Reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) is a linear optical technique that measures the difference in the reflectance of two orthogonal polarisations at normal incidence. It achieves surface and interface sensitivity when the bulk material, such as a cubic semiconductor, is optically isotropic. The penetration depth of optical radiation allows RAS to probe buried interfaces. RAS has been used to probe various one-dimensional (1-D) structures grown on vicinal Si(111) surfaces under ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions. The RAS system response was extended into the IR, where important optical transitions occur, for both a photoelastic modulated system and a rotating sample system using a tuneable IR laser. RAS spectra of single domain Si(111)-5x2-Au, Si(557)-Au and Si(775)-Au structures showed large minima in the region around 2 eV and, in the case of Si(111)-5x2-Au a large maximum below 1 eV. The monolayer (ML) coverage of Au required for the Si(111)-5x2-Au surface reconstruction has been extracted from the RAS response. Using the well known coverage of Au required for the Si(557)-Au reconstruction, the Au deposition rate was accurately calibrated. By analysis of the coverage required for several Si(111) vicinal off-cuts, taking into account the different step densities, a coverage for a "pure" Si(111)-5x2-Au surface was calculated. A value of 0.59 ML +/- 0.08ML was found, in agreement with the recent work. The value supports a new three chain model for the Si(111)-5x2-Au surface reconstruction. Upon deposition of small amounts of Si adatoms on the Si(111)-5x2-Au surface and subsequent annealing, the RAS spectra changed dramatically, as the adatom decorated "5x4" reconstruction was formed. Temperature dependent studies allowed 100% and a 0% adatom filled sites RAS spectra to be extracted. These spectra will be particularly useful for comparison with future ab initio optical response calculations. The optical signatures from this surface could prove to be very interesting in the study of defect induced charge density waves. A strong optical anisotropy was also seen on the Si(775)-Au and Si(557)-Au surfaces. The RAS spectra showed a minimum around 2 eV but the maximum above 1 eV, seen on the Si(111)-5x2-Au surface was not present. A possible explanation is that the chain structures on these narrower terraces are more sensitive to the presence of kinks. The average length of the Au chains is expected to be significantly shorter on the Si(775)-Au and Si(557)-Au surfaces, as the kinks will terminate the Au chains more efficiently than on the lower angle offcuts, used for the Si(111)-5x2-Au studies. The RAS response from Si(557) shows two peaks related to surface modified bulk states at 3.4 eV and 4.25 eV, and a surface state at 1.2 eV. The RAS signal was compared with preliminary ab initio optical response calculations. Reasonable results were found for a bulk terminated and relaxed Si(557) surface. However, the structure is known to consist of a triple step structure of approximately (112) orientation and the large terrace of the Si(111)-7x7 reconstruction. Calculations of the RAS spectra from Si(112) did not reproduce the features seen experimentally. Elongated Pb islands with lengths of up to 430 nm and widths of 60 nm were grown on Si(557)-Au and their RAS spectra were recorded. The wires showed a strong RAS signal with a negative peak at 1.1 eV and a positive peak at 0.47 eV. The Pb islands could be capped with a-Si and their reflection anisotropy was retained, with both peaks shifted to the IR. The results showed that capping with a-Si was largely successful. The modelling of the RAS response was less successful. A nanoantenna approach gave reasonable values of the length of the Pb islands, using the wavelength of the maximum. Other models, which attempted to predict the line shape, could reproduce either the minimum or maximum accurately but not both. However, these models neglect both quadrupolar effects and dipole-dipole interactions between islands. The sensitivity of the RAS response to the detail of the island structure indicates that RAS could be a powerful probe of plasmonic structures if a suitable theoretical model can be developed.


Context. Daily active listening is important for the deaf and hard of hearing people (DHH) of their hearing rehabilitation, but the related hearing activities are usually not enough for them due to kinds of reasons. Although some traditional desktop computer-assisted tools were created for encouraging active listening, the usage rate is not high. Nowadays, mobile smart devices become more and more widely used and easily accessible all around the world. Game applications on these devices are good tools for training related activities. However, in the market, there are limited games designed for the DHH, especially aiming for engaging them in active listening. Therefore, such a game on mobile platform is the inspiration for increasing their everyday active listening.Objective. In this study, an audio-based mobile game application called the Music Puzzle was to create on Android operating system, for encouraging the DHH in their active listening. With aim of making the game have good usability and engaging for real use, we were to evaluate the game and conduct experiments on its usage, to see if it could be more used than another traditional hearing game on desktop platform and bring greater amount active listening for the DHH.Methods. In this study, overall, methods of literature review, game development, preliminary and evaluation experiments, as well as tracking study were used. In the development phase, interaction design theories and techniques was applied for assisting the design work. Android and Pure Data were employed for the software implementation work. In the evaluation phase, System Usability Scale (SUS) and Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) questionnaire were used for respectively testing the game usability and engagement. Then a four-week tracking study was conducted to acquire the usage data of the mobile game among the target group. Afterwards, the data was collected and compared with the usage data of the desktop game using statistical method of paired sample t-test.Results. From the preliminary experiments results, most of the participants reported their enjoyment with playing Music Puzzle and willingness to use it. Subsequent experiment gave good results on the game usability and engagement. The final tracking study shows that most participants activated and played Music Puzzle during the given time period. Compared with the desktop game, the DHH spent significantly greater amount of time on playing the mobile game.Conclusion. The study indicates that the Music Puzzle has good usability and it is engaging. Compared with the desktop game, The Music Puzzle mobile game is a more effective tool for encouraging and increasing the amount of active listening time among the DHH people in their everyday life.


We report on an ongoing study on modular Heavy Ion Fusion drivers. The modular driver is characterized by 10 to 20 nearly identical induction linacs, each carrying a single high current beam. In this scheme, the Integrated Research Experiment (IRE) can be one of the full size induction linacs. Hence, this approach offers significant advantages in terms of driver development path. For beam transport, these modules use solenoids which are capable of carrying high line charge densities, even at low energies. A new injector concept allows compression of the beam to high line densities right at the source. The final drift compression is performed in a plasma, in which the large repulsive space charge effects are neutralized. Finally, the beam is transversely compressed onto the target, using either external solenoids or current-carrying channels (in the Assisted Pinch Mode of beam propagation). We will report on progress towards a self-consistent point design from injector to target. Considerations of driver architecture, chamber environment as well as the methodology for meeting target requirements of spot size, pulse shape and symmetry will also be described. Finally, some near-term experiments to address the key scientific issues will be discussed.


In his article, "Rethinking Indivisibility: Towards a Theory of Supporting Relations between Human Rights," James Nickel challenges the common view that human rights are mutually linked in such a way that they are "indivisible." Although Nickel compellingly shows that the ideas of indivisibility and linkage arguments, as they have been used by many proponents, are ultimately unsatisfactory; I argue that we should not drop them or downplay their importance. We certainly must avoid exaggerated construals of indivisibility and linkage claims. They are not only false, but also could weaken the force of human rights discourse. But we should also avoid viewing such claims as too weak. Nickel warns against the first mistake, and I warn against the second. Rather, we should provide weaker, but still robust, versions of linkage arguments. I offer some hypotheses for those reformulations and suggest some examples of their fruitful application. Vol. 32 426 HUMAN RIGHTS QUARTERLY 1. James W. Nickel, Rethinking Indivisibility: Towards a Theory of Supporting Relations Between Human Rights, 30 Hum. Rts. Q. 984 (2008). In conclusion, this response maintains that the exploration of supporting relations between human rights retains great significance for the theory and practice of human rights.


Background: Cement production is associated with heavy metal emissions and environmental pollution by cement dust. The degree of contamination of drinking water sources by major and trace elements present in cement dust generated by united cement factory (UNICEM) is still uncertain. This study estimated the element content of ground and surface water samples (handdug wells, boreholes and streams) around the factory site to determine the impact of cement dust exposure on the water levels of these elements. Methods: This study was conducted at UNICEM at Mfamosing, Akamkpa local government area, Cross River State, Nigeria. Drinking water samples (5 from each location) were collected from the cement factory quarry site camp, 3 surrounding communities and Calabar metropolis (45 km away from factory) serving as control. The lead (Pb), copper (Cu), manganes (Mn), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), selenium (Se), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As) levels of samples were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD post hoc at P = 0.05. Results: As and Pb content of samples from camp were above the WHO recommendations of 0.01mg/l and 0.01mg/l respectively. Chromium and cadmium content of all water samples were above and others below WHO recommendations. Water levels of Mn, Fe, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Ca and Si were significantly elevated (though below WHO recommendations) in camp than other locations (P<0.05). Conclusion: Production of cement results in As, Pb, Cr and cd contamination of drinking water sources near the factory. Treatment of all drinking water sources is recommended before public use to avert deleterious health consequences.


