This paper presents a software pipelining algorithm for the automatic extraction of fine-grain parallelism in general loops. The algorithm accounts for machine resource constraints in a way that smoothly integrates the management of resource constraints with software pipelining. Furthermore, generality in the software pipelining algorithm is not sacrificed to handle resource constraints, and scheduling choices are made with truly global information. Proofs of correctness and the results of experiments with an implementation are also presented.


Electronic health records are widely regarded as the 'connective tissue' of any modern healthcare system. For some they represent a 'dangerous enthusiasm' and for others a key enabler of 'disruptive innovation'. Many governments have made major policy and financial investments in digitalizing health records but their implementation has frequently run into opposition from doctors, had lukewarm responses from patients, and raised considerable concerns for privacy advocates and others worried by the security of sensitive health data and the risks of national data-bases.

This book draws upon the concept of 'orders of worth' to reveal the moral dimensions of the medical division of labour and to delve deeper into understanding why electronic records have been so difficult to implement and the sources of opposition to them. The authors argue that digitalization disrupts the moral orders which define rights and responsibilities for the sharing and exchanging of patient medical data. This is illustrated through longitudinal studies of two of the most controversial attempts to introduce national systems - a patient controlled electronic record in Australia and a national summary care record that was part of the ill-fated NHS national program for IT in England. The authors conclude by using the lessons from these national experiences and insights from two regional projects in each country to suggest how the idea of electronic records might be re-thought. It is a must read for anyone concerned about health information and the implications of how it is shared and exchanged in a digital world.


Fault zones, hosted in fractured carbonate reservoirs, can behave as either high porosity and permeability conduits, favoring the migration of fluids; or, conversely, as low porosity and permeability barriers, retarding fluid flow, due to the presence of fine-grained fault gouges (Agosta and Aydin, 2006, Agosta and Kirschner, 2003). Due to these reasons, fault zones can have great economical importance for the hydrocarbon industry. Furthermore, within fault zones, the cyclic accumulation and sudden release of trapped, high pressure fluids can trigger earthquakes and aftershocks (Miller et al. 2004).

In this project, we referred to the classical fault zone architecture models defined by Sibson (1977) and Chester et al. (1993), in which faults are built up of a fault core (where most of the displacement is localised), a damage zone (containing fractured host rocks) and the protolith (the unfractured host rock). Faults, with displacements ranging from cm- to km-scale have been studied within two study areas, Flamborough Head, UK and the Gubbio fault in the Northern Apennines, Italy. Flamborough Head is a peninsula in East Yorkshire, which represents analogues for hydrocarbon rich, fractured North Sea chalk reservoirs; whereas the Gubbio fault is a regional scale, seismically active normal fault, characterized by complex fault zone architectures, cutting through different types of carbonates.

At both study areas, field-based, outcrop-scale structural observations were completed in order to explore the internal architecture and infer the fluid transmissibility of the fault zones. Additionally, microscale structural observations were made using representative thin sections, collected from the different fault zone domains of the studied fault zones. Qualitative structural observations were complemented with quantitative analyses to study the variation of fracture and vein density and connectivity patterns across the fault zones, which were later used as a proxy for fluid transmissibility. These analyses included established 1D (transects) and 2D (image analysis) methods and a newly developed workflow for the modelling of fracture networks in 3D, based on LiDAR data. 3D modelling of fracture networks was developed using different fracture height/length aspect ratios. The quantitative comparison of different aspect ratio 3D models with established 1D and 2D results, by using misfit graphs, enabled to validate the different 3D models and to estimate the mean aspect ratio of fractures within the fault zones. Qualitative and quantitative results were integrated in conceptual fault zone architecture and fluid flow models.

At Flamborough Head small (cm-scale) and larger (up to 20 m) displacement normal faults were studied in two different types of chalks: one characterized by cm-scale interlayered marl horizons and another one, absent of it. Within the marl-free host rock, in the fault zones of both the small and the large displacement faults, fluid assisted deformation features, such as veins, are often observed. On the contrary, in marl-rich units, fluid assisted deformation features are absent, while fractures filled with intruded marl from the interlayered horizons are common. This suggests that the occurrence of fluid flow in this lithology is primarily controlled by the protolith.

1D quantitative analysis at Flamborough Head showed that, as also predicted by classical fault zone models, vein density progressively increases in the damage zones of faults moving from the protolith towards the fault core. 2D quantitative analysis showed that fracture connectivity remains as low as background values in the outer parts of the damage zones, whereas it increases rapidly in the inner parts. By comparing the fracture density and connectivity patterns measured from different aspect ratio 3D models with results measured from 1D and 2D analyses showed that the most realistic model is the 1/5 fracture aspect ratio one.

The Gubbio fault cuts through a carbonatic multilayer containing carbonates with different marl content. In the Marne a Fucoidi formation marl is homogenously distributed, while in the overlying Scaglia Group marl is absent. Within the damage zone, hosted in the Marne a Fucoidi formation, fluid assisted deformation features are rare and are only present in the damage zones of subsidiary faults that entirely cut through the formation, linking the under and overlying marl free carbonates. On the contrary, within the damage zone, hosted in the Scaglia Group, fluid assisted deformation features are common, especially close to the fault core of the Gubbio fault and in the damage zone of subsidiary faults. Similarly to Flamborough Head, this suggests that the occurrence of fluid flow is primarily controlled by the nature of the protolith.

As predicted by classical fault zone models, 1D quantitative analysis across the Gubbio fault showed that vein density increases in the damage zone moving from the protolith towards the fault core. Similarly to results from Flamborough Head, 2D quantitative analysis showed that fracture connectivity is low in the outer parts of the damage zones, but increases rapidly within the inner parts, and the comparison of 3D models with 1D and 2D results showed that the most realistic model is the 1/5 aspect ratio one.

The conceptual fluid flow models, built for the study areas, highlights: a) the importance of different marl content host rocks controlling the initiation of fluid flow; b) the development of smaller and larger displacement normal faults and the effects of their displacements on fluid transmissibility; c) the effects of fault damage zones, positioned in an overlapping geometry, resulting in the development high and low fracture connectivity subdomains and fracture corridors; d) the differences in the relative variation of fracture/vein density and connectivity throughout the damage zone compared to background values; e) the fluid transmissibility of the different fault rocks, located within different subdomains of the fault core and f) the anisotropy of fluid transmissibility in the fault core.


Methadone is increasingly involved in drug overdose cases and the molecular actions of the drug in vivo are largely unknown requiring elucidation. This study set out to examine the relationship between methadone toxicity and CYP2B6 and mu (μ) opioid receptor (OPRM1) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Using SNP genotyping, the association between OPRM1 A118G and CYP2B6 T750C, G516T, and A785G variations and post-mortem methadone concentrations were investigated. The allele frequencies of OPRM1 and CYP2B6 variants were then studied in a control population of live non-methadone using subjects, to determine the prevalence and distribution of specific variations in post-mortem and living subjects. Further in vitro study was conducted to assist in interpreting the association between OPRM1 and CYP2B6 variations and individual susceptibility to methadone. Cloning strategies were designed for the studies of promoter activities affected by the T750C promoter SNP on CYP2B6 expression, and the role of the OPRM1 A118G variation for receptor internalisation following methadone treatment was investigated. A significant association was identified between high post-mortem methadone concentrations and G561T and A785G (CYP2B6*6) variations reflecting poor methadone metabolism. Furthermore, the OPRM1 A118G SNP significantly correlated with higher post-mortem methadone concentrations and the in vitro analysis of A118G indicated that this could be due to a reduction in receptor internalisation in 118 AG subjects. The findings from the research contribute to pre-determining, in part, individual susceptibility to methadone accumulation and toxicity. Specific screening to identify CYP2B6*6 and OPRM1 A118G carriers prior to addiction treatment could therefore be valuable as part of a cost-effective risk management strategy. Furthermore, CYP2B6*6 and A118G could be used to interpret toxicology results identifying subjects with poor metabolism.


Drawing on data from the Eurosystem's recent Securities Holdings Statistics (SHS) and the IMF's Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey (CPIS), the paper provides a detailed breakdown of foreign holders of Italian government securities by sector and geographical area. We estimate that euro-area investors held more than 60 per cent of the Italian general government securities held by non-residents at the end of 2015; the sector in the euro area holding the largest share was 'other financial intermediaries' (predominantly non-money market funds), followed by banks and the insurance industry and pension funds. We also show that foreign demand for Italian government debt was mainly driven by euro-area countries in 2014, while in 2015 it mostly reflected purchases made by investors outside the euro area.


