, by posing questions about how fractal geometry is applied, explains the geometric laws of nature in the process of self-organizing in form-based architecture. Research method: This applied research employs the method of correlation in applying geometries according to fractal properties conducting a qualitative, phenomenological view. In this study, seven stages are explained in fractal geometry as a form-based structure. These stages in form-finding, the hierarchy of connections, and geometric progressions provide a credible process in the application of fractal geometry to architecture. In addition, an architecture inspired by principles of nature's geometry is based on three laws and functions in structure as described by the research: the law of self-similarity, the law of self-organization, and the law of unity. To validate these laws, three buildings are selected from the Gothic, Art Nouveau, and traditional Persian architecture periods, according to fractal properties. Fractal rules are analyzed in the evaluation of these structures using a comparative-descriptive model. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that fractal geometry has been incorporated into the structure, elements composition, and aesthetic concepts of ornamentation in the architecture of these edifices. Inspired by nature's geometry, laws of proportions, rhythm, and self-similar forms, these architectural structures have created a wide range of fractal patterns, generating internal connections and external unification among the structural elements and architectural forms.


The 15 essays in this volume apply the methods of the new economic history to the history of the Latin American economies since 1800. The authors combine the historian's sensitivity to context and contingency with modern or "neoclassical" economic theory and quantitative method. The essays shed new light on the economic history of all the major economies, from Mexico and Cuba to Brazil and Argentina. Some focus on comparing macroeconomic policies and performance, others analyze key sectors such as foreign trade, finance, transportation, and industry, and still others focus on the impact of property rights, government regulation, and political upheaval.


The world has developed into a globe with increasingly inter- twined economic interests, with greater economic interdepen- dence than ever before. This has caused a new weapon to step onto the world scene in the 20th and 21st centuries, applied to bring nations to heel. It is aimed at those nations which do not conform to particular, usually ethically perceived standards. "Economic sanctions" is the name of this new weapon. This article aims to evaluate the wielding of economic sanctions from the perspective of principles based on a Biblical worldview in order to assist Christians in making an informed decision as to what their stance ought to be regarding this phenomenon. Data show that there is an incremental increase of the use of economic sanctions in world politics. At present, sanctions have uncertain grounding in ethics and little or no standing in inter- national law. Their effectiveness is seriously questioned, their economic cost, especially to the implementer(!), is considerable. The question as to whether economic sanctions should be deplored or embraced at times would be helped with further investigation beyond the scope of this article, notably with re- gard to what has been surmised in the context of the sanctions deployed regarding the apartheid regime in South Africa. The results of economic sanctions appear to bear out the Biblical principles in that both, actual results plus Biblical prin- ciples, generally send a discouraging message regarding this approach to political conflict.


High Plains disease was first described in wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Nebraska, Idaho, Texas, and other High Plains states in 1993 to 1994 (1). The causal agent is a negative sense RNA virus in the genus Emaravirus with at least three genome segments, which is transmitted by the wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella Keifer) (2). This virus is variously referred to as High Plains virus (HPV), Maize red stripe virus (MRSV/MRStV), or Wheat mosaic virus (WMoV) in the literature. We adopt the name WMoV based on the latest recommendation (3). The presence of WMoV in Ohio was revealed through a comprehensive survey conducted in early spring 2012. Specifically, wheat plants exhibiting virus-like symptoms including chlorosis, reddening, stunting, spotting, or striping were collected from 27 wheat fields in 14 counties throughout Ohio, between March 20 and April 15, 2012. Total RNA was extracted from individual leaf samples, then pooled prior to ribosomal RNA removal and high throughput RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) using the Illumina HiSeq2000 platform (University of Illinois Biotechnology Center, Champaign-Urbana, IL). The resulting sequences were assembled and analyzed using CLC Genomics Workbench 5.5 software (CLC Bio, Cambridge, MA). One 983-nt contig was 99% identical to the nucleocapsid protein (NP)-coding RNA segment of WMoV (GenBank Accession DQ324466). We used reverse transcription (RT)-PCR to determine the distribution of WMoV in individual samples using WMoV-specific primers: WMoV NPf1 (TGCTATGTCATTGTTCAGGTGGTC), and WMoV NPr1 (TTAGGCAGTCCTTGATTGTGCTG). WMoV was identified in one sample each from Miami, Auglaize, and Paulding Counties, which are all in western Ohio. The WMoV-positive plants were chlorotic, with varying degrees of stunting and leaf striping. The presence of WMoV in the three samples was confirmed using protein A sandwich (PAS)-ELISA with WMoV-specific antiserum. Vascular puncture inoculation (VPI) (4) was used to inoculate germinating maize seed (cv. Spirit) with the extracts from the WMoV-positive samples. WMoV was detected in two of 378 surviving inoculated plants by RT-PCR and PAS-ELISA. These two WMoV-positive maize plants developed flecking mosaic symptoms on upper uninoculated leaves, consistent with reported WMoV symptoms. The WMoV-positive sample from Auglaize County also contained Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), and 60 of the 120 surviving plants inoculated with this sample were positive for WSMV. This result suggests that, even with VPI, mechanical transmission of WMoV remains a great challenge. To our knowledge, this is the first report of WMoV in Ohio, and demonstrates that WMoV is more widespread than previously thought, reaching at least the eastern edge of the Midwest wheat production region. The expanding distribution of this emerging virus is significant because of its potential to cause additional yield losses in wheat. References: (1) S. G. Jensen et al. Plant Dis. 80:1387, 1996. (2) N. Mielke-Ehred and H.-P. Muhlbach. Viruses 4:1515, 2012. (3) J. M. Skare et al. Virology 347:343, 2006. (4) R. Louie et al. J. Virol. Methods 135:214, 2006.


Blood stasis in leg veins is a situation commonly linked to the development of venous diseases such as varicoses. Such a stasis will provoke an ischemia, thus decreasing oxygen availability to tissues. Owing to its localization between blood and tissue, endothelium is the first target of this insult. The authors develop here a hypothesis in which the effect of oxygen deprivation on the functional state of the endothelium is the starting point of a cascade of events leading to the disorganization of the vessel wall typical of these pathologies. When venous human endothelial cells obtained from umbilical cords (HUVEC) are exposed to hypoxic conditions they become activated without change in their viability. The synthesis of a proinflammatory molecule (PAF, platelet-activating factor) and the adhesion of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) on HUVEC are markedly increased during hypoxia incubation. These two processes are related to a calcium-dependent activation of endothelial cells due to a decrease of aden osine triphosphate (ATP) availability during hypoxia. Adherence of neutrophils to endothelial cells is the first step of diapedesis, which leads to the infiltration of these cells in the media of the veins, where they affect the smooth muscle cells and the connective tissue, leading to tissue alterations typical of the venous pa thologies. The authors propose that this sequential process which originates from a reduction in oxygen availability and which involves different cell types as one main cause of the venous disorders, in addition to genetic, hormonal, and mechanical factors.