Objectives : select, present, and summarize the best papers published 2016 in the field of Knowledge Representation and Management (KRM). Methods : A comprehensive and standardized review of the medical informatics literature was performed based on a PubMed query. Results : Among the 1,421 retrieved papers, the review process resulted in the selection of four best papers focused on the integration of heterogeneous data via the development and the alignment of terminological resources. In the first article, the authors provide a curated and standardized version of the publicly available US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. Such a resource will improve the quality of the underlying data, and enable standardized analyses using common vocabularies. The second article describes a project developed in order to facilitate heterogeneous data integration in the i2b2 framework. The originality is to allow users integrate the data described in different terminologies and to build a new repository, with a unique model able to support the representation of the various data. The third paper is dedicated to model the association between multiple interopera-phenotypic traits described within the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) and the corresponding genotype in the specific context of rare diseases (rare variants). Finally, the fourth paper presents solutions to annotation-ontology mapping in genome-scale data. Of particular interest in this work is the Experimental Factor Ontology (EFO) and its generic association model, the Ontology of Biomedical AssociatioN (OBAN). Conclusion : Ontologies have started to show their efficiency to integrate medical data for various tasks in medical informatics: electronic health records data management, clinical research, and knowledge-based systems development.


Artistic genius, political activist, painter and decorator, mythic legend or notorious graffiti artist? The work of Banksy is unmistakable, except maybe when it's squatting in the Tate or New York's Metropolitan Museum. Banksy is responsible for decorating the streets, walls, bridges and zoos of towns and cities throughout the world. Witty and subversive, his street art depicts monkeys with weapons of mass destruction, policemen with smiley faces, rats with drills and the iconic young girl with the heart-shaped balloon. If you look hard enough you'll find your own. His statements, incitements, ironies and epigrams are by turns intelligent and cheeky comments on everything from the monarchy and capitalism to the war in Iraq and farm animals. His identity remains unknown, but his work is prolific. And now for the first time, he's putting together the best of his work - old and new - in a fully illustrated colour volume.


The objective of this study was to evaluate acute endocrine effects as well as histological changes in testicular parenchyma induced by the contraceptive compound RTI-4587-073(l). Six miniature stallions were used in this experiment. The treatment group (n = 3) received one oral dose of 12.5 mg/kg of RTI-4587-073(l), and the control group (n = 3) received placebo only. The stallions' baseline parameters (semen, testicular dimensions, endocrine values) were collected and recorded for 5 weeks before treatment and for 6 weeks after treatment. Multiple blood samples were collected for endocrine analysis. Testicular biopsies were obtained before treatment, 1 day after treatment and every other week after treatment. Ultrasound exams were performed to monitor the dimensions of the stallions' testes. All stallions were castrated 6 weeks after treatment. Sperm numbers, motility and percentage of morphologically normal sperm decreased (p < 0.05), while the number of immature germ cells increased in ejaculates from treated animals (p < 0.05). Serum concentrations of inhibin and follicle-stimulating hormone did not change. Testosterone concentrations initially transiently decreased (p < 0.05) after administration of RTI-4587-073(l), and increased several days later (p < 0.05). Testicular content of testosterone and estradiol 17-β was lower in treated stallions than in control stallions on Day 1 after treatment (p < 0.05). Severe disorganization of the seminiferous tubules, significant loss of immature germ cells and complete depletion of elongated spermatids were observed in testicular biopsies obtained from treated stallions 1 day, 2 and 4 weeks after treatment. These changes were still present in the testicular samples taken from treated stallions after castration. The results of this study confirmed that RTI-4587-073(l) has antispermatogenic effects in stallions. Furthermore, we concluded that this compound causes acute sloughing of immature germ cells from the seminiferous tubules. RTI-4587-073(l) has significant but transient effects on Leydig cell function in stallions.


The disintegration of the carbon anodes during the electrolysis of alumina produces dust particles contaminating the electrolytic bath. This phenomenon, called dusting, is one of the most deleterious Al electrolysis failures, as it leads to a significant deterioration of the current efficiency, which causes severe economical losses for Al smelters. The mechanisms at work, related to carbon oxidations leading to the selective burning of the binder matrix that is responsible of the anode dusting, were reviewed through a detailed study of the literature. In the same manner, an overview of the "state of the art" knowledge, but also of the existing controversies in the field of raw material and anode manufacturing processes that affects the dusting, was delivered. The open questions concerning the root causes of dusting, as well as the ways to alleviate this phenomenon during the anode production, were considered. The process peculiarities of anodes made in China, as well as the atypical properties and behaviour of some anodes exported to the western world, were largely integrated into the frame of the experimental sections. Of particular interest was the fact that rather dense and highly calcined coke was used in the dry aggregate that does not contain recycled materials (baked scrap and butts). This situation results from the usage of a unique calcining process made in shaft (vertical) kilns, where the residence time exceeds those experienced in western rotary kiln/hearth type calcining plants by one order of magnitude. The effects of coke calcining and anode baking heat treatment temperature combinations were studied in a pilot scale simulating shaft and rotary kiln conditions. Representative types of green coke with different levels of volatiles and impurities (as S, V and Ca mainly) were selected for this study. The addition of Na contamination, in form of cryolite used as the main bath component was also examined in order to cover the aspects of the catalytic impact of contaminants present in the binder matrix on oxidation. As expected, the effects of baking were found to be of chief importance. However, the new element brought by this work is that not only the coke's sulphur content is important for its sensitivity to the negative impact of Na, but also its degree of calcination. Coke with a low calcining degree, measured by its real density/crystallite size, is showing a much better resistance to the catalytic effect of Na during the anode oxidation, and this especially when underbaking is a process issue. Recommendations on the optimum calcining heat treatment for western and Chinese calcining technologies are given as a conclusion of this part; this was done considering different scenarios of butts Na contaminations and baking issues in the anode production. The effects of desulphurization during calcining and especially during baking on the anode's physical, electrical and thermal properties were also addressed, so as to give a complete picture including the anode's density but also the butts' weight after usage of anodes during their cycle time in the pots. Optical light microscopy examinations of the porosity created on soft butts, related to permeable low density anodes, as well as on pilot anode cores oxidized in isobar laboratory conditions allowed laying emphasis on the prime importance of anode permeability in the dusting mechanisms. Some Chinese carbon plants are still using batch mixers with low temperatures and mixing intensity potential. As relatively low densification severity vibrators are also used, it felt adequate to study the role of porosity in the dusting propensity in an anode bench scale plant. For this purpose, a multi-factorial design of experiments was set up using two levels of pitching, mixing and forming intensities, and this at two levels of Na contamination and two baking temperatures. The levels of pitching, mixing (sigma blade versus high speed impeller mixers) and forming were selected in such a way that the difference in terms of apparent density reached a significant level (about 0.05 kg/dm3). Their individual impacts on the air and CO2 reactivity dust measured after laboratory oxidation tests were comparable to about 500 ppm Na contamination or 100 °C baking temperature differences, which is quite substantial for the anode behaviour in the pots. As the effect of the porosity differences on gas permeability exceeds one order of magnitude, it is obvious that the level of apparent density and therefore the pitching, mixing and forming conditions are of utmost importance for the anode dusting. The implications for equipment suppliers and plant designers are obvious: for the production of paste, efficient preheaters and intensive kneader mixers as well as controlled paste coolers need to be selected. Efficient forming machines working with vacuum conditions should be preferred and further developed in terms of densification severity and control efficiency. A parallel study on an ultra high intensive laboratory mixer, working with a mixture of fines and pitch only, i.e. producing after forming binder matrix electrodes, demonstrated the enormous potential left for porosity reduction of baked specimens. Substantial shrinkage of the dense green anodes during the baking step was observed on specimens produced under intensive mixing conditions. Concerning the dry aggregate recipe, bench scale trials with extreme ranges of fines content and fineness confirmed that, as long as the level of fineness is compensated by the fines content, optimum anode properties can be achieved with unchanged optimum pitch content. For a laboratory intensive impeller mixer, a range of fineness between 2500 and 5000 Blaine with a corresponding content between 42 % and 21 % provided anodes showing practically the same properties relevant for dusting. The conclusions drawn from the studies performed in the frame of this thesis allow a much better understanding on the traps of manufacturing world class quality anodes with zero dusting in a very different technological environment (as in China). In addition to this, the axis of development for western technology and equipment suppliers could be formulated based on the numerous quantitative pilot information gathered during this thesis work.


The scientific monograph titled Logistics and Management – selected topics is the result of a bilateral project, lasting from 2013 to 2015 and titled "Preparation of a joint scientific monograph in the field of logistics and management issued at the Faculty of Logistics in Celje and the Maritime Faculty of Kotor". The project was managed by Professor Maja Fosner, PhD, from the Faculty of Logistics at the University of Maribor, and Professor Veselin Draskovic, PdD, from the Maritime Faculty of Kotor, Montenegro.

The main goal of the monograph is to give a comprehensive account of selected areas from the field of logistics and challenges in the development of logistics, such as risk management and supply chains, transport cost, competences in logistics, urban logistics, green logistics, seaport cooperation, logistics network optimisation, logistics in tourism, logistics in performance management, systemic logistics providers and solutions to problems of transportation task.

Wishing to offer a comprehensive presentation of various areas in the field of logistics, the authors of the monograph contributions, who participated on the project (Maja Fosner, Bojan Rosi, Borut Jereb, Marjan Sternad, Veselin Draskovic (ed.), Mimo Draskovic, Sanja Bauk, Senka Sekulac-Ivosevic), invited to cooperation also other researchers from the Faculty of Logistics and the Maritime Faculty of Kotor (Irena Gorenak, Matjaž Knez, Matevž Obrecht, Sonja Mlaker Kac, Tina Cvahte, Darja Topolsek, Drago Pupavac, Zeljko Ivanovic, Oleksandr Dorokhov, and Ludmila Malyaretz) who enriched the present monograph with their contributions.
The monograph is aimed at professional public and anyone interested in the field of logistics. It should also serve as a useful aid in the study of logistics.