During the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, some reports of data still emerging and in need of full analysis indicate that certain groups of patients are at risk of COVID-19. This includes patients with hypertension, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and clearly the elderly. Many of those patients are treated with renin-angiotensin system blockers. Because the ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) protein is the receptor that facilitates coronavirus entry into cells, the notion has been popularized that treatment with renin-angiotensin system blockers might increase the risk of developing a severe and fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection. The present article discusses this concept. ACE2 in its full-length form is a membrane-bound enzyme, whereas its shorter (soluble) form circulates in blood at very low levels. As a mono-carboxypeptidase, ACE2 contributes to the degradation of several substrates including angiotensins I and II. ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors do not inhibit ACE2 because ACE and ACE2 are different enzymes. Although angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers have been shown to upregulate ACE2 in experimental animals, the evidence is not always consistent and differs among the diverse angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers and differing organs. Moreover, there are no data to support the notion that ACE inhibitor or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker administration facilitates coronavirus entry by increasing ACE2 expression in either animals or humans. Indeed, animal data support elevated ACE2 expression as conferring potential protective pulmonary and cardiovascular effects. In summary, based on the currently available evidence, treatment with renin-angiotensin system blockers should not be discontinued because of concerns with coronavirus infection.


Numerical simulation of boiling heat transfer for subcooled water flowing in a small-diameter tube was conducted using the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, PHOENICS ver. 2013. A small-diameter tube (d = 1.0–2.0 mm) was modeled in the simulation. A uniform heat flux with an exponential function was given at the inner tube wall as the boundary conditions. The inner wall boundary condition was set to a non-slip. The inlet temperature ranged from 302 to 312 K. The flow velocities of d = 1.0 mm and d = 2.0 mm are 9.29 m/s and 2.34 m/s, respectively. The transient analysis was carried out from the non-boiling region since the heat flux increased with time in the author's experiments. The governing equations including the energy equation were discretized using the finite volume method in the PHOENICS code. The SIMPLE method was applied for the numerical simulation. For modeling boiling phenomena in the tube, the Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model was adopted using the interphase slip algorithm of PHOENICS code. In the experiment, a platinum tube was used as the experimental tube (d = 1.0–2.0 mm) to conduct joule heating by direct current. The distilled and deionized water was pressured by the pressurizer. The heat generation rate of the tube was controlled with the exponential function to obtain the transient heat transfer characteristics from the non-boiling region. The surface superheat increased as the heat flux increased in the experiment. The numerical simulation predicted the experimental data well. When the heat flux of the experiment was reached to the CHF point, the predicted value of heat transfer coefficient was approximately 3.5 % lower than that of the experiment.


An integrated participatory approach based on Bayesian belief network (BBN) and evolutionary multiobjective optimization is proposed as an efficient decision‐making tool in complex management problems. The proposed methodology incorporates all the available evidence and conflicting objectives to evaluate implications of alternative actions in the decision‐making process and suggests best decision pathways under uncertainty. A BBN provides a framework within which the contributions of stakeholders can be taken into account. It allows a range of different factors and their probabilistic relationship to be considered simultaneously. It takes into account uncertainty by assigning probability to those variables whose states are not certain. The integration of BBN with evolutionary multiobjective optimization allows the analysis of tradeoff between different objectives and incorporation and acknowledgement of a broader set of decision goals into the search and decision‐making process. The proposed methodology can be used as a decision support tool to model decision‐making processes for complex problems. It deals with uncertainties in decision making pertaining to human behavior and checks for consistency of the developed BBN structure and the parameters of the probabilistic relationship by uncovering discrepancies in the decision analysis process (e.g., bias in completeness or redundancy of the model based on a utility function). It generates a set of efficient management options (appropriate combinations of interventions) that balances conflicting objectives. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is discussed through application to a real case study. It is shown that it successfully identifies any inconsistencies in the developed BBN models and generates large numbers of management options that achieve an optimal tradeoff between different objectives. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2012; 8: 456–461. © SETAC


Received 17 May 2006; revised manuscript received 13 July 2006; published 19 October 2006 Understanding the detailed electronic structure of deep defect states in narrow band-gap semiconductors has been a challenging problem. Recently, self-consistent ab initio calculations within density functional theory using supercell models have been successful in tackling this problem. In this paper, we carry out such calculations in PbTe, a well-known narrow band-gap semiconductor, for a large class of defects: cationic and anionic substitutional impurities of different valence, and cationic and anionic vacancies. For the cationic defects, we study the chemical trends in the position of defect levels by looking at series of compounds RPb2n�1Te2n, where R is vacancy or monovalent, divalent, or trivalent atom. Similarly, for anionic defects, we study compounds MPb2nTe2n�1, where M is vacancy, S, Se or I. We find that the density of states near the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band get significantly modified for most of these defects. This suggests that the transport properties of PbTe in the presence of impurities may not always be interpreted by simple carrier doping from bound impurity states in the gap concepts, confirming such ideas developed from qualitative and semiquantitative arguments.


This book consists of the lectures for a two-semester course on quantum field theory, and as such is presented in a quite informal and personal manner. The course starts with relativistic one-particle systems, and develops the basics of quantum field theory with an analysis of the representations of the Poincare group. Canonical quantization is carried out for scalar, fermion, Abelian and non-Abelian gauge theories. Covariant quantization of gauge theories is also carried out with a detailed description of the BRST symmetry. The Higgs phenomenon and the standard model of electroweak interactions are also developed systematically. Regularization and (BPHZ) renormalization of field theories as well as gauge theories are discussed in detail, leading to a derivation of the renormalization group equation. In addition, two chapters — one on the Dirac quantization of constrained systems and another on discrete symmetries — are included for completeness, although these are not covered in the two-semester course.


This Letter proposes a rapid method for automatic salient object detection inspired by the idea that an image consists of redundant information and novelty fluctuations. We believe object detection can be achieved by removing the nonsalient parts and focusing on the salient object. Considering the relation between the composition of the image and the aim of object detection, we constructed what we believe is a more reliable saliency map to evaluate the image composition. The local energy feature is combined with a simple biologically inspired model (color, intensity, orientation) to strengthen the integrity of the object in the saliency map. We estimated the entropy of the object via the maximum entropy method. Then, we removed pixels of minimal intensity from the original image and compute the entropy of the resulting images, correlating this entropy with the object entropy. Our experimental results show that the algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art methods and is more suitable in real-time applications.


The low-phytate (LP) trait in plant seeds offers important nutritional and environmental benefits for food and feed uses. Mutants with reduced phytate content are commonly produced by chemical mutagenesis, as is the case for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] line CX1834. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for LP in CX1834 have previously been reported, however the genetic basis for this trait has not been identified. In this study, we examined several possible chromosomal map locations for the LP mutation in CX1834. After eliminating the myo-inositol phosphate synthase (MIPS) gene family as the location of the LP mutations based on mapping studies, we focused on candidate genes in regions of known low-phytate QTL on linkage groups (LGs) L and N. Using the soybean whole-genome sequence, we identified genes encoding two putative multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs). The sequence of a segment of the CX1834 MRP gene on LG N was compared with sequences from 16 other soybean lines with normal phytate content. A single nucleotide mutation from A to T, resulting in substitution of a stop codon for an Arg residue, was detected in the MRP gene on LG N of the low phytate line, but not in the normal counterparts. Further comparative sequence analysis of normal and LP progeny from a cross of CX1834 with V99-3337 (normal phytate) also indicated the A to T substitution in LP individuals, suggesting a mutation in an MRP gene as the possible cause of the low-phytate phenotype.


Introduction Reports of sexual harassment are becoming more frequent in Republic of Korea (ROK) Armed Forces. This study aimed to analyse the impact of sexual harassment on mental health among female military personnel of the ROK Armed Forces. Methods Data from the 2014 Military Health Survey were used. Instances of sexual harassment were recorded as 'yes' or 'no'. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to compare Kessler Psychological Distress Scale 10 (K-10) scores. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify associations between sexual harassment and K-10 scores. Results Among 228 female military personnel, 13 (5.7%) individuals experienced sexual harassment. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that sexual harassment had a significantly negative impact on K-10 scores (3.486, p<0.04). Higher K-10 scores among individuals experiencing sexual harassment were identified in the unmarried (including never-married) group (6.761, p<0.04), the short-term military service group (12.014, p<0.03) and the group whose length of service was <2 years (11.067, p<0.02). Conclusions Sexual harassment has a negative impact on mental health. Factors associated with worse mental health scores included service classification and length of service. The results provide helpful information with which to develop measures for minimising the negative psychological effects from sexual harassment and promoting sexual harassment prevention policy.


Background and Aims
Previous research has investigated widely the effects of irrigation application in red winegrape cultivars; however, white grape cultivars have been the subject of a lesser number of field trials. An experiment was undertaken for three seasons in a drip-irrigated, cv. Muscat of Alexandria/161-49C vineyard to define the most sustainable irrigation strategy for white winegrapes in eastern Spain.

Methods and Results
The treatments were as follows: (i) Control, irrigated at 100% of estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc) for the entire season; (ii) sustained deficit irrigation (SDI), irrigated at 50% of Control; (iii) early deficit (ED), where pre-veraison irrigation was withheld, followed by 100% ETc; and (iv) late deficit (LD), irrigated as for the Control until veraison and thereafter at 25% ETc until harvest. Yield in ED and LD was reduced 25 and 15%, respectively, compared with that of Control. Yield under SDI did not differ significantly from that of the Control and was similar to that of the ED and LD treatments. All the deficit irrigation treatments had some carry-over effects because of a significant decrease in shoot fruitfulness and in bunch mass due to smaller berries. The ED treatment, however, led to a greater reduction in berry growth compared with that of LD. Full irrigation increased pruning mass and leaf area mainly due to larger secondary shoots, and besides delayed grape ripening.