Abstract. A new framework is proposed for the evaluation of stochastic subgrid-scale parameterizations in the context of the Modular Arbitrary-Order Ocean-Atmosphere Model (MAOOAM), a coupled ocean–atmosphere model of intermediate complexity. Two physically based parameterizations are investigated – the first one based on the singular perturbation of Markov operators, also known as homogenization. The second one is a recently proposed parameterization based on Ruelle's response theory. The two parameterizations are implemented in a rigorous way, assuming however that the unresolved-scale relevant statistics are Gaussian. They are extensively tested for a low-order version known to exhibit low-frequency variability (LFV), and some preliminary results are obtained for an intermediate-order version. Several different configurations of the resolved–unresolved-scale separations are then considered. Both parameterizations show remarkable performances in correcting the impact of model errors, being even able to change the modality of the probability distributions. Their respective limitations are also discussed.


Legumes have been shown to increase the dissolution and utilisation of phosphate rock (PR) phosphorus (P) compared with non-legumes because of their acidifying effect on the rhizosphere. A promising agronomic approach for optimising nutrient availability in organic cropping systems appears to be the integration of legume green manures (GM) into the cropping rotation. A field experiment was conducted to study the combined effect of legume growth (in terms of improved P utilisation from PR) and subsequent organic matter additions (green manure incorporation) on crop growth compared with a corresponding winter fallow system. Three rates of PR (0, 60, 120 kg P/ha) were applied in autumn before sowing of lupin green manure and maize as the crop. A fourth PR treatment involving the application of 60 kg P/ha as PR in spring, before maize sowing was also employed. The objective of the study was to quantify the impact of preceding lupin (green manure), treated or not treated with PR, on a subsequent maize crop, and to evaluate winter fallow and green manure effects in terms of P availability. The observed improvements in maize yields following green manuring and PR application of approximately 1.5t/ha and the 3.1-5.3 kg/ha increase in P uptake by maize in the first season were due to a combination of P release into soil solution following the mineralisation of organic P additions via the lupin GM and increased solubilisation of residual P due to rhizosphere and possible mycorrhiza colonisation processes.


Maya Angelou's five volumes of autobiography are a testament to the talents and resilience of this extraordinary writer. Loving the world, she also knows its cruelty. As a black woman she has known discrimination and extreme poverty, but also hope, joy, achievement and celebration. In this her third marvellous volume, music and her son are the focus of Maya Angelou's life. She is on the edge of a new world: marriage, show business and a triumphant tour of 'Porgy and Bess'.


Most health facilities in Togo are poorly equipped. Consequently, the rate of post-natal consultation remains low and varies between 9.5% and 39.4%. Barely half of all deliveries (47.1%) take place in health facilities. In this study, we analysed technical efficiency scores of 139 Togolese public hospitals over the period 2008–2010, and then identified the determinants of this efficiency. Double bootstrap data envelopment analysis was used to draw consistent inferences. We first estimated bootstrapped efficiency scores. Then, bootstrapped truncated regression was used to identify the determinants of public hospitals efficiency. The results indicate that, on average, small-sized hospitals (periphery care units) investigated, had the highest efficiency scores. The University Teaching Hospitals and regional hospitals which have significant material, human and financial resources were associated with lower efficiency. The most significant and robust factors of technical efficiency are per capita income, competition, hospital's balance, types of contract, and medical density. We found that income constraint and accessibility to health facilities are obstacles to efficiency. According to our results, we can infer that non-competitive public provision of health services is likely to be inefficient. Another important practical implication is that Togo must vigorously promote reform of the management system in public hospitals which regards corporate quality governance as the core. We hypothesize that if subsidies are allocated according to performance, they can positively affect efficiency. Policy makers should consider tying grant revenues to performance indicators.


Terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes (TGFs) are the most energetic photon phenomenon occurring naturally on Earth. An outstanding question is as follows: Are these flashes just a rare exotic phenomenon or are they an intrinsic part of lightning discharges and therefore occurring more frequently than previously thought? All measurements of TGFs so far have been limited by the dynamic range and sensitivity of spaceborne instruments. In this paper we show that there is a new population of weak TGFs that has not been identified by search algorithms. We use the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) to identify lightning that occurred in 2006 and 2012 within the 800 km field of view of Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI). By superposing 740,210 100 ms RHESSI data intervals, centered at the time of the WWLLN detected lightning, we identify at least 141 and probably as many as 191 weak TGFs that were not part of the second RHESSI data catalogue. This supports the suggestion that the global TGF production rate is larger than previously reported.