Accurately mapping the location of ionospheric backscatter targets (density irregularities) identified by the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) HF radars can be a major problem, particularly at far ranges for which the radio propagation paths are longer and more uncertain. Assessing and increasing the accuracy of the mapping of scattering locations is crucial for the measurement of two-dimensional velocity structures on the small and meso-scale, for which overlapping velocity measurements from two radars need to be combined, and for studies in which SuperDARN data are used in conjunction with measurements from other instruments. The co-ordinates of scattering locations are presently estimated using a combination of the measured range and a model virtual height, assuming a straight line virtual propagation path. By studying elevation angle of arrival information of backscatterred signals from 5 years of data (1997–2001) from the Saskatoon SuperDARN radar we have determined the actual distribution of the backscatter target locations in range-virtual height space. This has allowed the derivation of a new empirical virtual height model that allows for a more accurate mapping of the locations of backscatter targets.


When are we morally obligated as a society to help the homeless, and is coercive interference justified when help is not asked for, even refused? To answer this question, we propose a comprehensive taxonomy of different types of homelessness and argue that different levels of autonomy allow for interventions with varying degrees of pressure to accept help. There are only two categories, however, where paternalism proper is allowed, be it heavily qualified. The first case is the homeless person with severely diminished autonomy as a result of mental illness, and the second case is the homeless person who runs a risk of serious and imminent harm to self. In the first case, namely, that of soft paternalism, we argue that coercive intervention in the case of a refusal to accept help should be focused on the provision of housing that meets basic needs—needs that we outline in the article. In the case of imminent and severe harm to self, the case of hard paternalism, we argue that forced intervention can only be allowed if it is temporary and local, namely focused on getting someone out of harm's way.


Aim/Purpose: This research aims to describe layering of career-like experiences over existing curriculum to improve perceived educational value.

Background: Feedback from students and regional businesses showed a clear need to increase student's exposure to career-like software development projects. The initial goal was to develop an instructor-optional project that could be used in a single mid-level programming course; however, the pilot quickly morphed into a multi-year study examining the feasibility of agile projects in a variety of settings.

Methodology: Over the course of four years, an agile project was honed through repeated Design Based Research (DBR) cycles of design, implementation, testing, communication, and reflective analysis. As is common with DBR, this study did not follow single methodology design; instead, analysis of data coupled with review of literature led to exploration and testing of a variety of methodologies. The review phase of each cycle included examination of best practices and methodologies as determined by analysis of oral and written comments, weekly journals, instructor feedback, and surveys. As a result of participant feedback, the original project was expanded to a second project, which was tested in another Software Engineering (SE) course. The project included review and testing of many academic and professional methodologies, such as Student Ownership of Learning, Flipped Classroom, active learning, waterfall, agile, Scrum, and Kanban.

The study was homogenous and quasi-experimental as the population consisted solely of software engineering majors taking required courses; as based on validity of homogenous studies, class sizes were small, ranging from 8 to 20 students. Close interactions between respondents and the instructor provided interview-like settings and immersive data capture in a natural environment. Further, the iterative development practices of DBR cycles, along with the inclusion of participants as active and valued stakeholders, was seen to align well with software development practitioner practices broadly known as agile.

Contribution: This study is among the first to examine layering a career-like software development project on top of a course through alteration of traditional delivery, agile development, and without supplanting existing material.

Findings: In response to industry recommendations for additional career-like experiences, a standalone agile capstone-like project was designed that could be layered over an existing course. Pilot data reflected positive perceptions of the project, although students did not have enough time to develop a working prototype in addition to completing existing course materials. Participant feedback led to simultaneous development of a second, similar project. DBR examination of both projects resulted in a simplified design and the ability to develop a working prototype, if and only if the instructor was willing to make adjustments to delivery.

After four years, a solution was developed that is both stable and flexible. The solution met the original charge in that it required course delivery, not course material, to be adjusted. It is critical to note that when a working prototype is desired, a portion of the lecture should be flipped allowing more time for guided instruction through project-focused active learning and study group requirements. The results support agile for standalone software development projects, as long as passive delivery methods are correspondingly reduced.

Recommendations for Practitioners: Based on the findings, implementation of a career-like software development project can be well received as long as active learning components are also developed. Multiple cycles of DBR are recommended if future researchers wish to customize instructional delivery and develop complex software development projects. Programming instructors are recommended to explore hybrid delivery to support development of agile career-like experiences.

Small class sizes allowed the researchers to maintain an interview-like setting throughout the study and future studies with larger classes are recommended to include additional subject matter experts such as graduate students as interaction with a subject matter expert was highly valued by students.

Recommendation for Researchers: Researchers are recommended to further examine career-like software development experiences that combine active learning with agile methods; more studies following agile and active learning are needed to address the challenges faced when complex software development is taught in academic settings.

Further testing of standalone agile project development has now occurred in medium sized in person classes, online classes, independent studies, and creative works research settings; however, further research is needed. Future research should also examine the implementation of agile projects in larger class sizes. Increasing class size should be coupled with additional subject matter experts such as graduate students.

Impact on Society: This study addresses professional recommendations for development of agile career-like experiences at the undergraduate level. This study provides empirical evidence of programming projects that can be layered over existing curriculum, with no additional cost to the students.

Initial feedback from local businesses and graduates, regarding agile projects with active learning, has been positive. The area business that refused to hire our underprepared SE graduates has now hired several.

Future Research: Future research should explore layering agile projects over a broader range of software development courses. Feedback from hiring professionals and former students has been positive. It is also recommended that DBR be used to develop career-like experiences for online programming courses.


Describing Tolstoy's crisis of depression and estrangement from the world, A Confession (1879) is an autobiographical work of exceptional emotional honesty. By the time he was fifty, Tolstoy had already written the novels that would assure him of literary immortality; he had a wife, a large estate and numerous children; he was a happy man' and in good health - yet life had lost its meaning. In this poignant confessional fragment, he records a period of his life when he began to turn away from fiction and aesthetics, and to search instead for a practical religion not promising future bliss, but giving bliss on earth'.


Background and objectives: Multiple insulin injection therapy has been widely used in the intensive treatment of diabetes mellitus and enabled more patients to obtain good glycemic control. Intensive insulin treatment such as multiple insulin injection every day had been proven to have effects on the protection of islet and delay the onset of diabetic complications. However, during the insulin intensive therapy, severe hypoglycemia must be avoided by intensive glucose monitoring because it can increase the risks of stroke and cardiovascular disease. Conventional invasive intensive blood glucose monitoring is limited in clinical practice because it can cause patient pain and inconveniences. Patient's poor compliance in blood glucose monitoring would restrict the application of insulin intensive therapy in patients outside the hospital. The latest method of flash glucose-sensing technology-based continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) made insulin intensive therapy safer and less painful for a patient with diabetes mellitus. However, little is reported on the effects of flash glucose-sensing technology based CGM in patients receiving multiple daily injections of insulin. This study will provide evidence to validate whether flash glucose-sensing technology-based CGM can increase the behavioral self-monitoring and compliance with self-management of a Chinese patient with diabetes mellitus receiving multiple daily injections of insulin compared with conventional invasive blood glucose monitoring. Subjects and methods: This is a prospective, single-center, open-label, randomized controlled trial. Forty patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who receive multiple daily injections of insulin at the Department of Endocrinology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou University, China between August 2018 and December 2019 are included in this study. These patients are randomly divided to undergo conventional blood glucose monitoring (n = 20) or a flash glucose-sensing technology-based CGM group (n = 20). Patient recruitment began in August 2018 and will end in June 2019. Analysis of primary outcome measure will be completed in June 2019. The study will end in December 2019. Study protocol: 1.0. The protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital (approval No. 2018045) and is performed in strict accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki formulated by the World Medical Association. All participants provide written informed consent. Outcome measures: The primary outcome measure is the compliance of glycemic monitoring. The secondary outcome measures include the time taken for reaching the goal of glycemic control, HbA1c, self-management scores, the number of hypoglycemia attacks, and Hamilton Anxiety Scale score. Discussion: This study will provide evidence to validate whether flash glucose-sensing technology can increase patient's compliance of intensive insulin treatments, control blood glucose, and improve quality of life. Trial registration: This study was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration number: ChiCTR1800017456) on July 31, 2018.


The fission yields of ten nuclides ((^84)3r, (^91)Sr, (^93)Y, (^99)Eo. (^105)Ru, (^112)Pd, (^113)Ag, (^129)Sb, (^132)Te and (^143)Ce) from the fission of (^231)Pa by 14 Mev neutrons have been determined relative to the fission yield of (^97)Zr. The protactinium (as oxide) in thin uniform adherent layers (about 1 mg. cm(^-2) lightly covered with gold (about 0.5 mg. cm(^-2) was supported an circular discs of platinum foil (2 cm. diameter). Recoiling fission products were collected in thin catcher foils of various substances (aluminium, polystyrene or copper) the choice depending on the elements to be recovered. Preliminary experiments using target discs prepared in a similar way from uranium-238 (oxide) showed that good agreement is obtained between relative yields measured by this method and by irradiation of bulk samples of uranium. The relative yields from (^231)Pa have been corrected to total chain yields by application of the equal charge displacement hypothesis and converted to absolute yields by imposing the condition that the sum of the yields of all the fission products must be 200%. The value of ū was, taken to be 4.25; this was found to give a good fit of reflected points on the mass yield curve. Mien chain yields are plotted against mass number a mass-yield curve is obtained showing three maxima at mass numbers 93, 114 and 135. The yields at the maxima are 6.80%, 2.48% and 6.80% and the peak widths at half height are 14, 17.5 and 14 mass units.