Conclusions
The SDI treatment resulted in the greatest water use efficiency, ensuring the high yield potential of the cultivar, providing that a threshold value of water stress integral of 35 MPa day during the periods from anthesis to veraison and from veraison to harvest was not surpassed. In addition, it favoured an improved grape composition, particularly in terms of grape sugar accumulation.

Significance of the Study
Sustained deficit irrigation at 50% of ETc should be applied where water is scarce or expensive, paying attention to possible carry-over effects if water withholding has to be continued for more than three seasons.


In response to staff concerns about literacy and numeracy standards of commencing students, the School of Health Sciences at the University of Notre Dame Australia (UNDA) Fremantle campus worked with academic support staff from the University's Academic Enabling and Support Centre (AESC) to develop a Post Entrance Numeracy Assessment (PENA). The PENA was designed to parallel and complement the University's Post Entrance Literacy Assessment (PELA) and to assess fundamental skills and knowledge in mathematics that should be acquired by years 9 and 10 at secondary school. The explored data highlight that significant numbers of students who embark on a Health Sciences course either had chosen not to study mathematics at year 11 or 12, or if they did choose a maths course, it was at Stage 1 or 2. For those students who studied Stage 1 or Stage 2 mathematics at high school, just 2/49 (4%) met the benchmark score of 65% in the PENA test. More concerning was that none of the 22 commencing students from a Certificate IV entry pathway achieved the benchmark score in the PENA. Therefore recent graduates from high school or colleges of Technical and Further Education (TAFE) display a significant deficiency in basic mathematical skills that is likely to hinder their performance in a Health Sciences course. Furthermore, we found that 21/29 (72%) students who were identified as below the benchmark score in PENA subsequently failed a semester long foundation mathematics unit. The results highlight that many Health Sciences students appear to be unaware of the pervasive nature of mathematical processes within their units and their course of study. A confounding issue regarding student support is that many Health Sciences students are reluctant to voluntarily attend academic support courses.


This thesis explores some of the processes involved in the transformation of a university as it moved from a conventional collegial style of decision-making towards a more corporate one. Much of the mainstream literature in higher education management tends to polarise these styles as ideological opposites and as either good or bad. The themes which arise in this work include the tension which exists between collegial and managerial values, co-evolution of these values through processes of interaction within the organisation and the modulation of these processes by changing power relations. For centuries, universities were administered by academics who reached senior positions following election by their colleagues and who behaved as 'first among equals'. Ideally, the community of scholars made progress following decisions which were reached by consensus. While such processes were appropriate in times when stability, budgetary certainty and the absence of competition prevailed, their shortcomings became increasingly obvious in the past quarter-century when the external environment for universities became progressively more hostile and competitive. Universities responded to the new requirements for accountability, revenue generation and competitive positioning within a market system by reforming their approach to many aspects of the running of their organisations. I argue that in importing a way of thinking which is largely based on cybernetic control systems, inadequate account has been taken of the importance of human interaction in the generation of strategy. While mention is made in the mainstream higher education management literature of the importance of collegial processes in implementing strategy at the academic coalface, and regret is expressed for the 'lost art of conversation', there has been little previously written about the microscopic details of the daily interaction which constitute strategising in universities. My argument is based on a series of reflexive narratives which describe my experience of organisational change and on a study of relevant literature. In addition to mainstream literature on higher education management, I have drawn on the work of Stacey, Griffin and Shaw and their perspective of complex responsive processes of relating as a way of understanding how organisations change. I conclude that collegial and managerial values can only evolve through processes of interaction between participants in university life and that this interaction often will involve tension, anxiety and conflict. I further conclude that the conversations which constitute such interaction can be facilitated by those with the power to do so, to provide real opportunity for the emergence of novelty.


A vision for the successful and valuable progression of both society and environment inNorthern Ireland. LINI requests that the Vision Statement for Sustainable Development in Northern Ireland this is more concisely framed specific to the parameters of sustainable development. LINI advises that environment (the 'natural' land) in the presence of society (man) leads to the creation of our landscape, our lifestyle, and our identity. The identity (quality, value, durability and sustainability) of that lifestyle (and landscape) depends on the manner of integration between environment and society, and for the success of both, it is not possible to consider them in separation. Therefore, LINI suggests that the Vision Statement for the Enabling Strategy must be for the successful and valuable progression of both society and environment in Northern Ireland. LINI advises that to seek for this society to be peaceful, fair and prosperous is actually outwith the remit of an enabling document for sustainable development.The following statement should be forefront: 'We are making a commitment to, and setting anagenda for, an open and participatory environment in which everyone can [we hope 'will']contribute to the achievement of our collective ambitions'[ … for the successful and valuableprogression of both society and environment in Northern Ireland]. That the outcome isSHARED is an important precept.


Abstract Social and environmental impact investing as an activity as well as a concept has grown in recognition on a truly global scale. Yet, apart from anecdotal success stories of some specialized forms such as social-impact bonds, little is known about the field and the complex interplay between agents, instruments and regulations. Neither the rationales of the various participants in the field, nor the evaluation criteria for some of its instruments have been scrutinized in-depth so far. Especially the important constructs of risk and returns from a financial as well as a social impact perspective have so far been used in differing fashions, thus rendering the applied logic constructs incompatible to each other. Compatibility, however, is a pre-requisite for the inclusion of impact investments into the portfolios of traditional institutional investors. Much can be gained from this, not only would a huge inflow of capital improve the social and environmental sector, but early evidence shows that the overall performance of mixed portfolios might profit because the experienced low correlation of impact investments to traditional markets reduces portfolio risk and increases sustainability. In addition, more and more investors demand ESG (environmental, social and governance) criteria to be considered when it comes to building portfolios because of the great opportunities provided.


Emily Dickinson left an enduring literary legacy-nearly 2,000 poems-yet she was so intensely private that her life is sometimes seen as one of solitary devotion to the muse. The portraits, engravings, maps, and other illustrations in The World of Emily Dickinson attest to a much broader life than is commonly thought. Polly Longsworth's graceful introductory essay portrays a young woman of unusual intelligence and wit meeting the world on her own terms, engaging with people, ideas, natural phenomena, and her nineteenth-century culture, while choosing to keep her distance from the public eye. The pictures and captions build on that essay, exploring Dickinson's immediate surroundings, the Dickinson family's active and influential public life, as well as close friends and relatives, the growing town of Amherst, and the intellectual life of the time.


This paper addresses approaches to Human Activity Recognition (HAR) with the aim of monitoring the physical activity of people in the workplace, by means of a smartphone application exploiting the available on-board accelerometer sensor. In fact, HAR via a smartphone or wearable sensor can provide important information regarding the level of daily physical activity, especially in situations where a sedentary behavior usually occurs, like in modern workplace environments. Increased sitting time is significantly associated with severe health diseases, and the workplace is an appropriate intervention setting, due to the sedentary behavior typical of modern jobs. Within this paper, the state-of-the-art components of HAR are analyzed, in order to identify and select the most effective signal filtering and windowing solutions for physical activity monitoring. The classifier development process is based upon three phases; a feature extraction phase, a feature selection phase, and a training phase. In the training phase, a publicly available dataset is used to test among different classifier types and learning methods. A user-friendly Android-based smartphone application with low computational requirements has been developed to run field tests, which allows to easily change the classifier under test, and to collect new datasets ready for use with machine learning APIs. The newly created datasets may include additional information, like the smartphone position, its orientation, and the user's physical characteristics. Using the mobile tool, a classifier based on a decision tree is finally set up and enriched with the introduction of some robustness improvements. The developed approach is capable of classifying six activities, and to distinguish between not active (sitting) and active states, with an accuracy near to 99%. The mobile tool, which is going to be further extended and enriched, will allow for rapid and easy benchmarking of new algorithms based on previously generated data, and on future collected datasets.


A few years ago, out of scholarly as well as pedagogical interest, I happened to be looking through two recent anthologies on the nebulous-sounding subject of "transatlantic literature." I was teaching a new course on transatlanticism and was particularly curious to discover how these texts represented the period that is the focus of this journal and the one to which at least a few of its readers are attached. In both cases, I was struck by the degree to which "the Victorian" – the era, people, frame of mind, even the word itself – was either subsumed within Romanticism or absent. In Transatlantic Romanticism: An Anthology of British, American, and Canadian Literature, 1767–1867, edited by Lance Newman, Joel Pace, and Chris Koenig-Woodyard, the subtitle alone incorporated half of the Victorian era, even while the contents omitted virtually all of the Victorians we would expect to represent that half. That anthology as well as the other, Susan Manning and Andrew Taylor's Transatlantic Literary Studies: A Reader, included glossaries of salient terms for transatlantic inquiry, and while "Enlightenment," "Peterloo," "Romantics," and "sublime" appeared there, "Victorian," not to mention "Great Exhibition," "natural selection," and "utilitarianism," did not.