Abstract Background The clinical implications of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection are highly variable. Some people with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection remain asymptomatic, whilst the infection can cause mild to moderate COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 pneumonia in others. This can lead to some people requiring intensive care support and, in some cases, to death, especially in older adults. Symptoms such as fever, cough, or loss of smell or taste, and signs such as oxygen saturation are the first and most readily available diagnostic information. Such information could be used to either rule out COVID‐19, or select patients for further testing. This is an update of this review, the first version of which published in July 2020. Objectives To assess the diagnostic accuracy of signs and symptoms to determine if a person presenting in primary care or to hospital outpatient settings, such as the emergency department or dedicated COVID‐19 clinics, has COVID‐19. Search methods For this review iteration we undertook electronic searches up to 15 July 2020 in the Cochrane COVID‐19 Study Register and the University of Bern living search database. In addition, we checked repositories of COVID‐19 publications. We did not apply any language restrictions. Selection criteria Studies were eligible if they included patients with clinically suspected COVID‐19, or if they recruited known cases with COVID‐19 and controls without COVID‐19. Studies were eligible when they recruited patients presenting to primary care or hospital outpatient settings. Studies in hospitalised patients were only included if symptoms and signs were recorded on admission or at presentation. Studies including patients who contracted SARS‐CoV‐2 infection while admitted to hospital were not eligible. The minimum eligible sample size of studies was 10 participants. All signs and symptoms were eligible for this review, including individual signs and symptoms or combinations. We accepted a range of reference standards. Data collection and analysis Pairs of review authors independently selected all studies, at both title and abstract stage and full‐text stage. They resolved any disagreements by discussion with a third review author. Two review authors independently extracted data and resolved disagreements by discussion with a third review author. Two review authors independently assessed risk of bias using the Quality Assessment tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS‐2) checklist. We presented sensitivity and specificity in paired forest plots, in receiver operating characteristic space and in dumbbell plots. We estimated summary parameters using a bivariate random‐effects meta‐analysis whenever five or more primary studies were available, and whenever heterogeneity across studies was deemed acceptable. Main results We identified 44 studies including 26,884 participants in total. Prevalence of COVID‐19 varied from 3% to 71% with a median of 21%. There were three studies from primary care settings (1824 participants), nine studies from outpatient testing centres (10,717 participants), 12 studies performed in hospital outpatient wards (5061 participants), seven studies in hospitalised patients (1048 participants), 10 studies in the emergency department (3173 participants), and three studies in which the setting was not specified (5061 participants). The studies did not clearly distinguish mild from severe COVID‐19, so we present the results for all disease severities together. Fifteen studies had a high risk of bias for selection of participants because inclusion in the studies depended on the applicable testing and referral protocols, which included many of the signs and symptoms under study in this review. This may have especially influenced the sensitivity of those features used in referral protocols, such as fever and cough. Five studies only included participants with pneumonia on imaging, suggesting that this is a highly selected population. In an additional 12 studies, we were unable to assess the risk for selection bias. This makes it very difficult to judge the validity of the diagnostic accuracy of the signs and symptoms from these included studies. The applicability of the results of this review update improved in comparison with the original review. A greater proportion of studies included participants who presented to outpatient settings, which is where the majority of clinical assessments for COVID‐19 take place. However, still none of the studies presented any data on children separately, and only one focused specifically on older adults. We found data on 84 signs and symptoms. Results were highly variable across studies. Most had very low sensitivity and high specificity. Only cough (25 studies) and fever (7 studies) had a pooled sensitivity of at least 50% but specificities were moderate to low. Cough had a sensitivity of 67.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 59.8% to 74.1%) and specificity of 35.0% (95% CI 28.7% to 41.9%). Fever had a sensitivity of 53.8% (95% CI 35.0% to 71.7%) and a specificity of 67.4% (95% CI 53.3% to 78.9%). The pooled positive likelihood ratio of cough was only 1.04 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.11) and that of fever 1.65 (95% CI 1.41 to 1.93). Anosmia alone (11 studies), ageusia alone (6 studies), and anosmia or ageusia (6 studies) had sensitivities below 50% but specificities over 90%. Anosmia had a pooled sensitivity of 28.0% (95% CI 17.7% to 41.3%) and a specificity of 93.4% (95% CI 88.3% to 96.4%). Ageusia had a pooled sensitivity of 24.8% (95% CI 12.4% to 43.5%) and a specificity of 91.4% (95% CI 81.3% to 96.3%). Anosmia or ageusia had a pooled sensitivity of 41.0% (95% CI 27.0% to 56.6%) and a specificity of 90.5% (95% CI 81.2% to 95.4%). The pooled positive likelihood ratios of anosmia alone and anosmia or ageusia were 4.25 (95% CI 3.17 to 5.71) and 4.31 (95% CI 3.00 to 6.18) respectively, which is just below our arbitrary definition of a 'red flag', that is, a positive likelihood ratio of at least 5. The pooled positive likelihood ratio of ageusia alone was only 2.88 (95% CI 2.02 to 4.09). Only two studies assessed combinations of different signs and symptoms, mostly combining fever and cough with other symptoms. These combinations had a specificity above 80%, but at the cost of very low sensitivity (< 30%). Authors' conclusions The majority of individual signs and symptoms included in this review appear to have very poor diagnostic accuracy, although this should be interpreted in the context of selection bias and heterogeneity between studies. Based on currently available data, neither absence nor presence of signs or symptoms are accurate enough to rule in or rule out COVID‐19. The presence of anosmia or ageusia may be useful as a red flag for COVID‐19. The presence of fever or cough, given their high sensitivities, may also be useful to identify people for further testing. Prospective studies in an unselected population presenting to primary care or hospital outpatient settings, examining combinations of signs and symptoms to evaluate the syndromic presentation of COVID‐19, are still urgently needed. Results from such studies could inform subsequent management decisions.


Teaching and learning about operating systems is difficult. This paper uses a perspective based in constructivism to examine previous attempts at addressing problems associated with teaching operating systems. Based on this review the paper describes the rationale, design and implementation of RCOS.java a simulated operating system that provides animations and other facilities to enable and support constructivist based approaches to operating systems education.


Thermal conductivity and diffusivity are geothermal parameters that characterize and categorize a geothermal reservoir. These physical features can be determined by optical scanning techniques. To improve the geothermal exploration of bedrocks a new optical scanning device called Lambda Measuring Center (LMC) has been developed. The instrument is able to measure the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of solids. The approach of this thesis is to validate the LMC device proceeding via statistical analyses of Icelandic basaltic rocks' thermal conductivity and diffusivity. The geological analysis is supplemented by an Icelandic study. 270 samples are collected and analyzed with respect to thermal conductivity and diffusivity for the program. Additionally 120 of the samples have been observed by the state-of-the-art instrument Thermal Conductivity Scanning (TCS). As a result of the comparison of the two data series the new tool is statistically analyzed and evaluated. The calibration of the LMC device to the TCS tool is rudimentary implemented. Tributary to the validation of the tool, the relation of thermal conductivity to varying texture in basalts is analyzed. The study shows that the LMC device cannot be recommended for routine field measurements. Otherwise laboratory measurements done by the LMC have a slightly higher quality than the results obtained by the TCS. The comparison of the two devices shows that the analyzed geothermal parameters differ. Variations in the results are caused by differing deployed standards and heating intensities.


This paper addresses the competition between syntactic relations and the structural encoding of discourse semantic functions, and, more specifically, the question of how much the distributional restriction of syntactic linearisation can be constrained by the inventory of functional features of Generative Syntax. The variation between typologically distinct languages is explained by the potential of a generative syntactic system to fix constituent order by means of functional phrases, something not implemented to the same degree in all languages. Moreover, the various information structural properties a sentence topic can have imply that notions like topic and comment are not primitives as such, but that it is more primitive features of perspectivation which determine the choice of constituents to act as sentence topics.