Innovation has become the cornerstone for achieving competitive advantage and is currently one of the principal topics of debate in the management literature. Innovations can be internally generated or can be adopted from external sources. Innovations also vary in terms of degree of radicalness. In this study, we examine the nature of innovation (in terms of where it is generated and its degree of radicalness) and an external environmental factor (dynamism) to identify the types of innovation that are more likely to succeed in different environments. Organizations expend substantial financial and human resources innovating. While some innovations succeed in enhancing organizational performance, many fail and may affect performance adversely in the short term. A sample of 381 Spanish firms was used to analyze how organizations, in order to be competitive, need to identify the appropriate type of strategies-in terms of innovation generation versus adoption, and extent of radicalness-that are consistent with the environmental conditions that they operate in. First, we find that in dynamic environments, the more radical and internally generated the innovations, the higher the company's perceived and objective performance. Second, we find that in stable environments, the less radical and more internally generated the innovations, higher the company's objective performance. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.


The IWA specialised group on anaerobic digestion (AD) is one of the oldest working groups of the former IAWQ organisation. Despite the fact that anaerobic technology dates back more than 100 years, the technology is still under development, adapting novel treatment systems to the modern requirements. In fact, most advances were achieved during the last three decades, when high-rate reactor systems were developed and a profound insight was obtained in the microbiology of the anaerobic communities. This insight led to a better understanding of anaerobic treatment and, subsequently, to a broader application potential. The present "state-of-the-art" paper, which has been written by members of the AD management committee, reflects the latest achievements and sets future lines for further development.


The results of deep seismic reflection exploration in the central Mediterranean region (CROP Project) provide basic insights into the driving mechanism of the Tyrrhenian-Apennines arc-trench-back arc system. In particular, such information clearly indicates that during the formation of the Tyrrhenian back arc basin the migrating orogenic wedges (Arc) and the Adriatic domain underwent strong shortening, that is not consistent with the implications of the driving mechanism which is generally invoked to explain the formation of the Tyrrhenian basin, that is the gravitational sinking of subducted lithosphere (slab-pull). In this work it is argued that the structural/tectonic features evidenced by the CROP cross sections and the major post-late Miocene tectonic events recognized in the central Mediterranean region can plausibly and coherently be explained as effects of extrusion processes driven by the West to NW ward motion of the Anatolian-Aegean system and the convergence between Africa and Eurasia. The plausibility of the proposed mechanism is also supported by the results of numerical modelling.


The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is not of a single mind on privacy matters. Its privacy efforts are led by attorneys in the agency's Bureau of Consumer Protection, who are entrusted with case selection. These privacy efforts are evaluated by economists in the agency's Bureau of Economics, who are skeptical of information privacy crusades. The tensions between these groups is not well understood by outsiders, yet these tensions provide a powerful explanation for the FTC's privacy enforcement behavior. Understanding these tensions will grow in importance as the President Trump administration shapes the FTC. Going forward, the Bureau of economics is likely to have a more central, public role in case selection. The Bureau of Economics will also push to have more cases pled under the agency's unfairness theory, because this cause of action gives the economists more space to introduce cost-benefit analysis.This chapter discusses the cultural and ideological conflicts internal to the FTC on privacy, and explains why the lawyers at the Commission are leading the privacy charge. This is because the Bureau of Economics is constitutionally skeptical of information privacy. Privacy skepticism reflects the economists' academic methods and ideological commitments. While information privacy is a deeply multidisciplinary field, the Bureau of Economics adheres to a disciplinarity that bounds its inquiry and causes it to follow a laissez faire literature. Commitments to "consumer welfare," concerns about innovation policy, lingering effects of Reagan-era leadership, the lack of a clearly-defined market for privacy, and the return of rule of reason analysis in antitrust also contribute to the Bureau of Economics' skepticism toward rights-based privacy regimes. The chapter concludes with a roadmap for expanding the BE's disciplinary borders, for enriching its understanding of the market for privacy, and for a reinvigoration of the FTC's civil penalty factors as a lodestar for privacy remedies.


Carbon supported Pt nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 2 to 28 nm have been studied using X-ray diffraction. The unit cell parameter of synthesized Pt/C nanoparticles is always lower than that of bulk Pt. By decreasing the average particle size D to approximately 2 nm, the unit cell parameter a nonlinearly decreases by about 0.03 A which corresponds to a variation of 0.7% in comparison to bulk Pt, and the size effect is predominant for sizes ranging from 2 to 10 nm. The dependence a(1/D) is approximated well using a straight line with a slope of −0.0555 ± 0.0067 nm−1 and an intercept of −3.9230 ± 0.0017 A. For interpreting the obtained experimental dependence of the unit cell parameter of Pt/C nanoparticles, four different theoretical approaches such as the thermal vacancy mechanism, continuous-medium model, Laplace pressure, and bond order–length–strength correlation mechanism, were used. Comparison of the calculated dependencies, based on the above models, with the experimental ones, shows that the continuous-medium model agrees best with the experimentally found unit cell parameter dependence of our carbon supported Pt nanoparticles.


Computational complexity is one of the most beautiful fields of modern mathematics, and it is increasingly relevant to other sciences ranging from physics to biology. But this beauty is often buried underneath layers of unnecessary formalism, and exciting recent results like interactive proofs, cryptography, and quantum computing are usually considered too "advanced" to show to the typical student. The aim of this book is to bridge both gaps by explaining the deep ideas of theoretical computer science in a clear and enjoyable fashion, making them accessible to non computer scientists and to computer scientists who finally want to understand what their formalisms are actually telling. This book gives a lucid and playful explanation of the field, starting with P and NP-completeness. The authors explain why the P vs. NP problem is so fundamental, and why it is so hard to resolve. They then lead the reader through the complexity of mazes and games; optimization in theory and practice; randomized algorithms, interactive proofs, and pseudorandomness; Markov chains and phase transitions; and the outer reaches of quantum computing. At every turn, they use a minimum of formalism, providing explanations that are both deep and accessible. The book is intended for graduates and undergraduates, scientists from other areas who have long wanted to understand this subject, and experts who want to fall in love with this field all over again.


Supercritical pressure water (SCW) has been widely used in many engineering fields and industries, such as fossil fuel-fired power plants, newly developed Gen-IV nuclear power plants and so forth. Heat transfer characteristics of SCW are of great importance for both design and safe operation of the related systems. Many heat transfer correlations have been developed in the history for predicting the heat transfer characteristics of SCW. However, the prediction accuracy of the existing correlations is less than satisfactory, especially in the cases with deteriorated heat transfer (DHT) because of the severe and quick variation in thermal physical properties of SCW in the vicinity of the fluids ' pseudo critical point. It is very necessary to develop new correlations for the heat transfer of SCW to meet the engineering requirements for satisfactory prediction of the heat transfer behavior of SCW. In this chapter, experimental data on heat transfer of SCW are extensively collected from published literatures, and the performance of the existing heat transfer correlations for SCW are reviewed and quantitatively evaluated against the collected experimental data, and then a new heat transfer correlation for SCW with high prediction accuracy is proposed.


Impacts of grid architectures on temporal diffusion of PV-based communal grids (community owned minigrids or microgrids) in a rural developing community are modelled and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink and a survey-informed agent-based model (ABM) developed in NetLogo. Results show that decentralised control architectures stimulate minigrid formations and connections by allowing easy expansions of the minigrids as each decentralised PV system within a minigrid is treated equally and determines its own real and reactive power, eliminating the need for communication links. This also reduces the cost of implementing such a system; fewer connections are realized with centralised controls as such systems require high speed communication links which make them both difficult to expand and expensive to implement. Results also show that multi-master operation modes lead to more communal grid connections compared to single-master operation modes because in the former, all distributed PV systems within a communal grid have the same rank and can act as masters or can be operated as combinations of master generators (VSIs) and PQ inverters, allowing for more design flexibility and easy connections from potential customers.


Vegetation crop marks may be formed in areas where vegetation overlays near-surface archaeological remains. These features retain soil moisture with different percentage of moisture compared to the rest of the crops of an area. Depending on the type of feature, crop vigour may be enhanced or reduced by buried archaeological features. Satellite imagery has been already applied successfully in several archaeological investigations for the detection of buried archaeological features based on such crop marks. However, such features can only be classified when their spectral characteristics are different from their surroundings. Difficulties might occur when spatial resolution (pixel size) of the satellite sensor is low enough in order to distinguish crop marks from their surroundings. In these cases up-scaling techniques, like linear spectral un-mixing (LSU), can be used in order to improve spatial resolution and to enhance image results. The aim of this paper is to assess LSU technique for the detection of archaeological sites. LSU is based on the assumption that within a given scene, the surface is dominated by a small number of distinct materials that have relatively constant spectral properties (called endmember). LSU technique was evaluated at several Neolithic tells (magoules) located at the Thessalian plain. Different multispectral satellite images (mainly Landsat TM/ETM+) have been used for this purpose. The final results were compared with other standard remote sensing techniques like Principal Component Analysis, vegetation indices, Tasseled Cap and ground spectroradiometric data.