We develop a deep learning algorithm for contour detection with a fully convolutional encoder-decoder network. Different from previous low-level edge detection, our algorithm focuses on detecting higher-level object contours. Our network is trained end-to-end on PASCAL VOC with refined ground truth from inaccurate polygon annotations, yielding much higher precision in object contour detection than previous methods. We find that the learned model generalizes well to unseen object classes from the same supercategories on MS COCO and can match state-of-the-art edge detection on BSDS500 with fine-tuning. By combining with the multiscale combinatorial grouping algorithm, our method can generate high-quality segmented object proposals, which significantly advance the state-of-the-art on PASCAL VOC (improving average recall from 0.62 to 0.67) with a relatively small amount of candidates (~1660 per image).


At the Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 730 first year students are required to take two half courses in Design and Communications. These courses (ENGG 251 and ENGG 253) are project-based, with students participating in 5 real-world design projects each year. The course capstone project is an eight week design challenge that requires students to collaborate with a social agency on developing solutions to current social issues in Calgary and around the world. The topic of this paper centers on the potential for simultaneous and multiple level learning events by placing design and communication skill development in the social and cultural arena. At the Schulich School of Engineering, the first year design and communication course partners with local and international agencies that welcome the opportunity to benefit from the creative abilities of over 700 students collaborating in 200 teams and to participate in the creation of engineers who are able to see the broad societal and cultural impacts of their work as professional engineers. The design challenges are structured to take advantage of the large class size through project management training and multi-faceted project outcomes. The Capstone project for the 2009/2010 academic year is a collaboration with The MustardSeed (hereafter MS), a non-profit outreach group that runs shelters, food and clothing banks and education and retraining programs for the homeless. The partnership is aimed at assisting the MS's educational division with GED studies and life skills. As many of the clients of the MS have difficulties with focus and with understanding and relating to material, the students' challenge will be to use their engineering knowledge to develop physical or computer-based aids, based around themes that are relevant to the clients, to assist in skill and knowledge development. Over the eight week project, each group of 30 students will select a theme to shape their work, then split into groups of four, with each foursome developing a solution for a) an academic challenge, b) a study skill challenge or c) a life skill challenge. Project Management tools, oral and written communication skills and sketching will be emphasized during this project. The challenge will culminate with an open house, where each of the 24 groups of 30 will present their work to the clients for evaluation. This paper tracks the development of the project, from the initial contact with the organization through the development and refinement of the project and finally through the actual implementation of the project, including a presentation of a selection of the products created by the students. P ge 15244.2


The papers in this special section on emerging multiport electrical machines and systems is to provide an opportunity for researchers and engineers from academia and/or industry, to exchange their enlightening ideas on analysis, design, and control of such new machine breeds, to identify the challenges in practical applications and to present the state-of-the-art solutions. Distinct from the conventional electric machines with only one electrical and one mechanical port, electrical machines featuring multiple electrical/mechanical ports provide a highly efficient, compact, and flexible manner to convert and/or transfer energies among different ports. The additional electrical ports can be used to increase the power rating, enhance the fault-tolerant capability, and control the motion/power flow. The extended mechanical ports are commonly used to decouple the motion, speeds, and/or torque. The multiport feature opens a new era in traditional electric machinery and provides an effective approach to the application-oriented design of new energy conversion systems. Though relatively young, they have experienced rapid developments in terms of available topologies, analysis and design techniques, and control strategies in a wide range of applications, such as electric vehicle/hybrid electric vehicles, high power industrial drives, rail transportation, wind turbine systems, ac–dc microgrids, more electric aircrafts, and so on, during the past decades.


Crying is an attachment behavior that functions to elicit support from others (Nelson, 1998); the context in which the crying occurs is important in understanding whether it is adaptive or maladaptive (Hendriks & Vingerhoets, 2006. However, very little research has examined whether and how attachment style is associated with adult crying, and if this association might vary by an individual's relationship status. Using a sample of 305 first-year college students and a series of hierarchical regressions, we examined the moderating effect of relationship status on the associations between attachment style (measured using the Revised Experiences in Close Relationships Scale; Fraley, Waller, & Brennan, 2000) and crying frequency and tendency. We found that attachment anxiety was positively associated with both crying frequency and tendency, whereas attachment avoidance was negatively associated with crying tendency. However, we found moderation effects only in the case of attachment avoidance; specifically, we found that attachment avoidance was associated with a lower frequency of crying and tendency to cry only for those individuals involved in romantic relationships. Attachment anxiety, on the other hand, was associated with greater crying frequency and tendency regardless of relationship status. These results demonstrate not only that crying may act as an attachment behavior, but also that the activation or deactivation of this particular attachment behavior may be dependent on the existence of a romantic attachment figure.


One hundred sixty-six isolates of Fusarium spp. from domestic cereal grains, feed, and other sources were examined for their ability to produce zearalenone on autoclaved moist rice grains. They belonged to the following species (number of producers/number tested): F. roseum (9/28), F. roseum (Culmorum) (3/4), F. roseum (Gibbosum) (2/5), F. roseum (Avenaceum) (1/2), F. roseum (Scirpi) (0/1), F. tricinctum (1/4), F. tricinctum (Sporotrichiella) (0/7), F. lateritium (1/1), F. episphaeria (0/2), F. moniliforme (0/3), F. oxysporum (0/12), F. rigidiusculum (0/4), F. solani (0/4), F. splendens (0/1), F. nivale (0/2), and Fusarium spp. (15/86). Zearalenone was isolated from molded rice by ethanol extraction and purified by column chromatography. Selected isolates of F. roseum M-3-2 and F. roseum (Gibbosum) A-O-2 produced 50 to 100 mg of zearalenone per kg of rice. Increased yields (250 to 407 mg/kg of rice) were obtained by F. roseum M-3-2 when the substrate was supplemented with 1% peptone.


The amount and distribution of snowfall in the Arctic has significant effects on global climate. However, measurements of snowfall from gauges are strongly biased. A new method is described for reconstructing snowfall from observed snow depth records, meteorological observations, and running the NASA Seasonal‐to‐Interannual Prediction Project Catchment Land Surface Model (NSIPP CLSM) in an inverse mode. This method is developed and tested with observations from Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed. Results show snowfall can be accurately reconstructed on the basis of how much snow must have fallen to produce the observed snow depth. The mean cumulative error (bias) of the reconstructed precipitation for 11 snow seasons is 29 mm snow water equivalent (SWE) for the corrected gauge measurement compared to ‒77 mm SWE for the precipitation from the corrected snow gauges. This means the root‐mean‐square error of reconstructed solid precipitation is 30% less than that of gauge corrections. The intended application of this method is the pan‐Arctic landmass, where estimates of snowfall are highly uncertain but where more than 60 years of historical snow depth and air temperature records exist.


Abstract: An extensive, well-preserved, Late Jurassic (c. 150 Ma) geothermal system at San Agustín farm in the Deseado Massif, Patagonia, Argentina, is described. This deposit, along with others previously known from the same region, partially fills a considerable gap between Cenozoic and scattered Palaeozoic hot spring localities reported worldwide. The San Agustín deposit is novel because it represents a large (1.4 km2) and nearly complete geothermal landscape. Siliceous hot spring facies, both subaerial and subaqueous, are exposed side by side in their original spatial and geological context, set amongst intrusive rhyolite domes and fluviolacustrine sediments. The Jurassic hot springs have preserved an entire local ecosystem containing microbes, arthropods, gastropods and plants exhibiting Lagerstätten-style preservation. Plant preservation, in particular, ranges from decayed litter, to seedling sprouts, and to dense stands in life orientation with intact anatomy. The San Agustín deposit shares some ecological, taphonomic and sedimentological characteristics with modern hot springs. As it formed in a pre-angiosperm world, it is akin to the famous hot spring-related Devonian Rhynie cherts of Scotland. It differs in having excellent exposure, and thus will probably contribute to a better understanding of biosignal preservation in extreme environments in the geological record.


One of the important diseases of tomato plants is grey mold, which is caused by Botrytis cinerea. In this research, the effects of 10 fungicides on mycelial growth and conidia germination of B. cinerea were investigated. Results showed that carbendazim with a median inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 0.1 mg/L had the highest inhibitory effect and bordeaux mixture with an IC50 value of 1096.9 mg/L had the lowest inhibitory effect. Benomyl with an IC50 value of 0.04 mg/L had the most visual effects, after 3 and 7 days, on mycelial growth of B. cinerea. The effect of fungicides on preventing fruit wound development caused by B. cinerea was investigated, too. In benomyl treatment, wound diameter on the fruits was 0.73 mm and in copper oxychloride treatment was 6.16 mm, showing the highest and the lowest effective fungicides in the prevention of wound expansion. Different strains of the fungus were collected from various areas in Isfahan province and the effect of the fungicides on their conidial germination was evaluated. Results revealed that the collected isolates had different susceptibility to the 10 tested fungicides.