As a strategy to improve women's share in Indonesian parliament, gender quotas were introduced in 2002 and first implemented in the 2004 elections. Despite vast research on the influence of gender quotas in nominating women into parliament, little is known about male and female politicians' acceptance and perception of gender quotas. This paper seeks to explore how distinct are male and female MPs in perceiving gender quotas and in explaining the roots of women's political under-representation. Using a questionnaire involving 104 representatives (54 male and 50 female), the study suggests a significant gender gap occurs not only in perceptions related to quotas' positive-discrimination legitimacy and efficiency but also in explanations that hinder women's electoral success and which strategies might work best in overcoming the disparity. These distinctions matter because they offer insights as to the dynamics explaining why gender quotas are not resulting in a notable increase in women' parliamentary representation.


This brief essay argues that any attempt by the U.S. Supreme Court and others to establish a painless punishment, especially lethal injection, fails logically and morally. From the beginning, by definition, etymologically and existentially, "punishment" and "pain" have been inseparably connected. Those who advocate 'painless punishment' call for contradiction. Whether looking to the future (utilitarians) or the past (retributivists), we once clearly understood and embraced the inseparable connection between punishment and pain. Gradually, however, punishment has morphed into something which denies its own nature, culminating in today's move toward a massive dose of anesthetic as the ultimate punishment - as if less painful necessarily means more humane. This essay condemns merging punishment and treatment while arbitrarily severing crime from punishment, pain from justice. Arguing that how we kill those we rightly detest should in no way resemble how we euthanize beloved pets, this essay retributively condemns lethal injection itself as an ill-conceived method of execution not because it possibly causes pain, but because it certainly causes confusion - punitively contaminating medicine while it also cosmetizes and contaminates punishment.


Moore's law states that the number of transistors that could be integrated into a single die would grow exponentially with time. Thus this causes increasing computational complexity of the chip and physical limitations of devices such as power consumption, interconnect will become very difficult. According to recent analysis the minimum limit for transistor size may be reached. Thus, it may not be possible to continue the rule of Moore's law and doubling the clock rate for every three years. So in order to overcome this physical limit of CMOS-VLSI design an alternative approach is Quantum dot Cellular Automata (QCA). In ALU adder plays a vital role. In this survey a binary adder is taken for analysis and a new adder is designed based upon QCA technology. This modified novel bit adder is implemented into ALU structure. The aim of this proposed technique is that to reducing number of majority gates used in the design. This will lead to reduce number of QCA cells so that total area of ALU circuit can be minimized compare to previous designs. It also achieves reduced power consumption and high speed performances than all other existing ALU design which uses normal full adder.


A family of transcriptional activators has recently been identified in chickens; these transcriptional activators recognize a common consensus motif (WGATAR) through a conserved C4 zinc finger DNA-binding domain. One of the members of this multigene family, cGATA-3, is most abundantly expressed in the T-lymphocyte cell lineage. Analysis of human and murine GATA-3 factors shows a striking degree of amino acid sequence identity and similar patterns of tissue specificity of expression in these three organisms. The murine and human factors are abundantly expressed in a variety of human and murine T-cell lines and can activate transcription through a tissue-specific GATA-binding site identified within the human T-cell receptor delta gene enhancer. We infer that the murine and human GATA-3 proteins play a central and highly conserved role in vertebrate T-cell-specific transcriptional regulation.


In this paper, several existing interpolation methods of use in CBR are discussed and compared. Interpolation in CBR is normally applied to a retrieval set of cases which are 'near to' a given target set in the problem domain. The interpolation method is then used to select an appropriate solution value from a solution domain. The main factors examined here, governing the accuracy and power of the interpolation, are the selection of cases for interpolation and the method of interpolation. Two selection criteria are examined: selection by nearest neighbours and selection by divergence algorithms. Three interpolation methods examined are examined: nearest neighbour, distance weighted nearest neighbour, linear regression and a generalised regression method, suitable to nominal values. Experimental results on three case-bases are presented for comparison. These are a: a real valued 2- dimensional sinusoidal random valued function, the classical iris case base, and the travel case base. The results show that linear regression is best for dense case bases, but is limited to real continuous problems. For general CBR usage, divergence selection can improve accuracy by a factor of 2, and that generalised regression can additionally improve accuracy also by a factor of 2.


The antimicrobial efficiency of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. and Thonn., medicinal plants (leaf extracts), was examined using Methanol, Ethanol, Petroleum ether. and water, as solvents and tested against eight human pathogens like Bacteria: Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Fungi: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxisporum, and Rhizopus stolonifer, using the agar well-diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration. All the plants showed significant activity against all pathogens, but the alcoholic extract of P. amarus showed the maximum zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration against all the microorganisms. The minimum zone of inhibition and comparatively greater inhibitory concentration were determined in petroleum ether, and the aqueous extract of P. amarus showed less antimicrobial activity against all the experimental strains. The alcoholic extracts of these plants could be a possible source of obtaining new and effective herbal medicines to treat infections, hence, it justified the ethnic use of P. amarus against various infectious diseases. Key words: Agar well well-diffusion method, antimicrobial activity, medicinal plants, minimum bactericidal concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration, minimum inhibitory concentration, Phyllanthus amarus


This article reviews how behaviors and psychological tendencies in close relationships differ between cultures, and proposes a socioecological framework to understand those differences. Our review of the literature finds that paradoxically, people in individualistic cultures are more actively engaged in close relationships (e.g., higher levels of social support, self-disclosure, intimacy, and love) than those in collectivistic cultures. From an adaptationist perspective, we argue that one reason for these differences is higher levels of relational mobility in individualistic cultures. In societies with high relational mobility, where relationships are relatively more fragile, more active engagement in close relationships helps individuals to impress potential, and retain current, partners. We emphasize the importance of examining socioecologies to better understand close relationships.


Carbon capture and storage (or sequestration) is receiving increasing attention as one tool for reducing carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. In his Perspective,
 Lackner
 discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different methods of carbon sequestration. He advises against sequestration in environmentally active carbon pools such as the oceans, because it may merely trade one environmental problem for another. Better sequestration options include underground injection and (possibly underground) neutralization. Taking into account carbon capture, transport, and storage, the author concludes that in the short and medium term, sequestration would almost certainly be cheaper than a full transition to nuclear, wind, or solar energy.


A series method of determining two-dimensional vortex paths is considered and applied to the computation of vortex positions behind a slender equal-span cruciform wing at any angle of bank as a function of the distance behind the trailing edge. Calculated paths are shown for four bank angles. For a bank angle of 45 degrees comparison is made with the results of a closed expression given in NACA-TN-2605. For other bank angles water-tank experiments provide qualitative comparison. Satisfactory agreement is found for a sufficient distance downstream to include most practical missile-tail positions. The interference forces on an equal-span cruciform wing are calculated for five angles of bank (including the trivial case of zero bank) from the vortex positions found by use of the series.