Herbicide-resistant biotypes of weeds are an increasing threat to crop production. An understanding of the basic biology of resistant biotypes, including their growth and development relative to susceptible biotypes, may yield information helpful in the management of resistant biotypes. Greenhouse and growth chamber experiments were conducted to compare growth characteristics of biotypes of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) that are resistant or susceptible to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. Averaged over two temperature regimes (24/18 °C and 34/24 °C day/night) under noncompetitive conditions, an ALS herbicidesusceptible (S) biotype produced more leaves, greater leaf area, and greater shoot dry biomass at 20 and 30 d after planting (DAP) than an ALS herbicide-resistant (R) biotype. By 40 DAP, leaf number, leaf area, leaf area ratio (LAR), leaf dry biomass, and shoot dry biomass were similar for R and S biotypes. Susceptible plants produced a greater root biomass, but R plants were taller at 40 DAP under noncompetitive conditions. Averaged across biotypes, relative growth rate (RGR) and photosynthetic net assimilation rate (NAR) were greater at the 24/18 °C temperature regime. Averaged across temperature regimes, RGR and NAR were 11 and 17% greater for the R biotype than the S biotype under noncompetitive conditions. Under intertypic competitive conditions, the biotypes were similar in height, but the S biotype had a greater leaf number per plant. Evaluation of replacement series diagrams and relative crowding coefficient (RCC) estimates suggest that the two biotypes did not differ competitively in leaf production or plant height. The R biotype demonstrated a statistically significant, but probably trivial, competitive disadvantage in leaf dry biomass (tlof = -4.55, P = 0.01; RCCR:S = 0.73 ± 0.07) and shoot dry biomass production (tlof = -3.73, P = 0.02; RCCR:S = 0.73 ± 0.08).


A polymer based dual-slab waveguide Young's interferometer was demonstrated for biochemical sensing. Evanescent field is utilized for probing the binding events of biomolecules on the waveguide surface. Refractive index sensing in analyte and protein adsorption on the sensing surface were investigated with glucose de-ionized water solution and bovine serum albumin, immunoglobulin G solutions in phosphate buffered saline buffer. A detection limit of 10(-5) RIU and 4 pg/mm(2) was achieved for homogeneous and surface sensing, respectively. Also, the influence of water absorption inside the polymeric device on the measurement stability was evaluated. The results indicate that the waveguide polymer sensor fabricated with the spin coating technique can achieve a satisfactory sensitivity for homogeneous refractive index sensing and, as well, for monitoring molecular binding events on the surface.


The Milk River transboundary aquifer straddles southern Alberta (Canada) and northern Montana (United States), in a semi-arid region considered water short. This confined sandstone aquifer is a source for municipal supply and agricultural uses on the Canadian side, as well as for secondary oil recovery on the US-side of the border. The extensive use of this resource since the mid 1950's has led to a dramatic drop in the water level in some places and concerns about the durability of the resource have risen. The Milk River aquifer has been the object of many studies during the 20th century; however most of them were limited by the US\Canada border, preventing a sound understanding of the global dynamics of the aquifer. The objectives of this transboundary study are to better understand the dynamics of the Milk River aquifer, following its natural limits, in order to make recommendations for a sustainable management and its good governance by the two international jurisdictions, as recommended in the UNGA resolution 63/124 on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers. Since 2009, the Milk River transboundary aquifer is part of the inventory of UNESCO ISARM-Americas initiative, which encourages riparian states to work cooperatively toward mutually beneficial and sustainable aquifer development However, the use of this shared resource is not ruled by any international agreement or convention between the USA and the Canada. Stakeholders from the two countries have been involved, at various levels of jurisdictions (municipal, provincial, state, federal) to establish a strong cooperation. In these contexts, models can constitute useful tools for informed decisions. In the case of the Milk River aquifer, models could support scientists and managers from both countries in avoiding potential tensions linked to the water shortage context in this region. Models can determine the conditions of overexploitation and provide an assessment of a sustainable yield. A unified conceptual model of the Milk River Aquifer has been built. This model follows the natural limits of the aquifer and is not interrupted by the US\Canada border. The conceptual model covers many aspects such as the hydrostratigraphic 3D model, the groundwater flow, the recharge and discharge areas, the hydrogeological parameters, the pumping and observation wells, and the transboundary aspects. This model covers circa 55 000 km2. The study area is limited to the North/Northeast and Southeast by gas fields. This unified conceptual model will form the basis for a future 3D numerical hydrogeological model of groundwater flow in the Milk River Aquifer across the Canada-US border.


Introduction: Crosssectorial collaboration, known to promote more sustainable change within communities, is being examined in an oral health promotion program (OHPP). In Peruvian Andean regions, an OHPP involving local people was advanced by the Ministry of Health, to reduce the incidence of cavities in schoolchildren. In some rural communities, however, these initiatives met limited success. This project aims to achieve a realist evaluation (RE) to understand underlying mechanisms and context, to understand the limited success of community OHPP for schoolchildren in Peruvian Andean rural communities. This presentation focuses on the first stage of an RE: developing an initial theory explaining some possible influences of context and mechanisms on outcomes.
Method: A logic model of the progam was established From various policies adopted and documents published on
OHPP by the Peruvian government between 2007 and 2013. Then, the initial theory was developed following a
literature review on deployment of community health promotion programs and the different elements of context and mechanisms explaining the programs outcomes.
Results: In this initial theory, three elements of context that may influence the outcomes of a community OHPP have been identified: (1) previous experiences of collaboration of various actors; (2) human and material resources; and (3) physical and social environment. Two types of mechanisms could explain the outcome of community OHPP. First, situational mechanisms promote the development of crosssectorial collaboration among the various actors, and thus promote their common and individual involvement in the program interventions. Then, transformational mechanisms could explain the contribution of each stakeholder to the OHPP outcomes. Six situational mechanisms and four transformational mechanisms were identified in the initial theory.
Conclusion: Following this development process, we will validate and refine the initial theory during an RE with
representatives of different local stakeholders from two Peruvian Andean rural communities. Then it will be possible to identify strategies to promote collaboration of all stakeholders involved in Peruvian OHPP, in order to maximize its effect on oral health of primary schoolchildren.


My efforts in this research work have been geared, towards x-raying Fulani pastoralists' killings in Nigeria and its antecedents. The study revealed the controversies over the conflict between the Fulani herdsmen and farmers coupled with the federal government cattle colony policy in Nigeria. This was partly the cause of ethnic and religious tension in the country. In the course of this research work, I observed that the challenges of the Fulani herdsmen attacks posed a threat to the existence of Nigeria as one indivisible entity. The objective of this research work was to present a way forward against similar regular or frequent occurrence in future. I recommended that there should be synergies by the federal government, state governments, local councils, security agents, and by all and Sunday towards ameliorating the menace of the herdsmen's killings. Methods of approach are historical and phenomenological methods cum the review of related extant material.


Long cherished by liberal political philosophers, today the rule of law is increasingly viewed as a necessary requirement, or even silver bullet, for economic development. The past decade has seen the rise of a veritable industry — multilateral development banks, government development agencies, and nongovernmental aid organizations — committed to promoting the rule of law through legal and judicial reform in developing countries. This Article considers the emergence of a new rule of law orthodoxy within contemporary development theory and, in particular, the World Bank's development model. It asks how and why the Bank has embraced the rule of law discourse, and offers a brief genealogy of the rule of law within the Bank's theorizing. It argues that the Bank's interest in law was primarily a response to the critique and failure of its neoliberal policies and identifies the new discourse's affinities with the rise of New Institutional Economics and "good governance" in the 1990s. Under the Bank's view, the law's value for economic development lies in its ability to provide a stable investment environment and the predictability necessary for markets to operate. The role of law is reduced to the facilitation of utility maximizing exchange and optimal market allocation, a view that informs many of the Bank's specific law reform projects. More a rhetorical shift than a fundamental break in development theorizing, the Bank's turn to law actually undergirds many continued neoliberal assumptions and masks a continuation of neoliberalism's core tenets. The new discourse is attractive precisely because it provides strong ideological support for the neoliberal agenda.


Radio control nowadays not only control the car but can control the copter. First Person View is a way to change the viewpoint of the controller looks like in the copter. By using radio telemetry communication that sends video data from the camera on the copter and will be shown on a display on ground station. Radio telemetry communication will use wideband modulation techniques to transmit video at high speed until the video is shown to be a real time video. The transmitter has been designed which is able to transmit video data up to 1 kilometers. Good quality video data can be sent about 500 meters below. measurement of Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) that distance and wall are greatly affect the quality of the video. Deficiencies in the delivery of video communication can be minimized by increasing the gain and transmission power of the radio frequency telemetry and matching between the video telemetry radio and radio control copter.

Keywords— Hexacopter, Remote Control, Telemetry, Receiver, Transmitter, FPV, PSNR


For five years, we collected annual snapshots of file-system metadata from over 60,000 Windows PC file systems in a large corporation. In this article, we use these snapshots to study temporal changes in file size, file age, file-type frequency, directory size, namespace structure, file-system population, storage capacity and consumption, and degree of file modification. We present a generative model that explains the namespace structure and the distribution of directory sizes. We find significant temporal trends relating to the popularity of certain file types, the origin of file content, the way the namespace is used, and the degree of variation among file systems, as well as more pedestrian changes in size and capacities. We give examples of consequent lessons for designers of file systems and related software.