As part of a wider attempt to bestow the spirit of scholarly prose upon the research articles' rhetorical structure, academic writers invariably take advantage of quantity metadiscourse markers to avoid prolixity and live up to the implicit and explicit maxims of quantity category as suggested in Gricean CP and similar models.  In order to develop a clear understanding of quantity strategies distribution in academic prose, 120 research articles were selected from among recently published journals in Sciencedirect database. The articles were selected equally from two disciplines in social sciences (SS) including applied linguistics and sociology and two disciplines from natural sciences (NS) including chemistry and medicine. The linguistic realizations of metadiscursive quantity strategies comprised of endophoric markers and collapsers were estimated through a manual analysis of the corpus. The results showed that collapsing is a widespread strategy specifically among NS writers. Differences were found between SS and NS writers in their use of initials, citations and footnotesendnotes. It is argued that collapsing is an inherent property of NS disciplines giving rise to the dense use of such markers. At the end, the implications of the study to teaching and learning writing research articles are discussed.


This is a research in progress. The study reviews four theoretical modes on mobile technology and proposes a unified model to understand consumer attitude, intention, and behavior when using Short Message Service (SMS) in mobile technology. The proposed model includes SMS success factors, consumer beliefs, SMS success measure, and demographic dimensions. By setting the study in an international context (Scharl et al., 2005; Hong and Tam, 2006) and developing survey questionnaires (Scharl et al., 2005) we follow the recommendation of prior researchers. The study context is HIV/AIDS awareness at a university in a low-income country. Seventeen hypotheses are proposed to test the full model. Some of the questionnaire is already developed, the remaining are in the final stages. The pilot test is scheduled for March 2009. Following a baseline study in the pilot we will proceed to conduct the main study and test the full model.


A simple, rapid, and accurate method for determining sugar contents in plant-cell culture media by mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy was developed by using a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer equipped with an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory. We examined the potential of this method by comparison with a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and applied it to the determination of sugar consumption by plant cells. The cultivation was carried out with Nicotiana tabacum cv. Bright Yellow No. 2 cells. We determined that MIR spectroscopy is at least as useful as the HPLC method for the sugar content determination in the culture medium and may be available to monitor the overall cell metabolisms. This study represents an important step in the development of nonintensive on-line monitoring devices for bioreactors and of simple, rapid, and accurate analysis of the cellular metabolism through the composition changes in media.


Background: One of the limitations of laparoscopic solid organ surgeries is making a relatively big incision for specimen extraction. This is often encountered with large tumors and in cases where morcellation of the specimen would distort the tissue architecture hindering pathological examination. This report highlights the use of a natural orifice for specimen extraction to avoid the above mentioned difficulty. Case report: A 34 year old female with Hodgkin's Lymphoma underwent concomitant laparoscopic splenectomy for massive splenomegaly and laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for menometrorrhagia. Given the significant size of the specimen, 17 x 10 x 3.5 cm, there was concern preoperatively about the need to make a significant incision in the abdomen for specimen extraction. After the initial laparoscopic splenectomy through the transabdominal approach, the specimen was placed in an endocatch bag and left in the upper abdomen. Laparoscopic vaginal hysterectomy was then done. Prior to the closing of the vaginal cuff, with persistent gentle manipulation, the spleen was extracted through the vagina without any architectural distortion. The vaginal cuff was then repaired in a routine manner. This avoided a large incision in the abdomen. Estimated blood loss was 150 ml. The spleen weighed 425 grams. Patient recovered well from the surgery. Conclusions: Use of natural orifice for solid tumor extractions may be feasible in selected patients without oncological compromise. Laparoscopic resections for massive splenomegaly, although challenging, can be safely accomplished even in a community setting. Concomitant laparoscopic gynecologic and general surgery procedures can be done with good functional outcomes.


Changes in the properties of an ash layer with time may affect the amount of post-fire runoff, particularly by the formation of ash surface crusts. The formation of depositional crusts by ash have been observed at the pore and plot scales, but the causes and temporal evolution of ash layers and associated crusts have not yet been thoroughly investigated. In the long term, ash crusting effects will decrease as the ash layer is removed by wind and water erosion, but in the short term ash crusting could contribute to the observed changes in post-fire runoff. This research addresses these topics by studying the evolution over time of highly combusted ash layers from two high-severity wildfires that occurred in Montana in 2011. More specifically, this research was designed to assess the potential for ash crusts to form and thereby contribute to the observed decreases in infiltration after forest fires. Results indicate that high-combustion ash can evolve due to post-fire rainfall. Plots that exhibited a visible ash crust also displayed a significant decrease in effective porosity and hydraulic conductivity. These decreases in ash layer characteristics were attributed to raindrop compaction and ash hydration resulting in the formation of carbonate crystals, which decreased effective porosity and flow within the ash layer. During this same time period, inorganic carbon content more than doubled from 11 to 26% and bulk density significantly increased from 0.22 to 0.39gcm–3 on crusted plots. Although raindrop impact increased the robustness of the ash crust, mineralogical transformations must occur to produce a hydrologically relevant ash crust. These results indicate that post-fire rainfall is an important control on the properties of the ash layer after burning and on crust formation. The observed temporal changes indicate that the timing of ash sampling can alter the predictions as to whether the ash layer is effecting post-fire infiltration and runoff. Despite the reduction in infiltration capacity, the formation of post-fire ash crusts could prove beneficial to post-fire hazard mitigation by stabilising the ash layer, and reducing aeolian mixing and erosion.


According to the development of Chinese real estate industry, the two-way dependence relationship between economic growth of real estate industry and financial development in China is studied by the testing methods of co-integration analysis and Granger causality. It is shown that there is co-integration relationship and one-way causation between Chinese real estate industry and financial development. In other words, financial development is the Granger reason of economic growth of Chinese real estate industry. Meanwhile, the economic growth of Chinese real estate industry doesn't have an obvious positive effect on financial development.


Ontologies are in wide-spread use in diverse domains. In life sciences, many large ontologies are used to annotate biomedical entities and perform analysis tasks such as functional profiling or term enrichment. On the web, simple ontologies such as web directories or product catalogs are heavily used for improved content categorization and search. These ontologies are subject to significant reorganizations and other evolutionary changes. There is thus an increasing need to better deal with ontology evolution, in particular to support the automatic detection of evolution mappings and to automate the migration of ontology instances and ontology-based mappings. Another common task is to combine or merge multiple related ontologies. In the talk we present new Match-based approaches to determine a Diff and a Merge between ontologies. The proposed COntoDiff scheme is rule-based and determines compact evolution mapping consisting of expressive change operations. We also point out open challenges for future work.


This study was conducted to determine the effects of management system (a floor housing (FH) versus a free-range housing (FRH) system) and dietary yeast autolysate ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) (1% versus 2% dietary supplement) on the performance, slaughter and carcass characteristics of partridges ( Alectoris chukar ). A total of 480 (240 for each management system) one-day-old male partridge chicks were randomly allocated to a control group and the two dietary groups per production system, each containing 80 chicks. Each dietary group was then divided into five replicate groups of 16 chicks. The study lasted 112 days. In terms of growth performance, partridges reared under FRH management system had a lower average daily live weight gain (ADG), a significantly higher feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control group. However, partridges fed diets with yeast autolysate had a significantly higher ADG, lower FI, and an improved FCR compared to the control group overall. The gizzard, leg, and wing percentages of the partridges reared in the FRH system were found to be significantly higher than those of partridges reared in the FH system, while the breast and abdominal fat percentages were found to be lower. Dietary supplementation with yeast autolysate significantly increased the cold carcass yield and breast percentage when compared to the control group, while wing and abdominal fat percentages were decreased. In general, best performance was observed in the dietary supplementation group of 1% yeast autolysate in terms of growth and carcass parameters. When considering the fact that partridges are gamebirds, that housing poultry in cage production systems has been prohibited in recent years and that there are positive effects associated with using yeast autolysate as a prebiotic, it is recommended that a free-range production system should be used for partridge breeding, with the addition of 1% yeast autolysate to the diet of the birds. Keywords: Carcass attributes, gamebird, growth, housing system


This guide is designed as a starting point for learning about anti-racism and systemic racism. You will find electronic books and streaming video from the Libraries' collection. The guide also links to community-based organizations and non-profit journa


We report on the microfabrication and testing of liquid core waveguides (LCW) using Teflon AF for integration in microfabricated microanalysis systems. Teflon AF has an index of refraction less than that of water allowing it to function as a waveguide when used as a cladding layer surrounding an aqueous core. Straight microchannels (400-/spl mu/m width, 60-/spl mu/m depth) etched into Pyrex and soda-lime glass wafers were coated with Teflon AF and sealed with a Teflon AF coated capping wafer. Aqueous fluorescein solutions with varying concentrations were injected into the channels and were illuminated transversely using an ultraviolet light emitting diode. For studying the waveguide attenuation performance, light was focused to a point on the channel. Fluorescence generated in the channel was used to quantify the light collection and waveguide characteristics. The Teflon coating produces a significant enhancement in the amount of light collected in the channel, allowing light to be collected from the 16-mm length tested. This is compared to a control microchannel in glass (no coating), for which the fluorescence drops to the background level in an illumination-detection separation of <4 mm. For sensitivity performance, the entire channel was illuminated. The lower detection limit for spectroscopically resolved fluorescence was /spl sim/10 nMolar.