Interference Hyperspectral Images (IHI) data acquired by Interference Hyperspectral Imaging Spectrometer exhibit many vertical interference stripes. The above characteristics will affect the application of dictionary learning and compressed sensing theory used on IHI data. According to the special characteristics of IHI data, many algorithms are proposed to separate the interference stripes layers and the background layers of IHI data in 2015, but the interference stripes layers are still not clean enough and the ideal background layers without interference stripes are also difficult to be obtained. In this paper, an improved total variation (TV) algorithm based on adaptive multiplier is proposed for IHI data decomposition. The value of the Lagrange multiplier is adaptive according to the unidirectional characteristics of IHI data. The proposed algorithm is used on Large Spatially Modulated Interference Spectral (LSMIS) images and is proved to provide better experimental results than the current algorithms both visually and quantitatively.


This article proposes that the European Court of Human Rights should assess the applicability of private life under the European Convention on Human Rights by asking whether the applicant had a reasonable expectation of privacy or personal choice in the matter involved. The reasonableness of an expectation should depend on an empirical analysis of member-State practices, and private life should mean what a majority of the member States say it means. The European Convention on Human Rights guarantees certain basic human rights to over 800 million people in 46 countries. Article 8 of the Convention provides, among other things, that everyone has the right to respect for his or her private life. Since the effective date of the Convention in 1953, the European Court and Commission of Human Rights have defined private life in a piecemeal fashion and without reference to any general framework. Many commentators have criticized this approach as unprincipled. Perhaps in response to that criticism, the Court has in the last several years made greater strides in this area. Several recent judgments of the Court, including a particularly important decision from 2004, now refer to a person's reasonable expectations of privacy as the possible standard for analyzing the applicability of private life in certain circumstances. This article traces the emergence of the reasonable-expectations test in the Court's judgments and posits that if such a test is to be the foundation for future analyses of private life, the test should be expanded to apply in all cases in which private life is alleged to apply and, more importantly, be based on objective and empirical indicia. Among other things, I suggest how the Court should apply such a test and I discuss lessons learned in the United States (and elsewhere) from its use of a similar approach. Boiled down to its essential characteristics, this article proposes that the Court could analyze all private-life cases with some species of the following principle: A public authority may not without proper justification interfere with or fail to respect matters in which a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy or personal choice. But before the Court may hold an expectation to be reasonable, the Court must find, at a minimum, an emerging consensus among the member States of the Convention (as determined by legal and societal norms) that recognizes the right of privacy or personal choice invoked by the applicant.


Background to research

The Regulatory Agencies in the UK (the Environment Agency; Scottish Environment Protection Agency; and the Environment & Heritage Service) currently use RIVPACS III+ software to classify the ecological quality of rivers. However, because RIVPACS III+ pre-dates the WFD, there has been a requirement to ensure that the RIVPACS reference sites are fully WFD compliant, to add new biotic indices to the RIVPACS models, and to improve the robustness of the RIVPACS software to fully meet the needs of the Agencies in their delivery of WFD monitoring. These issues have been addressed in this project and have led to the development of new RIVPACS IV predictive models that will be programmed into a new River Invertebrate Classification Tool being built by SEPA. This new system will be based on a modern software programming language, be compatible with the agencies' computer systems and include the ability to predict new biological indices, produce biological status assessments based on these new indices and be able to estimate the errors involved in using these new indices. Because access to the new system will be essential for the UK Agencies to be able to implementation the WFD, the new tool will be readily and freely available to anyone who might seek to use it.

Objectives of research

• The overall objective of the project was to produce a new set of RIVPACS predictive models for use within a new River Invertebrate Classification Tool that will be used to classify the ecological status of rivers for Water Framework Directive compliance monitoring

• The new RIVPACS models constructed with this project required considerably enhanced functionality compared to RIVPACS III+ to properly address the monitoring requirements of the UK Agencies in their implementation of the Water Framework Directive.

Key findings and recommendations

This project has produced new RIVPACS IV models with considerably enhanced functionality compared to RIVPACS III+. These models incorporate:

• A full revision of the taxonomic framework of RIVPACS to bring the taxonomy up-to-date and enable compatiability across the revised Miatland, Furse code and National Biodiversity Network taxon coding systems used across the UK Agencies and beyond

• Predictions that fully satisfy the WFD definition of 'reference condition' by adjusting predictions for certain stream types and by removal of sites that were not in reference condition when sampled

• Allocation of actual abundance values to family level records in the RIVPACS reference data set. Lack of actual abundance data, especially at family level, has affected all versions of RIVPACS and has constrained the types of biotic indices that RIVPACS can predict

• Extension to the suite of biotic indices so that the new system can predict a wider range of reference state "expected" index values. This enables full WFD quality reporting capabilities as well as providing the system with the general functionality to predict a much wider range of indices e.g. intercalibration indices (e.g. ICMi), stress-specific indices, and ecological and functional trait indices

• Extension of the uncertainty/errors module to estimate and assess uncertainty in (i) assignment to status class and (ii) comparison of samples for temporal change in quality and status. This needs to be done for a wider range of biotic indices (including those incorporating abundance data)

These new RIVPACS IV models can be used by the UK Agencies across Great Britain and Northern Ireland in their WFD compliance monitoring. All of the algorithms, variables and data necessary to build these models have been provided to SEPA for programming into a new River Invertebrate Classification Tool that will be disseminated made free of charge to all interested users


Faced with sea level rise and the intensification of extreme events, human populations living on the coasts are developing responses to address local situations. A synthesis of the literature on responses to coastal adaptation allows us to highlight different adaptation strategies. Here, we analyze these strategies according to the complexity of their implementation, both institutionally and technically. First, we distinguish two opposing paradigms – fighting against rising sea levels or adapting to new climatic conditions; and second, we observe the level of integrated management of the strategies. This typology allows a distinction between four archetypes with the most commonly associated governance modalities for each. We then underline the need for hybrid approaches and adaptation trajectories over time to take into account local socio-cultural, geographical, and climatic conditions as well as to integrate stakeholders in the design and implementation of responses. We show that dynamic and participatory policies can foster collective learning processes and enable the evolution of social values and behaviors. Finally, adaptation policies rely on knowledge and participatory engagement, multi-scalar governance, policy monitoring, and territorial solidarity. These conditions are especially relevant for densely populated areas that will be confronted with sea level rise, thus for coastal cities in particular.