Complex adaptive systems composed of self-interested agents can in some circumstances self-organise into structures that enhance global adaptation or efficiency. However, the general conditions for such an outcome are poorly understood. In contrast, sufficient conditions for artificial neural networks to form structures that perform collective computational processes such as associative memory/recall, generalisation and optimisation, are well-understood. While such global functions within a single agent or organism may arise from mechanisms (e.g., Hebbian learning) that were selected for this purpose, agents in a multi-agent system have no obvious reason to produce such global behaviours when acting from individual interest. However, Hebbian learning is actually a very simple and fully-distributed habituation or positive feedback principle. Here we use an adaptive network model in which agents can modify their behaviours (states) but also their interactions with other agents (network topology). We show that when self-interested agents can modify how they are affected by other agents then, in adapting these inter- agent relationships to maximise their own utility, they will necessarily alter them in a manner homologous with Hebbian learning. When the agents adapt their behaviours relatively quickly, and their relationships with other agents relatively slowly, we find that the overall network dynamics are modified to find better adapted states more reliably. This separation in timescales causes the state dynamics to spend most of their time at attractors. Thus, the network develops an associative memory that amplifies a subset of its own attractor states. This self-organised modification to the network dynamics enhances its ability to resolve conflicts between agents. Moreover, we show that the system is not merely 'recalling' high quality states that have been previously visited, but 'predicting' their location by generalising over local attractor states that have already been visited. Thus, globally adaptive behaviours can emerge from self-organising adaptive networks that follow organisational principles familiar in connectionist models of organismic learning.


In 2007 Macquarie University undertook a significant restructure. It was anticipated that this would impact on the viability of the programs and resources of campus museums. The changes to university management practices involved possible cessation of centralized funding contributions to museum management. The biological and earth sciences museums, along with the other museums on campus, felt compelled to demonstrate a capacity for independent operation in case justifying their financial position became a key criteria for survival. A research project was designed and undertaken to identify and highlight the services of the biological and earth sciences museums at Macquarie University in order to increase their audience base. The results of this research have lead to the identification of distinct potential audiences and the formation of new promotional strategies within the Faculty of Science.


Abstract Increasing instances of divorce, de‐facto separation and non‐marital childbirth in westernised states have led to growing numbers of fathers living separately from their children. In Australia these non‐resident fathers now number approximately 400,000. Despite increasing evidence that fathers can be central to their children's education, health and wellbeing, and that for many non‐resident fathers contact with their children is important and highly desirable but inadequate, research on non‐resident fathers, fatherhood and family as aspects of contemporary western society is lacking. In particular, few investigators have explored the qualitative dimensions of non‐resident parent–child contact and the role of leisure within this. This paper establishes parameters for future investigation into the levels, nature, meanings and impacts of leisure involving non‐resident fathers and their children. Drawing on an international literature and with particular emphasis on the Australian context, it critically analyses the context of non‐resident fathers' leisure with their children. It examines the problematic terms of 'father' and 'non‐resident father', describes the models of contact that occur between non‐resident fathers and their children, and summarises the factors affecting that contact. The paper then turns to research into family and leisure, drawing attention to the salience of leisure in non‐resident parenting while also highlighting the lack of substantive research into this area. Particular attention is paid to the trivialising of 'leisure' as a parenting activity in this context, and the underplaying of the positive qualities that leisure‐based interaction may contribute. The paper concludes by suggesting initial directions for research into the role of leisure within the relationship that non‐resident parents have with their children.


3D reconstruction of highly textured surfaces like those found in roads, as well as unvegetated (rock-like) terrain is of major interest for applications like autonomous navigation, or the 3D modeling of terrain for mapping purposes. We describe a system for automatic modeling of such scenes. It is based on two frame CCD cameras, which are tightly attached to eachother to ensure constant relative orientation. One camera is used for the acquisition of photogrammetrically measure reference points, the other records the surface images. The system is moved from the first position to the next by an operator carrying it. Automatic calibration using the images acquired by the calibration camera permits the computation of exterior orientation parameters of the surface camera. A fast matching method providing dense disparities together with a robust reconstruction algorithm renders an accurate grid of 3D points. We also describe procedures to merge stereo reconstruction results from all images taken, and report on accuracy, computational complexity, and practical experience in a road engineering application.


Introduction: Job Satisfaction is a perception that improves employees' productivity, motivation and empowers them. Therefore, recognizing the factors affecting it and paying attention to emotional intelligence can provide the basis for increasing job satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of emotional intelligence on job satisfaction considering the mediator role of job burnout, emotional Labor, emotional inconsistency, personality deprivation and deficiency of individual success in the Staff of Guilan University of Medical Sciences Material and Method: This research used descriptive and cross-sectional method. The study population included 413 staffs from the faculties of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. The sample was determined 200 people using Cochran's formula. A standard questionnaire was used to collect data. Content validity was done for this questionnaire and also its reliability studied using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data using Lisrel software. Result: The results showed that emotional intelligence affects emotional inconsistency, emotional exhaustion, emotional Labor, job satisfaction, deficiency of individual success and deprivation of personality. Also, emotional inconsistency affects on emotional exhaustion, deficiency of individual success, job satisfaction and personality deprivation. In addition, the results show that emotional exhaustion affects deprivation of personality, deficiency of individual success and job satisfaction and finally, the deficiency of individual success affects job satisfaction. Conclusion: Considering the relationship between job satisfaction with job burnout, emotional intelligence and emotional inconsistency, it would be helpful for managers to implement programs to increase employee satisfaction and self-efficacy and provide a context for reducing job burnout.


This column addresses questions from readers about any issue, process, standard, or future direction of the Joint Commission, whether it relates to home care, the hospital, or other practice environment. The objective is to give you a better insight into the Joint Commission accreditation process in your own practice site. Any question is fair game.


Three-dimensional modeling of convection in the oceanic crust at Deep Sea Drilling Project site 504B using an integral finite difference model reasonably duplicates underpressures, surface heat flow, downhole temperature profiles, and fluid drawdown rates observed by in situ measurements in the borehole. The major constraint to produce such good fits is the permeability versus depth function, a quantity which was actually measured in the borehole. Pronounced "underpressuring" (fluid pressures less than hydrostatic) occurs throughout the convection cell if and only if a tight, nearly impermeable cap rock (chert) exists over the cell. The computed flow rates of water from the ocean through the borehole into the basalt agree closely with the measurements carried out 65, 720, and 1280 days after drilling. The model predicts an inflow rate of 50–60 L/h during the expected next occupation of the site by mid-1986. Numerical modeling has confirmed that an active hydrothermal convection cell exists in the region of hole 504B and that a very low permeability cap rock is necessary for the existence of the convection cell. Convective hydrothermal cells in the oceanic crust can explain observed periodic heat flow variations in suboceanic crust.


Seawater and atmospheric methane (CH4) mixing ratios were measured on five cruises throughout the Pacific Ocean from 1987 to 1994 to assess the magnitude of the ocean-atmosphere flux. The results showed consistent regional and seasonal variations with surface seawater concentrations ranging from 1.6 to 3.6 nM and saturation ratios ranging from 0.95 to 1.17. The equatorial Pacific Ocean was supersaturated with respect to atmospheric CH4 partial pressures, while areas outside the tropics often were undersaturated during fall and winter. Although atmospheric CH4 mixing ratios over the North Pacific during April increased 3.4% from 1988 to 1993, the saturation ratios remained constant. Based on the concentration fields, the data were divided into two seasons and 10 latitude zones from 75°S to 75°N. Using monthly Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) wind and surface seawater temperature data and the Wanninkhof [1992] wind speed/transfer velocity relationship, the calculated zonal average fluxes ranged from −0.1 to 0.4 μmol m−2 d−1. The combined seasonal and zonal fluxes result in a total global ocean-to-atmosphere flux of 25 Gmol yr−1 (0.4 Tg CH4 yr−1), which is an order of magnitude less than previous estimates [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 1994]. The estimated uncertainty in this number is approximately a factor of 2.


The spatial distribution of signals from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using measures of Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) activations presents a fundamental limit on the ability of MRI to resolve the neural signals from the brain. Here we show that the multiple samples of low-level BOLD activity comprise a form of neural "imaging dust" with distinct spatial characteristics. We apply the distance-dependent measurement of variance to spatial maps of BOLD signals to deliver a new approach to estimating the empirical point-spread function (PSF) of MRI. We show that these new estimates are similar to earlier measures of the PSF of high field 7-T imaging, but deliver the advantage that they are specific to each individual tested in a single scanning session. We explore various potential applications of this approach.