The work presented here provides a comprehensive dynamic and aerodynamic helicopter model. The possible applications of this work are wide including, control systems applications, reference and trajectory tracking methods implementation amongst others. The model configuration corresponds to a Sikorsky helicopter; a main rotor in perpendicular combination with a tail rotor. Also, a particular model of unmanned aerial vehicle has been modelled as part of collaboration with the La Laguna University (Spain). The modelling tool is VehicleSim, a program that builds rigid body systems, solves the nonlinear equations of motion and generates the time histories of the corresponding state variables of the vehicle under study. VehicleSim is able to provide the linearised equations of motion in a Matlab file and the symbolic state-space model. This is useful when control systems are to be designed. The main rotor model accounts for flap, lag and feather motions for each blade as well as for their nonlinear dynamic coupling. The tail rotor is modelled including the flap-feather coupling via delta three angle. The main and tail rotors' angular velocities are implemented by PID controllers. Main rotor linear and nonlinear equations are derived and validated by comparison with the theory. Main rotor flap and lag degrees of freedom are validated using frequency domain approaches in the absence of external forces. Also, fuselage-main rotor interaction is studied and validated by using modal analysis and root locus methodology. Vibrations originated at the main rotor are simulated and their effects on the fuselage are examined by a Short Time Fourier transformation. The aerodynamic model uses blade element theory on the main-tail rotors. Hover, climb, descent and forward flight conditions are simulated and they allow the helicopter to follow certain trajectories. Finally, the ensuing vibrations when an external perturbation is applied to the main rotor are investigated.


The investment promotion policies and strategies are currently at the center of attention in Kazakhstan. The government's primary goal is to achieve a favorable investment climate in the country and provide further incentives for an inflow of foreign direct investments into the economy. There is also an important focus on improving the methods of evaluating and selecting investment projects. Many authors have studied the issues of financial and economic evaluation of investment activities. In this article, we examine methods of making investment decisions and develop a specific procedure for selecting investment projects based on decision-making theory. The methods we present make it possible to determine the most effective investment strategy under uncertainty. An algorithm has been developed for selecting the most promising project from a set of projects under uncertainty.


"Malaria, schistosomiasis (bilharzia), and Japanese encephalitis are the major vector-borne diseases whose increase or decrease can be attributed to agricultural water development (see table). Others include dengue fever, yellow fever, and filariasis. Young children in poor communities are particularly affected: malaria is among the top five causes of death among under-fives in Sub-Saharan Africa; schistosomiasis among children affects growth, nutritional status, and cognitive development; and encephalitis occurs mainly in young children... Water development projects bring important benefits locally and globally. Yet it is often assumed that irrigation will bring health benefits to all, regardless of their socioeconomic standing within a community. In reality, the economic and social impacts of irrigation are diverse and widespread, and neither costs nor benefits are evenly distributed among community members. In Sub-Saharan Africa, as elsewhere in the world, there is increasing recognition of the need to reduce the negative impacts of agricultural development on ecosystems and peoples' health. Unless well-targeted interventions are made, the most vulnerable—notably poor children and their mothers—will continue to benefit least from the promise of irrigation and suffer most from the adverse health impacts." From text


Increasing numbers of real-world application domains are generating data that is inherently noisy, incomplete, and probabilistic in nature. Statistical analysis and probabilistic inference, widely used in those domains, often introduce additional layers of uncertainty. Examples include sensor data analysis, data integration and information extraction on the Web, social network analysis, and scientific and biomedical data management. Managing and querying such data requires us to combine the tools and the techniques from a variety of disciplines including databases, first-order logic, and probabilistic reasoning. There has been much work at the intersection of these research areas in recent years. The work on probabilistic databases has made great advances in efficiently executing SQL and inference queries over large-scale uncertain datasets [2, 1]. The research in first-order probabilistic models like probabilistic relational models [5], Markov logic networks [10] etc. (see Getoor and Taskar [6] for a comprehensive overview), and the work on lifted inference [9, 3, 8, 11] has resulted in several techniques for efficiently integrating first-order logic and probabilistic reasoning.
 In this talk, I will present some of the foundations of large-scale probabilistic data management, and the challenges in scaling the representational power and the reasoning capabilities of probabilistic databases. I will use the PrDB probabilistic data management system being developed at the University of Maryland as a case study for this purpose [4, 7, 12]. Unlike the other recent work on probabilistic databases, PrDB is designed to represent uncertain data with rich correlation structures, and it uses probabilistic graphical models as the basic representation model. I will discuss how PrDB supports compact specification of uncertainties at different abstraction levels, from "schema-level" uncertainties that apply to entire relations to "tuple-specific" uncertainties that apply to a specific tuple or a specific set of tuples; I will also discuss how this relates to the work on first-order probabilistic models. Query evaluation in PrDB can be formulated as inference in appropriately constructed graphical models, and I will briefly present some of the key novel techniques that we have developed for efficient query evaluation, and their relationship to recent work on efficient lifted inference. I will conclude with a discussion of some of the open research challenges moving forward.


Abstract In November 2004 a Chinese nuclear submarine cruised into Japan's territorial waters near the Okinawa Islands. In response, the Japanese government dispatched several Japanese naval ships and planes to chase the Chinese submarine until it navigated into international waters. This event, which potentially could have become the first exchange of fire between Japan and China since the Second World War, illuminated increasingly problematic security relations between the two neighbouring countries in the twenty-first century. In fact, deterioration of Sino-Japanese security relations is not a recent phenomenon but has already been evident since the mid-1990s, when Japan imposed a series of economic sanctions on China. Between 1995 and 2000 Japan had suspended its foreign aid to China in protest against: China's nuclear weapons tests; China's large scale war game including the launch of missiles across the Taiwan Strait; and Chinese naval activities in disputed areas in the East China Sea. This article looks at Sino-Japanese security relations since the mid-1990s through three case studies of the aid sanctions imposed by Japan on China. It clarifies the domestic political and bureaucratic interests that motivated aid sanctions and determined the decision-making process leading to these sanctions. The article argues, that with certain politico-security interests, Japanese governments actively used foreign aid as a strategic instrument to counter provocative military actions by China in the East Asian region since the mid-1990s. Despite the limited influence that Japanese aid sanctions have actually had on Chinese military behaviour, Japan's strategic use of foreign aid has undeniably created a new dynamism in security relations between the two neighbouring great powers in Asia.


Batesian mimics can parasitize Müllerian mimicry rings mimicking the warning color signal. The evolutionary success of Batesian mimics can increase adding complexity to the signal by behavioral and locomotor mimicry. We investigated three fundamental morphological and locomotor traits in a Neotropical mimicry ring based on Ithomiini butterflies and parasitized by Polythoridae damselflies: wing color, wing shape, and flight style. The study species have wings with a subapical white patch, considered the aposematic signal, and a more apical black patch. The main predators are VS‐birds, visually more sensitive to violet than to ultraviolet wavelengths (UVS‐birds). The white patches, compared to the black patches, were closer in the bird color space, with higher overlap for VS‐birds than for UVS‐birds. Using a discriminability index for bird vision, the white patches were more similar between the mimics and the model than the black patches. The wing shape of the mimics was closer to the model in the morphospace, compared to other outgroup damselflies. The wing‐beat frequency was similar among mimics and the model, and different from another outgroup damselfly. Multitrait aposematic signals involving morphology and locomotion may favor the evolution of mimicry rings and the success of Batesian mimics by improving signal effectiveness toward predators.


In January 2009, the EPA agreed to respond to the Center for Biological Diversity's (CBD's) petition requesting it to modify its marine pH water quality criteria to reflect ocean acidification. Ocean acidification, however, is a by-product of increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Thus, climate change has come to the Clean Water Act - and in May 2009, the CBD filed suit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Washington to bring this point home. The question, of course, is what the Clean Water Act can actually contribute to efforts to deal with climate change. After reviewing the Act's basic provisions (Part I) and the various kinds of impacts that climate change is likely to have on water quality in the United States (Part II), this Article systematically evaluates the contributions that the Clean Water Act can (Part III) and cannot (Part IV) make to efforts to respond to climate change. It argues that the EPA and the states could use the Act to: (1) make valuable contributions to the nation's efforts to gather information about actual climate change impacts on water resources and to promote more effective modeling of future impacts; (2) generate expert recommendations about potential responses to those impacts; and (3) encourage and require states and the EPA to implement water quality standards, permitting requirements, best management practices, and other measures to blunt the worst water quality impacts from climate change, increase protections for particularly sensitive areas, and increase the resilience of aquatic species, aquatic ecosystems, and the socio-ecological systems dependent upon them. However, the Article also argues that the Obama Administration and Congress could implement several changes to the Act and its regulations that would increase the its effectiveness as a climate change adaptation tool. Finally, the Article concludes that even though the total maximum daily load (TMDL) provisions could be interpreted to reach greenhouse gas emissions, such an interpretation would lead to costly and ultimately ineffective efforts to make the Clean Water Act a climate change mitigation tool – a role for which the Act is not at all suited.