The contribution of Italian art, especially Venetian, was decisive to the secularisation of art in the Ionian Islands and the shaping of the so-called Ionian School, in the context of a broader Western influence affecting all aspects of life and culture, especially on the islands of Zakynthos and Corfu. Italian influences, mainly of Renaissance, Mannerism and Baroque art, can be identified both on the iconographic and the stylistic level of artworks, with theoretical support. This article explores facets of the dialogue of secular painting in the Ionian with Italian art in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, focussing on works and artists that highlight significant aspects of this multilayered phenomenon and also through secondary channels that expand the horizon of analysis. Procession paintings, with their various connotations, and portraiture, which flourished in secular Ionian art, offer the most interesting material as regards the selection, reception and management of Italian models and points of reference.


Nothing can be more disquieting than a letter from your state board of accountancy saying that a client has filed a complaint against your firm regarding an engagement. Managing partners who receive such a notice immediately want to know what to do. Should they call the state board Official, call the client, review the engagement working papers or close up shop and call a travel agent? While it is hoped that you never receive such a letter, some practitioners will be forced to deal with just such a set of circumstances. Today's external quality control environment consists primarily of a proactive approach through peer review and specific engagement reviews of government audits. However, state boards also play a crucial, though often-overlooked, role in peer review. This article provides some background on the state boards' investigative function and outlines a course of action you should take to minimize the time and concern associated with state board investigations. BOARDS AS INVESTIGATORS Most CPAs are familiar with the state boards' responsibilities for continuing professional education reporting, CPA examination administration and the issuance of certificates and licenses; however, relatively few have experience with the state board as an investigative and judicial body. State boards are responsible for overseeing the accounting profession in the public interest within their states. Part of that responsibility is investigating complaints from the public regarding CPA performance and behavior. The standards used to measure performance or behavior come from the provisions of the state accountancy act as well as from rules and regulations adopted by the state board as allowed under the state act. Performance measures are quite similar from state to state because most state legislatures relied heavily on the Model Accountancy Act when they developed their own accountancy acts. Complaints against CPAs can come from a variety of sources, including clients; third parties such as federal, state and local governments; and other CPAs, especially successor accountants and auditors. Complaints can address many issues of a technical (accounting, auditing or tax), ethical (independence, proper professional behavior) or legal (violations of state or federal laws) nature. The state board must investigate each complaint to assess its merit and, if necessary, determine the appropriate corrective action. Actions taken by state boards include requiring practitioners to take specific CPE courses to correct an apparent deficiency, directing CPAs to cease and desist certain behaviors and requiring CPAs to submit to some form of practice monitoring such as preissuance report reviews. On the more drastic side, state boards can either suspend or terminate an individual's or firm's license to practice or an individual's CPA certificate. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION Before a state board requests more information, a complaint is reviewed for merit by a board-appointed investigator or technical consultant. If the investigator finds possible violations of the state accountancy act or board rules and regulations or is uncertain because of the lack of complete information provided by the complainant, the investigator will write or telephone you. The initial contact is crucial because it will set the tone for the relationship between you and the investigator for the duration of the investigation. You can choose to be cooperative, which not only eases the tension involved in the situation but also speeds up an investigation. The state board's consideration of any penalties for your firm is likely to reflect the level of your cooperation. On the other hand, you can chose to be defensive or confrontational, attitudes that may decrease the chances the investigation will be resolved quickly and with minimal pain. COMPLETING THE INVESTIGATION Following a response to a board's letter, the investigator attempts to resolve the complaint. …


We consider a problem stemming from recent models of phase transitions in stimulus‐responsive hydrogels, wherein a sharp interface separates swelled and collapsed phases. Extended finite element methods that approximate the local solution with an enriched basis such that the mesh need not explicitly 'fit' the interface geometry are emphasized. Attention is focused on the weak enforcement of the normal configurational force balance and various options for evaluating the jump in the normal component of the solute flux at the interface. We show that as the reciprocal interfacial mobility vanishes, it plays the role of a penalty parameter enforcing a pure Dirichlet constraint, eventually triggering oscillations in the interfacial velocity. We also examine alternative formulations employing a Lagrange multiplier to enforce this constraint. It is shown that the most convenient choice of basis for the Lagrange multiplier results in oscillations in the multiplier field and a decrease in accuracy and rate of convergence in local error norms, suggesting a lack of stability in the discrete formulation. Under such conditions, neither the direct evaluation of the gradient of the approximation at the phase interface nor the interpretation of the Lagrange multiplier field provide a robust means to obtain the jump in the normal component of solute flux. Fortunately, the adaptation and use of local, domain‐integral methodologies considerably improves the flux evaluations. Several example problems are presented to compare and contrast the various techniques and methods. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In last summer's debate over immigration reform, Congress treated a national electronic employment eligibility verification (EEV) system as a matter of near consensus. Intended to strengthen internal enforcement of the immigration laws, electronic EEV is an Internet-based employee vetting system that the federal government would require every employer to use.Broad immigration reform failed before Congress thoroughly considered national EEV, but the lines of debate have been drawn. Advocates in Congress will try to attach a nationwide worker registration system to any immigration bill Congress considers, and the Bush administration recently announced steps to promote such a system.A mandatory national EEV system would have substantial costs yet still fail to prevent illegal immigration. It would deny a sizable percentage of law-abiding American citizens the ability to work legally. Deemed ineligible by a database, millions each year would go pleading to the Department of Homeland Security and the Social Security Administration for the right to work. By increasing the value of committing identity fraud, EEV would cause that crime's rates to rise.Creating an accurate EEV system would require a national identification (ID) system, costing about $20 billion to create and hundreds of millions more per year to operate. Even if it were free, the country should reject a national ID system. It would cause law-abiding American citizens to lose more of their privacy as government records about them grew and were converted to untold new purposes. "Mission creep" all but guarantees that the federal government would use an EEV system to extend federal regulatory control over Americans' lives even further.