Previous research on consistent updates for distributed network configurations has focused on solutions for centralized networkconfiguration controllers. However, such work does not address the complexity of modern switch datapaths. Modern commodity switches expose opaque configuration mechanisms, with minimal guarantees for datapath consistency and with unclear configuration semantics. Furthermore, would-be solutions for distributed consistent updates must take into account the configuration guarantees provided by each individual switch - plus the compositional problems of distributed control and multi-switch configurations that considerably transcend the single-switch problems. In this paper, we focus on the behavior of individual switches, and demonstrate that even simple rule updates result in inconsistent packet switching in multi-table datapaths. We demonstrate that consistent configuration updates require guarantees of strong switch-level atomicity from both hardware and software layers of switches - even in a single switch. In short, the multiple-switch problems cannot be reasonably approached until single-switch consistency can be resolved. We present a hardware design that supports a transactional configuration mechanism, and provides packet-consistent configuration: all packets traversing the datapath will encounter either the old configuration or the new one, and never an inconsistent mix of the two. Unlike previous work, our design does not require modifications to network packets. We precisely specify the hardwaresoftware protocol for switch configuration; this enables us to prove the correctness of the design, and to provide well-specified invariants that the software driver must maintain for correctness. We implement our prototype switch design using the NetFPGA-10G hardware platform, and evaluate our prototype against commercial off-the-shelf switches.


James A. Gardner* The Character Thesis Among the more common techniques of American constitutional argument is the resort to "character" as an aid to interpreting the United States Constitution. Character-based arguments seek to justify a particular interpretation of the Constitution on the ground that it is more consistent than competing interpretations with the character of Americans or with the values that Americans, in consequence of their character, hold dear. Philip Bobbitt, who calls such arguments "ethical," describes them as arguments "whose force relies on a characterization of American institutions and the role within them of the American people. It is the character, or ethos, of the American polity that is advanced in ethical argument as the source from which particular decisions derive."1 The plausibility of character-based argument derives principally from a familiar and widely accepted underlying conception of the Constitution. On this view, the Constitution is understood to be a self-conscious act of social definition by the American polity.2 Because the Constitution functions as a democratic expression of American aspirations for good and enduring self-government, it therefore by definition embodies the values that Americans understand themselves to hold. Moreover, as a document commanding governmental obedience to the popular will,3 the Constitution secures the integrity of American life by assuring that the organs of American government act consistently with fundamental American norms. A dual relationship consequently arises: the Constitution both expresses and shapes American character.4 Character-based arguments exploit this model to find meaning in the Constitution's otherwise vague injunctions. They do so by making assertions about the content of American character and from them deducing the meaning of the Constitution in concrete applications. The presence of a character-based argument is often revealed by a proposition to the effect that "Americans are a people who"-who are of a certain kind, who behave in certain ways, or who hold certain beliefs or values. Sometimes these propositions are advanced explicitly, as in the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Eighth Amendment as "draw[ing] its meaning from the evolving standards of decency that mark the progress of a maturing society. "5 At other times the reliance on character may be more subtle, as in the Court's horrified rejection of legislation prohibiting the use of contraceptives by married couples.6 But all such arguments appeal in some way to the belief that the best constitutional interpretation is one that "comports with the sort of people we are and the means we have chosen to solve political and customary constitutional problems."7 Although not without its critics,8 the technique of appealing to American character seems to be a settled feature of American constitutional argument.9 Less settled, however, is the practice of applying characterbased argument to the interpretation of state constitutions. In numerous scholarly articles and a few influential judicial opinions, advocates of what has come to be known as New Judicial Federalism have urged state courts to treat the character and values of the people of their states as sources of constitutional meaning.10 Just as the character of the American people infuses the national Constitution, so too, they claim, does the character of the people of a state infuse the state charter. Thus, we are told, a state constitution is a "mirror of fundamental values"11 of the people of the state, one that expresses "the basic values of the polity."12 A state's constitutional law becomes, on this view, "uniquely expressive of that state's own constitutional culture."13 In sum, no function of a constitution, especially in the American states, is more important than its use in defining a people's aspirations and fundamental values. . . . A state constitution is a fit place for the people of a state to record their moral values, their definition of justice, their hopes for the common good. …


This volume is based on a year's seminar in which Dr. Lacan addressed a larger, less specialized audience than ever before, among whom he could not assume familiarity with his work. For his listeners then, and for his readers now, he wanted to "introduce a certain coherence into the major concepts on which psycho-analysis is based," namely, the unconscious, repetition, the transference, and the drive. Along the way he argues for a structural affinity between psychoanalysis and language, discusses the relation of psychoanalysis to religion, and reveals his particular stance on topics ranging from sexuality and death to alienation and repression. This book constitutes the essence of Dr. Lacan's sensibility.


Although genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified thousands of risk loci for many complex traits and diseases, the causal variants and genes at these loci remain largely unknown. We leverage recently introduced methods to integrate gene expression measurements from 45 expression panels with summary GWAS data to perform 30 transcriptome-wide association studies (TWASs). We identify 1,196 susceptibility genes whose expression is associated with these traits; of these, 168 reside more than 0.5Mb away from any previously reported GWAS significant variant, thus providing new risk loci. Second, we find 43 pairs of traits with significant genetic correlation at the level of predicted expression; of these, 8 are not found through genetic correlation at the SNP level. Third, we use bi-directional regression to find evidence for BMI causally influencing triglyceride levels, and triglyceride levels causally influencing LDL. Taken together, our results provide insights into the role of expression to susceptibility of complex traits and diseases.


"We study the impact of colonial investments in modern transportation in- frastructure on agriculture and development in Ghana. Two railway lines were built between 1901 and 1923 to connect the coast to mining areas and the large hinterland city of Kumasi. This unintendedly opened vast expanses of tropical forest to cocoa cultivation, allowing Ghana to become the world's largest producer. Using data at a very fine spatial level, we find a strong effect of railroad connectivity on cocoa production in 1927, generating rents in the order of 4.5% of GDP. We show that the economic boom in cocoa-producing areas was associated with demographic growth and urbanization. We find no effect for lines that were not built yet, and lines that were planned but never built. Lastly, railway construction had a persistent impact: railway districts are more developed today despite a complete displacement of rail by other means of transport."


The dynamic role which industrialization plays in the growth of a national economy has been widely recognized {Hamilton and Linge, 1981s Wood, 1980; Krumme, 1969). Growth in the industrial sector triggers growth in both the primary and tertiary sectors through backward and forward linkages. Not only does the manufacturing sector produce machinery, fertilizers and pesticides for agriculture, but its growth promotes expansion of the tertiary sector as well. Given the importance of the manufacturing sector it is essential to study factors influencing the location of various industries in this sector and to examine the spatial distribution of the industry. This paper will concentrate on the somewhat neglected aspect of the spatial distribution and changes in the distribution of manufacturing industry in Zimbabwe.


THEORY
The prevention of patient falls is one of the safety goals set forth by the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic.

GOAL
A sociological survey was carried out to (1) determine to what extent nurses identify the risk of patient falls at admission, (2) if the risk is reassessed and at what intervals, (3) what preventive measures were taken, and (4) in what way are patient falls reported.

METHODOLOGY
A representative sample consisting of general nurses working shifts on inpatient wards at hospitals in the Czech Republic was surveyed. Altogether 772 nurses took part in the study.

RESULTS
The survey showed that at admission, most nurses assessed the risk of falls (91.6%). Nonetheless, it should stand as a stark warning that nearly one fifth of the respondents (16.2%) did not reassess the risk of falls after admission! On the other hand, it can be perceived as a positive that most nurses (70.1%) use a multifaceted program of preventive measures for at risk patients and immediately reported fall events to the doctor in charge (71.4%). During statistical testing, the predication that a working atmosphere supporting a culture of patient safety would significantly decrease the probability of patient falls and increases the willingness of nurses to use preventive programs in daily practice.

CONCLUSION
Results from the survey showed that a system to minimalize fall risks has been successfully introduced into the hospitals of the Czech Republic. The system is based on the recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic.


Introduction. A new theoretical model, relevant to library and information science, is implemented in this paper. The aim of this study is to contribute to the theoretical concepts of library and information science by introducing an ethnological model developed for investigating charter tourist styles thereby increasing our knowledge of users' approaches to public libraries. Method. This is an empirically grounded study. One hundred and eighty-two library visitors were interviewed at Swedish public libraries during 2011. Analysis. Both quantitative and qualitative content analysis were used in the treatment of the empirical data. Results. The paper is divided into three parts. The first part introduces the ethnological model. The second part presents the application of the model on the empirical data. The third part identifies possible research questions concerning public library user approaches. Conclusions. This study shows that it is fruitful to apply a travel analogy for mapping user approaches to public libraries. Five public library user approaches are identified. The application can be used as a tool in order to discuss priorities in public library activities.


Providing accurate image-guidance for soft-tissue interventions remains a complex task. Most of the time, preoperative models and planning data are no more valid during the surgical process due to motions and deformations of the organ of interest. In this paper, two core components of a computer-assisted system for liver surgery are presented. One is an ultrasound segmentation techniques that allows for automatic liver vessels detection and the other is a mass-spring based deformable model used to update the shape of 3D models. Both have real-time capabilities and enable to update intraoperatively the data created during the planning phase.


Abstract We have tested three methods of estimating the level of a coming season's mean temperature at a station where the statistical association between two selected seasons is as high as one can expect in extratropical regions. The methods are contingency tables, regression equations, and the use of the last few decades if there is a trend at the station which will separate the mean of these decades a fair distance from the long-term mean. A moderate amount of skill was achieved, but the degree of seasonal association in our test case was exceptionally high, and generally these methods will provide only a small improvement over a probability based on knowing only the observed frequency distribution.