This study was made in Nepal9s Tarai plains, where rapid population growth over the past decade has transformed a large number of rural bazaars and roadside hubs into vibrant small towns. This study draws a portrait of a distinctly successful small-town water supply scheme and its service provider, the Murgia Water Users and Sanitation Association. Exploring this particular case with regards to social, technological, financial and organisational systems, and by comparing the performance of this case against 63 other water service providers in Nepal, the study asks: how could there be more of this type of successful water service provider? This scheme was constructed during the bilateral Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Support Programme Phase III, Nepal-Finland cooperation (1999–2005), using the typical rural approach, namely community management, with strong capacity building. Since then the service modality in this study case has evolved towards a professional community-managed service delivery. The success is rooted in good water governance principles: participation, responsiveness, financial transparency, accountability and overall strong commitment and vision, as well as strong technical assistance. They have resulted in re-investment in both the capital maintenance expenditure and into new infrastructure, even into an entirely new water supply scheme.


Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common cause of gastrointestinal emergencies which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis of AP is established by any two of the following: a) typical symptoms, b) elevated amylase or lipase and c) radiological features. Trans-abdominal ultrasound should be performed in all patients with suspected acute pancreatitis to evaluate the biliary tract and determine the presence of gallstones. The majority of cases of AP are due firstly, to biliary disease and secondly, alcohol use. It is important to determine the severity of AP which will indicate course and prognosis. The prognostic features can be initially assessed by clinical impression, the APACHE 11 score, the C-reactive protein and evidence of persistent organ failure. The severity of AP is classified as mild, moderately severe and severe. In mild disease, there is no organ failure, local or systemic complications. Patients with moderately severe AP have transient, less than 48 hours, organ failure or systemic complications. Severe AP is associated with persistent organ failure and/or systemic or local complications. The initial management consists of early aggressive fluid resuscitation, 250‒500 mL per hour or 5‒10 mL per kilogram bodyweight per hour of isotonic crystalloid solution. Use of prophylactic antibiotics is not recommended. Antibiotics should be administered in suspected or confirmed extra-pancreatic infection or infected pancreatic necrosis. Feeding of patients should be commenced early and after adequate fluid resuscitation. The enteral route utilizing a nasogastric tube in patients with gut dysfunction in severe AP and oral feeding in patients with normal gut function in mild AP are appropriate.


Parenting styles refers to practices adopted by parents in rearing their children. A good parenting style is needed to develop in a child interpersonal relationship, capacity to take initiatives, self-reliance, motivation and to conform to societal acceptable code of conduct. Bad parenting style is counterproductive and may as well get children involved in antisocial behaviours including examination malpractices. This work is a correlational study intended to determine the relationship between parenting styles and students' attitude towards examination malpractices. Three research questions and three hypotheses were designed to guide the study. The instruments for data collection were Students' Attitude to Examination Malpractices Scale and Parenting Style Scale. These instruments were vetted by three experts in Educational Psychology. The reliability coefficient of Attitude to Examination Malpractices Scale measured through test-retest method and Pearson product moment correlation technique was 0.86. The reliability indices of sections of Parenting Style Scale established through Cronbach Alpha technique were 0.68, 0.81, 0.73 and 0.84 for sections A, B, C and D respectively. It was found that though, majority of the students showed negative attitude towards examination malpractices, a sizeable percentage of them showed positive attitude towards the malaise. Authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and neglectful parenting styles had a significant joint relationship with students' attitude towards examination malpractices. Authoritative, authoritarian and permissive parenting styles each had individual negative relationship with students' attitude towards examination malpractices while neglectful parenting style had a positive relationship with students' attitude towards examination malpractices. Based on these findings, it is imperative for the counsellors to assist prospective couples through premarital counselling or marital counselling to adopt good parenting styles especially authoritative parenting style in nurturing their children. Appreciable number of counsellors should be employed by the government of Rivers State and sent to secondary schools to help maladjusted students acquire good value reorientation that will enable them distinguish what is good from what is bad with a view to avoiding negative tendencies including examination malpractices.


Since the early years of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic, stigma has been understood to be a major barrier to successful HIV prevention, care, and treatment. This article highlights findings from more than 10 studies in Asia, Africa, and Latin America—conducted from 1997 through 2007 as part of the Horizons program—that have contributed to clarifying the relationship between stigma and HIV, determining how best to measure stigma among varied populations, and designing and evaluating the impact of stigma reduction-focused program strategies. Studies showed significant associations between HIV-related stigma and less use of voluntary counseling and testing, less willingness to disclose test results, and incorrect knowledge about transmission. Programmatic lessons learned included how to assist institutions with recognizing stigma, the importance of confronting both fears of contagion and negative social judgments, and how best to engage people living with HIV in programs. The portfolio of work reveals the potential and importance of directly addressing stigma reduction in HIV programs.


Immune evasion by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is unexplained but may involve the mutation of viral antigens. When cytotoxic T lymphocytes engaged CD4-positive cells that were acutely infected with HIV bearing natural variant epitopes in reverse transcriptase, substantial inhibition of specific antiviral lysis was observed. Mutant viruses capable of these transactive effects could facilitate the persistence of a broad range of HIV variants in the face of an active and specific immune response.


In a bid to control the loblolly pine decline complex, stakeholders are using the selection and deployment of genetically superior families that are disease tolerant. It is vital that we do not compromise other important properties while breeding for disease tolerance. In this preliminary study, near infrared spectroscopy was utilized in conjunction with data collected via conventional methods to develop partial least squares regression models that were used to rapidly predict the basic density, stiffness and ultimate strength of 14 genetically superior loblolly pine families that have been selectively bred to be disease tolerant. Calibration and independent validation data were from southern pines acquired from a commercial sawmill. Seven or eight latent variables were used in model development. The coefficients of determination of the predictive models were more promising for MOE (0.58) and MOR (0.42).


Technology abounds for capturing presentations. However, no simple solution exists that is completely automatic. ProjectorBox is a "zero user interaction" appliance that automatically captures, indexes, and manages presentation multimedia. It operates continuously to record the RGB information sent from presentation devices, such as a presenter's laptop, to display devices, such as a projector. It seamlessly captures high-resolution slide images, text and audio. It requires no operator, specialized software, or changes to current presentation practice. Automatic media analysis is used to detect presentation content and segment presentations. The analysis substantially enhances the web-based user interface for browsing, searching, and exporting captured presentations. ProjectorBox has been in use for over a year in our corporate conference room, and has been deployed in two universities. Our goal is to develop automatic capture services that address both corporate and educational needs.


Definition, importance, advantages and disadvantages of the database approach have been discussed. There are four main sources Shelf List, Books and other Reading material, Data Sheets and international utilities such as OGLG for retroconversion of library's card catalogue and union catalogue of journals. The librarian can use anyone or a combination of them for data entry. Librarian has to decide the priority as to which part of library collection should be computerized first. Data entry can be done in-house or it can be outsourced. After weighing the economics and other pros and cons, the librarian can decide the mode of entry. The author of this paper found in-house data entry fastest, reliable and cheapest. Having created the database, its management is also essential. There is, therefore, a need for Database Administrator in each library.


In this paper we describe the collaborative participation of UvA & UNED at RepLab 2013. We propose an active learning approach for the filtering subtask, using features based on the detected semantics in the tweet (using Entity Linking with Wikipedia), as well as tweet-inherent features such as hashtags and usernames. The tweets manually inspected during the active learning process is at most 1% of the test data. While our baseline does not perform well, we can see that active learning does improve the results.


Vitreous slag remains of prehistoric tin smelting activities (1650-1850 CE) excavated at Rooiberg, Limpopo Province, South Africa were analyzed by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (WD-XRF), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and electron-microprobe analysis (EPMA). The slags were found to contain high concentrations of tin oxide suggesting a low level of metal recovery that resulted in substantial tin losses. In addition, skeletal cassiterite, and complex spinels, as well as tin prills ranging in size from a few to tens of micrometres were observed. The contribution discusses the role tin(II) and (IV) oxides are thought to play during formation of slag as well as the crystal chemistry of spinels precipitated during cooling.


Recent research on the differentiated MNC has concerned knowledge flows between MNC units. While linking up with this literature, we extend in two directions. First, we argue that conceptualizing the MNC as a knowledge structure furthers the understanding of intra-MNC knowledge flows. Thus, we see MNC knowledge elements as being structured along such dimensions as their type and degree of complementarity to other knowledge elements, and their sources, for example, whether they are mainly developed from external or internal knowledge sources. These dimensions matter in terms of knowledge flows, because they influence the costs and benefits of knowledge transfer and, hence, the actual level of knowledge transferred. Second, based on this conceptualization, we argue that MNC management can influence the development, characteristics and transfer of knowledge through choices regarding organizational instruments (control, motivation and context). We test six hypotheses derived from these arguments against a unique dataset on subsidiary knowledge development. The dataset includes information on organizational instruments, sources of subsidiary knowledge, and the extent of knowledge transfer to other MNC units. It covers more than 2,000 subsidiaries located in seven different European countries.