This thesis has as an objective to explore the uses of implied methodologies in the area of Mathematical Finance. The existing literature broadly separates the ways that implied methodologies can be exploited in to two different categories; for purposes of recovery of the market sentiment and for consistent pricing of exotic and derivatives. I explore and exploit the first use by examining the possibility of using an implied distribution of a mixture of two lognormal distributions in order to predict the macroeconomic event of the sterling pound's exit from the ERM in 1992. Market evidence presented, indicate that the market was indeed expecting a sterling devaluation a few days prior to the exit. Furthermore, the two component lognormal mixtures distribution is proven to be a powerful tool for assessing the market sentiment, especially when there are two possible scenarios for the future movement of the underlying asset. Subsequently, I am using a jump diffusion stochastic process with a Bernoulli distributed jump component, the parameters of which are implicitly derived from observed option prices, for the pricing of exotic options. Closed form valuation expressions are provided within this generalised approach for Asian and Basket options. Furthermore, analytical formulae for the hedging parameters of those exotic products are derived. Monte Carlo simulation confirms the validity of all the results presented in this thesis.


We propose a Bayesian approach for predicting the number of failures in a piece of software, using the logarithmic-Poisson model, a nonhomogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) commonly used for describing software failures. A similar approach can be applied to other forms of the NHPP. The key feature of the approach is that now we are able to use, in a formal manner, expert knowledge on software testing, as for example, published information on the empirical experiences of other researchers. This is accomplished by treating such information as expert opinion in the construction of a likelihood function which leads us to a joint distribution. The procedure is computationally intensive, but for the case of the logarithmic-Poisson model has been codified for use on a personal computer. We illustrate the working of the approach via some real live data on software testing. The aim is not to propose another model for software reliability assessment. Rather, we present a methodology that can be invoked with existing software reliability models. >


Given the breadth of the design and technology curriculum enterprise, designing a broad-ranging foundation course for design and technology teacher education students is problematic. Matters of content, process, pedagogy, educational theory and curriculum politics all have their needs to be met and understood. This paper describes how debates have been used to articulate these kinds of needs in meaningful ways for the students. The debates are not simply an 'activity' that fills the assessment menu. They are shown to be, at once, interweaver of multiple issues and questions, modeller of critiquing-designing-making activity, and developer of intricacy for holistic design and technology education. The paper explains the significance of the context in which the students and course operate and it presents the associated pedagogical rationale. In recognising that discomfort, as a component of critical thinking, is both valid and positive, it seeks to show how this use of debating contributes to a meaningful educational journey for the students.


By the end of World War II, strategists in Washington and London looked ahead to a new era in which the United States shouldered global responsibilities and Britain concentrated its regional interests more narrowly. The two powers also viewed the Muslim world through very different lenses. Mapping the End of Empire" reveals how Anglo-American perceptions of geography shaped postcolonial futures from the Middle East to South Asia.Aiyaz Husain shows that American and British postwar strategy drew on popular notions of geography as well as academic and military knowledge. Once codified in maps and memoranda, these perspectives became foundations of foreign policy. In South Asia, American officials envisioned an independent Pakistan blocking Soviet influence, an objective that outweighed other considerations in the contested Kashmir region. Shoring up Pakistan meshed perfectly with British hopes for a quiescent Indian subcontinent once partition became inevitable. But serious differences with Britain arose over America's support for the new state of Israel. Viewing the Mediterranean as a European lake of sorts, U.S. officials--even in parts of the State Department--linked Palestine with Europe, deeming it a perfectly logical destination for Jewish refugees. But British strategists feared that the installation of a Jewish state in Palestine could incite Muslim ire from one corner of the Islamic world to the other.As Husain makes clear, these perspectives also influenced the Dumbarton Oaks Conference and blueprints for the UN Security Council and shaped French and Dutch colonial fortunes in the Levant and the East Indies.


Satellite optical-infrared remote sensing from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) provides effective air temperature (Ta) retrieval at a spatial resolution of 5 km. However, frequent cloud cover can result in substantial signal loss and remote sensing retrieval error in MODIS Ta. We presented a simple pixel-wise empirical regression method combining synergistic information from MODIS Ta and 37 GHz frequency brightness temperature (Tb) retrievals from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) for estimating surface level Ta under both clear and cloudy sky conditions in the United States for 2006. The instantaneous Ta retrievals showed favorable agreement with in situ air temperature records from 40 AmeriFlux tower sites; mean R2 correspondence was 86.5 and 82.7 percent, while root mean square errors (RMSE) for the Ta retrievals were 4.58 K and 4.99 K for clear and cloudy sky conditions, respectively. Daily mean Ta was estimated using the instantaneous Ta retrievals from day/night overpasses, and showed favorable agreement with local tower measurements (R2 = 0.88; RMSE = 3.48 K). The results of this study indicate that the combination of MODIS and AMSR-E sensor data can produce Ta retrievals with reasonable accuracy and relatively fine spatial resolution (~5 km) for clear and cloudy sky conditions.


In the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, California agriculture underwent a fundamental transformation as the state's farmers shifted from the production of wheat to a rich variety of tree, vine, and row crops. This transformation required a wholesale shift in the production processes, with new farming practices, new labor systems, and new marketing structures. But success also required new legal, scientific, and institutional structures to overcome the serious threat that diseases and pests posed to the state's new intensive fruit and nut culture. This paper examines a number of case studies, showing how specific pests and diseases nearly destroyed commercial production of grapes, and several tree crops and how farmers responded to these threats. One response was to demand government help to overcome the free rider problem and other sources of market failure. The result was to strengthen the scientific infrastructure within the University of California and the USDA and to enact quarantine legislation to limit the free movement of plants and fruit. We argue that these instances the private and social returns to collective actions far exceeded the costs.


There are two natural and well-studied approaches to temporal ontology and reasoning: point-based and interval-based. Usually, interval-based temporal reasoning deals with points as a particular case of duration-less intervals. A recent result by Balbiani, Goranko, and Sciavicco presented an explicit two-sorted point-interval temporal framework in which time instants (points) and time periods (intervals) are considered on a par, allowing the perspective to shift between these within the formal discourse. We consider here two-sorted first-order languages based on the same principle, and therefore including relations, as first studied by Reich, among others, between points, between intervals, and inter-sort. We give complete classifications of its sub-languages in terms of relative expressive power, thus determining how many, and which, are the intrinsically different extensions of two-sorted first-order logic with one or more such relations. This approach roots out the classical problem of whether or not points should be included in a interval-based semantics. In this Part II, we deal with the cases of all dense and the case of all unbounded linearly ordered sets.


AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To explore the effects of introducing a telemonitoring and care planning system for urinary continence assessment in a nursing home and adherence by care staff to urinary continence care plans.

BACKGROUND
Only a few studies have explored the effect of introducing telemonitoring system on urinary continence care, none for older people in nursing homes.

DESIGN
Pre- and postintervention repeated measures design.