Introduction: The Widal test is widely used in hospitals in Bhutan for diagnosis of typhoid fever. The right test with high sensitivity and specificity supplements clinical judgement and contributes to correct diagnosis of disease. This study focuses on the contribution of the Widal test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever.
 Methods: Data was collected from records of patients who presented to Damphu hospital from March 2011 to June 2012 with clinical suspicion of typhoid fever. Blood samples were collected from patients and tested at Damphu Hospital, Tsirang and the Royal Centre for Disease Control, Thimphu. Seventy records were used for the study.
Results: There was no growth of Salmonella typhi on blood cultures from patients who had tested positive in the Widal test. There were 20 (28.57%) samples which tested positive for scrub typhus; among these Widal test was positive in 10 (50%) samples. Thirty four out of 36 (94.44%) patients had duration of illness less than seven days and among them 26 (74.47%) had positive Widal test results.
Conclusion: None of the samples that tested positive by Widal test gave a definite diagnosis of typhoid fever with blood culture. Clinical judgement may be more challenging because patients with other febrile illnesses like Scrub typhus also have positive Widal test result. We conclude that it is best not to rely on the Widal test alone for the diagnosis of typhoid fever and this test should be replaced by more accurate ones.


The ring-on-ring test is one of the most popular surface strength testing methods used to test LCD panels. This paper uses finite element analysis to show that a panel behaves like two independent pieces of glass during a ring-on-ring test. The epoxy region where the color filter and thin-film transistor (TFT) glasses are glued together does not affect the stress at the center. As LCD panels get thinner, the contribution of membrane stress increases significantly. Because the color filter and TFT glasses act independently, they experience maximum principal stresses within 15% of each other. For deflections greater than one-half (sometimes one-fourth) the glass thickness, the stresses are not uniform inside the load ring, requiring finite element analysis to obtain an accurate stress distribution.


When an economy faces a financial crisis, a secondary problem occurs regarding the management of Non-Performing Exposures. There are many ways to solve this problem. This article contributes to the solution of the above problem by presenting a quick synthetic and modern financial methodology for dealing with the Non-Performing Exposures. Our proposal is initially based on the securitization of loans portfolios. Through the process and the structure of securitization, it is possible to derecognize portfolios under the provisions of IAS39 and to transform its residual value into capital market securities. To that end, flow charts regarding the securitization process and derecognition are provided. Subsequently, the valuation of the capital market security through securitization depends on the collection of the total portfolio that is securitized. A model for the valuation of the residual title under certainty and uncertainty is provided. Based on a recent transaction that has been carried out having apply most of the above features, we have found that banks can implement this solution for NPEs portfolios by transferring their management to specialized companies and thus improving all their financial ratios. The main academic debate that has been developed deals with the determinants of NPEs creation, by examining how these factors influence the formation of NPE portfolios and the features of their structure without involving the effective management of the NPEs. Our article contributes to that challenge.


Methods of preparation of an inorganic composite membrane and the performance of
the membranes obtained have been investigated in this work. The membranes
obtained were microporous silica coated y/alumina and dense palladium coated oc-
alumina membranes. The preparations of the membranes have been carried out by the
dip coating technique and electroless plating method respectively. Characterization of
the membranes obtained with single gas permeation measurements at high
temperature and various pressures were accomplished. The performance of both
membranes has been examined for methane steam reforming on a commercial
nickel/alumina catalyst (ICI 57-4). A simulation study on methane steam reforming
for both conventional and membrane reactor has been completed to examine the
performance of these membrane reactors.
For the dip coating method, a microporous silica/y-alumina membrane was obtained
and single gas permeations for hydrogen and nitrogen at high temperature have been
measured. At 700 K the H2/N2 selectivity was 4.63. From the correlation between
temperature and the permeation of nitrogen in the silica membrane it could be
concluded that the permeation occurs in the transition region, which is controlled by
both the Knudsen mechanism and some viscous flow. At a range of temperature
between 623- 743 K the pore diameter calculated by hydrogen permeation is 0.57 nm.
The effects of temperature on the permeation of the membrane and hydrothermal
stability have been investigated. A hydrothermal exposure at around 723 K for more
than 720 hours during methane steam reforming does not make any membrane
transformation that leads to pore changes. A dense palladium coated a-alumina membrane was prepared by the electroless
plating method. The single gas permeation for hydrogen and nitrogen at high
1 O
temperature has been measured. At 700 K the HI and N2 flux were 7.96 cm /cm .min
and 0.05 cm3/cm2.min respectively and the selectivity of H2/N2 was 175.03. The
pressure dependence of the tfe flux for the Pd membrane was found to be to the power
of 0.5, which is the theoretical value. The Fb diffusion through the metal membrane is
activated by temperature and can be described by an Arrhenius equation. The
activation energy (Ea) is 17.94 kJ/mol for the temperature range of 673-823 K.
Both membranes were studied for methane steam reforming by employing them as
membrane reactors. The steam reforming focused on the improvement effects of the
membrane on the conversion of methane. The effects of pressure, methane feed flow
rate and ratio of steam/methane, as well as sweep gas on reactions have been
investigated experimentally under conditions of no diffusion limitation.
The influence of the membrane with a hydrogen permeable wall on the conversion of
methane has also been simulated for methane steam reforming in a tubular catalytic
reactor. The effects of the main variables as applied in the experiments of the methane
steam reforming have been investigated in the simulation study either. The results of
the simulation have been compared to the results of the experimental works.
The general behavior is similar for both silica and palladium membrane reactors, i.e.:
by selectively removing one of the products from the reaction mixture, the methane
conversion can be improved to values higher than the thermodynamic equilibrium composition. From these results, it was concluded that in line with the permeation
studies, the performance of the palladium composite membrane was far superior to
that of the silica membrane for the steam reforming of methane.


Presence is the most important activity, because it is related to productivity of employees and one part of human resources control indicator which aim to improve the potential of human resources itself. The function of presence programme is for knowing presence of employees by used android smartphone. The employees can entry their presence data by use the presence programme, they just need to touch the attendance button, check out from office button and also take a leave button, the result of entry data will be entered into database system in the form of an admin web. The function of the web is to determine the employees data entry and add employees data. The employees should used android smartphone with same wifi local area of the company that used also by the admin web because it became the benefits of local wifi. In this case we need three days for trial, with a wide range of trials from 10 users testing, 10 smartphones testing, access point testing, blackbox testing and also white box testing. The aim of user testing is done by employees with android smartphone is to know does the time result of entry data equal with the time result of admin in web. Smartphone trial by the employees is done by view notification alerts presence was accepted by the admin, the result show if the average is less than 20 seconds. Access point trial done by the admin, is to show the speed of access point received by androind smartphone is less than 10 seconds. Black box trial and white box trial done by admin, the flow of the web, and also the flow of android smartphone program get the 100%. The result of three days trial finds that everything in presence program is going well.


Using a transamination approach to access novel Fe(ii) complexes, this study presents the synthesis, X-ray crystallographic and magnetic characterisation of a series of new iron complexes containing the multifunctional 2,2-dipyridylamide (DPA) ligand using iron bis(amide) [{Fe(HMDS)2}2] and sodium ferrate [{NaFe(HMDS)3}∞] (1) as precursors (HMDS = 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazide). Reactions of DPA(H) with 1 show exceptionally good stoichiometric control, allowing access to heteroleptic [(THF)2·NaFe(DPA)(HMDS)2] (3) and homoleptic [{THF·NaFe(DPA)3}∞] (4) by using 1 and 3 equivalents of DPA(H), respectively. Linking this methodology and co-complexation, which is a more widely used approach to prepare heterobimetallic complexes, 3 can also be prepared by combining NaHMDS with heteroleptic [{Fe(DPA)(HMDS)}2] (2). In turn, 2 has been also synthesised and structurally defined by reacting [{Fe(HMDS)2}2] with two equivalents of DPA(H). Structural studies demonstrate the coordination flexibility of the N-bridged bis(heterocycle) ligand DPA, with 2 and 3 exhibiting discrete monomeric motifs, whereas 4 displays a much more intricate supramolecular structure, with one of its DPA ligands coordinating in an anti/anti fashion (as opposed to 2 and 3 where DPA shows a syn/syn conformation), which facilitates propagation of the structure via its central amido N. Magnetic studies confirmed the high-spin electron configuration of the iron(ii) centres in all three compounds and revealed the existence of weak ferromagnetic interactions in dinuclear compound 2 (J = 1.01 cm-1).


Nowadays, integration of small-scale electricity generators, known as Distributed Generation (DG), into distribution networks has become increasingly popular. This tendency together with the falling price of DG units has a great potential in giving the DG a better chance to participate in voltage regulation process, in parallel with other regulating devices already available in the distribution systems. The voltage control issue turns out to be a very challenging problem for distribution engineers, since existing control coordination schemes need to be reconsidered to take into account the DG operation. In this paper, a control coordination approach is proposed, which is able to utilize the ability of the DG as a voltage regulator, and at the same time minimize the interaction of DG with another DG or other active devices, such as On-load Tap Changing Transformer (OLTC). The proposed technique has been developed based on the concepts of protection principles (magnitude grading and time grading) for response coordination of DG and other regulating devices and uses Advanced Line Drop Compensators (ALDCs) for implementation. A distribution feeder with tap changing transformer and DG units has been extracted from a practical system to test the proposed control technique. The results show that the proposed method provides an effective solution for coordination of DG with another DG or voltage regulating devices and the integration of protection principles has considerably reduced the control interaction to achieve the desired voltage correction.