I must start with a note of apology. Dr. Jaime Infante yesterday started with the baseball theme of Sammy Sosa, and the theme was continued today by our moderator. Being a late switch into the panel, I can only characterize myself as a bait and switch because instead of getting a world class outfielder and an extraordinary slugger, you have a rookie pinch hitter and a utility infielder. And as a utility player, I do not have any specific experience with Latin America, although as students of law and economic development we do study the region very significantly at a theoretical level. So apologies if I make any factual or cultural mistakes regarding the region. What I would like to talk about today are basically the same topics that all of our panelists have remarked upon, and the first panel indeed has started down the road. Specifically, I would like to extend, at a more theoretical level, Ambassador Davidow's remarks concerning the role of law and of the judiciary in economic development. I will do so by first stepping back a bit and exploring what exactly we mean by law, proceeding then to the content of law that would aid economic development. Finally, I will talk about the role of the judiciary in this entire process. First, what is law? By law, I mean the whole legal process, all the work that is done by legislators, regulators, lawyers, and judges. My remarks here, and most of the remarks that have been made this morning, concern the legislation, litigation, and adjudication aspects of law. However, a very significant if not dominant role of law--one that we have not focused on, except very ably by Frank Shaw--is the role of lawyers in creating private, normative ordering through transactions and contracts that operate in the shadow of a formal legal system. Even in the absence of such a formal legal system, lawyers may still perform a very significant normative ordering function, a law-like function, that facilitates business and social interactions. A very significant tool to advance this law-like function is legal language--the ability of legal concepts and professional communication to transcend cultural, linguistic, and indeed systemic considerations, thereby enabling transnational and inter-jurisdictional interactions. This private ordering function, as a complement to or substitute for formal legal processes, is a very significant part of law that academics and policy-makers quite often neglect, and I thank Frank for those comments. Now, returning to our primary focus, I want to touch briefly on the content of formal law. Because the theme of the panel and indeed of the entire conference is the interplay between law and economic development, I want to distinguish the laws of economics from the economics of law. I am a student of and an amateur practitioner of law and economics, which roughly is the application of basic economic intuitions to how we think about the law. Applying these intuitions can help us define the normative goals of law but, even if one is not willing to go that far, also make law more efficient in effecting its goals, whatever they may be. In that process, however, I think that there has been some confusion as to what it means to have the law and what it means to have the economics. I want to step back and distinguish between the two so that we have a clearer idea as we proceed in the discussion and reflect more deeply about the interplay between law and economics. As Professor Lillian Bevier of the University of Virginia has pointed out, there is a clear distinction between the laws of economics and the economics of law. The laws of economics are well developed theoretically and researched empirically. They predict human behavior. Some of these laws are very well known, accepted and established. If the price goes up for any given good, unless it is an extraordinary good, consumption will go down. If people do not bear the full consequences of their actions, they will tend to be more careless because they can externalize the consequences of their action. …


Technology transfer is a challenge. For every successful case of technology transfer, there are dozens and dozens of ideas that never make it out of the university lab or department. Yet, this is often not only due to reasons connected to the embryonic nature of inventure (being just too soon for industry to pick up) or being too basic; but often connected to the simple failure of matching the right people together. People involved in inventing and developing, those involved in "translating" the new idea into often incomprehensible "patent speak", people involved in commercialization, those brave enough (or at least enough risk tolerant) to engage in spin-off creation, to people involved on the industry side, or those involved in designing new open access methods, all play a key role. Authors wish to address some of their concerns inside this Handbook.

We begin with a simple question, which might be mind boggling for researchers: "Why bother with technology transfer?" Not only individual level benefits are pointed out, but also special emphasis is put on social or economic impacts. Then we try to guide the researchers through the technology transfer process, often offering real-life cases. Although Slovenia is still evolving its technology transfer system, authors firmly believe there are cases, that can teach us how to better the technology transfer results, either by being shining examples or simply failures, that can often teach us even more. We also provide boxes with relevant additional data on some specific interesting elements, including pointing out towards selected new IT solutions available, that can help deal with the intellectual property jungle. The note by Yuichi Harada also offers new ideas on valuable information universities can posses. A special section is dedicated to those thinking about start-ups. We end with some pragmatic suggestions for technology transfer staff.

Authors hope that the Handbook might be of assistance to researchers that have interesting promising inventions, technology transfer practitioners, industry representatives interested in cooperating with faculty members or others that find this field exciting or of interest. We would also like to thank all those who participated in the making of this Handbook, especially also all three authors of initial notes, Takafumi Yamamoto, Yuichi Harada, Borut Likar and Mary Albertson. We re-print below also the original notes in English as well as the English translation of the note received in Slovenian.


The article studies the cluster forms of integration as well as the development of corporate and cluster connections. At present, economic knowledge is rather focused on the development of integrated regional systems recognized as one of the most effective forms of integration. In turn, the processes, based on the interdependence and cooperation of economic entities located on the same territory, determine the possibility of stable economic relations, synergetic effect and growth of the competitive advantages of these territories. Such development tendencies reflect corporate interests and define trends for the integration of corporations in the context of regional and industrial limitations. Thus, one of the main aspects of integration is focused on the establishment of sustainable cost-beneficial relationships between corporate entities. The dialectical unity of the coordination and cooperation of corporate structures in economic clusters expands the traditional boundaries of economic benefits. Considering the government of corporate structure on the basis of internal approach, we can see that the benefits from the fragmented leadership may be neutralized due to unevenness of expenses. The corporate-cluster approach of corporate structure government allows not only to coordinate actions at the micro-level but also to generate more sustainable economic relations at the industrial, market and regional levels. It is reflected in the synergistic effect. The coordination of economic processes and geographic concentration contribute to system flexibility and adaptability in the market conditions as well as stimulate economic processes. Therefore, all cluster participants benefit from mutually beneficial cooperation. This, in turn, contributes to the decrease of total expenses and hastens the responses of entities on different market changes. The authors' hypothesis assumes the coordination of interests in the economic cluster that allows to create grounds for economic growth and spread the tendency of sustainable development among all the parties of this interaction. This approach proves the feasibility of the formation of competitive advantages for corporate structures through cluster integration. The findings of this paper can serve as a methodological basis for the development and implementation of socio-economic programs in different regions. In the framework of current research, the algorithm of economic cluster formation was recommended for practical application to the Government of the Ulyanovsk region.


Patients and caregivers often seek help and support through online forums for their ailments. In many health forums, users can not only participate in existing, site-defined user groups but also initiate their own groups. To better understand the mechanism and usefulness of such user-created groups, we comparatively studied their characteristics against those of site-defined groups, based on an empirical dataset of over three years of user activities in health forums collected from MedHelp.org. In the study, we first derived a categorization of user-created groups according to the underlying reasons leading to their creation, and then investigated if there are significant differences between user-created and site-defined groups with respect to group memberships, activity levels, social network metrics, and interaction patterns. The results show that users initiate more homophily driven communities and social interactions, and that the members of user-created groups are more vocal and more socially active than those who have only participated in site-defined groups. The findings suggest that allowing users to create their own groups could improve user engagement in health forums, foster rapport among users, and ultimately lead to a cohesive social environment that supports more effective information sharing and community building.


I argue in this thesis that the topic of Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason is an epistemology of metaphysics. This has important consequences for how the argumentative structure of the work should be understood. While the Critique constitutes an indispensable part of Kant's philosophy in general and his ethics in particular, it is doubtful whether it is fully successful as it stands. In a footnote to his Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science Kant hints at an alternative argumentative strategy to establish the claims of the Critique, but he seems not to have developed this in the subsequent 2 edition of the Critique. In this thesis I present a critical reconstruction of this alternative argumentative strategy applied to the central topics of the Transcendental Analytic. I claim that it is the aim of the Transcendental Analytic as a whole to provide a justification for the claim that pure concepts – Categories – are validly applied to objects of experience. Following Kant's hint in the footnote to the Foundations, I argue that this can be established directly from an analysis of the forms of empirical judgements, and that claims about space and time as forms of intuition and considerations about the nature of human sensibility, are redundant. This reconstruction offers a profoundly Kantian, yet robustly realist way of resolving important philosophical problems.


The aim of this study was to investigate noise levels in the New Zealand health industry. The goal was to investigate the room acoustics and the characteristics of the noise sources along with noise exposure of health care workers, in New Zealand, in dental clinics and orthopaedic cast clinics and assess whether they are at risk of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). A literature review was conducted to determine the definition, cause, and ways to prevent NIHL in relation to the dental clinics and orthopaedic cast clinics. Also determined from a review of the literature were ways to assess and monitor the acoustics of these spaces. Initially room acoustic measurements of background noise levels as well as reverberation times were made and frequency information on the major noise sources was obtained. This was followed by measurement of the daily noise dose exposure of staff working in the participating dental clinics and orthopaedic cast clinics. It was found that noise dose levels did not exceed the damage risk criterion set by The New Zealand Occupational Safety and Health Service of Leq8h of 85 dBA and therefore staff were considered to not be at risk of NIHL. However, the background noise levels measured may be putting healthcare workers at risk of non-auditory related effects of noise exposure, affecting work performance, cognitive abilities and vital communication between staff and patients. Healthcare workers may also be at risk of non-auditory health effects due to increased noise annoyance leading to raised stress levels, which may ultimately lead to pathophysiological changes in the myocardium. Future research in the area of noise levels in the New Zealand health industry should be performed to obtain noise data on a larger sample and look further at the non-auditory health effects of exposure to noise in the health industry.