METHODS
Data for the study were collected from August-October 2011. Care staff were trained in the use of a telemonitoring system for continence assessment. Voiding events for each older person were recorded using the system during a 72-hour urinary continence assessment, and the data were used to prepare an individualised care plan. After two weeks of using the new care plan, a second assessment was carried out for each older person, using the telemonitoring system.

RESULTS
The participants were on average 81 years old and assessed as having high care needs. The statistically significant outcomes were as follows: reduced volume of urine voided into continence aids, reduced number of prescribed toileting visits, increased number of actual toilet visits, increased number of successful toileting events and increased adherence to urinary continence care plans by staff.

CONCLUSIONS
During a 12-week trial, urinary continence assessment and management of older people were improved. This suggests that the introduction of a suitably designed telemonitoring system combined with staff training can improve urinary continence care.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
The results suggest that nursing homes can improve continence assessment and management practices by adopting an appropriately designed mobile, wireless telemonitoring system for continence assessment and providing the associated staff training programmes.


Summary   The aerodynamic drag and side force of five different wheels are evaluated by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The wheels are identical with the exception of the depth of the rim, which varies from 20 to 100 mm (Figure 1a).   Introduction   Aerodynamic drag is responsible for about 90 % of the total resistance of a cyclist travelling at racing speeds (Kyle & Burke, 1984). The bike contribution to the total drag ranges from 28% to 36% of the total drag depending on his or her position (Defraeye et al., 2010a). Earlier research has shown that the wheels' contribution to the total drag is within 10% i€ 15% and that an overall reduction in aerodynamic drag of 2-3% is possible solely by optimizing the wheels (Greenwell et al. 1995).   Therefore, a correct selection of the wheel can make a difference in the final result of a cycling race. In this paper the aerodynamics of spoked wheels as the most commonly used wheels in cycling races are investigated. The aerodynamic performances of spoked wheels are mainly affected by three factors: i) spoke count; ii) spoke shape and iii) rim depth. The first two parameters are kept fixed in this study while the rim depth is varied in order to better understand its effect on the aerodynamic forces generated on the wheel. To do so, an elliptical rim shape is adopted for all wheels.   Methods 3D steady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) CFD simulations are performed to investigate the aerodynamic forces acting on five wheels with different rim depth at different yaw angles. The evaluation is based on validation with wind-tunnel measurements of Zipp Speed Weaponry, Indiana, USA, as presented in Godo et al., 2010.   The wheel considered for the validation study is the Zipp 404. Detailed characteristics of the wheel are provided in Godo et al. (2010). Subsequently, five wheels are created with elliptical rim shape of different depth.   The fluid domain is split in three regions. The first zone is built around the hub, the spokes and the internal part of the rim, and is later modelled as a moving reference frame (Figure 1b). The second zone is built externally to the wheel and has a cylindrical shape, which can be rotated to obtain different yaw angles for the wheel. The third zone is a parallelepiped representing the far-field domain.   The wheels are first drawn using the Computer-Aided Design (CAD) program PTC-Creo. The computational grid is then built using ANSYS/Fluent Meshing (Figure 1c). The volume grids consist of prismatic cells in the boundary layer region near the wheel and the ground while tetrahedral cells are employed nearby the wheel. Moreover, hexahedral cells are used in the far-field. The rotation of the wheel is imposed using a moving reference frame in the volume zone near the spokes. In the rest of the wheel, a rotational moving wall boundary condition is applied. The wheel-ground contact is modelled extruding the wheel's footprint for 7mm. The k-I‰ SST turbulence model is used. Note that the good performance of this turbulence model for cyclist aerodynamics has been shown in several occasions in the past, e.g. Defraeye et al., 2010b. Results Earlier research results (Godo et al. 2010), have shown that for spoked wheels a decrease occurs in the drag coefficient, C D , when the yaw angle is increased up to 10 degrees. For larger yaw angles, C D increases. The expected effect of increasing the rim depth is to decrease the aerodynamic drag of the wheel, but an increase of the side force for large yaw angles is also expect. Â


The parallel lives of two compelling and competitive artists and their recurrent engagements with desire and mortality. Matisse and Picasso achieved extraordinary prominence during their lifetimes. They have become cultural icons, standing not only for different kinds of art but also for different ways of living. Matisse, known for his restraint and intense sense of privacy, for his decorum and discretion, created an art that transcended daily life and conveyed a sensuality that inhabited an abstract and ethereal realm of being. In contrast, Picasso became the exemplar of intense emotionality, of theatricality, of art as a kind of autobiographical confession that was often charged with violence and explosive eroticism. In Matisse and Picasso , Jack Flam explores the compelling, competitive, parallel lives of these two artists and their very different attitudes toward the idea of artistic greatness, toward the women they loved, and ultimately toward their confrontations with death.


Data from LANDSAT images, published geologic and geophysical reports, and field observations are used to document eight major transverse boundaries that divide the northern Andes into segments about 125 km long. Most of the segment boundaries have no apparent relation to structure on the Nazca plate being subducted, and may instead represent fundamental and long-lasting structures of the continent. Subduction of the Carnegie Ridge results in increased uplift of the Andes, widespread and chemically diverse volcanism, and major faulting and seismicity. Subduction of a highly fractured zone in southern Ecuador has led to the formation of a separate platelet with a distinct orientation and to a notable change in volcanic style—from andesitic stratovolcanoes to rhyolitic ash-flow sheets. Recognition of the segmented structure of the northern Andes provides a framework for interpreting details of the regional geology and illustrates that not all segment boundaries are related to Subduction.


Abstract Background. Compulsory admission procedures of patients with mental disorders vary between countries in Europe. The Ethics Committee of the European Psychiatric Association (EPA) launched a survey on involuntary admission procedures of patients with mental disorders in 40 countries to gather information from all National Psychiatric Associations that are members of the EPA to develop recommendations for improving involuntary admission processes and promote voluntary care. Methods. The survey focused on legislation of involuntary admissions and key actors involved in the admission procedure as well as most common reasons for involuntary admissions. Results. We analyzed the survey categorical data in themes, which highlight that both medical and legal actors are involved in involuntary admission procedures. Conclusions. We conclude that legal reasons for compulsory admission should be reworded in order to remove stigmatization of the patient, that raising awareness about involuntary admission procedures and patient rights with both patients and family advocacy groups is paramount, that communication about procedures should be widely available in lay-language for the general population, and that training sessions and guidance should be available for legal and medical practitioners. Finally, people working in the field need to be constantly aware about the ethical challenges surrounding compulsory admissions.